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# Leo Dupont
## Religious focus {#religious_focus}
In July 1837, Dupont, his mother, and daughter visited his maternal uncle at the castle of Chissay-en-Touraine, where while gazing at a picture of Teresa of Ávila, he reportedly experienced a spiritual enlightenment. Dupont joined the recently formed Society of Saint Vincent de Paul, contributing large sums of money to it. Through his involvement with the society, he became involved in teaching night classes to tradesmen.
In 1839, he wrote *Faith Revived and Piety Reanimated Through the Eucharist*. Often while visiting the estate of his uncle, M. de Beauchamp, he would stop by the nearby Solesmes Abbey, where he became a close friend of Dom Prosper Guéranger. After making pilgrimages to a couple of Marian shrines in Normandy, in 1842 he published a guidebook on Marian shrines.
In 1847, he made a pilgrimage to La Salette, then to the Grande Chartreuse, and later met with Jean Vianney. Every year Dupont would send his mother and daughter to the salt-baths at Saint-Servan, and later join them. He also took Henrietta, at her request, to see Mont-Saint-Michel. Henrietta was a student at the Ursuline Convent in Tours. When an epidemic broke out the students were sent home, but Henrietta soon took ill and despite Bretonneau\'s best efforts, died at the age of fifteen. Dupont donated a large part of what would have been his daughter\'s dowry to Jeanne Jugan, whom he had met in Saint-Servan. He invited her to establish a house for the Little Sisters of the Poor in Tours. Thereafter he remained a frequent contributor to the Little Sisters\' charity for the poor and the elderly.
In 1849, he helped establish nightly Eucharistic adoration in Tours, with friends from the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul. His reputation as a Catholic activist and a helper of the poor spread within France and he was in contact with other French Catholics such as Saint Peter Julian Eymard, who was also an active proponent of spreading devotion to the Holy Eucharist. Dupont\'s charitable works and religious stance became so well known in France that he received many letters, often addressed to \"The Holy Man of Tours\" and the postmen knew where to deliver them.
When Dupont came to Tours, the cult of Martin of Tours had almost completely fallen into disuse. Two roads covered the location of St Martin\'s tomb, purposely constructed to obliterate the memory of St. Martin. Martin of Tours was, for Leo Dupont, the model of charity, and he desired to restore devotion to the Bishop of Tours, and begin the process for the eventual rebuilding of his basilica that had been destroyed by the Revolutionaries. Around 1848, following the suggestions of Mr. Dupont, the Cathedral of Tours began to restore the festivities surrounding the Feast of St. Martin on 11 November. He helped rebuild the Basilica of Saint Martin, Tours (which traces back to 472).
Dupont also promoted the use of the Saint Benedict Medal. He was never without several on his person, which he would give to those he might meet. He purchased them by the thousands and distributed them widely.
Dupont\'s mother lived with him most of his life in Tours and she died in 1860.
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# Leo Dupont
## Holy Face devotions {#holy_face_devotions}
Apart from his charitable activities, Dupont is perhaps best known for spreading devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus.
Dupont made frequent donations to the Carmelites in Tours and managed their business affairs. He thus heard of the reported visions of Jesus and Mary by the Carmelite nun Mary of Saint Peter from 1844 to 1847. Mary of Saint Peter was portress of the Carmel. They had in common a devotion to the Infant Jesus; Mary of Saint Peter would give Dupont copies of The Little Gospel which he would then distribute.
Based on this, Dupont started to burn a vigil lamp continuously before a picture of the Holy Face of Jesus based on the painted image on the Veil of Veronica. Dupont used that image because the existence of a clear image on the Shroud of Turin was not known to anyone at that time for the somewhat faded image of the face on the Shroud can not easily be seen with the naked eye and was only observed in May 1898 via the negative plate of Secondo Pia\'s first photograph.
In 1851, Dupont formed the Archconfraternity of the Holy Face in Tours. He prayed for and promoted the case for a devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus for around 30 years. In 1874 Charles-Théodore Colet was appointed Archbishop of Tours. Archbishop Colet examined the documents pertaining to the life of Mary of Saint Peter and the devotion and in 1876 gave permission for them to be published and the devotion encouraged, shortly before Dupont died. After Dupont\'s death, the archbishop turned his oratory into a chapel, the Oratory of the Holy Face.
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# Leo Dupont
## Death and veneration {#death_and_veneration}
By the end of his life, Dupont had donated most of his fortune to a number of charities, from the Carmelites to various orphanages, Society of Saint Vincent de Paul and the Little Sisters of the Poor.
Leo Dupont died in 1876, aged 79. Upon his death, his house on Rue St. Etienne was purchased by the Archdiocese of Tours and turned into the Oratory of the Holy Face. Archbishop Colet approved of a congregation, called the Priests of the Holy Face, to administer to the chapel. The congregation was canonically erected in 1876 and Father Peter Javier, a friend of Dupont, was appointed as its director.
Father Javier wrote a biography of Dupont and one of Mary of St Peter and the devotion to the Holy Face. These books were widely distributed and started the spread of the devotion. Years later, the books influenced Therese of Lisieux. The devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus was approved by Pope Leo XIII in 1885.
Dupont\'s spiritual writings were approved by theologians on 3 February 1937. The case for his canonization was presented to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints on 21 June 1939, granting him the title of Servant of God. The Holy See later declared him Venerable and he now awaits beatification. His feast day is 1 December.
## Legacy
The devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus that Dupont promoted continued to flourish after his death. In the 1930s, an Italian nun, Sister Maria Pierina, associated the image of the Holy Face of Jesus from the Shroud of Turin with the devotion. Pope Pius XII approved the new image in 1958 and declared the Feast of the Holy Face of Jesus as Shrove Tuesday (the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday) for all Roman Catholics.
1950 saw the foundation of the Benedictine Sisters of Reparation of the Holy Face, whose aim is an \"unceasing effort to stand beside the endless crosses on which the Son of God continues to be crucified\".
Dupont\'s efforts in spreading the devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus are chronicled in the book *The Holy Man of Tours* by Dorothy Scallan
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# Francisco Mayorga
**Francisco Mayorga** (Born April 10, 1949, in León, Nicaragua) is a Nicaraguan economist and writer who specializes in international finance and economic development.
For twenty years he taught managerial economics and corporate finance at INCAE, the leading Latin American graduate business school.
During the 1980s he served for five years in the board of directors of the Central American Bank for Integration (*CABEI*), the largest financial institution of the region. Also during the 1980s, Mayorga worked for the cause of peace in Central America, acting as executive secretary of the International Commission for Central American Recovery and Development (the *Sanford Commission*). Under the presidency of Violeta Chamorro he served as president of the Central Bank of Nicaragua in 1990, where he launched the monetary reform based on the Cordoba Oro that brought to an end the highest hyperinflation in Latin America.
In 1995 he founded Banco del Café de Nicaragua, serving as its president and CEO until the year 2000, when in the midst of a banking crisis it collapsed along with half of the Nicaraguan financial institutions.
An active Christian Democrat and opponent to the government of Arnoldo Alemán, Mayorga was prosecuted on the basis of charges which proved to be false. Mayorga was never convicted but spent two and a half years in jail as a political prisoner. He faced trial twice, assuming his own defense. Mayorga succeeded in winning his acquittal by two successive juries in 2001 and 2003. The Human Rights Commissioner of Nicaragua declared twice the violation of Mayorga\'s rights: one for retardation of justice and one for double jeopardy.
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# Francisco Mayorga
## Professional and academic trajectory {#professional_and_academic_trajectory}
Mayorga holds a doctorate (1986) and two master\'s degrees (1985, 1972) from Yale University.
For twenty years he taught managerial economics and corporate finance at INCAE, the leading Latin American graduate business school.
In 2003 he returned to academic life as dean of the Albertus Magnus International Institute, a small private Central American organization devoted to higher learning and research in economics, finance and international business.
In 2009--2010 Mayorga was the Central American spokesman in the negotiation of the financial instrument of the Association Agreement with the European Union.
He worked at Albertus for eight years, resigning in June 2011 to serve in the board of directors of the Inter American Development Bank (IDB) in Washington. For 10 years he served as the executive director on behalf of the Central American countries in the IDB and IDBInvest boards.
Upon completing his term at the IDB Group, he agreed to serve as rector of the Universidad Privada Boliviana, (UPB) for a period of three years, to launch a transformation process to raise its standards towards a world-class university. He was also elected president of the [Midwest Latin American Studies Association (MALAS)](https://www.malasnet.org/es) of the United States for the period 2022. During that period, he successfully faced the emergence of generative artificial intelligence, leading the adaptation of teaching activity to new technology. Mayorga concluded his rectorship in September 2024.
In 2023, he had taken the lead in the creation of the Latin American Artificial Intelligence Network (RIAL), which in one year managed to bring together more than two hundred specialists from a hundred universities in sixteen Latin American countries, serving as its president until November 2024.
He currently represents Central America as a senior advisor on the World Bank board of directors.
## Literary work {#literary_work}
Mayorga also wrote two novels in prison: *La Puerta de los Mares* (2001) and *El Hijo de la Estrella* (2003), both published in Managua by LEA Grupo Editorial. In subsequent years he occasionally published short stories and poems, returning to the novel in May 2014 with *El Filatelista* (Ediciones Albertus, Managua). In 2016 he published his fourth novel, *Cinco estrellas* (Ediciones Albertus, Managua), dealing with the ascension to power of dictator Anastasio Somoza Garcia. In 2022 he published his fifth novel, *Memorias de Somoza* (Editorial Nuevo Milenio, Bolivia), which narrates the visit of dictator Anastasio Somoza García and his wife Salvadora to the United States, special guests of the president. His most recent novel, *El póker de los coroneles* (Editorial Nuevo Milenio, Bolivia), was published in 2023, completing the trilogy on the government of the Somoza family in Nicaragua and its overthrow.
## Economic writings {#economic_writings}
In 2007 he published *Megacapitales de Nicaragua* (Managua: Ediciones Albertus), a study of the major economic groups in Nicaragua, their business strategies and their implications for economic development. His latest book, *Nicaragua 2010: El Futuro de la Economía* (Ediciones Albertus, 2008), is an analysis of the changing economic structure of Nicaragua as a consequence of the increased demand for biofuels and its impact on agricultural prices. Both books continue to exercise considerable influence in the debate about the Nicaraguan economy
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# CSI-DOS
**CSI-DOS** is an operating system, created in Samara, for the Soviet Elektronika BK-0011M and Elektronika BK-0011 microcomputers. CSI-DOS did not support the earlier BK-0010. CSI-DOS used its own unique file system and only supported a color graphics video mode. The system supported both hard and floppy drives as well as RAM disks in the computer\'s memory. It also included software to work with the AY-3-8910 and AY-3-8912 music co-processors, and the Covox Speech Thing. There are a number of games and demos designed specially for the system.
The system also included a Turbo Vision-like application programming interface (API) allowing simpler design of user applications, and a graphical file manager called *X-Shell*
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# Michael Fishbane
**Michael A. Fishbane** (born 1943) is an American scholar of Judaism and rabbinic literature. Formerly at Brandeis University, he is currently Professor Emeritus of Jewish Studies at the Divinity School, University of Chicago.
Fishbane (Ph.D., Brandeis University) is well known as a Hebrew Bible scholar, especially for his work *Biblical Interpretation in Ancient Israel* and his work on the JPS Tanakh. He has also written on the subjects of Midrash, mysticism, myth and Jewish theology. In 2015, Fishbane published a multileveled comprehensive commentary presenting the full range of Jewish interpretations on the Song of Songs (Jewish Publication Society).
He has received the *Lifetime Achievement in Textual Studies* award from the National Foundation For Jewish Culture
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# 1995 Venetian regional election
The **Venetian regional election of 1995** took place on 23 April 1995.
For the first time the President of the Region was directly elected by the people, although the election was not yet binding and the President-elect could have been replaced during the term.
Giancarlo Galan (Forza Italia) was elected President of the Region over the centre-left candidate Ettore Bentsik (Italian People\'s Party), despite the presence of a third candidate, Alberto Lembo (Northern League).
Among party lists, the joint list formed by Forza Italia and the People\'s Pole (the right wing of the People\'s Party replaced Christian Democracy, which was disbanded in 1994, as the largest political force in the Region. Liga Veneta came second, while the Democratic Party of the Left, heir of the Italian Communist Party, had its best result ever in a regional election.
## Electoral system {#electoral_system}
Regional elections in Veneto were ruled by the \"Tatarella law\" (approved in 1995), which provided for a mixed electoral system: four fifths of the regional councilors were elected in provincial constituencies by proportional representation, using the largest remainder method with a droop quota and open lists, while the residual votes and the unassigned seats were grouped into a \"single regional constituency\", where the whole ratios and the highest remainders were divided with the Hare method among the provincial party lists; one fifth of the council seats instead was reserved for regional lists and assigned with a majoritarian system: the leader of the regional list that scored the highest number of votes was elected to the presidency of the Region while the other candidates were elected regional councilors.
A threshold of 3% had been established for the provincial lists, which, however, could still have entered the regional council if the regional list to which they were connected had scored at least 5% of valid votes.
The *panachage* was also allowed: the voter can indicate a candidate for the presidency but prefer a provincial list connected to another candidate.
## Parties and candidates {#parties_and_candidates}
Political party or alliance Constituent lists
----------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------- -----------------------------------------------
Votes (%) Seats
Centre-left coalition Italian People\'s Party
Democratic Party of the Left
Federation of the Greens
Italian Republican Party -- Labour Federation
Pact of Democrats
Northern League
Centre-right coalition National Alliance
Forza Italia
Christian Democratic Centre
Pannella List
Communist Refoundation Party
New Italy--Venetian Autonomy
## Results
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Candidates
**Total candidates**
Source: [Ministry of the Interior](https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=R&dtel=23/04/1995&tpa=I&tpe=R&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=5&levsut1=1&ne1=5&es0=S&es1=S&ms=S)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: `{{nowrap|23 April 1995 Venetian regional election results}}`{=mediawiki}
## Aftermath
After the election, Giancarlo Galan formed his first government, while Amalia Sartori (Forza Italia) was elected President of the Regional Council
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# Jean-Philippe Rohr
**Jean-Philippe Rohr** (born 23 December 1961) is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
Rohr was a member of the French squad that won the gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California
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# 7th Airlift Squadron
The **7th Airlift Squadron** is part of the 62d Airlift Wing at McChord Air Force Base, Washington. It operates Boeing C-17 Globemaster III aircraft supporting the United States Air Force global reach mission worldwide.
## Mission
Train and equip C-17 aircrews for global air-land and airdrop operations.
## History
### World War II {#world_war_ii}
The squadron\'s origins begin on 1 October 1933 when it was constituted in the Regular Army Reserve as the **7th Transport Squadron**, assigned to the 2d Transport Group in the Fourth Corps Area without personnel or equipment. It was activated on 14 October 1939 in the United States Army Air Corps and activated at the Sacramento Air Depot, California, assigned to the 10th Transport Group. It was equipped with Douglas C-33 transports, tasked with transporting supplies and equipment from the depots to field units at airfields in the Western United States.
After the Pearl Harbor Attack, the squadron was transferred to the 62d Troop Carrier Group and re-equipped with Douglas C-47 Skytrain transports. After being transferred to Selfridge Field, Michigan for training, the squadron trained for combat resupply and casualty evacuation mission at several airfields during the spring and summer of 1942. Was ordered deployed to England, assigned to Eighth Air Force in September 1942. Performed intra-theater transport flights of personnel, supply and equipment within England during summer and fall of 1942, reassigned to Twelfth Air Force after Operation Torch invasion of North Africa, initially stationed at Tafaraoui Airfield, Algeria.
In combat, performed resupply and evacuation missions across Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia during North African Campaign. In March 1943, the squadron was temporarily transferred to Royal Air Force control where it supported the British Eighth Army in the Western Desert Campaign by moving essential munitions, supplies and other equipment from Palestine and Egypt to the front lines in Libya. It returned to Twelfth Air Force control in Algeria at the end of May.
During June 1943, the unit began training with gliders in preparation for Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily. It towed gliders to Syracuse, Sicily and dropped paratroopers at Catania during the operation. After moving to Sicily, the squadron airdropped supplies to escaped prisoners of war in Northern Italy in October. Operated from Sicily until December until moving to Italian mainland in December.
Supported the Italian Campaign during balance of 1944 supporting partisans in the Balkans. Its unarmed aircraft flew at night over uncharted territory, landing at small unprepared airfields to provide guns, ammunition, clothing, medical supplies, gasoline, and mail to the partisans. It even carried jeeps and mules as cargo. On return trips it evacuated wounded partisans, evadees and escaped prisoners. During the spring of 1944, the squadron was transferred to Tenth Air Force in India where it carried combat cargo during the Siege of Myitkyina, Burma. Returning to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations in July 1944, it carried paratroopers during Operation Dragoon, the invasion of Southern France in August 1944. The squadron then returned to operations over Italy and in the Balkans until end of combat in Europe, May 1945. In all the 4th earned nine Campaign streamers during operations in both the European and China-Burma-India theaters in the Second World War.
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# 7th Airlift Squadron
## History
### Cold War {#cold_war}
The squadron returned to the United States in September 1946, being assigned to the troop carrier squadron training school at Bergstrom Field, Texas. When the school closed in July 1947, it was moved to McChord Field, Washington where its parent 62d Troop Carrier Group became the host unit at the airfield. It conducted routine peacetime transport operations, training with Army units at Fort Lewis with simulated combat parachute training drops flying Curtiss C-46 Commandos and the new Fairchild C-82 Packet combat cargo aircraft, designed to operate from forward, rugged airfields. It was deployed to Alaska in September 1947 where it flew airlift missions from Elmendorf Field during the winter of 1947--1948, returning to McChord Air Force Base in March 1948. In October 1949 it received the long-distance Douglas C-54 Skymaster.
On 1 June 1950, its parent 62d Troop Carrier Wing was inactivated, while the 62d Troop Carrier Group, less the 4th Troop Carrier Squadron moved for a short time to Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, returning in July. During the Korean War, the squadron flew long, over-water trans-Pacific missions to Japan from McChord. In 1951, it was upgraded to the new Douglas C-124 Globemaster II strategic airlifter. It moved to nearby Larson Air Force Base when McChord was taken over by Air Defense Command in 1952. From Larson, the squadron airlifted troops, blood plasma, aircraft parts, ammunition, medical supplies, and much more, primarily to Japan, in support of the Korean War until the armistice in June 1953. During the balance of the 1950s, the squadron supported the French forces in Indochina, transporting a replacement French garrison to Dien Bien Phu in 1954.
By 1955 the Cold War was well under way, and the North American Air Defense Command set out to build a chain of radar stations on the northernmost reaches of the continent. This chain of radars, known as the Distant Early Warning Line (DEW Line), was to detect incoming Soviet missiles and bombers, and give our forces enough warning to launch a counterattack, and get the National Command Authorities to safety. Between 1955 and 1957, the squadron began to fly missions to the Alaskan arctic regions, carrying 13 million pounds of supplies and equipment to build the DEW Line. The resupply of the DEW Line stations kept the squadron occupied until 1969. Its Globemasters also flew airlift missions in South Vietnam as the growing American commitment required more troops, supplies and equipment. In December 1969, the squadron was inactivated along with its C-124 Globemasters transferring its personnel to the other squadrons of the 62d MAW.
The 7th was reactivated just over a year later at Travis Air Force Base, California as part of the 60th Military Airlift Wing, and was equipped with Lockheed C-141 Starlifter jet transports. It was immediately put to use supporting the logistics missions of the Vietnam War, carrying personnel, equipment and supplies from the United States to South Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, Japan, and other bases in the Western Pacific. Then, after the 1973 Paris Peace Accords, a squadron C-141 returned the first 20 US Prisoners of War from Clark Air Base, Republic of The Philippines to Travis in Operation Homecoming. Over the next 6 weeks, 280 POWs were returned to Travis to be reunited with their families and to receive medical care.
During the fall of 1973, the squadron supported Operation Nickel Grass, the support of Israel during the Yom Kippur War in the Middle East. As Military Airlift Command (MAC)\'s prime representative in this operation, the 7th flew C-141 missions to Israel and delivered over 22,000 tons of supplies and equipment.
To upgrade cargo carrying capacity, MAC initiated a major upgrade program for its C-141 fleet beginning in 1979. The project added an in-flight refueling system and 23 feet in length to the fuselage. The stretchedStarlifter was designated the C-141B. The squadron sent its first C-141A to the Lockheed Corporation for modification on 13 August 1979. It received its last \"B\" model on 10 May 1982.
In the 1980s and 1990s, the 7th provided humanitarian support after Hurricanes Hugo, Andrew, and Iniki; flood relief to Bangladesh and evacuation support after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. In addition, the 7th provided critical airlift support during Operation Restore Hope in Somalia, as well as delivering thousands of tons of relief supplies to the former Soviet Union.
### Modern era {#modern_era}
In a 1993 realignment of assets as the C-141s at Travis were retiring, and the 60th was receiving former SAC McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extender tankers, the squadron was transferred back to its previous unit, the 62d Airlift Wing at McChord AFB, Washington which consolidated Air Mobility Command\'s C-141 fleet.
At McChord, the 7th received its first McDonnell Douglas C-17 Globemaster III in 1998, and began to retire its C-141s. It maintained a Starlifter flight until 2002 as the new Globemaster IIIs were received. One of the squadron\'s many firsts was the landing the first C-17 on the ice sheet near McMurdo Station in Antarctica in 1999, and landing the first C-17 in North Korea a few weeks later.
Recently, the 7th Airlift Squadron helped man another expeditionary airlift squadron along with the 17th Airlift Squadron from Charleston Air Force Base. For the first time in history, two C-17 squadrons deployed to forward theater locations, supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, and the Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa. On 1 June 2006, the 816th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron was created from half of the 817th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron flying from \"an undisclosed location in South West Asia\". While the 817th Flies from Incirlik Airbase, Turkey and Manas Air Base, Kyrgyzstan. The 7th helped initiate the new 2 EAS concept in C-17 operations.`{{technical term|date=June 2018}}`{=mediawiki}
## Lineage
- Constituted as the **7th Transport Squadron** on 1 October 1933
: Activated on 14 October 1939
: Redesignated **7th Troop Carrier Squadron** on 4 July 1942
: Inactivated on 27 November 1945
- Activated on 7 September 1946
: Redesignated **7th Troop Carrier Squadron**, Medium on 23 June 1948
: Redesignated **7th Troop Carrier Squadron**, Heavy on 12 October 1949
: Redesignated **7th Air Transport Squadron**, Heavy on 1 January 1965
: Redesignated **7th Military Airlift Squadron** on 8 January 1966
: Inactivated on 22 December 1969
- Activated on 13 March 1971
: Redesignated **7th Airlift Squadron** on 1 November 1991
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# The Butterfly (2002 film)
**The Butterfly** (French: **Le Papillon**) in original French, is a film by Philippe Muyl starring Michel Serrault and Claire Bouanich.
## Plot
Julien, an aging widower, is a passionate butterfly collector. Elsa, an eight-year-old girl, and her mother, a young woman named Isabelle, have just moved into his apartment building. The mother works late and varied nursing shifts, leaving her daughter alone after school. Julien gives her shelter one afternoon and explains butterflies to her but he bars her after she goes into a room he has told her is out of bounds and lets some escape.
Julien decides to go to the Vercors plateau for a week in search of a rare butterfly, Isabelle, which lives for only three days. Elsa goes along without telling him by hiding in the back of his car. He tries calling the mother and concierge but they are out. Elsa begs him not to leave her with the police, afraid that she will be returned to care. She also sabotages his cell phone. During their search, Julien reveals that his terminally ill son had asked him to find the Isabelle butterfly which is why it was so important to him.
When Isabelle cannot find Elsa, she reports her as missing and possibly kidnapped. Elsa ends up falling into a deep hole one night and Julien asks the authorities for help. The police send a rescue party but also arrest Julien as he is suspected of kidnapping Elsa.
A young boy named Sebastian helps get Elsa out of the hole and she goes home. Julien is released when the police realize that he had not kidnapped Elsa. Isabelle allows her to continue seeing Julien and studying butterflies with him. Julien, Elsa and Isabelle benefit greatly from each other\'s presence. When Julien and Elsa watch an unlabelled chrysalis that Julien had received hatch, they find that it contained the Isabelle butterfly all along. Julien sends the butterfly on its way to visit his deceased son
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# Brian Evans (basketball)
**Brian Keith Evans** (born September 13, 1973) is an American former professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and other leagues. A 6\'8\" and 220 lb forward, he played high school basketball at Terre Haute, Indiana South. Evans attended Indiana University from 1991--96, and played for the Hoosiers from 1992--96. Evans was named Big Ten MVP in 1996. He was selected with the 27th overall pick in the 1996 NBA draft by the Orlando Magic.
He played professionally in Italy for Lineltex Imola (1999--2000), Montepaschi Siena (2000--2001) and Viola Reggio Calabria (2001--2002).
As of February 2016, he was the co-owner of Precision Medical Group, an Indianapolis-based company that sells medical products
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# 1970 Venetian regional election
The **Venetian regional election of 1970** took place on 7--8 June 1970.
## Events
Christian Democracy was by far the largest party, securing a full majority. After the election the Christian Democrats formed a one-party government under the leadership of Angelo Tomelleri, who was briefly replaced by Paolo Feltrin in 1972--1973.
## Results
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Party
bgcolor=`{{party color|Others}}`{=mediawiki}\|
bgcolor=`{{party color|Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity}}`{=mediawiki}\|
**Total**
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: [Regional Council of Veneto](http://oe.consiglioveneto
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# The Bridal Canopy
***The Bridal Canopy*** (*הכנסת כלה*, *Hakhnasat Kallah*), a novel by Shmuel Yosef Agnon, is considered to be one of the first classics of modern Hebrew literature. In 1966, Agnon shared the Nobel Prize in Literature, the first author to do so writing in modern Hebrew.
## Synopsis
Agnon\'s novel describes the fictional wanderings of Reb Yudel through the Jewish villages of Galicia at the beginning of the 19th century, in search of a bridegroom and a dowry for his daughter. A modern critic described Agnon\'s fictional Reb Yudel as \"naively pious.\" Others have characterized the fictional Reb Yudel as a Jewish archetype of Don Quixote.
