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# Łukasiewicz logic
In mathematics and philosophy, **Łukasiewicz logic** (`{{IPAc-en|ˌ|w|ʊ|k|ə|ˈ|ʃ|ɛ|v|ɪ|tʃ}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|WUUK|ə|SHEV|itch}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|pl|wukaˈɕɛvitʂ|lang}}`{=mediawiki}) is a non-classical, many-valued logic. It was originally defined in the early 20th century by Jan Łukasiewicz as a three-valued modal logic; it was later generalized to *n*-valued (for all finite *n*) as well as infinitely-many-valued (ℵ~0~-valued) variants, both propositional and first order. The ℵ~0~-valued version was published in 1930 by Łukasiewicz and Alfred Tarski; consequently it is sometimes called the **Łukasiewicz`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}Tarski logic**. It belongs to the classes of t-norm fuzzy logics and substructural logics.
Łukasiewicz logic was motivated by Aristotle\'s suggestion that bivalent logic was not applicable to future contingents, e.g. the statement \"There will be a sea battle tomorrow\". In other words, statements about the future were neither true nor false, but an intermediate value could be assigned to them, to represent their possibility of becoming true in the future.
This article presents the Łukasiewicz(--Tarski) logic in its full generality, i.e. as an infinite-valued logic. For an elementary introduction to the three-valued instantiation Ł~3~, see three-valued logic.
## Language
The propositional connectives of Łukasiewicz logic are $\rightarrow$ (\"implication\"), and the constant $\bot$ (\"false\"). Additional connectives can be defined in terms of these:
$\begin{align}
\neg A & =_{def} A \rightarrow \bot \\
A \vee B & =_{def} (A \rightarrow B) \rightarrow B \\
A \wedge B & =_{def} \neg( \neg A \vee \neg B) \\
A \leftrightarrow B &=_{def} (A \rightarrow B) \wedge (B \rightarrow A) \\
\top & =_{def} \bot \rightarrow \bot
\end{align}$
The $\vee$ and $\wedge$ connectives are called *weak* disjunction and conjunction, because they are non-classical, as the law of excluded middle does not hold for them. In the context of substructural logics, they are called *additive* connectives. They also correspond to lattice min/max connectives.
In terms of substructural logics, there are also *strong* or *multiplicative* disjunction and conjunction connectives, although these are not part of Łukasiewicz\'s original presentation:
$\begin{align}
A \oplus B &=_{def} \neg A \rightarrow B \\
A \otimes B &=_{def} \neg (A \rightarrow \neg B)
\end{align}$
There are also defined modal operators, using the *Tarskian Möglichkeit*:
$\begin{align}
\Diamond A &=_{def} \neg A \rightarrow A \\
\Box A &=_{def} \neg \Diamond \neg A
\end{align}$
## Axioms
The original system of axioms for propositional infinite-valued Łukasiewicz logic used implication and negation as the primitive connectives, along with modus ponens:
$\begin{align}
A &\rightarrow (B \rightarrow A) \\
(A \rightarrow B) &\rightarrow ((B \rightarrow C) \rightarrow (A \rightarrow C)) \\
((A \rightarrow B) \rightarrow B) &\rightarrow ((B \rightarrow A) \rightarrow A) \\
(\neg B \rightarrow \neg A) &\rightarrow (A \rightarrow B).
\end{align}$
Propositional infinite-valued Łukasiewicz logic can also be axiomatized by adding the following axioms to the axiomatic system of monoidal t-norm logic:
Divisibility: $(A \wedge B) \rightarrow (A \otimes (A \rightarrow B))$\
Double negation: $\neg\neg A \rightarrow A.$
That is, infinite-valued Łukasiewicz logic arises by adding the axiom of double negation to basic fuzzy logic (BL), or by adding the axiom of divisibility to the logic IMTL.
Finite-valued Łukasiewicz logics require additional axioms.
## Proof Theory {#proof_theory}
A hypersequent calculus for three-valued Łukasiewicz logic was introduced by Arnon Avron in 1991.
Sequent calculi for finite and infinite-valued Łukasiewicz logics as an extension of linear logic were introduced by A. Prijatelj in 1994. However, these are not cut-free systems.
Hypersequent calculi for Łukasiewicz logics were introduced by A. Ciabattoni et al in 1999. However, these are not cut-free for $n > 3$ finite-valued logics.
A labelled tableaux system was introduced by Nicola Olivetti in 2003.
A hypersequent calculus for infinite-valued Łukasiewicz logic was introduced by George Metcalfe in 2004.
## Real-valued semantics {#real_valued_semantics}
Infinite-valued Łukasiewicz logic is a real-valued logic in which sentences from sentential calculus may be assigned a truth value of not only 0 or 1 but also any real number in between (e.g. 0.25). Valuations have a recursive definition where:
- $w(\theta \circ \phi) = F_\circ(w(\theta), w(\phi))$ for a binary connective $\circ,$
- $w(\neg\theta) = F_\neg(w(\theta)),$
- $w\left(\overline{0}\right) = 0$ and $w\left(\overline{1}\right) = 1,$
and where the definitions of the operations hold as follows:
- **Implication:** $F_\rightarrow(x,y) = \min\{1, 1-x+y\}$
- **Equivalence:** $F_\leftrightarrow(x, y) = 1-|x-y|$
- **Negation:** $F_\neg(x) = 1-x$
- **Weak conjunction:** $F_\wedge(x, y) = \min\{x, y\}$
- **Weak disjunction:** $F_\vee(x, y) = \max\{x, y\}$
- **Strong conjunction:** $F_\otimes(x, y) = \max\{0, x+y-1\}$
- **Strong disjunction:** $F_\oplus(x, y) = \min\{1, x+y\}.$
- **Modal functions**: $F_\Diamond(x) = \min\{1,2x\}, F_\Box(x) = \max\{0, 2x-1\}$
The truth function $F_\otimes$ of strong conjunction is the Łukasiewicz t-norm and the truth function $F_\oplus$ of strong disjunction is its dual t-conorm. Obviously, $F_\otimes(.5,.5) = 0$ and $F_\oplus(.5,.5)=1$, so if $T(p)=.5$, then $T(p\wedge p)=T(\neg p \wedge \neg p) = 0$ while the respective logically-equivalent propositions have $T(p\vee p)= T(\neg p\vee \neg p) = 1$.
The truth function $F_\rightarrow$ is the residuum of the Łukasiewicz t-norm. All truth functions of the basic connectives are continuous.
By definition, a formula is a tautology of infinite-valued Łukasiewicz logic if it evaluates to 1 under each valuation of propositional variables by real numbers in the interval \[0, 1\].
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# Łukasiewicz logic
## Finite-valued and countable-valued semantics {#finite_valued_and_countable_valued_semantics}
Using exactly the same valuation formulas as for real-valued semantics Łukasiewicz (1922) also defined (up to isomorphism) semantics over
- any finite set of cardinality *n* ≥ 2 by choosing the domain as `{{nowrap|{ 0, 1/(''n'' − 1), 2/(''n'' − 1), ..., 1 }}`{=mediawiki}}
- any countable set by choosing the domain as { *p*/*q* \| 0 ≤ *p* ≤ *q* where *p* is a non-negative integer and *q* is a positive integer }.
## General algebraic semantics {#general_algebraic_semantics}
The standard real-valued semantics determined by the Łukasiewicz t-norm is not the only possible semantics of Łukasiewicz logic. General algebraic semantics of propositional infinite-valued Łukasiewicz logic is formed by the class of all MV-algebras. The standard real-valued semantics is a special MV-algebra, called the *standard MV-algebra*.
Like other t-norm fuzzy logics, propositional infinite-valued Łukasiewicz logic enjoys completeness with respect to the class of all algebras for which the logic is sound (that is, MV-algebras) as well as with respect to only linear ones. This is expressed by the general, linear, and standard completeness theorems:
: The following conditions are equivalent:
- $A$ is provable in propositional infinite-valued Łukasiewicz logic
- $A$ is valid in all MV-algebras (*general completeness*)
- $A$ is valid in all linearly ordered MV-algebras (*linear completeness*)
- $A$ is valid in the standard MV-algebra (*standard completeness*).
Here *valid* means *necessarily evaluates to 1*.
Font, Rodriguez and Torrens introduced in 1984 the Wajsberg algebra as an alternative model for the infinite-valued Łukasiewicz logic.
A 1940s attempt by Grigore Moisil to provide algebraic semantics for the *n*-valued Łukasiewicz logic by means of his Łukasiewicz--Moisil (LM) algebra (which Moisil called *Łukasiewicz algebras*) turned out to be an incorrect model for *n* ≥ 5. This issue was made public by Alan Rose in 1956. C. C. Chang\'s MV-algebra, which is a model for the ℵ~0~-valued (infinitely-many-valued) Łukasiewicz--Tarski logic, was published in 1958. For the axiomatically more complicated (finite) *n*-valued Łukasiewicz logics, suitable algebras were published in 1977 by Revaz Grigolia and called MV~*n*~-algebras. MV~*n*~-algebras are a subclass of LM~*n*~-algebras, and the inclusion is strict for *n* ≥ 5. In 1982 Roberto Cignoli published some additional constraints that added to LM~*n*~-algebras produce proper models for *n*-valued Łukasiewicz logic; Cignoli called his discovery *proper Łukasiewicz algebras*.
## Complexity
Łukasiewicz logics are co-NP complete.
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# Łukasiewicz logic
## Modal Logic {#modal_logic}
Łukasiewicz logics can be seen as modal logics, a type of logic that addresses possibility, using the defined operators,
$\begin{align}
\Diamond A &=_{def} \neg A \rightarrow A \\
\Box A &=_{def} \neg \Diamond \neg A \\
\end{align}$
A third *doubtful* operator has been proposed, $\odot A =_{def} A \leftrightarrow \neg A$.
From these we can prove the following theorems, which are common axioms in many modal logics:
$\begin{align}
A & \rightarrow \Diamond A \\
\Box A & \rightarrow A \\
A & \rightarrow (A \rightarrow \Box A) \\
\Box (A \rightarrow B) & \rightarrow (\Box A \rightarrow \Box B) \\
\Box (A \rightarrow B) & \rightarrow (\Diamond A \rightarrow \Diamond B) \\
\end{align}$
We can also prove distribution theorems on the strong connectives:
$\begin{align}
\Box (A \otimes B) & \leftrightarrow \Box A \otimes \Box B \\
\Diamond (A \oplus B) & \leftrightarrow \Diamond A \oplus \Diamond B \\
\Diamond (A \otimes B) & \rightarrow \Diamond A \otimes \Diamond B \\
\Box A \oplus \Box B & \rightarrow \Box (A \oplus B)
\end{align}$
However, the following distribution theorems also hold:
$\begin{align}
\Box A \vee \Box B & \leftrightarrow \Box (A \vee B) \\
\Box A \wedge \Box B & \leftrightarrow \Box (A \wedge B) \\
\Diamond A \vee \Diamond B & \leftrightarrow \Diamond (A \vee B) \\
\Diamond A \wedge \Diamond B & \leftrightarrow \Diamond (A \wedge B)
\end{align}$
In other words, if $\Diamond A \wedge \Diamond \neg A$, then $\Diamond (A \wedge \neg A)$, which is counter-intuitive. However, these controversial theorems have been defended as a modal logic about future contingents by A. N. Prior. Notably, $\Diamond A \wedge \Diamond \neg A \leftrightarrow \odot A$
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# SoundScriber
**SoundScriber** is a dictation machine introduced in 1945 by The SoundScriber Corp. (New Haven, Connecticut, United States). It records sound with a groove embossed into soft vinyl discs with a stylus. Similar competing recording technologies are the Gray Audograph and Dictaphone DictaBelt. The machine can record 15 minutes of dictation on each side of a thin (.01-inch) flexible 6-inch vinyl disc spinning at a rate of `{{frac|33|1|3}}`{=mediawiki} RPM, at a density of 200 grooves per inch. The discs originally cost about 10 cents each. The machine has two tonearms: a recording arm driven by a worm gear that creates the groove with a diamond stylus, and a pickup arm with a sapphire stylus for playback. A foot-operated playback/pause---and-reverse switch is used for transcribing.
Unlike some other recording technologies of the time, the recording stylus creates the groove not by cutting the vinyl but by embossing (plastically deforming) the surface, leaving no waste plastic chips to get into the mechanical works.
The format remained popular for two decades before it was superseded by magnetic tape recorders, due in part to the robustness of the discs and the ease with which they could be mailed. The green discs with their characteristic square center hole came in three sizes, 6 inches (known as \"Mail Chute\") that played for fifteen minutes per side, a 5-inch disc with 10 minutes of recording time per side, and 4-inch \"Memo Discs\" with eight minutes of recording time. The soft vinyl medium limited the number of times a disc could be played back without degradation of the audio quality.
A SoundScriber is a plot device in the 1952 Joan Crawford film Sudden Fear, as the brand name can be clearly seen on it, even though Crawford\'s character claims that she had it built herself
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# Susquehanna Pfaltzgraff
The **Susquehanna Pfaltzgraff Company** was a conglomerate of companies that started in the 19th century with Johann George Pfaltzgraff\'s emigration from Germany to York, Pennsylvania (in the Susquehanna Valley).
Johann Pfaltzgraff was a potter and, after he died in the late 19th century, his children carried on his pottery making business and started *The Pfaltzgraff Company*, a kitchenware company, in 1889.
Susquehanna Broadcasting Company was founded in 1941 to apply for and operate a radio station in York, Pennsylvania, by Louis J. Appell, president and treasurer of Pfaltzgraff. The Federal Communications Commission issued a construction permit for the station, which would become WSBA, on December 30, 1941.
## Important Events {#important_events}
- In 1965, *Susquehanna Communications* (*SusCom*) was founded as a division of *Susquehanna Broadcasting* but changed its name in 1999, reflecting its change from a provider of traditional cable television to a provider of a variety of advanced, interactive, digital communications products.
- In December 1981, *Susquehanna Real Estate* was formed.
- In 1993, *Susquehanna Media Company* (*SMC*) was formed, of which Susquehanna Communications was a subsidiary (but, as of 2007, is owned by Comcast). Susquehanna Radio, another subsidiary, was bought by Cumulus Media Partners on May 5, 2006. Susquehanna Radio owned and operated 33 AM and FM stations nationwide at its peak, including WSBA AM in York, Pennsylvania.
- *BlazeNet* was founded in 1996 to provide dial-up and cable modem access in central Pennsylvania.
- *Susquehanna Technologies* (*SusQtech*) became its own entity in November 2001.
- In 2005, it was announced that the company was selling its radio and cable television businesses in separate deals for nearly \$2 billion. Cumulus Media Inc. joined a consortium to acquire Susquehanna\'s radio broadcasting business for about \$1.2 billion. Comcast Corp. announced that it was buying Susquehanna\'s cable TV and broadband businesses for \$775 million. The deals were concluded in 2006
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# Camp Vernet
**Le Vernet Internment Camp**, or **Camp Vernet**, was a concentration camp in Le Vernet, Ariège, near Pamiers, in the French Pyrenees. It was built in 1918 as a barracks, but after World War I it was used as an internment camp for prisoners of war. From February 1939 to June 1944, it was used:
- first as an internment camp (concentration camp), first for Republican refugees (soldiers, their families, opponents of the Franco regime) fleeing Spain after Franco\'s victory in the Spanish Civil War: in particular some 12,000 refugees, including soldiers of the Durruti Column and others of the International Brigades;
- then, as of May--June 1940, under the Vichy government during German occupation in the Second World War. Starting in 1940, apart from the prisoners coming from the Spanish Civil War, the Vichy government used it to house prisoners considered suspect or dangerous to the government, including members of the resistance and opponents of the Hitler, Mussolini and Pétain regimes;
- then, from 1942 until June 1944, it was used as a holding camp for Jewish families awaiting deportation to other camps. The last transport out of the camp in June 1944 took the prisoners to Dachau concentration camp.
## History
Camp Vernet was originally built in June 1918 to house French colonial troops serving in World War I but when hostilities ceased it was used to hold German and Austrian prisoners of war.
Between the wars, it served as a military depot. Towards the end of the Spanish Civil War, in February 1939 in what was called La Retirada (the withdrawal), it was put to a new use until September 1939 as a reception camp for Republicans fleeing from Francisco Franco\'s armies after the collapse of the Second Spanish Republic. The camp held Republicans the French authorities deemed \"a danger to public safety\". At this time, it held mainly former soldiers from the Republican Durruti Column, the 26th Division and 150 International Brigades members, segregated in an area named \"the leper colony\". The camp covered an area of about 50 hectares, divided into three sections and surrounded by barbed wire fences.
With the outbreak of World War II, the role of the camp was expanded. It was used to house \"undesirable\" foreigners, in particular, anti-fascist intellectuals and former members of the International Brigades, particularly the more troublesome or senior veterans.
There is now a small museum at Le Vernet and Le Vernet features in Philip Kerr\'s 2010 novel *Field Grey* and in the 2012 novel *Citadel* by Kate Mosse, which follows the lives of a group of local people and resistance fighters.
## Operations under Vichy government {#operations_under_vichy_government}
After the Fall of France on 25 June 1940, Camp Vernet was taken over by the pro-Nazi Vichy France authorities, to house \"all foreigners considered suspect or dangerous to the public order\". It then passed to the Germans, who rebuilt it according to their own concentration camp guidelines. Arthur Koestler was a prisoner there and declared that \"from the point of view of food, installations and hygiene, Vernet was worse than a Nazi concentration camp\". From 1942, Le Vernet was used as a holding centre for Jewish families awaiting deportation to Nazi labour and extermination camps. The final transport, in June 1944, took the remaining prisoners to Dachau concentration camp. One source says that \"about 40,000 persons of 58 nationalities were interned in the camp\"
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# Aaron Jernigan
**Aaron David Jernigan** (September 14, 1813 -- August 25, 1891) was the first settler of what is now Orange County, Florida. Originally from Camden County, Georgia, he lived for a time in the Tallahassee area before moving to Orange County in 1843. He was influential in the city of Orlando\'s early development; the town was called Jernigan until 1857.
Jernigan and his wife, Mary, settled on the shore of Lake Holden, purchasing 1200 acre and moving some 700 head of cattle down from Tallahassee area where Jernigan and his brother Isaac (who also moved to Orlando) continued to own land and raise cattle. Jernigan cleared a spot near Lake Conway and built a small cabin, and began planting crops including corn, cotton, rice, sugar cane, pumpkins, and even melons. Jernigan was a successful tradesman and merchant. He was also a captain of the local militia that patrolled against native Seminoles. Jernigan\'s settlement quickly grew and he was elected a county representative in 1846. By 1850, according to state files, the Jernigan home had become the nucleus of a settlement and designated a post office.
He died in 1891, and was buried at Lake Hill Cemetery in Orlo Vista. A memorial plaque placed at his grave in 1971 honors him as \"Orlando\'s first settler
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# Ilinden, Sofia
**Ilinden** (*Илинден* `{{IPA|bg|iˈlindɛn|}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district of Sofia, located in the western parts of the city. `{{As of|2006}}`{=mediawiki} it has 37,256 inhabitants. There are four neighbourhoods: \"Zaharna Fabrika\", \"Gevgeliiski\", \"Sveta Troitsa\" (Holy Trinity) and \"Ilinden\"
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# 2000 Amstel Gold Race
The **2000 Amstel Gold Race** was the 35th edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday April 22, 2000 in the Dutch province of Limburg. The race stretched 257 kilometres, with the start and finish in Maastricht. There were a total of 191 competitors, with 106 cyclists finishing the race.
## Result
Cyclist Team Time
---- --------- ---------------- ------
1
2 s.t.
3 s.t.
4 Vini Caldirola s.t.
5 s.t.
6 s.t.
7 s.t.
8 Lampre--Daikin s.t.
9 s.t.
10 s.t
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# Collegiate Water Polo Association
The **Collegiate Water Polo Association** is a conference of colleges and universities in the Eastern United States that sponsor 19 men\'s teams and 17 women\'s teams that compete in varsity water polo. The winners of the conference tournaments earn one of the four spots in the NCAA Men\'s Water Polo Championship and one of the eight spots in the NCAA Women\'s Water Polo Championship. The CWPA sponsors club team competition in 17 men\'s divisions and 13 women\'s divisions across the United States.
