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# Albert Burbank
**Albert Burbank** (March 25, 1902 -- August 15, 1976) was an American, New Orleans--based clarinetist.
Born in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, Burbank was taught clarinet by Lorenzo Tio, one of that city\'s most famous clarinet players. He stayed in the New Orleans area throughout the 1920s, playing wherever his services were needed. During the 1930s, he worked with Kid Milton\'s band but was drafted into the US Navy during World War II. Upon demobilization, he worked internationally with the bands of Paul Barbarin and Kid Ory, later returning to New Orleans where he played with several of the well-known jazz and brass bands in the city. He was regularly seen at Preservation Hall and toured Australia with a band made up of Preservation Hall musicians. In 1975, he suffered a stroke but continued playing until his death on August 15, 1976. Recordings of broadcast performances he made with Kid Ory\'s band at San Francisco\'s Hangover Club, have been issued on the Danish Storyville label, and some with trombonist Bill Matthews appear on Southland. Burbank also recorded with Wooden Joe Nicholas (American Music AMCD-5), Herb Morand (AMCD-9 and 106), Kid Clayton (AMCD-62), Paul Barbarin (AMCD-106), Percy Humphrey (GHB Records BCD-85), and Jimmy Archey (BCD-310)
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# Irenaean theodicy
thumb\|236px \|Saint Irenaeus, the second-century philosopher and theologian who inspired the development of the Irenaean theodicy. `{{Theodicy}}`{=mediawiki}
The **Irenaean theodicy** is a Christian theodicy (a response to the problem of evil). It defends the probability of an omnipotent and omnibenevolent (all-powerful and perfectly loving) God in the face of evidence of evil in the world. Numerous variations of theodicy have been proposed which all maintain that, while evil exists, God is either not responsible for creating evil, or he is not guilty for creating evil. Typically, the Irenaean theodicy asserts that the world is the best of all possible worlds because it allows humans to fully develop. Most versions of the Irenaean theodicy propose that creation is incomplete, as humans are not yet fully developed, and experiencing evil and suffering is necessary for such development.
Second-century theologian and philosopher Irenaeus, after whom the theodicy is named, proposed a two-stage creation process in which humans require free will and the experience of evil to develop. Another early Christian theologian, Origen, presented a response to the problem of evil which cast the world as a schoolroom or hospital for the soul; theologian Mark Scott has argued that Origen, rather than Irenaeus, ought to be considered the father of this kind of theodicy. Friedrich Schleiermacher argued in the nineteenth century that God must necessarily create flawlessly, so this world must be the best possible world because it allows God\'s purposes to be naturally fulfilled. In 1966, philosopher John Hick discussed the similarities of the preceding theodicies, calling them all \"Irenaean\". He supported the view that creation is incomplete and argued that the world is best placed for the full moral development of humans, as it presents genuine moral choices. British philosopher Richard Swinburne proposed that, to make a free moral choice, humans must have experience of the consequences of their own actions and that natural evil must exist to provide such choices.
The development of process theology has challenged the Irenaean tradition by teaching that God using suffering for his own ends would be immoral. Twentieth-century philosopher Alvin Plantinga\'s freewill defense argues that, while this may be the best world God could have created, God\'s options were limited by the need to allow freewill. Alvin Plantinga\'s ultimate response to the problem of evil is that it is not a problem that can be solved. Christians simply cannot claim to know the answer to the \"Why?" of suffering and evil. Plantinga stresses that this is why he does not proffer a theodicy but only a defense of theistic belief as rational in the face of unanswered questions. D. Z. Phillips and Fyodor Dostoyevsky challenged the instrumental use of suffering, suggesting that love cannot be expressed through suffering. However, Dostoyevsky also states that the beauty of love is evident, in that love can continue to grow, withstand and overcome even the most evil acts. Michael Tooley argued that the magnitude of suffering is excessive and that, in some cases, cannot lead to moral development. French theologian Henri Blocher criticised Hick\'s universalism, arguing that such a view negates free will, which was similarly important to the theodicy.
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# Irenaean theodicy
## Outline
The Irenaean theodicy was first identified as a form of theodicy by John Hick in *Evil and the God of Love*, written in 1966. For Augustine, humans were created perfect but fell, and thereafter continued to choose badly of their own freewill. In Irenaeus\' view, humans were not created perfect, but instead, must strive continuously to move closer to it. The Irenaean theodicy is distinguished by its acceptance that God is responsible for evil, but that he is not at fault since it is necessary for a greater good.
The key points of a soul-making theodicy begin with its metaphysical foundation: that \"(1) The purpose of God in creating the world was soul-making for rational moral agents\". (2) Humans choose their responses to the soul-making process thereby developing moral character. (3) This requires that God remain hidden, otherwise freewill would be compromised. (4) This hiddenness is created, in part, by the presence of evil in the world. (5) The distance of God makes moral freedom possible, while the existence of obstacles makes meaningful struggle possible. (6) The end result of beings who complete the soul-making process is \"a good of such surpassing value\" that it justifies the means. (7) Those who complete the process will be admitted to the kingdom of God where there will be no more evil. Hick argues that, for suffering to have soul-making value, \"human effort and development must be present at every stage of existence including the afterlife\".
### Evidential problem of evil {#evidential_problem_of_evil}
The Irenaean theodicy is a response to the evidential problem of evil which raises the problem that, if an omnipotent and omnibenevolent (all-powerful and perfectly loving) God exists, there should be no evil in the world. Evidence of evil in the world would make the existence of God improbable. The theodicy attempts to demonstrate that the existence of God remains probable, despite the occurrence of evil.
### Creation and development of humans {#creation_and_development_of_humans}
According to the Irenaean tradition, humans are not created perfectly, but in a state of imperfection. The theodicy teaches that creation has two stages: humans were first created in the image of God, and will then be created in the likeness of God. Humans are imperfect because the second stage is incomplete, entailing the potential, not yet actualised, for humans to reach perfection. To achieve this likeness of God, humans must be refined and developed. The theodicy proposes that evil and suffering exists in the world because this is the best way for humans to develop. As such, the Irenaean theodicy is sometimes referred to as the \"soul-making theodicy\", a phrase taken from the poet John Keats.
### Greatest possible world {#greatest_possible_world}
Typical to variations of the Irenaean theodicy is the notion that the present world is the greatest possible world, or the best of all possible worlds. This is based on the Irenaean idea of human development, suggesting that the best possible world would be best suited to human development: a world containing evil and suffering would allow development better than one which does not, so the world is considered the best possible world.
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# Irenaean theodicy
## Development
### Irenaeus
According to its proponents, Second-century philosopher Irenaeus developed a theodicy based on the idea that the creation of humans is still in progress. He proposed that creation consists of two distinct parts: first in the image of God, then in the likeness of God. Irenaeus believed the first stage is complete, but the second stage requires humans to develop and grow into the likeness of God, a stage which Irenaeus believed is still in progress. He believed that, in order to achieve moral perfection, humans must be given free choice, with the actual possibility of choosing to do evil. Irenaeus argued that for humans to have free will, God must be at an epistemic distance (or intellectual distance) from humans, far enough that belief in God remains a free choice. As Irenaeus said, \"there is no coercion with God, but a good will \[towards us\] is present with Him continually\".
Because Irenaeus saw the purpose of the world to be the development of the moral character of humans, he believed that a good world would be best suited to that purpose. Irenaeaus believed that this world would include some suffering and evil to help people draw closer to God. He perceived God\'s declaration in the Book of Genesis that his creation was good to mean that the world is fit for purpose, rather than being free from suffering. To illustrate the benefits of suffering, Irenaeus cited the Biblical example of Jonah, from the Book of Jonah. His suffering, being swallowed by a whale, both enabled God\'s plan to be fulfilled and also brought Jonah closer to God: Jonah ended up repenting for his sin and the people of Nineveh turn to God. As Irenaeus said, \"For as He patiently suffered Jonah to be swallowed by the whale, not that he should be swallowed up and perish altogether, but that, having been cast out again, he might be the more subject to God, and might glorify Him the more who had conferred upon him such an unhoped-for deliverance, and might bring the Ninevites to a lasting repentance, so that they should be converted to the Lord, who would deliver them from death\".
Irenaeus\' eschatology was based on a literal interpretation of the Bible, especially the Book of Revelation. He believed that there would be 6000 years of suffering before the world ends in a fiery purge. This fire would purify believers ahead of a new human community existing in the New Jerusalem. The afterlife, Irenaeus proposed, focuses more on time than space; he looked forward to a time in which humans are fully developed and live the life of God.
### Origen
Early Christian theologian Origen also presented suffering as necessary for the development of human beings. Theologian Mark Scott has argued that John Hick\'s theodicy is more closely aligned with Origen\'s beliefs than Irenaeus\' and ought to be called an \"Origenian theodicy\". Origen used two metaphors for the world: it is a school and a hospital for souls, with God as Teacher and Physician, in which suffering plays both an educative and healing role. Through an allegorical reading of Exodus and the books of Solomon, Origen casts human development as a progression through a series of stages which take place in this life and after death. Origen believed that all humans will eventually reach heaven as the logical conclusion of God being \'all in all\'. Hell is a metaphor for the purification of our souls: our sinful nature goes to \'Hell\' and our original nature, created by God, goes to heaven. Scott argues that significant aspects of Origen\'s theology mean that there is a stronger continuation between it and Hick\'s theodicy. These aspects are Origen\'s allegorical treatment of Adam and Eve, the presentation of the world as a hospital or schoolroom, the progression he advocates of the human soul, and his universalism.
### Friedrich Schleiermacher {#friedrich_schleiermacher}
In the early 19th century, Friedrich Schleiermacher wrote *Speeches* and *The Christian Faith*, proposing a theodicy which John Hick later identified as Irenaean in nature. Schleiermacher began his theodicy by asserting that God is omnipotent and benevolent and concluded that, because of this, \"God would create flawlessly\". He proposed that it would be illogical for a perfect creation to go wrong (as Augustine had suggested) and that evil must have been created by God for a good reason. Schleiermacher conceived a perfect world to be one in which God\'s purposes can naturally be achieved, and will ultimately lead to dependence on God. He conceived sin as being an obstruction to humanity\'s dependence on God, arguing that it is almost inevitable, but citing Jesus as an example of a sinless man, whose consciousness of God was unobstructed. This theology led Schleiermacher to universalism, arguing that it is God\'s will for everyone to be saved and that no person could alter this. `{{Blockquote|If we proceed on this definite assumption that all belonging to the human race are eventually taken up into loving fellowship with Christ, there is nothing for it but this single divine fore-ordination.|Friedrich Schleiermacher|The Christian Faith<ref name=Hall2122 />}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Irenaean theodicy
## Development
### John Hick {#john_hick}
John Hick published *Evil and the God of Love* in 1966, in which he developed a theodicy based on the work of Irenaeus. Hick distinguished between the Augustinian theodicy, based on free will, and the Irenaean theodicy, based on human development. Hick framed his theodicy as an attempt to respond to the problem of evil in light of scientific development, such as Darwin\'s theory of evolution, and as an alternative to the traditionally accepted Augustinian theodicy. Rejecting the idea that humans were created perfectly and then fell away from perfection, Hick instead argued that humans are still in the process of creation. He interpreted the fall of man, described in the book of Genesis, as a mythological description of the current state of humans.
Hick used Irenaeus\' notion of two-stage creation and supported the belief that the second stage, being created into the likeness of God, is still in progress. He argued that to be created in the image of God means to have the potential for knowledge of and a relationship with God; this is fulfilled when creation in the likeness of God is complete. Humanity currently exists in the image of God and is being developed into spiritual maturity. Hick proposed that human morality is developed through the experience of evil and argued that it is possible for humans to know God, but only if they choose to out of their own free will. Hick acknowledges that some suffering seems to serve no constructive purpose and instead just damages the individual. Hick justifies this by appealing to the concept of mystery. He argues that, if suffering was always beneficial to humans, it would be impossible for humans to develop compassion or sympathy because we would know that someone who is suffering will certainly benefit from it. However, if there is an element of mystery to suffering, to the effect that some people suffer without benefit, it allows feelings of compassion and sympathy to emerge.
The value Hick placed on free will was the result of his belief that it is necessary for genuine love: he believed that love which is not freely chosen is valueless. A genuinely loving God, he argued, would have created humans with free will. Hick held that it would be possible for God to create beings that would always freely choose to do good, but argued that a genuine relationship requires the possibility of rejection. Irenaeus\' notion of humans existing at an \"epistemic distance\" from God also influenced Hick, as it would ensure a free choice in belief in God. Hick argued that a world without pain or suffering would prevent moral development; such a world would have no fixed structure, or have a structure subject to divine intervention, preventing humans from coming to any harm. Hick argued that this would leave humans unable to help or harm one another, allowing them no moral choices and so preventing moral development.
The nature of his theodicy required Hick to propose an eschatology in which humans are fully morally developed. He proposed a universalist theory, arguing that all humans would eventually reach heaven. Hick believed that there would be no benefit or purpose to an eternal Hell, as it would render any moral development inconsequential. The eternal suffering of Hell could not be explained in terms of human development, so Hick rejected it. Despite this, he did not reject the existence of Hell outright, as to do so could make living morally in this life irrelevant. Rather, he argued that Hell exists as a mythological concept and as a warning of the importance of this life.
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# Irenaean theodicy
## Development
### Richard Swinburne {#richard_swinburne}
British philosopher Richard Swinburne proposed a version of the Irenaean theodicy based on his libertarian view of free will, a view that one\'s free actions are not caused by any outside agent. He argued that, in order for people to make free moral decisions, they must be aware of the consequences of such decisions. Knowledge of these consequences must be based on experience---Swinburne rejected the idea that God could implant such knowledge, arguing that humans would question its reliability. Swinburne argued that humans must have first hand experience of natural evil in order to understand the consequences of moral evil and that for God to give humans moral free will, he must allow human suffering. Swinburne conceived Hell as being a separation from God, rejecting the notion of eternal physical punishment, and argued that people who had chosen to reject God throughout their lives would continue to do so after death.
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# Irenaean theodicy
## Reception
### Process theology {#process_theology}
The development of process theology has presented a challenge to the Irenaean theodicy. The doctrine proposes that God is benevolent but suggests that his power is restricted to persuasion, rather than coercion and so is unable to prevent certain evil events from occurring. Process theology accepts God\'s indirect responsibility for evil, but maintains that he is blameless, and does everything in his power to bring about good. In his introduction to process theology, C. Robert Melse argued that, although suffering does sometimes bring about good, not all suffering is valuable and that most does more harm than good. Process theologian David Griffin contested \"the utility of soul making\". He argued that the Irenaean theodicy supposes that God inflicts pain for his own ends, which Griffin regarded as immoral.
### D. Z. Phillips {#d._z._phillips}
Philosopher Dewi Zephaniah Phillips published *The Problem of Evil and the Problem of God* in 2004, presenting a challenge to the Irenaean theodicy. Phillips maintained throughout his work that humans are incapable of fully understanding God, and presented an understanding of the moral diversity of human existence. With reference to the suffering of the Holocaust, he rejected any theodicy which presents suffering as instrumental, arguing that such suffering cannot be justified, regardless of any good that comes of it. Edward Feser, a Catholic philosopher, recalls that D. Z. Phillips critiqued the Irenaean theodicy in his classes, summarising its essence as, \"Here you go, a bit of cancer should help toughen you up!\"
G. Stanley Kane asserts that human character can be developed directly in constructive and nurturing loving ways, and it is unclear why God would consider or allow evil and suffering to be necessary or the preferred way to spiritual growth. Hick answers that \"\...one who has attained to goodness by meeting and eventually mastering temptation, and thus by rightly making responsible choices in concrete situations, is good in a richer and more valuable sense than would be one created *ab initio* in a state either of innocence or of virtue. In the former case, which is that of the actual moral achievements of mankind, the individual's goodness has within it the strength of temptations overcome, a stability based upon an accumulation of right choices, and a positive and responsible character that comes from the investment of costly personal effort.\"
However, the virtues identified as the result of \"soul-making\" may only appear to be valuable in a world where evil and suffering already exist. A willingness to sacrifice oneself in order to save others from persecution, for example, is virtuous because persecution exists. Likewise, the willingness to donate one\'s meal to those who are starving is valuable because starvation exists. If persecution and starvation did not occur, there would be no reason to consider these acts virtuous. If the virtues developed through soul-making are only valuable where suffering exists, then it is not clear what would be lost if suffering did not exist. C. Robert Mesle says that such a discussion between genuine and apparent evil and good presupposes that such virtues as charity are only instrumentally valuable instead of intrinsically valuable.
### Fyodor Dostoyevsky {#fyodor_dostoyevsky}
Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoyevsky presented a similar argument in his novel, *The Brothers Karamazov*. This is however not a final argument, given the nature of Dostoyevsky\'s work as polyphonic. In the novel, the character Ivan Karamazov presents an account of incredible cruelty to innocent people and children to his theist brother, Alyosha. Following this, Ivan asks his brother if he would, hypothetically, choose to be the architect of the eternal happiness of mankind, which would come into existence, if, and only if he would torture an innocent child, a necessary evil, after which this eternal happiness would come into existence. `{{Quotation
|"Would you consent to be the architect under those conditions? Tell me honestly!"
<br />
"No, I wouldn't agree," said Alyosha quietly.
|Fyodor Dostoyevsky
|''The Brothers Karamazov'', p. 308<ref>Barnhart 2550, p. 25</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
But Dostoyevsky\'s work, polyphonic in nature, also states that the love Christ showed to all people and for all people, which is Alyosha\'s final stance in the novel, is the only good, and in the face of evil, the beauty that will save the world.
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# Irenaean theodicy
## Reception
### Michael Tooley {#michael_tooley}
Writing in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Michael Tooley rejects the Irenaean theodicy as unsatisfactory, arguing that the magnitude of suffering experienced by some people is excessive, supporting Eleonore Stump\'s view that the suffering endured by those with terminal illnesses cannot be for moral development, and that such illnesses do not fall more often upon those seemingly immoral or in need of development. He also challenged the suffering both of animals and of young children. Neither of these instances of suffering serve any useful purpose, as they cannot lead to moral development. Finally, he questioned whether the current universe is the best possible world for the moral development of humans. Citing the examples of those who die young and those who experience too great a pain to learn from it, as well as people who suffer too little to learn anything, he suggests this world is not ideally suited to human development.
The Irenaean theodicy is challenged by the assertion that many evils do not promote spiritual growth, but can instead be destructive of the human spirit. Hick acknowledges that this process often fails in our world. Horrendous suffering often leads to dehumanization, and its victims become angry, bitter, vindictive and spiritually worse. Yet, life crises are a catalyst for change that is often positive. Neurologists Bryan Kolb and Bruce Wexler indicate this has to do with the plasticity of the brain. The brain is highly plastic in childhood development, becoming less so by adulthood once development is completed. Thereafter, the brain resists change. The neurons in the brain can only make permanent changes \"when the conditions are right\" because the brain\'s development is dependent upon the stimulation it receives. When the brain receives the powerful stimulus that experiences like bereavement, life-threatening illness, and other deeply painful experiences provide, a prolonged and difficult internal struggle, where the individual completely re-examines their self-concept and perceptions of reality, reshapes neurological structures. The literature refers to *turning points,* *defining moments,* *crucible moments,* and *life-changing events.* These are experiences that form a catalyst in an individual\'s life so that the individual is personally transformed, often emerging with a sense of learning, strength and growth, that empowers them to pursue different paths than they otherwise would have.
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# Irenaean theodicy
## Reception
### Henri Blocher {#henri_blocher}
French theologian Henri Blocher criticised the universalism of John Hick\'s theory. Blocher argued that universalism contradicts free will, which is vital to the Irenaean theodicy, because, if everyone will receive salvation, humans cannot choose to reject God. Hick did attempt to address this issue: he argued that a free action is one which reflects that character of a person, and that humans were created with a \"Godward bias\", so would choose salvation. Blocher proposed that Hick must then accept a level of determinism, though not going all the way
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# Say When!!
***Say When!!*** is an American game show hosted by Art James that aired on NBC television from January 2, 1961, to March 26, 1965. The show was a Mark Goodson-Bill Todman production and James\' only game show for them. Wayne Howell was the announcer, with occasional substitution by Roger Tuttle, Mel Brandt, and Fred Collins. The models alternatingly consisted of Ruth Halsey, Emily Banks, Gunilla Knutson, Carolyn White, Kristan Johnson, and Elizabeth Ames. Carmen Mastren was the show\'s music director.
The series aired live in black and white (switching to color in mid-1964) from NBC Studio 6A at 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York.
## Game play {#game_play}
Two contestants, one a returning champion, competed. At the beginning of each game a dollar goal was revealed and four prizes were displayed. The contestants then took turns picking one prize at a time (when a prize was picked, another prize replaced it). Once picked, the dollar value of the prize was added to the contestant\'s total.
The object for the players was to get closer to the goal than their opponent without going over. Once either player came within \$250 of the goal she/he could \"say when\" (freeze), forcing the other to continue playing until she/he either won the game by beating the frozen total, or losing the game by exceeding the goal.
One of the recurring prizes was the \"Blank Check\", which usually involved a grocery-related item. The contestant who chose it could select up to a certain amount of it times the product\'s individual cost. The individual price would then be revealed and multiplied, with its total then added to the contestant\'s score. (James\' later game show *Blank Check* was not actually based on this \"prize\", but on adding digits to a four-digit cash prize.)
A best-of-three match was played to determine the champion, with players keeping all prizes won outright.
## \"Peter Pan\" incident {#peter_pan_incident}
During one episode following the switch to color, James was doing a live commercial for Peter Pan peanut butter. The spot went normally until, as he had done several times during rehearsals for the spot, he dropped a table knife into the glass jar as he held it up; on this instance, however, the bottom of the jar broke and the knife fell out of the bottom. James continued the spot to laughter from the audience, which held as the bottom part of the jar (now a fully visible circle) came \"unglued\" from the peanut butter. \"It\'s great peanut butter,\" James said. \"The jar is something else\". He later said, \"My mother told me there\'d be days like this\".
## Episode status {#episode_status}
Due to wiping, a run-through taped in December 1960 and an episode from 1961 are the only regular episodes in existence. The latter show was discovered in 2014 and uploaded to YouTube. In the 1960 run-through, the format was somewhat different: two games were played, and the winners of those games competed head-to-head; the goal in each game was \$2,000. Both episodes were kept using the Kinescope format. A third episode, the January 6th, 1961 episode, was discovered and uploaded to YouTube in July 2023.
The Peter Pan incident also exists, as a clip running just under two minutes (the episode of origin is believed to have been destroyed). A portion of this footage was used on both NBC\'s *Most Outrageous Game Show Moments* and VH1\'s *Game Show Moments Gone Bananas*; the full version is available for viewing on YouTube.
Buzzr aired an early episode of the program during its 5th annual \"Lostnfun\" marathon on September 27, 2020.
## Australian version {#australian_version}
The show ran in Australia from 1962 to 1964 on Nine Network, hosted by Jimmy Hannan and produced by Reg Grundy. It was later revived as *Spending Spree* from 1971 to 1976 on Nine, which was also hosted by Hannan and produced by Grundy. The archival status of the Australian versions is unknown
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# Post Mark Collectors Club
**The Post Mark Collectors Club** is a non-profit, national organization that promotes the collecting of postmarks and the study of postal history. The Club sponsors an annual convention and the National Postmark Museum in Bellevue, Ohio.
The PMCC maintains the Post Office Directory, the most accurate list of Post Offices available. These listings detail postal operations in all 50 states, some Canadian provinces, and U.S. possessions. Each year the PMCC holds an annual Convention in a different part of the U.S. hosted by member(s) of the club, offering free postmarks, cachets, benefit auctions, exhibits, tours and more. The Post Mark Collectors Club is affiliate #62 of the American Philatelic Society (APS). Its 2023 convention is scheduled for September 21-23, 2023, in Terrell, Texas.
## History
The Post Mark Collectors Club (PMCC) began in 1941 by Charles Strobel of Cleveland, Ohio. However, World War II intervened and Mr. Strobel\'s health was poor, so the PMCC was reorganized in 1946 under the guidance of Rev. Walter Smith in Maine. By 1950, the Postal Cancellations Society (PCS), founded by Kenneth Rinker merged with PMCC.
In 1974, Herbert H. Harrington, then president of the club, wrote to several members of Congress to object to the removal of town names from canceled postage due to the introduction by the United States Postal Service of automated sorting and canceling machines, which he said were, \"taking the romance out of post marks.\"
## Bulletin
In October 1947, the PMCC Bulletin was first published by Rev. Smith and Robert K. Francis. The mimeographed issue was three pages long. The award-winning newsletter is published eleven times a year with news, photos and postmark collecting information. The current editor of the PMCC Bulletin is Bill German.
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# Post Mark Collectors Club
## Museum
The start of the PMCC Museum, goes back to 1957. Margie Pfund of Columbiana, Ohio, devoted a 7 foot by 10 foot room of her farmhouse for the museum. Pfund and her husband helped play an important role of the club. She, and her husband, Art, were the curators. Soon, they moved the PMCC Museum to a larger room in an added wing of the house. The Pfund\'s received help in the museum from nearby members.
In 1963 the museum was dedicated as the Margie Pfund Memorial Postmark Museum and Library to honor the many hours she spent building PMCC enthusiasm and making the museum a success.
Bernice Mittower was the museum curator from 1969 to 1994 and a cornerstone of the PMCC Museum for 25 years. She was a driving force behind its growth, moving the collection from a bus located on her farm to [Historic Lyme Village](https://lymevillage.org/) in 1978. Its new home was the original Lyme Post Office, which had been relocated to Historic Lyme Village by the PMCC. In 1993 the museum collection was transferred again to the larger Groton Township building.
The current home of the PMCC Museum was dedicated on October 23, 2003. This expansive space was built entirely with donations from PMCC members.
The Museum\'s holdings make up the largest single Postmark collection in the world, grouping nearly two million different postal history items. The library contains reference material on postmark collecting from all 50 states, as well as from Canada and many other countries around the world. Along with postmarks and research materials, the Museum has a fine collection of vintage post office memorabilia. Special collections of postmark slogans, such as the \"Pray for Peace\" postmark series are the highlights of the holdings.
The museum is situated in Historic Lyme Village, just east of Bellevue, Ohio, on State Road 4, near Route 113. The current curator of the museum is Gary Hendren
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# Charles Hughes (football manager)
**Charles Hughes** (28 July 1933 -- 13 August 2024) was an English football coach and author who was the director of coaching for the Football Association. He authored the FA\'s official coaching manual and was an early developer of long ball tactics.
## Coaching
Hughes began his coaching career with the England national amateur football team and Great Britain and Northern Ireland Olympic football team between 1964--74 winning 48 matches out of 77. He began football coaching in 1964 by being assistant coach to Allen Wade, and used the experience he gained from studying for a degree in physical education at Loughborough University. Hughes would later become the Director of Coaching for The Football Association and publish his book, *The Winning Formula*, which would be the basis of how English football would be played and coached for several decades.