Avraham Holtz has explored the roots of Agnon\'s central character in a character from Yiddish folklore, Reb Yudel Hasid.
The English translation by Israel Meir Lask was first published in 1937 by Doubleday and then in 1967 from the publisher Schocken Books New York
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# Antolín Alcaraz
**Antolín Alcaraz Viveros** (born 30 July 1982) is a Paraguayan former professional footballer who played as a centre-back.
He rarely settled with a team in his early career, before signing in 2003 with Beira-Mar and remaining with the club five seasons, after which he joined Club Brugge. He then spent five years in the Premier League, in service of Wigan Athletic and Everton; after one year in Spain with Las Palmas, he returned to his country.
Alcaraz represented Paraguay at the 2010 World Cup and the 2011 Copa América, helping them to the final of the later tournament.
## Club career {#club_career}
### Early years and Beira-Mar {#early_years_and_beira_mar}
Hailing from a humble background, Alcaraz worked throughout his teenage years as a builder\'s assistant in his hometown of San Roque González de Santa Cruz in the Paraguarí Department. He started his career at Club Teniente Fariña in the city of Ñemby, but he did not have the intention of one day playing professional football.
Whilst Alcaraz was working as a builder at the age of 18, he met scout and football agent Carlos Bruni who took him to Argentina\'s Racing Club de Avellaneda. He appeared rarely during his spell.
Alcaraz was loaned to ACF Fiorentina in 2002, but the Italians soon faced bankruptcy and regrouped in the Lega Pro Seconda Divisione. He then had a trial at U.S. Città di Palermo, but nothing came of it.
In January 2003, Alcaraz signed for Portuguese club S.C. Beira-Mar. After seven appearances in half a season, he became a defensive mainstay at the Aveiro side. In 2005--06 he helped them return to the Primeira Liga, playing 31 matches.
### Brugge
Alcaraz joined Club Brugge KV in Belgium on 30 April 2007, with the deal being effective as of July.
After a slow first season he also eventually became first choice, helping his team to two third-places and one second.
### Wigan Athletic {#wigan_athletic}
On 14 May 2010, Alcaraz signed with Wigan Athletic on a free transfer for an undisclosed fee, as his contract with Brugge was due to expire at the end of June; his new manager, Roberto Martínez, stated that the player was in \"the best form of his career\" at that point. He scored his first goal for the club against Sunderland on 11 September 2010, netting in the 86th minute for a 1--1 home draw.
Alcaraz caused widespread controversy on 6 November 2011, when replays showed him spitting at Wolverhampton Wanderers defender Richard Stearman during a 3--1 defeat at Molineux Stadium. He was handed a three-game suspension due to his actions, but later issued an apology.
On 7 May 2012, Alcaraz scored the game\'s only goal at Blackburn Rovers to retain the Latics\' top-division safety, whilst relegating their opponent to the Football League Championship. He won the 2013 FA Cup, featuring the full 90 minutes in the 1--0 upset of Manchester City. However, only three days later, with him on the pitch again, Wigan were relegated from the top division following a 1--4 away loss to Arsenal.
### Everton
On 9 July 2013, after becoming a free agent, Alcaraz moved to Everton on a two-year deal as both he and goalkeeper Joel Robles followed coach Martínez to the club. He made his competitive debut on 29 December after an injury struck his start to the season, featuring the full 90 minutes in a 2--1 home win over Southampton.
On 26 April 2014, Alcaraz scored an own goal in the first minute of a 0--2 loss to Southampton. On 1 January of the following year, he received his first sending off as an Everton player, being shown two yellow cards in a 0--2 away defeat against Hull City which was the team\'s fourth successive of the festive period.
On 10 June 2015, Alcaraz was released.
### Las Palmas {#las_palmas}
On 2 August 2015, aged nearly 33, Alcaraz signed a one-year contract with newly promoted La Liga side UD Las Palmas with the option of a second one. He scored his first goal on 23 September, helping best Sevilla FC 2--0 at home.
During his spell at the Estadio Gran Canaria, Alcaraz made only seven competitive appearances due to injury. On 29 January 2016, he left by mutual consent.
### Return home {#return_home}
In February 2016, Alcaraz agreed to a deal at Club Libertad. He made his Paraguayan Primera División debut the following month at the age of 33, in a 2--1 home victory against Cerro Porteño.
On 2 January 2019, Alcaraz signed with Club Olimpia of the same league. In his debut campaign, he was part of the squad that won the national championship.
## International career {#international_career}
In November 2008, Alcaraz received his first call-up to the Paraguay national team at the age of 26. He was picked for the squad present at the 2010 FIFA World Cup; on 14 June, in the group stage opener against Italy, in just his seventh cap, he headed home through a powerful header following a set piece in an eventual 1--1 draw in Cape Town, and went on to play all the matches (save one due to suspension) and minutes for the quarter-finalists.
Alcaraz was again first choice for Paraguay during the 2011 Copa América, held in Argentina. On 13 July, he scored the 1--1 equaliser against Venezuela in an eventual 3--3 group stage draw. Four days later, in the quarter-finals with Brazil, he was sent off after an altercation with Lucas Leiva, and the national side finished runners-up.
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| 0 |
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# Antolín Alcaraz
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Club
Club Season League Cup
---------------- ---------- -------------------- ------ ------- ------ -------
Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
Beira-Mar 2002--03 Primeira Liga 0 0 0 0
2003--04 2 0 0 0
2004--05 24 1 0 0
2005--06 Segunda Liga 29 0 0 0
2006--07 Primeira Liga 26 3 0 0
Total 81 4 0 0
Club Brugge 2007--08 Belgian Pro League 10 1 0 0
2008--09 29 3 3 0
2009--10 29 1 0 0
Total 68 5 3 0
Wigan Athletic 2010--11 Premier League 34 1 4 0
2011--12 25 2 0 0
2012--13 10 0 4 0
Total 69 3 8 0
Everton 2013--14 Premier League 6 0 1 0
2014--15 8 0 1 0
Total 14 0 2 0
Career total 231 12 13 0
: Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
: *Scores and results list Paraguay\'s goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Alcaraz goal*.
\# Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition
----- -------------- -------------------------------------------- ---------- ------- -------- ---------------------
1\. 14 June 2010 Cape Town Stadium, Cape Town, South Africa 1--0 1--1 2010 FIFA World Cup
2\
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10,997,993 |
# Church of Our Saviour (Cincinnati)
The **Church of Our Saviour**, located at 65 East Holister Street in the Mount Auburn neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, is a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Southern Ohio. The parish\'s historic stone church was built in 1877 in the Gothic Revival style. Our Saviour was founded by wealthy residents of the once-affluent suburb of Mount Auburn, about 1 mi north of downtown. Cincinnati annexed Mount Auburn in 1849.
The congregation has, in recent generations, worked for social justice and since the early 1970s, the Church of Our Saviour has also been intentionally open and affirming towards its gay and lesbian members. For 20 years, Cincinnati\'s Metropolitan Community Church used facilities at the church for worship and other activities. Recently the congregation has reached out to the Latino community, offering bilingual Mass and services to communities of recent immigrants.
The first Head Start program in Mount Auburn began at the church, as did the Mount Auburn Community Council, the Bethany House (a shelter for homeless mothers and children) in the Rectory, and AIDS Volunteers of Cincinnati (AVOC).
The church draws active members from as far away as Dayton, Ohio and Northern Kentucky
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10,998,017 |
# Western Australia Day
**Western Australia Day** or simply **WA Day** (formerly known as **Foundation Day**) is a public holiday in Western Australia (WA), celebrated on the first Monday in June each year, to commemorate the founding of the Swan River Colony in 1829. Because of the date of the Western Australia Day public holiday, Western Australia does not have the King\'s Official Birthday public holiday in June, as do most of the other Australian states; it is held in September or October instead.
## Background
, under Captain Charles Fremantle, anchored off Garden Island on 25 April 1829. On 2 May, Fremantle officially claimed for Britain the part of the continent then called New Holland that was not already \"included within the territory of New South Wales\" which at the time extended to 129th meridian east of Greenwich. The merchant vessel `{{ship||Parmelia|barque|2}}`{=mediawiki} -- with the new colony\'s administrator Lieutenant Governor James Stirling, other officials, and civilian settlers on board -- arrived on the night of 31 May and sighted the coast on 1 June.`{{Contradictory inline |article=Perth
|section=Swan River Colony |reason=Was it 1 June or 4 June? |date=June 2024}}`{=mediawiki} It arrived in Cockburn Sound on 2 June, and finally anchored there on 6 June. The warship `{{HMS|Sulphur|1826|6}}`{=mediawiki} arrived on 8 June, carrying a British Army garrison. The Swan River Colony was officially proclaimed by Stirling on 11 June.`{{Contradictory inline |article=History of Western Australia
|section=The Swan River Colony |reason=Was it 11 June or 18 June? |date=June 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
Ships carrying more civilian settlers began arriving in August, and on King George IV\'s birthday, 12 August, the wife of the captain of *Sulphur*, Helena Dance, standing in for James Stirling\'s wife Ellen Stirling, cut down a tree to mark the founding of Perth.
In 1832, Stirling decided that an annual celebration was needed to unite the colony\'s inhabitants, including settlers and Aboriginal Australians and \"masters and servants\".`{{quote without source |date=June 2024}}`{=mediawiki} He decided that the commemoration would be held on 1 June each year (or if a Sunday, on the following Monday), the date originally planned by Stirling for *Parmelia*{{\'}}s arrival in recognition of the first and greatest British naval victory over the French in 1794, the \"Glorious First of June\".
The holiday was celebrated as Foundation Day up until 2011; in 2012, it was renamed Western Australia Day as part of a series of law changes recognising Aboriginal Australians as the original inhabitants of Western Australia.
In November 2024, premier Roger Cook stated he was open to the idea of moving Western Australia Day to a date closer to summer, citing the more favourable climate. His comments came after the 2024 WA Day Festival was cancelled due to poor weather, with the event postponed to 24 November 2024
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# Skuzzy (sternwheeler)
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Skuzzy (sternwheeler)
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# César and Rosalie
***César and Rosalie*** (*César et Rosalie*) is a 1972 romance film starring Yves Montand and Romy Schneider, directed by Claude Sautet.
## Plot
In Paris the beautiful divorcée Rosalie spends time with César, a coarse but good-hearted scrap merchant. At a wedding she sees her first love David, a shy graphic artist. Despite the efforts of César to stifle the renewed relationship, David and Rosalie run away to Sète on the Mediterranean. Distraught at being abandoned, César tracks them down and offers Rosalie her family\'s old holiday home on the island of Noirmoutier in the Atlantic, which he has bought. She accepts and all her family come to spend the summer there, but she falls into depression. In an effort to rally her, César goes to find David and persuades him to join them. This well-intentioned ploy backfires because Rosalie then runs away. Left together, the two rivals become good friends. A year later they are enjoying lunch when a taxi draws up and out steps Rosalie.
## Cast
- Yves Montand - César
- Romy Schneider - Rosalie
- Sami Frey - David
- Bernard Le Coq - Michel
- Eva Maria Meineke - Lucie Artigues
- Henri-Jacques Huet - Marcel
- Isabelle Huppert - Marite
- Gisela Hahn - Carla
- Betty Beckers - Madeleine
- Hervé Sand - Georges
- Jacques Dhéry - Henri Harrieu
- Pippo Merisi - Albert
- Carlo Nell - Jérôme
- Dimitri Petricenko - Simon
## Reception
The film sold 2,577,865 tickets in France, and was the 11th most watched film of 1972.
Roger Ebert said it is \"too pleasing a movie not to review\", and remarked \"it's the sort of thing the French, with their appreciation for the awesome complexities of a simple thing like love, do especially well.\" *TV Guide* called it an \"intelligent and funny romance\", and added \"what makes the film\... worth watching is the interplay among Montand, Schneider, and Frey.\" *The New York Times* compared it to \"exposure to very good, even subtle, table manners---impressive but not too involving\", and said the film \"generally remains on the surface\... like the type of slick magazine fiction to which it belongs.\" *Time Out* was also skeptical, saying that the film \"is saved from colour supplement chic only by sympathetic performances from Schneider and Montand
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# Victoria Railway
The **Victoria Railway** was a 55.52 mi long Canadian railway that operated in Central Ontario. Construction under Chief Engineer James Ross began in 1874 from Lindsay, Ontario, with authority to build through Victoria County to Haliburton, Ontario, to which it opened on `{{Start date|1878|11|24}}`{=mediawiki}. The line is best known as having been built by a large group of Icelandic immigrants, who found the Kinmount winters too rough, and so they all moved to Gimli, Manitoba. The line became part of the Midland Railway of Canada and then later part of the Canadian National Railways. The line was abandoned completely by the early 1990s.
## History
The Victoria Railway was originally planned as the Lindsay, Fenelon Falls, and Ottawa River Railway, which was chartered in 1872. The line ran north from Lindsay through the former Victoria County and continued onwards to join a then prospected line of the Canadian Pacific Railway near the town of Mattawa. Soon after the gauge was changed from a narrow to standard gauge, and the railway was renamed \"The Victoria Railway.\" The railway initially met significant opposition from the town of Peterborough while Lindsay and the unincorporated village of Fenelon Falls, supported the project enthusiastically. Municipal blockades against the railway were removed in 1874 by making Fenelon Falls an incorporated village and creating the Provisional County of Haliburton out of the northern townships of Peterborough and Victoria counties. With funds allocated the railway construction in Lindsay on August 5, 1874, by the decree of the Honourable Christopher Finlay Fraser, then Ontario Commissioner of Public Works.
Construction began with the segment between Lindsay and Kinmount, where derooting large pine stumps posed significant difficulty to the labourers. In addition to this, multiple bridges needed to be constructed between the two towns. This included a 200-foot bridge over Distillery Creek, a 500-foot bridge and 3000 foot fill at McLaren\'s Creek, a \$20,000 bridge over the Fenelon River, and a 133-foot bridge over the Burnt River. Work on the railway was interrupted twice by financial depression in 1875. The railway was largely constructed by an immigrant community of 300 Icelandic men, women, and children who settled Kinmount in 1874. However, alongside the financial depression in 1875, dysentery demoralised construction efforts. This led to the Icelandic immigrants all moving to Manitoba in September 1875. Construction picked up once again however with the arrival of steel, despite financial restraints on the project. The railway received more funding when president of the project, George Laidlaw, secured a grant of \$8,000 per mile from the Ontario provincial government and a bonus \$3,000 per mile from the Canada Land and Emigration Company, which owned much of Haliburton County. The largest obstacle to the project came when a large rock cutting and a sinkhole four miles north of Kinmount interfered with the final 22 miles of the railway. The 56 miles of rail from Lindsay to Haliburton village finally opened to traffic on November 26, 1878.
## Timeline
- 1871: Formation of the Fenelon Falls Railway Company
- 1872: Renamed as the Lindsay, Fenelon Falls and Ottawa River Railway Company
- 1873: Renamed as the Victoria Railway Company
- 1880: Acquisition by the Midland Railway of Canada
- 1882: Consolidation of the Victoria Railway Company, the Midland Railway of Canada, the Toronto and Nipissing Railway, the Whitby, Port Perry and Lindsay Railway, the Toronto and Ottawa Railway and the Grand Junction Railway.
## Principal stations {#principal_stations}
- Lindsay, Ontario
- Cameron, Ontario
- Fenelon Falls, Ontario
- Fell(s), Ontario
- Burnt River, Ontario
- Watsons, Ontario
- Kinmount, Ontario
- Gelert, Ontario
- Lochlin, Ontario
- Donald, Ontario
- Haliburton, Ontario
### Howland Junction {#howland_junction}
Howland Junction was the junction of the Victoria Railway with the Irondale, Bancroft and Ottawa Railway (IB&O). It was the southern terminus of the IB&O. The site was originally a flag stop on the Victoria Railway known as Kendrick\'s, and took its name from nearby Kendrick\'s Creek. When William Myles built his horse-drawn wagonway, the Myles Branch Tramway, this interchange point with the Victoria Railway became known as Myles Junction.
The place was renamed to Kinmount Junction following the collapse of Myles\' business operations in the area, then once again renamed Howland Junction.
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# Victoria Railway
## Closure
The line became part of Canadian National Railways in 1923 with its acquisition of the former Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. Mixed freight/passenger train service ran until September, 1960. CN applied for abandonment in 1978. The Canadian Transport Commission approved the line\'s abandonment in 1981, and most of the line being taken up in 1983; a final short section south of Kent St Lindsay was taken up in October 1992. The entire length of the line is now the Haliburton County Rail Trail and the Victoria Rail Trail public recreational trails
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# Jacques Leguerney
**Jacques Leguerney** (19 November 1906 -- 10 September 1997) was a French composer especially noted for his art songs.
## Biography
Jacques Leguerney was born in Le Havre. He has been referred to as \"the latest -- perhaps the last -- great exponent of the mélodie\".
He was largely self-taught, but studied with Nadia Boulanger for a short period. He was also influenced by Albert Roussel and Francis Poulenc, who was a close friend throughout his life.
His art songs were championed by such singers as Gérard Souzay, his sister the soprano Geneviève Touraine and Pierre Bernac, and more recently by American baritone Kurt Ollmann and pianist Mary Dibbern.
In addition to his art songs, he also wrote chamber music and orchestral music, including the ballet *Endymion*, followed by the ballet *La Vénus Noire*, which was a commission from the Paris Opéra. After the Paris Opéra did not produce this ballet, which he considered his masterpiece, Leguerney stopped composing.
## Chronological works list {#chronological_works_list}
- 1928 \"D\'une fontaine\" Philippe Desportes, in \"Poèmes de la Pléiade, 8ème Recueil,\" Editions Max Eschig, 1988.
- 1928 \"Le Tombeau de Ronsard\" Pierre de Ronsard,in \"Poèmes de la Pléiade, 8ème Recueil,\" Editions Max Eschig, 1988.
- 1928 \"Sur la mort de Diane\" Philippe Desportes, in \"Poèmes de la Pléiade, 8ème Recueil,\" Editions Max Eschig, 1988.
- 1929 \"Avril\" Rémy Belleau, in \"Poèmes de la Pléiade, 8ème Recueil,\" Editions Max Eschig, 1988.
- 1930 \"Nuit d\'été\" Albert Samain, in \"Quatre Mélodies,\" Editions Max Eschig, 1988.
- 1942 \"Ma douce jouvence est passée\" Pierre de Ronsard,\" in \"Poèmes de la Pléiade, 2ème Recueil,\" Editions Salabert, 1950 and 1989.
- 1942 \"Nous ne tenons\" Pierre de Ronsard, in \"Poèmes de la Pléiade, 7ème Recueil,\" Editions Max Eschig, 1989.
- 1943 \"Au sommeil\" Philippe Desportes, in \"Poèmes dela Pléiade, 1er Recueil,\" Editions Salabert, 1950 and 1989.
- 1943 \"Genièvres hérissés\" Pierre de Ronsard, in \"Poèmes de la Pléiade, 1er Recueil,\" Editions Salabert, 1950 and 1989.
- 1943 \"Je me lamente\" Pierre de Ronsard, in \"Poèmes de la Pléiade, 1er Recueil,\" Editions Salabert, 1950 and 1989.
- 1943 \"Je vous envoie\" Pierre de Ronsard, in \"Poèmes de la Pléiade, 1er Recueil,\" Editions Salabert, 1950 and 1989.
- 1943-1947 \"Poèmes de la Pléiade\", song cycle to texts by Pierre de Ronsard (1524--1585)
- 1948 String Quartet in D
- 1951 \"La Solitude\", four songs to texts by Théophile de Viau (1590--1626)
- 1952 \"Le Carnaval\", three songs to texts by Antoine Girard de Saint-Amant (1594--1661)
## Principal source {#principal_source}
- Mary Dibbern, Carol Kimball, and Patrick Choukroun: *The Songs of Jacques Leguerney: A Guide for Study and Performance* (New York: Pendragon Press, 2002), `{{ISBN|978-1-57647-016-9}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Selected discography {#selected_discography}
- *Jacques Leguerney: Mélodies de la Renaissance*. Mary Dibbern at the piano with Lisa Bonenfant, soprano and Kurt Ollmann, baritone. Harmonia Mundi France ---Action Musicale Seita. (HMC 1171, stereo.) Recording made in collaboration with the composer.
- *Jacques Leguerney: Mélodies*, vol. 2. Mary Dibbern with Deborah Massell, soprano and Kurt Ollmann, baritone. Harmonia Mundi France---Action Musicale Seita. (HMC 1172, stereo.) Recording made in collaboration with the composer.
- *28 Mélodies of Jacques Leguerney*. Claves and Radio Suisse Romande-Espace 2 (Claves CD 50-9618). Mary Dibbern with Danielle Borst, soprano: Brigitte Balleys, mezzo-soprano, and Philippe Huttenlocher, baritone
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| 0 |
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# English Water Spaniel
The **English Water Spaniel** is a breed of dog that has been extinct since the first part of the 20th century, with the last specimen seen in the 1930s. It was best known for its use in hunting waterfowl and for being able to dive as well as a duck. It is described as similar to a Collie or to a cross between a Poodle and a Springer Spaniel with curly fur and typically in a white and liver/tan pattern.
Pre-dating the Irish Water Spaniel and thought to have been referred to by Shakespeare in *Macbeth*, it is believed to have genetically influenced several modern breeds of dog, including the American Water Spaniel, Curly Coated Retriever and the modern variety of Field Spaniel. It is unknown if the breed was involved in the creation of the Irish Water Spaniel.
## History
In 1565, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, the husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, was a given a Water Spaniel by James Melville of Halhill. The dog had been brought to Scotland by an English merchant.
In 1570, Dr John Caius described the Water Spaniel. It has been suggested that Shakespeare also knew the breed \"for he mentions the \'water rug\' in *Macbeth*. \" Furthermore, Shakespeare specifically mentions the breed in Act III Scene 1 of *The Two Gentlemen of Verona* when Launce says of his love, \"She hath more qualities than a water-spaniel.\"
The breed is mentioned specifically by name as early as 1802, in *Sportsman\'s Cabinet*, where it is described as having \"hair long and naturally curled, not loose and shaggy\"; the description accompanied an engraving of a liver and white curly-coated spaniel. This shows that they pre-date the Irish Water Spaniel which was not developed as a breed until the 1830s. Unfortunately as the person credited with developing the Irish Water Spaniel, Justin McCarthy, left no written records, it is unknown if the English Water Spaniel was involved in its development. During the first half of the 18th century, the English Water Spaniel was used for duck hunting in East Anglia.
The Kennel Club initially had a class for \"Water spaniels other than Irish\" as no standard was specifically set up for the English Water Spaniel and the judging of this class was described as \"chaos\" by Hugh Dalziel in *British Dogs: Their Varieties, History, Characteristics, Breeding, Management, And Exhibition*. Writing in 1897, Dalziel said of the breed, \"I do not believe the breed is lost, but that scattered throughout the country there are many specimens of the old English water spaniel, which it only requires that amount of encouragement to breeding which it is in the power of show committees to give to perpetuate the variety and improve its form.\" Dalziel bemoaned the fact that while the Irish Water Spaniel continued, the English Water Spaniel was allowed to quietly be absorbed into other Spaniel breeds. The stud book of the Kennel Club also had a class for \"Water spaniels other than Irish\", however only fourteen dogs were registered in the twelve years up to 1903. This led some writers and judges of that time to believe that the English Water Spaniel was merely a cross of the Irish Water Spaniel as entrants in dogs shows in that same class do not match the description of the dog from earlier periods. Dogs awarded prizes as Water Spaniels during this period have been described as having \"coats as flat as a Clumber, but with a bit of longish hair about the top of the skull.\"
Writing in 1967, author John F. Gordon stated, \"After two centuries of breeding it is now extinct. None have been seen for over thirty years.\" Descendant breeds of the English Water Spaniel are thought to include the American Water Spaniel, which was also developed using additional stock from the Irish Water Spaniel and the Flat Coated Retriever breeds. The Curly Coated Retriever is considered to have descended from the Poodle, the retrieving setter, the St. John\'s water dog and the English Water Spaniel. Records for the origin of the modern Field Spaniel are more precise and show that one of the four progenitor dogs used in creating the breed was an English Water Spaniel-Cocker Spaniel cross which was registered at the time as a Sussex Spaniel due to his liver colour.
## Appearance
Very unlike the Irish Water Spaniel in appearance, the English Water Spaniel more closely resembled a curly-haired version of the Springer Spaniel, with some traits of the Collie, poodle, and setter. The white and liver (tan) dog stood about 20 in tall and looked like a typical, lean, long-legged spaniel with long ears and tail, a white underbelly, and a brown back, except that it had the coat of a water dog.
The English Water Spaniel was described as having a long and narrow head, with small eyes and ears that were long and covered in thick curls of fur. The body was moderately stout and barrel shaped, but not as much as that of the Field Spaniel. Its legs were long and straight with large feet. The dog varied in size with the larger varieties known as \"Water Dogs\" and the smaller as \"Water Spaniels\".
Due to the English Water Spaniel\'s colours of liver (tan) and white, it has been suggested that the breed may have been the source of the colours now found in the modern English Springer Spaniel and Welsh Springer Spaniel breeds.
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# English Water Spaniel
## Hunting
Paintings by Henry Bernard Chalon and Ramsay Richard Reinagle both show English Water Spaniels working with their masters hunting ducks. An engraving by Henry Thomas Alken Snr. shows a slightly different looking English Water Spaniel, but also reinforces its area of work by again showing it while duck hunting. In *The Sportsman\'s Repository* (1820), the author advises that if an individual wishes to hunt ducks or any other type of waterfowl, then the hunter had best use an English Water Spaniel.
The breed is described as swimming and diving as well as the ducks themselves; and they are intelligent enough to avoid being lured away from the nesting places. The author described the best variety of the breed to be those with long ears whose coat was white under the belly and around the neck but brown on the back
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# Gamenauts
**Gamenauts** is an independent game development studio based in Silicon Valley, founded by Stanley Adrianus.
## History
Gamenauts was founded in September 2005 by Stanley Adrianus, formerly of Yahoo! Games.
In 2012, the company announced a publishing initiative for indie Asian developers, signing up studios from South East Asia such as Kurechii Studio, Menara Games, Artlogic Games and Nerdook Productions to publish their mobile titles for the worldwide market.