## History
The conference was founded in the early 1970s as the Mid Atlantic Conference by Dick Russell, the swimming and water polo coach at Bucknell University with member schools from New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Maryland. The first conference championship was held in 1972, with Yale defeating Harvard.
The organization was run by the conference\'s coaches until a commissioner was hired in 1990. In 1993, the Mid Atlantic Conference admitted the full memberships of the New England and Southern Conferences, changing its name to the Mid Atlantic Conference with 39 varsity and club member schools. The following year, the conference went co-ed, raising the number of member teams to 55. As the organization expanded into the Midwest in 1995, the referees from the Eastern Water Polo Referees Association opted to go on strike, so the conference established its own refereeing bureau. With 95 teams from the Northeast, Midwest, and South, the conference took its present name in 1996.
The CWPA continued expanding, entering the Northwest in 1998, the Great Plains and California in 1999, and now has membership in 43 of the contiguous 48 States.
## CWPA staff {#cwpa_staff}
- Commissioner- Dan Sharadin
- Director of Communications- Ed Haas
- Membership Services- Calianne Timothy
- Director of Multimedia- TBA
- Director of Officials- Ed Reed
## Varsity teams competing in the CWPA {#varsity_teams_competing_in_the_cwpa}
### Men\'s teams {#mens_teams}
Mid-Atlantic Water Polo Conference
- Bucknell
- Fordham
- George Washington
- Johns Hopkins
- Mercyhurst
- Mount St. Mary\'s
- Navy
- Wagner
Northeast Water Polo Conference
- Brown
- Connecticut College
- Harvard
- Iona
- LIU
- MIT
- Princeton
### Women\'s teams {#womens_teams}
Division I
- Brown University
- Bucknell University
- George Washington University
- Harvard University
- Mercyhurst University
- University of Michigan
- Princeton University
- Saint Francis University (PA)
Division III
- Augustana College
- Austin College
- Carthage College
- Connecticut College
- Grove City College
- Macalester College
- Penn State Behrend
- Saint Francis University (PA) - Starting in 2027
- Washington & Jefferson College
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# Collegiate Water Polo Association
## Club teams competing in the CWPA {#club_teams_competing_in_the_cwpa}
### Men\'s teams {#mens_teams_1}
**Atlantic Division**
- Georgetown
- James Madison
- Maryland
- Navy
- North Carolina
- NC State
- Virginia
- Virginia Tech
- Wake Forest
**Big Ten Division**
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Michigan
- Michigan State
- Northwestern
- Ohio State
- Purdue
- Wisconsin
**Colonial Division**
- Amherst
- Coast Guard
- UMass
- Middlebury
- Wesleyan
- Williams
- WPI
**Florida Division**
- UCF \"A\"
- UCF \"B\"
- Florida \"A\"
- Florida \"B\"
- Florida Atlantic
- Florida Gulf Coast
- Florida State
- Miami (Fla.)
**Great Lakes Division**
- Cincinnati
- Davenport
- Dayton
- Grand Valley State
- Miami (Ohio)
- Notre Dame
- Xavier
**Heartland Division**
- Augustana (IL)
- Carleton
- Grinnell
- Knox
- Macalester
- Saint John\'s (MN)
- St. Mary\'s (MN)
- St. Olaf
**Mid Atlantic Division A**
- Carnegie Mellon
- Drexel
- Penn
- Penn State \"A\"
- Penn State \"B\"
- Pittsburgh
- Villanova
**Mid Atlantic Division B**
- Albright
- Bloomsburg
- Bucknell
- Delaware
- Lehigh
- Rutgers
- Saint Joseph\'s
- West Chester
**Missouri Valley Division**
- Lindenwood \"A\"
- Lindenwood \"B\"
- McKendree
- Missouri
- Missouri S&T
- Saint Louis
- Washington University in St. Louis
**New England Division**
- Boston College
- Boston University
- UConn
- Dartmouth
- Northeastern
- Tufts
- Yale
**New York Division Eastern Region**
- Columbia
- NYU
- RPI
- Coast Guard
- Merchant Marine
- Army
**New York Division Western Region**
- Binghamton
- Buffalo
- Cornell \"A\"
- Cornell \"B\"
- Hamilton
- Syracuse
**North Atlantic Division**
- Bates
- Bowdoin
- Colby
- Vermont
**Northwest Division**
- Boise State
- Central Washington
- Oregon
- Oregon State
- Seattle
- Washington
- Western Washington
**Pacific Coast Division**
- Cal Poly \"A\"
- Cal Poly \"B\"
- UCLA \"A\"
- UCLA \"B\"
- Long Beach State
- UC Santa Barbara
- USC
**Rocky Mountain Division**
- Colorado \"A\"
- Colorado \"B\"
- Colorado Mesa
- Colorado School of Mines
- Colorado State
- Denver
- New Mexico
- Utah \"A\"
- Utah \"B\"
- Utah State
- Wyoming
**Sierra Pacific Division**
- California
- UC Davis \"A\"
- UC Davis \"B\"
- UC Merced
- UC Santa Cruz
- Cal State Chico
- California Maritime
- Cal State Monterey
- San Jose State
- Stanford
**Southeast Division**
- Alabama
- Auburn
- Clemson
- Georgia
- Georgia Southern
- Georgia Tech
- Kennesaw State
- Tennessee
- Vanderbilt
**Southwest Division**
- Arizona
- Arizona State
- UC Irvine
- UC San Diego \"A\"
- UC San Diego \"B\"
- Cal State Northridge
- San Diego
- San Diego State
**Texas Division**
- Baylor
- Houston
- LSU
- Rice
- Texas A&M \"A\"
- Texas A&M \"B\"
- Texas State
- Texas Tech
- Texas \"A\"
- Texas \"B\"
- SMU
#### Men\'s Division III Collegiate Club Champions {#mens_division_iii_collegiate_club_champions}
- 1999 Wesleyan University
- 2000 RIT
- 2001 Trinity University
- 2002 RIT
- 2003 Middlebury College
- 2004 Wesleyan University
- 2005 Wesleyan University
- 2006 Lindenwood University
- 2007 Lindenwood University
- 2008 Lindenwood University
- 2009 Tufts University
- 2010 UC-Santa Cruz
- 2011 Washington University in St. Louis
- 2012 Monmouth College
- 2013 UC-Santa Cruz
- 2014 UC-Santa Cruz/Washington University in St. Louis (Co-Champions)
- 2015 Washington University in St. Louis
- 2016 Washington University in St. Louis
- 2017 Washington University in St. Louis
- 2018 Washington University in St. Louis
- 2019 Washington University in St. Louis
- 2020 Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic
- 2021 Cancelled
#### Men\'s National Collegiate Club Champions {#mens_national_collegiate_club_champions}
- 1993 Northwestern University
- 1994 United States Military Academy
- 1995 University of Dayton
- 1996 University of Michigan
- 1997 Dartmouth College
- 1998 University of Michigan
- 1999 Cal Poly State University
- 2000 Michigan State University
- 2001 Cal Poly State University
- 2002 Cal Poly State University
- 2003 University of Michigan
- 2004 Cal Poly State University
- 2005 Grand Valley State University
- 2006 Michigan State University
- 2007 Cal Poly State University
- 2008 Michigan State University
- 2009 UCLA
- 2010 UCLA
- 2011 USC
- 2012 USC
- 2013 UCLA
- 2014 Lindenwood University
- 2015 Lindenwood University
- 2016 Lindenwood University
- 2017 San Diego State University
- 2018 Lindenwood University
- 2019 Lindenwood University
- 2020 Canceled due to COVID-19 pandemic
- 2021 Michigan State University
- 2022 UC San Diego
### Women\'s teams {#womens_teams_1}
**Atlantic Division**
- Duke
- Georgetown
- James Madison
- North Carolina
- Virginia
- Virginia Tech
**Big Ten Division**
- Illinois
- Iowa
- Michigan \"A\"
- Michigan \"B\"
- Michigan State
- Ohio State
- Purdue
- Wisconsin
**Heartland Division**
- Augustana
- Carleton
- Grinnell
- Knox
- St. Mary\'s (MN)
- St. Olaf
**Mid Atlantic Division**
- Carnegie Mellon
- Penn
- Penn State Blue
- Penn State White
- Pittsburgh
- West Chester
**Midwest Division**
- Cincinnati
- Grand Valley State \"A\"
- Grand Valley State \"B\"
- Illinois State
- Lindenwood
- Miami (Ohio)
- Notre Dame
- Ohio
- Saint Louis
- Washington (St
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| 1 |
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# 1999 Amstel Gold Race
The **1999 Amstel Gold Race** was the 34th edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday April 24, 1999, in the Dutch province of Limburg. The race stretched 253 kilometres, with the start and finish in Maastricht. There were a total of 190 competitors, with 84 cyclists finishing the race.
## Results
Cyclist Team Time
---- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ---------
1
2 `{{flagathlete|[[Lance Armstrong]]|USA}}`{=mediawiki} `{{UCI team code|DSC|1999}}`{=mediawiki} s.t.
3 s.t.
4 s.t.
5 s.t.
6 \+ 46\"
7 s.t.
8 \+ 51\"
9 s.t
| 93 |
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| 0 |
11,002,152 |
# Vojislava Lukić
**Vojislava Lukić** (`{{lang-sr-Cyrl|Војислава Лукић}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|sh|lǔːkitɕ|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; born 31 March 1987) is a Serbian former tennis player.
Born and raised in Subotica, she achieved her highest WTA rankings as world No. 203 in singles on 20 August 2007, and No. 223 in doubles on 8 October 2007. Lukić won eight ITF titles in singles and five in doubles. She also played for Serbia Fed Cup team in 2007, alongside Jelena Janković, Ana Jovanović and Ana Timotić.
In 2008, after an ITF tournament in Alphen aan den Rijn, Lukić temporarily withdrew from professional tennis. Although she played doubles at the ITF tournament in Dubai in 2009 partnering with Bojana Jovanovski, she did not make a full comeback until 2012. In the meantime, Lukić founded her own tennis school for girls and worked as a television presenter and model.
## Family and early life {#family_and_early_life}
Lukić was born to Momčilo and Sonja Lukić in Subotica. She has one sister, Milka. Lukić trained gymnastics as a child, and was very successful in pioneer age group, but dropped her gymnastic pursuit for tennis.
Other than her native Serbian language, she speaks English, German, French and Romanian.
## Tennis career {#tennis_career}
Lukić started playing tennis aged eight and was coached by Eduard Pană. She is former European U--14 champion and world No. 8 in junior concurrence. One of her greatest junior achievements were the quarterfinals of the 2004 Wimbledon Championships, several Orange Bowl appearances, and wins over players such as Lucie Šafářová, Alla Kudryavtseva, Kateryna Bondarenko, Olga Govortsova and Monica Niculescu.
Lukić turned professional in 2004, and reached her first ITF doubles final in 2005. She won three ITF singles titles in 2006, all in Romania -- in Pitești, Mediaș and Bucharest, and made two final appearances in doubles. The following year, Lukić collected her fourth ITF title in Attaleia, Turkey, beating Anastasija Sevastova 6--3, 7--6, and three doubles titles. She also made her only appearances at both WTA Tour and Grand Slam tournaments at, respectively, the 2007 İstanbul Cup and the 2007 US Open. In Istanbul, she lost in the first qualification round 6--2, 6--3, 5--7 to Urszula Radwańska, while at the US Open she was defeated by Galina Voskoboeva 6--4, 6--1, also in the first qualification round.
Lukić was also member of Serbia Fed Cup team in 2007, alongside Jelena Janković, Ana Jovanović and Ana Timotić, in a 2007 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Group I C match against Estonia. She won her singles match against Anett Schutting 6--1, 6--2, and her doubles match against Schutting and Margit Rüütel, partnering Timotić. She then lost her singles match versus Johanna Larsson in the round robin versus Sweden. In the quarterfinals of World Group II Playoffs, Lukić lost to former world No. 5 player Daniela Hantuchová 0--6, 2--6.
In 2008, Lukić stated she had lost the faith in her game, and announced retirement. She began working as a host of *Total Tennis*, the RTS television program about tennis, and opened her own tennis school for girls. In December 2009, Lukić played doubles at the ITF tournament in Dubai partnering with Bojana Jovanovski. They lost 4--6, 2--6 to Julia Görges and Oksana Kalashnikova in the second round.
Due to her return to amateur status, Lukić met the playing criteria of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, and began playing for the women\'s tennis team of the Barry University. However, she left the team shortly after and resumed her professional career after three years. Lukić qualified for the ITF tournament in Sumter, South Carolina, but lost in the second round of the main draw. Following a first--round loss at the ITF event in El Paso, Texas, she won the tournament in Bethany Beach, Delaware, by defeating Sanaz Marand 6--2, 7--5. At the ITF event in Williamsburg, Virginia, Lukić won her sixth career title by beating Caroline Doyle 6--1, 6--3.
In the 2014 summer, Lukić made a comeback after nearly a two-year absence, playing in a \$10k event in Sharm El Sheikh where she lost her first-round match to eventual finalist Jan Abaza, 2--6, 1--6. She decided in agreement with her new coach, Mohamed El Ghazawy, that she would train and play there until the end of the year, with plans to play outside of Egypt the following year. In August, she won her first ITF doubles title (partnering Haine Ogata) in almost seven years and reached her first singles final in more than two years, losing 4--6, 1--6 to Valeriya Strakhova. Following another final in early September, which she lost 7--6, 4--6, 3--6 to Anna Morgina, Lukić again faced Morgina in a finals rematch in the next tournament. This time she won 6--4, 6--3 for her first singles title since making a comeback.
In 2016, after her retirement from tennis, Lukić has been named National Coach of the British Virgin Islands.
## Other work and endeavours {#other_work_and_endeavours}
In early 2009, Lukić did a cover spread for the February 2009 issue of the *FHM* magazine in Serbia. During her temporary retirement, it was speculated that Lukić had her eyes on acting career and that she was aided by former Hollywood star Don Johnson.
During her retirement, from 2008 to 2012, Lukić worked as a presenter of *Total Tennis*, a tennis-related television programme airing on the Radio Television of Serbia, and founded her own tennis school for girls.
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# Vojislava Lukić
## ITF finals {#itf_finals}
### Singles (8--8) {#singles_88}
+--------------------------+-----------------------+
| Legend | Finals by surface |
| ---------------------- | ------------------- |
| \$25,000 tournaments | Hard (3--6) |
| \$15,000 tournaments | Clay (5--2) |
| \$10,000 tournaments | |
+--------------------------+-----------------------+
Outcome No. Date Tournament Surface Opponent Score
----------- ----- ------------------- ------------------------------ --------- --------------------------- ----------------------------
Winner 1\. 21 May 2006 Pitești, Romania Clay Amina Rakhim 7--6^(3)^, 5--7, 6--4
Winner 2\. 18 June 2006 Mediaș, Romania Clay Diana-Andreea Gae 6--3, 6--1
Runner-up 1\. 2 July 2006 Galați, Romania Clay Anamaria-Alexandra Sere 2--6, 6--7^(5)^
Winner 3\. 23 July 2006 Bucharest, Romania Clay Elisa Peth 6--1, 6--0
Winner 4\. 13 May 2007 Antalya, Turkey Hard Anastasija Sevastova 6--3, 7--6^(3)^
Winner 5\. 17 June 2012 Bethany Beach, United States Clay Sanaz Marand 6--2, 7--5
Winner 6\. 24 June 2012 Williamsburg, United States Clay Caroline Doyle 6--1, 6--3
Runner-up 2\. 22 July 2012 Darmstadt, Germany Clay Anna Karolína Schmiedlová 1--6, 2--6
Runner-up 3\. 10 August 2014 Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt Hard Valeriya Strakhova 4--6, 1--6
Runner-up 4\. 7 September 2014 Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt Hard Anna Morgina 7--6^(2)^, 4--6, 3--6
Winner 7\. 14 September 2014 Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt Hard Anna Morgina 6--4, 6--3
Runner-up 5\. 12 October 2014 Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt Hard Nuria Párrizas Díaz 4--6, 3--6
Winner 8\. 23 November 2014 Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt Hard Nina Stojanović 7--6^(5)^, 6--7^(3)^, 6--3
Runner-up 6\. 14 December 2014 Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt Hard Klaartje Liebens 7--6^(3)^, 2--6, 4--6
Runner-up 7\. 9 May 2015 Obregón, Mexico Hard Marcela Zacarías 4--6, 7--5, 1--2 ret.
Runner-up 8\. 7 June 2015 Ariake, Japan Hard Risa Ushijima 3--6, 4--6
### Doubles (5--5) {#doubles_55}
+--------------------------+-----------------------+
| Legend | Finals by surface |
| ---------------------- | ------------------- |
| \$25,000 tournaments | Hard (4--0) |
| \$15,000 tournaments | Clay (1--5) |
| \$10,000 tournaments | |
+--------------------------+-----------------------+
+-----------+-----+------------------+----------------------------------+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Outcome | No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
+===========+=====+==================+==================================+=========+====================+====================================================+=======================+
| Runner-up | 1\. | 22 May 2005 | Pitești, Romania | Clay | Andrea Popović | Mădălina Gojnea\ | 4--6, 3--6 |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|ROU}}`{=mediawiki} Monica Niculescu | |
+-----------+-----+------------------+----------------------------------+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Runner-up | 2\. | 26 March 2006 | Mansourah, Egypt | Clay | Laura Ioana Andrei | Kateryna Avdiyenko\ | 2--6, 1--6 |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|BLR}}`{=mediawiki} Iryna Kuryanovich | |
+-----------+-----+------------------+----------------------------------+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Runner-up | 3\. | 2 April 2006 | Cairo, Egypt | Clay | Laura-Ioana Andrei | Galina Fokina\ | 6--7^(2)^, 7--5, 4--6 |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|RUS}}`{=mediawiki} Raissa Gourevitch | |
+-----------+-----+------------------+----------------------------------+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Runner-up | 4\. | 23 March 2007 | Rome, Italy | Clay | Alexandra Dulgheru | | 7--5, 1--6, 2--6 |
+-----------+-----+------------------+----------------------------------+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Winner | 1\. | 6 May 2007 | Antalya, Turkey | Hard | | Oksana Kalashnikova\ | 2--6, 6--2, 6--3 |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|GEO}}`{=mediawiki} Sofia Kvatsabaia | |
+-----------+-----+------------------+----------------------------------+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Winner | 2\. | 1 July 2007 | Bucharest, Romania | Clay | Julia Görges | Laura Ioana Andrei\ | 6--2, 6--4 |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|Romania}}`{=mediawiki} Mădălina Gojnea | |
+-----------+-----+------------------+----------------------------------+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Winner | 3\. | | Batumi, Georgia | Hard | Mihaela Buzărnescu | Vasilisa Davydova\ | 6--2, 6--4 |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|RUS}}`{=mediawiki} Marina Shamayko | |
+-----------+-----+------------------+----------------------------------+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Runner-up | 5\. | 7 September 2008 | Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands | Clay | Darija Jurak | Florencia Molinero\ | 6--4, 5--7, \[7--10\] |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|UKR}}`{=mediawiki} Lesia Tsurenko | |
+-----------+-----+------------------+----------------------------------+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Winner | 4\. | 9 August 2014 | Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt | Hard | Haine Ogata | Harriet Dart\ | 6--4, 6--2 |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|NZL}}`{=mediawiki} Claudia Williams | |
+-----------+-----+------------------+----------------------------------+---------+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Winner | 5\
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| 1 |
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# 1992 Citizen Cup (sailing)
+-----------------------------------------------------+
| **1992 Citizen Cup\ |
| San Diego, United States** |
+=====================================================+
| style=\"text-align: right;\|**Date** |
+-----------------------------------------------------+
| style=\"text-align: right;\|**Defending champions** |
+-----------------------------------------------------+
| |
+-----------------------------------------------------+
The **1992 Citizen Cup** was the defender selection series regatta for the 1992 America\'s Cup, held in the United States. Two defense syndicates (featuring five IACC yachts) competed over four round robins in order earn a berth in the Citizen Cup finals; the winner earned the right to defend the America\'s Cup against the winner of the Louis Vuitton Cup (challenger selection series regatta).
## Citizen Cup Competition {#citizen_cup_competition}
The 1992 Citizen Cup featured the emergence of the America^3^ Foundation syndicate headed by American businessman Bill Koch.