## Tactics
Hughes presented his ideas in the magazine *Match Analysis* and concluded most goals were scored from three passes or fewer, therefore it was important to get the ball quickly forward as soon as possible. He based this analysis on over one hundred games at all levels, including games involving Liverpool and the Brazil national team, as well as many England youth games. His ideals were developed from those previously developed by World War II Wing Commander Charles Reep. From his statistical analysis, Hughes emphasised the importance of particular areas of the field from where goals were most often scored. He called these areas the \'POMO\' -- Positions Of Maximum Opportunity -- and asserted that players would score if the ball was played into the \'POMO\' enough times. He stressed the importance of set plays and crosses into the penalty area.
## Death
Hughes died on 13 August 2024, at the age of 91.
## Legacy and criticism {#legacy_and_criticism}
Many coaches and managers in England advocated his long-ball philosophy but some critics have derided his philosophy for encouraging a generation of players who lack basic technical skills and understanding of different tactical playing strategies
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# 1772 in Ireland
Events from the year **1772 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: George III
## Events
- 3 June -- the *London-Derry Journal and General Advertiser* is first published.
- 27 July -- the Johnston Baronetcy, of Gilford in the County of Down, is created in the Baronetage of Ireland.
## Births
- 1 May -- Lowry Cole, soldier, politician and MP for Enniskillen from 1797 to 1800, Governor of Mauritius and Cape Colony (died 1842).
- 16 July -- William Annesley, 3rd Earl Annesley, politician (died 1838).
- 9 October -- Mary Tighe, poet (died 1810).
- Robert Blake, dentist, first State Dentist of Dublin (died 1822).
- Edward Southwell Ruthven, Repealer politician and member of the United Kingdom Parliament (died 1836).
## Deaths
- 10 June -- Abraham Creighton, 1st Baron Erne, peer
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# Sæbyggjenuten
**Sæbyggjenuten** is a mountain on the border of Agder and Telemark counties in southern Norway. The 1507 m tall mountain is the highest point in Bykle municipality as well as for all of Agder county, and in the whole region of Southern Norway (Sørlandet). The mountain sits on the border of the municipalities of Bykle (in Agder county) and Tokke (in Telemark county). It is located about 20 km west of Dalen in Telemark and also about 20 km northeast of the village of Bykle in Agder
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# Amphiuma pholeter
The **one-toed amphiuma** (***Amphiuma pholeter**)* is a species of aquatic, eel-like salamander in the family Amphiumidae. The species is native to the southeastern United States. It was unknown to science until 1950, when it was collected by herpetologist Wilfred T. Neill, who described it as a new species in 1964. It is rarely observed in the wild, and much about the species remains uncertain.
## Description
The one-toed amphiuma is considered aquatic, and ranges in coloration from gray-black to purplish-brown. Unlike the other two *Amphiuma* species which have distinctively lighter undersides, the one-toed amphiuma is the same color on both the dorsum (back) and the venter (belly). It can also be distinguished by its cone-shaped head and number of toes. The one-toed amphiuma has one toe on each foot as opposed to the two or three exhibited by other *Amphiuma* species. It is the smallest species in the genus *Amphiuma* with the average adult size being 8.5 inches (220 mm).
## Geographic range {#geographic_range}
The one-toed amphiuma is known only to occur in parts of the Florida panhandle, extreme southern Georgia, and southern Alabama.
## Behavior
The one-toed amphiuma is active mostly at night, when it forages for invertebrate prey. Its habits are similar to those of the other members of its genus, preferring slow moving or stagnant, shallow water with either muddy bottoms or areas with weedy vegetation. It has a special affinity for the semi-fluid mud deposits that accumulate in the swampy floodplains of rivers and streams or along the edges of coastal spring-fed rivers. Like all amphiumas, the one-toed amphiuma eats small, aquatic invertebrates such as crayfish, annelid worms, insect larvae, and occasionally fish or amphibian larvae. Its breeding habits are largely unknown and eggs and hatchlings have never been observed
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# Geology of the Pacific Northwest
The **geology of the Pacific Northwest** includes the composition (including rock, minerals, and soils), structure, physical properties and the processes that shape the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The region is part of the Ring of Fire: the subduction of the Pacific and Farallon Plates under the North American Plate is responsible for many of the area\'s scenic features as well as some of its hazards, such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and landslides.
The geology of the Pacific Northwest is vast and complex. Most of the region began forming about 200 million years ago as the North American Plate started to drift westward during the rifting of Pangaea. Since that date, the western edge of North America has grown westward as a succession of island arcs and assorted ocean-floor rocks have been added along the continental margin.
There are at least five geologic provinces in the area: the Cascade Volcanoes, the Columbia Plateau, the North Cascades, the Coast Mountains, and the Insular Mountains. The Cascade Volcanoes are an active volcanic region along the western side of the Pacific Northwest. The Columbia Plateau is a region of subdued geography that is inland of the Cascade Volcanoes, and the North Cascades are a mountainous region in the northwest corner of the United States, extending into British Columbia. The Coast Mountains and Insular Mountains are a strip of mountains along the coast of British Columbia, each with its own geological history.
## Volcanoes
### The Cascade Volcanoes {#the_cascade_volcanoes}
The Cascades Province forms an arc-shaped band extending from southwestern British Columbia to Northern California, roughly parallel to the Pacific coastline. Within this region, nearly 20 major volcanic centers lie in sequence.
Although the largest volcanoes like Mount St. Helens get the most attention, the Cascade Volcanic Arc includes a band of thousands of very small, short-lived volcanoes that have built a platform of lava and volcanic debris. Rising above this volcanic platform are a few strikingly large volcanoes that dominate the landscape.
The Cascade volcanoes define the Pacific Northwest section of the Ring of Fire, an array of volcanoes that rim the Pacific Ocean. The Ring of Fire is also known for its frequent earthquakes. The volcanoes and earthquakes arise from a common source: subduction.
Beneath the Cascade Volcanic Arc, a dense oceanic plate sinks beneath the North American Plate; a process known as subduction. As the oceanic slab sinks deep into the Earth\'s interior beneath the continental plate, high temperatures and pressures allow water molecules locked in the minerals of solid rock to escape. The supercritical water rises into the pliable mantle above the subducting plate, causing some of the mantle to melt. This newly formed magma ascends upward through the crust along a path of least resistance, both by way of fractures and faults as well as by melting wall rocks. The addition of melted crust changes the geochemical composition. Some of the melt rises toward the Earth\'s surface to erupt, forming a chain of volcanoes (the Cascade Volcanic Arc) above the subduction zone. The addition of crustal melt to the original mantle melt results in volcanic and plutonic rocks that differ in mineralogy from the mantle source.
A close-up look at the Cascades reveals a more complicated picture than a simple subduction zone.
Not far off the coast of the North Pacific lies a spreading ridge; a divergent plate boundary made up of a series of breaks in the oceanic crust where melted mantle rises and solidifies, creating new ocean crust. On one side of the spreading ridge new Pacific Plate crust is made, then moves away from the ridge. On the other side of the spreading ridge the Juan de Fuca and Gorda plates move eastward. There are some unusual features at the Cascade subduction zone. Where the Juan de Fuca Plate sinks beneath the North American Plate there is no deep trench, seismicity (earthquakes) is less than expected, and there is evidence of a decline in volcanic activity over the past few million years. The probable explanation lies in the rate of convergence between the Juan de Fuca and North American Plates. These two plates converge at 3 -- per year at present. This is only about half the rate of convergence of 7 million years ago.
The small Juan de Fuca Plate and two platelets, the Explorer Plate and Gorda Plate are the meager remnants of the much larger Farallon oceanic plate. The Explorer Plate broke away from the Juan de Fuca about 4 million years ago and shows no evidence that it is still being subducted. The Gorda platelet split away between 18 and 5 million years ago and continues to sink beneath North America. The Cascade Volcanic Arc made its first appearance 36 million years ago, but the major peaks that rise up from today\'s volcanic centers were born within the last 1.6 million years. More than 3,000 vents erupted during the most recent volcanic episode that began 5 million years ago. As long as subduction continues, new Cascade volcanoes will continue to rise.
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# Geology of the Pacific Northwest
## Volcanoes
### Volcanism outside the Cascades {#volcanism_outside_the_cascades}
thumb\|upright=1.8\|Map of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt centers. The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt in southwestern British Columbia is the northern extension of the Cascade Volcanic Arc in the United States and contains the most explosive young volcanoes in Canada. Like the rest of the arc, it has its origins in the Cascadia subduction zone. Volcanoes of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt have been sporadically active over a time span of several millions of years. The northernmost member, the Mount Meager massif, was responsible for a major catastrophic eruption that occurred about 2,350 years ago. This eruption may have been close in size to that of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Ash from this eruption can be traced eastward to western Alberta. It is also the most unstable volcanic massif in Canada, which has dumped clay and rock several meters (yards) deep into the Pemberton Valley at least three times during the past 7,300 years. Hot springs near the Mount Cayley and Mount Meager massifs suggest that magmatic heat is still present. The long history of volcanism in the region, coupled with continued subduction off the coast, suggests that volcanism has not yet ended in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt. A few isolated volcanic centers northwest of the Mount Meager massif such as the Franklin Glacier Complex and the Silverthrone Caldera, which lie in the Pemberton Volcanic Belt, may also be the product of Cascadia subduction, but geologic investigations have been very limited in this remote region. About 5--7 million years ago, the northern end of the Juan de Fuca Plate broke off along the Nootka Fault to form the Explorer Plate, and there is no definitive consensus among geologists on the relation of the volcanoes north of that fault to the rest of the Cascade Arc. However, the Pemberton Volcanic Belt is usually merged with the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, making Mount Silverthrone the northernmost, but an uncertain Cascadia subduction-related volcano.
The most active volcanic region of the northern Pacific Northwest is called the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province (sometimes called the Stikine Volcanic Belt). It contains more than 100 young volcanoes and several eruptions known to have occurred within the last 400 years. The last eruptions within the volcanic belt was about 150 years ago at The Volcano in the Iskut-Unuk River Cones volcanic field. The most voluminous and most persistent eruptive center within the belt and in Canada is Level Mountain. It is a large shield volcano that covers an area of 1800 km2 southwest of Dease Lake and north of Telegraph Creek. The broad dissected summit region consists of trachytic and rhyolitic lava domes and was considered to be dotted with several minor basaltic vents of postglacial age, although considered Holocene activity to be uncertain. The Mount Edziza volcanic complex is perhaps the most spectacular volcanic edifice in British Columbia. It is the second largest persistent eruptive center within the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province and is flanked with numerous young satellite cones, including the young, well-preserved Eve Cone. There are some indications that Level Mountain and Mount Edziza volcanic complex may be between 11 and 9 million years old.
thumb\|left\|upright=1.75\|Map of the Anahim Volcanic Belt centers. The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a volcanic belt that stretches from just north of Vancouver Island to near Quesnel. It is thought to have formed as a result of the North American Plate moving over a stationary hotspot, similar to the hotspot feeding the Hawaiian Islands, called the Anahim hotspot. The youngest volcano within the volcanic belt is Nazko Cone. It last erupted about 7,000 years ago, producing two small lava flows that traveled 1 km to the west, along with a blanket of volcanic ash that extends several km to the north and east of the cone. The volcanic belt also contains three large shield volcanoes that were formed between 8 and 1 million years ago, called the Ilgachuz Range, Rainbow Range and the Itcha Range.
The Chilcotin Group in southern British Columbia is a north--south range of volcanoes, thought to have formed as a result of back-arc extension behind the Cascadia subduction zone. The majority of the eruptions in this belt happened either 6 to 10 million years ago (Miocene) or 2--3 million years ago (Pliocene). However, there have been few eruptions in the Pleistocene.
The Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field in south-eastern British Columbia consists of several small basaltic volcanoes and extensive lava flows that have been active for the past 3 million years. It is within the Wells Gray Provincial Park, which also includes the 465 ft-high Helmcken Falls. The origin of the volcanism is unknown, but is probably related to crustal thinning. Some of the lava flows in the field are similar to those that erupted at Volcano Mountain in the Yukon, where olivine nephelinite occurs. The last eruption in the field was about 400 years ago at Kostal Cone.
Numerous seamounts lie off British Columbia\'s coast and are related to hotspot volcanism. The Bowie Seamount located 180 km west of Haida Gwaii is perhaps the shallowest seamount in Canada\'s Pacific waters. Because of its shallow depth, scientists believe it was an active volcanic island throughout the last ice age. The Bowie Seamount is also the youngest seamount in the Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain.
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# Geology of the Pacific Northwest
## Volcanoes
### Volcanic disasters {#volcanic_disasters}
The last eruption of the Tseax Cone around the years 1750 or 1775 is Canada\'s worst known geophysical disaster. The eruption produced a 22.5 km long lava flow, destroying the Nisga\'a villages and the death of at least 2000 Nisga\'a people by volcanic gases and poisonous smoke. The Nass River valley was inundated by the lava flows and contain abundant tree molds and lava tubes. The event coincided with the arrival of the first European explorers to penetrate the uncharted coastal waters of northern British Columbia. Today, the basaltic lava deposits are a draw to tourists and are part of the Nisga\'a Memorial Lava Bed Provincial Park.
### Recent volcanic activity {#recent_volcanic_activity}
The Pacific Northwest volcanoes continue to be a geologically active area. The most geologically recent volcanic eruptions include:
- Level Mountain, Canada\'s most voluminous and most persistent eruptive center, might have erupted in the Holocene.
- Nazko Cone, the youngest volcano in the Anahim Volcanic Belt, erupted 7200 BP.
- Hoodoo Mountain erupted 7050 BP.
- Lava Butte, Oregon erupted about 7,000 years ago.
- Mount Mazama, which erupted catastrophically in 5670 BCE to form Crater Lake.
- Mount Meager massif erupted about 2350 BP, sending an ash column 20 km high into the stratosphere.
- Mount Edziza volcanic complex, Canada\'s second largest eruptive center, erupted about 1340 BP.
- Medicine Lake Volcano erupted about 1000 BP.
- Silverthrone Caldera might have eruptions younger than 1000 BP.
- Kostal Cone in the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field might have erupted and formed in 1500 based on tree-ring dating.
- Glacier Peak erupted in the 17th or 18th century.
- Tseax Cone erupted in the 18th century.
- Mount Hood erupted in 1781--82; fumaroles on the summit still spew sulfurous gas.
- Mount Shasta erupted in 1786.
- The Volcano erupted about 150 BP, producing a 22.5 km long lava flow.
- Mount Rainier erupted 1854.
- Mount Baker erupted in 1880; fumaroles still occur at its summit.
- Ruby Mountain might have erupted in 1898.
- Lassen Peak erupted in 1914--5.
- Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980, killing 57 people. (see 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens).
## Seismic activity {#seismic_activity}
The Pacific Northwest is seismically active. The Juan de Fuca Plate is capable of producing megathrust earthquakes of moment magnitude 9: the last such earthquake was the 1700 Cascadia earthquake, which produced a tsunami in Japan, and may have temporarily blocked the Columbia River with the Bonneville Slide. More recently, in 2001, the Nisqually earthquake (magnitude 6.8) struck 10 mi northeast of Olympia, Washington, causing some structural damage and panic.
In addition, eleven volcanoes in Canada have had seismic activity since 1975, including: the Silverthrone Caldera, Mount Meager massif, Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley, Castle Rock, The Volcano, Mount Edziza volcanic complex, Hoodoo Mountain, Crow Lagoon and Nazko Cone.
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# Geology of the Pacific Northwest
## Columbia Plateau {#columbia_plateau}
thumb\|left\|upright=1.25\|The Columbia River basalts cover portions of three states *Main article: Columbia Plateau, Columbia River Basalt Group* The Columbia Plateau province is enveloped by one of the world\'s largest accumulations of basalt. Over 500000 km2 of the Earth\'s surface is covered by it. The topography here is dominated by geologically young lava flows that inundated the countryside with amazing speed, all within the last 17 million years.
Over 170000 km3 of basaltic lava, known as the Columbia River Basalt Group, covers the western part of the province. These tremendous flows erupted between 17--6 million years ago. Most of the lava flooded out in the first 1.5 million years: an extraordinarily short time for such an outpouring of molten rock.
The Snake River Plain stretches across Oregon, through northern Nevada, southern Idaho, and ends at the Yellowstone Plateau in Wyoming. Looking like a great spoon scooped out the Earth surface, the smooth topography of this province forms a striking contrast with the strong mountainous fabric around it.
The Snake River Plain lies in a distinct depression. At the western end, the base has dropped down along normal faults, forming a graben structure. Although there is extensive faulting at the eastern end, the structure is not as clear.
Like the Columbia River region, volcanic eruptions dominate the story of the Snake River Plain in the eastern part of the Columbia Plateau Province. The earliest Snake River Plain eruptions began about 15 million years ago, just as the tremendous early eruptions of Columbia River Basalt were ending. But most of the Snake River Plain volcanic rock is less than a few million years old, Pliocene age (5--1.6 million years ago) and younger.
In the west, the Columbia River Basalts are just that: almost exclusively black basalt. Not so in the Snake River Plain, where relatively quiet eruptions of soupy black basalt lava flows alternated with tremendous explosive eruptions of rhyolite, a light-colored volcanic rock.
Cinder cones dot the landscape of the Snake River Plain. Some are aligned along vents, the fissures that fed flows and cone-building eruptions. Calderas, great pits formed by explosive volcanism, and low shield volcanoes, and rhyolite hills are also part of the landscape here, but many are obscured by later lava flows.
Evidence suggests that some concentrated heat source is melting rock beneath the Columbia Plateau Province. At the base of the lithosphere (the layer of crust and upper mantle that forms Earth\'s moving tectonic plates). In an effort to figure out why this area, far from a plate boundary, had such an enormous outpouring of lava, scientists established hardening dates for many of the individual lava flows. They found that the youngest volcanic rocks were clustered near the Yellowstone Plateau, and that the farther west they went, the older the lavas.
Although scientists are still gathering evidence, a probable explanation is that a hot spot, an extremely hot plume of deep mantle material, is rising to the surface beneath the Columbia Plateau Province. Geologists know that beneath Hawaii and Iceland, a temperature instability develops (for reasons not yet well understood) at the boundary between the core and mantle. The concentrated heat triggers a plume hundreds of kilometers in diameter that ascends directly through to the surface of the Earth.
When the hot plume arrives at the base of the lithosphere, some of the lighter rock of the lithosphere rapidly melts. It is this molten lithosphere that becomes the basalt lavas that gush onto the surface to form the Columbia River and Snake River Plain basalts.
The track of this hot spot starts in the west and sweeps up to Yellowstone National Park. The steaming fumaroles and explosive geysers are ample evidence of a concentration of heat beneath the surface. The hotspot is probably quite stationary, but the North American plate is moving over it, creating a superb record of the rate and direction of plate motion.
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# Geology of the Pacific Northwest
## Columbia Plateau {#columbia_plateau}
### The Ice Age floods {#the_ice_age_floods}
With the beginning of the Pleistocene time (about one million years ago), cooling temperatures provided conditions favorable for the creation of continental glaciers. Over the centuries, as snowfall exceeded melting and evaporation, a great accumulation of snow covered part of the continent, forming extensive ice fields. This vast continental ice sheet reached a thickness of about 4000 ft in some areas. Sufficient pressure on the ice caused it to flow outward as a glacier. The glacier moved south out of Canada, damming rivers and creating lakes in Washington, Idaho and Montana.
The ice blocked the Clark Fork River, forming the huge Glacial Lake Missoula. The lake measured about 7700 km2 and contained about 2100 km3, half the volume of Lake Michigan.
thumb\|upright=1.25\|The immense floods created channels that are presently dry, such as the Drumheller Channels Glacial Lake Missoula broke through the ice dam many times, allowing a tremendous volume of water to rush across northern Idaho and into eastern Washington. Such catastrophic floods raced across the southward-dipping plateau a number of times, etching the coulees which characterize this region, now known as the channeled scablands.
As the floods in this vicinity raced southward, two major cascades formed along their course. The larger cataract was that of the upper Grand Coulee, where the river roared over an 800 ft waterfall. The eroding power of the water plucked pieces of basalt from the precipice, causing the falls to retreat 20 mi and self-destruct by cutting through to the Columbia River valley near what is now the Grand Coulee Dam.
The other major cataract is now known as Dry Falls. It started near Soap Lake in Washington State, where less resistant basalt layers gave way before the great erosive power of this tremendous torrent and waterfalls developed. As in the upper Grand Coulee, the raging river yanked chunks of rock from the face of the falls and the falls eventually retreated to their present location. Dry Falls is 3.5 mi wide, with a drop of more than 400 ft. By way of comparison, Niagara Falls, 1 mi wide with a drop of only 165 ft, would be dwarfed by Dry Falls.
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# Geology of the Pacific Northwest
## The North Cascades {#the_north_cascades}
The North Cascade Range in Washington is part of the American cordillera, a mountain chain stretching more than 12000 mi from Tierra del Fuego to the Alaska Peninsula, and second only to the Alpine-Himalayan chain in height. Although only a small part of the Cordillera, mile for mile, the North Cascade Range is steeper and wetter than most other ranges in the contiguous United States.
In geology, the range has more in common with the Coast Ranges of British Columbia and Alaska than it does with its Cordilleran cousins in the Rocky Mountains or Sierra Nevada. Although the peaks of the North Cascades do not reach great elevations (high peaks are generally in the 7000 to range, their overall relief, the relatively uninterrupted vertical distance from valley bottom to mountain top, is commonly 4000 to.
Rocks of the North Cascades record at least 400 million years of history. The record of this long history can be read in the many rock layers deposited over time through the forces of erosion, volcanic activity and plate subduction. These different forces have made a geologic mosaic made up of volcanic island arcs, deep ocean sediments, basaltic ocean floor, parts of old continents, submarine fans, and even pieces of the deep subcrustal mantle of the earth. The disparate pieces of the North Cascade mosaic were born far from one another but subsequently drifted together, carried along by the tectonic plates that make up the Earth\'s outer shell or were uplifted, eroded by streams, and then locally buried in their own eroded debris; other pieces were forced deep into the Earth to be heated and squeezed, almost beyond recognition, and then raised again to view. Over time, the moving plates eventually accreted the various pieces of the mosaic onto the western side of North America.
About 35 million years ago, a volcanic arc grew across this complex mosaic of old terranes. Volcanoes erupted to cover the older rocks with lava and ash. Large masses of molten rock invaded the older rocks from below. The volcanic arc is still active today, decorating the skyline with the cones of Mount Baker and Glacier Peak.
The deep canyons and sharp peaks of today\'s North Cascades scene are products of profound erosion. Running water has etched out the grain of the range, landslides have softened the abrupt edges, homegrown glaciers have scoured the peaks and high valleys and, during the Ice Age, the Cordilleran Ice Sheet overrode almost all the range and rearranged courses of streams. Erosion has written and still writes its own history in the mountains, but it has also revealed the complex mosaic of the bedrock.
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# Geology of the Pacific Northwest
## Coast Mountains {#coast_mountains}
The Coast Mountains are the western range of the North American mainland cordillera, covering the Alaska Panhandle and most of coastal British Columbia. The range is approximately 1600 km long and 200 km wide.
Most of the Coast Mountains are composed of granite, which is part of the Coast Plutonic Complex. This is the single largest contiguous granite outcropping in the world, which extends approximately 1800 km in length. It is a large batholith complex. Its formation is related to subduction of the Kula and Farallon tectonic plates along the continental margin during the Jurassic-to-Eocene periods. The plutonic complex is built on unusual island arc fragments, oceanic plateaus and continental margin assemblages accreted between the Triassic and the Cretaceous periods. In addition, the Garibaldi, Meager, Cayley and Silverthrone areas are of recent volcanic origin.
The Coast Mountains consist of a single uplifted mass. During the Pliocene period the Coast Mountains did not exist and a level peneplain extended to the sea. This mass was uplifted during the Miocene period. Rivers such as the Klinaklini River and Homathko River predate this uplift and due to erosion occurring faster than uplift, have continued to flow right up to the present day, directly across the axis of the range. The mountains flanking the Homathko River are the highest in the Coast Mountains, and include Mount Waddington west of the river in the Waddington Range and Mount Queen Bess east of the river, adjacent to the Homathko Icefield.
The Pacific Ranges in southwestern British Columbia are the southernmost subdivision of the Coast Mountains. It has been characterized by rapid rates of uplift over the past 4 million years unlike the North Cascades and has led to relatively high rates of erosion.
## Insular Mountains {#insular_mountains}
The Insular Mountains on the coast of British Columbia have not yet fully emerged above sea level, and Vancouver Island and Haida Gwaii are just the higher elevations of the range, which was in fact fully exposed during the last ice age when the continental shelf in this area was a broad coastal plain. Although the Coast Mountains are commonly considered to be the westernmost range of the American cordillera, the Insular Mountains are the true westernmost range. Through the most recent ice age about 18,000 years ago, ice enclosed nearly all of the mountains. Glaciers that ran down to the Pacific Ocean sharpened the valley faces and eroded their bottoms.
The Insular Mountains were formed when a large island arc, called the Insular Islands, collided against North America during the Mid-Cretaceous period. The mountains are made of turbidite and pillow lavas unlike the plutons of the Coast Plutonic Complex that make the Coast Mountains. The Insular Mountains have much seismic activity, with the Juan de Fuca Plate subducting at the Cascadia subduction zone and the Pacific Plate sliding along the Queen Charlotte Fault. Large earthquakes have led to collapsing mountains, landslides, and the development of fissures. Flood basalts on Vancouver Island form a geologic formation called the Karmutsen Formation, which is perhaps the thickest accreted section of an oceanic plateau worldwide, exposing up to 6000 m of basal sediment-sill complexes, basaltic to picritic pillow lavas, pillow breccia, and thick, massive basalt flows
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# West Bromwich railway station
**West Bromwich railway station** was a station on the Great Western Railway\'s London Paddington to Birkenhead via Birmingham Snow Hill line. It opened in 1854 and served the town of West Bromwich in the English West Midlands. It was closed along with the line in 1972.
## Site Today {#site_today}
West Bromwich town centre\'s rail link with Birmingham and Wolverhampton was restored in 1999 with the opening of the Midland Metro station known as West Bromwich Central. It wasn\'t until building work for this project began in the late 1990s that the remaining heavy rail architecture was removed.
The area\'s railway heritage is commemorated by a pair of railway locomotive wheels, preserved next to a footpath outside the metro station
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# Teschovirus
***Teschovirus*** is a genus of viruses in the order *Picornavirales*, in the family *Picornaviridae*. Pigs serve as natural hosts. There are two species in this genus, including Porcine teschovirus, which is responsible for the porcine enteroviral encephalomyelitis disease caused in pigs. The genus name comes from this species and the disease it causes: Teschen disease (a severe and fatal form of pig encephalomyelitis), which itself was named for the town Teschen in Poland/Czechoslovakia where the disease was first recognised in 1929.
## Genome
*Teschovirus* has a single-stranded, linear, non-segmented RNA genome. The RNA genome is positively sensed meaning that it has the same polarity as the mRNA and no reverse transcription is necessary. The size of the genome is between 7000 and 9000 nucleotides long. In addition the virus genome contains at the 5\' end a protein called VPg and the 3\' end is polyadenylated. Through translation of the genome a polyprotein is produced. It is later cleaved in order to give twelve proteins. These proteins are nucleoproteins, non-structural proteins, a polymerase, proteases like the leader protein and the genome linked-protein.
## Taxonomy
The genus contains the following species:
- *Teschovirus asilesi*; Teschovirus A, also called Porcine teschovirus
- *Teschovirus bishikawa*, Teschovirus B
## Structure
Viruses in *Teschovirus* are non-enveloped, with icosahedral, spherical, and round geometries, and T=pseudo3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30 nm.