## Games
- King\'s League: Odyssey (Publisher) - iOS, 2013
- Nuclear Outrun (Publisher) - iOS, 2013
- Castle Champions (Publisher) - iOS, 2013
- Ninja Fishing - iOS & Android, 2011
- Stickbound - iOS, 2010
- Wonder Island - PC, 2010
- Cate West: The Velvet Keys - PC, 2009
- Restaurant Rush - PC & Mobile, 2008
- Cate West: The Vanishing Files - PC, DS & Wii, 2008
- Burger Rush PC & Mobile, 2007
- Spacebound - PC, 2006
## Ninja Fishing {#ninja_fishing}
Gamenauts\' 2011 game *Ninja Fishing* was criticized by Gamasutra as copying the game mechanics of *Radical Fishing* by Vlambeer. In 2013, Vlambeer published Ridiculous Fishing, with the highest rated reviews of the year
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# Vernon Simeon Plemion Grant
**Vernon Simeon Plemion Grant** (April 26, 1902 -- July 9, 1990) was an American illustrator known for his whimsical gnome characters and fairy tale drawings. Over seven decades, Grant created hundreds of illustrations for advertising (General Electric, Gillette, Hershey\'s. Kellogg\'s) and major magazines, including *Judge* and *Ladies\' Home Journal*. He is best known as creator of Kellogg\'s Rice Krispies cereal characters Snap! Crackle! and Pop!
## Biography
### Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Grant was born on April 26, 1902, in Coleridge, Nebraska, to Oliver Simeon Grant and Chloe Barkley Grant. When Grant was six years old, his family moved to South Dakota where they homesteaded. His experiences living on the prairies served as the inspiration for many of the artworks he would create throughout his career. While there he also learned illustration techniques from his beloved school teacher cousin Nellie Grant. As a teen, Grant moved with his family to California. He studied business law and public speaking at the University of Southern California and, at age 21, enrolled in the Art Institute of Chicago. To help pay for his education, Grant developed his chalk talks, which became a popular act on the vaudeville circuit.
### Illustrations
In 1932, a Grant Santa Claus illustration was used for the cover of *Ladies\' Home Journal*. The next year, a radio commercial for Kellogg\'s Rice Krispies inspired the gnome-like mascots Snap! Crackle! and Pop! He soon became the lead illustrator for Kellogg\'s products, becoming so popular that in 1935 the company sent him on a world tour to promote their cereals.
In the 1930s and 1940s Grant became one of the country\'s most popular and prolific illustrator of children\'s fairy tales, creating at least ten booklets and 25 individual prints. He did covers for *Judge*, *Collier\'s* and other magazines. In 1938, *Life* magazine ranked Grant as \"America\'s favorite children\'s artist.\"
Grant worked with the USO during World War II, entertaining troops with sketches and fast-paced chalk talks. After the war, he moved to South Carolina while still working for New York clients.
### South Carolina farming {#south_carolina_farming}
In 1936, Grant met and married Elizabeth Fewell, a native of Rock Hill, South Carolina. They had two children, son Chip and daughter Kay. In 1947, Grant and his family established a 670 acre farm outside Rock Hill, raising Angus cattle and Concord grapes. Grant became active in farming organizations, and his farming practices were recognized with awards from state agricultural associations.
In the late 1950s, Grant led the Rock Hill Chamber of Commerce, promoting changes in city planning and public housing. He served as the city\'s first director of public housing from 1965 to 1971.
Grant continued making art until, in 1985, he felt he could no longer work to his own expectations and was forced to retire. When he died in 1990 at age 88, the *Charlotte Observer* noted that although Grant\'s illustrations would delight people for years, \"in the long run his greatest gift to the community may be the standard of citizenship he exemplified.\"
## Influence and legacy {#influence_and_legacy}
In his book *Great Cartoonists and Their Art*, political cartoonist Art Wood wrote:
### Archives
The Museum of York County has exhibited Grant\'s artwork since 1979. A permanent Vernon Grant Gallery was established at the Museum in 1990. In 2006, the Grant\'s family donated a collection of more than 1,000 items, including scrapbooks, studio furniture and original artwork, to the Culture & Heritage Museums which manages the Museum of York County. The Museum gift shop sells merchandise based on Grant art, including limited edition prints, books, Christmas ornaments, coloring books and playing cards.
Kellogg\'s Archives houses another substantial collection of original Grant artwork. In 1993, Kellogg\'s gave the Museum of York County reproduction rights to produce merchandise of art featured in the exhibition \"Seventy-five Years of Gnomes and Folks---A Tribute to Grant\'s Career\".
### Festivals
In the early 1960s, the city of Rock Hill created its Come-See-Me festival to feature the city\'s Glencairn Garden, with an owl drawn by Grant as a mascot. In 1965, Grant created Glen the Frog, which has been the festival mascot ever since. A new festival, ChristmasVille, was begun in Rock Hill in 2006. The festival spotlights Grant\'s many Santa Claus and winter illustrations. The festival mascot is Grant the Gnome
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# Guus Hoogmoed
**Guus Hoogmoed** is a retired Dutch sprinter, who specialised in the 100 and 200 metres.
He finished fourth in 60 metres at the 2005 European Indoor Championships and eighth in 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2006 European Championships.
He participated in both 100 metres and 200 metres at the 2005 World Championships, where he reached the quarter finals.
The 4 x 100 metres relay team together with team mates Maarten Heisen, Caimin Douglas and Patrick van Luijk (Gregory Sedoc and Virgil Spier as reserves) did qualify for the Olympics. Initially they finished in 17th position during the qualification process, while only the first 16 teams would qualify, but due to the cancellation of the Australian team they were allowed to start in Beijing. In their qualification heat Heisen, Hoogmoed, Van Luijk and Douglas placed third in behind Trinidad and Tobago and Japan, but in front of Brazil. Their time of 38.87 was the fifth fastest out of all sixteen participating nations in the first round and they qualified for the final. In the final, the second baton change between Hoogmoed and Van Luijk failed, resulting in a slow time. They still finished the race to place seventh, before the disqualified Chinese team.
## Personal bests {#personal_bests}
- 100 metres - 10.15 s (2007)
- 200 metres - 20.48 s (2007)
- 400 metres - 47
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# Éva Novodomszky
--
--
**Éva Novodomszky** (born 19 January 1974 in Szarvas, Hungary) is a Hungarian journalist and presenter.
She started her career in a journalist school (Komlósi Oktatási Stúdió). She became a reporter (then presenter) of news of youth in Magyar Televízió. Later she worked for Parlamenti Napló, EuroPercek, Szabadság tér and Híradó. She has been the presenter of *Híradó* (News) since 2000. She has been married to Italian Mr. Salvatore Sgroi, businessman in a gastronomic sector, with whom she has had two sons, named Cristiano and Marco.
From 2007 until 2014, she was the Hungarian spokesperson of Eurovision Song Contest, and she hosted the Hungarian National Final for Eurovision Song Contest 2008
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# Mecodema punctellum
***Mecodema punctellum*** is a presumed-extinct species of ground beetle of the family Carabidae, endemic to Stephens Island in New Zealand.
## Description
*Mecodema punctellum* was a large black flightless ground beetle which reached a length of 38.5 mm and a width of 11.7 mm.
## Habitat and biology {#habitat_and_biology}
Nothing is known about its habitat, but it is assumed that it occurred in wet forests and sought shelter under large logs. It was a predator of snails.
## Extinction
*Mecodema punctellum* was last seen in 1931, and after surveys in 1961, 1971, 1974/5, 1976, 1981, 1990, 1996 on Stephens Island, and 1997 on D\'Urville Island failed, it is now considered to be extinct. The cause of its extinction was probably habitat destruction, because after the clearing of forest there were no large logs remaining on Stephens Island
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# William Barrow (chemist)
**William James Barrow** (December 11, 1904 -- August 25, 1967) was an American chemist and paper conservator, and a pioneer of library and archives conservation. He introduced the field of conservation to paper deacidification through alkalization.
## Overview
An American document restorer and former director of the W. J. Barrow Research Laboratory located in Richmond, Virginia, where he became highly recognized for his pioneering achievements in the preservation and conservation of historical documents. He was an innovator and entrepreneur. Barrow was at one time considered by many authorities to be the leading independent scientific center for research into paper and the deterioration of paper.
William J. Barrow developed the first practical roller-type laminator. With this device, Barrow developed a process for laminating brittle documents between tissue and cellulose acetate film, as well as a highly effective means of deacidifying paper. He demonstrated the facts of paper stability over the past four centuries and developed a durable paper having a high degree of permanence.
Barrow was also a part of a team of paper manufacturers, partially supported by the paper industry, which developed a large-scale process to manufacture alkaline or permanent-durable paper from wood fiber. He was also involved in other investigations connected with paper and ink for a period of more than 30 years, and was probably the most important single contributor to the knowledge of methods of achieving permanence and durability of archival materials.
William Barrow had a thorough knowledge of both library and archival practices, a long record of published research, and a command of his technical specialty. In honor of William J. Barrow\'s contributions to the library and archival professions, he was recognized as one of the *\"100 of the most important leaders we had in the 20th Century\"* according to the American Libraries.
William James Barrow became interested in the problems of paper deterioration while investigating the history of his family. Even though Barrow did not have a formal education in the field of Chemistry, the mystery of paper deterioration became his passion. This passion became his life\'s work to determine what the causes were and to slow the deterioration process down or eliminate it altogether. W. J. Barrow Research Laboratory ceased operations in 1977, ten years after his death on August 25, 1967.
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# William Barrow (chemist)
## Significance to preservation {#significance_to_preservation}
Before the 1850s, linen and cotton rag were the primary material source for papermaking, but a shortage drove the market to develop the notoriously acidic wood-pulp alternative. With the advent of steam-driven paper making machines such as the Fourdrinier in the 19th century, in conjunction with the advent of the steam driven rotary printing press, wood based paper caused a major transformation of the 19th century economy and society in industrialized countries. The wide availability of cheap wood based paper can be credited with the birth of ephemera, and consequently with the birth of modern paper preservation, as large quantities of rapidly deteriorating materials needed the attention of science.
Barrow published an article in the 1930s that introduced librarians, archivists, and other restorers to chemical means of controlling the acid deterioration of paper. While he is widely considered to be the first promoter of acid paper issues, his earliest published work on this topic went somewhat unheeded until the 1950s when he began to receive grants from the Council on Library Resources (CLR) and the American Library Association (ALA), among others. The delay in addressing these issues could be largely due to the onset of the Depression, and the following paper-hungry war which pushed the acid paper problem to the back of scientists\' minds.
Barrow\'s greatest significance is perhaps as an aggressive promoter of paper preservation, as in retrospect his scientific discoveries have not been entirely sound. For example, his tests to accelerate the natural aging of paper samples at elevated temperatures have since proven to be erroneous, and modern scholars doubt his importance as an original chemical researcher.
## Critical reputation {#critical_reputation}
Barrows\' innovations did not move forward in history without some controversy or challenges. Some doubts arose in the mid-1970s concerning document conservation practices. These criticisms were being directed at the Barrow process of lamination and deacidification. The doubts appeared in a summary in the *American Archivist*, April, 1976. The criticisms were stating that the Barrow lamination process had some harmful effects caused by heat. Frazer G. Poole, the assistant Director for Preservation for the Library of Congress authored the article. Upon further investigation by The Preservation for the Library of Congress into the allegations, they found Poole\'s report to be lacking in hard scientific data because the report consisted of broad observations, undocumented generalizations, and inferential statements.
Several of Barrows\' major conclusions are heavily questioned in the course of Nicholson Baker\'s book Double Fold. Additionally, [according](https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/care/deterioratebrochure.html) to the Library of Congress Barrows\' works on accelerated aging \"have since proven to be erroneous.\"
## Authorship
William J. Barrow wrote several articles and publications documenting his work and findings. One of those articles was the *\"500 Book Paper\"*, written in 1957. In this article, Barrow documented the findings of some physical tests performed in the **Rare Book Room** of the Virginia State Library. In 1959 he wrote the *\"Deterioration of Book Stock Causes and Remedies\"*. This book was written documenting two studies he performed. The first, to determine the physical strength of non-fiction book papers from 1900-1949, and the second, to determine the stabilization of modern book papers. In 1960, William Barrow wrote *\"The Manufacture and Testing of Durable Book Papers\"* which he takes his findings from his 1959 publication and demonstrate that it was possible to treat newly manufactured papers with solutions of magnesium and calcium bicarbonates, thus neutralizing acidity and prolonging the life of such papers materially.
## Education and career {#education_and_career}
Barrow was a native of Brunswick County, Virginia, born December 11, 1904. He graduated from Randolph-Macon Academy and later attended Randolph-Macon College. Although Barrow never completed his undergraduate education, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by his alma mater, Randolph-Macon College, a year before his death. Lacking extensive formal training, he overcame this deficit and became an able and serious researcher through assiduous home study, discussions with recognized experts through apprenticeship with professional paper chemists from the National Bureau of Standards and the National Printing Office, and daily hands-on work in the laboratory.
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# William Barrow (chemist)
## The Barrow Book Collection {#the_barrow_book_collection}
\"The Barrow Book Collection comprises 1000 books from the period of 1507-1899 that William James Barrow (1904-1967) used in a series of scientific studies on the degradation of paper
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# Leslie Hollinghurst
Air Chief Marshal **Sir Leslie Norman Hollinghurst**, `{{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GBE|KCB|DFC}}`{=mediawiki} (2 January 1895 -- 8 June 1971) was a British flying ace of the First World War and a senior commander in the Royal Air Force.
## Early life and First World War {#early_life_and_first_world_war}
Hollinghurst was born in Muswell Hill, Middlesex, England on 2 January 1895, and was the second of three children of Charles Herbert Hollinghurst and Teresa Petty. At the outbreak of the war in 1914, Hollinghurst enlisted with the Royal Engineers participating in the Gallipoli landings and was wounded at Salonika. In 1916 he was commissioned into the 3rd Battalion, the Middlesex Regiment, and later in the same year was seconded to the Royal Flying Corps (RFC). He learned to fly while serving in Egypt and went on to become a captain in No. 87 Squadron flying Sopwith Dolphins, and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross in October 1918, having destroyed four enemy aircraft. His final total was 11 confirmed victories. Leslie\'s two siblings also served in the war: Charles Stanley Hollinghurst was also in the RFC and was awarded the Military Cross and Distinguished Conduct Medal, while Phyllis Hollinghurst enlisted in the Royal Air Force; the Women\'s Royal Air Force.
## Interwar service {#interwar_service}
In 1919 Hollinghurst was given a permanent commission in the Royal Air Force. He served in India and China, and was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1931. In 1932 he was appointed Officer Commanding No. 20 Squadron. On return to the United Kingdom in 1935 he became a member of staff of the RAF Staff College and was promoted to the rank of group captain with a position at the Air Ministry in 1939.
## Second World War {#second_world_war}
Hollinghurst was appointed Director General of Organisation for the RAF in 1940, and was promoted to the rank of air commodore in 1941 and acting air vice marshal in the following year. In 1943 he was given command of No. 9 Group. Later in the year he was given command of No. 38 Group, formed to transport airborne troops in the forthcoming Normandy Landings. Hollinghurst was on board the first pathfinder aircraft to leave for Europe on the evening of 5 June 1944. No. 38 group were later involved in Operation Market Garden, for which Hollinghurst was awarded United States Distinguished Flying Cross. Later in 1944 he was appointed commanding officer of air bases in south east Asia.
## Post war {#post_war}
Returning to the UK in 1945, Hollinghurst became Air Member for Supply and Organisation, and received substantive rank as air vice marshal in 1946. He was Inspector-General of the Royal Air Force from 1948 to 1949, and was Air Member for Personnel from 1949 to 1952. He was promoted to air chief marshal in 1950, and retired in 1952. Following his retirement he was twice called upon to produce reports on technical aspects of the RAF.
During 1966, he served as the Senior Steward of the National Greyhound Racing Club.
Hollinghurst died on 8 June 1971, having collapsed on his journey back from a commemoration of the Normandy Landings
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# Wilbert Pennings
**Wilbert Bernard Roger Pennings** (born 23 February 1975 in Alphen aan den Rijn) is a Dutch high jumper. He is a thirteen-time Dutch champion and holds the national indoor and outdoor records.
Pennings became Dutch high jump champion for the first time in 1995, jumping over 2.17 metres. In 1999 he improved the Dutch national outdoor record to 2.30 and finished tenth at the 1999 World Championships. In 2000 he represented the Netherlands in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, where he did not qualify for the final, jumping over 2.20.
In February 2002 in Siegen, Germany, Wilbert Pennings improved the Dutch national indoor record to 2.31 and became seventh at the 2002 European Indoor Championships, one month later. During the outdoor season he finished thirteenth at the 2002 European Championships.
Due to injuries he was unable to compete in the 2004 Summer Olympics, but finished twelfth at the 2006 European Championships.
Pennings, who is an aerospace engineering graduate, works for the Royal Netherlands Air Force and is a member of the Dutch defence top-sport program
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# The Other Half (2006 Chinese film)
***The Other Half*** (`{{lang-zh|c=另一半|p=lìng yībàn}}`{=mediawiki}) is an independent Chinese film. It is the second feature from Chinese director Ying Liang.
## Synopsis
A sensitive and ironic portrayal of life in a Chinese industrial town, where a law clerk contends with her clients' litany of woes, her shady boyfriend\'s gambling addiction, her estranged father and the threat of toxic pollution.
Xiaofen works as a clerk at a law firm located in a developing city in Southwestern China. Her job is to meet different female clients of the firm and document each case. However, just like the female clients involved in those lawsuits, Xiaofen is also in trouble. She feels anxious and unsafe. Her boyfriend, who was living with her, goes missing, possibly because he was a murderer. And her mother and her women friends lead unsettled lives.
This movie consists of two alternating parts. One part comprises the actual, true stories told by the female clients whom Xiaofen meets in her job. The other part is the narrative about Xiaofen herself and her female friends. The intention of the film\'s structure is to present a contemporary report on the status of women living in an inland city in China.
## Awards
- [Woosuk Award](http://eng.jiff.or.kr/festival/award) at the Jeonju International Film Festival 2007
- [Special Jury Award](http://www.filmfest.org.sg/awards.php) at the Singapore International Film Festival 2007
- [The Special Jury Prize Kodak VISION Award](http://www.filmex.net/2006/compe-e.htm) at Tokyo Filmex 2006
## Film festivals {#film_festivals}
- [New Directors/New Films](http://www.filmlinc.com/ndnf/program/theotherhalf.html) at [The Museum of Modern Art and the Film Society of Lincoln Center](http://www.filmlinc.com/)
- [Mosaïques 2007](http://www.institut-francais.org.uk/mosaiques/films.php?m=5)
- [The 31st Hong Kong International Film Festival 第三十一屆香港國際電影節](http://www.hkiff.org.hk/eng/programme/show_detail.php?fi_id=249)
- [The 50th San Francisco International Film Festival](http://fest07.sffs.org/films/film_details
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# 2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
The **2008 North Indian cyclone season** was one of the most disastrous tropical cyclone seasons in modern history, causing more than 140,000 fatalities and over US\$15 billion in damage. At the time, it was the costliest season in the North Indian Ocean, until it was surpassed by 2020. The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean---the Bay of Bengal, which is east of India, and the Arabian Sea, which is west of India. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), however the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories for military interests. An average of four to six storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season. Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45°E and 100°E are included in the season by the IMD.
During 2008, the IMD monitored a total of ten depressions across the North Indian Ocean, significantly below the average of fifteen. Of these systems, seven developed into deep depressions, four into cyclonic storms, and one into a very severe cyclonic storm. The JTWC unofficially tracked seven systems, with six having one-minute sustained winds greater than 65 km/h, slightly above their 32-year average of five. Activity was mainly confined to the Bay of Bengal, with only two depressions developing in the Arabian Sea. Collectively, there were a total of 30 days of activity in the basin, with no storms existing simultaneously.
The first and most destructive storm of the season, Cyclone Nargis struck the Irrawaddy Delta in southern Myanmar, with a 3 to storm surge. Approximately 800,000 homes were severely damaged or destroyed and infrastructure was devastated. An estimated 138,373 people lost their lives and damage reached K13 trillion (US\$15.6 billion). Nargis is regarded as the worst disaster in the nation\'s history as well as the fourth-deadliest tropical cyclone on record. Other storms throughout the season caused significant damage in Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Yemen. A depression in October was responsible for 180 deaths and US\$1.638 billion in damage across Yemen. Overall, approximately 138,927 people were killed and losses totaled \$15.4 billion (2008 USD). \_\_TOC\_\_
## Season summary {#season_summary}
ImageSize = width:800 height:200 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:50 left:20 Legend = columns:3 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:270 AlignBars = early DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/04/2008 till:01/01/2009 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/04/2008 Colors =
` id:canvas value:gray(0.88)`\
` id:GP value:red`\
` id:TD value:rgb(0,0.52,0.84) legend:Depression_(31–50_km/h)`\
` id:DD value:rgb(0.43,0.76,0.92) legend:Deep_Depression_(51–62_km/h)`\
` id:TS value:rgb(0.3,1,1) legend:Cyclonic_Storm_(63–88_km/h)`\
` id:ST value:rgb(0.75,1,0.75) legend:Severe_Cyclonic_Storm_(89–117_km/h)`\
` id:VS value:rgb(1,0.85,0.55) legend:Very_Severe_Cyclonic_Storm_(118–165_km/h)`\
` id:ES value:rgb(1,0.45,0.54) legend:Extremely_Severe_Cyclonic_Storm_(166–220_km/h)`\
` id:SU value:rgb(0.55,0.46,0.9) legend:Super_Cyclonic_Storm_(≥221_km/h)`
Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas BarData =
` barset:Hurricane`\
` bar:Month`
PlotData=
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` from:27/04/2008 till:03/05/2008 color:ES text:``Nargis (ES)`\
` from:05/06/2008 till:07/06/2008 color:TD text:ARB 01 (D)`\
` from:16/06/2008 till:18/06/2008 color:TD text:BOB 02 (D)`\
` from:09/08/2008 till:10/08/2008 color:TD text:BOB 03 (D)`\
` from:15/09/2008 till:19/09/2008 color:DD text:BOB 04 (DD)`\
` from:19/10/2008 till:23/10/2008 color:DD text:``ARB 02 (DD)`\
` from:25/10/2008 till:27/10/2008 color:TS text:``Rashmi (CS)`\
` from:11/11/2008 till:16/11/2008 color:TS text:Khai-Muk (CS)`\
` barset:break`\
` from:25/11/2008 till:29/11/2008 color:TS text:``Nisha (CS)`\
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` from:01/04/2008 till:01/05/2008 text:April`\
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` from:01/06/2008 till:01/07/2008 text:June`\
` from:01/07/2008 till:01/08/2008 text:July`\
` from:01/08/2008 till:01/09/2008 text:August`\
` from:01/09/2008 till:01/10/2008 text:September`\
` from:01/10/2008 till:01/11/2008 text:October`\
` from:01/11/2008 till:01/12/2008 text:November`\
` from:01/12/2008 till:01/01/2009 text:December`
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# 2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
## Systems
### Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis {#extremely_severe_cyclonic_storm_nargis}
In late April, the Intertropical Convergence Zone became very active over the Bay of Bengal and later spawned a low-pressure area on April 26. Being in an environment with low wind shear, favorable outflow, and high sea surface temperatures, the system would consolidate into a depression the following day. Tracking slowly westward, the depression intensified, becoming Cyclonic Storm Nargis on April 28. That day, steering currents weakened, causing the system to become nearly stationary before a trough caused it to move northeasterly, and later easterly. Hours before striking southern Myanmar on May 2, Nargis would attain its peak intensity with winds of 165 km/h and an estimated central pressure of 962 mbar (hPa; 962 mbar). The JTWC estimated the system to be stronger, attaining one-minute sustained winds of 215 km/h. Once inland, the system gradually weakened and dissipated early on May 4.
Striking the Irrawaddy Delta with unprecedented intensity, Nargis produced a devastating 3 to storm surge over the region and a maximum wind speed of 190 km/h was also reported.. Approximately 23,500 km2 of land was inundated by the storm, affecting roughly 11 million people, 2.4 million severely. Infrastructural impacts were tremendous, with 450,000 homes, 4,000 schools, and 75 percent of healthcare facilities destroyed and 350,000 homes severely damaged. With approximately 140,000 fatalities taking place in Myanmar, Nargis is regarded as the worst disaster in the country\'s history and ranks as the fourth-deadliest tropical cyclone on record. Damage from the storm amounted to K13 trillion (US\$15.3 billion), the majority of which occurred within the private sector.
In the immediate aftermath of the cyclone, numerous members of the international community were prepared to provide Myanmar with aid. For several weeks, the State Peace and Development Council (Myanmar\'s military junta) insisted that the nation could cope with the disaster and refused aid. This was soon determined to be ignorance of the situation and put millions of lives at risk. Some reports indicated that the army even obstructed private relief, setting up check-points, confiscating goods, and arresting those trying to help. In 2009, it was stated that the actions of the government could be condemned as crimes against humanity for \"intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health.\"
### Depression ARB 01 {#depression_arb_01}
In early July, the seasonal monsoon over the Arabian Sea strengthened; a trough developing around the same time off the coast of Karnataka increased the local pressure gradient. The interaction of these two systems led to the formation of a low over the southern Arabian Sea on June 4. Situated in a region of low to moderate wind shear, upper-level divergence, and convergence, the low consolidated into a depression the following day while situated roughly 880 km southwest of Mumbai, India. Little intensification occurred over the following day as it moved north-northwestward; the depression attained peak winds of 45 km/h and a pressure of 994 mbar (hPa; 994 mbar). Late on June 6 and into the early hours of June 7, interaction with land caused significant weakening, with the system degrading to a remnant low that morning. The remnants of the depression continued westward and brought locally heavy rains to parts of Oman.
### Depression BOB 02 {#depression_bob_02}
Early on June 15, an area of low pressure formed within the monsoonal trough over the northern part of the Bay of Bengal. Over the next 24 hours deep convection developed around the low-pressure area and thus it was upgraded to Depression BOB 02 early the next day, as it was located about 220 km, southeast of Kolkata, near to the Bangladesh coastline. However it as the depression was located within an area of moderate to high vertical wind shear, it did not develop further. Later that morning before the depression made landfall it reached its peak intensity with a central pressure of 988 hPa/mbar. The depression then made landfall on the Bangladesh coast and slowly weakened into an area of low pressure, whilst located over Jharkhand in India.