### America^3^
The America^3^ syndicate included helmsman Buddy Melges, Gary Jobson, John Kostecki and Andreas Josenhans.
## Teams
Sail Yacht Syndicate Yacht club Nation
--------- ------------------- --------------------- ---------------------- --------
USA--9 *Jayhawk* America³ Foundation San Diego Yacht Club
USA--18 *Defiant* America³ Foundation San Diego Yacht Club
USA--23 *America³* America³ Foundation San Diego Yacht Club
USA--28 *Kanza* America³ Foundation San Diego Yacht Club
USA--11 *Stars & Stripes* Team Dennis Conner San Diego Yacht Club
## Round Robin 1 {#round_robin_1}
Yacht Won Lost Points Total Points
----------------- ----- ------ -------- --------------
Defiant 6 0 6 6
Stars & Stripes 3 3 3 3
Jayhawk 0 6 0 0
## Round Robin 2 {#round_robin_2}
Yacht Won Lost Points Total Points
----------------- ----- ------ -------- --------------
America^3^ 5 1 10 16
Stars & Stripes 2 4 4 7
Defiant 2 4 4 4
## Round Robin 3 {#round_robin_3}
Yacht Won Lost Points Total Points
----------------- ----- ------ -------- --------------
America^3^ 8 1 32 48
Stars & Stripes 3 5 12 19
Defiant 2 7 8 12
## Round Robin 4 {#round_robin_4}
Yacht Won Lost Points Total Points
----------------- ----- ------ -------- --------------
Stars & Stripes 5 4 5 6
America^3^ 5 3 5 5
Kanza 3 5 3 5
## Finals
America^3^ held off a rally by Stars & Stripes to win the Citizen Cup. America^3^ went on to successfully defend the 1992 America\'s Cup against Italy\'s Il Moro di Venezia V
| 356 |
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# Xavier (footballer, born March 1980)
**José Xavier Costa**, or simply **Xavier** (born March 17, 1980, was a Brazilian left back. He last played for Gama
| 26 |
Xavier (footballer, born March 1980)
| 0 |
11,002,203 |
# Green Apple Books & Music
**Green Apple Books & Music** is an independent bookstore in the Richmond District of San Francisco, California.
## History
Green Apple Books was founded by Richard Savoy in 1967 in a pre-1906 building at the corner of Clement Street and Sixth Avenue. In 1996 Green Apple Books acquired its long-time neighbor, Revolver Records. The store houses over 250,000 titles, as well as 60,000 available online.
After 30 years, Richard Savoy set up a ten-year buy-out for Green Apple Books & Music with three long-time employees.
In 2014, Green Apple partnered with Le Video store on 9th street. The store was renamed Green Apple Books on the Park. The downstairs was turned into a Green Apple bookstore while the upstairs remained a video rental store (100,000 titles). In 2019, Green Apple bought the bookstore Browser Books on Fillmore Street. This expansion enabled the company to stay afloat amid the death-by-digital struggle of book retailers. In 2021, Green Apple downsized the Clement Street store back to its original pre-1996 size. In 2023, a future Green Apple location inside SFO was announced for 2024.
## Description
The store owner Pete Mulvihill described the place as \"a labyrinthine store with multiple stories, rooms, nooks and alcoves\".
## Recognition
Green Apple Books was voted \"Best Independent Bookstore\" in the Bay Area by *San Francisco Chronicle* readers in 2001.
Green Apple Books was voted \"Best Used Books Store\" by the *SF Weekly* editorial staff in 2005 and the readers of the *San Francisco Bay Guardian* in 2006.
Green Apple Books was named Publishers Weekly\'s best bookstore of 2014
| 268 |
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| 0 |
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# IronRuby
**IronRuby** is an implementation of the Ruby programming language targeting Microsoft .NET Framework. It is implemented on top of the Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR), a library running on top of the Common Language Infrastructure that provides dynamic typing and dynamic method dispatch, among other things, for dynamic languages.
The project is currently inactive, with the last release of IronRuby (version 1.1.3) being in March 2011.
## History
On April 30, 2007, at MIX 2007, Microsoft announced IronRuby, which uses the same name as Wilco Bauwer\'s IronRuby project with permission. It was planned to be released to the public at OSCON 2007.
On July 23, 2007, as promised, John Lam and the DLR Design Team presented the pre-Alpha version of the IronRuby compiler at OSCON. He also announced a quick timeline for further integration of IronRuby into the open source community.
On August 31, 2007, John Lam and the DLR Design Team released the code in its pre-alpha stage on RubyForge. The source code has continued to be updated regularly by the core Microsoft team (but not for every check-in). The team also does not accept community contributions for the core Dynamic Language Runtime library, at least for now.
On July 24, 2008, the IronRuby team released the first binary alpha version, in line with OSCON 2008. On November 19, 2008, they released a second Alpha version.
The team actively worked to support Rails on IronRuby. Some Rails functional tests started to run, but a lot of work still needed to be done to be able to run Rails in a production environment.
On May 21, 2009, they released 0.5 version in conjunction with RailsConf 2009. With this version, IronRuby could run some Rails applications, but still not on a production environment.
Version 0.9 was announced as OSCON 2009. This version improved performance. Version 1.0 RC1 became available on November 20, 2009.
Version 1.0 became available on April 12, 2010, in two different versions:
- The preferred one, which runs on top of .NET 4.0.
- A version with more limited features, which ran on top of .NET 2.0. This version was the only one compatible with Mono.
The IronRuby team planned to support Ruby 1.8.6 only for 1.0 point releases, and 1.9 version only for upcoming 1.x releases, skipping support for Ruby 1.8.7.
In July 2010, Microsoft let go [Jimmy Schementi](http://jimmy.schementi.com), one of two remaining members of the IronRuby core team, and stopped funding the project. In October 2010 Microsoft announced the Iron projects (IronRuby and IronPython) were being changed to \"external\" projects and enabling \"community members to make contributions without Microsoft\'s involvement or sponsorship by a Microsoft employee\".
The last published release of IronRuby was on March 13, 2011 as version 1.1.3.
## Architecture
### Mono support {#mono_support}
IronRuby may run as well on Mono as it does on Microsoft Common Language Runtime (CLR), but as the IronRuby team only tests it with the CLR on Windows., it may not build on Mono depending on the build.
### .NET interoperability {#net_interoperability}
The interoperability between IronRuby classes and regular .NET Framework classes is very limited because many Ruby classes are not .NET classes. However, better support for dynamic languages in .NET 4.0 may increase interoperability in the future.
### Silverlight support {#silverlight_support}
IronRuby was supported on Silverlight. It could be used as a scripting engine in the browser just like the JavaScript engine. IronRuby scripts were passed like simple client-side JavaScript-scripts in
-tags. It is then also possible to modify embedded XAML markup.
The technology behind this was called Gestalt.
``` xml
//DLR initiation script.
<script src="http://gestalt.ironruby.net/dlr-latest.js" type="text/javascript">
//Client-side script passed to IronRuby and Silverlight.
<script type="text/ruby">
window.Alert("Hello from Ruby")
</script>
```
The same worked for IronPython.
### Testing infrastructure {#testing_infrastructure}
IronRuby integrated RubySpec, which is a project to write a complete, executable specification for the Ruby programming language. The IronRuby Git repo includes a copy of the RubySpec tests, including the MSpec test framework.
## License
IronRuby was previously released under the Microsoft Public License, which is OSI-certified BSD-style license.
On July 16, 2010, Microsoft re-licensed IronRuby along with the DLR under the Apache License 2.0
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# Iskar, Sofia
**Iskar** (*Искър* `{{IPA|bg|ˈiskɐr|}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district located in the eastern parts of Sofia. As of 2006 it has 69,896 inhabitants and has an area of 25,6 km^2^. It includes four neighbourhoods: \"Druzhba 1\", \"Druzhba 2\", \"Dimitar Milenkov\" and Abdovitsa as well as the village of Busmantsi. The district also includes the \"Gara Iskar\" industrial zone which is situated around the railway station of the same name.
Vrana Palace is situated in Iskar District. There is a spacious park with rare tree species and a lake. There are 3 churches including one in Busmantsi
| 96 |
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# Kopeyka (supermarket)
**Kopeika** (*\[\[kopek\]\]*) was a Russian retail chain that collapsed as a result of the Great Recession.
Kopeika was founded in 1998 with 38 stores. The grocer gained wider prominence when it was taken over by the ill-fated Yukos oil giant in 2002. On the latter\'s demise a controlling stake was sold to NIKOIL. In 2006 50% was sold on to another local chain by which time there were 267 stores and 4 distribution centers.
In 2010, Kopeyka was acquired by competitor Pyaterochka, part of the X5 Retail Group, for \$1.65 billion. By the end of 2011, 616 Kopeyka stores had been rebranded and 44 stores had been shut down.
## Operation
At the end of the 1st quarter of 2012, the updated Kopeyka minimarket network included 4 stores located in Moscow and the Moscow region.
As of January 2011, the network included 624 stores operating in the discounter format, located in 25 regions of the Russian Federation. Some of these stores operated under franchise conditions. A feature of the Kopek franchise (unlike its competitor, the Pyaterochka chain) was the possibility of selling a franchise, including opening a single store (and not immediately an entire network, like Pyaterochka). The average network margin in Kopeyka stores, according to its CEO, was 21% in mid-2008.
The network\'s revenue in 2009 according to IFRS amounted to 54.9 billion rubles. (for 2008 --- 47.0 billion rubles), EBITDA --- 3.7 billion rubles, profit --- 1.63 billion rubles
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| 0 |
11,002,325 |
# 1998 Amstel Gold Race
The **1998 Amstel Gold Race** was the 33rd edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday April 25, 1998, in the Dutch province of Limburg. The race stretched 257.3 kilometres, with the start and finish in Maastricht. There were 193 competitors, with 84 cyclists finishing the race.
## Results
Cyclist Team Time
---- --------- ------ -------------
1
2 s.t.
3 \+ 21\"
4 s.t.
5 s.t.
6 \+ 32\"
7 s.t.
8 \+ 2\' 27\"
9 s.t.
10 s.t
| 89 |
1998 Amstel Gold Race
| 0 |
11,002,348 |
# Benjamin John Parrillo
**Benjamin John Parrillo** is an American film and television actor, writer and director.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Parrillo was born in Boston. He is a graduate of Wesleyan University, where he majored in theater arts, American history, and Italian.
## Career
As of 2007, Parrillo has written and produced two short films: *Jolly Good Fellow* in 2006 and *A Moron, a Loser, and a Coffee Shop* in 2007. He also directed and starred in both movies. Parrillo has written feature film scripts that are represented by Creative Artists Agency. In 2010, he wrote, directed, and starred in an original one-hour television series titled *Bed of Nails*.
As an actor, Parillo\'s more significant roles have been in shows such as MyNetworkTV\'s *Wicked Wicked Games*. He has also been credited for guest appearances in episodes of *Law & Order: Criminal Intent*, *Heartland*, *Desperate Housewives*, *CSI: NY*, *Bones*, *24*, *NCIS*, *Judging Amy*, *Boston Legal*, *Cold Case*, *The Shield*, *The Division*, *Diagnosis: Murder*, *Charmed*, *Six Feet Under*, *NYPD Blue*, *The King of Queens*, *Leap of Faith*, *House M.D.*, *Close to Home*, and other television series. Ben appeared in Kathryn Bigelow\'s Oscar-nominated film, *Zero Dark Thirty*.
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ ------------------------- ------------------ ------------
1995 *Captain Jack* Hoss
1995 *Target for Seduction* Robert
1996 *That Thing You Do!* Marine Sergeant
1996 *Total Force* Computer man
2000 *A Better Way to Die* Cooper
2002 *Dragonfly* Paramedic
2002 *Bug* Officer Hamburg
2002 *Emmett\'s Mark* Det. Chris Ricks
2003 *Evil Alien Conquerors* Tan Guy Uncredited
2005 *Headhunter* Ben Caruso
2007 *The Memory Thief* Mercedes Driver
2011 *A Novel Romance* Good Looking Guy
2012 *Zero Dark Thirty* Pilot
2013 *The Power of Few* Trent Pickford
2014 *Coyote Requiem* Scott
2016 *The Living* Dr. Grainger
2018 *Higher Power* Detective
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
------------ -------------------------------- ------------------------- ----------------------------------------------
2000 *Diagnosis: Murder* Mr. Paster Episode: \"The Cradle Will Rock\"
2001 *100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd* Steve Episode: \"A Star Is Born\"
2001 *Charmed* Jake Episode: \"Charmed Again: Part 2\"
2001 *Port Charles* Troy Episode #1.981
2002 *Six Feet Under* Plan Man Episode: \"The Plan\"
2002 *Leap of Faith* Nick Episode: \"Peeps\"
2002 *NYPD Blue* Phillip Riley Episode: \"Gypsy Woe\'s Me\"
2002 *The King of Queens* Dave Episode: \"Bun Dummy\"
2002 *For the People* Mr. Cool Episode: \"Lonely Hearts\"
2004 *The Division* Mr. Lance Episode: \"What\'s Love Got to Do with It?\"
2004 *The Shield* Lyle Episode: \"Mum\"
2004 *Cold Case* Mark Adams Episode: \"Lover\'s Lane\"
2004 *House* Dr. Kubisak Episode: \"Maternity\"
2004 *Boston Legal* Andrew Forbes Episode: \"A Greater Good\"
2005 *Judging Amy* Coach Hank Vitally Episode: \"You Don\'t Know Me\"
2005 *NCIS* Rex Eberlee Episode: \"Twilight\"
2006 *24* Agent Finn Episode: \"Day 5: 12:00 p.m.-1:00 p.m.\"
2006 *Bones* Special Agent Stone Episode: \"The Woman in the Car\"
2006 *Close to Home* Casey Ford Episode: \"Silent Auction\"
2006--2007 *Wicked Wicked Games* Detective Dryden 6 episodes
2007 *CSI: NY* Frank Clark Episode: \"The Lying Game\"
2007 *Desperate Housewives* Roger Episode: \"Gossip\"
2007 *Heartland* Eric Wills Episode: \"The Places You\'ll Go\"
2009 *Law & Order: Criminal Intent* Frank Hatcher Episode: \"In Treatment\"
2011 *Criminal Minds* Gary Rymer Episode: \"Big Sea\"
2012 *Vegas* Dealer Episode: \"Masquerade\"
2014 *Castle* Coast Guard Lt
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# Jack Monroe (song)
**\"Jack Monroe\"** (Roud 268 and Laws N7), also known as \"**Jack Munro**\", \"**Jack-A-Roe**\", \"**Jackaro**\", \"**Jacky Robinson**\", \"**Jackie Frazier**\" and \"**Jack the Sailor**\", is a traditional ballad which describes the journey of a woman who disguises herself as the eponymous character to board a sailing ship and save her lover, a soldier.
The song was once popular in North America, Britain (particularly Scotland) and Ireland; it was popular as a British broadside ballad in the early 1800s and American broadsides date back to around 1830, although it could be significantly older. The song survived in the oral tradition on both sides of the Atlantic, and became a popular song during the folk revival when Joan Baez covered a version sung by the Ritchie family of Kentucky.
## Popular version {#popular_version}
The famous version of the song comes from the Ritchie family of Kentucky. Jean Ritchie released \"Jackero\" on her 1956 album \"Songs from Kentucky\" and performed it on Pete Seeger\'s Rainbow Quest in 1966. Her sister Edna Ritchie sang the song on her eponymous 1962 album. Cecil Sharp had previously collected this version of the song from Jean and Edna\'s older sister May Ritchie (1896-1982) in 1917.
Joan Baez covered the Ritchie version, singing it as \"Jack-A-Roe\" on *Joan Baez in Concert* (1962), and the song became a staple of the folk rock repertoire. The Grateful Dead performed the song on *Reckoning* (1981) and Bob Dylan sang it on *World Gone Wrong* (1993). Melora Creager of Rasputina also recorded \"Jack-A-Roe\" on *Ancient Cross-Dressing Songs*.
## Other traditional versions {#other_traditional_versions}
### Britain and Ireland {#britain_and_ireland}
This song has been collected numerous times in Scotland. Hamish Henderson recorded Willie Mathieson of Ellon, Aberdeenshire singing a version called \"Jack the Sailor\" in 1952, which can be heard via the Tobar an Dualchais archive. Seamus Ennis recorded a version from Frank Steel of Whitehills, Banffshire, also in 1952.
The Irish traditional singer Thomas Moran was recorded by Seamus Ennis singing a variant entitled \"Jack Mulroe\" in 1954.
Only two versions have been collected in England - \"The Maid of Chatham\" by Sabine Baring-Gould in Devon in 1893, and \"Jacky Robinson\" by Ralph Vaughan Williams in Essex.
### United States {#united_states}
Several traditional American versions similar to the Ritchie family version are available online, including one recorded by Alan Lomax in 1937 in Kentucky from Nora Begley, and another sung by Norma Kisner of Springdale, Arkansas.
A 1959 recording of a Lizzie Maguire of Fayetteville, Arkansas, which uses a different variant of the tune, is also available online. In 1931, Florence Reece used a version of \"Jack Munro\" similar to this variant for her song \"Which Side Are You On?\", which was famously performed by a variety of musicians including Pete Seeger and Billy Bragg
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# Good News (1947 film)
***Good News*** is a 1947 American Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musical film based on the 1927 stage production of the same name. It starred June Allyson, Peter Lawford, Mel Tormé, and Joan McCracken. The screenplay by Betty Comden and Adolph Green was directed by Charles Walters in Technicolor.
Three additional songs were written for the film: \"The French Lesson\", \"Pass That Peace Pipe\", and \"An Easier Way\", the last of which was cut from the released film.
*Good News* was the second adaptation of the stage musical, after the 1930 film *Good News*. The 1947 film was a more sanitized version of the musical; the 1930 version included Pre-Code content, such as sexual innuendo and lewd suggestive humor.
## Plot
The film is set in 1927 at fictional Tait College, where football is all the rage (\"Tait Song\"/\"Good News\").
Tait\'s football star Tommy Marlowe is a prime catch for the college girls. Tommy tells his friend and non-playing teammate Bobby Turner that the trick to attracting girls is to show no interest (\"Be a Ladies\' Man\"). At a sorority party, snobby new student Pat McClellan resists an overly-confident Tommy\'s advances, cutting him down to size (\"Lucky in Love\"). Status-seeker Pat has eyes for wealthy Peter Van Dyne III instead of Tommy.
Pat insults Tommy in French, so Tommy enlists part-time school librarian Connie Lane to help him study the language (\"The French Lesson\"). Tommy gradually falls for Connie, who comes from a poor background, which does not bother her (\"The Best Things in Life are Free\"). Tommy kisses Connie, but annoys her by still focusing on Pat. Connie grows attracted to Tommy despite herself. Meanwhile, Connie\'s roommate Babe Doolittle wants to leave a relationship with jealous football player Beef so she can get involved with Bobby Turner. Bobby admits his attraction to Babe, but he is too scared of Beef to make a move.
At the local soda shop, Tommy\'s newly learned French fails to impress Pat, who is with Peter. Tommy leaves dejectedly. When Babe snarkily suggests Pat has chosen the wrong beau, Pat snaps back at Babe, who advises Pat not to lose her temper (\"Pass That Peace Pipe\"). Babe, concerned Tommy\'s frame of mind will cause him to lose the big game, revives Pat\'s interest by (untruthfully) telling her Tommy comes from a wealthy family. Tommy asks Connie to the big dance and she is thrilled, but Tommy reneges at the last minute when Pat shows interest (due to his \"fortune\"). Connie is heartbroken (\"Just Imagine\").
Tommy is failing French and begs for help from a reluctant Connie - he belatedly realizes his true feelings for her, though Pat has pressured him into proposing. Tommy deliberately fails his French exam using answers that make Connie realize he loves her, but Prof. Kennyon privately tells Connie that he will allow Tommy to pass anyway so he can play in the big game. Connie fears Pat will wind up with him, but piques Tommy\'s jealousy when he sees her with Peter Van Dyne at the after-game dance.
In the end, Tait wins the game, Tommy pairs off with Connie, Beef pairs off with Pat, and Babe pairs off with Bobby Turner. Everyone bursts into song in the final production number (\"Varsity Drag\").