Genus Structure Symmetry Capsid Genomic arrangement Genomic segmentation
--------------- ------------- ------------ --------------- --------------------- ----------------------
*Teschovirus* Icosahedral Pseudo T=3 Non-enveloped Linear Monopartite
## Life cycle {#life_cycle}
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the virus to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by ribosomal skipping. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and viroporins. Pig serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are fecal-oral
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# 1815 in Ireland
Events from the year **1815 in Ireland**.
## Events
- February 2 - Daniel O\'Connell fatally wounds Norcotte D\'Esterre in a duel after being challenged by D\'Esterre.
- March 28 -- laying of the foundation stone of the Metropolitan Chapel (later known as the Catholic Pro-Cathedral), Marlborough Street, Dublin.
- March -- poet William Drennan\'s *Fugitive pieces in verse and prose* published in Belfast.
- June 4 -- lighthouse on Tuskar Rock first illuminated.
- July 6 -- Charles Bianconi runs his first car (i.e. horse-drawn carriage) for conveyance of passengers, from Clonmel to Cahir.
- The river paddle steamer *City of Cork* is launched at Passage West, the first steamboat built in Ireland.
- The Religious Sisters of Charity are founded by Mary Aikenhead in Dublin.
- The Dublin Society purchases Leinster House, home of the Duke of Leinster, and founds a natural history museum there.
- Tenter House erected in Cork Street, Dublin, financed by Thomas Pleasants.
- St. Brendan\'s Hospital officially opened as the Richmond Lunatic Asylum, a national institution.
## Births
- March -- William Wilde, surgeon, author and father of Oscar Wilde (died 1876).
- 11 June -- Hans Crocker, lawyer and Wisconsin politician (died 1889).
- 24 July -- Arnaud-Michel d\'Abbadie, geographer (died 1893).
- 24 July -- John Thomas Ball, lawyer, politician and Lord Chancellor of Ireland, 1875--1881 (died 1898).
- August -- Edmond Burke Roche, 1st Baron Fermoy, politician (died 1874).
- 3 November -- John Mitchel, nationalist activist, solicitor and journalist (died 1875).
- 31 December -- Chartres Brew, Gold commissioner, Chief Constable and judge in the Colony of British Columbia (died 1870).
- Full date unknown -- Alfred Elmore, painter (died 1881).
## Deaths
- 31 December -- Thomas Burke, artist (born 1749).
- Ellen Hutchins, botanist (born 1785)
| 303 |
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| 0 |
10,129,400 |
# Cediranib
**Cediranib** (AZD-2171; tentative trade name **Recentin**) is a potent inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor tyrosine kinases.
The drug is being developed by AstraZeneca as a possible anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agent for oral administration.
## Clinical trials {#clinical_trials}
Beginning in 2007, it underwent phase I clinical trials for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, kidney cancer, and colorectal cancer in adults, as well as tumors of the central nervous system in children. Phase I trials of interactions with other drugs used in cancer treatment were also undertaken.
On February 27, 2008, AstraZeneca announced that the use of cediranib in non-small cell lung cancer will not progress into phase III after failing to meet its main goal. On 8 March 2010, AstraZeneca issued a press-release stating that cediranib had failed Phase III clinical trials for use in first-line metastatic colorectal cancer when it was compared clinically with the market-leader bevacizumab. In 2016, AstraZeneca completed a phase III trial comparing the efficacy of cediranib alone and cediranib with lomustine to the efficacy of lomustine alone in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. The trial failed to meet its primary endpoint and survival was not extended with cediranib.
## Combination trials {#combination_trials}
Findings from a federally funded, NCI-sponsored phase II clinical trial presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (May 30 - June 3, 2014, Chicago, Ill; Abstract No: LBA5500), show that the combination of two investigational oral drugs, olaparib, a PARP inhibitor, and cediranib is significantly more active against recurrent, platinum chemotherapy-sensitive disease or ovarian cancer related to mutations in BRCA genes than olaparib alone
| 271 |
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| 0 |
10,129,401 |
# 1874 in Ireland
Events from the year **1874 in Ireland**.
## Events
- 17 February -- United Kingdom general election in Ireland in which 59 professing members of the Home Rule League are returned.
- 24 May -- Queen Victoria creates her third eldest son, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, after the province of Connaught.
- 26 July -- the Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Sligo, is opened.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
## Sport
## Births
- 28 January -- Kathleen Lynn, physician and politician (died 1955).
- 15 February -- Ernest Shackleton, explorer, remembered for his Antarctic expedition of 1914--1916 in the ship *Endurance* (died 1922).
- 24 February -- Con Lucid, Major League Baseball player (died 1931).
- 29 March -- Rupert Edward Cecil Lee Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh, businessman, politician and philanthropist, Chancellor of the University of Dublin (died 1967).
- 24 April -- Annie Moore, migrant to the United States (died c.1924).
- 25 April -- Guglielmo Marconi, inventor (born in Bologna of Irish maternity) (died 1937)
- 29 April -- Conal Holmes O\'Connell O\'Riordan, dramatist and novelist (died 1948).
- 13 May -- Percy Redfern Creed, soldier, sportsman and writer (died 1964).
- 6 June -- George Harman, cricketer and rugby player (died 1975).
- 11 June -- Arthur Gwynn, cricketer and rugby player (died 1898).
- 14 June -- Louis Lipsett, British Army and Canadian Expeditionary Force senior officer during the First World War (killed in action 1918).
- 18 July -- Cathal Brugha, active in Easter Rising, Irish War of Independence, and Irish Civil War and was first Ceann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann, shot by Free State troops (died 1922).
- 18 July -- Bob Lambert, cricketer (died 1956).
- 20 July
- Jer Doheny, Kilkenny hurler (died 1929).
- Monsignor Michael J. O\'Doherty, Archbishop of Manila (died 1949)
- 11 August -- John Philip Bagwell, general manager Great Northern Railway, Seanad member (died 1946).
- 17 September -- Bernard Forbes, 8th Earl of Granard, soldier and politician (died 1948).
- 11 November -- Louise McIlroy, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the London School of Medicine for Women (died 1968).
- 1 December -- Michael Mallin, second in command of Irish Citizen Army, participant in the Easter Rising (executed by firing squad in Kilmainham Jail 1916).
- 18 December -- Philip Meldon, cricketer (died 1942).
Full date unknown
:\*Eamonn Duggan, lawyer, nationalist and politician (died 1936).
:\*Patrick Hannon, Conservative and Unionist Party (UK) politician (died 1963).
## Deaths
- April -- Biddy Early, traditional healer (born c. 1798).
- 26 July -- Abraham Brewster, judge and Lord Chancellor of Ireland (born 1796).
- 27 August -- John Henry Foley, sculptor (born 1818).
- 30 August -- Michael Banim, writer (born 1796).
- 17 September -- Edmond Burke Roche, 1st Baron Fermoy, politician (born 1815).
- 21 September -- Arthur Jacob, ophthalmologist (born 1790).
- 17 October -- John Benson, architect for Irish Industrial Exhibition, Great Industrial Exhibition (1853) and the 1855 Cork Opera House (born 1812)
| 511 |
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| 0 |
10,129,425 |
# Kjerkeberget
**Kjerkeberget** is a mountain in Nordmarka, Oslo, Norway.
It is the highest point, as well as the northernmost point in the county and municipality of Oslo. Its height is about 630 meters above sea level. It lies on the border of Oslo and the municipality Lunner in Akershus, between the lakes Sandungen in the southeast and Katnosa in the northwest.
The first element is *kjerke* f \'church\', the last element is the finite form of *berg* n \'rocky mountain\'. (Several mountains in Norway are called \'the church\', because of some likeness in shape with a church). The word *kjerke* is the form in the dialect of the area - in Bokmål *kirke*, and in Nynorsk *kyrkje*.
During World War II, Milorg used this hill as a site for parachute drops. On 4 October 1942, Milorg\'s District 13 received its first paradrop here. In the paradrop were four people: Tor Helliesen, Jan Allan, Ruben Larsen and Johannes S. Andersen
| 160 |
Kjerkeberget
| 0 |
10,129,440 |
# Dr. Morse's Indian Root Pills
**Dr. Morse\'s Indian Root Pills** was one of the most successful and enduring products to be manufactured and marketed in North America as part of the lucrative patent medicine industry, which thrived during most of the 19th and 20th centuries. Its manufacturer claimed the pills contained herbal ingredients that would help \"cleanse the blood,\" as \"impurity of the blood\" was believed to be the cause of all disease.
## History
Dr. Morse\'s Indian Root Pills have their genesis with the father of William Henry Comstock, Edwin Perkins Comstock (1799--1837) who founded a drug company in New York City sometime before 1833. The Comstock patent medicine business was involved in the sale of a number of successful drugs, including Carlton\'s Pile Liniment, Oldridge\'s Balm of Columbia, Kline\'s Tooth Ache Drops and Judson\'s Worm Tea. Between 1833 and the time of the acquisition of the rights to Dr. Morse\'s Indian Root Pills, the company remained under the control of the Comstocks through the additional involvement of Edwin\'s four brothers:
1. Lucius Samuel Comstock, (1806--1876)
2. Albert Lee Comstock (1802--1876)
3. John Carlton Comstock (1819--1853)
4. George Wells Comstock (1820--1889)
The Indian Root Pills were first formulated and manufactured in 1854 by Andrew B. Moore (born around 1821, New York), who was then operating under the name A.B. Moore in Buffalo, New York. Rights to the pills were then transferred through a number of different business partnerships under the control of Moore involving:
1. Andrew Judson White, MD (1824--1898) --- paternal uncle of publisher and poet James Terry White (1845--1920)
2. Baldwin Lake Judson (1832--1867), son of Edwin\'s sister
3. George Wells Comstock
4. William Henry Comstock
These reorganizations all occurred amid numerous disputes and lawsuits. During that long period of instability, the manufacturing operations moved from Buffalo to New York City and then to dual sites on opposite sides of the St. Lawrence River, one at Brockville, Ontario, and the other at Morristown, New York. Ownership of Dr. Morse\'s Indian Root Pills finally stabilized in 1867 when it settled solely in the hands of William Henry Comstock, and thereafter business was carried out under the name W.H. Comstock Co. Ltd. When William Henry Comstock died in 1919, control of the company passed to his son, William Henry Comstock II (1897--1959), known as \"Young Bill.\" A year after William Henry Comstock II died, his widow liquidated the company, selling the assets and patents to Milburn Medicine Company.
The subsidiary in Australia --- W.H. Comstock Company Pty Ltd --- had been headed by the former branch manager for the Comstocks. He acquired the rights for Australia and the Orient following the dissolution of the Canadian firm. The Australian firm distributed in New Zealand, Singapore, and Hong Kong up until 1992. Packaging and directions are now modern, the pills being described as \"The Overnight Laxative with the Tonic Action\", but a reproduction of the old label and the facsimile signature of William Henry Comstock, Sr. were still portrayed.
The W.H. Comstock Co (Aust) Pty Ltd had registered in New South Wales as an Australian Proprietary Company, by Limited Shares, on July 31, 1971, but deregistered on February 27, 1992.
## Succession of manufacturers in the 1800s {#succession_of_manufacturers_in_the_1800s}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Manufacturing & distribution in Australia** `{{refbegin|50em}}`{=mediawiki} `{{ordered list|type=lower-roman
|1= '''W.H. Comstock Company Pty. Ltd.'''<br>
23 Lang Street<br>
58 Pitt Street<br>
Sydney, Australia
|2= '''W.H. Comstock Company Pty. Ltd.'''<br>
Farish Street<br>
Wellington, New Zealand
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{refend}}`{=mediawiki}
: Dr. Morse\'s Indian Root Pills and Comstock\'s Worm Tablets are still manufactured and sold by the W.H. Comstock Company Pty. Ltd., in Australia. The company was once a subsidiary of the Brockville, Canada. It is headed by the former branch manager for the Comstocks, who acquired the rights for Australia and the Orient following the dissolution of the Canadian firm.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: The Australian firm distributes in New Zealand, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Packaging and directions are now modern, the pills being described as \"The Overnight Laxative with the Tonic Action,\" but a reproduction of the old label and the facsimile signature of William Henry Comstock, Sr., are still being portrayed. Thus, the Indian Root Pills have been manufactured continuously for at least 115 years and the Comstock business, through the original and successor firms, has survived for nearly 140 years.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: The W.H. Comstock Co (Aust) Pty Ltd. had registered in New South Wales as an Australian Proprietary Company, by Limited Shares, on July 31, 1971, but deregistered on February 27, 1992
| 755 |
Dr. Morse's Indian Root Pills
| 0 |
10,129,446 |
# Tsen's theorem
In mathematics, **Tsen\'s theorem** states that a function field *K* of an algebraic curve over an algebraically closed field is quasi-algebraically closed (i.e., **C~1~**). This implies that the Brauer group of any such field vanishes, and more generally that all the Galois cohomology groups *H*^ *i*^(*K*, *K*^\*^) vanish for *i* ≥ 1. This result is used to calculate the étale cohomology groups of an algebraic curve.
The theorem was published by Chiungtze C. Tsen in 1933
| 79 |
Tsen's theorem
| 0 |
10,129,449 |
# Sorcha Boru
**Sorcha Boru** was the studio name of **Claire Everett Stewart** (`{{nee}}`{=mediawiki} Jones; April 13, 1900 -- January 30, 2006), a potter and ceramic sculptor. Most of her works include small items such as figurines, vases, planters, and salt and pepper shakers, mostly done in the art deco style. One of her pieces includes an \"Alice in Wonderland\" chess set (1932).
Stewart was born in San Francisco, California and graduated from the Girls High School in San Francisco in 1919. She received a bachelor\'s degree in English from the University of California Berkeley in 1924. In 1926, she married Ellsworth R. Stewart (1897 -- 1971) whom she met while they were students at University of California, Berkeley.
From c. 1932-39, Stewart had a studio at the Allied Arts Guild in Menlo Park, California. From about 1940 to the mid-1950s, she had a studio at 430 El Camino Real in San Carlos, California with a production factory nearby in San Carlos, operated by her husband who made pieces using molds. Her work has been exhibited at the Whitney Museum of American Art (1937), the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (1935), the Golden Gate International Exposition (1939), the Syracuse (New York) Museum of Fine Arts, now the Everson Museum of Art (1936) and Northwestern University Museum of Art in Evanston, Illinois. Stewart\'s works are held at the Everson Museum of Art, the Oakland Museum and at the Museum of History in San Carlos, California. She died in Stockton, California at the age of 105
| 255 |
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| 0 |
10,129,486 |
# 1617 in Ireland
Events from the year **1617 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: James I
## Events
- May 8 -- title of Baron Hamilton of Strabane in the County of Tyrone created in the Peerage of Ireland for the 13-year-old James Hamilton, Master of Abercorn.
- June -- Contention of the bards: Teige MacDaire in a letter to Lughaidh Ó Cléirigh and the northern poets proposes a decisive face-to-face poetic disputation.
- August 19 -- Sir Walter Ralegh\'s last expedition sets out from Cork to cross to South America.
- October 17 -- proclamation ordering banishment of Roman Catholic priests educated abroad.
- The De Barry family moves from Barryscourt Castle near Carrigtwohill to Barrymore Castle in Castlelyons.
- Barnabe Rich publishes *The Irish Hubbub, or the English Hue and Crie*.
## Births
- *approx. date*
- Roger Boyle, Church of Ireland bishop (d. 1687)
- Hezekiah Holland (\'Anglo-Hibernus\'), Anglican clergyman (d. after 1660)
## Deaths
- January 29 -- William Butler, alchemist (b. c.1534)
- April 10 -- David de Barry, 5th Viscount Buttevant, peer
- November 10 -- Barnabe Rich, English soldier and writer (b. c.1540)
- Aonghus Ruadh na nAor Ó Dálaigh, poet (b. 1550) (murdered)
- Eochaidh Ó hÉoghusa, poet (b
| 208 |
1617 in Ireland
| 0 |
10,129,502 |
# Ahmet Şimşirgil
**Ahmet Şimşirgil** is a Turkish academic.
## Biography
He was born in Boyabat, Sinop, Turkey in 1959 and he grew up there. In 1978 he entered Atatürk University, Literature Faculty History Department in Erzurum, Turkey where he graduated in 1982. In 1983 he began work as a research assistant in the Yeniçağ Department of the same university completing his master's degree in 1985. In 1989 he moved to Istanbul Marmara University, Faculty of Science and Literature in the History Department.
With his 1990 book "Osmanlı Taşra Teşkilatı'nda Tokat (1455-1574)", he was awarded a Doctorate and earned Associate Professor status in 1997 after writing his thesis "Uyvar'ın Osmanlılar Tarafından Fethi ve İdaresi". Şimşirgil, who became a professor in 2003, has published articles and books about Ottoman history, politic life and governance. He is a contributing writer for the daily newspaper *Türkiye* and appears on several television programs including "Tarih ve Medeniyet", "Başka Şeyleri", \"Tarih ve İnsan\" on both Lalegül TV and TGRT Radio and \"Tarih Sahnesi\" on TRT1 TV.
Şimşirgil is a Professor of Ottoman History in the Faculty of Science and Literature at Marmara University in Istanbul. He is married with three children.
## Critics
Şimşirgil is under criticism in Germany, because he expressed homophobic and anti-Israeli views.
## Published works {#published_works}
### Books
1- Kayı I -- Ertuğrul'un Ocağı (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-1296-1}}`{=mediawiki}
2- Kayı II -- Cihan Devleti (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-1294-7}}`{=mediawiki}
3- Kayı III -- Haremeyn Hizmetinde (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-1298-5}}`{=mediawiki}
4- Kayı IV -- Ufukların Sultanı Kanuni (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-1303-6}}`{=mediawiki}
5- Kayı V -- Kudret ve Azamet Yılları (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-1301-2}}`{=mediawiki}
6- Kayı VI -- İmparatorluğun Zirvesi ve Dönüş (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-1778-2}}`{=mediawiki}
7- Kayı VII -- Kutsal İttifaka Karşı (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-2063-8}}`{=mediawiki}
8- Kayı VIII -- Islahat, Darbe ve Devlet (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-2380-6}}`{=mediawiki}
9- Kayı IX -- Sonun Başlangıcı (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-2604-3}}`{=mediawiki}
10- Kayı X -- II. Abdülhamid Han (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-2778-8}}`{=mediawiki}
11- Kayı XI -- Elveda Vahideddin Han (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-3027-9}}`{=mediawiki}
12- Valide Sultanlar ve Harem (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-1616-7}}`{=mediawiki}
13- Denizler Fatihi Piyale Paşa ve Cerbe Zaferi (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-2020-1}}`{=mediawiki}
14- İstanbul, Fetih ve Fatih (İBB. Kültür A.Ş. Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-91-3274-9}}`{=mediawiki}
15- Fethin Kahramanları (İBB Kültür A.Ş. Yayınları)`{{ISBN|978-605-91-3213-8}}`{=mediawiki}
16- Ahmed Cevdet Paşa ve Mecelle (co-authored with Ekrem Buğra Ekinci) (Beylik Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-98-9601-6}}`{=mediawiki}
17- Devr-i Gül Sohbetleri (Beylik Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-98-9602-3}}`{=mediawiki}
18- Slovakya'da Osmanlılar (Beylik Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-98-9606-1}}`{=mediawiki}
19- Bir Müstakil Dünya: Topkapı Sarayı (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-2189-5}}`{=mediawiki}
20- Kaptan Paşa'nın Seyir Defteri (BKY Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-975-84-8624-3}}`{=mediawiki}
21- Otağ -I- Büyük Doğuş (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-2531-2}}`{=mediawiki}
22- Otağ -II- Emir Timur (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-2533-6}}`{=mediawiki}
23- Otağ -III- Sultan Alparslan (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-2990-7}}`{=mediawiki}
24- Eşrefoğlu Rûmî (IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık) `{{ISBN|978-975-25-5440-5}}`{=mediawiki}
25- Osmanlı Gerçekleri I (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-2266-3}}`{=mediawiki}
26- Osmanlı Gerçekleri II (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-2764-4}}`{=mediawiki}
27- Sultan II. Kılıç Arslan ve Aksaray (IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık) `{{ISBN|978-975-25-5443-6}}`{=mediawiki}
28- Asırlara Hitab Eden Alim Osman Hulusi Efendi (Nasihat Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-994-47-7435-2}}`{=mediawiki}
29- Adalet Ustaları (co-authored with Pelin Çift) (Destek Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-31-1341-6}}`{=mediawiki}
30- En Sevgili Efendimiz ve Sevdalıları (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-3315-7}}`{=mediawiki}
31- Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa (Timaş Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-08-3536-6}}`{=mediawiki}
32- Mızraklı Hakikat (KTB Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-70034-1-6}}`{=mediawiki}
33- Edep Yâ Hû (KTB Yayınları) `{{ISBN|978-605-70034-0-9}}`{=mediawiki}
### Articles published in the National Journal {#articles_published_in_the_national_journal}
1- "Osmanlı Taşra Teşkilatında Rum Beylerbeyiliği", Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5, 289-299 (1990).
2- "XVI. Yüzyılda Tokat Medreseleri" Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, VII, 227-242 (1992).
3- "Osmanlılar İdaresinde Zile Şehri (1455-1574)", Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6, 231-243 (1991).
4- "XV ve XVI. Asırlarda Turhal", Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8, 463-494 (1997).
5- "Osmanlılar İdaresinde Uyvar'ın Hazine Defterleri ve Bir Bütçe Örneği", Güney Doğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12, 325-355 (1998).
6- "XVI. Yüzyılda Amasya Şehri", Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, XI, 77-109 (1996).
7- "Economic Life in Nove Zamky (Uyvar) During The Ottoman Period (1663-1683)" *Foundation For Middle East And Balkan Studies (OBİV), Turkish Review of Balkan Studies*, Annual 2001.
8- "The Kazas (townships) of Alakilise, Rahova, Ivraca, Izladi and Eski Cuma Subdivisions of the Sancak of Niğbolu in the Eighteenth Century", *Foundation For Middle East And Balkan Studies (OBİV), Turkish Review of Balkan Studies*, Annual 2003.
### Papers presented at international conferences {#papers_presented_at_international_conferences}
1- Uyvar Eyaleti'nin Teşkili ve İdaresi, Uluslararası Osmanlı Tarihi Sempozyumu, (8-9 Nisan1999), İzmir
| 682 |
Ahmet Şimşirgil
| 0 |
10,129,509 |
# R v Gonzales
***R. v. Gonzales*** (1962), 37 C.R. 56, was a landmark decision by the British Columbia Court of Appeal holding that Section 94(a) of the *Indian Act* did not violate the respondent\'s equality before the law, guaranteed under section 1(b) of the *Canadian Bill of Rights*, because all Indians were treated in the same way. *Gonzales* is particularly famous for employing the similarly situated test, which was not used in *R. v. Drybones* and was explicitly rejected by the Supreme Court of Canada in *Andrews v. Law Society of British Columbia*
| 94 |
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| 0 |
10,129,517 |
# Jamie Swanner
**James Swanner** (born January 13, 1961, in St. Louis, Missouri) is a retired U.S. soccer goalkeeper and current soccer coach. He was a member of the 1984 U.S. Olympic soccer team and earned one cap with the U.S. national team in 1984. He spent his entire professional career playing indoor soccer.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### High school and college {#high_school_and_college}
Swanner attended Southwest High School in St. Louis. After graduating from high school, Swanner attended Clemson University, where he played as a goalkeeper on the men\'s soccer team. In 1983, his senior season, he earned first-team All-American honors and was named the ISAA Goalkeeper of the Year. He also lettered in baseball at Clemson in 1983.
### National and Olympic teams {#national_and_olympic_teams}
Swanner represented the U.S. at the 1983 Pan American Games, playing in a 1--2 first round loss to Chile and joined the U.S. Olympic soccer team as it prepared for the 1984 Summer Olympics. Swanner earned his only cap with the U.S. national team when he came on for Winston DuBose in a December 2 tie with Ecuador.
### Professional
When Swanner expressed his intentions to enter the pros, the Canton Invaders of the American Indoor Soccer Association (AISA) drafted him in the first round. Swanner immediately became a prominent indoor goalkeeper, winning Rookie of the Year for the 1985--86 season. Swanner would be named the AISA Goalkeeper of the Year for the 1986--87, 1988--89, 1989--90, 1990--91 and 1991--92 seasons. He was also named to the All AISA team in 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1992. He was also the league MVP for 1989--90 and 1991--92. While playing with the Invaders, the AISA was renamed as the National Professional Soccer League (NPSL) in 1990. During his seven seasons with the Invaders, the team won four championships.
Despite Swanner\'s amazing success with the Invaders, he left the team at the end of the 1991--1992 season to join the Buffalo Blizzard of the NPSL. Swanner failed to achieve the same level of success with the Blizzard as he had with the Invaders. However, he remained with the Blizzard for only two seasons before moving to the St. Louis Ambush in 1994 for the next six seasons. The move to St. Louis saw a resurgence for Swanner as he was named All NPSL in 1995 and was the NPSL Goalkeeper of the Year for the 1994--95 season. Swanner won yet another championship as the Ambush swept the Harrisburg Heat four games to none in the NPSL championship series. In 1999, Swanner replaced Daryl Doran as the head coach of the Ambush. While he had not intended to continue playing, he was forced into that role when the team\'s goalkeeper was injured. The Ambush folded at the end of the 1999--2000 season and Swanner moved to the Kansas City Attack to play as a goalkeeper, but saw little playing time and retired at the end of the season. When Swanner finished his time in professional soccer, he topped the AISA/NPSL career list with 296 wins & 10 shutouts. Other notable career stats: scored 9 goals and 98 assists (as a goalkeeper)
In November 2008, Swanner came out of retirement when he installed himself as a goalkeeper on the St. Louis Illusion of the Professional Arena Soccer League. Swanner is the owner of the Illusion.
## Coaching
While Swanner had spent a year as a professional coach with the Ambush in the 1999--2000 season, that was not his first coaching experience. He was the head coach of Central Catholic High School in Canton, Ohio from 1988 to 1992. In 1997, he became an assistant coach with both the Duchesne High School and Lewis and Clark Community College teams.
Swanner was the co-owner of The Game, an indoor soccer arena in Glen Carbon, Illinois. Swanner owns the Professional Arena Soccer League St. Louis Illusion who played their games at The Game Arena in Glen Carbon, Illinois
| 656 |
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| 0 |
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# 1843 in Ireland
Events from the year **1843 in Ireland**.
## Events
- January -- Daniel O\'Connell proclaims 1843 as the \"Repeal Year\".
- 31 January -- Queen\'s Bridge in Belfast opens.
- 21 February -- repeal (of the Act of Union) debate in Dublin Corporation.
- 17 March -- earthquake in the Irish Sea.
- 11 June
- Series of monster meetings to agitate for repeal begins at Tuam.
- O\'Connell\'s \"Mallow defiance\".
- 15 August -- repeal meeting at Tara.
- 17 August -- Loreto Abbey, Dalkey opened as a girls\' boarding and day school by the Sisters of Loreto.
- 18 August -- Dalkey Atmospheric Railway opens unofficially.
- 7 October -- O\'Connell gives in to government prohibition of Clontarf meeting planned for the next day. However, he is charged with conspiracy a few days later.