Torrential rains associated with the depression fell across much of Assam, Orissa, West Bengal, and Jharkhand. A maximum of 720 mm of rain fell in Kalaikunda Air Force Station in West Bengal in 48 hours between 17 and 18 June of which 530 mm fell on 18 June. Additional rains spread into Himachal, Uttarakhand, and Arunachal pradeshes. In Assam, the Brahmaputra River overtopped its banks and flooded 350 villages, affecting roughly 400,000 people. At least 23 people lost their lives in the region. In nearby Arunachal, a series of landslides near Itanagar killed 19 people and injured 15 others. Flooding around Midnapore, West Bengal, killed at least nine people while 21,000 others were affected. Across northeast India, approximately 8 million people were affected by the floods, of which 2 million were rendered homeless. At least 56 people lost their lives, 31 of which occurred West Bengal.
### Land Depression BOB 03 {#land_depression_bob_03}
On August 9, a tropical depression formed in the North Indian Ocean, south of Orissa, India. Early the next day, the depression made landfall on the Orissa coast. The IMD did not upgrade it until it was overland near Puri. Consequently, it was designated as a land depression in the end of monsoon season report. Later in the day, the IMD issued its final advisory on the depression as it weakened into a low-pressure area. Madanpur Rampur in Orissa received 220 mm of rainfall on 9 August.
Monsoonal rainfall associated with the depression triggered extensive flooding in Andhra Pradesh. Flash flooding occurred on many rivers throughout the state. At least 61 people were killed across the state and 40,000 were displaced from their homes. At 3,000 homes were flooded.
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# 2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
## Systems
### Deep Depression BOB 04 {#deep_depression_bob_04}
On September 14 an area of low pressure formed southeast of Kolkata, India. During September 15 the IMD designated this area of low pressure as Depression BOB 04. Later that day the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the tropical depression. During the morning of September 15 the depression intensified into a Deep Depression as it moved closer to the Orissa Coast near Chandbali on 16 September and maximum surface wind of 40 kn was reported by Chandbali at 1700 UTC of 16 September. Later that day the JTWC issued their first advisory on this system designating it as Tropical Cyclone 02B The Depression then made landfall on the Orissa coast later that day. So the JTWC issued their last advisory on the depression later that day. However the IMD kept issuing advisories on the Deep Depression. The RSMC then downgraded it to a depression on September 18 as it moved further inland. The RSMC issued their final advisory the next day as the depression had weakened into a well marked low-pressure area. The track of Deep Depression making inland into Uttar Pradesh after crossing Orissa
Baliguda in Orissa received 430 mm of rainfall in 48 hours between 17 and 18 September. The Deep Depression caused 10 deaths in the state of Orissa. The Depression also caused 15 deaths in Uttar Pradesh, its state capital Lucknow received the heaviest rains for September in the last 10 years. Over 100 fishermen were reported missing as 25 trawlers capsized in the Bay of Bengal off Bangladesh\'s southern coastal areas as the sea turned rough due to a depression. The Deep Depression also caused storm surge up to 15 to 20 feet high.
Overall, the storm killed at least 25 people in India (10 in Orissa, 15 in Uttar Pradesh), but overall damage was minor.
### Deep Depression ARB 02 {#deep_depression_arb_02}
On October 19 the IMD noted that an area of low pressure which located to the south east of Salalah, Oman had intensified into a tropical depression and was assigned the number ARB 02. On October 21 IMD updated the system to a Deep Depression while it lay 700 km south of Salalah, Oman near the east coast of Somalia. It lost its strength while crossing the Gulf of Aden due to entry of dry air and land interaction as it passed close to the northeastern coast of Somalia. It later was downgraded to a Depression, named TC 03B by the JTWC.
On October 24 it made landfall on the south-eastern coast of Yemen, leaving at least 26 civilians and six soldiers dead while trapping hundreds of people due to flooding and torrential rainfalls. The latest figure of casualties is of 180 persons dead and 100 others missing, mostly from the region of Hadhramawt, where the storm made landfall. 733 houses were destroyed in the governorates of Hadhramawt and Al-Mahrah, while 22,000 people were displaced. The Yemeni Government declared the two aforementioned governorates as disaster zones. The most affected areas map released by ReliefWeb.
Overall, this weak storm killed at least 180 people in Yemen. Damage is estimated at \$1.638 billion (US\$).
### Cyclonic Storm Rashmi {#cyclonic_storm_rashmi}
On October 25, an area of low pressure which was located east of the Andhra Pradesh coast based on satellite, coastal observations, and buoy data intensified into a depression. The depression remained practically stationary and intensified into a deep depression about 400 km east-northeast of Visakhapatnam, 250 km south-southeast of Paradip and 550 km south-southwest of Kolkata the next day. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center began issuing advisories on the system a few hours later that early morning, designating it as Tropical Cyclone 04B. The IMD later assigned the name *Rashmi* after it intensified into a cyclonic storm. Rashmi later made landfall in the Khulna--Barisal coast at Patharghata, Bangladesh on October 27. After rapidly weakening, Rashmi degenerated into a low pressure system shortly after landfall.
Chatgaon in Bangladesh reported about 50 kn winds at the time of landfall. 15 people were killed and thousands of homes were also damaged. Rashmi brought down electrical and telephone poles and uprooted trees, large areas of acres of crops were also destroyed. 5 people were also killed in the state of Meghalaya, India. At least 50 fishermen were reported missing when about 15 fishing trawlers capsized offshore.
Rashmi killed at least 28 people. 15 people were killed in Bangladesh and 13 people were killed in India (5 in Meghalaya, 8 in Arunachal Pradesh).
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# 2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
## Systems
### Cyclonic Storm Khai-Muk {#cyclonic_storm_khai_muk}
On November 13, a low-pressure area identified by the India Meteorological Department over southeast Bay of Bengal and adjoining areas concentrated into a depression east-southeast of Chennai, India. The IMD expected the system to intensify further and move towards north Tamil-Nadu/south Andhra Pradesh coasts. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center issued a tropical cyclone warning on the tropical cyclone early on November 14 naming it as Tropical Cyclone 05B. A few hours later the IMD upgraded the system to a deep depression issuing a Cyclone Watch for Andhra Pradesh as intensification into a cyclonic storm was possible. By mid morning the IMD advised the eastern coast of India that the system was expected to cross Andhra Pradesh by noon the next day (local time). Later that morning the deep depression intensified into a cyclonic storm and was named Khai Muk and the cyclone watch was raised to a warning for Andhra Pradesh coast with Khai Muk forecast to intensify even further before it made landfall on November 15 in south Andhra Pradesh coast close to the north of Kavali. However, the system became sheared to the western periphery and the IMD downgraded it back into a deep depression. Khai-Muk headed northwest and then northwards after making landfall in Andhra Pradesh. The name Khai Muk was contributed by Thailand, it means pearl in Thai.
By November 15, all ports in Andhra Pradesh were under cautionary signal number three. All fishermen were advised to remain at port due to rough seas. Residents along the shore were urged to evacuate as waves up to 2 m were forecast to impact the coast.
High winds knocked down trees and power lines causing traffic jams throughout the Andhra Pradesh. Boats and fishing nets were washed away by high waves produced by Khai-muk, costing Rs. 2 cores (US\$430,000). An average of 53.5 mm of rain fell throughout the state. The highest rainfall was recorded in Polavaram at 230 mm on 17 November. An estimated 1.2 million hectares of crops were damaged or destroyed by the storm leading to Rs. 10 cores (US\$1.9 million) in agricultural losses. A total of 148 homes were destroyed and another 23 were damaged, amounting to Rs. 4 crores (US\$780,000) in monetary losses. A 5 km stretch of highway was washed out by the storm and damages to the road amounted to Rs. 4 crores (US\$780,000).
A state of high alert was declared in Andhra Pradesh following the storm in the state. About 7,500 people were evacuated from several towns to 23 shelters set up by officials. The shelters provided the residents with breakfast and milk on November 16. The following day, a total of 44,949 people had evacuated to 66 relief shelters. The minister of Andhra requested that the government send rice, pulses, oil and other materials to cyclone victims.
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# 2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
## Systems
### Cyclonic Storm Nisha {#cyclonic_storm_nisha}
Late in the morning of November 25, India Meteorological Department satellite imageries, including surface observations from Sri Lanka and coastal stations of Tamil Nadu, indicated that a depression had formed over Sri Lanka in southwest Bay of Bengal. The depression remained nearly stationary and intensified into a deep depression three hours later. The IMD posted a cyclone watch for Tamil Nadu region of India noting that the system was likely to intensify into a cyclonic storm and cross Tamil Nadu coast between Pamban and Nagapattinam by tomorrow night. Very late in the day the IMD mentioned that the deep depression would intensify, however the cyclone watch for Tamil Nadu coast was lowered (or not mentioned) in the bulletin issued. Early on November 26, the deep depression close to Tamil Nadu coast intensified into a cyclonic storm and was named \"Nisha\". It crossed the coast close to the north of Karaikal between 0530 and 0630 hours IST on November 27 and Karaikal reported 35 kn at the time of landfall. On November 28, JTWC issued their final warning. Nisha headed northwest towards south Karnataka after making landfall in Tamil Nadu.
15 people have been killed when Nisha hit northern Sri Lanka on November 25, 2008, causing heavy rains and flooding that reportedly displaced between 60,000 and 70,000 people in Vanni and 20,000 people in Jaffna district. Jaffna recorded the highest rainfall since 1918, of 520.1 mm of rain in last week, with Wednesday\'s reading of 389.8 mm, being the highest in nine decades.
189 people were killed by the heavy rains and floods caused by the cyclone in Tamil Nadu and the death toll is expected to rise. Some places have recorded extreme rainfall, notably Orathanad, Thanjavur district where over 660 mm of rain fell within a period of 24 hours and broke the 65-year-old record of highest rainfall registered in 24 hours in Tamil Nadu. Previously the highest amount of rainfall in a day was 570 mm registered by Cuddalore on May 18, 1943. In two days, Orathanadu registered 990 mm of rainfall. Overall in 4 days between 25 and 28 November, Orathanadu got 1280 mm making it as the 4th wettest Cylone in India. The most affected areas map released by ReliefWeb.
Nisha killed 204 people making it the 4th deadliest storm in 2008 after Cyclone Nargis, Typhoon Fengshen and Hurricane Hanna. Damage is estimated at 3789 crores i.e. \$800 million (US\$).
### Deep Depression BOB 08 {#deep_depression_bob_08}
On December 3, an area of low pressure formed over the southern Bay of Bengal within the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The system was well organized with good convection present from the previous 48 hours. On December 4, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) upgraded the area of low pressure to a depression giving it the designation \"BOB 08\". At that time it was located approximately 650 km south-southwest of Port Blair. That day, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) designated the system as Tropical Cyclone 07B. Early on December 5, the IMD upgraded Depression BOB 08 to a deep depression. On December 7, the IMD reported that BOB 08 weakened into a depression. The depression continued to weaken until it decayed into a remnant low late on the same day. Puducherry got 90 mm of rainfall on 9 December.
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# 2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
## Season effects {#season_effects}
This table lists all the Depressions that developed in the North Indian Ocean during the 2008 season. The meteorological data is taken all from RSMC New Delhi and is rated using their intensity scale.
\|- \| **Nargis** \|\| `{{Sort|0427|April 27 – May 3}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|esvrcyclstorm}}`{=mediawiki}\|Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|esvrcyclstorm}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|165|{{convert|165|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|esvrcyclstorm}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{sort|962|{{convert|962|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Yunnan \|\|align=right\| `{{ntsp|12900000000||$}}`{=mediawiki} \|\|align=right\| `{{nts|138373}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| \|- \| **ARB 01** \|\| `{{Sort|0605|June 5–7}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|01|Depression}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{sort|045|{{convert|45|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|994|{{convert|994|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| Oman \|\|align=right\| `{{Sort|0|None}}`{=mediawiki} \|\|align=right\| `{{Sort|0|0}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| \|- \| **BOB 02** \|\| `{{Sort|0616|June 16–18}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|01|Depression}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{sort|045|{{convert|45|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|988|{{convert|988|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| India, Bangladesh \|\|align=right\| `{{Sort|0|Unknown}}`{=mediawiki} \|\|align=right\| `{{nts|54}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| \|- \| **BOB 03** \|\| `{{sort|0809|August 9–10}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|01|Land Depression}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{sort|045|{{convert|45|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|1004|{{convert|1004|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| India (Orissa, West Bengal) \|\|align=right\| `{{Sort|0|Unknown}}`{=mediawiki} \|\|align=right\| `{{Sort|61|61}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| \|- \| **BOB 04** \|\| `{{sort|0914|September 14–19}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|02|Deep Depression}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{sort|055|{{convert|55|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|986|{{convert|986|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| India \|\|align=right\| `{{Sort|0|Unknown}}`{=mediawiki} \|\|align=right\| `{{nts|25}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| \|- \| **ARB 02** \|\| `{{sort|1204|October 19–23}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|02|Deep Depression}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{sort|055|{{convert|55|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|1000|{{convert|1000|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| Yemen \|\|align=right\| `{{ntsp|1638000000||$}}`{=mediawiki} \|\|align=right\| `{{nts|180}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| \|- \| **Rashmi** \|\| `{{sort|1025|October 25–27}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|A1}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|03|Cyclonic Storm}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|A1}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|085|{{convert|85|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|A1}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{sort|984|{{convert|984|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| India, Bangladesh \|\|align=right\| `{{Sort|0|Unknown}}`{=mediawiki} \|\|align=right\| `{{nts|28}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| \|- \| **Khai-Muk** \|\| `{{Sort|1025|November 13–16}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|A1}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|03|Cyclonic Storm}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|A1}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|065|{{convert|65|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|A1}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|996|{{convert|996|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| India (Andhra Pradesh) \|\|align=right\| `{{ntsp|314351728||$}}`{=mediawiki} \|\|align=right\| `{{Sort|0|0}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| \|- \| **Nisha** \|\| `{{Sort|1225|November 25–29}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|A1}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|03|Cyclonic Storm}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|A1}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|085|{{convert|85|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|A1}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|996|{{convert|996|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| Sri Lanka, India (Tamil Nadu)\|\|align=right\| `{{ntsp|594358905
| 274 |
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# Sergey Ponomarev (footballer)
**Sergey Nikolayevich Ponomarev** (*Сергей Николаевич Пономарёв*; born 6 December 1956) is a Russian football coach and a former player.
## Club career {#club_career}
He played in the third-tier Soviet Second League and lower levels during the existence of the Soviet Union, and made his second-tier debut when the Soviet Union dissolved and the Russian football pyramid was created in 1992, in the Russian Football National League.
Ponomarev was the first foreign professional footballer to play in the Iranian Football League (Azadegan League) after the Iranian Revolution. In 1994, he was invited to Isfahan, Iran by his countrymen Yevgeny Liyadin who was coach of F.C. Zob Ahan at the time, where he played for one season.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
He coached FC Ryazan in the third-tier Russian Professional Football League in 2001 and 2002
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# Dorothy Bromiley
**Dorothy Bromiley Phelan** (18 September 1930 -- 3 May 2024) was a British film, stage and television actress. In later life she became an authority and writer on historic domestic needlework.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Bromiley was born in Manchester, Lancashire, England on 18 September 1930. She was the only child of Frank Bromiley and Ada Winifred (née Thornton).
Bromiley attended the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama.
## Career
Bromiley played a role in a Hollywood film before returning to the U.K. where, in 1954, she started work as assistant stage manager at the Central Library Theatre, Manchester; followed by a West End stage role in *The Wooden Dish* directed by the exiled American film and theatre director Joseph Losey. He became Bromiley\'s husband in 1956, and the two remained married until 1963. They had a son by this relationship, the actor Joshua Losey.
### Film
Bromiley successfully auditioned for the role of Gloria in the Hollywood film *The Girls of Pleasure Island* (Paramount, 1952). Her major roles in several British films include sixth former Paulette at Angel Hill Grammar School (aged 26 at the time) in *It\'s Great to Be Young* (1956) in which Bromiley\'s singing voice for the Paddy Roberts/ Lester Powell Ray Martin song \"You are My First Love\" was dubbed by Edna Savage (and by Ruby Murray in the pre-credits sequence), Rose in *A Touch Of The Sun* (1956) co-starring with Frankie Howerd, Sarah in *Zoo Baby* (1957) with Angela Baddeley, *Small Hotel* (1957), Angela in *The Criminal* (1960) and a minor role in *The Servant* (1963), the latter two directed by Losey.
### Television
Bromiley made her television drama debut as Pauline Kirby in \"The Lady Asks For Help\" (1956) an episode of *Television Playhouse* produced by Towers of London for ITV. This was followed by the role of Ann Fleming in \"Heaven and Earth\" (1957) part of the *Douglas Fairbanks Presents* series for ATV. Directed by Peter Brook, it also starred Paul Scofield and Richard Johnson, and was set on board a plane that develops engine trouble. Bromiley also had roles in such popular television series as *The Adventures of Robin Hood* (1956) as Lady Rowena (\"Hubert\" episode), *Armchair Theatre* (1957), *Play of the Week* (\"Arsenic and Old Lace\") (1958), *Saturday Playhouse* (\"The Shop at Sly Corner\") (1960), *Z-Cars* (1964), *The Power Game* (1966) and *No Hiding Place* (1965, 1966), and the television play *Jemima and Johnny* (1966). Her last television drama role was as Sarah Malory in *Fathers and Families* (BBC Television, 1977) directed by Christopher Morahan.
### Later career {#later_career}
Bromiley taught at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) between 1966 and 1972 and left to create The Common Stock Theatre Company, staging socially relevant theatre in colleges and non-traditional halls.
## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death}
Once retired from acting, Bromiley lived in Dorset, and developed an interest in 16th and 17th century amateur domestic needlework, writing on the subject, and curating two major exhibitions.
Bromiley was married to American film and theatre director Joseph Losey from 1956 until 1963. She was later the partner of Dublin-born actor and screenwriter Brian Phelan from 1963 until her death. Together they had a daughter, Kate. Bromiley died on 3 May 2024, at the age of 93. Phelan died five days after Bromiley, on 8 May.
## Works
- *The Point of the Needle: Five Centuries of Samplers and Embroideries, an Exhibition of Needlework at the Dorset County Museum*. (`{{ISBN|1-874336-97-0}}`{=mediawiki})
- *The Goodhart Samplers* (www.needleprint
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# Ancona Point, Ontario
**Ancona Point, Ontario** is located in the former Township of Verulam, Ontario within the city of Kawartha Lakes, Ontario, Canada, and lies on Sturgeon Lake, 8 km along County Road 24 south-west of Bobcaygeon.
This stop on the former Canadian Pacific Railway was to have been called Scotch Line, but, after a disagreement between local residents, the completely unrelated Ancona Point was chosen as the station name. Scotch Line Road, which travels south from Ancona Point to Ontario Highway 36, retains the originally mooted name
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# Sebi, Zaveh
**Sebi** (*صبي*, also Romanized as **Şebī**; also known as **Qal'eh Bālā Şebī**) is a village in Zaveh Rural District in the Central District of Zaveh County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 203, with 58 families
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| 0 |
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# John Hoffman (filmmaker)
**John Hoffman** (29 August 1904, in Hungary -- 6 January 1980, in Altadena, California), was an American editor of montage sequences for several Hollywood studio features. He also directed a number of films, including *The Wreck of the Hesperus* and *Strange Confession*.
With his colleague, the Serbian montagist Slavko Vorkapich, Hoffman made two striking visual tone poems, *Moods of the Sea* (a.k.a. *Fingal\'s Cave*, 1941) and *Forest Murmurs* (1947). The former film is set to Felix Mendelssohn\'s *Hebrides Overture* and was restored in 2004 by film preservation expert David Shepard
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# Archimandrite Kyprianos
**Archimandrite Kyprianos** (Greek: Αρχιμανδρίτης Κυπριανός) (1735 -- 1803 est.) was a cleric, historian, poet, and publishing editor. He was one of the major Greek Cypriot intellectuals and clerics of the 18th century.
He was born in the village of Kilani in the Limassol District. He possibly took monastic orders in the Monastery of Kykko. He started his career in the church as a deacon in the Cypriot Archbishopric. Later on as an Archimandrite, he was sent in 1777 by Archbishop Chrysanthos to study in Venice. While in Venice in 1780, he edited and wrote the introduction to Theophilos Korydaleus\' treatise on Aristotle\'s *On Generation and Corruption* a work sponsored by Archbishop Chrysanthos and the Pafos bishop, Panaretos. In Venice, he also worked on correcting books published in the Greek language. He furthered his studies in Padova, and from 1794 to 1798, he was a senior cleric in the Greek Orthodox church of Trieste.
His most notable work is considered to be the *Chronological history of Cyprus* (Ιστορία Χρονολογική της Νήσου Κύπρου) published in Venice in 1788. This book was subsequently published in four different editions. His work was something of a response to the *Choroggrafia* of Stefano Lusignan, a high ranking catholic official, and thus stresses the orthodox identity and Byzantine heritage of the island of Cyprus.
## Publications
- Αρχιμανδρίτης Κυπριανός (1788). *[Ἱστορία Χρονολογικὴ τῆς Νήσου Κύπρου](https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/9/7/6/metadata-155-0000109.tkl).* Ενετίησιν: παρά Νικόλαω Γλυκεί.
- Αρχιμανδρίτης Κυπριανός (1902). *Ἱστορία Χρονολογικὴ τῆς Νήσου Κύπρου.* Εν Λευκωσία. Reprint
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# Ptghunk
**Ptghunk** (*Պտղունք*, also Romanized as **Ptghunk'**, **Ptghounq**, and **Ptkhunk**) is a village in the Armenian province of Armavir. The village is about 10 miles from Yerevan on the road to Komitas, and is close to the Zvartnots airport. According to the 2011 census, the population of Ptghunk is 1,795
| 51 |
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# Samuel Dunlop
Col. **Samuel Dunlop**, CMG (8 March 1838 -- 28 June 1917) was a British civil servant and officer in the Royal Artillery. He served in several capacities as a member of the Straits Settlements civil service but is perhaps best known as the Inspector-General of Police, in Singapore.
Dunlop was born in Derriaghy, County Antrim, the son of Samuel Dunlop. He was the father of Sir Thomas Dacre Dunlop. He died in Highgate, London, aged 79.
## Pangkor Treaty 1874 {#pangkor_treaty_1874}
The Pangkor meeting took place in the middle of January 1874 on board the H. M. S. Pluto moored off the picturesque Island of Pangkor, off Perak state -- the oldest Sultanate of the three Western states.
The three parties involved in the fateful engagement were the British, the Malay rulers, and the Chinese.
British Officials Present were:
- Major-General Sir Andrew Clarke, the Governor, Commander-in-Chief, and Vice-Admiral of the Straits Settlements
- Mr. Bradell, the Attorney-General
- Major J.F.A. McNair, the Colonial Engineer
- Colonel Samuel Dunlop, the Inspector-General of Police
- Mr. A.M. Skinner of the Secretariat
- William A. Pickering, officer in charge of Chinese affairs
- Frank A. Swettenham, interpreter of Malay from the Land Revenue Office
The Malay rulers present were
- Raja Abdullah
- Raja Idris
- Raja Bendahara
- the Mantri Ngah Ibrahim
- the Temenggong
- the Shahbandar
- the Raja Mahkota
- the Laxamana
- the Dato Sagor
Twenty-six Chinese were present, led by their respective headmen, Chin Ah Yam of the Ghee Hins and Chung Keng Quee of the Hai Sans as well as Chinese interpreter, (Marcus Chong or Wong Ah Chong).
## Pacification Commission {#pacification_commission}
In 1875, he was appointed to the Commission for the Pacification of Larut serving alongside fellow commissioners McNair, Swettenham, Pickering and Capitans China Chung Keng Quee and Chin Seng Yam.
## Inspector-General of Police {#inspector_general_of_police}
Captain, Major, and then Colonel, Samuel Dunlop served in Singapore as the Inspector-General of Police of the Straits Settlements in 1875 succeeding Thomas Dunman and held that position till 1890, handing over the reins to RW Maxwell (1891-1895).
## Singapore Municipality {#singapore_municipality}
Samuel Dunlop was President of the Singapore Municipal Commission in 1887.
## Trustee Presbyterian Church, Singapore {#trustee_presbyterian_church_singapore}
In 1899 together with Robert Little, John Hutchinson Robertson, John Anderson, Robert Jamie, Alexander Maughan Martin, Thomas Cuthbertson, William McKerrow and William Alexander Pickering, Samuel Dunlop became a trustee of the Presbyterial Church in Singapore.
## Freemason District Grandmaster, Singapore {#freemason_district_grandmaster_singapore}
On 28 December 1885, Colonel Samuel Dunlop was installed as District Grand Master of the Freemasons in Singapore (1885-91) by W Bro Cargill. The Straits Times Overland Journal of 17 December 1878 reported a meeting of 20 Brethren at the Exchange Rooms. It was resolved that a new Masonic Hall should be erected. To cover the cost, promises were made that 240 shares of \$25 each should be subscribed for, \"owing, in great measure, to the energy of Major Dunlop\". He was Worshipful Master of The Lodge of St George in 1879-80 and District Grand Master from 1885-1891, succeeding R.W. Bro. W. H. M. Read.
## Dunlop Street {#dunlop_street}
Dunlop Street in Singapore\'s Little India area (originally known as Rangasamy Road), is believed to have been named after Samuel Dunlop
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# Yevgeny Lyadin
**Yevgeny Ivanovich Lyadin** (*Евгений Иванович Лядин*) (April 9, 1926 -- April 3, 2011) was a Russian football manager and former player.
Lyadin was the first foreign professional football manager to coach a club in the Iranian Football League (Azadegan League) after the Iranian Revolution. In 1994 while coaching F.C. Zob Ahan a club based in Isfahan, Iran, he invited his fellow countryman Sergey Ponomarev to come and play for his team.
Lyadin was the coach of Soviet youth national teams in 1965--1972 and 1979--1982. His teams won the UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship in 1966 and 1967
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# Racing back to the caution
In automobile racing, specifically NASCAR stock car racing, **racing back to the caution** is a procedure for drivers after a caution flag is displayed.