## Cast
- June Allyson as Connie Lane
- Peter Lawford as Tommy Marlowe
- Patricia Marshall as Pat McClellan
- Joan McCracken as Babe Doolittle
- Ray McDonald as Bobby Turner
- Mel Tormé as Danny
- Robert Strickland as Peter Van Dyne III
- Donald MacBride as Coach Johnson
- Tom Dugan as Pooch
- Clinton Sundberg as Professor Burton Kennyon
- Loren Tindall as Beef
- Connie Gilchrist as Cora the cook
- Morris Ankrum as Dean Griswold
- Georgia Lee as Flo
- Jane Green as Mrs. Drexel
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# Good News (1947 film)
## Production
The film was originally planned for Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland as a follow-up to their success in 1939\'s \"Babes in Arms\".
*Good News* and *Summer Stock* was also originally planned to become part of the backyard musical series.`{{clarify|date=September 2019}}`{=mediawiki} *Summer Stock* was released three years later.
## Soundtrack
- \"Good News\"
- Music by Ray Henderson
- Lyrics by Lew Brown and Buddy G. DeSylva
- Sung by Joan McCracken and chorus
- \"Tait Song\"
- Music by Ray Henderson
- Lyrics by Lew Brown and Buddy G. DeSylva
- Performed by Joan McCracken and chorus
- \"Be a Ladies\' Man\"
- Music by Ray Henderson
- Lyrics by Lew Brown and Buddy G. DeSylva
- Performed by Peter Lawford, Ray McDonald, Mel Tormé, and Lon Tindal
- \"Lucky in Love\"
- Music by Ray Henderson
- Lyrics by Lew Brown and Buddy G. DeSylva
- Performed by Patricia Marshall, Joan McCracken, Mel Tormé, June Allyson, and Peter Lawford
- \"The French Lesson\"
- Written by Roger Edens, Betty Comden, and Adolph Green
- Performed by June Allyson and Peter Lawford
- \"The Best Things in Life Are Free\"
- Music by Ray Henderson
- Lyrics by Lew Brown and Buddy G. DeSylva
- Performed by June Allyson
- Performed also by Mel Tormé
- \"Pass That Peace Pipe\"
- Written by Roger Edens, Hugh Martin, and Ralph Blane
- Performed by Joan McCracken, Ray McDonald, and chorus
- \"Just Imagine\"
- Music by Ray Henderson
- Lyrics by Lew Brown and Buddy G. DeSylva
- Sung by June Allyson
- \"The Varsity Drag\"
- Music by Ray Henderson
- Lyrics by Lew Brown and Buddy G. DeSylva
- Performed by June Allyson, Peter Lawford, and chorus
### Deleted song {#deleted_song}
\"An Easier Way\", sung by June Allyson and Patricia Marshall, was filmed but cut from the released version. This musical number survives and is included as an \"extra\" on the DVD.
## Reception
### Box office {#box_office}
The film was a box office disappointment, earning \$2,545,000 in the US and Canada and \$411,000 elsewhere, recording a loss of \$7,000.
### Awards
Edens, Martin and Blane were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"Pass That Peace Pipe\"
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# Busmantsi
**Busmantsi** (*Бусманци*, also transcribed as **Busmanci**) is a village located in the Sofia City Province, western Bulgaria. It is part of the Iskar district in the municipality of Sofia, 8 km to the east of the City centre. As of 2006 it has 1,619 inhabitants.
The village is surrounded by agricultural lands and factories. There are no woods in the vicinity with the exception of the areas around the Iskar river.
Busmantsi is also the location of a detention center that was featured in the 2009 20th Century Fox horror film Wrong Turn 3
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# Coppice, Greater Manchester
**Coppice** is a locality and urban/suburban area the town of Oldham, in Greater Manchester, England.
It is located to the south of Oldham town centre and is contiguous with other areas of Oldham including Hathershaw, Werneth, Hollins, Copster Hill and Primrose Bank.
Coppice is the location of Hulme Grammar School and Werneth Cricket Club whose ground is known as \'The Coppice\'
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# Cavaghan & Gray
**Cavaghan & Gray** is a food manufacturing business based in Carlisle, England, which is now owned by 2 Sisters Food Group. Up until 2004, when the London Road factory closed, it was the largest employer in Carlisle. The firm still has sites at Eastern Way and Durranhill Riverbank. At one time the company traded under the brand name of Cavray and the firm is known to locals as *Cavvies*
## History
The company was founded by Thomas Cavaghan and Jonathan Gray with the help of a Mr. Collins, under the name of Cavaghan, Collin and Gray. The business started out as a butchery, with a modest staff of 8 and small profits. By the mid-1920s Mr. Gray and Mr. Collins had left and the company traded under the name of Cavaghan and Gray. By this time Thomas Cavaghan Jr. had also entered the company.
The company later incurred difficulties through the depression of the 1930s, resulting in the sale of land and property. In 1937 Thomas Cavaghan Sr. died and the running of the company was left to his three sons, George, Henry and Thomas Jr. The company began to prosper again during the Second World War, with a number of new farms and sites being purchased and improvements made to the factories.
In 1957 there was once again a reshuffle after the death of Thomas Cavaghan Jr. George had also died during the war and so Henry Cavaghan took up the position of chairman with Alec Crawford, Brian Seery and Margaret Cavaghan on the board of directors.
By the 1960s and 1970s the company was producing food for Marks & Spencer and Heinz, enabling the company to build itself into the prospering business that it is today.
In 1998 the company by then called Cavaghan & Gray Group plc was sold to Northern Foods for around £79 million
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# Madhav Institute of Technology and Science
**Madhav Institute of Technology and Science**, formerly known as Madhav Engineering College and commonly referred to as **MITS Gwalior**, is a government-aided autonomous institute founded in 1957 and located in Gwalior in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. In the year 2024 the institute is declared \"Deemed to be University\" under Distinct Category by Ministry of Education, Government of India. The institute is operated by the Scindia Engineering College Society. The institute offers bachelor\'s, master\'s and doctoral degrees in engineering along with Bachelor in Architecture and Master\'s in Computer Application.
## History
Madhav Engineering College was established in 1957 by Maharaja Jivajirao Scindia. The foundation stone of the institute was laid by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the former President of India, on 20 October 1956. The building was inaugurated on 11 December 1964 by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, the former President of India.
The institute started with Bachelor of Engineering courses in civil, mechanical and electrical engineering. Postgraduate and Ph.D. courses in applied sciences were introduced in 1967. Undergraduate courses in electronics engineering and architecture were started in 1981 and 1984 respectively. The institute started a postgraduate course in Computer Application in 1986.
The institute offered a postgraduate course in civil engineering with specialization in construction technology and management in 1987. Postgraduate degrees in electronics and electrical engineering were started in 1995. A Bachelor of Engineering in computer science and engineering and chemical engineering were offered from 1994 and 1995 respectively. An information technology course was started in 2000. The president of the governing body is Jyotiraditya Scindia, who is also a Member of Parliament.
## Campus
The institute is located on Race Course Road, Gwalior and is 2 km from Gwalior Junction railway station. The 47 acre campus is surrounded by educational institutions such as the Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education and the Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwavidyalaya. The campus is divided into two zones, a residential zone with five hostels (three for males and two for females) and an academic zone. The Student Activity Center is a part of the academic zone and is mainly intended for extra-curricular activities. The SAC has a music room, a fiberglass basketball court, cricket ground and a volleyball court. The campus has a Central Computer Library available 8 hrs for the students and faculty.
## Departments
MITS has several departments, with most focussing on a single engineering stream or science discipline: `{{div col}}`{=mediawiki}
- Architecture
- Automobile engineering
- Chemical engineering
- Civil engineering
- Computer science and engineering
- Electrical engineering
- Electronic engineering
- Humanities
- Information technology
- Management
- Mechanical engineering
- Mathematics and computing
## Academic programmes {#academic_programmes}
The institute\'s undergraduate programmes include the Bachelor of Engineering programme. It offers postgraduate level programmes like Master of Engineering, Master of Science, and Master of Science (research). It offers a Ph.D. programme. The admission criteria for all these programmes is different at the entry level.
### Undergraduate programmes {#undergraduate_programmes}
The institute offers a total of 500 seats for undergraduate programmes. There are also 15 seats for part-time students each in the civil engineering, electrical engineering and mechanical engineering departments. A Bachelor of Engineering is offered in ten areas; automobile, biotechnology, chemical, civil, computer science, electrical, electronics, electronics and telecommunication, information technology, and mechanical engineering. A Bachelor of Architecture is also offered. Admissions are through the Engineering Entrance Examination conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education and counselling by the Directorate of Technical Education of Madhya Pradesh.
### Postgraduate programmes {#postgraduate_programmes}
The institute offers postgraduate-level programmes in each department of engineering. There are a number of inter-disciplinary programmes available. At the postgraduate level, admissions are on the basis of the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering. Admissions to the Master of Computer Applications course is done on the basis of MP-MCA examination. Department of Management has full time 2 years of the Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.) program affiliated from the Jiwaji University, Gwalior.
## Cultural and non-academic activities {#cultural_and_non_academic_activities}
Regular cultural and non-academics activities are organised by the students or the various departments of the institute. The most widely known event is Cyhper And Dy\'signo, a carnival that attracts the participation of more than 1200 students from various schools, colleges and universities. In 2017 it was organised by [TeamAudacious](https://www.audacious.co.in), a students chapter for enhancing technological aspects of the students of the college. It also conducts a 2-day fest \'Abhudaya\' organised by MITS Journalism Society and also the literary carnival of Gwalior known as Mitsvah organised by the literary club of MITS known as Querencia which showcase the talents of various individuals by giving them a stage to show people what they got and learn some new things out of it.
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# Madhav Institute of Technology and Science
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Raghunath Kashinath Shevgaonkar, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- S. K. Jain, chairman of the Governing Board of the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO)
- V. K
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# Henry Richard Glynn
Admiral **Henry Richard Glynn** (2 September 1768 -- 20 July 1856) was a British Royal Navy officer.
Glynn entered the Royal Navy as a midshipman in 1780, and served in various parts of the world during his career, including the West Indies, Jamaica, Halifax, and the Baltic Sea. Glynn was aboard Lord Bridport\'s flagship, the *Royal George* at the Battle of Groix in 1795. In 1797, Glynn, as Captain of the *Scourge*, captured the French privateer *La Furet*.
He was promoted Admiral of the Blue in 1846
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# Rafael Arozarena
**Rafael Arozarena** (April 4, 1923 -- September 30, 2009) was a Spanish poet and novelist from the Canary Islands.
## Biography
Arozarena was born in Tenerife. He studied medicine and after that he started writing books, because writing was what he liked the most and what he usually did. He spent his youth under the influence of the Spanish Civil War (1936--1939) and the post-war. He joined in a literary group called \'Los Fetasianos\' (Fetasiano group) with some of his friends.
His first stories appeared in the 1940s in a magazine called *Arco*. About ten years later, he started to write for a newspaper and all through his life he published six books: *Alto crecen los cardos, Aprisa cantan los gallos, El omnibus pintado con cerezas, Silbato de tinta amarilla* and *Cerveza de grano rojo*. However, his most important book is *Mararía*, which was popularly received and adapted into a film in 1998. In 1988, he received the Canary Prize for Literature, the most important literary prize in the Canary Islands alongside his longtime friend Isaac de Vega. Until his death in 2009, he lived in Bajamar, La Laguna (Tenerife).
## Legacy
A high school, Instituto Rafael Arozarena, was built in 2004 and named after Arozarena in La Orotava
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# Witege
**Witege**, **Witige** or **Wittich (***Wudga, Widia*; Gotho-*Vidigoia*) or **Vidrik** \"**Vidga**\" **Verlandsson** (*Vidrīk* + *Viðga* or *Videke* + *Verlandsson*, *Vallandsson*, or *Villandsson*) is a character in several Germanic heroic legends, poems about Dietrich von Bern, and later Scandinavian ballads.
In German legends, he was one of the warriors of Dietrich von Bern, but betrayed him and took instead the side of his wicked Uncle Ermenrich. In one of the Scandinavian ballads (TSB E 119), he won particular fame in his duel with Langben Rese/Risker (the giant Etgeir in the *Þiðrekssaga*).
During the Middle Ages, he became the son of Wayland the Smith and Böðvildr, and this entitled him to carry a hammer and tongs in his coat of arms. Later the origin of his name \"Wayland\'s son\" was forgotten, but the fame of the character prevailed. During the 16th and the 17th centuries, this led to the idea that his name \"Villandsson\" referred to Villand Hundred in Skåne, and the hundred duly began to use his coat of arms as its own. Wudga wielded the sword *Mimung,* forged by his father, as was the helmet he wore. His mount was the stallion *Schimming,* one of the finest horses of its age.
## Widsith
One of the earliest appearances of Wudga is in the poem *Widsith*, lines 123-130, where he appears together with his friend Háma (Heimir): `{{Verse translation|lang=ang|
Rædhere sohte ic ond Rondhere,
:Rumstan ond Gislhere,
Wiþergield ond Freoþeric,
:Wudgan ond Haman;
<sup>(125)</sup> ne wæran þæt gesiþa
:þa sæmestan,
þeah þe ic hy anihst
:nemnan sceolde.
Ful oft of þam heape
:hwinende fleag
giellende gar
:on grome þeode;
wræccan þær weoldan
:wundnan golde
<sup>(130)</sup> werum ond wifum,
:Wudga ond Hama.<ref>[http://www.georgetown.edu/labyrinth/library/oe/texts/a3.11.html ''Widsith'' in Old English at The Labyrinth, Georgetown University.]</ref>
|
Raedhere sought I and Rondhere,
:Rumstan and Gislhere,
Withergield and Freotheric,
:Wudga and Hama;
<sup>(125)</sup> not that these comrades were
:the worst,
though I in the last place
:name in this song.
Often from that group
:hissing in flight
yelled the spear
:at fierce people;
pressing their rule
:to the gilded gold
<sup>(130)</sup> of men and women,
:were Wudga and Hama.<ref>[http://www.georgetown.edu/faculty/ballc/oe/widsith-trans.html Translated by Douglas B. Killings at Georgetown University.] See also [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~enm/widsith.htm another translation.]</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
## *Waldere*
In the Anglo-Saxon fragment known as *Waldere*, Wudga (*Widia*) is mentioned together with his father Wayland in a praise of Mimung, Waldere\'s sword that Weyland had made. `{{Verse translation|
{{lang|ang|:::... me ce bæteran
buton ðam anum, ðe ic eac hafa,
on stanfate stille gehided.
Ic wat þæt hit dohte Ðeodric Widian
selfum onsendon, ond eac sinc micel
maðma mid ði mece, monig oðres mid him
golde gegirwan, iulean genam,
þæs ðe hine of nearwum Niðhades mæg,
Welandes bearn, Widia ut forlet,
ðurh fifela geweald forð onette.}}
|
:::... a better sword
except the one that I have also in
its stone-encrusted scabbard laid aside.
I know that [[Theoderic the Great|Theodoric]] thought to Widia's self
to send it and much treasure too,
jewels with the blade, many more besides,
gold-geared; he received reward
when [[Nithhad]]'s kinsman, Widia, Welund's son,
delivered him from durance;
through press of monsters hastened forth.'<ref>[http://www.brindin.com/porodch1.htm Translated by Louis Rodrigues.]</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} Partly on the basis of this allusion, Jennifer Lorden has argued that, although he is not named in the poem, the five allusive vignettes that comprise the first half of the Old English poem *Deor* trace the birth and career of Widia.
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# Witege
## Middle High German Dietrich Poems {#middle_high_german_dietrich_poems}
In the so-called fantastical Dietrich poems, Witege is one of Dietrich von Bern\'s warriors. In *Laurin*, Witige accompanies Dietrich and is responsible for destroying the dwarf King Laurin\'s rose garden. Dietrich then saves him from Laurin\'s wrath. Witige accompanies Dietrich, Hildebrand, and Dietleib into Laurin\'s kingdom and is captured. Dietleib arranges for their escape and the destruction of the dwarf kingdom. In *Virginal*, Witige, together with Heime, is one of the warriors who saves Dietrich from captivity in the hands of giants---a situation reminiscent of that in Waldere. He is also mentioned as one of Dietrich\'s warriors in the *Rosengarten zu Worms*, battling the giant Asprian.
In the so-called \"historical\" poems, which seem to take place after the fantastical ones, Witege has betrayed Dietrich and joined his wicked Uncle Ermenrich. No surviving poem relates the story of how Witege came to betray Dietrich, however; it is merely assumed as the situation from which the poems begin. One version of the Rosengarten, the reason is because Dietrich\'s man Wolfhart is angry that Witege had refused to fight unless he received Schemming---Witege requests to leave in order to avoid a feud and Dietrich allows him, reminding him of his oaths. In *Dietrichs Flucht*, Witege is responsible for capturing a large number of Dietrich\'s men. In order to have them returned, Dietrich must leave his kingdom. Witege is captured by Dietrich during the latter\'s attempt to reclaim his kingdom in Italy; Dietrich forgives Witege and trusts him with Ravenna. Witege soon betrays Dietrich, however, and hands the city over to Ermenrich, slaughtering the inhabitants. In the *Rabenschlacht*, Witege reluctantly kills the two sons of Etzel and Dietrich\'s brother Diether when he is forced to fight them. He is then pursued into the sea by a vengeful Dietrich, but saved by a mermaid. In *Alpharts Tod*, Witege and his companion Heime fight and kill the young warrior Alphart. Witege kills Alphart from behind in order to save Heime\'s life. He is nevertheless portrayed as reluctant to fight against his former friend Dietrich.`{{snf|Heinzle|1999|pp=90-91}}`{=mediawiki} He is mentioned as having slain the young Nuodunc in the *Nibelungenlied*.
Witege\'s horse Schemming and his sword Mimming are mentioned in multiple poems. One version of *Virginal* mentions that he bears a banner with a silver serpent and a hammer and tongs. In one version of the *Rosengarten* (A), Dietrich gives Schemming to Witege to encourage him to fight. In another, it is mentioned that Witege had lost Schemming to Dietrich, having originally received the horse from his father. In *Dietrichs Flucht*, however, Dietrich gives Witege Schemming when he has returned to his side. Schemming is the horse that saves Witege in the Rabenschlacht. Wielant the smith is mentioned as Witege\'s father in multiple poems.
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# Witege
## *Þiðrekssaga*
Before treating the adventures of Viðga (Wudga) and Heimir (Hama), the *Þiðrekssaga* introduces the *Velents þáttr smiðs* to explain how Wayland the Smith became the father of Viðga.
Viðga was only twelve years old when he decided to become a warrior. He was already strong and good at fighting with arms. His father gave Viðga weapons of his own manufacture, and most importantly his own sword Mimung and his horse Skemming.
Searching for the famous warrior Thiðrek (Dietrich von Bern), Viðga met Hildebrand, Háma and earl Hornbogi, but at first Hildibrand believed that Viðga was a dwarf. Viðga and Hildebrand became such good friends that they entered sworn brotherhood, but when they met Hildebrand secretly switched Viðga\'s sword with an ordinary one.
When Viðga finally met Þiðrek, the latter challenged Viðga to fight a duel with him, and Hildebrand failed with his attempts to make peace between the two. At first the two heroes jousted with lances during which Viðga\'s lance shattered on Þiðrek\'s shield. Viðga then cut off Þiðrek\'s lance and they continued on foot with their swords.
Finally Viðga\'s fake Mimung shattered on Þiðrek\'s sword and Þiðrek was about to give the unarmed Viðga his coup de grâce. Then Hildebrand returned the true Mimung to Viðga and Viðga got the upper hand in the duel. Eventually, Þiðrek had neither shield nor a functioning helmet, and Þiðrek\'s father Þetmar tried to stop the duel. Viðga was, however, furious with his opponent who had wanted to kill him and refused to stop the fight. It was only when a mighty stroke with the sword shattered Þiðrek\'s helmet and Hildebrand intervened that the fight ended. From that moment, Viðga became one of Þiðrek\'s companions.