- November -- Devon Commission appointed to research the problems with land leases.
- Work starts on the building of Crumlin Road Prison in Belfast.
- George Cannock and Andrew White establish the Dublin business that becomes Arnotts department store.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
- Charles Lever\'s novel *Arthur O\'Leary: His wanderings and ponderings in many lands* is published serially in *Dublin University Magazine* and *Tom Burke of Ours* begins serial publication in Dublin.
## Births
- 11 January -- C. Y. O\'Connor, engineer in Australia (died 1902).
- 3 May -- Edward Dowden, critic and poet (died 1913).
- 14 August -- Thomas Workman, entomologist and arachnologist (died 1900).
- 6 November -- William James Craig, Shakespearean scholar (died 1906).
- 24 November -- Richard Croker, politician in America and a leader of New York City\'s Tammany Hall (died 1922).
- 21 December -- Thomas Bracken, poet (died 1898 in New Zealand).
- 25 December
- Albert Cashier, born Jennie Hodgers, soldier in the Union Army during the American Civil War, lived as a man (died 1915 in the United States).
- George Fisher, Mayor of Wellington (died 1905 in New Zealand).
- 28 December -- George Thomas Stokes, ecclesiastical historian (died 1898).
- Full date unknown -- Joanna Hiffernan, artists\' model (died after 1903).
## Deaths
- 19 February -- Michael Joseph Quin, author, journalist and editor (born 1796).
- 11 May -- William Vesey-FitzGerald, 2nd Baron FitzGerald and Vesey, politician and statesman (born 1783).
- 10 August -- Robert Adrain, scientist and mathematician in America (born 1775).
- 16 November -- Abraham Colles, professor of Anatomy, Surgery and Physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (born 1773).
- 21 December -- Edward Bunting, musician (born 1773)
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# Georgia during Reconstruction
At the end of the American Civil War, the devastation and disruption in the state of Georgia were dramatic. Wartime damage, the inability to maintain a labor force without slavery, and miserable weather had a disastrous effect on agricultural production. The state\'s chief cash crop, cotton, fell from a high of more than 700,000 bales in 1860 to less than 50,000 in 1865, while harvests of corn and wheat were also meager. The state government subsidized construction of numerous new railroad lines. White farmers turned to cotton as a cash crop, often using commercial fertilizers to make up for the poor soils they owned. The coastal rice plantations never recovered from the war.
Bartow County was representative of the postwar difficulties. Property destruction and the deaths of a third of the soldiers caused financial and social crises; recovery was delayed by repeated crop failures. The Freedmen\'s Bureau agents were unable to give blacks the help they needed.
## Wartime Reconstruction, or \"Forty acres and a mule\" {#wartime_reconstruction_or_forty_acres_and_a_mule}
At the beginning of Reconstruction, Georgia had over 460,000 freedmen. In January 1865, in Savannah, William T. Sherman issued Special Field Orders, No. 15, authorizing federal authorities to confiscate abandoned plantation lands in the Sea Islands, whose owners had fled with the advance of his army, and redistribute them to former slaves. Redistributing 400,000 acres (1,600 km^2^) in coastal Georgia and South Carolina to 40,000 freed slaves in forty-acre plots, this order was intended to provide for the thousands of escaped slaves who had been following his army during his March to the Sea. Shortly after Sherman issued his order, Congressional leaders convinced President Lincoln to establish the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands in March 1865. The Freedmen\'s Bureau, as it came to be called, was authorized to give legal title for 40 acre plots of land to freedmen and white Southern Unionists. Rev. Tunis Campbell, a free Northern black missionary, was appointed to supervise land claims and resettlement in Georgia. Over the objections of Freedmen\'s Bureau chief General Oliver O. Howard, President Andrew Johnson revoked Sherman\'s directive in the fall of 1865, after the war had ended, returning these lands to the planters who had previously owned them, and expelling their new Black farmers.
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# Georgia during Reconstruction
## Presidential Reconstruction {#presidential_reconstruction}
On Georgia\'s farms and plantations, wartime destruction, the inability to maintain a labor force without slavery, and miserable weather had a disastrous effect on agricultural production and the regional economy. The state\'s chief money crop, cotton, fell from a high of more than 700,000 bales in 1860 to less than 50,000 in 1865, while harvests of corn and wheat were also meager. After the war, new railroad lines and commercial fertilizers created conditions that spurred increased cotton production in Georgia\'s upcountry, but coastal rice plantations never recovered.
Many emancipated slaves flocked to towns, where they encountered overcrowding and food shortages, with significant numbers dying from epidemic diseases. The Freedmens Bureau returned much of the prewar black labor back to the field, mediating a contract-labor system between white landowners and their black workers, who often consisted of the landowners\' former slaves. Taking advantage of educational opportunities available for the first time, within a year, at least 8,000 former slaves were attending schools in Georgia, established with northern philanthropy.
In mid-June 1865, Andrew Johnson appointed as provisional governor his friend and fellow Unionist, James Johnson, a Columbus lawyer who sat out the war. Delegates to a constitutional convention, meeting in Milledgeville in October, abolished slavery, repealed the Ordinance of Secession, and repudiated the Confederacy debt. The General Assembly, while alone among ex-Confederate states in refraining from enacting a harsh Black Code, assumed newly freed slaves would enjoy only the limited freedom of the prewar period\'s \'free persons of color,\' and enacted a constitutional amendment outlawing interracial marriage. On November 15, 1865, Georgia elected a new governor, congressmen, and state legislators. Voters repudiated most Unionist candidates, electing to office many ex-Confederates, although several of these -- including the new governor, former Whig Charles J. Jenkins -- initially opposed secession. The new state legislature created a political firestorm in Washington by electing to the Senate Alexander Stephens and Herschel Johnson, who had been the Vice-President and a Senator of the Confederacy, respectively. Neither Stephens or Johnson, nor any of Georgia\'s newly-selected U.S. House delegation, were inaugurated or allowed to take their seats, as the federal government, at the time, refused to accept into the congregation persons implicated so heavily with the Confederacy\'s secession and rebellion, or to enable them to wield federal-level political influence.
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# Georgia during Reconstruction
## Congressional Reconstruction {#congressional_reconstruction}
Andrew Johnson\'s decision in August 1866 to restore the former Confederate states to the Union was criticized by the Radical Republicans in Congress, who, in March 1867, passed the First Reconstruction Act, placing the South under military occupation. Georgia, along with Alabama and Florida, became part of the Third Military District, under the command of General John Pope. Radical Republicans also passed an ironclad oath which prevented ex-Confederates from voting or holding office, replacing them with a coalition of freedmen, carpetbaggers, and scalawags, mostly former Whigs who had opposed secession.
As directed by Congress, General John Pope registered Georgia\'s eligible white and black voters, 95,214 and 93,457 respectively. From October 29 through November 2, 1867, elections were held for delegates to a new constitutional convention, held in Atlanta rather than the state capital of Milledgeville, to prevent the interference of the ex-Confederates. In January 1868, after Georgia\'s first elected governor after the end of the war, Charles Jenkins, refused to authorize state funds for the racially integrated state constitutional convention, his government was dissolved by Pope\'s successor General George Meade and replaced by a military governor. This counter-coup galvanized white resistance to the Reconstruction, fueling the growth of the Ku Klux Klan. Grand Wizard Nathan Bedford Forrest visited Atlanta several times in early 1868 to help set up the organization. In Georgia, the Klan was led by John Brown Gordon, a charismatic General in Lee\'s Army of Northern Virginia. Freedmen\'s Bureau agents reported 336 cases of murder or assault with intent to kill against freedmen across the state from January 1 through November 15 of 1868.
In July 1868, Georgia was readmitted to the Union, the newly elected General Assembly ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, and a Republican governor, New York native Rufus Bullock, was inaugurated. The state\'s Democrats---including former Confederate leaders Robert Toombs and Howell Cobb---denounced the policies of the Reconstruction in a mass rally in Atlanta, described by contemporary Issac Wheeler Avery as \"the largest political mass meeting ever held in Georgia.\" The principal target of the rally, Joseph E. Brown, Georgia\'s Governor under the Confederacy, who became a Republican and a delegate to the Chicago convention that had nominated Union general Ulysses S. Grant for president, declared that although the state, reluctantly, had given Blacks the vote, as they were not citizens the state\'s constitution did not allow them to hold office. In September, white Republicans joined with the Democrats in expelling the Black senators and Black representatives in the lower house from the General Assembly. While Governor Bullock gave the figure of 28, the monument *Expelled Because of Their Color*, on the grounds of the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta, identifies 33.
A week later, in the southwest Georgia town of Camilla, white residents attacked a black Republican rally, killing twelve people in the Camilla massacre.
These developments led to calls for Georgia\'s return to military rule, which increased after Georgia was one of only two ex-Confederate states to vote against Grant in the election of 1868. (Louisiana was the other; Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia did not vote because they had not yet been readmitted to the Union.) The expelled black legislators, led by Rev. Tunis Campbell and Henry McNeill Turner, lobbied in Washington for federal intervention. In March 1869 Governor Bullock, hoping to prolong Reconstruction, \"engineered\" Georgia\'s refusal to ratify the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which gave Black American men the right to vote. The same month the U.S. Congress once again barred Georgia\'s representatives from their seats, resulting in the reinstatement of military rule in December 1869. In January 1870, Gen. Alfred H. Terry, the final commanding general of the Third District, both reinstated the previously expelled Black legislators and replaced ex-Confederates within the General Assembly with the Republican runners-up. Known colloquially \"Terry\'s Purge,\" these events ensured a Republican majority in the legislature, and On February 2, 1870, Georgia ratified the Fifteenth Amendment.
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# Georgia during Reconstruction
## Congressional Reconstruction {#congressional_reconstruction}
### Amos T. Akerman {#amos_t._akerman}
During the tenure of Amos T. Akerman (1821--1880) as Attorney General of the United States from 1870 to 1871, thousands of indictments were brought against Klansmen in an effort to enforce the Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and the Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871. Akerman, though born in the North, moved to Georgia after college and owned slaves; he fought for the Confederacy and became a scalawag during Reconstruction, speaking out for civil rights for Blacks. As U.S. Attorney General under President Grant, he became the first ex-Confederate to reach the cabinet. Akerman was unafraid of the Klan and committed to protecting the lives and civil rights of Blacks. To bolster Akerman\'s investigation, President Grant sent in Secret Service agents from the Justice Department to infiltrate the Klan to gather evidence for prosecution. The investigations revealed that many whites actively participated in Klan activities. With this evidence, Grant issued a Presidential proclamation to disarm and remove the Klan\'s notorious white robe and hood disguises. When the Klan ignored the proclamation, Grant sent Federal troops to nine South Carolina counties to put down the violent activities of the Klan. Grant teamed Akerman up with another reformer in 1870, a native Kentuckian, the first Solicitor General Benjamin Bristow, and the duo went on to prosecute thousands of Klan members and brought a brief quiet period of two years (1870--1872) in the turbulent Reconstruction era.
## End of Reconstruction {#end_of_reconstruction}
Georgia Democrats despised the \'Carpetbagger\' administration of Rufus Bullock, accusing two of his friends, Foster Blodgett, superintendent of the state\'s Western and Atlantic Railroad, and Hannibal I. Kimball, owner of the Atlanta opera house where the state legislature met, of embezzling state funds. His efforts to prolong military rule caused considerable divisions in the states party, while black politicians complained that they did not receive an adequate share of patronage. In February 1870 the newly constituted legislature ratified the Fifteenth Amendment and chose new Senators to send to Washington. On July 15, Georgia became the last former Confederate state readmitted into the Union. The Democrats subsequently won commanding majorities in both houses of the General Assembly. Governor Rufus Bullock fled the state in order to avoid impeachment. With the voting restrictions against former Confederates removed, Democrat and ex-Confederate Colonel James Milton Smith was elected to complete Bullock\'s term. By January 1872 Georgia was fully under the control of the Redeemers, the state\'s resurgent white conservative Democrats. They used terrorism to strengthen their rule. The expelled African American legislators were particular targets for their violence. African American legislator Abram Colby was pulled out of his home by a mob and given 100 lashes with a whip. His colleague Abram Turner was murdered. Other African American lawmakers were threatened and attacked
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# Ducci sequence
A **Ducci sequence** is a sequence of *n*-tuples of integers, sometimes known as \"the Diffy game\", since it based on differences (subtractions).
Given an *n*-tuple of integers $(a_1,a_2,...,a_n)$, the next *n*-tuple in the sequence is formed by taking the absolute differences of neighbouring integers:
$$(a_1,a_2,...,a_n) \rightarrow (|a_1-a_2|, |a_2-a_3|, ..., |a_n-a_1|)\, .$$
Another way of describing this is as follows. Arrange *n* integers in a circle and make a new circle by taking the difference between neighbours, ignoring any minus signs; then repeat the operation. Ducci sequences are named after Enrico Ducci (1864--1940), the Italian mathematician who discovered in the 1930s that every such sequence eventually becomes periodic.
Ducci sequences are also known as the **Ducci map** or the **n-number game**. Open problems in the study of these maps still remain.
## Properties
From the second *n*-tuple onwards, it is clear that every integer in each *n*-tuple in a Ducci sequence is greater than or equal to 0 and is less than or equal to the difference between the maximum and minimum members of the first *n*-tuple. As there are only a finite number of possible *n*-tuples with these constraints, the sequence of n-tuples must sooner or later repeat itself. Every Ducci sequence therefore eventually becomes periodic.
If *n* is a power of 2 every Ducci sequence eventually reaches the *n*-tuple (0,0,\...,0) in a finite number of steps.
If *n* is *not* a power of two, a Ducci sequence will either eventually reach an *n*-tuple of zeros or will settle into a periodic loop of \'binary\' *n*-tuples; that is, *n*-tuples of form $k(b_1, b_2, ... b_n)$, $k$ is a constant, and $b_i \in \{0, 1\}$.
An obvious generalisation of Ducci sequences is to allow the members of the *n*-tuples to be *any* real numbers rather than just integers. For example, this 4-tuple converges to (0, 0, 0, 0) in four iterations: $(e, \pi, \sqrt2, 1) \rightarrow
(\pi - e, \pi - \sqrt2, \sqrt2 - 1, e - 1) \rightarrow
(e - \sqrt2, \pi - 2\sqrt2 + 1, e - \sqrt2, 2e - \pi - 1) \rightarrow$ $(\pi - e - \sqrt2 + 1, \pi - e - \sqrt2 + 1, \pi - e - \sqrt2 + 1, \pi - e - \sqrt2 + 1)
\rightarrow (0, 0, 0, 0)$
The properties presented here do not always hold for these generalisations. For example, a Ducci sequence starting with the *n*-tuple (1, *q*, *q*^2^, *q*^3^) where *q* is the (irrational) positive root of the cubic $x^3 - x^2 - x - 1 = 0$ does not reach (0,0,0,0) in a finite number of steps, although in the limit it converges to (0,0,0,0).
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# Ducci sequence
## Examples
Ducci sequences may be arbitrarily long before they reach a tuple of zeros or a periodic loop. The 4-tuple sequence starting with (0, 653, 1854, 4063) takes 24 iterations to reach the zeros tuple.
$(0, 653, 1854, 4063) \rightarrow
(653, 1201, 2209, 4063) \rightarrow
(548, 1008, 1854, 3410) \rightarrow$ $\cdots \rightarrow
(0, 0, 128, 128) \rightarrow
(0, 128, 0, 128) \rightarrow
(128, 128, 128, 128) \rightarrow
(0, 0, 0, 0)$
This 5-tuple sequence enters a period 15 binary \'loop\' after 7 iterations.
$\begin{matrix}
1 5 7 9 9 \rightarrow &
4 2 2 0 8 \rightarrow &
2 0 2 8 4 \rightarrow &
2 2 6 4 2 \rightarrow &
0 4 2 2 0 \rightarrow &
4 2 0 2 0 \rightarrow \\
2 2 2 2 4 \rightarrow &
0 0 0 2 2 \rightarrow &
0 0 2 0 2 \rightarrow &
0 2 2 2 2 \rightarrow &
2 0 0 0 2 \rightarrow &
2 0 0 2 0 \rightarrow \\
2 0 2 2 2 \rightarrow &
2 2 0 0 0 \rightarrow &
0 2 0 0 2 \rightarrow &
2 2 0 2 2 \rightarrow &
0 2 2 0 0 \rightarrow &
2 0 2 0 0 \rightarrow \\
2 2 2 0 2 \rightarrow &
0 0 2 2 0 \rightarrow &
0 2 0 2 0 \rightarrow &
2 2 2 2 0 \rightarrow &
0 0 0 2 2 \rightarrow &
\cdots \quad \quad \\
\end{matrix}$
The following 6-tuple sequence shows that sequences of tuples whose length is not a power of two may still reach a tuple of zeros:
$\begin{matrix}
1 2 1 2 1 0 \rightarrow &
1 1 1 1 1 1 \rightarrow &
0 0 0 0 0 0 \\
\end{matrix}$
If some conditions are imposed on any \"power of two\"-tuple Ducci sequence, it would take that power of two or lesser iterations to reach the zeros tuple. It is hypothesized that these sequences conform to a rule.
## Modulo two form {#modulo_two_form}
When the Ducci sequences enter binary loops, it is possible to treat the sequence in modulo two. That is:
$$(|a_1-a_2|, |a_2-a_3|, ..., |a_n-a_1|)\ = (a_1+a_2, a_2+a_3, ..., a_n + a_1) \bmod 2$$ This forms the basis for proving when the sequence vanish to all zeros.
## Cellular automata {#cellular_automata}
The linear map in modulo 2 can further be identified as the cellular automata denoted as **rule 102** in Wolfram code and related to rule 90 through the Martin-Odlyzko-Wolfram map. Rule 102 reproduces the Sierpinski triangle.
## Other related topics {#other_related_topics}
The Ducci map is an example of a difference equation, a category that also include non-linear dynamics, chaos theory and numerical analysis. Similarities to cyclotomic polynomials have also been pointed out. While there are no practical applications of the Ducci map at present, its connection to the highly applied field of difference equations led to conjecture that a form of the Ducci map may also find application in the future
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# 1622 in Ireland
Events from the year **1622 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: James I
## Events
- A royal commission of inquiry into the Dublin Castle administration is sent from England, headed by Dudley Digges and including James Perrot.
- 18 April -- Oliver St John surrenders the office of Lord Deputy of Ireland. He had served since 1616.
- 18 September -- Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland, is sworn in as Lord Deputy of Ireland.
- Thomas Dease is consecrated Roman Catholic Bishop of Meath, returning to Ireland from Paris.
- Frederick Hamilton is given lands in Leitrim.
## Honours
- January -- The Courtenay Baronetcy of Newcastle, County Limerick, is created for George Courtenay.
- 3 May -- The Montgomery Viscountcy of the Great Ards in the Peerage of Ireland is created for Hugh Montgomery.
- 5 August -- The Earldom of Roscommon is created for James Dillon.
## Births
## Deaths
- 16 January -- Patrick Barnewall, who objected to recusancy fees.
- 10 November -- Henry Folliott, 1st Baron Folliott, who settled in Ballyshannon and developed the area around it (b. c.1568).
- 14 November -- Miler Magrath, who was Catholic Bishop of Down and Connor 1565--1580 but converted and became Church of Ireland Archbishop of Cashel since 1571 (b. c.1523)
- Henry MacShane O\'Neill, who was an Irish *flaith* and son of Shane O\'Neill
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# Fast Cars and Superstars: The Gillette Young Guns Celebrity Race
***Fast Cars & Superstars: The Gillette Young Guns Celebrity Race*** was an ABC reality television series featuring twelve celebrities in a stock car auto racing competition. Directed by Michael John Warren, the branded series was a coproduction between television commercial production company \@radical.media, television producer Michael Davies, advertising agency BBDO and Gillette.
The series debuted on June 7, 2007 and aired on the same night as a game in the 2007 NBA Finals. It aired at 8 p.m. Eastern time, 7 p.m. Central time, and postgame in the Mountain and Pacific time zones. The June 24 finale aired at 8 ET/PT and 7 CT/MT as the finals had ended by this time, with the San Antonio Spurs being crowned champions.
The event was taped at Lowe\'s Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina, using cars provided by the Jeff Gordon racing school. Kenny Mayne and Brad Daugherty were the hosts. Corey LaCosta from the racing school was the celebrities\' driving instructor and head official for the competition.
Due to sponsorship reasons, promos that aired in the Mountain and Pacific zones mention the show aired after the \"basketball finals,\" not giving the NBA\'s name or initials. This was because, despite the exclusive rights to air the finals, ABC could not mention the NBA in connection to this show\'s lead-out. A possible reason was that Gillette is the title sponsor of this series; it is a competing product to Schick, an NBA sponsor at that time.
## Celebrities
The twelve contestants on the series are:
1. Krista Allen -- Actress (*Days of Our Lives*) **Eliminated 6--10--07**
2. John Cena -- Professional wrestler (WWE) **Third place 6--24--07**
3. Bill Cowher -- Former Super Bowl Champion National Football League head coach (Steelers) **Sixth place 6--24--07**
4. John Elway -- Former NFL quarterback (Broncos) **Won 6--24--07**
5. Tony Hawk -- Professional Skateboarder **Fourth place 6--24--07**
6. Laird Hamilton -- Surfer **Eliminated 6--17--07**
7. Jewel -- Singer **Fifth place 6--24--07**
8. Ty Murray -- Rodeo champion, president of Professional Bull Riders, Inc. **Second place 6--24--07**
9. Gabrielle Reece -- Professional volleyball player and fashion model **Eliminated 6--19--07**
10. John Salley -- Retired NBA player (Pistons, Bulls, Lakers) **Eliminated 6--12--07**
11. William Shatner -- Actor (*Star Trek*, *Boston Legal*) **Eliminated/Disqualified 6--14--07**
12. Serena Williams -- Olympic gold medal Tennis player **Eliminated 6--7--07**
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# Fast Cars and Superstars: The Gillette Young Guns Celebrity Race
## Round 1 {#round_1}
The celebrities have been broken into 4 groups of 3 for the first round of the competition, the Time Trial. In each of the first four weeks, the celebrities in one of the groups will be competing for spots in the second round. Each celebrity will do 3 timed laps around Lowe\'s Motor Speedway. The 2 celebrities in the group with the fastest times will move on to the second round, but the one with the slowest time will be eliminated.
### Episode 1 {#episode_1}
The Young Gun driver was Kurt Busch. Laird Hamilton had the fastest time. John Elway came in second. Serena Williams was the slowest and was eliminated.
**Driver** **Lap 1** **Lap 2** **Lap 3** **Total Time** **Result**
--- ----------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ---------------- ------------------------
1 Laird Hamilton 148.60 mph 149.09 mph 148.27 mph 1:48:98 Advanced to next round
2 John Elway 146.02 mph 146.26 mph 148.64 mph 1:50:23 Advanced to next round
3 Serena Williams 123.65 mph 129.16 mph 136.05 mph 2:05:17 Eliminated
### Episode 2 {#episode_2}
The Young Gun driver was Jimmie Johnson. Tony Hawk had the fastest time. Ty Murray came in second, with a time very close to Tony Hawk\'s. Krista Allen had the slowest time in her group and was eliminated, although her time was in fact even faster than Laird Hamilton\'s (the winning time from the previous week.)
**Driver** **Lap 1** **Lap 2** **Lap 3** **Total Time** **Result**
--- -------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ---------------- ------------------------
1 Tony Hawk 151.43 mph 151.64 mph 151.43 mph 1:46:92 Advanced to next round
2 Ty Murray 150.96 mph 151.64 mph 151.43 mph 1:47:03 Advanced to next round
3 Krista Allen 147.26 mph 149.63 mph 149.29 mph 1:48:94 Eliminated
### Episode 3 {#episode_3}
The Young Gun driver was Carl Edwards. Jewel had the fastest time. John Cena came in second. John Salley was eliminated with the slowest time so far.
**Driver** **Lap 1** **Lap 2** **Lap 3** **Total Time** **Result**
--- ------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ---------------- ------------------------
1 Jewel 144.85 mph 144.85 mph 145.08 mph 1:51:78 Advanced to next round
2 John Cena 144.46 mph 144.46 mph 144.89 mph 1:52:02 Advanced to next round
3 John Salley 125.73 mph 128.76 mph 133.33 mph 2:05:38 Eliminated
### Episode 4 {#episode_4}
The Young Gun driver was Ryan Newman. Bill Cowher was the fastest in this round, despite hitting the wall during practice time, followed by Gabrielle Reece (who almost hit the wall during practice). William Shatner was disqualified for putting the car below the safety line several times.
Because of Cowher\'s crash in practice, the standard-specification \"current car\" had to be scrapped, and each of the three drivers used a Car of Tomorrow specification car.
**Driver** **Lap 1** **Lap 2** **Lap 3** **Total Time** **Result**
--- ----------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ---------------- ------------------------
1 Bill Cowher 140.37 mph 139.79 mph 142.03 mph 1:55:11 Advanced to next round
2 Gabrielle Reece 131.07 mph 134.19 mph 137.58 mph 2:00:69 Advanced to next round
3 William Shatner 134.73 mph 134.26 mph 137.51 mph 1:59:56 Disqualified
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# Fast Cars and Superstars: The Gillette Young Guns Celebrity Race
## Round 2 {#round_2}
The remaining celebrities are broken into 2 groups of 4 for the Accuracy Trial. On the track are 6 clusters of 3 arrows each. The celebrities have to drive over each cluster in each of their first 2 laps. On the third lap, the celebrities must stop the car within a box on pit road. Penalties are 2 seconds per missed cluster and varying penalties for overshooting the pit box.
### Episode 5 {#episode_5}
The Young Gun driver was Kasey Kahne. Ty Murray finished first for this episode, followed by John Elway and Tony Hawk. Laird Hamilton got 25 seconds in penalties added on and was eliminated from the competition.
The total time includes the 3 laps, pit time and penalties.
+---+----------------+------------+------------+---------------------------------+----------------+------------------------+
| | **Driver** | **Lap 1** | **Lap 2** | **Penalties** | **Total Time** | **Result** |
+===+================+============+============+=================================+================+========================+
| 1 | Ty Murray | 141.51 mph | 142.86 mph | arrow clusters-4 sec. penalty\ | 2:05:53 | Advanced to next round |
| | | | | pit box-5 sec. penalty | | |
+---+----------------+------------+------------+---------------------------------+----------------+------------------------+
| 2 | John Elway | 140.44 mph | 141.47 mph | arrow clusters-2 sec. penalty\ | 2:07:33 | Advanced to next round |
| | | | | pit box-no penalty | | |
+---+----------------+------------+------------+---------------------------------+----------------+------------------------+
| 3 | Tony Hawk | 140.59 mph | 138.67 mph | arrow clusters-no penalty\ | 2:07:94 | Advanced to next round |
| | | | | pit box-no penalty | | |
+---+----------------+------------+------------+---------------------------------+----------------+------------------------+
| 4 | Laird Hamilton | 138.67 mph | 138.07 mph | arrow clusters-10 sec. penalty\ | 2:27.64 | Eliminated |
| | | | | pit box-15 sec. penalty | | |
+---+----------------+------------+------------+---------------------------------+----------------+------------------------+
### Episode 6 {#episode_6}
The Young Gun driver was Jamie McMurray. John Cena was the fastest this episode, followed by Bill Cowher and Jewel. Gabrielle Reece got the highest time after penalties and was eliminated, a week after her husband Laird Hamilton was eliminated.