## NASCAR usage {#nascar_usage}
The procedure was used in NASCAR racing series when the pace car was deployed as a result of an on-track emergency such as a crash or rain. When NASCAR declared a caution period, racing would not cease immediately; rather, the drivers could continue racing for position until they crossed the start-finish line and received the caution flag. Passes for position counted (Pre 2008), and drivers running a lap down (or more) were able to un-lap themselves if they passed the leader prior to the start/finish line. Caution Flags now freeze the position of a drive at the moment they are issued in current day NASCAR.
In addition, if the yellow came out on the final lap, the race would continue until the cars crossed the finish line. An example of this is the 1987 Firecracker 400, when Ken Schrader wrecked approaching the tri-oval on the final lap. If the yellow came out very near the end of the race - so late in the race that there would not be sufficient time to clean up the incident and go back to green before the race had exhausted its scheduled distance - the race would effectively end as the cars received the yellow flag at the start/finish line. The remaining laps would be run under yellow (with no passing on the track allowed). An example of this would be the 1984 Firecracker 400.
After racing back to the caution was eliminated, the green-white-checkered rule was implemented to help avoid a race from finishing under caution, particularly in the middle of a lap. Though as of 2023 a race ends under caution with the field frozen if a caution occurs in the final lap of an overtime.
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# Racing back to the caution
## Problems with racing back to the caution {#problems_with_racing_back_to_the_caution}
### Safety
The practice sometimes created dangerous situations in which cars would be racing near wrecked cars, with possibly injured drivers, and prevent the safety team from reaching the stricken cars quickly. Also, there were numerous situations where cars racing back to the caution nearly, or in some cases did, become part of the crash by plowing into slow or stopped cars on the track.
Criticism of the rule first aired on CBS during the 1983 Daytona 500 following a bad crash by Darrell Waltrip when leader Dick Brooks slowed and the lapped car of Lake Speed chopped him off, forcing him hard on the brakes as Waltrip approached. Color analyst David Hobbs was sharply critical of the rule, and it was criticized in *Sports Illustrated*{{\'s}} coverage of the 500 by writer Sam Moses.
This especially showed during the 2003 Sylvania 300 at Loudon when Dale Jarrett had stopped in the middle of the track at the start finish line while the drivers were racing back to the flag. Another infamous incident took place in the 1990 ARCA race at Daytona, where cars slowing down under caution crashed into a stationary car being attended to by rescue crews after a multi-car crash, seriously injuring a paramedic.
### Competition
In addition, many drivers felt there was an unwritten \"gentleman\'s agreement\" about not racing back to the yellow during the early portions of the race. Many drivers felt that once a yellow came out, that all drivers should hold their position, and not try to take advantage of the yellow flag, especially if it was nowhere near the end of the race. This practice, however, was never official, and the self-policing of it was very inconsistent.
This facet was magnified around the same time as the aforementioned Loudon incident at the 2003 Dodge/Save Mart 350. On the 71st lap, Kevin Harvick was leading Robby Gordon when a caution came out for a crash at a different part of the track. Robby Gordon kept charging, and passed Harvick in the keyhole turn, taking the lead before they crossed the start/finish line. Harvick called it a \"chicken move\", and Jeff Gordon said \"I could not believe it when I saw it\" and called his passing under the yellow \"unheard of\".
The controversial pass, however, was entirely legal under NASCAR rules at the time, and Robby Gordon was assessed no penalty. The so-called \"unethical breach of racing ethics\" proved to be the winning edge, and Robby Gordon went on to win the race. He was subjected to considerable controversy; some ridiculed his action while others considered the complaints hypocritical or \"sour grapes\" by the losers.
### Lapped cars {#lapped_cars}
In some cases, when the caution came out, leaders would purposely slow down, and allow lapped cars to pass them and thus get their lap back before they crossed the start/finish line. This was a long-standing practice, and frequently was part of race strategy. Sometimes by being kind enough to let a driver get his lap back, a favor would be expected later in the race in return.
This practice was scrutinized as well though, when it was seen to be abused. A controversy arose during the 2003 Samsung/Radio Shack 500 at Texas. On the 169th lap, the yellow came out for a spin with Matt Kenseth leading. Kenseth backed off in turn 4 to allow teammates Jeff Burton and Kurt Busch to get their laps back. Jeff Gordon, however, sped past all three and beat them back to the start-finish line, officially taking the lead. However, instead of Gordon keeping the lead, NASCAR scored Kenseth in front, while Busch and Rudd were allowed to make up a lap. After the race, NASCAR acknowledged the error.
After racing back to the yellow was eliminated, a special exception to this practice was implemented and allowed, by the beneficiary rule where the highest-placed car not on the lead lap is given a lap back if a caution occurs
### Unofficial continuance of racing to the line {#unofficial_continuance_of_racing_to_the_line}
Though racing to the yellow was officially banned in 2003, there have been numerous races that finished under green despite a last-lap crash as the caution did not occur, notably the 2004 Winn Dixie 250 at Daytona won by Mike Wallace the 2015 Alert Today Florida 300 won by Ryan Reed, the 2007 Daytona 500, the 2019 1000Bulbs.com 500, and the 2020 Daytona 500.
## Current NASCAR rule {#current_nascar_rule}
As a result of these criticisms, NASCAR changed the caution rules in 2003: the field is frozen in running order at the exact moment the caution button is pressed by race officials, and the running order is determined by inspecting the order that the driver\'s transponders had passed a series of wire checkpoints around the track. In special cases, the transponder data can be supplemented with video replay (particularly for the leader/winner).
In order to not totally obliterate the possibility of regaining lost laps, NASCAR has implanted the beneficiary rule in which the highest-placed car not on the lead lap is given a lap back if a caution occurs
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# Hugo MacNeill (Irish Army officer)
**Lieutenant General Hugo MacNeill** (1900--1963) was an Irish soldier and first president of the Organisation of National Ex-Servicemen in Ireland.
## Life and military career {#life_and_military_career}
Born in 1900, he was the nephew of politician Eoin MacNeill (1867--1945).
Hugo MacNeill was member of Fianna Éireann and the Irish Volunteers before becoming an officer of the National Army during the Irish Civil War. In 1923, he was promoted to colonel after an intelligence windfall allowed him to prevent a series of Irish Republican Army (IRA) attacks in Dublin. In 1924 he was promoted to major general and appointed assistant Chief of Staff of the National Army.
In 1926 MacNeill attended the US Army Command and Staff Course in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He was in command of the Irish Army\'s Second (Northern) Division during The Emergency (1939-1945).
He was promoted to lieutenant general in 1946, although without appointment.
MacNeill\'s main activity following retirement was the co-ordination of An Tóstal festivals in the 1950s. He was also the first president of the Organisation of National Ex-Servicemen. He died in 1963.
## Controversies
MacNeill was reputedly sympathetic to German interests, and some sources suggest he approached the German diplomatic legation in the early 1940s, without apparent authorisation. These approaches were reputedly to seek German assistance in the event that Britain invaded Ireland. Playing both sides, he accepted the covert aid of the British Army in training his division, notably in the establishment of a \"battle school\" at Gormanston and secret training of selected Irish troops in commando techniques in Northern Ireland
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# Winter Garden Region
The **Winter Garden Region** is an agricultural area in South Texas (USA) located north of Laredo and southwest of San Antonio. The region is centered on four \"core\" counties - Dimmit, Frio, La Salle, and Zavala, but also includes parts of Atascosa, Maverick, and McMullen counties.
Bexar, Medina, Uvalde, and Wilson counties all have small or small portions that lie within the defined area, but they are typically not considered part of the Winter Garden region.
The region is noted for its year-round production of vegetables through irrigation.
## History
The area is part of the Tamaulipan mezquital ecoregion. Before the introduction of large-scale irrigation, the region was arid and covered in short grasses and mesquite trees. Onion crop production began near Cotulla (La Salle County) in 1896. At the same time, Dimmit County farmers began to use artesian aquifers and dams to provide water for irrigated crops.
The arrival of rail transportation in the early 1900s led to a major land boom in the region. Between 1900 and 1920, the number of farms in La Salle County almost tripled and the value of an acre of farmland in Dimmit County rose from \$1.80 in 1900 to \$24.60 in 1910 and more than \$40 by 1920.
The number of farms in Zavala County tripled between 1900 and 1930 due largely to the division of the 96000 acre Cross S Ranch into 10 acre plots. Although cotton production dominated in Frio County, the region\'s most important crops were onions, cabbage, spinach, beets, and strawberries. Other crops such as citrus fruits, melons, and nuts were also harvested.
By 1930, the Winter Garden region was home to 36,816 people (up from 8,401 in 1900). A combination of increased irrigation costs and the Great Depression led to a decrease in the number of small farms. Many were returned to ranchland while irrigation farming became a large-scale enterprise in other areas.
Corporate ownership of large farms became increasingly common after World War II, with major companies such as Del Monte establishing canneries close to the fields.
Today, the Winter Garden region is still among the leading producers of winter vegetables through irrigation in the country.
### Core county population statistics {#core_county_population_statistics}
+-----------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| County | 1900 | 1930 | 1950 | 2000 | 2006\ |
| | | | | | est
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# Catholic moral theology
**Catholic moral theology** is a major category of doctrine in the Catholic Church, equivalent to a religious ethics. Moral theology encompasses Catholic social teaching, Catholic medical ethics, sexual ethics, and various doctrines on individual moral virtue and moral theory. It can be distinguished as dealing with \"how one is to act\", in contrast to dogmatic theology which proposes \"what one is to believe\".
## Overview
Sources of Catholic moral theology include both the Old Testament and the New Testament, and philosophical ethics such as natural law that are seen as compatible with Catholic doctrine. Moral theology was mostly undifferentiated from theology in general during the patristic era, and is found in the homilies, letters and commentaries on Scripture of the early Church fathers.
Examples of Catholic moral theologians include St. Alphonsus Liguori (author of *Theologia Moralis*), Bartolomé Medina (originator of Probabilism), Dominic Prümmer (Compensationism), Bernhard Häring (Dialogical Ethics), Servais Pinckaers (Nouvelle théologie), Germain Grisez and John Finnis (New Natural Law).
Moral theology tends to be advanced most authoritatively through official statements of doctrine, such as papal encyclicals, which are based on the dogmatic pronouncements of Ecumenical Councils (e.g., Vatican II), Sacred Scriptures, and Sacred Tradition. In addition, moral theologians publish their own works and write in a variety of journals devoted in whole, or in part to moral theology. These scholarly journals are helpful in making the theology of the Church more clear and accessible to others, and serve as a forum in which scholarly discussion of understanding and application of issues occurs. However, these journals *per se* do not add or remove anything from Catholic teaching.
The curriculum for formation of priests commonly includes required and elective courses in Catholic moral theology.
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# Catholic moral theology
## History
### Middle Ages {#middle_ages}
During the Middle Ages, moral theology developed in precision and scope through scholasticism. Much of the Catholic Church\'s current moral theology, especially regarding natural law, is based in the *Summa Theologica* by St. Thomas Aquinas, which is regarded as one of the best treatises of Catholic moral theology.
### Baroque period and Reformation {#baroque_period_and_reformation}
Although many theologians found inspiration in Aquinas from his death onwards, moral theology did not become its own separate field of scholarship until after the council of Trent at the dawn of the baroque period and the reformation, one of the wishes of the council fathers was to set out the more rigorous training of priests which would lead to the genesis of seminaries. Through the renewal of learning in the Church specialisation would begin to take root in the curriculum, with theology becoming fragmented into different \'fields\' such as dogmatic, moral, spiritual theology and so on. This would lead to the birth of the genre of the \'Manual\'.
### Birth of manualism {#birth_of_manualism}
**Manualism** designates an approach to Christian ethics, especially in Catholic moral theology, associated with Alphonsus Liguori and the tradition of \"moral manuals\" (instruction manuals teaching explicitly right and wrong) which came from him.
The manualist tradition has an ambivalent relationship with scholasticism. David Bentley Hart among others state that much of contemporary Thomism has more manualism than Aquinas himself.
The manualist tradition is related to `{{annotated link|casuistry}}`{=mediawiki}.
Manualism is associated with the theology surrounding artificial birth control.
The first manual of moral theology was written by the Jesuit, Juan Azor in three volumes, his *Institutionum Moralium* published in the 17th century*.* Although claiming patrimony to Aquinas, nominalism was most prolific at the time among the intellectual elite which seems to have influenced Azor\'s outlook in his work, instead of focusing on the beatitudes and virtues in the moral life as Aquinas in his *Summa*, nominalism emphasises the obligatory and legal nature of God\'s commands as a result of the arbitrary will of God and a person\'s conscience before the law, many would follow Azor\'s model with few modifications and this outlook would influence the whole manualist tradition of moral theology which would become less dominant after Vatican II, during this period it became more common for alternative approaches or attempts to return to a biblical, patristic or scholastic approach before the influence of nominalism and outgrowth of casuistry which was characteristic of the tridentine period.
### Contemporary
Contemporary Catholic moral theology is developed by acts of the Magisterium, by the Pope, other bishops, and by the works of lay Catholic moral theologians, which include magisterial teachings, as well as (in some matters) theological opinions.
## Approaches
- In a deontological approach, morality takes the form of a studying of \"how one is to act\" in relation to the laws established by the faith. See also Casuistry.
- In a teleological approach, \"how one is to act\" is related to the ultimate end which is again established by the faith. See also Virtue Ethics
- In a dialogical approach, morality follows the pattern of faith directly, the \"how one is to act\" is related to an encounter with God through faith. Moral living is response to the Logos or Word of God. \"Faith in the Logos\...understands moral values as responsibility, as a response to the Word, and thus gives them their intelligibility as well as their essential orientation
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# Otis Williams and the Charms
**Otis Williams and the Charms** were an American doo-wop vocal group in the 1950s, who were originally billed as **The Charms**. Williams is not related to Otis Williams of The Temptations.
## Career
Otis Williams (born June 2, 1936, in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States) attended Withrow High School in Cincinnati, and in 1952 joined an existing singing group in the school when one of its members was sick. The other original members were Bob Smith (tenor) (later replaced by Donald Peak), Rolland Bradley (tenor), Joe Penn (baritone/tenor), and Richard Parker (bass; December 31, 1936 -- September 24, 2018).
The group, which Williams named The Charms, performed \"Rags to Riches\" in the *Withrow Minstrels* in May 1954, where they were seen in the opening show by Syd Nathan of King Records. Nathan only wanted to sign Williams, but Williams insisted on taking the rest of the group along. They signed immediately to a subsidiary label, Rockin\' Records, based in Florida and owned by Henry Stone (later of TK Records), with Williams giving up a sports career to pursue singing instead. As a condition of their signing, Nathan required that The Charms pull out of The Minstrels, and so they did not appear in the subsequent five performances of the 1954 production.
The Charms\' first record in June 1953, \"Heaven Only Knows\", was not a hit, and after a couple more releases they moved to another King subsidiary label, De Luxe Records, also run by Stone. They recorded several more times before, in 1954, \"Hearts of Stone\" gave them their first and biggest hit, reaching No. 1 on the R&B charts for nine weeks at the end of the year. It sold over one million copies, their first recording to do so, and was awarded a gold disc. It also reached No. 15 on the pop chart, with a cover version by the Fontane Sisters reaching No. 1.
The group had further R&B chart success with \"Ling, Ting, Tong\" and \"Two Hearts\", and they toured with The Clovers, Big Joe Turner and others. Another song recorded in 1955, written by Rudy Toombs, was \"Gum Drop,\" a single issued on DeLuxe 6090 and labeled by Otis William and the Charms. It was very popular and covered by the Crew Cuts. Later pressings of this song, probably late 1955 listed the performance by Otis Williams and his \"New Group.\" This change happened when, in late 1955, Stone persuaded the other members of the group that they could succeed without Williams, and they left to join Stone\'s new Chart label. After a court battle, Williams continued recording for DeLuxe, credited as Otis Williams and His Charms, and had another big hit in 1956 with \"Ivory Tower\" (No. 5 R&B, No. 11 Pop).
Williams continued to record for DeLuxe in the late 1950s, but with less success. He also co-produced and arranged Hank Ballard\'s original version of \"The Twist\", and helped arrange Little Willie John\'s \"Fever\". Peak, Bradley, Penn, and Parker, the Chart Records Charms, had their last recordings released in 1956. These recordings were, however, re-releases of older recordings that featured Otis Williams. The group made no other recordings.
Williams was drafted in 1960, and recorded sporadically as his army leave permitted. This also marked the breakup of his Charms. He was discharged in 1962 and recorded solo for another year, before retiring in 1963. He returned in 1965, recording soul music for the Okeh label. He took a further break, becoming a barber, and later relocated to Nashville, Tennessee, where he met Stop Records producer Pete Drake, who produced some records with his old backing group The Endeavors, then bet him that he could not make a country music album that sells, causing him to record *Otis Williams and the Midnight Cowboys* in 1971, claiming a fictitious all-black country band that was really some Nashville musicians including Elvis Presley\'s guitarist Scotty Moore.
In the 1990s, Williams returned to group harmony singing, touring internationally with a new Charms group, and, in 2001, being inducted to the United in Group Harmony Association Hall of Fame. Williams performed in Cincinnati with The Coda Band on November 24, 2007
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# Journal of Biology
The ***Journal of Biology*** was a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by BioMed Central. It was established in 2002 with the aim to provide an alternative to biology journals with high-impact factor such as *Nature*, *Science*, and *Cell*. Because of stringent selection criteria, it published only a few research articles per year, only four in 2007, for example, with the rest being comment and short review articles. The research articles were published as open access and many of these research articles were highly cited.
The journal was never indexed by the Science Citation Index and therefore didn\'t get an official impact factor. According to an unofficial calculation in 2007, it reached an impact factor of 20.1. The journal was discontinued in April 2010 and merged with the existing journal *BMC Biology*
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# Huitzilatzin
**Huitzilatzin** (or **Huitzillatzin**) (died in the year Seven Reed/1499) was the first *tlatoani* (ruler) of the pre-Columbian *altepetl* (ethnic state) of Huitzilopochco (now Churubusco) in the Valley of Mexico.
Huitzilatzin was the second son of Huehue Zaca, who held the title of *tlacateccatl* (general) and who was a son of Huitzilihuitl, the second Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan. According to the *Crónica mexicáyotl*, Huitzilatzin was \"quite sickly\" (Nahuatl *\"çan cocoxcatzintli\"*).
He was installed as ruler of Huitzilopochco by the Aztec ruler Axayacatl. Like other towns in the region, it is not recorded exactly when Huitzilopochco came under Aztec control. It is likely that Tenochtitlan inherited them from the defeated Tepanec empire of Azcapotzalco. The inhabitants of Huitzilopochco are said to have been cannibals prior to the imposition of Aztec government.
Huitzilatzin had two children in Huitzilopochco: a son, Macuilxochitzin, and a daughter, whose name is not known but who married Quauhpopocatzin, the ruler of Coyoacán.
Huitzilatzin was killed in the year Seven Reed (1499), as he was held responsible for flooding that had occurred in Tenochtitlan
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# Natural wine
**Natural wine** (*vin naturel, vin nature*; *Naturwein*) refers to a generalized movement among winemakers for production of wine using simple or traditional methods. Although there is no uniform definition of natural wine, it is usually produced without the use of pesticides or herbicides, with few or no additives, and limited filtration and fining. Typically, natural wine is produced on a small scale using traditional rather than industrial techniques and fermented with native yeast. In its purest form, natural wine is simply unadulterated fermented grape juice with no additives in the winemaking process. Other terms for the product include **minimal-intervention**, **low-intervention wine**, **raw wine**, and **naked wine**.
## History
Some sources claim that the movement started with winemakers in the Beaujolais region of France in the 1960s. Several winemakers, namely Marcel Lapierre, Jean Foillard, Charly Thevenet, and Guy Breton, sought a return to the way their grandparents made wine, before the incursion of pesticides and synthetic chemicals that had become so prevalent in agriculture after the end of World War II. They became affectionately known as The Gang of Four. They were heavily influenced by the teachings and thoughts of Jules Chauvet and Jacques Neauport, two oenologists who studied ways to make wines with fewer additives. For quite some time the town of Villié-Morgon became a place for like minded winemakers to congregate and become influenced by the Gang of Four. Gradually this movement spread to other regions of France, and since has spread across the world, gradually gaining in popularity and attracting newer younger winemakers in more and more regions of the world.
Historically, natural wine has been connected to the German *Lebensreform* movement, where it gained popularity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
In the end of 19th century prominent Georgian poet and politician, Ilia Chavchavadze penned a series of articles responding to contemporary critics of "backward" natural winemaking practices, later collected and published under the title "Georgian Winemaking." Some of famous quotes from the letters of Chavchavadze are: \...\"The true purpose of winemaking, its beginning and end, is to make wine naturally, following the process by which nature itself transforms grape juice into wine\"\...\"The primary virtue of every kind of food or drink must be to benefit the body, and not to harm it
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# Józef Gosławski (sculptor)
**Józef Jan Gosławski** (24 April 1908 -- 23 January 1963) was a Polish sculptor and medallic artist. He was a designer of coins (e.g. 5 zł with fisherman), monuments (e.g. Frédéric Chopin in Żelazowa Wola) and medals (e.g. *Year 1939*). Laureate of many artistic competitions; decorated with the Silver Cross of Merit.
## Biography
Józef Gosławski was born in Polanówka, in the Lublin Governorate of Congress Poland, but was brought up Wąwolnica with his parents, two brothers (including younger brother Stanisław Gosławski, who also became a sculptor) and two sisters. He began his artistic education in the Building Crafts School founded by Jan Koszczyc-Witkiewicz in Kazimierz Dolny. After finishing at this school, he passed an exam to the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków, but he was too young to begin studies. He continued his education in the National Decorative Arts and Artistic Industry School in Kraków. He was influenced by Stanisław Szukalski, but he wasn\'t a member of the Horned Heart Tribe.
In 1932, he finally began studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków, where he was taught by professor Xawery Dunikowski. Then he moved to Warsaw, where he was taught by professor Tadeusz Breyer. He was awarded a scholarship to study in Rome, where he graduated from the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in 1937 (he was taught by Angelo Zanelli). During his stay in the Italy, which ended in 1939, he took part in exhibitions of the *Kapitol* -- a society of Polish artists. He also served as the society\'s vice chairman.
He returned to Poland in July 1939 to become a conservator of the Royal Castle in Warsaw. He did not fill this position due to the beginning of the Second World War. He spent the occupation years in Wąwolnica. After the end of the war, he renovated, among others, a 17th-century house under St. Nicolaus in Kazimierz Dolny.
He held the Medal and Metal Sculpture Chair in the National Artistic School in Poznań from 1947, and was the chairman of Poznań district of the Association of Polish Artists and Designers (ZPAP) for two terms of office. Married to his student Wanda Mankin in 1948, he had two daughters: Bożena Stefania and Maria Anna. He moved with his family to Warsaw in 1956, where he became a chairman of Sculpture Department of ZPAP central board. He died suddenly in Warsaw in 1963 at the beginning of a new artistic phase.
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# Józef Gosławski (sculptor)
## Art
`{{category see also|Works by Józef Gosławski}}`{=mediawiki}
Józef Gosławski was the creator of numerous monuments and portrait sculptures, sculpture caricatures, medals, coins, renovations and drawings. His early works, generally not conserved, show some influence of cubism (*Self-portrait* - 1932--1933, *Portrait of Witold Chomicz* - 1927--1928), Szukalski\'s ideas (sculpture caricature of Henryk Uziembło), as well as forms similar to ideas of the Polish Applied Art Society (design of the *St. Franciscus altar*). His stay in Italy and a direct contact with its art changed Gosławski\'s point of view -- the portraits of *Robert*, *Maria Maro*, and the *Sicilian* show a strong influence from his antique studies. This influence, combined with the Italian Renaissance impact, are also seen in the early medals and plaques created in Rome. The before-war works were nearly completely lost during their way back to Poland in August 1939 (there is a relation, whose author says about possibility of staying a part of works in Castello del Catajo).
The years of Second World War were not lost in the terms of artistic activity. War conditions forced him to interest in small sculpture forms. The medals created in those years were mainly related to the martyrdom of the Polish nation.
After the war he continued his work in the field of medals. He was a precursor of the withdrawal from classic form and shape of medals. He became a lonely connection of the Konstanty Laszczka and Józef Aumiller generation with later medallists. His strong position in medallic arts is confirmed with numerous awards and purchases of his works to museums in Poland (e.g. Warsaw, Wrocław, Kraków, Lublin, Toruń) and in Europe (e.g. Prague, Athens, Budapest, Rome, Vatican City, Paris, The Hague, Moscow, Sankt Petersburg).
He returned to the monumental sculpture with the Adam Mickiewicz monument in Gorzów Wielkopolski, the *Never war* monument in Żabikowo (district of Luboń) near Poznań, a sculpture group called *Music* in Warsaw (MDM), and the *Frédéric Chopin monument* in Żelazowa Wola. He participated and won numerous contests for monument design, e.g. *Heroes of Warsaw*, *Soldiers of I Army of People\'s Army of Poland* and *Bolesław Prus*. He also created a monumental *altar of the Transfiguration of Jesus* in Masłów near Kielce.
Józef Gosławski\'s works are difficult to classify. Constant prospecting and an artistic anxiety lead him to create in the different forms and materials. But the main focus of his art was always a human being - as a hero and in everyday life. Gosławski was modest and friendly, even his caricatures, the art type very rare among sculptors, are featured with benignant sense of humour rather than malice.
He was honoured with 14 individual exhibitions, and his works were presented on over 60 domestic (in Poland) and over 20 abroad exhibitions.