There was a war between Sweden\'s (Vilkinaland) king Osantrix and Attila who had conquered Hunaland from Osantrix and taken his daughter. Eventually, Attila had to call on Þiðrek and his warriors who helped Attila defeat Osantrix. As the Swedes withdrew, Osantrix\' duke Hertnid took Viðga prisoner and Osantrix put him in a dungeon. Viðga was then rescued by his friends Vildifer, who was disguised as a bear, and the minstrel Isung.
During his fight with Sigurd, Þiðrek borrowed Viðga\'s sword Mimung, and when Sigurd realised against whose sword he was fighting, he surrendered to Þiðrek.
## Historical background {#historical_background}
Witege probably has a historic basis in either the Gothic national hero Vidigoia, or in Vitiges, a king of the Ostrogoths.
According to Jordanes, Vidigoia was *Gothorum fortissimus* and defeated the Sarmatians with a ruse for which he became the subject of epic songs among the Goths. Wudga\'s treachery may derive from Tufa who deserted Theodoric to join Odoacer, whereas Wudga\'s greatest treason, which was surrendering Ravenna, appears to be based on a merger with king Vitiges. This king gave away Ravenna in 540 to a minor force led by Belisarius and the surrender was held to be a disgrace by his fellow Goths.
Further evidence that the Middle High German form \"Witege\" may be a worn down form of something like \"Widigoia\" is provided by the name \"Witigouwe\", a form which appears in Dietrichs Flucht together with Witige\'s companion Heime
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# Francine I. Neff
**Francine Irving Neff** (December 6, 1925 -- February 9, 2010) was the 35th Treasurer of the United States, serving from June 21, 1974, to January 19, 1977. She was appointed by Richard Nixon but continued serving as Treasurer through Gerald Ford\'s term in office after Nixon resigned in August 1974.
## Republican politics {#republican_politics}
Originally a Democrat who had become increasingly disenchanted with her party\'s politics, Neff switched her allegiance to the Republican Party and volunteered with Barry Goldwater\'s presidential campaign in 1964. She rose through the ranks of New Mexico Republican politics, being named to its State Central Committee in 1967, chairperson of the New Mexico Women for Nixon in 1968 and member of the State Executive Committee in 1969. She was promoted to represent her state with the Republican National Committee in 1970 and served as a member on its executive committee from 1972 until she became Treasurer.
## Treasurer
Neff was nominated to become Treasurer of the United States by President Nixon on May 29, 1974. She was officially sworn into office on June 21, succeeding Romana Acosta Bañuelos who had resigned four months prior on February 14. The first batch of dollar bills bearing her signature came off the printing presses on July 3, 1974.
Neff took office at a time when the role of Treasurer was being reorganized. The Treasurer was named National Director of the Savings Bonds Division for the first time during her term. She was the first Treasurer to manage a bureau and the first to report to the Undersecretary for Monetary Affairs. She also oversaw the Treasury-wide bicentennial program. She was unsuccessful in her attempt to be a New Mexico delegate at the 1976 Republican National Convention.
In the transition from the Gerald Ford to the Jimmy Carter Administration, Neff was succeeded as Treasurer by Azie Taylor Morton who was sworn in on September 12, 1977.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Despite her parents moving to Mexico where her father worked the oil fields, Neff was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, because her mother made a special trip back to ensure her birth in the United States. She grew up on a small vegetable farm outside of Mountainair, New Mexico.
She studied at Cottey College, in Nevada, Missouri, where she was a member of Alpha Delta Pi and graduated in 1946. She then matriculated at the University of New Mexico, double majoring in English and Music and earning her Bachelor of Arts in 1948. It was at the university where she met Edward J. Neff, with the two marrying each other on their graduation day. Her husband was a founding partner of Neff & Co., an Albuquerque-based accounting firm.
While Neff was Vice President of the Rio Grande Valley Bank in Albuquerque, she was named to the advisory board of Campaign America, a political action committee (PAC) established by Bob Dole on February 26, 1978, to assist the campaigns of Republican candidates for federal, state and local offices. She was featured in a 1978 American Express television advertisement which was part of its \"Do you know me?\" campaign.
Neff was a member of the Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans. She was awarded an honorary doctorate from New Mexico State University in 2008.
## Death
Neff died from heart failure on February 9, 2010, in Pena Blanca, New Mexico
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# Carlo Salis
**Carlo Salis** (1680--1763) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period. Born in Verona. He was initially a pupil of the painter Alessandro Marchesini, then went to work under Giovanni Gioseffo dal Sole and later with Antonio Balestra in Venice
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# Somontano
**Somontano** is a Spanish Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP) for wines, created in 1984, and located in the county of the same name, in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. It borders the regions of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza in the north, Hoya de Huesca in the west, the Monegros in the south, and La Litera in the east. Wine production is centred on the town of Barbastro. The name *Somontano* derives from Latin roots meaning "*beneath the mountain*". The area spreads out from the foothills of the Pyrenees down to the Ebro valley. The DOP includes 43 municipalities, most of them in the Somontano area, and a few bordering on Ribagorza and the Monegros. There are over 4000 hectares of vines and about 500 individual grape-growers.
## Geography
The DOP has three different sub-zones: the Mountains, the Somontano foothills proper, and the Plains. The Alcanadre river divides the Somontano area in two: Somontano de Huesca in the West and Somontano de Barbastro in the East. The vines here enjoy a dark sandy-clay soil, particularly high in lime content and rich in alluvial matter. The soil is not especially fertile, but has good drainage, which facilitates the deep penetration of roots so they can absorb more moisture and nutrients. The region\'s climate is continental, with the Pyrenees mountains buffering exposure to the cold northern winds. Nonetheless, winter freezes are common, as are extremely high temperatures in the summer. Daily temperatures also fluctuate significantly between day and night. Average rainfall is 500 mm.
## History
Grapes have been grown in the Somontano region since antiquity, at least since the 2nd century BC, their cultivation being influenced by the settlement of the Romans, as they introduced more advanced techniques. In the Middle Ages, the area covered by vineyards expanded to cover the whole province, with wine production prospering under the oversight of local monasteries. More recently, the phylloxera plague which struck France in the 19th century, resulted in exports and increased sales of Somontano wine from the region.
## Tourism
The *Ruta del Vino* (Wine Route) of Somontano is one of the 13 official wine routes recognised by ACEVIN and the Spanish government, and its aim is to promote wine-related tourism to the region. As a non-profit organisation it offers promotional support to tourism establishments and wineries and offers unbiased information to visitors and tourists.
In addition to wine, other attractions in Somontano include:
: The Sierra de Guara National Park - famous for the sport of canyoning
: The medieval village of Alquézar
: The River Vero Cultural Park - home to a collection of over 60 cave paintings, jointly declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO
: The Torreciudad Shrine - halfway point between Lourdes and the Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar of Zaragoza on the Marian Route
: The city of Barbastro
Around half of the 31 wineries in Somontano welcome visitors and most can offer guided tours in Spanish, English and French. A visit includes a tour of the installations with explanations, followed by a wine tasting
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# Ves Peterburg
**Ves Peterburg** (/vʲesʲ pʲɪtʲɪrˈburg/; in 1914--1923 **Ves Petrograd**; in 1924--1940 **Ves Leningrad** --- the annual city directory of Petersburg--Petrograd--Leningrad started in 1894 by Aleksei Sergeevich Suvorin (1834--1912) in Russian Empire, continued by his descendants up to 1917 and resumed in 1922 by Lensovet, the soviet city authorities of Leningrad, up to 1935.
The full name of the edition is *Весь Петербург/Петроград/Ленинград. Адресная и справочная книга г. Петербурга/Петрограда/Ленинграда*. The subtitle clarifies and discloses that this directory contains addresses and the other reference information for the city. However, this huge volume, which grew up to 1900 pages, has always provided more, including surveys on the city economy, extracts from the legislative acts, lists of the post offices through the entire Russia, as well as thousands of commercial advertisings.
A point of special interest was the historic and statistical city digest in V. I. Pokrovsky\'s feature article, published in the Ves Peterburg in 1901 and 1903.
In the 1910s the editors of the directory gradually expanded the territorial coverage of their edition. Starting with the closest suburbs, by 1917 they included the information and maps related to the largest cities of the Petrograd gubernia. After the soviets resumed the publication of the city directory, they continued this expansion, covering more and more cities of the Leningrad oblast, up to Luga and Gdov.
## Structure
### Governmental institutions {#governmental_institutions}
Until 1917, while the city was the capital of the Russian empire, \'Ves Petrograd\' provided its readers with the comprehensive information upon the ministries and the councils, the royal establishments and the State Duma. The movement of the capital of the Soviet Russia from Petrograd to Moscow in 1918 coincided with the 4-year suspension of the directory (1918-1921).
In 1922, when the city authorities of Petrograd resumed the publication of the directory, the institutional section of the directory, now covered the new structure of the municipal (soviets), party committees, professional unions and other social organizations.
### Cultural, educational, religious and other non-commercial institutions {#cultural_educational_religious_and_other_non_commercial_institutions}
In different periods the relevant information was either included in the first, \'governmental\' section, or was concentrated in the separate section of the directory. Since the very first editions of the Soviet period, \'Ves Leningrad\' published a list of the cathedrals and churches which were taken under state protection as cultural monuments. From the 1920s the directories contained information on education, which helps historians to trace its development from the likbez schools for illiterate to many hundreds of schools and tens of universities opened by the end of the First Five-year plan (1927-1932) and later.
### Commercial institutions, industry and finance {#commercial_institutions_industry_and_finance}
The entries of this section are usually repeated in two subsections, alphabetic by name and by the branch of industry. Alongside thousands of separate commercial advertisings, it provides economic historians with a valuable source of raw data. Beyond that, the directory published special surveys on the city economy, including international trade, where Leningrad played a main role as the largest port in the USSR.
Those who imagine the Leningrad as the core of the strict government-run economy will be surprised to see tens, if not hundreds of small collectively owned guilds (artel *артели*) and cooperatives which continued to function in Leningrad many years after the NEP (the \'new economic policy\') was suspended in favour of 5-year planning.
### Doctors, lawyers, etc. {#doctors_lawyers_etc.}
The personal lists of practitioners in medicine and advocacy are the characteristic feature of the epoch before second world war. There were hundreds of private lawyers, dentists and even obstetricians in Petrograd and Leningrad.
### Streets and lists of residents {#streets_and_lists_of_residents}
This is a very important section for the directory of the city like Leningrad, counting 2-3 million residents. The special section of the directory not only lists all the streets in alphabetic order, but also informs, what house numbers are on the odd and even sides between the crossing streets. If necessary, special maps are provided for the longest streets and prospects. Alongside with the house numbers the directory informs about the jurisdiction of the relevant city blocks, the closest post offices etc.
70% and more of the pre-revolutionary residents of Petrograd, mainly industrial workers, remained outside the directory, since they were economically forced to hire separate rooms, and even the corners of rooms, offered to them by the wholesale profiteers in hiring dwellings. Also, even in the middle-class families only the heads of households were listed in the directory, while their spouses and minors were omitted.
Nor only the addresses, but also the home telephone numbers of Matilda Kshesinskaya (#414), Aleksandr Kerensky (#11-960) were available on the pages of \'Ves Peterburg\', as well as of Grigory Zinoviev (#127-61) on the pages of \'Ves Leningrad\'.
### Public transport {#public_transport}
In 1970s Leningrad became the top-ranking city of the world by the length of city tram lines and the total number of tram routes. Starting with the 1908 directory, after the first lines of tram were opened in September 1907, the directory provided the detailed information on each of these routes, including the streets, the tram stops, the fares, and what is not less important, the specific combination of colored identification lights which were set for each tram route.
## Termination of series {#termination_of_series}
The last directory of \'Ves Leningrad\' was published in 1935. In the subsequent years the edition was replaced with abridged version (1939 and 1940) where all personal data (residency / domicile, phone numbers) was excluded.
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# Ves Peterburg
## Other city directories {#other_city_directories}
Suvorin also published city directories for Moscow under the title *Vsia Moskva* (All Moscow) for the years 1875 to 1936 and for the whole country under the titles *Vsia Rossiia* (All Russia) continued under than name *Ves SSSR* (All USSR) from 1924 to 1931.
Since 1993 the private publishing House Presskom launched the annual telephone directory project under the title \'Ves Petersburg\', however it is radically and conceptually different from its historical predecessor, and does not list residents at all
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# Institute for International Economic Studies
The **Institute for International Economic Studies** (IIES) is a Swedish research institute at Stockholm University, founded in the early 1960s. The main objective is to produce outstanding research for publication in leading international journals. The faculty at IIES consists of 18 full time researchers and publishes on around 4 papers in the top five economics journals each year.
Scholars from the IIES have received a number of international awards, such as the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and the Yrjö Jahnsson Award. Among many other honors, two IIES scholars have been elected Presidents of the European Economic Association, one elected President of the Econometric Society, three elected Foreign Honorary Members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and six elected members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. A number of IIES scholars hold positions on the Editorial boards of top international journals
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11,002,680 |
# San Julián de los Prados
**San Julián de los Prados**, also known as **Santullano**, is a Pre-Ramirense church from the beginning of the 9th century in Oviedo, the capital city of the Principality of Asturias, Spain. It is one of the greatest works of Asturian art and was declared an Historical-Artistic Monument by the Spanish Ministry of Culture in June 1917 and a World Heritage Site by UNESCO on 2 December 1998.
The church\'s construction was ordered by Alfonso II of Asturias and it was built by the court architect Tioda c. 830. It is dedicated to the martyred Egyptian saints Julian and Basilissa.
## Architecture
The spacious church clearly displays the characteristics of its style. It is of basilican plan with a nave and two aisles separated by square piers which support semi-circular arches and with a transept of impressive height. The iconostasis, that separates the sanctuary from the rest of the church is remarkably similar in appearance to a triumphal arch. The size and originality of the church stands out and distinguishes it from works of Visigothic art. However, without doubt, that which most attracts attention to this church is the pictorial decoration, with aniconic frescoes (stucco, very well executed), painted in three layers, with architectural decoration that bears clear Roman influences. Although it appears more a monastic rather than a royal church, a gallery was reserved for the king in the transept. Of the three original entrances to the church, two have been filled in.
## Decoration
### Sculptural
The only sculptural decoration that has survived to the present day is that of the marble capitals on which rest the semi-circular arches. There are also two marble flagstones with hexagonal geometric figures and floral motives that are found in the central chapel.
### Pictorial
The pictorial decoration is the most important element that can be seen in the church. It is without doubt the most important of its time, in its extent and conservation as much as in the variety of designs represented, in all of Western Europe.
## Gallery
<File:San> Julián de los Prados (4793536239).jpg\|Exterior of the church <File:San> Julián de los Prados (4794167652).jpg\|Entrance <File:185> Església de San Julián de los Prados, o de Santullano (Oviedo), presbiteri.jpg\|Interior <File:186> Església de San Julián de los Prados, o de Santullano (Oviedo), arcs i pintures murals.jpg\|Interior with mural paintings <File:184> Església de San Julián de los Prados, o de Santullano (Oviedo), pintures murals
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# Dušan Vemić
**Dušan Vemić** (`{{lang-sr-Cyrl|Душан Вемић}}`{=mediawiki}; born 17 June 1976) is a Serbian tennis coach and former professional tennis player.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Vemić turned professional in 1995. He reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 146 on 25 February 2008 and a career-high doubles ranking of No. 31 on 12 January 2009. He is ranked 19th on the list of Fastest recorded tennis serves with a serve speed of 235 km/h (146 mph).
In 2007, Vemić began the season ranked No. 406, a drop of 170 places from early 2006. That year, he competed in Futures, the Challenger Tour, and selected ATP Tour events. His results included two Futures semifinals, one final, three ATP main draw qualifications, and a win in a top-level Challenger. These results returned him to the top 300 in April. He later reached the semifinals of the Challenger in Bermuda and qualified for the main draw of the French Open, where he lost in four sets to Janko Tipsarević. In August, he reached the semifinals in Segovia and the final in Binghamton, returning to the top 200 for the first time since 2004.
In 2008, Vemić competed for the Kansas City Explorers in World Team Tennis, reaching the league final against the New York Buzz.
He won five doubles titles on the 2008 ATP Challenger Tour: in Miami, United States (with Ilija Bozoljac); Sunrise, Florida (with Janko Tipsarević); Cremona, Italy (with Eduardo Schwank); Waco, Texas (with Alex Bogomolov Jr.); and Calabasas, California (with Ilija Bozoljac).
In Grand Slam competition, Vemić reached the doubles semifinals of the 2008 French Open and the quarterfinals of the 2008 US Open, partnering with Bruno Soares.
In 2009, he played doubles with several players including Jamie Murray, Ivo Karlović, Novak Djokovic, and Mischa Zverev.
At the 2010 Australian Open, Vemić and Karlović reached the doubles semifinals, losing to Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić 6--4, 6--4.
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# Dušan Vemić
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Following his professional playing career, Vemić briefly coached WTA player Andrea Petkovic, assisting her and coach Petar Popović in reaching a career-high WTA ranking of No. 9.
Soon afterward, Vemić joined the coaching team of world No. 1 Novak Djokovic. As part of Djokovic\'s team, he coached alongside longtime head coach Marián Vajda during several major tournaments, including the US Open (2011, 2012), the Australian Open (2012, 2013), the French Open (2012, 2013), and Wimbledon (2012, 2013). During this period, Djokovic won two Grand Slam titles at the Australian Open and one at the US Open, as well as the 2012 ATP World Tour Finals in London.
In 2016, Vemić coached Djokovic at the ATP Miami Open, where Djokovic defeated Kei Nishikori 6--3, 6--3 in the final, surpassing Roger Federer in career prize money earnings.
In January 2013, Vemić joined the coaching staff of the Serbian Davis Cup team, helping lead the team to the Davis Cup final against the Czech Republic. He continued as part of the coaching staff during the 2016 Davis Cup World Group competition.
In August 2016, Vemić served as the official coach of the Serbian men\'s tennis team at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. The team included world No. 1 Novak Djokovic, former world No. 1 doubles player Nenad Zimonjić, and top-30 ATP player Viktor Troicki.
From August 2016 to 2017, Vemić was the head coach of the American doubles team Bob and Mike Bryan, considered the most successful doubles team in tennis history.
From May 2020 to February 2022, he coached American player Brandon Nakashima.
As of May 2025, Vemić shares the role of head coach for Novak Djokovic with fellow Serbian coach Boris Bošnjaković.