The total time includes the 3 laps, pit time and penalties.
+---+-----------------+------------+------------+----------------------------------+----------------+------------------------+
| | **Driver** | **Lap 1** | **Lap 2** | **Penalties** | **Total Time** | **Result** |
+===+=================+============+============+==================================+================+========================+
| 1 | John Cena | 136.43 mph | 137.86 mph | arrow clusters- 2 sec. penalty\ | 2:04:98 | Advanced to next round |
| | | | | pit box- no penalty | | |
+---+-----------------+------------+------------+----------------------------------+----------------+------------------------+
| 2 | Bill Cowher | 111.62 mph | 113.28 mph | arrow clusters- no penalty\ | 2:25:33 | Advanced to next round |
| | | | | pit box- no penalty | | |
+---+-----------------+------------+------------+----------------------------------+----------------+------------------------+
| 3 | Jewel | 127.66 mph | 131.20 mph | arrow clusters- 4 sec. penalty\ | 2:26:98 | Advanced to next round |
| | | | | pit box- 15 sec. penalty | | |
+---+-----------------+------------+------------+----------------------------------+----------------+------------------------+
| 4 | Gabrielle Reece | 118.45 mph | 122.98 mph | arrow clusters- 18 sec. penalty\ | 2:40:64 | Eliminated |
| | | | | pit box- no penalty | | |
+---+-----------------+------------+------------+----------------------------------+----------------+------------------------+
## Round 3 {#round_3}
### Episode 7 {#episode_7}
This was the final round of competition. The six drivers who were left were teamed up with one of the six Gillette Young Guns. The competitors followed the Young Guns for five laps with a two tire pit stop on the third lap. John Elway was the fastest and won the competition at 3:39:31, followed by Ty Murray in second with a time of 3:43:67, and in third John Cena at 3:44:67. Tony Hawk finished fourth, Jewel finished fifth and Bill Cowher finished sixth.
## Episode ratings {#episode_ratings}
Episode \# Title Air Date Demo Viewers
------------ ----------------- --------------- ------- --------------
1 \"Episode 101\" June 7, 2007 1.9/7 5.62 million
2 \"Episode 102\" June 10, 2007 1.6/5 4.75 million
3 \"Episode 103\" June 12, 2007 1.8/7 5.09 million
4 \"Episode 104\" June 14, 2007 1.9/7 5.57 million
5 \"Episode 105\" June 17, 2007 0.7/3 2.22 million
6 \"Episode 106\" June 19, 2007 1.0/3 3.08 million
7 \"Episode 107\" June 24, 2007 0.6/2 2.15 million
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# Fast Cars and Superstars: The Gillette Young Guns Celebrity Race
## Post-show note {#post_show_note}
Although ABC chose not to renew the show for a second season, the arrow clusters originally painted on the track for this series are still visible on the track at LMS. (The track name changed back to Charlotte Motor Speedway on January 1, 2010
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# Risk financing
In business economics, **risk financing** is concerned with providing funds to cover the financial effect of unexpected losses experienced by a firm.
Traditional forms of finance include risk transfer, funded retention by way of reserves (often called self-insurance) and risk pooling.
**Alternative risk finance** is the use of products and solutions which have grown out of the convergence of the banking and insurance industry. They include captive insurance companies and catastrophic bonds, and finite risk products such loss portfolio transfers and adverse development covers. Professor Lawrence A. Cunningham of George Washington University suggests adapting cat bonds to the risks that large auditing firms face in cases asserting massive securities law damages
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# Help! I'm a Teenage Outlaw
***Help! I\'m a Teenage Outlaw*** is a British television programme filmed in the Czech Republic and first aired on CITV. The show follows three hapless outlaws during the English Civil War, who are trying to bring justice back to the land. The programme is based on the classic children\'s novel, *The Children of the New Forest* by Frederick Marryat.
## Synopsis
The year is 1643, a time of civil war in England and Wales.
In Hampshire, When twelve-year-old Tom York inherits the family business, he discovers that his mother was the wild and daring highwayman **Swiftnick** - a title which now passes to Tom. But the last thing Tom needs is a dangerous and poorly paid after school job. Having said that, he does look kind of cool in his outlaw mask\...
Tom loves the fame and glory that comes with the title **Swiftnick**. Seeing his pictures on wanted posters is quite a kick. If only it weren\'t from the dangerous highway stuff, this would be the perfect job for him. Tom\'s vanity is coupled with an overblown sense of his ability as a highwayman: his vanity and overconfidence regularly land him and his gang in trouble. If things get a little too dangerous, Tom isn\'t above taking a non confrontational approach to hold-ups; he\'s quite prepared to lie, cheat, charm, trick, scam and beg. And if those ploys don\'t work he can run fast too!(1)
The Swifnick Gang (Tom, Moses and Deedee) will face different problems and will have to solve them in the most bizarre ways. They will set out their adventures together\...defeating Sir John and robbing coaches.
## Cast
**Lucinda Dryzek** as Lady Devereux/DeeDee
**Benjamin Smith** as Tom A.K.A. Swiftnick
**Eliot Otis Walters** as Moses
**Brian Hibbard** as Sir John
**Steve O\'Donnell** as Captain Watt
**Mattew Curtis** as Food Tester
**George Pearcy** as Giles
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# Help! I'm a Teenage Outlaw
## Characters
### Major characters {#major_characters}
**Tom** -- Sorting through the belongings of his dead mother, 12-year-old Tom York discovers that she was the notorious highwaywoman Swiftnick. Though something of a coward, Tom dons a mask and, having decided he looks dashing enough, takes up the mantle to continue the family tradition. He is obnoxious and has a soft spot for Lady Devereux.Tom would do anything to get money and would sometimes end up with a rubbish plan like when he and Moses dressed up as women to get in the castle in the episode \"Kidnapped\". Tom thinks extremely highly of himself and presents himself as someone who is nearly unbeatable, when he perfectly well knows he is not.
**Moses** -- Tom is joined in his risky venture by his best friend Moses, a precocious ten-year-old who fancies himself as an inventor but whose creations rarely work. He was once Sir John\'s inventor. At times he is feeble and is useless but can be fiercely loyal to Tom as was displayed in the episode \"Pants\".
**Deedee** -- Deedee is a tomboyish girl who is more courageous, resourceful and capable than the two lads put together. Although, like the others, Deedee masquerades as a peasant, she is actually Lady Devereux, the lady of the local castle. The other two are unaware of this; she hides herself by making up excuses when she gets news from the castle. She has a secret tunnel that can lead out of the village from her wardrobe.
In the episode \"Locked In\", the three got locked in the crypt and she decided to write about when they all first met, it turned out that she was being robbed but tricked them into giving her their clothes. She decided to be an outlaw when she thought her father who went to war was kidnapped.
In one of the episodes, Lady Devereux falls for a rich lord called Felix. Although criticising Tom\'s leadership skills at times she prefers to have him lead rather than anyone else as otherwise the gang falls apart as seen in \"Pants\" and the episode where Bardolph becomes leader of the gang.
**Sir John Snakelaw** -- The Devereux castle has been commandeered by her uncle, the evil Sir John Snakelaw, who imposes crippling taxes on the local populace. Sir John is supported by a motley crew including Captain Watt and a hapless team of guards. He also has a food taster whose ingestion of poison has prematurely aged him so that he looks 50 rather than 20.He hates his mother and would do anything to get money. He also pays a lot of money for the capture of the Swiftnick Gang. He is Lady Devereux\'s legal guardian. In one of the episodes he sang Romeo and Juliet to a rich widow named Countess Cornocopia for money but was tricked by Swiftnick. Sir John is known to have a particularly bad reaction to Shellfish especially prawns, this reaction causes him to fart rudely and often, one such time was in \"Love Hurts\" in front of Countess Cornocopia. In the Episode \"Pants\" he discourages Captain Watt ordering shellfish from the caterers once they believe to have captured Swiftnick.
**Giles** -- Sir John\'s son, the spoilt Giles, has a crush on Lady Devereux but it is strictly one way. He takes lessons in flirting and fencing (although not showing the same aptitude for it as Lady Devereux). He will do anything to gain \"Daddy\"\'s approval. Giles once sabotaged Lord Montague\'s kart during the village karting race.
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# Help! I'm a Teenage Outlaw
## Characters
### Minor characters {#minor_characters}
**Captain Watt** -- Sir John\'s right hand and his personal guard\'s captain. Watt is very loyal to Sir John and was one of the main characters in the episode \"Fools Day\", when he told Sir John that an assassin was on his way to kill him for a joke, but Sir John thought it was true and dressed up as a peasant. Despite being loyal to sir John, Watt is actually quite pleasant most of the time and often seems dubious of his masters wisdom. Despite his loyalty even he considers some of Sir John actions despicable such as when he threatens to burn down the village, doesn\'t care Giles was kidnapped or tried to sell Lady D\'s only portrait of her parents.
**Bardolph** -- The Village Idiot Bardolph was seen in 4 episodes. The first appearance was in \"Valentine\" in which he is delivered a valentine by Tom. Bardolph confuses it with a brother he never had because of it being addressed to \"village idiot\", he quickly realises this and exclaims \"it must be for me!\" and runs away ranting. One was when he became the new leader of the Swiftnick Gang when he saw Tom taking of his mask. He ends up being in the stocks and was going to tell John their real identities when he was stopped by Tom. Bardolph also took part in the village Karting race in one episode of which he won. Bardolph became Sir John\'s mother\'s man servant.
**Sir John\'s Mother** -- Sir John\'s mother appeared in one episode when she looked for a manservant in secret on a visit to the castle, and almost took Captain Watt but took Bardolph instead.
**Food Tester** -- The Food Tester is Sir John\'s servant. As his name he tests the food Sir John was supposed to eat and every time there is something poisonous. His real age is 20 but because of how much poison he had consumed looked like 50.
**Lord Montague** -- Lord Montague is Giles\'s friend and in one episode was almost engaged with Lady Devereux. He also took part in the village karting race in which his kart was sabotaged by Giles and in turn sabotaged Giles\' simultaneously.
**Felix** -- The son of one of the richest widows in the country called Countess Cornucopia. He fancies Lady Devereux, which causes Tom to hate him. His mother is being courted by Sir John for money purposes only.
**Countess Cornucopia** -- A very rich widow which tempted Sir John to court her. She is the proud mother of Felix Cornucopia.
## Episode list {#episode_list}
The following is a list of the episodes as they were aired on CITV. The final two episodes of series two were transmitted in the wrong order on CITV. They were switched around and transmitted in the correct order on other channels such as ABC and Nickelodeon.
### First series {#first_series}
1. *Evicted* 22 October 2004
2. *Kidnapped* 29 October 2004
3. *Betrayed* 5 November 2004
4. *Fakes* 12 November 2004
5. *Thief Taker* 19 November 2004
6. *Valentine* 26 November 2004
### Second series {#second_series}
1. *Sheer Torture* 4 January 2005
2. *Pants* 11 January 2005
3. *Locked In* 18 January 2005
4. *Fools\' Gold* 3 January 2006
5. *Swine Fever* 24 January 2006
6. *The New Guy* 31 January 2006
7. *Love Hurts* 7 February 2006
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# Help! I'm a Teenage Outlaw
## Transmission and Cancellation {#transmission_and_cancellation}
The second series was shown in two halves, with the first three episodes being shown back-to-back with series one, making an initial run of 9 episodes. The final four episodes of series two were not transmitted on ITV until January 3, 2006 with episodes 2 and 3 from the first series airing the following two weeks, then afterwards transmitting the final three episodes made. A third series was never ordered due to the closure of ITV\'s children\'s in house production. Since the second series ended, the show has been repeated on a number of channels. It was repeated on the CITV Channel until 2010
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# XHMIX-FM
**XHMIX-FM** (98.3 MHz) is a commercial radio station located in La Rumorosa, Baja California, Mexico, broadcasting to Mexicali and San Luis Río Colorado in Mexico and the Imperial Valley, California, and Yuma, Arizona, in the United States. XHMIX airs a Contemporary hit radio music format branded as \"Power 98 Jams\".
## History
The 98.3 frequency in Rumorosa was put out for bid in 1992 as XHRBN-FM. Francisco Javier Fimbres Durazo, who already ran XEKT 1390 AM in Tecate, won the concession and built the station, quickly changing the call sign to XHFJ-FM for his initials. During this time, Fimbres operated his stations in association with Cadena Baja California, which owned XEMBC-AM 1190 XEWV-AM, & XEWV-FM. At that time, XHFJ adopted an alternative rock music format as \"Modern Rock\". In 2003, XHFJ became XHMIX-FM to go with the station\'s name at the time, \"Mix 98\". In 2005, the station became known as \"Zona 98\" with a rock format.
The current concessionaire, controlled 60% by Fimbres Durazo, was created in 2007.
In 2010, the station changed formats again to the present \"Power 98 Jams\".
In 2016, XHMIX was authorized to increase its effective radiated power from 30,000 watts to 50,000
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# Water privatisation in South Africa
**Water privatisation in South Africa** is a contentious issue, given the history of denial of access to water and persisting poverty. Water privatisation has taken many different forms in South Africa. Since 1996 some municipalities decided to involve the private sector in water and sanitation service provision through short-term management contracts, long-term concessions and contracts for specific services such as wastewater treatment. Most municipalities continue to provide water and sanitation services through public utilities or directly themselves. Suez of France, through its subsidiary Water and Sanitation Services South Africa (WSSA), and Sembcorp of Singapore, through its subsidiary Silulumanzi, are international firms with contracts in South Africa. According to the managing director of Silulumanzi \"the South African water market is still in its infancy and municipalities are unsure of how to engage the private sector.\"
## Cases of water privatisation {#cases_of_water_privatisation}
### Dolphin Coast (iLembe) {#dolphin_coast_ilembe}
In January 1999, the Siza Water Company (SWC), then part of the French SAUR Group, became the first private company to manage a water and wastewater utility in South Africa. Under a groundbreaking 30-year concession contract, SWC assumed responsibility for providing water and sanitation services to what was then known as the Borough of Dolphin Coast, a locality in the iLembe District Municipality with a permanent population estimated at 34,000 located about 50 kilometers north of Durban. The privatisation was welcomed and supported by the city council and senior government officials, including President Thabo Mbeki who visited the area to sanction the process. The Development Bank of Southern Africa and the Municipal Infrastructure Investment Unit supported the development and completion of the concession arrangement by providing technical and advisory services during the conception and contract development phase. This helped to make this option understandable and financially feasible. SWC is a local company formed by Saur International of France (which holds a 58% share), four other companies and company employees. After initial difficulties the contract was renegotiated in 2001, including a substantial reduction in investment requirements and the provision of free basic water. A more accurate billing and collection system has led to an increase in revenues of 68%, while tariffs were increased by about 30% and the number of customers increased by 6%. In May 2007, SWC became a subsidiary of the British firm Cascal N.V. and in October 2012 it became part of the Sembcorp group from Singapore.
### Nelspruit (Mbombela) {#nelspruit_mbombela}
In 1999 the municipality of Nelspruit in Mpumalanga (ex-East Transvaal) signed a 30-year concession with the Greater Nelspruit Utility Company (GNUC), a subsidiary of Cascal, itself part of the British firm Biwater. The concession serves 350,000 people in Nelspruit and neighboring townships. GNUC subsequently changed its name to Silulumanzi. In July 2010 it was sold to Sembcorp of Singapore. According to the private concessionnaire, in the first two years of the concession thousands of unregistered connections were found and many household and mains leaks repaired. The savings have enabled water delivery to other areas not previously supplied. Over 8,000 broken meters have been replaced and a further 15,000 new meters have been installed to provide new house connections and formalise existing unauthorised supplies. Total water supplied into distribution fell from 66,000 m3/day to 60,000, despite an increase of over 30% of customers supplied. This was achieved by reducing non-revenue water. Traditional political protests had involved non-payment of water bills so that a change in culture was required. Facilitators have worked in the villages and townships educating, discussing and encouraging the regular payment of water and sewage bills. Besides meetings with elected representatives, they engage in street theatre and sports sponsorship. Also local offices have been established throughout the concession area to provide easy access for customers to pay their bills, raise queries, deal with complaints and report leaks. As a result, revenue collection has substantially improved. Furthermore, the portion of households with access to basic water supply increased from 52% in 1999 to 88% in 2009. In formalised urban areas, 24-hour supply has been extended to 82% of households, up from 37% in 1999.
### Johannesburg
In January 2001, the city of Johannesburg established the municipal company Johannesburg Water and subsequently signed a management contract with Water and Sanitation Services South Africa (WSSA), a joint venture between Suez (ex-Lyonnaise des Eaux), its subsidiary Northumbrian Water Group and the South African company Group 5. The contract was not extended when it expired in 2006.
### Other cases {#other_cases}
In 2003, WSSA also had a 25- year concession in Queenstown, Eastern Cape and provided water and wastewater services to over 2 million people in the provinces of Kwa-Zulu Natal (Dolphin Coast), Eastern Cape (including in Stutterheim), Western Cape, Limpopo and Gauteng
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# Richard Schneirov
**Richard Schneirov** (born 1948) is a Professor Emeritus of history and noted labor historian at Indiana State University.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Schneirov attended Grinnell College from 1966 to 1968, where he helped found and lead that school\'s chapter of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). He also started the underground newspaper \"Pterodactyl.\" He transferred to the University of Illinois at Chicago, where he received a bachelor\'s degree in 1971.
He obtained a master\'s degree in history in 1975 and a Ph.D. in history in 1984, both from Northern Illinois University.
## Career
Schneirov was named a Fulbright Scholar after receiving his doctorate. During the 1985 to 1986 academic year, he lectured at the Institut Fur England und Amerikastudien at the University of Frankfurt in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. He returned to Germany in 2011, where he taught at Westfallische Wilhelms-Universitat in Muenster.
In 1986, Schneirov won appointment as an adjunct professor at Ohio State University .
In 1989, Schneirov was named an assistant professor at Indiana State University. He was promoted to associate professor in 1993, and made a full professor in 1999.
In 2020 Schneirov entered \"phased retirement\" from Indiana State University.
## Research interests {#research_interests}
Schneirov is a noted scholar of working-class history and of the Gilded Age-Progressive Era. Much of his research has focused on the American labor movement during the Gilded Age. He has also researched the period of the 1960s and 70s.
Schneirov\'s most notable work is his 1998 book, *Labor and Urban Politics: Class Conflict and the Origins of Modern Liberalism in Chicago, 1864-97.* The work won the Urban History Association\'s Kenneth Jackson Award in 1999 for best book in North American urban history. The book is a definitive account of the rise of the Chicago labor movement during the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, the struggle for the eight-hour day, and the Pullman Strike of 1894.
The work is considered a major reinterpretation of Gilded Era history. Schneirov\'s thesis is that the American labor movement exerted a profound influence on Chicago and urban politics, and radically transformed liberal and progressive political thought. As noted labor scholar Joseph McCartin observed:
: Richard Schneirov has written an ambitious and important book. It is ambitious in that it aims to combine the concerns of labor history and of political history in order to offer a new perspective on both the origins of modern liberalism and the nature of the late nineteenth-century class formation and labor organization. It is important in that Schneirov\'s fusion of class and politics yields a set of fresh insights that are likely to engage historians for a long time to come.
In 2006 Schneirov contributed an important article periodizing the Gilded Age: "Thoughts on Periodizing the Gilded Age: Capital Accumulation, Society, and Politics, 1873-1898" and rejoinder to responses by Rebecca Edwards and James L Huston, Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 5 (July 2006): 189-240.
In 2012, Schneirov has published \"Chicago in the Age of Capital: Class, Politics, and Democracy during the Civil War and Reconstruction\" (with John B. Jentz). The book charts the rise of a capitalist economy and society out of an artisan one and the ensuing political consequences.
In 2014 Routledge published his extended essay and primer on American democracy (with Gaston Fernandez), \"Democracy as a Way of Life in America: A History.\"
In 2019 Schneirov published a re-interpretation of AFL founder Samuel Gompers in "Uncovering the Contradictions in Samuel Gompers's 'More': Reading 'What Does Labor Want?" Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. Schneirov views Gompers as a leader who tried to bridge diverse discourses and political viewpoints within the late nineteenth century labor movement, rather than simply representing a narrow stratum of craft workers.
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# Richard Schneirov
## Publications
\[Many of the articles below are available on Academia.edu\]
### Solely authored books {#solely_authored_books}
- *Labor and Urban Politics: Class Conflict and the Origins of Modern Liberalism in Chicago, 1864-97.* Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1998. `{{ISBN|0-252-02374-9}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Pride and Solidarity: A History of the Plumbers and Pipefitters of Columbus, Ohio, 1889-1989.* Ithaca, N.Y.: Industrial and Labor Relations Press, 1993. `{{ISBN|0-87546-306-1}}`{=mediawiki}
### Co-authored books {#co_authored_books}
- Schneirov, Richard and Jentz, John B., *Chicago in the Age of Capital: Class, Politics, and Democracy during the Civil War and Reconstruction*. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2012. `{{ISBN|0-252-03683-2}}`{=mediawiki}
- Schneirov, Richard and Suhrbur, Thomas J. *Union Brotherhood, Union Town: The History of the Carpenters Union of Chicago, 1863-1987.* Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, 1988. `{{ISBN|0-8093-1352-9}}`{=mediawiki}
### Edited books and collections {#edited_books_and_collections}
- *The Pullman Strike and the Crisis of the 1890s: Essays on Labor and Politics.* Richard Schneirov, Shelton Stromquist and Nick Salvatore, eds. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1999. `{{ISBN|0-252-02447-8}}`{=mediawiki}
- *American Labor and American Democracy, by William English Walling.* Rutgers, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2005 (orig. pub. 1926). Schneirov contributed an introduction and bibliography of Walling\'s works to the republication of this book. `{{ISBN|1-4128-0472-8}}`{=mediawiki}
- Two issues of the Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era on socialism (Summer and Fall 2003).
### Solely authored articles {#solely_authored_articles}
- "Urban Regimes and the Policing of Strikes in Two Gilded Age Cities: New York and Chicago," Studies in American Political Development 33:2 (Sept. 2019): 258-74.
- "Martin Sklar's Beautiful American (Post)Imperialism," (contribution to symposium on Martin Sklar) Telos 186 (Spring 2019): 1-16.
- "Uncovering the Contradictions in Samuel Gompers's 'More': Reading 'What Does Labor Want?" Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 18 (Jan. 2019): 99-119.
- \"Thoughts on Periodizing the Gilded Age: Capital Accumulation, Society, and Politics, 1873-1898.\" *Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era.* 5:3 (July 2006).
- \"The Failures of Success: Class and Craft Relations in the Construction Industry in the Twentieth Century.\" *Labor History.* 46:4 (November 2005).
- \"The Odyssey of William English Walling: Revisionism, Social Democracy, and Evolutionary Pragmatism.\" *Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era.* 2:4 (Fall 2003).
- \"Political Cultures and the Role of the State in Labor\'s Republic: The View from Chicago, 1848-1877.\" *Labor History.* 32:3 (Summer 1991).
- \"Rethinking the Relation of Labor to the Politics of Urban Social Reform in Late Nineteenth-Century America: The Case of Chicago.\" *International Labor and Working Class History.* #46 (Fall 1994).
- \"Voting as a Class: Haymarket and the Rise of a Democrat-Labor Alliance in Late-Nineteenth Century Chicago.\" *Labor\'s Heritage.* 12:2 (Spring/Summer 2004).
- "Chicago's Great Upheaval of 1877: Class Polarization and Democratic Politics" in The Great Strike of 1877: New Perspectives, ed. David Stowell (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008).
- \"Contingent Faculty: A New Social Movement Takes Shape.\" *WorkingUSA.* 6:4 (Spring 2003).
### Co-authored articles {#co_authored_articles}
- Schneirov, Matthew and Richard. "Capitalism as a Social Movement: The Corporate and Neoliberal Reconstructions of the American Political Economy in the Twentieth Century," Social Movement Studies, 15:6 (2016): 561-76.
- Schneirov, Richard and Jentz, John B. \"Chicago\'s Fenian Fair of 1864: A Window into the Civil War as a Popular Political Awakening.\" *Labor\'s Heritage.* 6:3 (Winter 1995).
### Solely authored book chapters {#solely_authored_book_chapters}
- "Chicago's Great Upheaval of 1877: Class Polarization and Democratic Politics" in The Great Strike of 1877: New Perspectives, ed. David Stowell (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008).
- \"Class Conflict, Municipal Politics, and Governmental Reform in Gilded Age Chicago, 1871-1875.\" In *German Workers in Industrial Chicago, 1850-1910.* Hartmut Keil and John B. Jentz, eds. DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 1983. `{{ISBN|0-87580-089-0}}`{=mediawiki}
- \"Free Thought and Socialism in the Czech Community in Chicago, 1875-1887.\" In *\"Struggle a Hard Battle\": Essays on Working-Class Immigrants.* Dirk Hoerder, ed. DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 1986
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# Skibergfjellet
**Skibergfjellet** is a mountain in Holmestrand Municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. The 632 m tall mountain is located about 4 km west of the village of Eidsfoss and about 9 km northwest of the village of Hof.
The mountain is surrounded by several other notable mountains including Vestfjellet and Grøntjernkollen to the southwest and Buaren to the south. Views from the peak include Færder Lighthouse, Tryvannstårnet, Norefjell, and Jonsknuten
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# Thomas Smith (barrister)
**Sir Thomas Broun Smith** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|QC|FBA|FRSE}}`{=mediawiki} (3 December 1915 -- 15 October 1988) was a British lawyer, soldier and academic.
## Life
Smith was the son of John Smith, DL, JP, of Glasgow (1885--1954) and his wife, Agnes McFarlane. He was educated at Glasgow High School and Sedbergh School in Yorkshire.
Smith studied law at Christ Church, Oxford, (MA 1937, Boulter exhibitioner, Eldon Scholar). He was called to the English Bar by Gray\'s Inn in 1938.
He served in the Gordon Highlanders and Royal Artillery from 1939 to 1946, being wounded in Italy, and was mentioned in dispatches. He reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Smith was attached to the Foreign Office in 1946--1947.
He was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in Scotland in 1947. He obtained a DCL (Oxon) in 1956 and a LL.D from the University of Edinburgh in 1980. He was awarded an honorary doctorate (LLD) at the University of Cape Town.
In 1977 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were John Cameron, Lord Cameron, Lord Balerno, George Murray Burnett and Anthony Elliot Ritchie and Sir Thomas Malcolm Knox. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1981.
He died in Edinburgh on 15 October 1988.
## Family
In 1940 he married Ann Dorothea Tindall. They had three children, a son who died in 1962 and two daughters, one of whom died in 1976.
His brother was Sir Robert Courtney Smith.
## Academic career {#academic_career}
In 1949 he became Professor of Scots Law at the University of Aberdeen and was Dean of the Faculty of Law 1950-1953 and 1956--1958. In 1956 he became a Queen\'s Counsel. From 1958 to 1968 he was Professor of Civil Law at the University of Edinburgh and from 1968 to 1972 Professor of Scots Law. He was a part-time member of the Scottish Law Commission 1965-1972 and full-time 1972--1980. In 1980 he became the General Editor of the *Laws of Scotland: Stair Memorial Encyclopedia*. Professor Smith was Visiting Professor at Tulane University (Louisiana) 1958 and at Harvard Law School 1962-1963 and he was Tagore Professor, Calcutta, 1977. He was United Kingdom representative to committees of experts at the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) and the Council of Europe. He has been described as one of the most influential, interesting and controversial figures in the development of modern Scots law.