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# Józef Gosławski (sculptor)
## Art
### Participation in artistic competitions {#participation_in_artistic_competitions}
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Year | Topic of competition | Comments |
+===========+=====================================================================+========================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| 1936 | Bust of Józef Piłsudski | First prize; sculpture created 1938--39, now at National Museum, Warsaw; a cast is at Turek Museum |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1946/47 | National emblem | Second prize |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1951 | Sculptures for Constitution Square, Warsaw | Three multi-figure sculptural groups including *Music*, on building at Koszykowa Street 34/50, Warsaw |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1951 | GKKF badge | First prize |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1951 | State Award medal | First prize |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1953 | Lublin monument to \[World War II\] partisans | Model stored at unknown site |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1953 | Lublin triumphal arch | Model stored at unknown site |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1953 | Medal commemorating 500th anniversary of return of Gdańsk to Poland | In the holdings of Lublin Province Museum; National Museum, Poznań; Museum of Metal Engraving Arts; Royal Castle, Warsaw; Ossolineum; and private collections |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1955 | Adam Mickiewicz monument, Poznań | Model, in private collections |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1957 | Monument to victims of Auschwitz concentration camp | Model stored at unknown site |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1958 | Coins | 10 *złotych*: *Mieszko and Dobrawa*; first prize. The coin was struck in 1966 as a 100-*złotych* silver commemorative coin for the millennium of Polish statehood |
| | | |
| | | 10 *złotych*: *Nicolaus Copernicus*. The coin was placed in circulation in 1959 |
| | | |
| | | 5 zł - *The Waryński Vessel* - favouritism |
| | | |
| | | 5 zł - *The Fisherman* - favouritism. The coin was put into circulation in 1958 |
| | | |
| | | 2 zł - *The Cockerels* - second prize |
| | | |
| | | 2 zł - *The Elk* - favouritism |
| | | |
| | | 2 zł - the reverse of coin with an image of eagle - second prize |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1958 | The monument of Heroes of Warsaw (I stage) | Unknown place of storing the first model; the second one in collections of Historical Museum of Warsaw |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1958 | The medal of XV-anniversary of The People\'s Army of Poland | First, second and third prize |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1959 | The monument of Heroes of Warsaw (II stage) | First prize (one of six); the model was made in cooperation with Wanda Gosławska and Stanisław Gosławski; nowadays the model in collections of Historical Museum of Warsaw |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1959/1960 | The monument of First Army | The model was made in cooperation with Wanda Gosławska and Stanisław Gosławski. Unknown place of storing the model |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1961 | Juliusz Słowacki monument in Warsaw | The first model in collections of Museum of Metal Engraving Arts in Wrocław, the second one in private collections |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1962 | The monument of murdered Jews in Lublin | The model of monument *Flaming ghetto* (Polish: *Płonące getto*) in private collections |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1962 | Bolesław Prus monument in Warsaw | Two honorable mentions; one of models was made in cooperation with Wanda Gosławska; the first model in private collections, the second one in collections of Museum of Metal Engraving Arts in Wrocław |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
## List of solo exhibits {#list_of_solo_exhibits}
Year City Institution Number of works
----------- ----------------- --------------------------------------- -----------------
1933 Kraków Palace of Arts ?
1960 Budapest Ośrodek Kultury Polskiej 30
1963 Warsaw Dom Wojska Polskiego 49
1968 Wrocław Townhall 80
1973 Warsaw Centralne Biuro Wystaw Artystycznych 343
1974 Warsaw Galeria Wojskowa DWP 34
1974 Warka Muzeum im. Kazimierza Pułaskiego 56
1974 Bydgoszcz Regional Museum 18
1987 Lublin Regional Museum 76
1995 Kazimierz Dolny Muzeum Nadwiślańskie - Galeria Letnia 80
1996 Bolesławiec Bolesławiecki Ośrodek Kultury 70
1997 Chełmno Regional Museum 50
2000 Konin Regional Museum 84
2003 Warsaw Galeria Domu Artysty Plastyka 105
2014 Orońsko Polish Sculpture Center ?
2014/2015 Warsaw Sculpture Museum in Rabbitery ?
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# Józef Gosławski (sculptor)
## Selected group exhibits {#selected_group_exhibits}
### Domestic
Year City Title of exhibition
----------- ------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1946 Lublin *The Festival of Arts* (*Festiwal Sztuk*)
1947 Kraków *The II Nationwide Winter Salon* (*II Ogólnopolski Salon Zimowy*)
1949 Warsaw *Artists in the struggle for peace* (*Plastycy w walce o pokój*)
1950 Warsaw *The I Nationwide Exhibition of Plastic Arts* (*I Ogólnopolska Wystawa Plastyki*)
1951/1952 Warsaw *The II Nationwide Exhibition of Plastic Arts* (*II Ogólnopolska Wystawa Plastyki*)
1953 Warsaw *10 years of People\'s Army of Poland* (*10 lat Ludowego Wojska Polskiego*)
1953 Lublin *The Exhibition of models of the triumphal arch for Lublin* (*Wystawa projektów Łuku Triumfalnego w Lublinie*)
1954 Warsaw *The IV Nationwide exhibition of Plastic Arts* (*IV Ogólnopolska Wystawa Plastyki*)
1955 Poznań *The Exhibition of Poznań District of Association of Polish Artists and Designers* (*Wystawa ZPAP Okręgu Poznańskiego*)
1955 Poznań *The Autumn Exhibition of Poznań District of Association of Polish Artists and Designers* (*Jesienna wystawa ZPAP Okręgu Poznańskiego*)
1958/1959 Warsaw *The Warsaw Sculpture 1945--1958* (*Rzeźba warszawska 1945--1958*)
1959 Warsaw *Warsaw in contemporary art* (*Warszawa w sztuce współczesnej*)
1959 Warsaw *The II Nationwide Exhibition of Maritime Art* (*II Ogólnopolska Wystawa Plastyki Marynistycznej*)
1960 Warsaw *The Polish Sculpture 1945--1960* (*Rzeźba polska 1945--1960*)
1961/1962 Warsaw *Polish Work of Art of 15-anniversary of People\'s Republic of Poland* (*Polskie dzieło plastyczne w XV-lecie PRL*)
1962 Lublin *Martyrdom and struggle of Polish Nation 1939--45* (*Martyrologia i walka Narodu Polskiego 1939--45*)
1962 Poznań *The Autumn Salon* (*Salon Jesienny*)
1963 Warsaw *The Nationwide Exhibition of 20-anniversary of People\'s Army of Poland in Plastic Arts* (*Ogólnopolska Wystawa XX-lecia Ludowego Wojska Polskiego w twórczości plastycznej*)
1963 Warsaw *The I Nationwide Exhibition of Medallic Art* (*I Ogólnopolska Wystawa Medalierstwa*)
1963 Warsaw *Warsaw in Art* (*Warszawa w Sztuce*)
1963 Warsaw *The Exhibition in XVIII anniversary of liberation of Auschwitz* (*Wystawa w XVIII rocznicę wyzwolenia Oświęcimia*)
1963 Warsaw *The Exhibition of Applied Art in XV-anniversary of People\'s Republic of Poland* (*Wystawa sztuki użytkowej w XV-lecie PRL*)
1963 Warsaw *The Exhibition of sculptures and textiles of Warsaw District of Association of Polish Artists and Designers* (*Wystawa rzeźb i tkanin Okręgu Warszawskiego ZPAP*)
1964 Warsaw *Warsaw in Art* (*Warszawa w sztuce*)
1964 Warsaw *The Nationwide Exhibition \"Textile, ceramic, glass\"* (*Ogólnopolska Wystawa \"Tkanina, ceramika, szkło\"*)
1965 Warsaw *The Exhibition of old master print and sculpture in XX-anniversary of People\'s Republic of Poland* (*Wystawa grafiki i rzeźby w XX-lecie PRL*)
1965 Toruń *Decorations, coins and medal of People\'s Republic of Poland* (*Odznaczenia, monety i medale PRL*)
1966 Wrocław *Medallic art in People\'s Poland 1945--1965* (*Sztuka medalierska w Polsce Ludowej 1945--1965*)
1969 Warsaw *25-anniversary of medallic art in Poland* (*25 lat sztuki medalierskiej w Polsce*)
1969 Wrocław *The Exhibition of ceramic and glass in XXV-anniversary of People\'s Republic of Poland* (*Wystawa ceramiki i szkła w XXV-lecie PRL*)
1969/1970 Bydgoszcz *The medals of People\'s Republic of Poland* (*Medale PRL*)
1969/1970 Warsaw *25 years of Warsaw sculpture* (*25 lat rzeźby warszawskiej*)
1970 Poznań *The war and peace in plastic art* (*Wojna i pokój w twórczości plastycznej*)
1971 Wrocław *Monuments and monumental sculpture in People\'s Republic of Poland* (*Rzeźba pomnikowa i monumentalna w PRL*)
1971 Toruń *Nicolaus Copernicus\'s topic in medallic art and numismatics* (*Tematyka kopernikowska w medalierstwie i numizmatyce*)
1971 Bydgoszcz *Polish cities in the medals* (*Miasta polskie w medalach*)
1972 Wrocław *Polish medical medals and badges* (*Polskie medale i odznaki medyczne*)
1972 Bydgoszcz *The women in the medallic art* (*Kobieta w twórczości medalierskiej*)
1972 Bydgoszcz *Famous Poles on the medals* (*Sławni Polacy na medalach*)
1974 Lublin *Review of Polish sculpture 1944--74* (*Przegląd rzeźby polskiej 1944--1974*)
1974 Radom *Contemporary portrait sculpture* (*Współczesna rzeźba portretowa*)
1974 Bydgoszcz *The sports medals* (*Medale sportowe*)
1974 Bydgoszcz *The medals of Polish museums* (*Medale muzeów polskich*)
1974 Bydgoszcz *Polish cities in the medals* (*Miasta polskie w medalach*)
1977 Bydgoszcz *Coins of People\'s Republic of Poland* (*Monety PRL*)
1977 Bydgoszcz *The people of theatre in medallic art* (*Ludzie teatru w medalierstwie*)
1977 Częstochowa The exhibition of Polish postwar coins (Polish: Wystawa polskich monet powojennych)
1979 Wrocław *Contemporary Polish medallic art 1944--1979* (*Współczesne medalierstwo polskie 1944--1979*)
1979/1980 Bydgoszcz *The Polish writers on the medals* (*Pisarze polscy na medalach*)
1980 Bydgoszcz *Traditions of the Polish army* (*Tradycje wojska polskiego*)
1980 Bydgoszcz *The women in the medallic art* (*Kobieta w twórczości medalierskiej*)
1980 Warsaw *The Polish science in the medals* (*Nauka polska w medalach*)
1985/1986 Bydgoszcz *Money of People\'s Poland 1944--1983* (*Pieniądz Polski Ludowej 1944--1983*)
1986 Lublin *Lublin plastic art* (*Plastyka lubelska*)
1986 Ostrołęka *Commemorative medals of Polish museums* (*Medale pamiątkowe Muzeów polskich*)
1987 Bydgoszcz *The women on the medal* (*Kobieta na medalu*)
1988 Tuchola *The jubilee medals of Polish cities* (*Medale jubileuszowe miast polskich*)
1990 Bydgoszcz *Frédéric Chopin and the people of his epoch* (*Fryderyk Chopin i ludzie jego epoki*)
1996 Bydgoszcz *Remarkable Poles on the medals* (*Wybitni Polacy na medalach*)
1997 Warsaw *Tadeusz Breyer and his students* (*Tadeusz Breyer i jego uczniowie*)
1997 Wrocław *The Polish sculpture* (*Rzeźba polska*)
1998/1999 Warsaw *The time tunnel. Warsaw sculpture of the end of the century* (*Tunel czasu. Warszawska rzeźba końca wieku*)
2002 Warsaw *Polish science in medallic art* (*Nauka polska w medalierstwie*)
2007/2008 Bydgoszcz *Pharmacy and medicine in medallic art* (*Farmacja i medycyna w medalierstwie*)
2008 Warsaw *The present absent* (*Obecni nieobecni*)
2009 Toruń *Nicolaus Copernicus in medallic art* (*Mikołaj Kopernik w medalierstwie*)
2009 Bydgoszcz *Polish museums in medallic art. From collections of the Leon Wyczółkowski District Museum in Bydgoszcz* (*Muzea polskie w medalierstwie ze zbiorów MOB*)
2010 Wrocław *Impresje Chopinowskie*
2010/2011 Warsaw *accessdate=2012-06-06}}\</ref\>*
2011 Warsaw *Polska Szkoła Mistrzów*{{cite book
2011 Warsaw *Rzeźbiarze Saskiej Kępy wczoraj i dziś*{{cite book
2012 Warsaw *Sztuka wszędzie. Akademia Sztuk Pięknych w Warszawie 1904--1944*{{cite book
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# Józef Gosławski (sculptor)
## Selected group exhibits {#selected_group_exhibits}
### External
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| Year | State | City | Title of exhibition | Institution |
+===========+=============================================+=======================+==========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+=====================+
| 1932 | | Vienna | *The International Exhibition of Caricatures* (Polish: *Międzynarodowa Wystawa Karykatury*) | Vienna Künstlerhaus |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1936 | Italy | Rome | *The Exhibition of Association of Artists - \"The Capitol\"* (Polish: *Wystawa Koła Artystów Polskich \"Kapitol\"*) | ? |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1936 | Italy | Rome | *The Exhibition of Association of Artists - \"The Capitol\"* (Polish: *Wystawa Koła Artystów Polskich \"Kapitol\"*) | ? |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1950 | | Prague | *The World Exhibition of Medallic Art* (Polish: *Światowa Wystawa Medalierstwa*) | ? |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1950 | | Rome | The exhibition of sacred art (Polish: Wystawa sztuki sakralnej) | ? |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1959 | | Catania | *Circolo Artistico* | ? |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1959 | | Vienna | *The International Exhibition of Contemporary Medals* (Polish: *Międzynarodowa Wystawa Medali Współczesnych*) | ? |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1963/1964 | | Moscow-Minsk | *The International at the 20. anniversary of The Great Patriotic War* (Polish: *Wystawa w 20. rocznicę Wielkiej Wojny Ojczyźnianej*) | ? |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1964 | | Arezzo | *The International Competition of Medallic Art* (Polish: *Międzynarodowy Konkurs Medalierstwa*) | ? |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1965 | | Berlin-Erfurt-Leipzig | *The soldiers of the nation - the Polish army in the art* (Polish: *Żołnierze narodu - polska armia w sztuce*) | ? |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1966 | | Kralupe | *The international exhibition of medals* (Polish: *Międzynarodowa wystawa medali*) | ? |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1966 | Bulgaria | Sofia | *The exhibition of Polish medallic art* (Polish: *Wystawa medalierstwa polskiego*) | ? |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1966/1967 | Hungary | Travelling\ | *The Polish army in the service of people\'s defense* (Polish: *Wojsko polskie w służbie ludowej obronności*) | ? |
| | | exhibition | | |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1967 | Yugoslavia | Travelling\ | *The Polish army in the service of people\'s defense* (Polish: *Wojsko polskie w służbie ludowej obronności*) | ? |
| | | exhibition | | |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1967 | `{{SWE}}`{=mediawiki} `{{POL}}`{=mediawiki} | Travelling\ | ? | ? |
| | | exhibition | | |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1967 | | Paris | *The XXVII Salon of The Sacred Art* (Polish: *XXVII Salon Sztuki Sakralnej*) | ? |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1968 | | Moscow | *The social-revolutionary topics in Polish fine arts* (Polish: *Tematyka społeczno-rewolucyjna w polskiej sztuce plastycznej*) | ? |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1969 | Hungary | Budapest | *International Military Exhibition of Fine Arts* (Polish: *Międzynarodowa Wojskowa Wystawa Plastyki*) | ? |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1971 | | Paris | *The 50 years of the medallic art in Poland* (Polish: *50 lat sztuki medalierskiej w Polsce*) | ? |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1971 | | The Hague | *The exhibition of Polish medals* (Polish: *Wystawa medali polskich*) | ? |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1972 | | Berlin | *The war and peace in the arts of People\'s Republic of Poland* (Polish: *Wojna i pokój w sztukach plastycznych PRL*) | ? |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1985 | | Prague | *The Polish contemporary medallic art* (Polish: *Polskie medalierstwo współczesne*) | ? |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 2003 | | Vienna | *The New State. Polish Art between Experiment and Representation 1918--1939* (Polish: *Nowe Państwo. Polska sztuka między eksperymentem a reprezentacją 1918--1939*, German: *Der neue Staat. Polnische Kunst zwischen Experiment und Repräsentation von 1918 bis 1939*) | Leopold Museum |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
## Inspirations
The memory of Józef Gosławski and his works, especially medals, is remembered not only on the occasion of exhibitions. In December 2008 Polish Mint emitted local currency of Lidzbark Warmiński. It was a ducat *Four men* (Polish: *Czterech mężów*) whose observe based on Gosławski\'s medal *Lidzbark Warmiński - The City of Great Men* (Polish: *Lidzbark Warmiński - miasto mężów znakomitych*). In 2009 The Polish Mint produced a medal series *Famous Medallists* dedicated to Józef Gosławski. In this set there was, among others, the medal based on project made during Second World war, entitled *Year 1939* - it was the first public presentation of it. The second medal (by Hanna Jelonek) presented an image of the artist (obverse) and Chopin\'s monument by Gosławski (reverse). In 2009 there was also an emission of silver and gold replica of 5 zł with fisherman coin, which was designed to the competition in 1958. Moreover, there is the one street dedicated to Józef Gosławski - it is located in Wąwolnica - the village where the artists lived and created many works for years.
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# Józef Gosławski (sculptor)
## Gallery
<File:POL> Kraków Janina Gałowa grave 02.jpg\|Monument on the tombstone of Janina Gałowa, Rakowicki Cemetery in Cracow (1932) <File:PL> Turek Pilsudski Monument 11.jpg\|Monument of Marshal Józef Piłsudski in Turek (project from 1936) <File:PL> Adam Mickiewicz monument in Gorzów Wielkopolski 11.jpg\|Monument of Adam Mickiewicz in Gorzów Wielkopolski (1956)
<File:POL> 5 złotych rybak 1958.jpg\|Reverse of the former Polish coin (5 złotych, 1973) with the image of a fisherman (designed in 1958) <File:Zamenhof> awers.jpg\|Obverse of medal with Ludovic Lazarus Zamenhof (1959) <File:Zamenhof> rewers.jpg\|Reverse of medal with Ludovic Lazarus Zamenhof (1959) <File:POL> Medal for Sacrifice and Courage 02
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# Shwe Yoe
U **Shwe Yoe** (*ရွှေရိုး*, `{{IPA|my|ʃwè jó|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; born **Ba Galay**) was a prominent Burmese actor, comedian, dancer and cartoonist. He was a Burmese Muslim.
## U Shwe Yoe and Daw Moe dance {#u_shwe_yoe_and_daw_moe_dance}
He became famous with the Shwe Yoe the jolly joker dance routine which first appeared in 1923 film *Ah Ba Ye*, an early Burmese language film about rural life. The dance routine was a hit with the audiences, and was soon adopted as a standard dance in many festive occasions. With thick eyebrows, long curved moustache, traditional Burmese headdress, the *gaung baung*, long scarf around the neck, traditional Burmese jacket taikpon, checked long sarong Taung Shae Pasoe and the small Pathein umbrella. This became the trademark of Shwe Yoe. Later the dancers easily copied his image by using special comical sunglass with artificial plastic nose and eyebrows.
The *U Shwe Yoe* dance has become an essential part of charitable and other traditional Burmese ceremonies. The performer in the U Shwe Yoe character dances to the music of the traditional Burmese music troupes, twirling his traditional Burmese-style umbrella. This dance is always performed to make amusement by village lads in procession at festivals. This popular traditional Burmese dance is presented with delightful and humorous movements to please spectators. It is also a standard routine at pagoda festivals, *Shinpyu* ordination ceremonies, and other festive occasions. Burmese folk dances developed together with folk music and songs. So they are inseparably linked to folk music and songs. These three performing arts are complementary.
Originally Shwe Yoe was a solo performer, but over time the Daw Moe Dance was created and appended to the original version. Now the art form is popularly known as the U Shwe Yoe and Daw Moe Dance. The U Shwe Yoe character dances with his comic moustache and comic movements trying to woo the spinster Daw Moe character. The Shwe Yoe Dance has been an essential part of charitable and traditional ceremonies. U Shwe Yoe and Daw Moe are the comic characters. They sing, they dance and they flirt, and make the spectators laugh. The dance is presented with humour in order to make the spectators merry and gay. No religious procession is considered complete without the dance of U Shwe Yoe and Daw Moe.
## Acting career {#acting_career}
Over a 12-year period, Shwe Yoe starred in 18 movies, 15 of which were silent films. His first movie "Taw Myaing Soon Ka Lwan Aung Phan" was one of the earliest Burmese films, produced by the Myanma Ahsway Film Company. Lead actor was Nyi Pu (first Burmese actor) and actress was Mya Nyunt. Shwe Yoe was a supporting actor in a comedic role. There was a scene in the movie, Daw Moe wanted to be splashed with water in the water festival but pretended not to be. He acted as a naive old man Shwe Yoe, trying to splash water with a short pump. In his second movie he rose to fame with his Shwe Yoe dance.
He later made another eight films with the same film company.
## Filmography
- *Taw Myaing Soon Ka Lwan Aung Phan*, 1923
- *Ah Ba Ye*, 1923
- *Pauk Kyaing*, 1924
- *Ta Khaing Lone Shwe*, 1924
- *Ta Khaing Lone Sein*, 1924
- *Mhaing Wai Wai*, 1925
- *Pa Loke Toke Toke Sakya Shin*, 1925
- *Village Boy Shwe Yoe*, 1926
- *Shwe Min Won*, 1926
- *Where is Shwe Yoe*, 1926
- *Shwe Yoe and San Phae*, 1927
- *Shwe Talay*, 1927
- *Khin Maung Gyi*, 1927
- *Honeymoon Period*, 1929
- *Wai Lwin Lwin*, 1929
- *Mr Batchelor*, 1930
- *Love Triangle*, 1930
- *Shwe Pay Lhwa*
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Ba Galay also known as Mohammed Bashir was a Burmese Muslim, born in Bassein (now Pathein) in 1890 (9th waning of Tabodwe month 1254 Burmese calendar). His parents were Bassein High School teachers U Pho Thi and Daw Thae Mhone.
In June 1938, he received head and back injuries from a collapse of his kitchen. He was treated for three months in Rangoon and later shifted to Bassein. His mental condition deteriorated and when Cartoon Hein Soon visited him with the donations from the friends in Rangoon, he asked about the famous journalist Zawana.
Later because of the bombings, he shifted to Hinthada and again to Gambi town. He died at the age of 52 on 5 June 1945
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# Mohammad Hossein Ziaei
**Mohammad Hossein Ziaei** (*محمدحسین ضیایی*) is an Iranian football manager currently coaching Naft Gachsaran in the Azadegan League.
## Club career {#club_career}
He played as a defender for Shahin F.C. and Tractor during the 1980s and played one season in Hungary for Vasas SC.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
He started his coaching career, as coach of Tractor and currently coaches Saba Battery F.C. He was replaced by Rasoul Korbekandi in November 2009. He was caretaker head coach of Paykan in 2011
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# Kinomichi
is a martial art in the tradition of budō, developed from the Japanese art aikido by Masamichi Noro and founded in Paris, France, in 1979. Masamichi Noro was one of the live-in students (*uchideshi*) of Morihei Ueshiba, the founder of aikido. Designated \"Delegate for Europe and Africa\" by Morihei Ueshiba, Noro debarked in Marseille on September 3, 1961, preceding Nakazono and Tamura in the communal construction of a European and African aikido. In France, Kinomichi is affiliated with the Fédération Française d'Aïkido, Aïkibudo, Kinomichi et disciplines Associées (FFAAA) and maintains warm relations with the Aikikai Foundation and its leader, Moriteru Ueshiba, the grandson of aikido's founder.
## Origins
In the same way that Morihei Ueshiba created aikido from the Daito-ryu aiki-jujutsu of Sokaku Takeda, Masamichi Noro extended his research to the creation of Kinomichi, founded on the technique, principles and philosophy of aikido. This natural process in the world of the Japanese budōs does not constitute a denial or an objection to what came before but, rather, the natural expression and evolution of a living art - the opening of a new path and new possibility.
For Masamichi Noro, the most essential elements of training are peace and its realization. Beginning from and adhering to these two elements places Man, like a link, between Earth and Sky. This union, holding in harmony the Way of the Sky, the Way of the Earth and the Way of Man, releases an ascending energy (ki in Japanese, qi in Chinese), from the ground upward, from the feet, through the grasp and beyond. The generation of energy takes its source from the ground and the intent, flows through the energy centers in the body, including the hara located in the abdomen, and is modulated by the heart of the practitioner.
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# Kinomichi
## Characteristics
### Energy and Heart {#energy_and_heart}
Masamichi Noro\'s teaching focuses on ki and the heart (*shin* in Japanese). From a physiological perspective, the body produces movement by activating the muscles, whose efforts are sustained by the work of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. This understanding of the generation of energy stems from the European Age of Enlightenment and does not take into account the possibility of the Far Eastern conception based on ki. The Japanese budō teachers developed methods for mobilizing ki and pedagogic methods to teach it, and Noro\'s teaching is an adaptation of this to the western body and mind. The technique consists of conducting ki: borrowing, directing and restoring the ki. Thus, it is not so much a question of energy being produced out of a center, but of its flowing from the Earth toward the Sky, from the support of the earth toward the partner, along an arm, a stick or a sword. If the orientation is vertical, the direction given has to be ascending. To this end, Masamichi Noro turns to the heart (shin 心). According to his perspective, the shin not only makes it possible to feel the other but, moreover, to surpass the antagonism of oneself and others. \"If it is advantageous for me to rise, I must admit that it is then the same for the other, and that the effect of the technique does not belong uniquely to me but to both of us.\" The shin is the condition for an empathy, a movement toward the other. In this sense, we are able to understand the words of Morihei Ueshiba: \"My Aikido is love\"「合氣は愛なり」. If the ki sustains the gesture, the shin modulates its palpitation. It harmonizes two cadences, which allows the partners to veer toward aïki, the harmonization of breaths. For Masamichi Noro, the couple ki - shin is of such fundamental importance that he requires it at the highest level.
### Ki
The Western concept of the world rests on a distinction between the physical domain, which is tangible, and its complement, the metaphysical plane, beyond the physical, a separation that corresponds to the books of Aristotle (384 / 322 B.C.). The Chinese concept, and by extension the Japanese, perceives the ki (or in Chinese *qi*) as \"a breath, influx or vital energy which animates the entire universe \[\... \] Simultaneously spirit and matter, the breath ensures the organic coherence of the living order at all levels\".
Ki circulates, and humans are vessels, channels and conductors of ki. Kinomichi creates a particular circulation that according to kinomichi theory makes it possible for each individual to rise, from the earth toward the sky, from *chi* towards *ten* through man. Masamichi Noro reclaims as his own the vision of his master, Morihei Ueshiba, who used his techniques to perfect the proper circulation of the ki within himself and toward his partner, or uke in Japanese.