## ATP career finals {#atp_career_finals}
### Doubles: 2 (2 runner-ups) {#doubles_2_2_runner_ups}
+------------------------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Legend | Finals by surface | Finals by setting |
| -------------------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- |
| Grand Slam Tournaments (0--0) | Hard (0--1) | Outdoors (0--2) |
| ATP World Tour Finals (0--0) | Clay (0--1) | Indoors (0--0) |
| ATP Masters Series (0--0) | Grass (0--0) | |
| ATP Championship Series (0--1) | Carpet (0--0) | |
| ATP World Series (0--1) | | |
+------------------------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
+--------+------+--------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------+---------+----------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Result | W--L | Date | Tournament | Tier | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
+========+======+================================+============================+======================+=========+================+=============================================+==================================+
| Loss | 0--1 | `{{dts|Aug 1999}}`{=mediawiki} | Kitzbühel, Austria | Championship Series | Clay | Álex Calatrava | Chris Haggard\ | 3--6, 7--6^(7--4)^, 6--7^(4--7)^ |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|SWE}}`{=mediawiki} Peter Nyborg | |
+--------+------+--------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------+---------+----------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Loss | 0--2 | `{{dts|Aug 2008}}`{=mediawiki} | Los Angeles, United States | International Series | Hard | Travis Parrott | Rohan Bopanna\ | 6--7^(5--7)^, 6--7^(5--7)^ |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Eric Butorac | |
+--------+------+--------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------+---------+----------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
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# Dušan Vemić
## ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals {#atp_challenger_and_itf_futures_finals}
### Singles: 12 (3--9) {#singles_12_39}
+---------------------------+-----------------------+
| Legend | Finals by surface |
| ----------------------- | ------------------- |
| ATP Challenger (1--5) | Hard (1--6) |
| ITF Futures (2--4) | Clay (2--2) |
| | Grass (0--1) |
| | Carpet (0--0) |
+---------------------------+-----------------------+
Result W--L Date`{{ns}}`{=mediawiki} Tournament Tier Surface Opponent Score
-------- ------ -------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------ --------- --------------------- ----------------------------------
Win 1-0 Skopje, Macedonia Challenger Clay Clemens Trimmel 6--3, 6--7, 6--3
Loss 1-1 USA F5, Harlingen Futures Hard Huntley Montgomery 4--6, 7--6^(7--4)^, 5--7
Win 2-1 USA F12, Tampa Futures Clay Francisco Rodríguez 6--1, 6--4
Win 3-1 USA F28, Lubbock Futures Hard Bruno Soares 6--7^(5--7)^, 7--6^(7--3)^, 6--3
Loss 3-2 USA F29, Arlington Futures Hard Juan Pablo Guzmán 3--6, 5--7
Loss 3-3 Forest Hills, United States Challenger Grass Justin Gimelstob 6--7^(7--9)^, 2--6
Loss 3-4 Forest Hills, United States Challenger Clay James Blake 3--6, 4--6
Loss 3-5 USA F2, North Miami Beach Futures Hard Bruno Echagaray 2--6, 7--6^(7--5)^, 5--7
Loss 3-6 Binghamton, United States Challenger Hard Thomas Johansson 4--6, 6--7^(7--9)^
Loss 3-7 Lubbock, United States Challenger Hard Robert Smeets 3--6, 6--7^(7--9)^
Loss 3-8 USA F1, Wesley Chapel Futures Hard Somdev Devvarman 6--4, 4--6, 4--6
Loss 3-9 Tunis, Tunisia Challenger Clay Thomaz Bellucci 2--6, 4--6
### Doubles: 37 (16--21) {#doubles_37_1621}
+-----------------------------+-----------------------+
| Legend | Finals by surface |
| ------------------------- | ------------------- |
| ATP Challenger (15--20) | Hard (6--9) |
| ITF Futures (1--1) | Clay (8--12) |
| | Grass (0--0) |
| | Carpet (2--0) |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------+
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Result | W--L | Date | Tournament | Tier | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
+========+========+======+===============================+============+=========+========================+=======================================================+==================================+
| Loss | 0--1 | | Budva, Yugoslavia | Challenger | Clay | Nenad Zimonjić | Nebojsa Djordjevic\ | 3--6, 2--6 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|MKD}}`{=mediawiki} Aleksandar Kitinov | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Win | 1--1 | | Budapest, Hungary | Challenger | Clay | Nebojsa Djordjevic | Kornél Bardóczky\ | 6--1, 3--6, 6--4 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|HUN}}`{=mediawiki} Miklós Jancsó | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Loss | 1--2 | | Skopje, Macedonia | Challenger | Clay | Nebojsa Djordjevic | Thomas Buchmayer\ | 4--6, 6--7 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Thomas Strengberger | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Win | 2--2 | | Wolfsburg, Germany | Challenger | Carpet | Marat Safin | Jan-Ralph Brandt\ | 6--4, 4--6, 6--2 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|GER}}`{=mediawiki} Thomas Messmer | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Loss | 2--3 | | Barletta, Italy | Challenger | Clay | Thomas Strengberger | Joan Balcells\ | 6--7^(4--7)^, 3--6 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Juan Ignacio Carrasco | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Loss | 2--4 | | Oberstaufen, Germany | Challenger | Clay | Omar Camporese | Nuno Marques\ | 6--7, 6--7 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|NED}}`{=mediawiki} Rogier Wassen | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Loss | 2--5 | | Newcastle, United Kingdom | Challenger | Clay | Nebojsa Djordjevic | Jeff Coetzee\ | 6--1, 6--7, 2--6 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|NED}}`{=mediawiki} Edwin Kempes | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Win | 3--5 | | Weiden, Germany | Challenger | Clay | Emilio Benfele Álvarez | Simon Aspelin\ | 6--7, 6--2, 6--4 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|SWE}}`{=mediawiki} Johan Landsberg | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Loss | 3--6 | | Sofia, Bulgaria | Challenger | Clay | Nebojsa Djordjevic | Massimo Ardinghi\ | 4--6, 2--6 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Davide Sanguinetti | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Loss | 3--7 | | Buenos Aires, Argentina | Challenger | Clay | Paul Rosner | Guillermo Cañas\ | 4--6, 4--6 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|ARG}}`{=mediawiki} Martín García | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Loss | 3--8 | | Tampere, Finland | Challenger | Clay | Steven Randjelovic | Ville Liukko\ | 0--6, 6--4, 3--6 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|FIN}}`{=mediawiki} Jarkko Nieminen | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Win | 4--8 | | Togliatti, Russia | Challenger | Hard | Lovro Zovko | Ionuț Moldovan\ | 6--4, 6--4 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|RUS}}`{=mediawiki} Yuri Schukin | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Win | 5--8 | | Santiago, Chile | Challenger | Clay | Irakli Labadze | Joan Balcells\ | 6--3, 6--4 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Germán Puentes-Alcaniz | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Loss | 5--9 | | Dallas, United States | Challenger | Hard | Lovro Zovko | Gavin Sontag\ | 6--3, 5--7, 5--7 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|CAN}}`{=mediawiki} Jerry Turek | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Win | 6--9 | | Aschaffenburg, Germany | Challenger | Clay | Aleksandar Kitinov | Karsten Braasch\ | 6--7^(3--7)^, 6--4, 7--6^(8--6)^ |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|GER}}`{=mediawiki} Franz Stauder | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Loss | 6--10 | | Santiago, Chile | Challenger | Clay | Daniel Melo | André Sá\ | 6--3, 3--6, 6--7^(3--7)^ |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|BRA}}`{=mediawiki} Alexandre Simoni | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Loss | 6--11 | | San Jose, Costa Rica | Challenger | Hard | Daniel Melo | Jonathan Erlich\ | 3--6, 3--6 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|ISR}}`{=mediawiki} Andy Ram | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Win | 7--11 | | Belgrade, Serbia | Challenger | Carpet | Lovro Zovko | Jaroslav Levinský\ | walkover |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|CZE}}`{=mediawiki} Tomáš Zíb | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Win | 8--11 | | Weiden, Germany | Challenger | Clay | Jens Knippschild | Sergio Roitman\ | 7--6^(7--5)^, 6--2 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|ARG}}`{=mediawiki} Andrés Schneiter | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Loss | 8--12 | | Córdoba, Spain | Challenger | Hard | Emilio Benfele Álvarez | Paul Rosner\ | 6--7^(7--9)^, 4--6 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|CZE}}`{=mediawiki} Ota Fukárek | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Loss | 8--13 | | Manerbio, Italy | Challenger | Clay | Anthony Ross | Mariusz Fyrstenberg\ | 4--6, 6--7^(4--7)^ |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|POL}}`{=mediawiki} Marcin Matkowski | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Loss | 8--14 | | San Antonio, United States | Challenger | Hard | Hugo Armando | Diego Ayala\ | 2--6, 4--6 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Robert Kendrick | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Loss | 8-15 | | USA F4, Brownsville | Futures | Hard | Lazar Magdinchev | Tripp Phillips\ | 2--6, 1--6 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Ryan Sachire | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Win | 9--15 | | Tunica Resorts, United States | Challenger | Clay | Michael Russell | Juan Pablo Brzezicki\ | 7--6^(7--4)^, 6--3 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|ARG}}`{=mediawiki} Juan Pablo Guzmán | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Loss | 9--16 | | Dallas, United States | Challenger | Hard | Mirko Pehar | Rajeev Ram\ | 3--6, 4--6 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Bobby Reynolds | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Win | 10--16 | | Miami, United States | Challenger | Clay | Ilija Bozoljac | Jean-Julien Rojer\ | 7--5, 6--4 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|BRA}}`{=mediawiki} Márcio Torres | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Win | 11--16 | | Sunrise, United States | Challenger | Hard | Janko Tipsarević | Kristof Vliegen\ | 6--2, 7--6^(7--5)^ |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|NED}}`{=mediawiki} Peter Wessels | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Win | 12--16 | | Cremona, Italy | Challenger | Hard | Eduardo Schwank | Florin Mergea\ | 6--3, 6--2 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|ROU}}`{=mediawiki} Horia Tecău | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Loss | 12--17 | | Dresden, Germany | Challenger | Clay | Ilija Bozoljac | Daniel Brands\ | 6--2, 6--7^(4--7)^, \[6--10\] |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|KOR}}`{=mediawiki} Jun Woong-sun | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Loss | 12--18 | | Bordeaux, France | Challenger | Clay | Tomasz Bednarek | Diego Hartfield\ | 4--6, 4--6 |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|ARG}}`{=mediawiki} Sergio Roitman | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Win | 13--18 | | Waco, United States | Challenger | Hard | Alex Bogomolov Jr. | Alberto Francis\ | 6--4, 5--7, \[10--8\] |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Nicholas Monroe | |
+--------+--------+------+-------------------------------+------------+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Loss | 13--19 | | Lubbock, United States | Challenger | Hard | Alex Bogomolov Jr
| 1,441 |
Dušan Vemić
| 2 |
11,002,721 |
# Académie Internationale de Droit Constitutionnel
The **Académie Internationale de Droit Constitutionnel** or **International Academy for Constitutional Law** (**IACL**) was created in 1984 and is based in Tunis, Tunisia.
The official language of the academy is French. Its members come from more than 50 countries. The aim of the academy is to promote the study of constitutional law with an international approach, and by comparing different systems
| 67 |
Académie Internationale de Droit Constitutionnel
| 0 |
11,002,724 |
# Voici
***Voici*** is a French language weekly celebrity and gossip magazine published in Paris, France.
## History and profile {#history_and_profile}
*Voici* was founded in 1987. The magazine is published on a weekly basis and is based in Paris. The weekly was formerly owned by the German media company, Bertelsmann/Gruner + Jahr. The publisher is the Prisma Presse, formerly a subsidiary of Gruner + Jahr.
Vivendi acquired Prisma Media from Bertelsmann in 2020 and later the company spun-out its publishing operation (including Prisma Media and *Voici*) into Louis Hachette Group in 2024.
*Voici* claims the title of best selling French celebrity magazine, and second or third most widely read French women\'s magazine. It includes beauty, fashion, health, society and entertainment sections.
## Circulation
*Voici* had a circulation of 602,000 copies in 1991. Its circulation was 576,000 copies in 1998. In 2000 the circulation of the magazine was 514,180 copies and it was 522,042 copies in 2001.
The circulation of *Voici* was 493,000 copies during the 2007--2008 period. The weekly was the third best-selling celebrity magazine in France with a circulation of 408,000 copies in 2009. Its circulation was 408,120 copies in 2010
| 192 |
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| 0 |
11,002,735 |
# Krasna Polyana
**Krasna Polyana** (*Красна Поляна* `{{IPA|bg|ˈkrasnɐ poˈʎanɐ|}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district in the western parts of Sofia. `{{As of|2023}}`{=mediawiki}, it has 60,418 inhabitants. It is one of 24 Sofia districts, is 3 km from central Sofia and includes six neighbourhoods: \"Ilinden\"; \"Zapaden Park\"; \"Razsadnika\"; \"Krasna Polyana\" 1, 2, 3. There are many green areas especially in the neighbourhood of \"Zapaden Park\" as the name suggests
| 66 |
Krasna Polyana
| 0 |
11,002,747 |
# Sverigetopplistan
**Sverigetopplistan** (`{{IPA|sv|ˈsvæ̂rjɛˌtɔpːlɪstan|lang}}`{=mediawiki}, lit. \"the Sweden top list\") is the Swedish national record chart, based on sales data from IFPI Sverige. It was formerly known as **Topplistan** (1975--1997) and **Hitlistan** (1998--2007) and has been known by its current name since October 2007. Before Topplistan, music sales in Sweden were recorded by **Kvällstoppen**, whose weekly chart was a combined albums and singles list.
## History
For the period of 1976 to 2006, the official Swedish music charts were published by Sveriges Radio P3, a station owned by Sveriges Radio. At the end of 2006, it stopped publishing the general charts, which were entrusted to Swedish Recording Industry Association in the beginning of 2007. However, Sveriges Radio P3 continued to publish the most downloaded music charts, according to the statistics compiled by Nielsen SoundScan. The new strictly-download chart was called DigiListan.`{{fact|date=April 2019}}`{=mediawiki}
Since late 2006,`{{fact|date=October 2021}}`{=mediawiki} the chart has included legal downloads. The charts became the first in the world to include music streaming with singles (29 October 2010) and then with albums (2013).
From 14 November 1975 to 8 September 1993 the chart was only published every 2 weeks.`{{fact|date=April 2019}}`{=mediawiki}
The chart is published every Friday, covering sales of the previous week from Friday to Thursday.
## Charts
### Album charts {#album_charts}
+--------------------------+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Chart | No. of\ | Description |
| | positions | |
+==========================+===========+========================================================+
| Albums | 60 | - First published week 46, 1975 with 50 positions |
| | | - Published starting week 46, 1995 with 60 positions |
+--------------------------+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Compilation albums\ | 20 | - First published week 20, 1993 with 5 positions |
| (*Samlingar*) | | - Published starting week 40, 1995 with 10 positions |
| | | - Published starting week 46, 2003 with 20 positions |
| | | - Defunct; last published week 16, 2020 |
+--------------------------+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Physical albums | 20 | - First published week 41, 2016 |
+--------------------------+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Vinyl albums | 10 | - First published week 2, 2015 |
+--------------------------+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| DVD albums | 20 | - First published week 46, 2001 |
| | | - Defunct; last published week 16, 2020 |
+--------------------------+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Classical albums | 10 | - First published week 3, 2000 |
+--------------------------+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Dansband/Schlager albums | 20 | - First published week 32, 2001 |
+--------------------------+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Hip hop albums | 20 | - First published week 32, 2001 |
+--------------------------+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Hard rock albums | 20 | - First published week 32, 2001 |
+--------------------------+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Jazz albums | 20 | - First published week 32, 2001 |
+--------------------------+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
### Song charts {#song_charts}
+-----------------------+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Chart | No. of\ | Description |
| | positions | |
+=======================+===========+================================================================================================================+
| Singles | 100 | - First published week 46, 1975 with 20 positions |
| | | - Published starting week 17, 1991 with 40 positions |
| | | - Published starting week 46, 1995 with 60 positions |
| | | - Published starting week 2, 2015 with 100 positions |
+-----------------------+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Heatseeker | 20 | - An extension of the singles chart showing which songs are outside the top 100 and have not yet entered it
| 536 |
Sverigetopplistan
| 0 |
11,002,750 |
# Eusebio da San Giorgio
**Eusebio da San Giorgio** or *Eusebio di Jacopo di Cristoforo da San Giorgio* (c. 1470 -- c. 1550) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period.
## Biography
Born in Perugia, he was a pupil of the painter Pietro Perugino. In 1494, he was elected as Camerlengo dell\'Arte dei pittori.
He painted an altarpiece for the parish church of Matelica (1512). He painted an *Adoration of the Kings* in the church of Sant'Agostino in Perugia. He painted frescoes of an *Annunciation* and a *St Francis receiving the stigmata* (1507) for the cloister of San Damiano at Assisi. In 1537, records note that along with Sinibaldo Ibi, he praised a work by Giovanni Battista Caporali completed for the main altar of the Duomo of Perugia
| 129 |
Eusebio da San Giorgio
| 0 |
11,002,752 |
# Krogmann's salt
**Krogmann\'s salt** is a linear chain compound consisting of stacks of tetracyanoplatinate. Sometimes described as molecular wires, Krogmann\'s salt exhibits highly anisotropic electrical conductivity. For this reason, Krogmann\'s salt and related materials are of some interest in nanotechnology.
## History and nomenclature {#history_and_nomenclature}
Krogmann\'s salt was first synthesized by Klaus Krogmann in the late 1960s.
Krogmann\'s salt most commonly refers to a platinum metal complex of the formula K~2~\[Pt(CN)~4~X~0.3~\] where X is usually bromine (or sometimes chlorine). Many other non-stoichiometric metal salts containing the anionic complex \[Pt(CN)~4~\]^n−^ can also be characterized.
## Structure and physical properties {#structure_and_physical_properties}
Krogmann\'s salt is a series of partially oxidized tetracyanoplatinate complexes linked by the platinum-platinum bonds on the top and bottom faces of the planar \[Pt(CN)~4~\]^n−^ anions. This salt forms infinite stacks in the solid state based on the overlap of the d~z2~ orbitals.
Krogmann\'s salt has a tetragonal crystal structure with a Pt-Pt distance of 2.880 angstroms, which is much shorter than the metal-metal bond distances in other planar platinum complexes such as Ca\[Pt(CN)~4~\]·5H~2~O (3.36 angstroms), Sr\[Pt(CN)~4~\]·5H~2~O (3.58 angstroms), and Mg\[Pt(CN)~4~\]·7H~2~O (3.16 angstroms). The Pt-Pt distance in Krogmann\'s salt is only 0.1 angstroms longer than in platinum metal.
Each unit cell contains a site for Cl^−^, corresponding to 0.5 Cl^−^ per Pt. However, this site is only filled 64% of the time, giving 0.32 Cl^−^ per Pt in the actual compound. Because of this, the oxidation number of Pt does not rise above +2.32.
Krogmann\'s salt has no recognizable phase range and is characterized by broad and intense intervalence bands in its electronic spectra.
## Chemical properties {#chemical_properties}
One of the most widely researched properties of Krogmann\'s salt is its unusual electric conductance. Because of its linear chain structure and overlap of the platinum $d_{z^2}$ orbitals, Krogmann\'s salt is an excellent conductor of electricity. This property makes it an attractive material for nanotechnology.
## Preparation
The usual preparation of Krogmann\'s salt involves the evaporation of a 5:1 molar ratio mixture of the salts K~2~\[Pt(CN)~4~\] and K~2~\[Pt(CN)~4~Br~2~\] in water to give copper-colored needles of K~2~\[Pt(CN)~4~\]Br~0.32~·2.6 H~2~O.
:
: 5K~2~\[Pt(CN)~4~\] + K~2~\[Pt(CN)~4~Br~2~\] + 15.6 H~2~O → 6K~2~\[Pt(CN)~4~\]Br~0.32~·2.6 H~2~O
Because excess Pt^II^ or Pt^IV^ complex crystallizes out with the product when the reactant ratio is changed, the product is therefore well defined, although non-stoichiometric.
## Uses
Krogmann\'s salt nor any related material has found any commercial applications
| 394 |
Krogmann's salt
| 0 |
11,002,775 |
# Januário Lourenço
**Januário Lourenço** (born 29 January 1974) is a Portuguese Jurist who has promoted the first Internet domain seizure on a debt collection lawsuit, and also invented the Electronic Power of Attorney and the Electronic Divorce. Furthermore, was nominated for the Innovative Entrepreneurship Award granted by the President of Portugal and for the 2008 Leader Quest Award granted by the Harvard Club Portugal
| 65 |
Januário Lourenço
| 0 |
11,002,780 |
# Lithuania in the Eurovision Song Contest 1999
Lithuania was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 1999 with the song \"*i=no*\", composed by Linas Rimša, with lyrics by Sigitas Geda, and performed by Aistė. The Lithuanian participating broadcaster, Lithuanian National Radio and Television (LRT), selected its entry through the national final entitled *\"Eurovizijos\" dainų konkurso nacionalinė atranka 1999*. LRT returned to the contest after a four-year absence following its relegation from the `{{escyr|1995||1995 contest}}`{=mediawiki}. This was the first-ever entry performed in Samogitian in the contest.
Twelve songs competed in the national final, held on 27 December 1998 and later aired on 31 December, where a jury panel selected the winning song. \"*i=no*\" performed by Aistė received the most votes and was selected to represent the nation in the contest. Aistė performed as the opening entry for the show in position 1 at Eurovision and at the close of the voting process, finished in 20th place, receiving 13 points.
## Background
Prior to the 1999 contest, Lithuanian National Radio and Television (LRT) had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest representing Lithuania only once. Its `{{Esccnty|Lithuania|t=1994|y=1994}}`{=mediawiki} debut was with the song \"*i=no*\" performed by Ovidijus Vyšniauskas. It ultimately placed last (25th) at the event. As one of the lowest-scoring entrants that year, Lithuania was relegated and required to miss this 1995 contest.