## Published works {#published_works}
Smith published a large number of works on legal subjects. Among those were:
- Doctrines of Judicial Precedent in Scots Law (1952)
- Scotland: The Development of its Laws and Constitution (1955)
- British Justice: The Scottish Contribution (1961)
- Studies Critical and Comparative (1962)
- A Short Commentary on the Law of Scotland (1962)
- Property Problems in Sale (1978)
- Basic Rights and their Enforcement (1979).
## Artistic recognition {#artistic_recognition}
His portrait in office, by Tim Cockburn, is held by the University of Edinburgh
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# Explosion vent
An **explosion vent** or **rupture panel** is a safety device to protect equipment or buildings against excessive internal, explosion-incurred pressures, by means of pressure relief. An explosion vent will relieve pressure from the instant its opening (or activation) pressure *p*~stat~ has been exceeded.
Several explosion vent panels can be installed on the same process vessel to be protected. Explosion vents are available in the versions *self-destructive, non-self-re-closing* and *re-usable, self-re-closing*.
Explosion vent construction must balance the contradictory requirements \"low inertia\" and \"high strength\". Inertia negatively affects an explosion vent\'s efficiency. High strength is required to endure the considerable forces that move the vent\'s venting element in order to open the venting orifice. Unintended disintegration must not cause disintegrating parts turning into a missile.
The evaluation of an explosion vent\'s efficiency and its range of application are subject to rules. See National Fire Protection Association 68, EN 14797.
During normal venting, the explosion is freely discharged, allowing flames to exit the process being protected. When the protected vessel or pipe is located indoors, ducts are generally used to safely convey the explosion outside the building. However, ductwork has disadvantages and may result in decreased venting efficiency. Flameless venting, in combination with explosion vents, can extinguish the flame from the vented explosion without the use of expensive ducting, limitations to equipment location, or more costly explosion protection.
## Types of Explosion Vents {#types_of_explosion_vents}
Being that these vents are used in the commercial industry there are many different types of variations that are used in each specific scenario. For example, they are sold in many different shapes like rectangles, squares and disks just to list the common shapes used. They are typically affixed by being bolted or welded around the edge of the panel. The different types of explosion vents and they typical applications/style of vent are listed below.
1. VSP/VSS- best for vacuum/vacuum cycling
2. VSM- dust collectors/cyclones and conveyors
3. VSP-L- low pressure below 1/3psi
4. VSE- near static atmosphere
5. VSP- very low pressure
6. EXP- flat vent 316ss
7. EXP-V- vacuum conditions
8. EXP-DV- vacuum conditions
9. LCV- flat vent made of composite material
10. HTV- high temperature conditions
## Aftermarket/other uses {#aftermarketother_uses}
Explosion vents similar to those in the commercial industry also used outside of the commercial industry; they are used in motorsports to do the same task in commercial settings. This technology has made its way into the aftermarket for engines in order to protect engine from basically destroying themselves. In the motorsports industry they are located on an engine more commonly on the back of the intake in order to protect from engine backfires. In the last couple of years engine technology has increased exponentially to the point to where now some engines can make in excess over a thousand horsepower. They work similar to those of the commercial side, they are a piece of sacrificial metal in the case of engine when a backfire occurs it will blow off the burst panel instead of blowing up the intake on the engine. In the case of the replacement cost the panel is around hundred dollars while an intake can cost up to a couple thousand dollars. In the motorsports industry the panel provides cheap insurance in order to protect the engine from itself
| 550 |
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| 0 |
10,129,870 |
# Padlamanggan
**Padlamanggan** (from *padlas* (crazy) and *mangga* (mango) from the Philippine language Waray-Waray) is a usually colorless spirit from the Philippines which has an alcohol content that varies from 35 to 70% by volume. Padlamanggan is mostly drunk straight; sometimes the liquor is used as the basic ingredient for cocktails.
## Production
Padlamanggan is manufactured in a few small villages on the island Leyte which is part of the archipelago Visayas of the Philippines. The recipe for Padlamanggan can vary from village to village. The recipes entail local ingredients and are passed on orally. The so-called Manila Mango, which is it particularly juicy and sweet, is used as a basis for the mash of all Padlamanggan sorts.
## History
In former times opium poppy was often added to the distillate, a practice which was forbidden by law in the course of Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship. The population of the Visayas archipelago grants Padlamanggan a painkilling and healing effect
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# Mud pie
Making a **mud pie** is a children\'s activity or game that consists of creating a mixture of water and soil and playing or pretending to make food or a pie. Mud pies are not meant to be eaten, although they can be thrown in the face. A broader category describes this activity as **mud play**.
## Description
Mud pies are composed of a mixture of water and soil. Other ingredients are sometimes added to the basic water and soil mixture such as plants and pebbles. The \'pie\' will stay together if the mud is sticky -- similar to bread dough. In addition to mud pies, children often create other structures like mud sandwiches and mud-based tea parties.
Creating a mud pie can be a very enjoyable activity and is thought to nurture the imagination of a child. Making mud pies allows the exploration of textures, and establishes the basis of scientific reasoning as they change the variables such as the addition of less water or even freezing the mixture. Some children do not enjoy the activity. A child may hesitate to \"get dirty.\"
Many people recall this childhood activity with fondness. An author recounts: \"As a child, I was drawn to mud. Some of my fondest childhood memories saw me covered in the stuff, head to toe.\"
## Techniques
Digging a small hole, adding water and stirring with a stick is one method used by children to create the mud pie. Some choose to organize a party or event for children with creating mud pies as part of the activities. The benefits of making mud pies include strengthening the sense of touch and developing \"true\" creativity. Some take a more formal approach to the activity and dedicate children\'s play spaces to the making of mud pies. A mud pie kitchen (sometimes just called mud kitchen) can be created to make other mud play \'food\', these can be adapted from indoor play kitchens or appear similar, built personally or bought commercially. A mud center can be created in a school setting. Some teachers are able to incorporate art and music into mud pie-making activities during school.
Other ingredients have been proposed, including:
- sawdust
- eggshells
- orange peel
- crushed leaves
- sand
Washing up afterwards is to be expected.
## Other uses {#other_uses}
Some desserts made out of crushed cookies and other ingredients are called mud pies or puddings
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# Riverside International Speedway
**Riverside International Speedway** is a 0.333 mi, high banked, asphalt short track located in James River, Nova Scotia, Canada, about 10 km southwest of the town of Antigonish.
## Track history {#track_history}
Riverside International Speedway started out as a dream Antigonish businessman John Chisholm, who was an avid racing fan and was determined to advance his favourite sport in his home province. In 1967 Chisholm flew down to Bristol Motor Speedway and met with NASCAR co-founder Bill France, Sr., who gave him permission to model the track after a scaled-down version of Bristol. Chisholm and his team began construction on the speedway in 1968 in James River, Nova Scotia. The project was completed a year later and opened its doors for the first time on May 18, 1969.
In 1975 Riverside played host to its first celebrity driver when Benny Parsons visited the track to compete in the NASCAR Canada series race, just a few months removed from his Daytona 500 win. This was the first time that a major stock car driver visited the region to compete in a race. The race also featured a purse of \$7500, the largest in the region at that time.
In 1977, under new track promoters Jerry Lawrence and Ron King, Riverside hosted its first 250 lap race, a staple that soon became an annual tradition.
Chisholm sold the track to local resident Erik Edward Vandaalen in 1989. Vandaalen owned the track until his unexpected death on Dec 25th 2005, at which point John Chisholm subsequently bought it back in 2006. Upon regaining ownership of the track, Chisholm began a major renovation project. The renovation consisted of repaving the entire track, replacing the metal guardrails with concrete walls, rebuilding and enlarging the grandstands, and constructing a new press box with VIP seating. The restroom facilities were completely rebuilt, the sound and lighting systems were replaced, an electronic scoreboard was installed, and the parking and campground capacity was increased.
In 2007 Riverside became the only Canadian racetrack East of Quebec to be sanctioned by NASCAR when it was named to the schedule of the newly formed NASCAR Canadian Tire Series. The first Canadian Tire Series race was held on September 16, 2007. Peter Gibbons dominated the race, sitting on the pole and leading 201 laps before a rear end problem forced him to the garage. This set the stage for Mark Dilley to take home the checkered flag for his first career Canadian Tire Series win.
Riverside played host to the Richard Petty Driving Experience as the final stop on their first ever Canadian Summer Tour on July 24, 2011. Two of the programs three experiences were available to fans at the track, including their signature 12-lap "Rookie Experience," and the "High-Speed Ride-Along", which simulates a qualifying run with a professional instructor. The track hosted the Richard Petty Driving Experience on their second Canadian Summer Tour in 2012, once again offering the "Rookie Experience," and the "High-Speed Ride-Along". On August 18, 2012, Mike Stevens drove his #4 R Stevens Mechanical Chevrolet Impala to victory lane in dominating fashion at the 2012 Lucas Oil 100. Stevens started the race from the pole position, putting up a qualifying time of 14.336 seconds, and led all 100 laps in the caution free race. The win was his second of the Parts for Trucks Pro Stock Tour season, both coming at Riverside. The win turned out to be the final win of Stevens\' career as less than a year later, on August 3, 2013, Stevens would succumb to injuries sustained in a crash at Oyster Bed Speedway. Track owner John Chisholm died on July 4, 2014, at the age of 68. Ownership of the track was transferred to his family. The 2014 IWK 250 was dedicated in Chisholm\'s honour, with all the cars in the race carrying a special decal commemorating his life and saying thanks.
On August 16, 2014, Donald Chisholm, just two months following the death of his father, took home an emotional victory in the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series Wilson Equipment 300. The victory was a first for Chisholm in the series, who also earned his first career pole in the event.
Prior to the 2015 IWK 250 Riverside unveiled the John W. Chisholm Memorial Cup. Past 250 winners such as John Flemming, Rollie MacDonald, and Kent Vincent, along with the Chisholm Family attended the unveiling. The Cup is a handmade silver cup that not only recognizes future and past winners of the IWK 250 but also recognizes the winners of the annual Riverside 250 from 1977 to 2006 with plaques on the base. The traditional IWK 250 Trophy Presented by Steve Lewis Auto Body will continue to be awarded alongside the John W. Chisholm Memorial Cup.
## IWK 250 {#iwk_250}
: See: IWK 250
The primer event at Riverside is the IWK 250. In 2007 the annual 250 mile race at the track was repurposed to raise money and garner support for the IWK Health Centre in Halifax, Nova Scotia. It has since become one of the premier Late Model races in North America, attracting national attention, as well as some of the sports top drivers, including NASCAR Champions Brad Keselowski and Matt Crafton, V8 Supercars Champion Marcos Ambrose, and Daytona 500 winner Joey Logano.
| 885 |
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| 0 |
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# Riverside International Speedway
## Track design {#track_design}
Riverside International Speedway is designed as a scaled-down version of the famed Bristol Motor Speedway in Bristol, Tennessee.
In 1967 track builder John Chisholm called up NASCAR co-founder Bill France, Sr. and told him about his intentions of building a half mile racetrack in Nova Scotia. Big Bill told Chisholm that a half mile track would be too hard on the engines, cars, tires and engines and invited him and his surveyors down to Bristol to get the dimensions of the track and then shrink them down. Chisholm and his crew did just that and started construction of Riverside in 1968.
The track is designed as an asphalt oval that is 0.333 mi in length with 14° banking in the turns, and 5° banking on both straightaways.
## Races
### Current
- NASCAR Canada Series (2007−2019, 2024−present)
- Maritime Pro Stock Tour (2001--present)
- IWK 250 Presented by Steve Lewis Auto Body (2008−present)
- Ron MacGillivray Chev Buick GMC 150
- Lucas Oil 150
- Napa Sportsman Series (2006−present)
- Highland Home Building Centre 50
- Highland Home Building Centres 100 (1)
- Highland Home Building Centres 100 (2)
- Napa Sportsman Series 50
- Maritime League of Legends (2005−present)
- Maritime Legends Challenge
### Former
- American Canadian Tour (1981, 1985, 1991−1992)
- Atlantic Open Wheel (2006−2008)
- MASCAR (1983−2000)
- North Eastern Midget Association (1970)
- Pro All Stars Series (2006−2007)
## Notable drivers {#notable_drivers}
Here are a list of notable drivers who have found success in NASCAR\'s top tier series who have raced at Riverside Speedway
- Benny Parsons
- Kevin Lepage
- Randy LaJoie
- Kelly Moore
- Ricky Craven
- Regan Smith
- Aric Almirola
- David Reutimann
- Marcos Ambrose
- Joey Logano
- Brad Keselowski
- Matt Crafton
- Mark Martin
## Notable race results {#notable_race_results}
### Bumper to Bumper 300 results {#bumper_to_bumper_300_results}
NASCAR Pinty\'s Series -- Bumper to Bumper 300 Results
--------------------------------------------------------
Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
## Records
### NASCAR Pinty\'s Series Records {#nascar_pintys_series_records}
(As of 14/10/17)
+---------------------+------+--------------------------------+
| Most Wins | 2 | Scott Steckly\ |
| | | D. J. Kennington Kevin Lacroix |
+---------------------+------+--------------------------------+
| Most Top 5s | 8 | Mark Dilley |
+---------------------+------+--------------------------------+
| Most Top 10s | 11 | Mark Dilley |
+---------------------+------+--------------------------------+
| Starts | 11 | Mark Dilley\ |
| | | D. J. Kennington\ |
| | | Donald Chisholm |
+---------------------+------+--------------------------------+
| Poles | 3 | Scott Steckly |
+---------------------+------+--------------------------------+
| Most Laps Completed | 3291 | Mark Dilley |
+---------------------+------+--------------------------------+
| Most Laps Led | 722 | Scott Steckly |
+---------------------+------+--------------------------------+
| Avg. Start\* | 3.9 | D. J. Kennington |
+---------------------+------+--------------------------------+
| Avg. Finish\* | 4
| 462 |
Riverside International Speedway
| 1 |
10,130,001 |
# Battle of Tara (Ireland)
The **Battle of Tara** was fought between the Gaelic Irish of Meath, led by Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, and the Norse Vikings of Dublin, led by Amlaíb Cuarán. It took place near the Hill of Tara in Ireland in the year 980. From the period of 950-980 AD, the Vikings had formed temporary alliances with certain Irish clans, enabling them to continue their perennial raids and plunder of the island, however they faced resistance from an alliance of Irish rulers who wanted to eliminate the Viking presence in southern Ireland. The battle was a devastating defeat for the Vikings and led to the Irish regaining control of Dublin.
## Background
Prior to the late eight century, Ireland consisted of numerous small kingdoms that were constantly warring with one another; much of the war efforts launched by Irish kings were directed against other Irish dynasties or schismatic factions within their own in order to achieve hegemony over the region and expand their territory. The year 795 marked the first Viking raid on Ireland; these raids would intensify in the ninth century and led to the Scandinavians establishing settlements in Ireland, forging alliances with various Irish dynasties and offering military services amidst Ireland\'s interminable internal conflicts whilst establishing and strengthening their base at Dublin. The Viking presence would compel some of the Irish kings to unite against a common enemy. In 902, taking advantage of the internecine strife in the Viking base, the Irish launched a joint attack against Dublin and managed to expel them from the island. The Vikings reappeared in 914, defeated the Irish in the Battle of Confey, reconquered Dublin, assumed control over a large portion of the British Isles, established permanent settlements in Ireland to further secure their grip over the island, and began to mix with the local population. Despite the frequent intermarriages that took place, the Scandinavians were still viewed with contempt and regarded as a hostile foreign threat by much of the Irish population, most notably in the north and center of the island. Irish resistance to the Vikings in Dublin had been dismal up until Brian Boru\'s emergence and his expedition against the Vikings in 977, and the Battle of Tara, marking a significant shift in the political balance between the Irish and the Vikings, and becoming the harbinger for the Vikings\' decline in Ireland.
## Description
On one side there was a Norse army from the Kingdom of Dublin supported by troops from the Hebrides, which was commanded by a son of Olaf Cuaran named Ragnall. The other side was led by Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, who had recently come to power as head of the southern Uí Néill. The latter\'s force consisted of troops from his home province of Mide (the Kingdom of Meath), probably with strong support from troops from Leinster and Ulster.
The battle ended in a devastating defeat for the Norse of Dublin. Olaf abdicated and died in religious retirement in Iona. Dublin was besieged by the victorious Máel Sechnaill, who forced it to surrender slaves and valuables, as well as give up all its prior claims to Uí Néill-held territory. In the following decade, Dublin was more or less under the control of Máel Sechnaill and the Southern Uí Néill.
The Battle of Tara is regarded as a far more decisive defeat for the Norse of Dublin than the later, and much more famous, Battle of Clontarf. Olaf Cuaran was the last of the great Norse kings in Ireland, and following him the status of the Kingdom of Dublin was never the same again.
## Location
The battle took place near the Hill of Tara in Ireland, which is an ancient ceremonial burial site and the location of the Lia Fáil (Stone of Destiny) which was a place of inauguration and the seat of power for the High Kings of Ireland. It is assumed by historians that the defence of this sacred site, which also appears in Irish mythology, against the foreign Norse Vikings would have been a rallying point for many local Irishmen.
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# Battle of Tara (Ireland)
## Causes
There are very few records from this period in time so it is not possible to identify all of the causes for the Battle of Tara. However, it is possible to state that combat between minor Irish kings was common in this time period and that about a year prior to this battle an obvious \'casus belli\' was the kidnapping (for ransom) of the King of Leinster by the foreign viking king of Dublin:
- **Annals of the Four Masters**: M977.8 \"Domhnall Claen, King of Leinster, was taken prisoner by the foreigners of Ath-cliath (Dublin).\"
- **Annals of Tigernach**: T979.2 \"Domhnall Claon, king of Leinster, was captured by the Foreigners of Dublin
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# Beautiful Katamari
***Beautiful Katamari***, released in Japan as `{{Nihongo foot|'''''Beautiful Katamari Damacy''''',|ビューティフル塊魂|Byūtifuru Katamari Damashii|group=lower-alpha|lead=yes}}`{=mediawiki} is an action-puzzle video game developed by Now Production and published by Namco Bandai Games for the Xbox 360. *Beautiful Katamari* is the fourth game in the *Katamari* series of games following *Katamari Damacy*, *We Love Katamari*, and *Me & My Katamari*.
*Beautiful Katamari* has gained extra attention because it was originally scheduled as a PlayStation 3 title in addition to the Xbox 360, but development on the PlayStation 3 was abandoned. *Beautiful Katamari* releasing exclusively for an Xbox console is a rarity for the series, as all previous *Katamari* games had been exclusively available on PlayStation consoles.
## Story
The game opens with the King of All Cosmos, his Queen, and the Prince, enjoying some tennis while on vacation, but a powerful serve by the King causes the tennis ball to rip through the fabric of the universe, creating a black hole that sucks everything but the planet Earth into it. In order to correct it, the King commands the Prince to roll up katamaris on Earth to recreate the planets, sun, and other celestial features. Once the Prince completes this, the King then orders him to create a katamari large enough to plug up the black hole and restore order to the universe. The Prince then rolls up enough stuff to create the \"Super Giant\", a very large Katamari that he then clogs up the black hole with. In the end, the black hole is stopped and the King of All Cosmos takes all the credit for stopping it.
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# Beautiful Katamari
## Gameplay
`{{see also|Katamari Damacy#Gameplay|l1=Gameplay in ''Katamari Damacy''}}`{=mediawiki} The core gameplay from the *Katamari Damacy* series is unchanged; the player, as the diminutive Prince, controls a \"katamari\" to collect objects smaller than the katamari, causing the katamari to grow and collect even larger objects, as to meet various objectives given by the King of All Cosmos. After successfully clearing any level once, the player can then attempt a time attack challenge on that level to make a katamari of a given size in the shortest time possible. Eternal modes, where the player is allowed to roll without any time limits, are available once a perfect score is obtained on a level. The player can also change to another character that the second player also uses- Marcy.
In *Beautiful Katamari*, players are urged to build katamari with specific types of items. For example, to make the planet Mercury, the King asks the player to collect liquids. After successfully completing the task, the player is rated on time, size, and the number of objects meeting the King\'s request. Another level requires that the player roll up only hot items and avoid cold items to raise the katamari\'s temperature to 10,000 degrees Celsius.
*Beautiful Katamari* is the first game in the series to support high-definition television resolutions of 720p, 1080i and 1080p. Multiplayer modes include 2 player support on the same console and 2-4 player support over Xbox Live in both cooperative and competitive modes. One of the online battle types is a \"Thingy Battle\", similar to a mode in *We Love Katamari*, where each player must collect the most of a specific type of item. Game lobbies include simple mini-games.
The game tracks all progress by the player in the various modes and shares this data through Xbox Live to allow the player to compare their performance to others, including on normal request levels, time attacks, and online play performance (tracked as \"cookies\" awarded by the King). A \"worldwide katamari\", representing the total size of all objects rolled up by all Xbox Live players and the player\'s contribution to that, is also available.
## Downloadable content {#downloadable_content}
*Beautiful Katamari* is the first game in the series to include downloadable content. Seven additional levels were available individually from the Xbox Live Marketplace. Each additional level occupied only about 384 kB on the Xbox 360 console\'s hard drive, leading game reviewer Aaron Linde to complain that the game was shipped feature-complete but crippled unless players paid additional money. One of the *Beautiful Katamari* achievements explicitly requires that the player \"download stages\" to be able to build a 1,500,000 km katamari.
Additional downloads were available on the U.S. Xbox Live Marketplace and they immediately unlocked ten cousins or presents. These downloads did not introduce new cousins or presents into the game; they merely worked around the game\'s need to have the player find these hidden objects.
Downloadable content for the European market was released on May 7, but mistakes were made with the item names, resulting in two items named \"Perfectly Sized Katamari\" with identical descriptions and only an image to differentiate the two. There were 6 additional levels available for download on EU Xbox Live Marketplace at the time.
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# Beautiful Katamari
## History and development {#history_and_development}
Artist, designer, and creator of the previous *Katamari* titles, Keita Takahashi, was not involved with *Beautiful Katamari*, which was directed by *Me & My Katamari* co-lead game designer Jun Moriwaki.
Early in 2007, various reports suggested that *Beautiful Katamari* was in development and might be released in North America in Autumn. These reports were based on a United States trademark filing, retailer listings, and a reported announcement by Namco Bandai to retailers.
A demo was distributed in the September 2007 issue of *Official Xbox Magazine* and on the Xbox Live Marketplace in August. The demo spawned the player in one of several starting points in a single level with a three-minute time limit and an 80 cm katamari. The main menu featured the song \"Nananan Katamari\". The demo level contained a song called Katamari Dancing by Takashi Utsunomiya which is also the opening song.
*Beautiful Katamari* was released in October 2007 in North America and Japan, and on February 29, 2008 in Europe.
In 2021, *Beautiful Katamari* was added to the Xbox One and Xbox Series X and Series S backward compatibility catalog.
### PlayStation 3 and Wii development {#playstation_3_and_wii_development}
During 2007, a post from Orange Lounge Radio in March contained the report that Namco Bandai announced *Beautiful Katamari* to retailers, which included a release for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and the Wii. According to the post, the PlayStation 3 version of *Beautiful Katamari* was to feature support for the motion-sensing feature of the Sixaxis Wireless Controller. The post was removed at the request of Namco Bandai.
In mid-April, the game was confirmed by *Famitsu* to be in development for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in Japan, and officially announced by Namco Bandai Games America that month. Both versions of the game were stated to retain the dual analog control scheme of the PlayStation 2 *Katamari* games, and also include online play features.
Designer Jun Moriwaki said in April that while a Wii version of *Beautiful Katamari* was under consideration, difficulties were presented by the system\'s controller that had to be first resolved.
*IGN* Nintendo editor-in-chief Matt Casamassina reported in June that according to unnamed sources close to Namco Bandai, the PlayStation 3 edition of *Beautiful Katamari* was cancelled due to porting issues and stalled PlayStation 3 sales, with resources being redirected towards the development of a Wii version. Namco Bandai was contacted for comment, but a statement was not returned in time for the publishing of the report. Later on July 5, Namco revealed their E3 2007 lineup, listing *Beautiful Katamari* as Xbox 360 only. On the same day, *Famitsu* reported that *Beautiful Katamari* was cancelled for the PS3 and was in development for the Wii and Xbox 360.
The box cover image for the Xbox 360 version, released in late August, indicates that the game is exclusive to the Xbox 360.
In September, Namco-Bandai\'s U.S. website briefly identified *Beautiful Katamari* as a title for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and Wii, with the latter two platforms bearing a release date of \"TBD\". When asked by *1UP.com* during the 2007 Tokyo Game Show, *Beautiful Katamari* director Jun Morikawa claimed specifically that the game will not be available for the PS3, though another *Katamari* game that stars the King of Cosmos in the lead will make its way to the PS3 \"soon\". Morikawa also suggested the same for the Wii.
Due to the cancellation of the PlayStation 3 version, Namco later released *Katamari Forever*, which shares some of its levels with *Beautiful Katamari*, for that console in 2009.
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# Beautiful Katamari
## Reception
*Beautiful Katamari* received \"mixed or average reviews\", according to review score aggregator Metacritic. *Official Xbox Magazine* wrote that the game clearly aims at everyone regarding its simplicity, and called it a refreshing contrast to serious titles. *IGN* gave the game a 7.8 out of 10, calling *Beautiful Katamari* \"a welcome addition to the barren category of family friendly games on 360\" but also found fault in the game\'s short length and the lack of evolution in the *Katamari* series. Other critics lamented the lack of originality in *Beautiful Katamari*. *Game Informer* called the game the \"ugly duckling\" of the *Katamari* series, praising the new multiplayer facilities but calling the environments \"dull and lifeless\". Import-centric UK site *NTSC-uk* gave it 6/10. The site noted the game\'s short length and lack of innovation and said that the title would disappoint fans of the series, but might be suitable for newcomers who have never played a game in the series.
As of December 2007, *Beautiful Katamari* is the 25th best-selling Xbox 360 title in Japan with 24,186 copies sold
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| 3 |
10,130,013 |
# Knuffle Bunny
***Knuffle Bunny: A Cautionary Tale*** (from Dutch knuffel, pronounced *k-nuffle*) is a classic children\'s picture book written and illustrated by Mo Willems. Released by Hyperion Books in 2004, *Knuffle Bunny* received the 2005 Caldecott Honor. The story spawned an animated short film and a musical play, as well as two sequel books. The sequels has sold more than 750,000 copies. The series\' protagonist, Trixie, is named after Willems\'s real-life child.
## Plot
Trixie steps lively as she and her father walk down the block, through the park, past the school, and into the laundromat. For the toddler, loading and putting money into the machine evokes wide-eyed pleasure. But on the return home, she realizes that her stuffed rabbit, Knuffle Bunny, has been left behind. Because she cannot talk yet, Trixie cannot explain to her father why she is upset. Despite his plea of, \"Now, please don\'t get fussy,\" she gives it her all, bawling and going \"boneless.\" They both arrive home unhappy, but Trixie\'s mother immediately realizes that Knuffle Bunny is missing. The three run back to the laundromat, and after several tries, Trixie\'s father finds the toy among the wet laundry, and claims hero status. In the end, Trixie exuberantly exclaims, \"Knuffle Bunny!!!\" --- her first words.