### Shin
The shin, or heart/mind, cannot be separated from the ki. Referring again to the work of Anne Cheng, \"Man is not only animated \[by qi\] in every aspect, he draws from it his criteria of value, whether of a moral or artistic nature. The source of moral energy, the qi, far from representing an abstract concept, is felt most profoundly in the being and in his flesh.\" The shin as heart is simultaneously an organ and a space of perception. As an organ, the shin invites us to feel the other, to experience his ki, to contact the partner through his energy. The shin is also a space through the continuity of experience one feels when confronted with the emotion, effort and understanding in the other, in their body, and in the breath revealing ki. The shin is a sign of our energy's health: a perverted shin indicates a weak ki; a generous shin is testimony of strong ki. Kinomichi's shin responds to the Confucian invitation to live the joy of the practice, the pleasure of the encounter and the happiness of sharing \"with the friend who comes from afar. \" It continues the research of Morihei Ueshiba to make of his art a bridge between men. Masamichi Noro has poured into the heart of his technique the heart of his Master.
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# Kinomichi
## Organization and training {#organization_and_training}
### Techniques and initiations {#techniques_and_initiations}
The techniques are practiced barehanded, with a stick (Jō 杖), wooden sword (Bokken 木剣) and sword (Iaito 居合刀), upright or kneeling, with control or with throws, with one partner or many, in a systematic manner or freely. The technical wealth of this art and its profuse variations might make it seem complex. However, a thorough study with the support provided by the presence of a master allows one to understand its principles and, thus, glimpse its underlying simplicity. In this way, each variation opens a door toward its sister variations. Reiterating the didactic approach of his master, Morihei Ueshiba, Masamichi Noro retained 10 techniques as a base. The apprenticeship is done in levels or "Initiations" of study.
- Initiation 1: 6 basic movements
- Initiation 2: 19 movements with the 6 basic movements
- Initiation 3: 33 movements with 2 forms of approach
- Initiation 4: 111 movements with 8 forms of approach
- Initiation 5: all movements with 16 forms of approach, with one or several partners
- Initiation 6: advanced forms of approach, reserved for some advanced students, study of new tools such as tanto, tessen, etc.
- Initiation 7
At Initiation 5, the curriculum introduces advanced forms of approach and work with multiple partners. **While the base of the primary Initiations is centered on the study of ki, levels 5 and 6 orient the practitioner toward an application of shin and a technical expertise.** The aim of the work on ki is shin, and the study of shin is the next level. In the Far East, the organ dedicated to the mind is the heart. The manifestation of shin distinguishes a high level practice. This manner of discovering the art of Kinomichi is maybe what most characterises the art of Masamichi Noro sensei. The path set by a master is the signature of his art despite the mountain being common to all martial arts.
### Non-competition {#non_competition}
As in the ancient, traditional Japanese schools, or koryū, there is no degree or dan rank in Kinomichi. Titles distinguish the level of study and not the student. There is no competition.
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# Kinomichi
## Principles
### A Practice that Unites {#a_practice_that_unites}
Obedient to a desire to harmonize forces (Aiki in Japanese 合気) the technique is oriented toward the preservation of the other and oneself, an extension of the movement and not its obstruction, a stretching of the limbs and not an articular constraint. It is practiced by children, teenagers and adults, including seniors. Its treasures are explored by men and women, each according to their own sensibilities. Differences, often a source of conflict, are at the heart of the listening, regard and touch. They are an opportunity for surpassing oneself, for an encounter, and for reunion. Allying comfort and effort, pleasure in the body's opening and physical work, leisurely activity and high level practice, Kinomichi surpasses what some call paradox. It fuses in the hearth of the practice the antagonisms that cause such opposition and conflict. The Oriental arts are understood by putting one's footsteps in those of the Masters.
### Action with a No Profit Mind {#action_with_a_no_profit_mind}
In response to a question posed by Arnaud Desjardins`{{Who|date=December 2022}}`{=mediawiki} on his art, Masamichi Noro answered: \"If I were able to explain my art, I would no longer need to study it.\" Kinomichi is a traditional art in the way that it was created, its transmission and evolution. That which is said today annuls that which belonged to the past, and what is written now is erased in the face of the art that pierces through the moment to come. As a budō arising from far eastern thought, Kinomichi is "no profit\", mushotoku according to the terminology of Zen . Benefits from such activity (such as physical health, mental stimulation or developing the capacity to respond and act) may form the Means to the Way, but must not be mistaken for the Way.
### A Budō {#a_budō}
Kinomichi is a Japanese budō. The spirit of practice in the dojo can be expressed with these words : \"Not without the body, not solely through the body.\"
Indeed, Kinomichi is a practice whose framework par excellence is the dojo. It cannot be cut off from the recognition of Masamichi Noro without wilting. Kinomichi is a link between the latter, his teaching and the community of his students. It rests on a double link, toward the budōs as a whole, on one side, and toward its creator on the other. Loyalty to its roots imposes a deepening of meaning of the practice, thus advancing in alliance with technique toward the principles in order to illustrate the Way. The roots of Kinomichi lie in the hope of the Masters of old that their achievements be pushed forward by generations to come
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# Dino Djulbic
**Dino Djulbic** (born 16 February 1983) is a former professional footballer who played as a centre-back. Born in the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, he made two appearances for the Australia national team.
## Club career {#club_career}
### South Melbourne FC {#south_melbourne_fc}
Djulbic was signed by South midway through the 2006 season from Frankston Pines as a defensive reinforcement.
Whilst playing for South Melbourne FC in 2006, Djulbic won a Victorian Premier League Champions medal with a stunning defensive performance against Altona Magic in the Grand Final. His performances throughout the season led him to becoming a fan favourite at Lakeside.
Following a successful season at South Melbourne, Djulbic attracted attention from various A-League sides before impressing the Perth Glory coaching staff when on trial with the club in 2006 and was subsequently signed. Djulbic played the first half of the 2007 season with South Melbourne before departing upon his contract with Perth Glory beginning. His last game was against Preston Lions in round 12 at Lakeside Stadium.
### Perth Glory {#perth_glory}
The 24-year-old was a standout player for the club in his first A-League season and featured prominently in the club\'s best and fairest award, the Most Glorious Player (MGP Award), coming third behind Nikolai Topor-Stanley and Jamie Coyne. On 31 August 2008, in a match against Sydney FC, Djulbic received a red card for unsporting conduct towards referee Peter Green. He was suspended for five games.
On 20 January 2009, Djulbic signed with German 2. Bundesliga club Rot Weiss Ahlen and returned to his former youth club.
On 30 December 2009, Djulbic left Germany to join Gold Coast United for the last seven games of the club\'s inaugural season. He appeared in the club\'s only 2009--10 final, and continued to be a regular starter in the 2010--11 season, contributing three goals whilst helping maintain Gold Coast\'s solid defence.
Towards the end of the 2010--11 A-League season, Djulbic partook in discussions with Chinese Super League club Shaanxi Renhe Commercial Chanba F.C. He reportedly signed a two-year deal with the club and played his first match on 3 April 2011. The club later changed its name to Guizhou Renhe after moving to Guizhou. Djulbic was rewarded for consistent performance and being a crucial part of Guizhou\'s AFC Champions League ambitions by making the CSL\'s XI (All Star Team 2012).
At the conclusion of the 2012 CSL season, Djulbic signed with Al-Wahda S.C.C. on a one-and-a-half-year deal with the Abu Dhabi club.
In the off-season of 2014, Djulbic returned to the A-League, signing again with Perth Glory. After three more seasons with the club he announced he was leaving the Glory in May 2017 to sign with Malaysia Super League club Felda United.
In January 2018, Djulbic returned once more to the A-League, joining Melbourne Victory on a short-term deal as a replacement for the injured James Donachie and for Thomas Deng who was called up to the national under-23 team. After playing three games for Melbourne Victory, Djulbic was released following Deng\'s return. A week later, Djulibc joined Perth Glory again. Djulbic was released at the end of the 2019--20 A-League.
## International career {#international_career}
Dino was born in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but immigrated to Australia via Germany at the age of 16 years and was later naturalized as an Australian. In 2012 during the 2013 EAFF East Asian Cup qualifiers, Djulbic made his Australian national team debut when he featured in two of the Socceroo\'s Preliminary Round 2 matches against Guam and Chinese Taipei
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# Ely Eel Day
**Ely Eel Day** is an annual celebration observed by the people of Ely, Cambridgeshire to celebrate the city\'s namesake --- the eel. The celebrations start with a parade which begins from Cross Green outside Ely Cathedral and proceeds through the city to the Jubilee Gardens, passing by the Market Square and along the River Great Ouse at Ely\'s Waterside.
The celebrations following the parade include an eel throwing competition. The competition does not use real eels. Originally competitors were given socks rolled into some tights with rice in the end to weight it down but now the competition uses specially made toy eels. Other events on Eel Day include an annual competition for Town Criers.
Eel Day is traditionally held on the Saturday of the May Bank Holiday weekend
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# Funtaine Hunter
**Funtaine Hunter** (born December 27, 1983) is a former professional American football and Canadian football linebacker.
Hunter played college football for the Vanderbilt Commodores football team and signed as an undrafted free agent with the Cleveland Browns in May 2007 but waived days later. He signed on to the Calgary Stampeders practice roster for the 2008 CFL season and played three games for the Stampeders that year before being released
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# Goulding Chemicals
**Goulding Soil Nutrition Ltd** formerly known as **Goulding Chemicals Ltd** is a wholly owned subsidiary of Origin Enterprises plc. The company supplies a wide range of Agricultural Fertilisers to the Irish market. It has its origins in the Dublin & Wicklow Manure Company (incorporated 1890) and the original fertiliser business of W. & H. M. Goulding (incorporated 1894 - now Fitzwilton), been the corporate successor of the former.
## History
The company has its origins in 1846 when William Goulding (1817--84) went into partnership with his brother Humphreys Manders Goulding (c.1820--1877) and their firm, W. & H. M. Goulding, became agents for patent animal dressings (1854) and fertilisers. They would subsequently go into the production of fertiliser setting up a plant in 1856 at the old Glen distillery in Blackpool Cork. The firm would be run for decades by the Goulding family that included Basil Goulding and Valerie Goulding. In 1869 they acquired a site in Dublin and built a factory on it, the company was then incorporated as W. & H. M. Goulding Limited in 1872. It would subsequently be wound up and reincorporated on January 26, 1894, in Dublin.
Under the leadership of Sir William Goulding annual production grew to 119,337 tons of fertiliser by 1902, a controlling interest was acquired in a number of other Irish fertiliser companies including Richardsons Chemical Manure Co. of Belfast (1897), the Ulster Manure Co. of County Londonderry (1897), Morgan Mooney & Co. (1899), the Drogheda Chemical and Manure Co. (1919) and the Dublin and Wicklow Manure Co. (1919). With the creation of the Irish Free State W. & H. M. Goulding would become the principal manufacture of fertilizers in the state with a 41% market share and operating a total of 6 factories, 2 in Dublin and 1 each in Cork, Drogheda, Waterford and Wicklow. During the 1950\'s an extensive modernization programme was followed which involved the shutting down all their Sulphuric Acid plants that used the Lead chamber process process and replacing these with two modern plants in Cork and Dublin that used the Contact process, each of these had a 70,000 tons per annum capacity. In the early 1960s the company was converted from a Trading company to a Holding company. In 1961 a 51% majority share in Richardsons and Ulster Manure was sold to Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), this was followed by an investment of £1m from ICI in 1964. This resulted in the creation of a joint marketing subsidiary company called Goulding Chemicals and Fertilisers Ltd.
By 1971 W. & H. M. Goulding had diversified into a number of non-related industries including Property development and System building, as a result various all of the groups interests in the original Fertilizer business had been placed under one subsidiary company, namely Goulding Chemicals Ltd.
In 1972 W. & H. M. Goulding would merge with Fitzwilliam Securities in what was effectively a reverse takeover, at the same time the company was renamed to Fitzwilton Ltd. and was effectively an Irish Conglomerate. Sir Basil Goulding stayed on as chairman of the merged company and was join by Tony O\'Reilly as co-chairman.
Due to adverse effect on the economy in the immediate post 1973 oil crisis period Fitzwilton was forced to divest itself of various subsidiary companies to repay debts. One of the direct results of this was the closure of the Goulding Fertiliser plant in Dublin as well as selling of a 50% interest in Goulding Chemicals Ltd. to Agrico (a subsidiary of the Williams group of companies) in 1976.
The company was acquired by IAWS between 1985 and 1986.
## Goulding Fertilisers {#goulding_fertilisers}
Goulding Fertilisers manufacture and distribute NPK and trace element fertilisers in Ireland. The company supplies mainline and customised blended products to suit local nutrient requirements.
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# Goulding Chemicals
## Goulding Industrial Chemicals {#goulding_industrial_chemicals}
Goulding Industrial Chemicals was the division that supplied a range of concentrations of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide and has the largest storage capacity in Ireland for sulfuric, hydrochloric and nitric acids. The company was registered to ISO 9002 and has received IBEC Accreditation to Responsible Care. In 2017 Gouldings sold this Industrial Chemical division to Chemifloc for €6 million. It continues to trade today under the name of GI Chemicals DAC as part of the wider Chemifloc Group
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# Shivaji of Thanjavur
Raja **Shivaji** (Marathi: तंजावरचे शिवाजी) (fl. 17 March 1832 -- 29 October 1855) of the Bhonsle dynasty of Thanjavur in India, was the son of Raja Serfoji II and ruled the fortress of Thanjavur and its surroundings from 1832 to 1855. He was the last Raja of Thanjavur known to wield any authority.
Raja Shivaji was the only surviving son of Serfoji II when the latter died in 1832. The missionary Heber describes the young Shivaji as a \'pale and sickly child\'. However, his health seemed to have got better as he grew up for he is known for his physical and mental attainments. He contributed to the expansion of the Saraswathi Mahal Library and gave many useful books. One Varahappaiyar prepared the catalogue for all the manuscripts in the library.
## \'Arrest\' of the Kanchi Mutt {#arrest_of_the_kanchi_mutt}
But Shivaji is mostly known for the incident related to the \'arrest\' of the Kanchi mutt. The earrings (tatankas) of the goddess Akhilandeswari in the Jambukeshwarar Temple were replaced with new ones in 1843--44. Therefore, the Kanchi mutt, then based in Kumbakonam, shifted to Trichy with all its retinue in order to conduct a Tatanka-Pratishta ceremony for consecration of the earrings. However a lawsuit delayed the proceedings and the court case along with the ceremonies that followed incurred such heavy debts on the part of the Mutt that they were unable to return to Kumbakonam. At this juncture, the administrator-in-charge of the ceremonies, a young Brahmin, went to the court of Shivaji and requested that the retinue be allowed to stop at Thanjavur to receive donations from the people. However the Raja staunchly refused.
Nevertheless, as the palanquin of the Shankaracharya and his retinue were making their way to Kumbakonam, they were stopped on the banks of the Cauvery at Thiruvaiyaru by the Raja\'s sepoys, who surrounded them and respectfully escorted them into the city of Thanjavur. At Thanjavur, they were accorded a royal reception by Shivaji and the citizens of Thanjavur. It was later said that the Raja had had a dream a few nights before in which Lord Shiva had appeared and ordered him to render due honors to the Mutt. This incident is often referred to as the \'Arrest\' of the Kanchi Mutt.
Raja Shivaji died on 29 October 1855 after a reign of 22 years.
On the death of Shivaji, due to the absence of a legitimate heir to the throne, the kingdom was annexed by the British East India Company as per the Doctrine of lapse
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# Georgina Theodora Wood
**Georgina Theodora Wood** `{{post-nominals|country=GHA|JSC|OSG}}`{=mediawiki} (née **Lutterodt**; born 8 June 1947) is a Ghanaian former judge and a former police prosecution officer. She was the first woman Chief Justice of Ghana. She retired in 2017 after five decades of service to the state. She is a member of the Council of State.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Georgina Lutterodt was born on 8 June 1947 in Ghana. She had her basic education at Bishop\'s Girls and Methodist Schools, Dodowa. She next attended Mmofraturo Girls School, Kumasi between 1958 and 1960. Wood\'s secondary education was at Wesley Girls\' High School, Cape Coast, which she completed in 1966. She proceeded to the University of Ghana, Legon, where she was awarded the LL.B. in 1970. Wood then attended the Ghana School of Law after which she was called to the bar. She also did a Post-Graduate Officers Training Course at the Ghana Police College.
## Career
Wood worked with the Ghana Police Service as a deputy superintendent and public prosecutor for three years. She later joined the Judicial Service as a District Magistrate in 1974. She rose through the Circuit and High Courts to become the presiding judge of the Appeal Court in 1991. She was appointed to the Supreme Court by President John Kufuor on 12 November 2002, accepting an appointment she had earlier declined.
### Georgina Wood committee {#georgina_wood_committee}
The Georgina Wood committee was set up on 4 July 2006 to investigate the disappearance from a shipping vessel MV Benjamin of 77 packets of cocaine on 26 April 2006. It was also to investigate an alleged 200,000 dollars bribe paid to senior police officers by a woman linked to a Venezuelan drug baron, and also the 588 kg of cocaine seized at Mempeasem, East Legon from the Venezuelans.
### Chief Justice of Ghana {#chief_justice_of_ghana}
She was nominated for the position of Chief Justice of Ghana in May 2007. On 1 June 2007, the Parliament of Ghana approved her nomination as the new Chief Justice of Ghana by consensus. As at June 2007, this made her the first woman in the history of Ghana to head the Judiciary and also made her at the time, the highest ranked female in Ghana\'s political history; that rank was surpassed by the appointment of Justice Joyce Adeline Bamford-Addo as Speaker of the 5th Parliament of Ghana\'s 4th Republic in January 2009. Chief Justice Wood assumed office on 15 June 2007. While in office, she swore-in four Presidents: the President John Evans Atta-Mills in January 2009, Vice-president John Dramani Mahama upon the death of Atta-Mills on 24 July 2012, President-Elect John Dramani Mahama, winner of the December 2012 General Elections on 7 January 2013, Nana Akuffo-Addo, winner of the December 2016 elections on 7 January 2017. She retired as Chief Justice in June 2017. She was succeeded by Justice Sophia Akuffo.
## Council of State {#council_of_state}
On 20 June 2017, Wood was sworn in by President Nana Akuffo-Addo as the 25th and final member of the Council of State. She is on the council by virtue of the fact that she is a former Chief Justice. It was the first time in 22 years that the vacancy had been filled as Ghana had had no living retired Chief Justice since 1995.
## Honours
On 7 July 2007, Wood was decorated with the Order of the Star of Ghana, the nation\'s highest honour. She was presented by President John Kufuor.
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# Georgina Theodora Wood
## Other roles {#other_roles}
Wood is a choir leader at the Ringway Gospel Centre Assemblies of God Church, Accra. She is also the Chairperson of the Alternative Dispute Resolution in Ghana. She has also served as a member of the Kenya Judges and Magistrates Vetting Board. She serves on the board of the Global Justice Center, an international human rights law organization based in New York City.
## Family
Wood is married to Edwin Wood, a retired banker.
## Controversies
### September 2008 NPP Land Allocation {#september_2008_npp_land_allocation}
On Thursday 7 October 2010, Wood was among 15 people named by the Committee for Joint Action as a beneficiary of allegedly illegal land allocation by the former NPP government. In an official statement, the committee claimed:
According to Accra urban redevelopment researcher Tom Gillespie: `{{Blockquote
|text=According to official policy, plots would be openly advertised and allocated on the basis of competitive bids to ensure value for money for the public. In reality, however, there was a ‘land grab’. The public bidding process was disregarded and valuable plots were allocated to powerful government supporters at below-market prices. Due to fierce electoral competition between political parties in Ghana, governments often use resources to secure short-term political support rather than for long-term development
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# HTC TyTN II
The **HTC TyTN II** (also known as the **HTC Kaiser**, the **HTC P4550**, and the **HTC 8925**) is an Internet-enabled Windows Mobile Pocket PC smartphone designed and marketed by HTC Corporation of Taiwan. It has a tilting touchscreen with a right-side slide-out QWERTY keyboard. The TyTN II\'s functions include those of a camera phone and a portable media player in addition to text messaging and multimedia messaging. It also offers Internet services including e-mail, instant messaging, web browsing, and local Wi-Fi connectivity. It is a quad-band GSM phone with GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA, and HSUPA.
## Video driver issues {#video_driver_issues}
Soon after its release to market, reviewers and end users reported the TyTN II\'s graphical performance was below par. Both 2D and 3D graphics were affected, with notable symptoms being poor video playback and severely low frame-rates when running 3D applications and games. The hardware platform (Qualcomm 7200 chipset) suggested that the device was capable of high graphical performance, however the device was consistently outperformed by older HTC devices.
A community of enthusiast developers investigated the cause of the poor performance and concluded that DirectDraw and Direct3D applications were running in software rendering mode only. No hardware acceleration was taking place, and the drivers required to take advantage of the ATI Imageon hardware appeared to be missing.
Many users within the community were dissatisfied by the apparent omission of a video driver that would allow hardware acceleration of graphics, particularly since the device included rendering hardware which was not being used. In an attempt to elicit interest from developers with relevant expertise, the community began raising a bounty which could be offered to any developer (or team of developers) who could solve the problem by enabling hardware acceleration with a homebrew driver. A website was also established to document and publicize the problem, to pressure HTC to provide a fix, and ultimately start a class action lawsuit against the manufacturer.
At least one developer is working to get proper driver support working at HTCClassAction.org.`{{dead link|date=March 2013}}`{=mediawiki} They have successfully created a driver that enables hardware acceleration under specific circumstances (everything but fullscreen). Right now the driver enables D3D and OpenGL ES. This driver does not solve any 2D drawing problems (GUI and menus). The driver does prove that the TyTN II based devices do in fact have functioning GPU accelerated hardware, and it is enabled. It is also important to note that these drivers only work on ROMs based on Windows Mobile 6.1.
Some developers are now working to enable 2D DDI support for the Polaris, which could lead to support for the Kaiser. They are using files obtained from the G810 ROM(s).
Also, some users have upgraded to the driver present in the Samsung Omnia. This driver also uses software rendering, but it has been properly optimized for the ARM architecture.
## Versions
Besides the branding differences, there are several models of the HTC TyTN II: the KAIS100, the KAIS110, the KAIS120, and the KAIS130. The KAIS110 has no camera; the KAIS100 has a 3.1 megapixel rear-facing camera; the KAIS120 and KAIS130 have a 3.1-megapixel rear-facing camera and a 0.3-megapixel front-facing camera.
The TyTN II model was sold as:
- KAIS100
- AT&T Tilt/AT&T 8925/AT&T 8925a(United States)
- KAIS110
- AT&T Tilt/AT&T 8900/AT&T 8900a (United States)
- KAIS120
- Emobile Emonster S11HT (Japan)
- HTC TyTN II P4550
- O2 XDA Stellar (United Kingdom)
- T-Mobile MDA Vario III (Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, United Kingdom, Montenegro)
- Vodafone v1615 (Netherlands, United Kingdom)
- Vodafone VPA Compact V
- KAIS130
- 3 TyTN II (Ireland, United Kingdom)
- T-Mobile Austria MDA VArio III (Austria)
- KPN HTC TyTN II (the Netherlands)
- Optus HTC TyTN II (Australia)
- Orange UK HTC TyTN II (United Kingdom)
- Plus GSM HTC TyTN II (Poland)
- SFR v1615 (France)
- Swisscom Mobile Assistant XPA v1615 (Switzerland)
## ROM updates {#rom_updates}
The TyTN II shipped with Windows Mobile 6. `{{clarify|reason=It says 6.1 in the specifications below; which is it? 6.0 or 6.1?|date=March 2013}}`{=mediawiki}
Official updates are available for several versions of the TyTN II, including the AT&T Tilt (WM 6 AKU 0.4.4), the O2 XDA Stellar (WM 6.1), and the Vodafone v1615.
Developers at XDA-Developers have succeeded in porting Google Android and Windows Mobile 6.5 to the TyTN II.
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# HTC TyTN II
## Specifications
- Screen size: 2.8 in 2.88 in
- Screen resolution: 240×320 pixels at 139 ppi, 4:3 aspect ratio
- Screen colors: 65,536 (16-bit)
- Input devices: touchscreen interface, slide-out QWERTY keyboard, and 360 degree three way jog wheel
- Battery: 1350 mAh, user-accessible; up to 7 hours talk, 365 hours standby
- Cameras: 3.1 megapixel rear-facing with autofocus, 0.3-megapixel front-facing for video calling
- Location finding by detection of cell towers and Wi-Fi networks and with Assisted GPS (through Google Maps Mobile)
- Qualcomm MSM7200 (400 MHz ARM1136EJ-S processor)
- RAM: 128 MB DRAM
- ROM: 256 MB flash memory
- Removable media: microSDHC, up to 32 GB
- Operating system: Windows Mobile 6.0, can be upgraded to Windows Mobile 6.1
- Quad band GSM / GPRS / EDGE (GSM 850/900/1800/1900)
- Tri-band UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA (850/1900/2100) The EMobile EMonster S11HT is reported to have a UMTS 1700 band.