As part of its duties as participating broadcaster, LRT organises the selection of its entry in the Eurovision Song Contest and broadcasts the event in the country. In 1994, the broadcaster had selected its entry by the internal selection. However, it opted for a national final for the first time to select its 1999 entry.
## Before Eurovision {#before_eurovision}
### *\"Eurovizijos\" dainų konkurso nacionalinė atranka 1999* {#section}
*\"Eurovizijos\" dainų konkurso nacionalinė atranka 1999* was the national final format developed by LRT in order to select its entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 1999. The competition, hosted by Vilija Grigonytė and Vytautas Kernagis, was recorded on 27 December 1998 at the LRT studios in Vilnius during the television program *Muzikinis viešbutis*, and was later aired on 31 December 1998. Both televoting and jury voting was used during the show, however only the votes of the jury decided the winner. The televote results showed that RebelHeart had won with 40%, with Aistė coming second with 33%. The jury selected Aistė with \"*i=no*\" as the winner, with only the points of the top four songs being announced.`{{better source needed|date=May 2025}}`{=mediawiki} \"*i=no*\" became the first entry in the contest to be performed in the Samogitian dialect.
Draw Artist Song Points Place
------ ----------------------- --------------------------- -------- -------
1 Aistė Pilvelytė \"Nubudusi širdis\" --- 11
2 B\'Avarija \"Nešk mane\" 17 4
3 Violeta Riaubiškytė \"Aš dovanoju\" --- 6
4 Džeirana Kazlauskaitė \"Viena naktyje\" --- 10
5 Aistė Pilvelytė \"Tylos vėrinys\" --- 9
6 Otilija \"Mano žvaigždė\" --- 8
7 Rūta Ščiogolevaitė \"Vasaros buvo per daug\" --- 5
8 Rene \"Sapnas\" --- 12
9 Aistė Smilgevičiūtė \"Strazdas\" 57 1
10 B\'Avarija \"Pamiršk\" --- 7
11 Rosita Čivilytė \"Apie tai\" 22 3
12 RebelHeart \"Kelias pas tave\" 27 2
| 511 |
Lithuania in the Eurovision Song Contest 1999
| 0 |
11,002,780 |
# Lithuania in the Eurovision Song Contest 1999
## At Eurovision {#at_eurovision}
The Eurovision Song Contest 1999 took place at the International Convention Center in Jerusalem, on 29 May 1999. According to the Eurovision rules, the 23-country participant list for the contest was composed of: the previous year\'s winning country and host nation, the seventeen countries which had obtained the highest average points total over the preceding five contests, and any eligible countries which did not compete in the 1998 contest. Lithuania was one of the eligible countries which did not compete in the 1998 contest, and thus were permitted to participate. The running order for the contest was decided by a draw held on 17 November 1998; Lithuania was assigned to perform 1st at the 1999 contest, preceding `{{Esccnty|Belgium|y=1999}}`{=mediawiki}\'s \"Like the Wind\" by Vanessa Chinitor. The contest was broadcast in Lithuania on LRT with the commentary by Darius Užkuraitis.
Lithuania\'s participation in the contest was financially supported by the Lithuanian Ministry of Finances, which allocated a subsidy of 14,000 litas.`{{better source needed|date=May 2025}}`{=mediawiki} Due to the budget concerns, the Lithuanian delegation was permitted to arrive in Israel one day later than the other delegations. Aistė took part in technical rehearsals on 25 and 26 May, followed by dress rehearsals held on 28 and 29 May. The Lithuanian performance featured Aistė on stage performing in a black outfit designed by Juozas Statkevicius. After the voting concluded, Lithuania scored 13 points and placed 20th. At the time, this result was Lithuania\'s best placing in its competitive history. In regards to the result, Aistė herself stated: \"I don\'t mind \[the result\] at all. The twentieth or some other place is the least of my worries. These are games that its better not to think about. \[\...\] And what I did at Eurovision, I did the right way. I am calm because of this. I couldn\'t performed better.\"`{{better source needed|date=May 2025}}`{=mediawiki} Due to a low average score, Lithuania was excluded from the Eurovision Song Contest 2000 held the next year.`{{better source needed|date=May 2025}}`{=mediawiki} Lithuania ultimately returned to the contest in 2001.
### Voting
The same voting system in use since 1975 was again implemented for the 1999 contest, with each country providing 1--8, 10 and 12 points to the ten highest-ranking songs as determined by a selected jury or the viewing public through televoting, with countries not allowed to vote for themselves. Lithuania opted to assemble an 8-member jury panel to determine which countries would receive their points. LRT appointed Andrius Tapinas as its Lithuanian spokesperson to announce the points awarded by the Lithuanian jury during the final. Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Lithuania and awarded by Lithuania in the contest
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Lithuania in the Eurovision Song Contest 1999
| 1 |
11,002,783 |
# United States Permanent Paper Law
The **U.S. Permanent Paper Law**, or P.L. 101-423, is a joint resolution calling for the use of acid-free paper for federal records, books, and \"publications of enduring value.\" It was signed into law by President George H.W. Bush in October 1990.
## Provisions
At first, in order to comply with the law, the acid-free paper or alkaline paper must meet standard JCP A 270 (JCP: Joint Committee on Printing) which is based on an ANSI standard (Z39.48-1984). JCP A 270 differs from Z39.48-1984 in that it is generally more demanding. Through later discussions a number of more lenient standards were created for different levels of documents. These include JCP A560 and JCP O-560. JCP O-560 relates specifically to paper used in photocopiers and laser printers. Written into the law was a provision that the heads of the Library of Congress, National Archives, and Government Printing Office were to report on how well the law was being implemented. The reports were to come out for the years 1991, 1993, and 1995.
## History
In a way, this law can be seen as an attempt to officiate a trend that was already beginning to take place in the publishing world. In fact, before this law went into place, the Government Printing Office was able to determine that already the majority of paper being supplied to them was alkaline. The bill began as 101 S.J.Res. 57 in the United States Senate and 101 H.J.Res. 226 in the House of Representatives.
- May 1988 -- reports published on \"Book Preservation Technologies\"
- May 4, 1989 -- hearing before the Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Technology
- July 31, 1989 -- 101 S.J.Res. 57 considered and passed in the Senate
- February 21, 1990 -- hearing before the Subcommittee on Government Information, Justice, and Agriculture
- August 22, 1990 -- a report was submitted to Congress titled: \"Establishing a National Policy on Permanent Paper\"
- September 17, 1990 -- House considered 101 H.J. Res. 226 and decided to pass 101 S.J.Res. 57 with amendments instead
- September 26, 1990 -- Senate concurred on the House Amendments
- April 22, 1999 -- Paper specifications were modified to include at least 30% post-consumer content to comply with President Clinton\'s Executive Order 13101
## Issues
In the report filed for 1991, two related issues arose. First, it is difficult and yet paramount to know at its creation how much enduring value a document will have. A solution to this problem would be to implement a system where all paper was permanent paper. The second issue is the cost of permanent paper, which in 1991, cost 30% more than acidic paper, thus making such a system not feasible. A recommendation was made to use a cheap but still alkaline paper for all publishing and permanent paper for the publishing of materials with known enduring value
| 482 |
United States Permanent Paper Law
| 0 |
11,002,786 |
# George W. Jenkins High School
**George W. Jenkins High School** serves Lakeland Highlands, Florida, and Medulla, Florida, the two southernmost unincorporated communities of Lakeland, Florida, a city with a population of 112,641 and a surrounding community of more than 700,000. The school, more commonly known as \"George Jenkins\" or "GJ", is part of the Polk County Public Schools system.
It was founded in 1993 and named after George W. Jenkins, founder of Publix, the Lakeland-based supermarket chain. The school was opened to relieve overcrowding at Lakeland High School, Kathleen High School, and Bartow High School. The \$25 million campus sits on ninety-five acres in the southeast corner of Lakeland.
The school\'s mascot is Louie the Eagle and its colors are green and gold.
## Students/faculty
George W. Jenkins High School has 2,291 students and 123 teachers. The school has produced twenty-two National Merit Scholar finalists since its second operating year, 1994. The school year is divided into two, eighteen-week semesters. Each student attends four classes each Wednesday and Thursday, And seven classes Monday, Tuesday and Friday.
## National test scores {#national_test_scores}
**SAT Scores** (218 Students, 2006--2007)
Locality Verbal Math Writing
------------------ -------- ------ ---------
Local Average 500 509 485
State Average 497 496 479
National Average 502 496 494
**ACT Scores** (153 Students, 2006--2007)
Locality Score
------------------ -------
Local Average 22.0
State Average 19.9
National Average 21.2
## Athletics
George Jenkins offers students more than 18 sports during Fall, Spring and Winter. Some of the school\'s sports offerings include football, baseball/softball, basketball, tennis, golf, cross country/track, soccer, swimming, volleyball, weightlifting, girls\' flag football, and boys\' wrestling.
George Jenkins has won two state titles in its school history, one in 1998 by the Boys Tennis team and the other one by the Girls Soccer team on February 13, 2008. The soccer team defeated Satellite High School to capture the Class 5A State Championship. George Jenkins is represented by its Dream Maker band at all large sporting activities. Also, George Jenkins is represented by the ensemble Golden Harmony, who sings the National Anthem at most sporting activities.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Lance Niekro, 1997 GJHS graduate. Major League Baseball player with the San Francisco Giants. Son of MLB 221 games winning knuckleballer pitcher Joe Niekro.
- Chris Fontaine, 2000 graduate, NASCAR driver.
## Administration
The school\'s principal is Tom Patton, a former administrator at the school. George Jenkins\' administrative staff also consists of two assistant principals and five deans (of academics, athletics, attendance, and two of students).
Lake Region High School, in Winter Haven, FL, is modeled after George Jenkins
| 430 |
George W. Jenkins High School
| 0 |
11,002,792 |
# O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs
The **Paul H.** **O\'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs** is the public policy and environmental studies school of Indiana University with locations on both the Bloomington and Indianapolis campuses. It is the largest and highest-ranked public policy and environmental studies school of its kind in the United States. Founded in 1972, as the **Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs**, it was the first school to combine public management, policy, and administration with the environmental sciences. O\'Neill School Bloomington is the top ranked school of public affairs in the United States. The school received a facelift and expansion when the Paul O\'Neill Graduate Center opened for classes in the Spring 2017 semester due to the growing influx of students. In 2019, the name was changed to the O\'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs in honor of alumnus Paul H. O\'Neill who served as the United States Secretary of the Treasury in 2001--2002.
## Curriculum
O\'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs is a unique institution with an interdisciplinary character where students can combine environmental science, environmental policy, and public affairs. O\'Neill School is home to more than 90 full-time faculty members and 2,800 students. Indiana University\'s other highly ranked schools and programs complement the school\'s offerings; the school has 15 joint programs in social and natural sciences and professional fields. For example, in conjunction with the Department of Political Science, O\'Neill School offers a Joint Ph.D. Program in Public Policy, the only one of its kind in the country. As another example, students interested in environmental studies can focus on the science or the public policy aspect under the same roof; under the separate degrees of B.S. Public Affairs where one can do Environmental Management as their major or B.S. Environmental Science as their degree.
## Rankings
In the 2023 \"Best Graduate Schools\" survey by *U.S. News & World Report*, O\'Neill School (SPEA) Bloomington was ranked first in the U.S. among MPA programs. In terms of specialties, O\'Neill School (SPEA) was ranked as follows:
- 1st in Environmental Policy and Management
- 1st in Nonprofit Management
- 1st in Public Finance and Budgeting
- 1st in Public Management & Leadership
- 4th in Public Policy Analysis
- 6th in Health Policy & Management
- 8th in Local Government Management
- 10th in Social Policy
- 14th in Urban Policy
In 2019, the Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked the O\'Neill School as best in the world in the field of public administration.
O\'Neill School (SPEA) Bloomington is also a founding member of the Council of Environmental Science Deans and Directors.
At the doctoral level, both the Ph.D. in Public Affairs and the Ph.D. in Public Policy have been top-ranked by the US National Research Council.
## Student life {#student_life}
O\'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs Bloomington supports the Civic Leaders Center, a residential facility for freshmen from across the Indiana University campus who are interested in politics, economics, public affairs and the environment. It is located at the Briscoe Residence Center.
Students have taken the initiative to organize several clubs such as the Nonprofit Management Association, the Environmental Management and Sustainable Development Association, Students Taking Active Roles Today (START), the International Public Affairs Association, Latin American Policy Association, and the Diversity Project, among others.
At IU Indianapolis, the O\'Neill School advises and supports the Justice and Pre-Law Community for freshmen living in The Tower who are interested in social justice. O\'Neill Indianapolis students also created and implement publicINreview, and online journal focusing on regional issues in public affairs. Select criminal justice students also serve as cadets on the campus police force.
In addition, the Graduate Student Association works closely between students, faculty and staff, to coordinate communication among them and offer opportunities for leadership and involvement to the school\'s masters students. Elected officers attend regular meetings with faculty and staff to discuss programs, policies and other aspects of the O\'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs experience. Active members attend committee meetings and coordinate projects, trips, activities and parties. Every person in the professional masters programs at the O\'Neill School in Bloomington is a member of the school\'s Graduate Student Association (GSA).
## Institutes and centers {#institutes_and_centers}
- Public Policy Institute
- Manufacturing Policy Initiative
- Center for Research in Energy and the Environment
- Geographic Information Systems Laboratory
- The Great Lakes Center for Public Affairs and Administration
- Institute for Development Strategies
- Institute for Family and Social Responsibility
- Institute for the Study of Government and the Nonprofit Sector
- Transportation Research Center
| 768 |
O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs
| 0 |
11,002,792 |
# O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs
## Global initiatives {#global_initiatives}
- Vincent and Elinor Ostrom Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis
- Transatlantic Policy Consortium
## Naming gift {#naming_gift}
On March 4, 2019, Indiana University announced the school would be renamed in honor of Paul H. O\'Neill, a 1966 graduate of the university. In honor of O\'Neill and his \$30 million gift to the school, the School of Public and Environmental Affairs became the Paul H. O\'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs. The gift will go toward funding graduate fellowships, professorships and chairs, undergraduate scholarships, and the creation of a new Center on Leadership in Public Service.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
### Faculty
- Robert Agranoff
- David B. Audretsch
- Lynton K. Caldwell
- John Graham
- Lee H. Hamilton
- Robert Kravchuk
- Elinor Ostrom (Nobel Laureate)
- James L. Perry
- Maureen Pirog
- Edwardo Rhodes
- Kosali Simon
- Jeffrey White
- Vicky J
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# Michelle Gayle (album)
***Michelle Gayle*** is the debut album by British R&B-soul singer Michelle Gayle, released in 1994 by RCA Records of BMG UK. The album was produced and co-written in parts by Narada Michael Walden who had previously worked with artists such as Whitney Houston. According to the sleeve notes of the single \"Sweetness\", the album was originally scheduled to be titled *Walk with Pride*.
The album includes Gayle\'s biggest hit single \"Sweetness\", which reached `{{abbr|No.|Number}}`{=mediawiki} 4 on the UK Singles Chart, along with four other UK top-40 singles; \"Looking Up\" (No. 11), \"I\'ll Find You\" (No. 26), \"Freedom\" (No. 16) and \"Happy Just to Be with You\" (No. 11). \"Happy Just to Be with You\" was remixed for single release; this version features on Gayle\'s second album, *Sensational*.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
Emma Forrest from *NME* wrote, \"She has an impressive range, from sharp and sassy on the upbeat numbers, to feathery and soothing on the soulful tracks. Over the 15 songs, she hits every note perfectly, unlike some other crossover stars we won\'t mention.\" AllMusic rated the album four out of five stars
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# William A. Hurley
**William A. \"Bill\" Hurley** (c.1871 - September 12, 1952) was an American horse trainer in Thoroughbred horse racing. He is best remembered for his more than two decades as a trainer for Col. Edward R. Bradley\'s Idle Hour Stock Farm.
Among Bill Hurley\'s early victories was a win with Kalitan in his first Preakness Stakes in 1917, a race he would win again twenty-three years later. He trained Bagenbaggage, who won the 1926 Latonia and Louisiana Derbys and was second in the Kentucky Derby to stablemate, Bubbling Over. That same year Hurley also won the 1926 American Derby with Boot to Boot, beating both Display and Black Maria.
In 1935, Bill Hurley won the Florida Derby, Coaching Club American Oaks and American Derby with the great filly and 1991 U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee, Black Helen.
Another of Hurley\'s important Hall of Fame horses was Bimelech who earned U.S. Champion 2-Yr-Old Colt and 3-Year-Old honors in 1939 and 1940 respectively, and who just missed winning the U.S. Triple Crown when he finished second in the 1940 Kentucky Derby then won both the Preakness and Belmont Stakes.
After 46 years with Idle Hour Stock Farm, Bill Hurley retired from racing in 1940. He died at age 81 in 1952 at Doctors Hospital in Coral Gables, Florida
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# Claudio Ridolfi
**Claudio Ridolfi** (1560--1644), also known as **Claudio Veronese**, was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period.
## Biography
Ridolfi was born in Verona to a noble family. He was active mainly in Rome and Urbino where he was a pupil of the painters Dario Pozzo and Paolo Veronese. Simone Cantarini, Girolamo Cialdieri, Benedetto Marini, and two painters named Patanazzi and Urbinelli were pupils or followers of Ridolfi.
Despite being unable to find employment as a painter, he lived a comfortable life and enjoyed painting. While in Urbino he married a noblewoman and established himself in Corinaldo. He died in 1644 aged 84 years old
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# Kathleen Senior High School
**Kathleen Senior High School** is the second oldest of four high schools in Lakeland, Florida, United States. It was originally housed north of its present location, at the site of the current Kathleen Middle School
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# Sensational (Michelle Gayle album)
***Sensational*** is the second album by the British R&B-soul singer Michelle Gayle, released in 1997. It includes three singles which reached the UK Top 20: \"Do You Know\" (UK #6), \"Sensational\" (UK #14) and the remixed version of \"Happy Just to Be with You\" (UK #11), which had been released as a single in 1995. The original version of the song appeared on Gayle\'s self-titled debut album.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine rated the album three ouf of five stars. He wrote that \"while Gaye is in strong voice throughout the record and the album has an alluring, classy production, the material is generally colorless, relying more on style than substance.\" *Music Week* found that \"this sultry album flavoured at turns by soul, disco and acoustic guitars, has the big songs necessary to showcase Gayle\'s impressive voice.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
**Notes**
- ^`{{note|a|[a]}}`{=mediawiki}^ signifies co-producer(s)
- ^`{{note|b|[b]}}`{=mediawiki}^ signifies additional producer(s)
**Sample credits**
- \"Talk It Over\" contains a sample from \"For the Love of You\" (1975) as written and performed by The Isley Brothers
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# Catherine Clinton
**Catherine Clinton** is the Denman Professor of American History at the University of Texas at San Antonio. She specializes in American History, with an emphasis on the history of the South, the American Civil War, American women, and African American history.
## Career
Clinton grew up in Kansas City, Missouri, where she graduated from the Sunset Hill School in 1969. Thereafter, she studied sociology and African-American History at Harvard University (Lowell House), graduating in 1973. Clinton received her Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1980, after completing her dissertation on under the direction of James M. McPherson.
She has held academic positions at numerous institutions of higher learning, including Union College, Harvard University, Brandeis University, Brown University, Wofford College, The University of Richmond, Wesleyan University, Queen\'s University, Belfast, Baruch College of the City University of New York and The Citadel. She currently holds a chair in American History at UTSA.
She has written for the History Channel, consulted on projects for WGBH, and is a member of the Screen Writers Guild, and has authored, edited, co-authored or co-edited more than twenty-five books to date. She is editor of a series titled VIEWPOINTS ON AMERICAN CULTURE (Oxford University Press).
She serves on the scholarly advisory board of both Ford\'s Theatre and the Lincoln Cottage, as well as the following journals: Civil War Times and CIVIL WAR HISTORY.
She has been an advisor on several documentaries, including Brother, Outsider: The life of Bayard Rustin and Rebel: Loreta Velasquez, Civil War Soldier and Spy (about Loreta Janeta Velásquez), as well as Steven Spielberg\'s Lincoln (2011).
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Clinton currently lives in San Antonio, Texas.