## Reception
*Kirkus Reviews* wrote, \"The natural audience for this offering is a little older than its main character: they will easily identify with Trixie's grief and at the same time feel superior to her hapless parent---and rejoice wholeheartedly at the happy reunion.\" *Publishers Weekly* asserted that Willems \"creates an entertaining story for parents and children alike.\" and \"once again demonstrates his keen insight with a story both witty and wise.\" Common Sense Media described it as \"a charming book for all ages,\" and *Inis* magazine of Children\'s Books Ireland wrote, \"Mo Willems's book has a unique style that draws you in.\"
## In other media {#in_other_media}
The story\'s audio version, narrated by Mo, Cheryl, and Trixie Willems, received the *2007 Audie Award for Children\'s Titles for Ages up to 8*. It also spawned an animated short, which won the Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Children\'s Video in 2007. The book was also adapted into a musical, *Knuffle Bunny: A Cautionary Musical,* by Willems, Michael Silversher, and Deborah Wicks La Puma. It toured with the Kennedy Center to cities all across the United States.
A Knuffle Bunny stuffed toy was released by the Yottoy Productions.
In 2019, the Park Slope branch of the Brooklyn Public Library unveiled a statue of Knuffle Bunny. Park Slope was chosen because it is the setting of the books and was the home of the author at the time of their writing.
The story is read on an episode of the PBS children\'s show *Between the Lions*.
## Sequels
In August 2007, a sequel, *Knuffle Bunny Too: A Case of Mistaken Identity* was published. The sequel picks up with the original book\'s main character, Trixie, three years later. In September 2010, *Knuffle Bunny Free: An Unexpected Diversion* was released, completing the trilogy. The final installment features an epilogue in which Willems sends a poignant message to his real daughter, Trixie, wishing her well in her life as an adult
| 535 |
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| 0 |
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# Collegium International
**International Ethical, Scientific and Political Collegium**, also called **Collegium International**, is a high-level group created in 2002.
## Origin
The International Ethical, Political and Scientific Collegium is committed, according to its founders, \"to respond intelligently and forcefully to the decisive challenges facing humankind\". An appeal calling for the Collegium\'s establishment was made public in February 2002 in New York and its membership was officially presented on April 2, 2003, in Brussels before the European Parliament.
Collegium members and associate members, signatories of the Appeal, are scientists, philosophers and present and former Heads of State and Government.
## Composition
Co-created by Michel Rocard, a former Prime Minister of France, Milan Kučan, who at the time of the Collegium\'s founding served as President of the Republic of Slovenia, and Stéphane Hessel, French diplomat, the group\'s members include:
- philosopher Edgar Morin, Honorary Président
- French \"Défenseur des Droits\", Jacques Toubon, Président
- Director-General of the World Trade Organization (WTO), Pascal Lamy, Vice-Président
- former President Fernando Henrique Cardoso of Brazil
- former President Alpha Oumar Konaré of Mali
- Ruth Dreifuss, former Federal Counsellor of Switzerland
- philosopher Peter Sloterdijk
- philosopher Jürgen Habermas
- philosopher Jean-Pierre Dupuy
- international-law professor Mireille Delmas-Marty
- international relations professor Michael W. Doyle
- Mary Robinson, former President of Ireland and UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
- Nobel Prize winner Joseph Stiglitz
- Nobel Prize winner Amartya Sen
- ambassador of France, Bernard Miyet
- former ambassador of the USA William vanden Heuvel
The film-producer Sacha Goldman serves as the Collegium\'s Secretary General.
## Open letters, public meetings, conferences, etc. {#open_letters_public_meetings_conferences_etc.}
- September 2004: Open letter to the candidates of the 2004 United States presidential election, President George W. Bush and Senator John Kerry, published in The Nation, US-based weekly magazine
- March 2007: Roundtable in Geneva on the realisation of economic, social and cultural rights
- September 2007: Roundtable in Paris about [Science and Politics](https://archive.today/20130414130026/http://complexityandpolitics.csregistry
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# Kiski Area School District
The **Kiski Area School District** is a large, suburban/rural public school district located in Westmoreland County Pennsylvania. The district encompasses approximately 102 sqmi and consists of nine municipalities in Armstrong and Westmoreland counties, the district is headquartered in Allegheny Township.
## Municipalities
The school district serves
- Allegheny Township
- Avonmore Borough
- Bell Township
- East Vandergrift Borough
- Hyde Park Borough
- Oklahoma Borough
- Vandergrift Borough
- Washington Township
- Parks Township
## Schools
There are currently three primary elementary schools (grades K--4), an upper elementary school (grades 5--6), an intermediate school (grades 7--8), and a high school (grades 9--12) within the district.
### Elementary schools (grades K--4) {#elementary_schools_grades_k4}
School Name School Address Principal
---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- ----------------
East Primary (formerly Vandergrift) 420 Franklin Ave. Vandergrift, Pennsylvania. 15690 Dan Smith
North Primary (formerly Allegheny-Hyde Park) 1048 School Rd. Leechburg, Pennsylvania. 15656 Christine Ross
South Primary (formerly Mamont) 230 Mamont Dr. Export, Pennsylvania. 15632 Brian Kutchak
### Upper Elementary (grades 5--6) {#upper_elementary_grades_56}
School Name School Address Principal Assistant Principal
--------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------ ---------------------
Kiski Area Upper Elementary (Formally North Washington) 4350 Rte. 66 Apollo, Pennsylvania. 15613 Kellie-Ann Maute Maggie Nicholas
### Intermediate school (grades 7--8) {#intermediate_school_grades_78}
School Name School Address Principal Assistant Principal
-------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------
Kiski Area Intermediate School 240 Hyde Park Rd Leechburg, Pennsylvania. 15656 Michael Cardamone John Cortazzo
### High school (grades 9--12) {#high_school_grades_912}
School Name School Address Principal Assistant Principal
------------------------ -------------------------------------------------- ------------ -----------------------------
Kiski Area High School 240 Hyde Park Rd. Leechburg, Pennsylvania. 15656 Matt Smith Braden Hoffer Alicia Szarek
## Budgeting
Kiski Area School District\'s final 2024-2025 budget is \$68,773,080
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# Karise
**Karise** is the main town of Karise Parish in Faxe Municipality, Region Sjælland (\"Zealand Region\") in the southeast of Denmark. Karise town has a population of 2,443 (1 January 2025) (Karise Parish: 2,906 (2025))
Karise is mentioned in 1261, when Peder Olufsen, a local Lord, in his will donated 12 marks to the consecration of Karise Church.
Until the municipal reform of 1972, Karise was part of its own Karise Municipality.
## Karise Church {#karise_church}
The church is built as a fortified church which served as a place of refuge during wendish incursions in the 13th century. At that time the stream on the east side of the church was a navigable fjord, rendering the surrounding villages an easy target for the wendish pirates. The architecture of the church displays both romanesque and gothic style features. The windows in the apse are romanesque round arches while the windows in the nave are gothic pointed arches.
The double function of the church as both of a fortress and a church can be seen in the unusual design of having two church towers. One of the towers has later been lowered to give the church a more classic Danish church look. The larger tower also still have archer holes.
The yellow and grey memorial chapel on the southern side of the church was built in 1766-1769 by Count A. G. Moltke and designed by C. F. Harsdorff. The neo-classical style of the chapel contrasts the medieval brickwork of the church.
## The Town {#the_town}
The original village was situated northwest of the church. A large part of the village was consumed in a great fire in 1804 and never rebuilt since the village was undergoing enclosure. Modern day Karise is centered on the railway station which was built in 1879. The railway connects Karise with neighbouring towns Faxe and Hårlev as well as Køge and Copenhagen.
## Karise in fiction {#karise_in_fiction}
According to the legend of Mrs. Marthe, her estate Karisegård was destroyed by wendish pirates. Mrs. Marthe fled to a small chamber above the apse of Karise Church and remained there until her property was reconstructed.
Poet and novelist B. S. Ingemann mentions the fictive person *Karl of Riise* in his historic novel *Valdemar the Victorius* (Danish: *Valdemar Seier*). *Karl of Riise* was a squire of archbishop Anders Sunesen during the Northern Crusades against the Estonians. In the Battle of Lindanise in 1219, *Karl af Rise* is mentioned as being the person who caught the Danish flag, Dannebrog, when it fell from the sky.
Karise is mentioned in a few folk songs. Most famous are \"Lille fregnede Louise (fra Karise)\" and \"Slikkehans\". Karise is also mentioned in the comedy song \"Syd for Køge\" by Monrad & Rislund.
The title of the Danish national play Elves\' Hill (Danish: *Elverhøj*) refers to a small mound situated 2.5 kilometers northeast of Karise
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# Leonardo, the Terrible Monster
***Leonardo, the Terrible Monster**\'\' (known on the front cover as***Your Pal Mo Willems Presents: Leonardo, the Terrible Monster**\'\') is a children\'s picture book written and illustrated by Mo Willems. An ALA Notable Book, it was released in 2005 by Hyperion Books. In 2007, Weston Woods adapted the book to an animated film, directed by Pete List.
## Plot
Leonardo is truly a terrible monster - terrible at being a monster, that is. No matter how hard he tries, he can\'t seem to frighten anyone. Determined to succeed, Leonardo sets himself to training and research. Finally, he finds a nervous little boy, and scares the tuna salad out of him! But scaring people isn\'t quite as satisfying as he thought it would be. Leonardo realizes that he might be a terrible, awful monster-but he could be a really good friend.
## Reception
*Kirkus Reviews* called it a \"sweetly original morality play about a very unscary monster\", while Publishers Weekly wrote \" Willems\'s (Don\'t Let the Pigeon Drive the Bus! ) finale feels apt but syrupy; Leonardo\'s decision to be nice seems homiletic. Yet this is an appealing book, sketched in dark brown against grayish pastel backdrops, with evergreen lettering and highlighted keywords.\"
It is listed in the 2009 literary reference book *1001 Children\'s Books You Must Read Before You Grow Up*.
## Sequel
In 2017, the sequel, *Sam, the Most Scaredy-Cat Kid in the Whole World*, was released
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# Mark Hewitson
Captain **Mark Hewitson** (15 December 1897 -- 27 February 1973) was a British trade union official and Labour Party politician. He was chosen at the last minute to stand for Parliament, and eventually served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for nineteen years. He was described as a member of the \'old school\' of trade union leaders, and proud of it.
## First World War {#first_world_war}
Hewitson was born in Consett, County Durham where he went to the local council school. He was a convinced socialist and joined the Labour Party in 1914. Later that year, he joined the Northumberland Fusiliers, and went to fight in the First World War. From 1916 he was in the West Yorkshire Regiment until his discharge in 1920.
## Trade Union activities {#trade_union_activities}
In 1927 Hewitson became a trade union official with the General and Municipal Workers\' Union in the north-east of England. He was based in Newcastle upon Tyne, and was an area organiser. He was elected to Durham County Council in 1930. From 1937, Hewitson was President of the International Trade Secretariat for the Public and Civil Service, a post which involved many visits to continental Europe where he became well known. Hewitson served on the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party in 1939--40.
## Second World War {#second_world_war}
After the outbreak of the Second World War, Hewitson was one of the first national trade union leaders to leave some of his posts and volunteer to serve in the armed forces. He was commissioned into the Auxiliary Military Pioneer Corps in 1940, but resigned his commission due to ill health in 1941, by which time he was a Captain. Subsequently, he became chief industrial officer for his union, and was involved in preventing unlawful strikes: in October 1944 he protested against a dockers\' strike in Newcastle, saying that the dockers were now out of hand and the union was no longer responsible for their actions. He was elected to a five-year term as President of the International Federation of General Factory Workers in 1945.
## Member of Parliament {#member_of_parliament}
During the 1945 general election campaign on 29 June 1945, the sitting Labour MP for Kingston upon Hull Central Walter Windsor died. Polling was postponed to allow the party time to choose its replacement, and on 5 July Hewitson was chosen. In the last result of the election, he easily held the seat. Later, questions were raised about his election due to his membership of trade boards appointed by the Minister of Labour; however, the Select Committee on Elections reported that they were not offices \"of profit\" and so did not invalidate his election.
Hewitson was again elected to the Labour Party National Executive Committee from 1947 to 1953, nominated in the section for trade unions. He remained involved in his union and spoke to the Trade Union Congress in 1949 calling for the TUC to withdraw from the World Federation of Trade Unions, which was communist-dominated. At the 1950 general election, Hewitson defeated his Conservative opponent R.D. Wilberforce, a descendant of William Wilberforce who had been Member of Parliament for Hull when he began his famous campaign against slavery.
## Anti-Bevanism {#anti_bevanism}
During the Bevanite campaign of the early 1950s, Hewitson supported the leadership. He made a speech in his constituency in August 1952 insisting that differences of opinion within the Labour Party \"did not require the existence of private and conspiratorial groups\". In 1953 he was replaced as GMWU candidate for the National Executive Committee, and ran instead in the constituency parties section, but came bottom of the poll. In 1954, Hewitson \"talked out\" a Private Member\'s Bill introduced by Frederick Mulley which called for publication of football pools promoters\' accounts.
After boundary changes, Hewitson was returned for Kingston upon Hull West. Representing many fishermen, he moved a motion in Parliament to stop a proposed doubling in the levy for the White Fish Authority in September 1956.
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# Mark Hewitson
## Retirement
In April 1960 Hewitson announced that he would not fight the next election, on medical advice. He was involved in a scandal in March 1964 when a girl from South Shields who was working as a club hostess in London claimed that Hewitson, who was a club regular, had given her money and made advances on her after inviting her to his flat. She had pleaded guilty to theft of cheque books from his flat.
Hewitson left Parliament, and retired as National Industrial Officer for the General and Municipal Workers\' Union, in October 1964
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# Triumph Rocket 3
}}
The **Triumph Rocket 3** is a motorcycle by manufacturer Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. Like its predecessor, the Rocket III, it is characterized by an engine that, at 2458 cc, is much larger than any other production motorcycle and consequently has much higher torque. The Rocket 3 is made in three different guises, the sports-oriented R, the touring-oriented GT and the limited-edition TFC
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# European Transport Safety Council
The **European Transport Safety Council** (**ETSC**) is a non-profit organisation that works to reduce the number of deaths and injuries in traffic collisions that occur in Europe. It publishes an annual *Road Safety Performance Index Report*, measuring progress in reducing road deaths in Europe.
One of the ETSC\'s main work areas is vehicle safety standards in Europe. The organisation was one of the expert organisations that advocated for updates to the European Union\'s *General Safety Regulation*, which requires, among other technologies, Automated Emergency Braking, Intelligent Speed Assistance and Lane Departure Warning systems to be fitted on all new vehicles sold in Europe from July 2022
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# Burial (Extol album)
***Burial*** is the first album by the Norwegian Christian metal band Extol. It was released on Endtime Productions and then Solid State Records the following year. According to Allmusic, *Burial* was \"a breath of fresh air among a genre that relies on satanic gimmicks\", and marked a renewal in the Christian metal scene. In 2010, *HM* magazine ranked it #13 on the Top 100 Christian metal albums of all-time list.
## Recording
*Burial* was recorded at Børud Lydskredderi, Norway, mastered at The Mastering Room, and released on 22 December 1998. *Burial* was the first release by the Swedish record label Endtime Productions.
Critics and fans usually categorize the album\'s style as either death/black metal or simply metal because it contains elements of several subgenres of heavy metal music. The notable black metal elements on the album include the high-pitched shrieking vocals of Peter Espevoll, some black metal tremolo riffs, such as on \"Innbydelse\", and the slightly raw sound production. However, the album\'s overall atmosphere is not particularly dark or cold; on several songs the soundscape contains happy sounding elements such as the cheerful power metal vocals of the guitarist Ole Børud, creating tensions between the darker elements.
The musical output of *Burial* is a combination of power metal, old school death metal and traditional heavy metal, and the latter style is especially apparent on the main riff of \"Renhetens Elv\". Additionally, the songs contain interludes that include elements of industrial music, such as on the song \"Justified\", jazz and classical music, such as on the song \"Tears of Bitterness\". The guest musician Maria Riddervold played violin on the songs \"Embraced\" and \"Tears of Bitterness\". The musicianship on *Burial* is virtuoisic, taking the style a step towards technical death metal and progressive metal, technically exceptionally precise, and contains experimental, bizarre song structures. One critic wrote that the album\'s style \"varies from extremely aggressive discharges to beautiful guitar harmonies, while the main focus relies on twisted riffs and ferocious directions.\" While most of the tracks are in English, three songs are written in Norwegian; \"Renhetens Elv\" (\"The River of Purity\"), \"Innbydelse\" (\"Invitation\"), and \"Jesus kom til jorden for å dø\" (\"Jesus Came to World to Die\").The last, a hymn-like, doom metal-esque and folkish piece, is a cover of a 1976 song by Arnold Børud, who arranged this version of the song and played the organ.
## Reception
During the time *Burial* was released, Extol was described as Norway\'s second best band by the Norwegian magazine *Scream*. The album was considered by Mike DaRonco of AllMusic to be a breath of fresh air in the death and black metal genres that had run stale for years. Glenn Harper of The Phantom Tollbooth was critical of the album\'s production quality and some of the poor grammar in the English-language songs, but considered the album \"one of the most refreshingly original Christian metal albums I\'ve ever heard.\" Mike SOS from RoughEdge.com rated the album three-and-a-half out of four, writing that \"if you haven\'t ever heard them I invite you to give them a shot, I think you will be impressed
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# James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby
**James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|PC}}`{=mediawiki} (3 July 1664`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}1 February 1736), styled **The Honourable** until 1702, was a British peer, soldier and politician. He became Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard and served in the Anglo-Dutch Brigade.
## Early life {#early_life}
Derby was the second son of Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby, and Dorothea Helena Kirkhoven, born on 3 July 1664. He was elected to the House of Commons for Clitheroe in 1685, a seat he held until 1689, and then represented Preston from 1689 to 1690 and Lancashire from 1695 to 1702. He held the post of Groom of the Bedchamber to King William III from 1689 to 1702.
## Military career {#military_career}
Having served in the Anglo-Dutch Brigade with William III in Holland and Flanders (1686--88), he was commissioned as a captain and Lieutenant-Colonel in the 1st Foot Guards on 11 April 1689. When his elder brother, the 9th Earl of Derby, as Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire was ordered to call out the Lancashire Militia, Lt-Col James Stanley commanded the brigade (three regiments of foot and three troops of horse) in the subsequent campaign in Ireland in 1690--91.
When the Lancashire Militia returned home to be disembodied at the end of the campaign, and Stanley was ordered to Flanders to join Colonel Hodges\' Regiment as second-in-command, he induced a large number of his militiamen to volunteer to fill vacancies in the regiment. After Col Hodges was killed at the Battle of Steenkerque in 1692, Stanley succeeded to the command, and the regiment became \'Stanleys\' (later the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment). He remained its colonel until 1705. He was promoted to major general in 1704.
## Political career {#political_career}
In 1702, he succeeded his elder brother as 10th Earl of Derby and entered the House of Lords. In 1732, he succeeded his great-niece as sixth Baron Strange. Derby was admitted to the Privy Council in 1706 and appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, a position he retained until 1710, and was later Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard from 1715 to 1723. He also served as Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire during 1702--1710 and 1714--1736.
## Family life {#family_life}
In February 1705 he married Mary Morley, only daughter of Sir William Morley of Halnaker and his second wife Anne Denham, daughter of the celebrated poet Sir John Denham and his first wife Anne Cotton. He died on 1 February 1736, aged 68, without surviving issue (his only son, William, born 31 January 1710, died on 4 March following). The Earl was succeeded in the earldom by his distant relative Edward Stanley, 11th Earl of Derby. The barony of Strange and lordship of the Isle of Man (\'Lord of Mann\') passed on to his first cousin once removed, James Murray, 2nd Duke of Atholl (His grand-mother was Amelia Stanley). Lady Derby died on 29 March 1752
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# Safe Load Indicator
A **Safe Load Indicator** (SLI) or an Automatic Safe Load Indicator (ASLI) is a device which is installed on mobile or portal cranes to alert the operator if the lift is exceeding the safe operating range of the machinery. In some cases, the device will physically lock the machinery in circumstances it determines to be unsafe. SLI systems are usually composed of a microprocessor connected to various sensors on the crane itself. The SLI measures the angle and extension of the boom along with the load weight and compares this with the manufacturer\'s specifications to determine if the lift is safe.
A safe load indicator has the capability of detecting the angle, weight of load lifted, and ground radius of any lifting device. It controls the lifting equipment to the level that it tries to keep the machinery functioning as per the manufacturer\'s suggested safety charts.
The crane is fitted with multiple sensors, for each of the measured parameters, which are then further displayed in the operator\'s cabin for his benefit
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# Kupfermühle
**Kupfermühle** (*Kobbermølle*, both names meaning \"copper mill\") is a village located north of Flensburg in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is located near the Flensburg Fjord just south of the easternmost part of the Danish-German border.
## Overview
Kupfermühle belonged to Bov Parish until the establishment of the present border, when the rest of the parish became Danish following the 1920 Schleswig plebiscites. The village now belongs to the Gemeinde Harrislee.
Kupfermühle was the home of the first factory in Schleswig, which is the reason behind the settlement\'s name. The copper mill was founded by king Christian IV of Denmark and Norway in 1612 and produced finished copper products and later also products in brass. Among its products were pipes and sheet copper for copper roofs but also utensils such as buckets, pots, kettles and candlesticks. The copper production flourished in 1914, when the factory employed more than 200 workers. It went bankrupt in 1962.
Both the 17th century factory buildings and the workers\' residences are preserved. The latter are known in Danish as *nyboder* and show great similarities with Christian\'s contemporary buildings in the Copenhagen district of *Nyboder*. The village is now home to a museum which displays many copper and brass products produced by the mill.
Many of the residents in Kupfermühle belong to the Danish minority of Southern Schleswig. A Danish school, *Kobbermølle Skole*, is located in the neighbouring village, Wassersleben
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# 5th & Missouri station
**5th & Missouri station** is a light rail station on the Red and Blue lines of the St. Louis MetroLink system. This at-grade station is located in the former 5th Street right-of-way between Broadway and Missouri Avenue in downtown East St. Louis, Illinois.
The station also serves as a MetroBus transfer and features 322 park and ride spaces.
In 2023, the area between the bus bays and MetroLink entrance was updated with landscaping and other elements in a "City of Champions" theme, including a large shade structure, seating, a gathering space, and artwork. The fifth \"Transit Stop Transformation\" project to be completed, it was unveiled on July 25, 2023 by Citizens for Modern Transit, AARP in St. Louis, and Metro Transit in partnership with several local agencies.
## Station layout {#station_layout}
The island platform is accessed via a single ramp on its east end that connects to the bus boarding area.
## Bus connections {#bus_connections}
The following MetroBus lines serve 5th & Missouri station:
- 01 Main Street-State Street
- 02 Cahokia Heights
- 03 Sauget-Water Street
- 04 19th & Central
- 05 Missouri Avenue-M.L
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# Quartus de Wet
**Quartus de Wet** (10 March 1899 -- 18 December 1980) was a South African judge who served as Judge President of the Transvaal Provincial Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Born in 1899 in Pretoria, he was the son of Nicolaas Jacobus de Wet, Chief Justice of South Africa and acting Governor-General, and Ella Scheepers (his first wife), who is reputed to have composed the popular Afrikaans song *Sarie Marais* during the Anglo-Boer War. De Wet matriculated at Pretoria Boys\' High School and attended the Transvaal University College and University of Cape Town, where he graduated with BA and LLB degrees.
## Career
In 1922, De Wet was admitted as an advocate (the South African equivalent of a barrister) to the bar of Pretoria and after twenty three years in practice, in 1945, he took silk. He became a judge of the Transvaal Provincial Division in 1950, and he became the Judge President in 1961.
He is famous for presiding over the 1963 Rivonia Trial of Nelson Mandela and other anti-apartheid activists. During the Rivonia Trial, de Wet sentenced Mandela and other anti-apartheid activists to life imprisonment, instead of a possible death sentence, for sabotage as a result of the trial, and he noted as he passed sentence:
De Wet retired in 1969 and died in 1980; he did not live to see Mandela's release in 1990
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# Mahmoud Kabil
**Mahmoud Kabil** (*محمود قابيل*, born May 19, 1946) is an Egyptian actor and political activist. He is also the UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador for the Middle East and North Africa. Kabil served as an officer in the Military of Egypt\'s Special Forces before becoming a promising actor in Egyptian cinema during the 1970s. Blacklisted in 1980, Kabil moved to the United States and took a 14-year hiatus from acting. He made a successful comeback upon his return to Egypt in 1993, and has since starred in more than 50 films and TV series on his way to becoming one of Egypt\'s most popular actors. After years of involvement with the United Nations, Kabil was named a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in November 2003.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Mahmoud Kabil was born in Cairo, Egypt. His father, Dr. Ibrahim Kabil, was head of the internal revenue service in Alexandria and the Western provinces as well as the Minister of Finance in the shadow government of the Saadi opposition party before the 1952 coup. At his death in 1959, Mahmoud was 12. Kabil was educated at the Lycee Francais of Alexandria before joining the Military of Egypt in 1964 at the age of 18. Serving until 1973 as an officer and captain in the Special Forces, Kabil participated in the Yemen War, the Six-Day War, and the War of Attrition.
Prior to his decision to enlist, Kabil was approached by director Youssef Chahine about starring in one of his films. Though Kabil declined the offer at the time, he would later renew ties with Chahine after his service in the military. Chahine, credited with launching the career of Omar Sharif, took Kabil under his wing and established him as a promising young actor in Egyptian cinema during the 1970s. Some of Kabil\'s more notable films during this period include Chahine\'s *The Sparrow*, *Love Under the Rain* (based on the Naguib Mahfouz novel), and *The Damned* (an adaptation of *King Lear*).
Kabil spent the last years of the 1970s attempting to have a short story he penned, *Sinai 73*, turned into a full-length film. Based on his experience of capturing Israeli pilot Yair Barak in the Six-Day War in 1967, the film was ideally to be a joint American-Israeli-Egyptian production that would highlight the possibility of peace between Egypt and Israel. By 1979, Dustin Hoffman had signed on to play the role of Kabil\'s prisoner for \$3.5 million, but the project ultimately never advanced past the preliminary stages due to Sadat\'s assassination. United Studios of Israel approached Kabil to produce the film independent of Egyptian involvement, but he declined. After a visit to Israel in March 1980, Kabil was subsequently blacklisted by the League of Arab States and threatened by radical terrorist groups such as the Abu Nidal Organization. Unable to find work as an actor, Kabil left to the United States in 1981.
Kabil returned to Egypt in 1993 to attempt an acting comeback. He found initial success with audiences and critics alike with the films *Penalty* (1994) and *Cheap Meat* (1995). Since then, Kabil has starred in more than 50 films and TV series on his way to becoming one of Egypt\'s most popular actors. The bulk of his notoriety lies in television series, particularly those aired during the Ramadan season. He is most remembered for his roles in *Ladies of Garden City (Hawânim Gârden Citî)* (1998), *Where is My Heart? (Ayna Qalbî)* (2003), and *Amar 14* (2008).