- Wi-Fi (802.11b/g)
- Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR
- Mini USB (HTC ExtUSB)
- GPS built-in receiver for navigating; built in antenna and MS-147 connector for external connector
- Size: 59 mm H, 112 mm W, 19 mm D
- Weight: 190 g
## Preloaded software {#preloaded_software}
(Varies by operator)
- AOL Instant Messenger
- BlackBerry Connect
- Brain Challenge
- Bubble Breaker
- Business Card Scanner
- CoPilot Live 7 Sat Nav (Not with O2 UK)
- Excel Mobile
- HTC Home
- Midnight Pool
- Outlook Mobile
- PowerPoint Mobile
- MobiTV
- Ms. Pac-Man
- MyCast
- Solitaire
- Sprite Backup
- TeleNav GPS Navigator
- TeleNav Track
- Tiger Woods PGA Tour 07
- TomTom Navigator 6 Taster Edition
- Windows Live Messenger
- Word Mobile
- Xpress Mail
- Yahoo! Messenger
## GPS compatibility {#gps_compatibility}
Users of this phone have successfully installed and used other GPS map software applications (such as ALK Technologies [CoPilot Live 7](http://www.alk.com/copilot/), DeLorme [Street Atlas USA 2009](http://shop.delorme.com/OA_HTML/DELibeCCtpSctDspRte.jsp?section=10120&minisite=10020) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723020233/http://shop.delorme.com/OA_HTML/DELibeCCtpSctDspRte.jsp?section=10120&minisite=10020 |date=2008-07-23 }}`{=mediawiki}, [Fugawi](https://web.archive.org/web/20080723090038/http://www.fugawi.com/web/index-us.htm), Garmin [Mobile XT](http://www8.garmin.com/mobile/smartphones/) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726153835/http://www8.garmin.com/mobile/smartphones/ |date=2008-07-26 }}`{=mediawiki}, Google [Maps Mobile](http://www.google.com/mobile/default/maps/index.html), iNav [iGuidance](https://web.archive.org/web/20080512000119/http://www.inavcorp.com/product/navigation/iguidance_software.php), Intrisync [Destinator](https://web.archive.org/web/20080820095122/http://www.intrinsyc.com/destinator/), Microsoft [Live Search Mobile](http://www.livesearchmobile.com/), TomTom, [Tracky](http://www.trackthisout.com/), and VisualGPS [BeeLineGPS](https://web.archive.org/web/20080723081010/http://www.visualgps.net/BeeLineGPS/default.htm)), which are either free or cost nothing beyond the original purchase price. The map applications are compatible with the built-in GPS receiver, provided users set the appropriate COM port for the map application (COM4, 4800 baud).
The built-in GPS receiver was intended by some wireless providers to be used preferably with Telenav, which is a service that charges users monthly fees or fees based on the amount of downloaded map data. Telenav can only provide map data in areas where applicable cellular phone services are available and that users must have a data plan with their wireless providers.
## Discussion forums {#discussion_forums}
- [4WinMobile HTC TyTN II Forum](http://www.4winmobile.com/forums/htc-kaiser/)
- [HowardForums HTC Forum](http://www.howardforums.com/forumdisplay.php?s=&f=157&page=1&pp=40&sort=lastpost&order=desc&daysprune=-1)
- [HowardForums Windows Mobile Professional Forum](http://www.howardforums.com/forumdisplay.php?s=&f=181&page=1&pp=40&sort=lastpost&order=desc&daysprune=-1)
- [HTCGeeks HTC TyTN II Forum](https://web.archive.org/web/20090209073819/http://forum.htcgeeks.com/forumdisplay.php?&f=54)
- [PDA Phone Home HTC TyTN II Forum](http://pdaphonehome.com/forums/htc-tytn-ii-kaiser-p4550-t-tilt-8925/)
- [PPCGeeks HTC TyTN II Forum](http://forum.ppcgeeks.com/forumdisplay.php?s=&f=55&page=1&pp=20&sort=lastpost&order=desc&daysprune=-1&threadprefix=)
- [XDA-Developers HTC TyTN II Forums](http://forum.xda-developers.com/forumdisplay
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# Saint Stephen's Parish Church (Manila)
**Saint Stephen\'s Parish Church** is the Episcopal Diocese of the Central Philippines\' Pro-Cathedral of the Episcopal Church in the Philippines serving Chinese communities located in Santa Cruz, Manila in the Philippines. It was established in 1903.
## History
Saint Stephen\'s was originally an Anglo-American congregation in 1902 before it became a parish in 1904. Fr. Clapp and his assistant Fr. Talbot served the Chinese communities in Manila.
A Reformed Church Missionary, Mr. Hobart Studley, and his wife, Edith came to the Philippines and held the first Amoy service to Amoy-speaking Chinese regardless of religious affiliation in 1903 in a rented room in San Fernando Street in Manila. They then moved to another quarter on 64 Calle Nueva (now A. Mabini Street) when growth of the members became inevitable. During this time, Mr. Studley was ordained as priest.
Fr. Studley\'s and his assistant, Mr. Ben Ga Pay who later became deacon, took on their mission work among the Chinese from the Methodist Church. In 1911, they bought a lot along Reina Regente Street and built a rectory and two-storey building intended for worship services, classrooms and quarters for the staff.
Rev. Hsi Jen Wei took charge of the church in 1939 until it became a full-blown parish in just two years under his leadership. He became the first rector of the church.
In 1941, the rectory and the building, where the worship service was held, were bombed during the Japanese occupation in the Philippines. After the war, part of Calle Magdalena (now G. Masangkay Street), where the old St. Luke\'s Hospital and St. Luke\'s Pro-Cathedral was situated, were turned over to the parish in 1947 as part of the church-rebuilding project.
In 1963, a new church building with a seating capacity of 1,000 was constructed. The church was designed by Arch. Manuel Go Sr. of Manuel S. Go Architects (currently known as GGG Partners), a renowned architect known for his signature Brutalist architecture style.
An activity building and rectory were constructed in 1975 and named as H.J. Wei Building in honor of the first rector and John Pan Rectory, the second rector, respectively.
## Gallery
<File:Reverend> Ben Ga Pay.jpg\|Rev. Ben Ga Pay <File:St> Stephen\'s Church for the Chinese, Manila (1923).jpg\|Saint Stephen\'s Church in Manila (1923) <File:Saint> Stephen\'s School (High School entrance).jpg\|Entrance to the Parish <File:Tower> of Saint Stephen\'s Pro-Cathedral.jpg\|Tower of Saint Stephen\'s Pro-Cathedral <File:Saint> Stephen\'s Pro-Cathedral altar.jpg\|Altar <File:Dedication> Tablet of the Saint Stephen\'s Pro-Cathedral.jpg\|Dedication Tablet <File:Saint_Stephen%27s_High_School_and_Parish_12
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# Vinnie Bell
**Vincent Edward Gambella** (July 28, 1932 -- October 3, 2019), known as **Vinnie Bell**, was an American session guitarist, instrument designer and pioneer of electronic effects in pop music.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Vinnie Bell was born in Brooklyn, New York City, and studied guitar from childhood. He made his first recordings as a session musician on singles by such instrumental groups as the Overtones and the Gallahads, and played in nightclubs in New York City in the late 1950s. During this time, he developed his characteristic \"watery\" guitar sound, popular in instrumental recordings in the 1960s. By 1962, Bell decided to devote his energies to working as a studio musician in New York and Los Angeles. In 1963, he did a session with the French Jean-Jacques Perrey for Kai Winding, in which he played the guitar and Perrey played the Ondioline. After that Vinnie along with Perrey recorded several successful commercials, when Jean-Jacques got a contract with the Vanguard Records label. Perrey asked him to be the lead guitarist for his recording sessions as \"E.V.A.\" from *Moog Indigo* (1970).
He also helped design a number of electric guitar models with the company Danelectro for its Coral line of instruments, including the \"Bellzouki\" electric 12-string guitar, and the electric sitar, which was used, not necessarily by Bell, on such hits as \"Cry Like a Baby\" by The Box Tops, \"Green Tambourine\" by The Lemon Pipers, and a cover of the love theme from the 1970 film, *Airport*. The last of these sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. It also won a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition in 1971, while Bell was nominated for Best Instrumental Performance.
As well as being notable for his technical innovations, Bell worked extensively as a session player, playing on tracks such as \"The Sounds of Silence\" by Simon & Garfunkel and for artists such as the Four Seasons and Bob Dylan, specifically his *Desire* album. He also recorded occasionally under his own name, his albums including *The Soundtronic Guitar of Vincent Bell* (Independent Record Company, 1960), *Whistle Stop* (Verve, 1964), and *Pop Goes the Electric Sitar* (Decca, 1967).
He died on October 3, 2019, at the age of 87
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# Lesley Turner
**Lesley Turner** (born 1983) is an Irish model and beauty pageant titleholder who represented her country at the Miss Universe 2001 pageant in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Turner competed in the Miss Ireland Universe 2001 pageant at the age of 18, and she won the title and the rights to represent Ireland at the Miss Universe 2001 pageant. She hails from Newport, County Tipperary
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# Linda Lister
**Linda Lister** (born June 30, 1969) is an American soprano and teacher of singing.
## Background
Linda Lister\'s solo career includes performances with the Prague Radio Symphony Orchestra (SOČR), the Washington Symphony Orchestra, the Buffalo Philharmonic, Piedmont Opera Theatre, Opera Theatre of Rochester, Rochester Oratorio Society, Long Leaf Opera, Greensboro Oratorio Society, Cambridge Opera, Cambridge Gilbert and Sullivan Society, and Maine State Music Theatre. Her favorite roles include Monica in *The Medium*, Musetta in *La Bohème*, Maria in *West Side Story*, Maggie in *A Chorus Line*, and the title role in Massenet\'s *Cendrillon*.
A featured soloist on the Albany Records CDs *The American Soloist* and *Midnight Tolls*, she sang the world premiere of "Mountain Night Recessional" at the Biltmore House. Lister has won awards from the National Association for Teachers of Singing (NATS), the Metropolitan Opera Council Auditions, and Greater Miami Opera in addition to winning the 1998 Dissertation Prize from the National Opera Association.
She is currently on faculty at the University of Nevada Las Vegas, and was formerly on the faculty at the University of Evansville. A Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Vassar College, she received the Master of Music degree in vocal performance from the Eastman School of Music and the Doctor of Musical Arts degree in vocal performance from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Before coming to the University of Evansville, she served on the voice faculties of Shorter College (Shorter University) where she created the course *Yoga for Singers*, Elon University, Greensboro College, the SUNY Fredonia, the Music Academy of North Carolina, the Hochstein School of Music, and the School of Choral Studies at the New York State Summer School of the Arts (NYSSA).
Lister is also a composer, and her chamber opera about the Brontë sisters (*How Clear She Shines!*) had its world premiere in 2002 and the Ladies Musical Club of Seattle commissioned a piano trio version of the opera for its west coast revival in 2006
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# 2007–08 EIHL season
The **2007--08 Elite Ice Hockey League season** began September 5, 2007 and ran until April 6, 2008. It was the fifth season of Elite League competition.
The defending league champions were the Coventry Blaze, who were also the holders of the Challenge Cup. The Nottingham Panthers looked to defend the Play Off Championship they won for the first time in eighteen years in 2007.
## Movements between Elite League teams {#movements_between_elite_league_teams}
Player From To Date
------------------ --------------------- --------------------- ----------
Pavel Gomenyuk Hull Stingrays Newcastle Vipers April 19
Sergiy Rublivsky Hull Stingrays Newcastle Vipers April 24
Mark Richardson Cardiff Devils Nottingham Panthers May 1
Ashley Tait Coventry Blaze Sheffield Steelers May 9
Jonathan Weaver Newcastle Vipers Coventry Blaze May 9
Doug Shepard Basingstoke Bison Sheffield Steelers May 10
Slava Koulikov Hull Stingrays Basingstoke Bison May 14
Phil Hill Sheffield Steelers Cardiff Devils May 17
Russ Cowley Cardiff Devils Coventry Blaze May 29
Derek Campbell Manchester Phoenix Newcastle Vipers May 31
Paul Moran Sheffield Steelers Belfast Giants May 31
Johan Molin Manchester Phoenix Nottingham Panthers June 4
Marc Levers Belfast Giants Nottingham Panthers June 6
Matus Petricko Nottingham Panthers Cardiff Devils June 6
Curtis Huppe Belfast Giants Coventry Blaze June 12
Jeff Hutchins Belfast Giants Newcastle Vipers July 3
Jeremy Cornish Newcastle Vipers Sheffield Steelers July 16
## Charity Shield {#charity_shield}
The season began on September 5, 2007 with a \"Charity Shield\" style game between the 2006--07 league champions and Challenge Cup winning Coventry Blaze and the playoff champions Nottingham Panthers at the National Ice Centre. The Panthers defeated the Blaze 7-6 to win the inaugural event.
-------------
September 5
-------------
## Challenge Cup {#challenge_cup}
For the preliminary round, teams were divided into two groups of five with teams playing each of their opponents once with two homes games and two away games. The home and away games for each club were determined by a random draw. The top two in each group advanced to the semi-finals of the competition
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# Trio Rio
**Trio Rio** was a German quintet from Cologne.
## History
The band was founded in 1983 by vocalist Peter Fessler (born 1959) together with four friends all of whom he met during his study at the Cologne University of Music. They are best known for their hit song \"New York - Rio - Tokyo\" which reached number three on the German chart in 1986. The follow-up single, \"Voulez Voulez Vous\" did not manage to chart. The band separated in 1987.
Following the band\'s separation. Fessler moved to the United States for a while. Performing solo in clubs, bars and hotels in New York and San Francisco, before returning to Germany in 1991 to restart his solo career. in 1993 he would release \"Conquer Me\", which became solo hit. From there he switched to playing jazz with Randy Crawford, Sheila E., Al Jarreau and Chaka Khan, he also began writing songs for various artists. Klaus Mages later joined the Rainbirds. Oliver Heuss went on to compose film scores and ad jingles. The bass player of the band, Cläusel Quitschau passed away in 2016
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# North Eastern Locomotive Preservation Group
The **North Eastern Locomotive Preservation Group** (NELPG) was formed in 1966 with the intention of preserving some of the steam locomotives then still working on regular goods or passenger trains in North East England. At the time of its formation, its first president was Wilbert Awdry, the author of The Railway Series books and the creator of Thomas the Tank Engine. Now the group owns four unique North Eastern steam locomotives, its aim is to have as many of its steam locomotives running on the main line or preserved lines as possible. In 2014, the LNER K1 (62005) ran on the North Yorkshire Moors Railway and on the Jacobite service in Scotland. The LNER Q6 (NER T2, 63395) was undergoing boiler repairs at the start of the season but finished the season on the North Yorkshire Moors Railway and the LNER J72 (NER E1, 69023) ran on the Wensleydale Railway. The group have two workshops, one at Hopetown Carriage Works, Darlington and another workshop and base at Grosmont, the northernmost station on the North Yorkshire Moors Railway. The shed at Grosmont is called deviation shed. Members of the group hold regular evening meetings to discuss railway subjects, have a membership newsletter, and have produced various publications. The group now also has a junior volunteers section, training young recruits at, mainly, the NYMR and Deviation Shed. These JVs will help with mainly the locomotives, although a small amount has been done on the carriages (K1 support coach).
## Locomotives
### NELPG
- LNER Class J27 no. 65894 - Operational following overhaul completed in May 2018. Currently based on the NYMR. Visited the Wensleydale Railway in August 2018 & 2019.
- LNER Class J72 no. 69023 - Under overhaul at Hopetown Carriage Works. Semi-permanently based at the Wensleydale Railway.
- LNER Class K1 no. 62005 - Out of service, overhaul commenced at Carnforth MPD in October 2021. It is currently the NELPG\'s only mainline certified locomotive which means it is able to haul excursion trains on the mainline. When it isn\'t on the mainline, it is usually in service on the North Yorkshire Moors Railway (NYMR).
- LNER Class Q6 no. 63395 - Under Repair at the NYMR, having had its most recent prior overhaul completed in September 2021.
### Other
The group does not own the following locomotives but has looked after them in the past:
- LNER Peppercorn Class A2 60532 Blue Peter (contract ended August 2011)
- LNER Class Q7 no
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# Böðvildr
**Böðvildr**, **Beadohild**, **Bodil** or **Badhild** was a princess, the daughter of the evil king Níðuðr/Niðhad/Niðung who appears in Germanic legends, such as *Deor*, *Völundarkviða* and *Þiðrekssaga*. Initially, she appears to have been a tragic victim of Wayland the smith\'s revenge on her father, but in later Scandinavian versions, she becomes Wayland\'s wife and the mother of the hero Viðga of the *Þiðrekssaga* and medieval Scandinavian ballads.
## *Deor*
Although preceded by the Ardre image stone, the oldest surviving textual source on her is the 10th century Anglo-Saxon poem *Deor*. It deals with the fact that Wayland has just murdered her brothers and raped her. It is suggested by the poet that things will turn out bad for her: `{{Verse translation|
{{lang|ang|Welund him be wurman / wræces cunnade,
anhydig eorl / earfoþa dreag,
hæfde him to gesiþþe / sorge ond longaþ,
wintercealde wræce; / wean oft onfond,
siþþan hine Niðhad / on nede legde,
swoncre seonobende / on syllan monn.
Þæs ofereode, / þisses swa mæg!
-
Beadohilde ne wæs / hyre broþra deaþ
on sefan swa sar / swa hyre sylfre þing,
þæt heo gearolice / ongieten hæfde
þæt heo eacen wæs; / æfre ne meahte
þriste geþencan, / hu ymb þæt sceolde.
Þæs ofereode, / þisses swa mæg!}}<ref>{{cite web |author=John Osborne |url=http://www.kami.demon.co.uk/gesithas/readings/deor_oe.html |title=''Deor'' at the site of the society ''Ða Engliscan Gesiþas'' |publisher=Kami.demon.co.uk |date=1997-01-22 |access-date=2014-01-16 |archive-date=2008-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608232525/http://www.kami.demon.co.uk/gesithas/readings/deor_oe.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
Welund tasted misery among snakes.
The stout-hearted hero endured troubles
had sorrow and longing as his companions
cruelty cold as winter - he often found woe
Once Nithad laid restraints on him,
supple sinew-bonds on the better man.
That went by; so can this.
-
To Beadohilde, her brothers' death was not
so painful to her heart as her own problem
which she had readily perceived
that she was pregnant; nor could she ever
foresee without fear how things would turn out.
That went by, so can this.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Osborne |url=http://www.kami.demon.co.uk/gesithas/readings/deor_me.html |title=Modern English translation by Steve Pollington, Published in Wiðowinde 100, at the site of the society ''Ða Engliscan Gesiþas'' |publisher=Kami.demon.co.uk |date=1997-01-22 |access-date=2014-01-16}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Böðvildr
## *Völundarkviða*
In *Völundarkviða*, she appears when her father Níðuðr has captured Wayland, and she receives from her father a gold ring that the smith had made for his lost Valkyrie lover. Wayland is hamstrung and put to work in her father\'s smithy.
Wayland has revenge by murdering her brothers and hiding them in the smithy. He then set their skulls in silver and sent them to the king together with jewelry for the queen made by the boys\' eyes. For Böðvildr he made a brooch of the boys\' teeth.
Böðvildr visited Wayland\'s smithy to ask him to mend a broken ring. Then, he raped her and flew away in a feather construction he had made, leaving her crying with shame: `{{Verse translation|
{{lang|non|Hlæjandi Völundr
hófsk at lofti,
grátandi Böðvildr
gekk ór eyju,
tregði för friðils
ok föður reiði.}}<ref name="heimskringla">[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20070508181623/http://www.heimskringla.no/original/edda/volundarkvida.php ''Völundarkviða'' at «Norrøne Tekster og Kvad», Norway.]</ref>
|
Laughing Völund
rose aloft,
Weeping Bothvild
went from the isle,
For her lover's flight
and her father's wrath.<ref name="völund">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe17.htm |title=Translation by Bellows |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |date= |access-date=2014-01-16}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
Wayland, then flies to her father telling him of his revenge. The sorrow stricken king asks his thrall to go and fetch his daughter and Böðvildr has to tell her father the gruesome truth mirroring the tragedy told of in *Deor*: `{{Verse translation|
{{lang|non|41. "Satt er þat, Níðuðr,
er sagði þér:
Sátum vit Völundr
saman í holmi
eina ögurstund,
æva skyldi;
ek vætr hánum
vinna kunnak,
ek vætr hánum
vinna máttak."}}<ref name="heimskringla"/>
|
"True is it, Nithuth,
that which was told thee,
Once in the isle
with Völund was I,
An hour of lust,
alas it should be!
Nought was my might
with such a man,
Nor from his strength
could I save myself."<ref name="völund"/>}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Böðvildr
## *Þiðrekssaga*
The 13th century *Þiðrekssaga* has a fuller account in prose.
Wayland sailed to Denmark in a hollowed tree and eventually arrived to Jutland, where king Niðung was reigning. Wayland was soon challenged by Niðung\'s smith Amilias. Amilias forged a suit of armour and Wayland a sword, Mímung, with which he easily killed his rival. He thus gained great fame as a smith.
At the eve of a battle, Niðung found out that he had forgotten his victory stone and offered Böðvildr and half of his kingdom to the one who would get it before sunset. Wayland fetched the stone but, when he came back, the king\'s *dróttseti* (seneschal) asked for it. Wayland refused to give it up and killed the knight. Niðung banished him.
Later he tried to avenge himself by poisoning the king and Böðvildr but he got caught, was hamstrung and set to work in the forge. But he eventually killed Niðung\'s two younger sons in his smithy and made a whole set of tableware for the king with their bones. He also raped Böðvildr.
Wayland\'s brother Egill came at the court. He was a famous archer and Niðung challenged him to shoot an apple from the head of his son. He could shoot only one arrow, but took three. After he succeeded with his first arrow, the king asked him what the other two were for, and he explained that had he hit his son, he would have shot the king with the others.
Wayland asked his brother to collect feathers, with which he made himself wings. He flew to Niðung and revealed to him that he had killed his sons and made his daughter pregnant. He then flew away. Egill was ordered by the king to shoot him down. But Wayland had tied a bladder filled with blood under his arm. Egill hit it, thus deceiving the king, and Wayland returned to Zealand.
Niðung died shortly after and his son Otvin succeeded him. The princess gave birth to a son called Viðga. Wayland settled a peace agreement with Otvin and he married Böðvildr, as they both had agreed before his leaving.
## Toponyms
In England, a Burial Mound apparently existed on The Berkshire Downs, which according to local legend was Beadohilde\'s Barrow. The mound has now disappeared, but was excavated in 1850 when a jet ornament, a Kimmeridge ring and a bronze pin were recovered
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# Bedside Manners Are Extra
***Bedside Manners Are Extra*** is the second studio album by English progressive rock band Greenslade, released in November 1973 by Warner Bros. Records. The cover artwork was designed by artist Roger Dean, who had previously collaborated with the band on their debut album.
## Background and recording {#background_and_recording}
The band members recalled the *Bedside Manners Are Extra* recordings as a very positive time for Greenslade. Their debut album had received strong reviews and solid enough sales to ensure their continued career, and the band members were getting along well both musically and personally. The Dave Greenslade-Dave Lawson songwriting partnership was flourishing, the two having settled into a routine where Greenslade would compose a chord sequence and tune and Lawson would then add on melody and lyrics.
As with their debut album, none of the songs had been played live before entering the studio, and the band instead prepared by extensively rehearsing the songs in a church hall near where Dave Greenslade lived at the time, in Middlesex. As a result of their preparation, the album was recorded in just nine days, starting on 23 July and ending on 31 July. It was a \"live\" style recording, with minimal overdubs and no editing together of different takes
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# Nowra High School
**Nowra High School** is a government-funded co-educational comprehensive secondary day school, located in `{{NSWcity|Nowra}}`{=mediawiki}, in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.
Established in 1956, the school enrolled approximately 910 students in 2018, from Year 7 to Year 12, of whom eleven percent identified as Indigenous Australians and seven percent were from a language background other than English. The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education; the acting principal is Jodie Wellington. The school motto is \"Wisdom Through Knowledge\".
## Overview
On 17 May 2007 the Governor-General hosted a meeting in the school with indigenous students from the city\'s high schools
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# Georgina Lowe
**Georgina Lowe** is a British film and television producer, who has produced director Mike Leigh\'s films since 2009.
Among her TV Producer credits are the BBC miniseries *Tipping the Velvet* (2002), *Fingersmith* (2005), the ITV1 series *Kingdom* (2007--2009) and the Agatha Christie series *Partners in Crime* (2015), Sky\'s Mad Dogs,(2012), Mammals (2022) and Malice (2025) for Amazon Prime Video.
After starting work in corporate films, documentaries, then music videos and commercials, she started working with Mike Leigh and his producer Simon Channing Williams, as production manager on *Naked.* Since then she has been involved in the production of all Leigh\'s films.
She co-produced *Topsy-Turvy* (1999), *All or Nothing* (2002), *Vera Drake* (2004) and *Happy-Go-Lucky* (2008).
In 2011, Mike Leigh made her his partner in Thin Man Films, the production company he started with Channing Williams in 1988.
She produced Mike Leigh\'s *Another Year* (2010), *A Running Jump* (2012) and *Mr. Turner* (2014), Peterloo (2017) and Hard Truths (2024).
She has been BAFTA nominated for the TV series Fingersmith and for the film Another Year.
She is married with two children
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# Simon Wheeler
**Simon Wheeler** is a British former screenwriter and television producer. He may be best known for creating the ITV1 drama *Kingdom* (2007--2009), which starred Stephen Fry and Wheeler\'s wife, Hermione Norris.
Having entering the film business in 1988, as a labourer in the New Zealand {{\\}} Australia co-production of *The Navigator: A Medieval Odyssey*, Wheeler worked through the ranks as a grip and a script editor. He was a writer for the crime series *Wire in the Blood*, which formerly starred Norris. His last screen credit was producer of the BBC miniseries, *Castles in the Sky*, in 2014.
## Family
Wheeler is one of the three sons of General Sir Roger Wheeler. He and Norris have two children together: Wilf, born June 2004, and Hero, born August 2007
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# Music Machine (Melody Club album)
***Music Machine*** is the debut album by Melody Club released on December 26, 2002.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
- All songs written by Kristofer Östergren. Published by Air Chrysalis Scandinavia
1. \"Covergirl\"
2. \"Stranded Love\"
3. \"Play Me In Stereo\"
4. \"Palace Station\"
5. \"Let\'s Kill the Clockwork\"
6. \"My Soft Return\"
7. \"Put Your Arms Around Me\"
8. \"Electric\"
9. \"Colours\"
10. \"Angeleyes\"
11
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# Joensuu railway station
**Joensuu railway station** (in Finnish: Joensuun rautatieasema) is located in Joensuu, North Karelia, Finland. The station was opened in 1894.
The station is served by passenger trains to Helsinki (via Lappeenranta, Kouvola and Lahti), Nurmes and Pieksämäki. The line to Helsinki via Lappeenranta is electrified, all other routes are operated by diesel hauled trains. The passenger train service to Nurmes was originally to close in 2016, but as of 2019 is still in service.
Passenger trains to Helsinki are mainly operated by InterCity carriages or Pendolino units.
## Departure tracks {#departure_tracks}
Joensuu railway station has three platform tracks. Track 2 is currently unused by passenger trains.
- Track 1 is used by long-distance trains to Helsinki.
- Track 3 is used by railbus services both to Pieksämäki and to Nurmes
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