### Involvement with UNICEF {#involvement_with_unicef}
After years of involvement with the United Nations, Kabil was named the UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador for the Middle East and North Africa in November 2003. He has spoken publicly about several important issues concerning children in the Middle Eastern region, including the plight of the children in Gaza, Darfur, and Yemen, Female Immunization, Female Genital Mutilation, HIV/AIDS, and the education of young girls. He has also been an outspoken critic of the Darfur genocide. Following a visit to the region, Kabil appealed to the Arab countries to play a more active role in offering support to UNICEF activities designed to help the women and children who have carried the brunt of the conflict.
In the aftermath of the Gaza Crisis, Kabil in February 2009 paid a visit to the El-Arish Hospital near the Gaza border crossing in Rafah. He met with injured Palestinian children and pledged UNICEF support to the development of an effective and speedy relief effort. He concluded 2009 with a trip to Yemen and a joint visit to Gaza with fellow UNICEF Ambassador Mia Farrow.
Kabil currently resides in San Antonio, Texas, USA
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# Sandy Hackett
**Sandy Zade Hackett** (born June 18, 1956) is an American actor, comedian, and producer. He is the son of Buddy Hackett. He is best known for playing Joey Bishop in the live production musical, *Sandy Hackett\'s Rat Pack Show*.
Hackett is married to Lisa Dawn Miller and is the stepfather of Oliver Richman and father of Ashleigh Hackett. He was the son-in-law of songwriter Ron Miller.
## Filmography
- *The Fall Guy* (1983, TV Series) \.... Richard, Carrie\'s Boyfriend
- *Happy* (1983, TV Movie) \.... Warm-up entertainer
- *Hot Dog...The Movie* (1984) \.... T-shirt Contest M.C.
- *Cannonball Run II* (1984) \.... Official
- *Stitches* (1985) \.... Student #3
- *Hamburger: The Motion Picture* (1986) \.... Fred Domino
- *Joan Rivers and Friends Salute Heidi Abromowitz* (1988, TV Special) \.... Himself
- *Ex-Cop* (1993) \.... Ronny Witherspoon
- *Deadly Games* (1996, TV Series) \.... Mr. Spencer
- *The Nanny* (1996--1998, TV Series) \.... Rabbi Margulies / Rabbi
- *Lovers and Liars* (1998) \.... Frank
- *Jack of Hearts* (2000) \.... Benny
- *The S.I.N.* (2001, Video) \.... Bud Chelzer
- *Las Vegas* (2003, TV Series) \.... Surveillance #1
- *Down and Derby* (2005) \.... Larry Savage
- *The Indie Pendant* (2005) \.... Roy Patterson
- *Hold It Like a Baby* (2007) \.... Fernando
- *The Portal* (2010) \.... Dr
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# Maggie Nicols
**Maggie Nicols** (or **Nichols**, as she originally spelled her name as a performer) (born 24 February 1948), is a Scottish free-jazz and improvising vocalist, dancer, and performer.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Nicols was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, as **Margaret Nicolson**. Her father was from the Isle of Skye, and her mother was half-French, half-Berber, from North Africa. In her mid-teens she left school and started to work as a dancer at the Windmill Theatre. Her first singing engagement was in a strip club in Manchester in 1965. At about that time she became obsessed with jazz, and sang with bebop pianist Dennis Rose. From then on she sang in pubs, clubs, hotels, and in dance bands with some of the finest jazz musicians around. In the midst of all this she worked abroad for a year as a dancer (including a six-month stint at the Moulin Rouge in Paris).
In 1968, she went to London and joined (as **Maggie Nichols**) an early improvisational group, the Spontaneous Music Ensemble, with John Stevens, Trevor Watts, and Johnny Dyani, and the group performed that year at Berlin\'s then new avant-garde festival, Total Music Meeting. In the early 1970s she began running voice workshops at the Oval House Theatre, using free improvisational techniques that Stevens had introduced her to. She both acted in some of the productions and rehearsed regularly with a local rock band. Shortly afterwards she became part of Keith Tippett\'s fifty-piece British jazz/progressive rock big band Centipede, which included Julie Tippetts, Phil Minton, Robert Wyatt, Dudu Pukwana, and Alan Skidmore. She formed her own group Okuren, and later joined Tippetts, Minton, and Brian Eley to form the vocal group Voice. Around the same time she began collaborating with the Scottish percussionist Ken Hyder (who had recently moved to London) and his band Talisker. In 1978 Nicols recorded an album with the vocalist Julie Tippetts called *Sweet and S\'Ours* on the FMP label.
By the late 1970s, Nicols had become an active feminist, and co-founded the Feminist Improvising Group, which performed across Europe, with Lindsay Cooper. She also organised *Contradictions*, a women\'s workshop performance group that began in 1980 and dealt with improvisation and other modes of performance in a variety of media including music and dance. Over the years, Nicols has collaborated with other women\'s groups, such as the *Changing Women Theatre Group*, and wrote music for a prime-time television series, *Women in Sport*. She also composed the music for a production by Common Stock Youth Theatre of Brecht\'s *The Caucasian Chalk Circle*.
## Later career {#later_career}
Nicols has also collaborated regularly over the years with Swiss pianist Irene Schweizer and French bassist Joelle Leandre, including tours and three recordings as the trio \"Les Diaboliques\". In 1991 she began a weekly free improvisational meeting in London, which became known as The Gathering, a taste of which was captured on the album *The Gathering: For John Stevens*. In 2015, Maggie Nicols performed at the Long Arms Festival in Moscow and at the Marina and Anastasia Tsvetaeva Literary and Art Museum in the city of Alexandrov. In 2020, she released her debut solo album entitled *Creative Contradiction: Poetry, Story, Song & Sound* on Cafe Oto\'s Takuroku label
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# Rabbit Mountain
**Rabbit Mountain** is an eroded volcanic outcrop in the Wrangell Volcanic Field, Yukon Territory, Canada, located 30 km southwest of Koidern and 4 km northwest of Canyon Mountain. It is east of the Yukon-Alaska boundary and can be accessed by old mining roads that reach Rabbit Creek. Rabbit Mountain formed as a result of melting of the crust, due to subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the North American Plate and last erupted during the Pliocene. Like most volcanoes in the Yukon, Rabbit Mountain is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, that includes over 160 active volcanoes
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# Phil Hardy (journalist)
**Philippe George** \"**Phil**\" **\'Hardy** (7 April 1945 -- 8 April 2014) was an English film and music industry journalist.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Hardy was born in Scarborough, Yorkshire in 1945 and studied at the University of Sussex, 1964--1969. He was a visiting student at the University of California, Berkeley (1966--1967). At Sussex he was a member of the committee of students, including Mike Robinson and Gary Herman, who ran the University of Sussex Film Society in 1968--1969, during which time the Society launched *The Brighton Film Review*.
He worked as a freelance music and screenwriter, writing for *Time Out*, *Variety* and other publications while at the same time acting as a consultant on music business issues for bodies such as the Greater London Enterprise Board and the World Bank. In 1986 he travelled to Eritrea, Ethiopia and Sudan to research and write the documentary film, *Food Trucks & Rock \'n\' Roll* about how the money raised by Band Aid was spent in Africa. He was the founding editor of *Music and Copyright*, a biweekly newsletter offering news and analysis on the international music industry. The newsletter was bought by the Informa Media Group and in 2008 Hardy left to publish and edit the online newsletter www.theviewfromtheboundary.com Hardy spoke and contributed on copyright issues at many music business conferences.
He wrote or edited several books on music and film, including *Samuel Fuller* (1970), and *The British Film Institute Companion to Crime* (1997). He was the chief editor and contributing writer of *The Aurum Film Encyclopedia* series that included *The Western* (vol. 1, 1983) which won the BFI Book Award in 1984, *Science Fiction* (vol. 2, 1984), *Horror* (vol. 3, 1984), and *The Gangster Film* (vol. 4, 1998). With Dave Laing, he edited *The Encyclopedia of Rock* (1975), and *The Faber Companion to 20th Century Popular Music* (1990). In 2012 he self-published *Dire Straits*, an account of the 12 major music markets in 2010-2011, as a Kindle book. His account of the last 20 or so years of the record industry, *Download!: How Digital Destroyed the Record Industry*, was published in early 2013 by Omnibus Press. A book about music publishing and copyright administration since 2000, *Nickels & Dimes*, was scheduled to be published in May 2014. At the time of his death he was working on a history of the Universal Music Group, *Building the World's Largest Record Company*. With Dave Laing, he co-owned a major photo library of promotional photos of pop and rock stars.
Hardy died unexpectedly in Norfolk in 2014, aged 69
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# Chet Curtis
**Chet Curtis** (born **Chester Kukiewicz**; April 15, 1939 -- January 22, 2014) was an American newscaster who co-anchored with his then-wife, newscaster Natalie Jacobson. He was born in Amsterdam, New York and raised in Schenectady, New York.
Curtis was a primetime anchor at NECN, where he anchored *The Chet Curtis Report,* a nightly news and interview program, and co-anchored *New England Business Day*. Before joining NECN in the spring of 2001, Curtis had been an anchor and reporter with WCVB-TV since its launch in 1972. For the majority of his time at WCVB, Curtis, with Jacobson, co-anchored the station\'s principal weekday newscasts, and was the original host of the station\'s award-winning *Chronicle* program. He began his career in Boston at the former WHDH-TV Channel 5, before that station lost its license, and ownership was handed over to Boston Broadcasters, Inc., who re-launched Channel 5 as today\'s WCVB. Before coming to New England, Curtis worked as an anchor and reporter at CBS television\'s flagship station WCBS-TV in New York City, and prior to that at WTOP-TV (now WUSA-TV), the CBS affiliate in Washington, D.C., also as an anchor and reporter.
## Personal life/death {#personal_lifedeath}
Curtis fathered three daughters, and lived in Quincy, Massachusetts. In late 2012, he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. On September 12, 2013, a frail Curtis was inducted into the Massachusetts Broadcasters Hall of Fame. He died on January 22, 2014, of pancreatic cancer, at age 74. He is buried in St. Stanislaus Cemetery, Amsterdam, NY
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# Gripin (album)
***Gripin*** is the self-titled second studio album of Turkish rock band Gripin, released on 26 February 2007 by Sony Music/GRGDN.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. Böyle Kahpedir Dünya
2. Sana Ne Bundan
3. Sensiz İstanbul\'a Düşmanım (guest vocal: Emre Aydın)
4. Olduğu Kadar
5. Sustukların Büyür İçinde
6. Zor Geliyor (guest vocal: Pamela Spence)
7. Hiç Gelme Gideceksen
8. Baba Mesleği (guest vocal: Ferman Akgül)
9. Zamana Bırakma Bizi
10. Dört
## Album credits {#album_credits}
- Producer: Haluk Kurosman
- Supervising producers: Hadi Elazzi, Selim Serezli
- Edit: Haluk Kurosman, Arda İnceoğlu
- Mixing assistant: Arda İnceoğlu
- Mastering: Çağlar Türkmen
- Photo: Fatih Uysal
- Design: Volkan Lale
### Musicians
- Kempa yaylı grubu (*Böyle Kahpedir Dünya, Olduğu Kadar, Sensiz İstanbul\'a Düşmanım*)
## Writing credits {#writing_credits}
- Böyle Kahpedir Dünya
- Lyrics: S. Birol Namoğlu, Haluk Kurosman
- Music: S. Birol Namoğlu, Murat Başdoğan
- Sana Ne Bundan
- Lyrics: S. Birol Namoğlu, Haluk Kurosman
- Music: S. Birol Namoğlu, Murat Başdoğan, Haluk Kurosman
- Sensiz İstanbul\'a Düşmanım (guest vocal: Emre Aydın)
- Lyrics: S. Birol Namoğlu, Emre Aydın, Haluk Kurosman
- Music: S. Birol Namoğlu, Emre Aydın, Murat Başdoğan
- Olduğu Kadar
- Lyrics: S. Birol Namoğlu, Haluk Kurosman
- Music: S. Birol Namoğlu, Murat Başdoğan
- Sustukların Büyür İçinde
- Lyrics: Evren Gülçığ, S. Birol Namoğlu, Haluk Kurosman
- Music: Arda İnceoğlu, Evren Gülçığ, S. Birol Namoğlu, Haluk Kurosman
- Zor Geliyor (guest vocal: Pamela Spence)
- Music & Lyrics: Evren Gülçığ, S. Birol Namoğlu
- Hiç Gelme Gideceksen
- Lyrics: S. Birol Namoğlu, Haluk Kurosman, Murat Başdoğan
- Music: S. Birol Namoğlu, Murat Başdoğan
- Baba Mesleği (guest vocal: Ferman Akgül)
- Music & Lyrics: S. Birol Namoğlu, Murat Başdoğan, Haluk Kurosman
- Zamana Bırakma Bizi
- Lyrics: S. Birol Namoğlu, Evren Gülçığ
- Music: S. Birol Namoğlu, Arda İnceoğlu
- Dört
- Music & Lyrics: Evren Gülçığ, S
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# Cyamodontidae
**Cyamodontidae** is an extinct family of superficially turtle-like placodonts belonging to the superfamily Cyamodontoidea. Fossils have been found in Germany and Italy. It is named after *Cyamodus*, the namesake of the family.
Meyer (1863) originally created the family solely for *Cyamodus*. However, the naming of *Protenodontosaurus* in 1990 by Pinna regrouped the two genera under one family
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# KRVR
**KRVR** (105.5 MHz) is a commercial FM radio station licensed to Copperopolis, California, and serving the Modesto and Stockton radio markets. Its studios and offices are on North Emerald Avenue in Modesto. The transmitter is on Route 4 between Copperopolis and Telegraph City, on a ridge 1600 feet above the Central Valley.
KRVR airs a classic hits radio format branded as \"The River\". The station\'s name refers to several rivers in the broadcast area: San Joaquin, Sacramento, Stanislaus and Tuolumne. KRVR is the Modesto area\'s only locally owned radio station.
## History
KRVR was the first radio station licensed to Calaveras County when it signed on in 1995. Threshold Communications was awarded the license for KRVR in one of the last \"comparative hearings\" at the \[FCC\]. The River aired a Smooth Jazz format in its early years, and it received the \"Smooth Jazz Station of The Year\" award from *Radio & Records* magazine in 2006.
In March 2011, KRVR changed format to Adult Hits, and one year later fine tuned the format to Classic Hits of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, although with a broader playlist than similar stations. The two principals of Threshold Communications each takes a weekend DJ shift, and perform duties as General Manager, Program Director & Music Director of KRVR.
In early 2018, The River began airing a syndicated program entitled \"The Beatles Years,\" which airs Sunday afternoons from 4 to 5 pm. That summer, KRVR started adding a little early 1990s music, but kept playing songs from the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. By the 2020s, a little more 1990s music was added to The River\'s playlist.
## Previous logo {#previous_logo}
(KRVR\'s logo under previous smooth jazz format)
## Callsign history {#callsign_history}
The KRVR call sign was previously used at 106.5 in Davenport, Iowa
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# Based on a True Story (Silkk the Shocker album)
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{{album chart|Billboard200|88|artist=Silkk The Shocker|rowheader=true|access-date=December 27, 2024}}
^
``
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# Protein domain
In molecular biology, a **protein domain** is a region of a protein\'s polypeptide chain that is self-stabilizing and that folds independently from the rest. Each domain forms a compact folded three-dimensional structure. Many proteins consist of several domains, and a domain may appear in a variety of different proteins. Molecular evolution uses domains as building blocks and these may be recombined in different arrangements to create proteins with different functions. In general, domains vary in length from between about 50 amino acids up to 250 amino acids in length. The shortest domains, such as zinc fingers, are stabilized by metal ions or disulfide bridges. Domains often form functional units, such as the calcium-binding EF hand domain of calmodulin. Because they are independently stable, domains can be \"swapped\" by genetic engineering between one protein and another to make chimeric proteins.
## Background
The concept of the **domain** was first proposed in 1973 by Wetlaufer after X-ray crystallographic studies of hen lysozyme and papain and by limited proteolysis studies of immunoglobulins. Wetlaufer defined domains as stable units of protein structure that could fold autonomously. In the past domains have been described as units of:
- compact structure
- function and evolution
- folding.
Each definition is valid and will often overlap, i.e. a compact structural domain that is found amongst diverse proteins is likely to fold independently within its structural environment. Nature often brings several domains together to form multidomain and multifunctional proteins with a vast number of possibilities. In a multidomain protein, each domain may fulfill its own function independently, or in a concerted manner with its neighbours. Domains can either serve as modules for building up large assemblies such as virus particles or muscle fibres, or can provide specific catalytic or binding sites as found in enzymes or regulatory proteins.
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# Protein domain
## Example: Pyruvate kinase {#example_pyruvate_kinase}
An appropriate example is pyruvate kinase (see first figure), a glycolytic enzyme that plays an important role in regulating the flux from fructose-1,6-biphosphate to pyruvate. It contains an all-β nucleotide-binding domain (in blue), an α/β-substrate binding domain (in grey) and an α/β-regulatory domain (in olive green), connected by several polypeptide linkers. Each domain in this protein occurs in diverse sets of protein families.
The central α/β-barrel substrate binding domain is one of the most common enzyme folds. It is seen in many different enzyme families catalysing completely unrelated reactions. The α/β-barrel is commonly called the TIM barrel named after triose phosphate isomerase, which was the first such structure to be solved. It is currently classified into 26 homologous families in the CATH domain database. The TIM barrel is formed from a sequence of β-α-β motifs closed by the first and last strand hydrogen bonding together, forming an eight stranded barrel. There is debate about the evolutionary origin of this domain. One study has suggested that a single ancestral enzyme could have diverged into several families, while another suggests that a stable TIM-barrel structure has evolved through convergent evolution.
The TIM-barrel in pyruvate kinase is \'discontinuous\', meaning that more than one segment of the polypeptide is required to form the domain. This is likely to be the result of the insertion of one domain into another during the protein\'s evolution. It has been shown from known structures that about a quarter of structural domains are discontinuous. The inserted β-barrel regulatory domain is \'continuous\', made up of a single stretch of polypeptide.
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# Protein domain
## Units of protein structure {#units_of_protein_structure}
The primary structure (string of amino acids) of a protein ultimately encodes its uniquely folded three-dimensional (3D) conformation. The most important factor governing the folding of a protein into 3D structure is the distribution of polar and non-polar side chains. Folding is driven by the burial of hydrophobic side chains into the interior of the molecule so to avoid contact with the aqueous environment. Generally proteins have a core of hydrophobic residues surrounded by a shell of hydrophilic residues. Since the peptide bonds themselves are polar they are neutralised by hydrogen bonding with each other when in the hydrophobic environment. This gives rise to regions of the polypeptide that form regular 3D structural patterns called secondary structure. There are two main types of secondary structure: α-helices and β-sheets.
Some simple combinations of secondary structure elements have been found to frequently occur in protein structure and are referred to as supersecondary structure or motifs. For example, the β-hairpin motif consists of two adjacent antiparallel β-strands joined by a small loop. It is present in most antiparallel β structures both as an isolated ribbon and as part of more complex β-sheets. Another common super-secondary structure is the β-α-β motif, which is frequently used to connect two parallel β-strands. The central α-helix connects the C-termini of the first strand to the N-termini of the second strand, packing its side chains against the β-sheet and therefore shielding the hydrophobic residues of the β-strands from the surface.
Covalent association of two domains represents a functional and structural advantage since there is an increase in stability when compared with the same structures non-covalently associated. Other, advantages are the protection of intermediates within inter-domain enzymatic clefts that may otherwise be unstable in aqueous environments, and a fixed stoichiometric ratio of the enzymatic activity necessary for a sequential set of reactions.
Structural alignment is an important tool for determining domains.
### Tertiary structure {#tertiary_structure}
Several motifs pack together to form compact, local, semi-independent units called domains. The overall 3D structure of the polypeptide chain is referred to as the protein\'s tertiary structure. Domains are the fundamental units of tertiary structure, each domain containing an individual hydrophobic core built from secondary structural units connected by loop regions. The packing of the polypeptide is usually much tighter in the interior than the exterior of the domain producing a solid-like core and a fluid-like surface. Core residues are often conserved in a protein family, whereas the residues in loops are less conserved, unless they are involved in the protein\'s function. Protein tertiary structure can be divided into four main classes based on the secondary structural content of the domain.
- All-α domains have a domain core built exclusively from α-helices. This class is dominated by small folds, many of which form a simple bundle with helices running up and down.
- All-β domains have a core composed of antiparallel β-sheets, usually two sheets packed against each other. Various patterns can be identified in the arrangement of the strands, often giving rise to the identification of recurring motifs, for example the Greek key motif.
- α+β domains are a mixture of all-α and all-β motifs. Classification of proteins into this class is difficult because of overlaps to the other three classes and therefore is not used in the CATH domain database.
- α/β domains are made from a combination of β-α-β motifs that predominantly form a parallel β-sheet surrounded by amphipathic α-helices. The secondary structures are arranged in layers or barrels.
### Limits on size {#limits_on_size}
Domains have limits on size. The size of individual structural domains varies from 36 residues in E-selectin to 692 residues in lipoxygenase-1, but the majority, 90%, have fewer than 200 residues with an average of approximately 100 residues. Very short domains, less than 40 residues, are often stabilised by metal ions or disulfide bonds. Larger domains, greater than 300 residues, are likely to consist of multiple hydrophobic cores.
### Quaternary structure {#quaternary_structure}
Many proteins have a quaternary structure, which consists of several polypeptide chains that associate into an oligomeric molecule. Each polypeptide chain in such a protein is called a subunit. Hemoglobin, for example, consists of two α and two β subunits. Each of the four chains has an all-α globin fold with a heme pocket.
#### Domain swapping {#domain_swapping}
Domain swapping is a mechanism for forming oligomeric assemblies. In domain swapping, a secondary or tertiary element of a monomeric protein is replaced by the same element of another protein. Domain swapping can range from secondary structure elements to whole structural domains. It also represents a model of evolution for functional adaptation by oligomerisation, e.g. oligomeric enzymes that have their active site at subunit interfaces.
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# Protein domain
## Domains as evolutionary modules {#domains_as_evolutionary_modules}
*Nature is a tinkerer and not an inventor*, new sequences are adapted from pre-existing sequences rather than invented. Domains are the common material used by nature to generate new sequences; they can be thought of as genetically mobile units, referred to as \'modules\'. Often, the C and N termini of domains are close together in space, allowing them to easily be \"slotted into\" parent structures during the process of evolution. Many domain families are found in all three forms of life, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. Protein modules are a subset of protein domains which are found across a range of different proteins with a particularly versatile structure. Examples can be found among extracellular proteins associated with clotting, fibrinolysis, complement, the extracellular matrix, cell surface adhesion molecules and cytokine receptors. Four concrete examples of widespread protein modules are the following domains: SH2, immunoglobulin, fibronectin type 3 and the kringle.
Molecular evolution gives rise to families of related proteins with similar sequence and structure. However, sequence similarities can be extremely low between proteins that share the same structure. Protein structures may be similar because proteins have diverged from a common ancestor. Alternatively, some folds may be more favored than others as they represent stable arrangements of secondary structures and some proteins may converge towards these folds over the course of evolution. There are currently about 110,000 experimentally determined protein 3D structures deposited within the Protein Data Bank (PDB). However, this set contains many identical or very similar structures. All proteins should be classified to structural families to understand their evolutionary relationships. Structural comparisons are best achieved at the domain level. For this reason many algorithms have been developed to automatically assign domains in proteins with known 3D structure (see `{{slink||Domain definition from structural co-ordinates}}`{=mediawiki}).
The CATH domain database classifies domains into approximately 800 fold families; ten of these folds are highly populated and are referred to as \'super-folds\'. Super-folds are defined as folds for which there are at least three structures without significant sequence similarity. The most populated is the α/β-barrel super-fold, as described previously.
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# Protein domain
## Multidomain proteins {#multidomain_proteins}
The majority of proteins, two-thirds in unicellular organisms and more than 80% in metazoa, are multidomain proteins. However, other studies concluded that 40% of prokaryotic proteins consist of multiple domains while eukaryotes have approximately 65% multi-domain proteins.
Many domains in eukaryotic multidomain proteins can be found as independent proteins in prokaryotes, suggesting that domains in multidomain proteins have once existed as independent proteins. For example, vertebrates have a multi-enzyme polypeptide containing the GAR synthetase, AIR synthetase and GAR transformylase domains (GARs-AIRs-GARt; GAR: glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase/transferase; AIR: aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase). In insects, the polypeptide appears as GARs-(AIRs)2-GARt, in yeast GARs-AIRs is encoded separately from GARt, and in bacteria each domain is encoded separately.
### Origin
Multidomain proteins are likely to have emerged from selective pressure during evolution to create new functions. Various proteins have diverged from common ancestors by different combinations and associations of domains. Modular units frequently move about, within and between biological systems through mechanisms of genetic shuffling:
- transposition of mobile elements including horizontal transfers (between species);
- gross rearrangements such as inversions, translocations, deletions and duplications;
- homologous recombination;
- slippage of DNA polymerase during replication.
### Types of organization {#types_of_organization}
thumb\|right\|upright=1.5\|Insertions of similar PH domain modules (maroon) into two different proteins. The simplest multidomain organization seen in proteins is that of a single domain repeated in tandem. The domains may interact with each other (domain-domain interaction) or remain isolated, like beads on string. The giant 30,000 residue muscle protein titin comprises about 120 fibronectin-III-type and Ig-type domains. In the serine proteases, a gene duplication event has led to the formation of a two β-barrel domain enzyme. The repeats have diverged so widely that there is no obvious sequence similarity between them. The active site is located at a cleft between the two β-barrel domains, in which functionally important residues are contributed from each domain. Genetically engineered mutants of the chymotrypsin serine protease were shown to have some proteinase activity even though their active site residues were abolished and it has therefore been postulated that the duplication event enhanced the enzyme\'s activity.
Modules frequently display different connectivity relationships, as illustrated by the kinesins and ABC transporters. The kinesin motor domain can be at either end of a polypeptide chain that includes a coiled-coil region and a cargo domain. ABC transporters are built with up to four domains consisting of two unrelated modules, ATP-binding cassette and an integral membrane module, arranged in various combinations.
Not only do domains recombine, but there are many examples of a domain having been inserted into another. Sequence or structural similarities to other domains demonstrate that homologues of inserted and parent domains can exist independently. An example is that of the \'fingers\' inserted into the \'palm\' domain within the polymerases of the Pol I family. Since a domain can be inserted into another, there should always be at least one continuous domain in a multidomain protein. This is the main difference between definitions of structural domains and evolutionary/functional domains. An evolutionary domain will be limited to one or two connections between domains, whereas structural domains can have unlimited connections, within a given criterion of the existence of a common core. Several structural domains could be assigned to an evolutionary domain.
A superdomain consists of two or more conserved domains of nominally independent origin, but subsequently inherited as a single structural/functional unit. This combined superdomain can occur in diverse proteins that are not related by gene duplication alone. An example of a superdomain is the protein tyrosine phosphatase--C2 domain pair in PTEN, tensin, auxilin and the membrane protein TPTE2. This superdomain is found in proteins in animals, plants and fungi. A key feature of the PTP-C2 superdomain is amino acid residue conservation in the domain interface.
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