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# Catherine Clinton
## Selected works {#selected_works}
- *The Plantation Mistress: Woman\'s World in the Old South* (Pantheon, 1982)
- *The Other Civil War: American Women in the Nineteenth Century* (1984, 2nd edition, New York: Hill and Wang, 1999)
- *Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War* \[Co-editor\] (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992)
- *Half-Sisters of History: Southern Women and the American Past* \[editor\] (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1994)
- *Tara Revisited: Woman, War, & the Plantation Legend* (Abbeville, 1995)
- *Life in Civil War America* \[commissioned by the National Park Service\] (Eastern National Press, 1996)
- *The Devil\'s Lane: Sex and Race in the Early South*, Catherine Clinton and Michele Gillespie, eds. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997)
- *Civil War Stories* (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998) Averitt Lecture Series, Georgia Southern University
- *Taking Off the White Gloves: Southern Women and Women\'s History*, Michele Gillespie and Catherine Clinton, eds. (Columbia, MO 1998)
- *I, Too, Sing America: Three Centuries of African American Poetry* \[editor\] (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Children, 1998)
- *Portraits of American Women: From Settlement to the Present* \[co-editor\] (1991, reprint edition, Oxford University Press, 1998)
- *Taking Off the White Gloves: Southern Women and Women Historians* \[co-editor\] (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1998)
- *Public Women and the Confederacy* (Marquette University Press, 1999) Frank B. Klement Lecture, Marquette University.
- *The Scholastic Encyclopedia of the Civil War* (author) (New York: Scholastic Press, 1999)
- *Columbia Guide to American Women in the Nineteenth Century* \[co-author\] (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000)
- *Fanny Kemble\'s Journals* (Cambridge, MA, 2000)
- *Southern Families at War: Loyalty and Conflict in the Civil War South* \[editor\] (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000)
- *The Black Soldier* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Children, 2000)
- *Fanny Kemble\'s Civil Wars* (Simon & Schuster, 2000)
- *A Poem of Her Own: Women\'s Voices Past and Present* (New York: Harry Abrams, 2003)
- *Harriet Tubman: The Road to Freedom* (Little, Brown and Company, 2004)
- *Battle Scars: Gender and Sexuality in the Civil War* \[co-editor\] (Oxford University Press, 2006)
- *Reminiscences of My Life in Camp: An African-American Woman\'s Civil War Memoir* (University of Georgia Press, 2006)
- *Hold the Flag High* (New York: HarperCollins Children, 2005)
- *Mrs. Lincoln: A Life* (HarperCollins, 2009)
- *Booth* (under the name C. C
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# Manchis
**Manchis** is located Bentong District, Pahang, Malaysia. It is 5 km from the border of State of Pahang and Negeri Sembilan and has approximately 200 households. The town and its main road, Jalan Manchis, were damaged by the December 2021 Malaysian floods
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# Cadogan Estates
**Cadogan Group Limited** and its subsidiaries, including **Cadogan Estates Limited**, are British property investment and management companies that are owned by the Cadogan family, one of the richest families in the United Kingdom. They also hold the titles of Earl Cadogan and Viscount Chelsea, the latter used as a courtesy title by the Earl\'s eldest son. The Cadogan Group is the main landlord in the west London districts of Chelsea and Knightsbridge, and it is now the second largest of the surviving aristocratic Freehold Estates in Central London, after the Duke of Westminster\'s Grosvenor Estate, to which it is adjacent, covering Mayfair and Belgravia.
## Property
The Cadogan Estate covers 93 acres (over 376,000 square metres) of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, including residential properties, offices and retail space. The Foundations of the Estate were established in 1717 when Charles, second Baron Cadogan, married Elizabeth Sloane, daughter of Sir Hans Sloane, having purchased the Manor of Chelsea in 1712. This part of London has remained under the stewardship of the Cadogan family ever since, the tradition continuing today under the present Chairman, Viscount Chelsea, and his father, Earl Cadogan, who is Life President.
Today the Estate includes approximately 3,000 flats, 200 houses, 300 shops, 500,000 square feet (over 46,000 square meters) of office space and over a dozen gardens covering 15 acres (some 60,000 square meters).
The Estate\'s long history, family ownership and conservative financial structure permit a long-term approach, the area developing into one of London\'s most notable neighbourhoods.
## History
The company owes its origins to Sir Hans Sloane, a well-known explorer, physician and collector, having purchased the manor of Chelsea in 1712 and the 10-acre (40,000 m2) site of Beaufort House at Cheyne Walk in 1737. Sloane later died in 1753 without any male heirs, leaving his estate to two daughters.
In 1777, Charles Sloane Cadogan -- then Earl Cadogan -- granted a lease to architect Henry Holland to create the first-ever purpose-built new town. \"Hans Town\" provided attractive Georgian terraced houses to people of moderately affluent means. Jane Austen and her brother lived in one; William Wilberforce, who led the movement to abolish slavery, in another.
As London swelled during the industrial age, the 5th Earl Cadogan, George Henry Cadogan (1840-1915), undertook a review of his estate and decided on a comprehensive redevelopment. He commissioned cutting-edge architecture and a new red-brick style that became synonymous with the area: Pont Street Dutch. The opening of Sloane Square Station happened in 1868 and the completion of the riverside embankment in 1874. During the period 1877 to 1900 much of the modern Estate took shape. Cadogan Square -- the \"jewel in the crown\" of the new development -- the Royal Court Theatre at Sloane Square and Hotel Trinity Church on Sloane Street were built under the 5th Earl\'s auspices and received support from Cadogan to the present day.
The 5th Earl was a Chelsea councillor and its first Mayor. His grandson, the 7th Earl was Chelsea\'s last (before being incorporated with the Royal Borough of Kensington). He died in 1997 aged 83, the title passing to Charles Gerald John Cadogan, the present Earl Cadogan. The 8th Earl, having been involved for many years as a director and then chairman, is now Life President of Cadogan. His son Viscount Chelsea is the current chairman.\[4\]
Chelsea has a bohemian history and has long been a haven for artists, authors, musicians and designers from Dante Gabriel Rossetti to The Rolling Stones and Vivienne Westwood. Jane Austen stayed in Sloane Street with her brother Henry whilst writing *Pride and Prejudice*, and poet and writer Oscar Wilde called the borough his home.\[5\]
## Sloane Street {#sloane_street}
The Estate includes one of London\'s most upmarket retailing districts, based on Sloane Street, and also contains some very expensive residential property in some of central London\'s most sought after residential locations. Originally commissioned by Charles, 1st Earl Cadogan in the 18th century, Sloane Street has evolved to become one of the world\'s most exclusive retail destinations -- the epitome of London luxury. An impressive list of flagship stores - including Chloe, Salvatore Ferragamo, Giorgio Armani, Tom Ford and Valentino - line the street stretching from Knightsbridge to Sloane Square attracting a truly global clientele.
In July 2016, Cadogan launched George House, a £205 million office and retail development on Sloane Street that includes luxury flagship stores -- Red Valentino, Boutique One, and Delpozo and smaller independent shops that can be accessed via Pavilion Road. George House also connects directly with new public realm, an open-air courtyard that also features a Granger & Co restaurant and gym from KX Urban.
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# Cadogan Estates
## Pavilion Road {#pavilion_road}
Following a consultation with the local community in summer 2015, Cadogan pledged to create a destination for independent, artisan traders behind the new George House development on Sloane Street. Established fashion and beauty boutiques have now been joined by exciting new artisan food shops in November 2016: a traditional family butcher, Provenance; fine wine shop -- Pavilion Wine; bakery and school -- Bread Ahead; Natoora -- a fruit and vegetable specialist, offering a range of fresh seasonal produce, Ottolenghi - a fancy breakfast chain, and London Cheesemongers, who specialise in sourcing traditionally produced cheeses.
## King\'s Road {#kings_road}
The King\'s Road has roots dating back to the 17th century, when access along the route was only granted to those carrying a special token bearing the king\'s initials. The route was made public in 1830, at a time when the area was becoming settled by artists, creatives and bohemians who hugely influenced its legacy.
It is still one of Chelsea\'s most popular destinations.
In October 2015, The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea unanimously granted planning approval for Cadogan to redevelop 196-222 King\'s Road. Plans include a new 400-seat boutique cinema auditorium, a new pub for the local community, as well as retail, residential and office space that will respect the heritage and enhance the special character of its surroundings. Completion of the scheme is expected to be 2020.
## Sloane Square {#sloane_square}
Sloane Square is at the heart of Chelsea and the Estate. Its landmarks include the Royal Court Theatre and department store Peter Jones.
Cultural life on the square is served by the Royal Court Theatre and Cadogan Hall, home to the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.
## Duke of York Square {#duke_of_york_square}
Newly created by Cadogan in 2004, Duke of York Square was the first new public square to be opened in London for a century, and now hosts over 30 shops, 6 restaurants, flats, schools, offices and a weekly Fine Food Market. A massive undertaking to redevelop Ministry of Defence land and buildings, the project also created a new home for the Saatchi Gallery which displays one of the largest private collections of contemporary art and hosts free exhibitions seven days a week. This carefully curated public square at the junction of King\'s Road and Sloane Square offers fashion, beauty, food and culture in the heart of Chelsea.
Current plans include a new café at the heart of the square, designed by NEX Architects. Their new vision for the café features a glass wall that is able to rise and fall depending on the weather -- the first of its kind in the UK, due to open in 2018.
## Cadogan Hall {#cadogan_hall}
Cadogan Hall, just north of Sloane Square, is another example of a successful acquisition and repurposing on the Estate. Cadogan bought it in 2000 as a dilapidated church and converted it into a concert hall that seats 900 -- creating a new subsidised home for the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. The refurbishment retains many of the original features including stained glass windows by Baron von Rosenkrantz (who trained in Tiffany in New York).
## Asbestos exposure {#asbestos_exposure}
On 14 June 2018, Westminster Magistrates\' Court fined Cadogan Estates a total of £180,000 for the \'uncontrolled release\' of asbestos during renovation works to one of the Estate\'s properties. The asbestos contamination occurred at Rosetti Studios, Flood Street, Chelsea, in June 2015. Cadogan Estates admitted that there were failures in procedures to ensure the adequate control of asbestos during the renovation process
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# Liburna
A **liburna** was a type of small galley used for raiding and patrols. Originally utilized by the Liburnians, a pirate tribe from Dalmatia, it later became a staple of the Roman navy.
## History
A stone tablet (*Stele di Novilara*) discovered near ancient Pisaurum (now Pesaro) depicts a liburna in the midst of a naval battle. Dating back to the fifth or sixth century BCE, the image likely portrays a fictional clash between the Liburnian and Picene fleets. The liburna is depicted as a light vessel with a single row of oars, one mast, one sail, and a prow curving outward. Beneath the prow, a rostrum was installed for striking enemy ships below the waterline.
Initially resembling the ancient Greek penteconter, the liburna featured a single bench with 25 oars on each side. However, during the late Roman Republic, it evolved into a bireme with two rows of oars, maintaining its superior speed, agility, and maneuverability compared to triremes. The Romans adopted the liburna design, making it a vital component of the Roman navy`{{clarify span|, possibly through influence from the [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] navy|date=July 2023}}`{=mediawiki} in the latter half of the 1st century BCE. Liburnae played a pivotal role in the Battle of Actium in Greece (31 BCE), cementing the ascent of Augustus as the unrivaled ruler of the Roman Empire.
The design of the liburna distinguished it from battle triremes, quadriremes, and quinqueremes. It measured 109 ft in length, 5 m in width, with a draft of 1 m. With two rows of oarsmen, each side had 18 oars. Under sail, the ship could achieve speeds of up to 14 knots, while rowing allowed for speeds exceeding 7 knots.
Such a vessel, also employed as a merchantman, might carry passengers, as recounted by Lycinus in the second-century dialogue *Love Affairs* (§6), traditionally attributed to Lucian: \"I had a speedy vessel readied, the kind of bireme used above all by the Liburnians of the Ionian Gulf.\"
After adopting the liburna, the Romans made modifications to incorporate rams and missile protection, enhancing its suitability for naval use. These enhancements offset the slight reduction in speed. Additionally, the regular Roman military unit needed simplification to ensure smoother operation of the ships. Each ship functioned independently, eliminating the need for the more complex organizational structure typically employed. It is likely that within the navy, liburnae of various sizes were utilized for specific tasks such as scouting and patrolling Roman waters against piracy. The Romans predominantly employed the liburna within the provinces of the empire, where these ships formed the core of the fleets. Small numbers of liburnae were also integrated into the fleets of Ravenna and Misenum, where many Illyrians, particularly Dalmatae, Liburnians, and Pannonians, served.
Gradually, liburnae became a generic term for various types of Roman ships, including cargo vessels in late antiquity. Tacitus and Suetonius used it interchangeably with \"battleship\". Inscriptions listed it last among classes of battleships: hexeres, penteres, quadrieres, trieres, liburna.
The liburna lent its name to a natural cove on the west coast of Tuscany. Over time, the cove\'s name evolved into Livorna and later Livorno---the name of a significant port city that emerged at the site long after the disappearance of this type of ship
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# Harrison School for the Arts
The **Lois Cowles Harrison Center for the Visual and Performing Arts**, also called the **Harrison School for the Arts**, is a high school in Lakeland, Florida, United States. The school was founded in 1989 and named after community member and art patron Lois Cowles Harrison. It is a magnet school that draws its student population from communities throughout Polk County. Students may specialize in dance, classical guitar, orchestra, piano, choir, jazz, theatre, technical theatre, musical theatre, film, visual arts, or creative writing. Students take general education classes at Lakeland High School, which is adjacent to Harrison. The school received an expansion in 2008, with renovations and the addition of 95,000 square feet to the building.
## History
Harrison School for the Arts opened in 1989, after much debate about whether to open Polk County\'s first arts school. The school started off with only 154 students, and 5 departments: Chorus, Orchestra, Dance, Musical Theater, and Art. Students in Chorus and Orchestra had to be bused everyday to nearby Florida Southern College to receive their classes. Through years of expansion, the current departments were added, now resulting in 12 total departments. Before the major renovations of 2008, Harrison shared with Lakeland High School the only chorus room and orchestra room available. The only building Harrison could call its own was the current 649-seat theater. After 2008, Harrison was able to expand into two multi-million dollar buildings. The new Harrison Arts Center is now home to a brand new 130-seat movie theater, a blackbox theater, recording studios, three art labs, three dance studios, a Musical Theatre/Vocal room, chorus room, orchestra room, jazz band room and other technologically advanced classrooms. Lakeland\'s fine arts sector now has their own building as well. Tom McDonald was the founding principal.
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# Harrison School for the Arts
## Departments and education {#departments_and_education}
Harrison is the house for students to take their Arts classes, while general education classes are taken at Lakeland High School. The school day is divided into 7 periods. Underclassmen take five general education periods in Lakeland High School, while their two arts classes are taken in Harrison. Upperclassmen resort to four general education classes, and three arts classes in Harrison. There are 12 departments in Harrison: Dance, Motion Picture Arts, Choral, Guitar, Piano, Jazz Band, Orchestra, Musical Theater, Theater, Theater Tech, Visual Arts, and Creative Writing. Students take their department class plus one more (two if upperclassmen) other class that will enhance their knowledge in the area. All departments require an audition to be accepted. While students that attend Harrison, are dignified as \"Harrison\" students, they can also take part of extra-curricular activities offered in Lakeland High School such as: Sports, Clubs, Leadership, FCA, and others.
Dance
: One of the original departments, this is dedicated to students\' learning in Contemporary Dance and Ballet. Areas such as Jazz Dance, Hip Hop and Modern Dance are also explored. Students also take classes in dance history, functional anatomy, and improvisation. The department hosts two concerts and two senior choreographed concerts.
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Motion Picture Arts
: Added in the 2008 expansion, MPA is dedicated to enhancing students\' knowledge in film writing, film screening, directing, and editing. Screenwriting in three levels, Digital Editing in four levels, and Cinematography are the classes taken by students who are accepted in MPA.
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Choral
: Choral was one of the original departments, starting off with 21 students. Chorus is dedicated into improving vocal technique, chorus music, music history, theory, and music appreciation. Students can also take an AP Theory course, or a World Choir class which enhances in music from different regions of the world. There are currently three choirs: Women\'s for girls in grades 9--12, Men\'s for boys in grades 9--12, Chamber for boys in grades 9-12 and any girl that wants to audition, and Harrison Singers, an all-combined choir.
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Guitar
: Added in the 2008 expansion, Guitar is dedicated to helping the basic and advanced knowledge in Guitar playing, improvisation, theory, and technique. Students in Guitar are also eligible for the AP theory course, which involves a rigorous curriculum in theory, sight reading, and composition.
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Piano
: Piano enhances knowledge in basic and advanced skills in piano playing as well as music history, theory, classical and modern piano music, and improvisation. Piano hosts two concerts per year, exploring in all types of repertoire including classical, jazz, and blues music.
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Jazz Band
: Jazz Band explores jazz history, different types of jazz, theory, and instrument technique. Jazz Band also participates in various concerts hosted by other departments.
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Orchestra
: Orchestra strives for its students to master the skill of symphonic sound through instrument tech, music appreciation, and theory. Harrison\'s Symphonic Orchestra is well known around the nation.
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Musical Theater
: Musical theater focuses in the development of acting, singing, and dancing. Students take classes in Tap, Ballet, Hip Hop, Swing, and Fusion for Dance and practice different techniques for Vocal. Acting is categorized by theater history and acting technique.
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Theater
Harrison\'s theater department is another original, going back to the day of Harrison\'s inception. The theater department is categorized by theater performance, with emphasis on acting technique, improvisation, creative writing, and directing. Students also engage in dramatic theory, theater history, and stagecraft.
Theater Tech
: Theater Tech is in charge of every aspect of the show without performing in it. Students take control of the theater sound system for concerts, lights, stage props, stagecraft, and other aspects that are needed to run the show. Students also take part of a semester in acting. Students in theater tech are fully in charge on how shows will go.
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Visual Arts
: Harrison\'s renowned Visual Arts department is categorized by all forms of art: Painting, Sculpting, Photography, and Drawing. Students also take part of 2-D and 3-D animations using the 3-D art lab in Harrison. Harrison as well has their own gallery of all projects done so forth by the Visual Arts department and examples are also shown in the nearby Polk Museum of Art. Students are constantly recognized around the nation for their creations and many can be seen in places such as the Smithsonian in Washington D.C, Museum of Miami, and others.
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Creative Writing
: Added in 2014, this department includes Fiction, Non-Fiction, Scripting, Screenwriting and Poetry. Principal Ward himself was a Creative Writing student at his alma mater, Florida State University, and thought that a Creative Writing Department was needed.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Charleene Closshey (Orchestra Department, 1999 Valedictorian), actor, musician, composer, and producer
- Quentin Earl Darrington, actor
- Chase Johnsey, ballet dancer, artistic director of Ballet de Barcelona
- Aaron Marsh (Orchestra Department, Class of 1999), singer/songwriter; lead singer, Copeland
- Lauren Miller, actor and screenwriter
- Elliott Morgan (Theatre Department, Class of 2005), actor, writer, host, producer and YouTube personality
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# Don Chambers
**Don Chambers** is author and artist for the newspaper comic strip *Mannequins*. Mannequins was first published in the Arthur Graphic-Clarion, Arthur, Illinois, in 1996. Mannequins was the first newspaper comic strip to feature computer-generated and physical 3D characters along with actual photographic images in the background of the comic panels. Chambers\' artwork and comics have been featured in dozens of magazines, including *Farm Journal*, *Street Rodder* and *Car Craft*. His animations and graphics have been used in four regional Emmy Award winning documentaries for PBS
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# Octávio Frias
**Octavio Frias de Oliveira** (5 August 1912 in Rio de Janeiro -- 29 April 2007 in São Paulo) was a Brazilian businessman who gained recognition for turning newspaper *Folha de S. Paulo* -- acquired by himself and partner Carlos Caldeira in August 1962 -- into one of the most influential Brazilian media organizations. The newspaper became the cornerstone for a conglomerate called Grupo Folha.
## Early life {#early_life}
Eighth amongst the nine children of Luiz Torres de Oliveira and Elvira Frias de Oliveira, Octavio Frias de Oliveira was born in Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro) on 5 August 1912. The Oliveiras were a traditional family in Rio; Frias\' great-grandfather was the Baron of Itambi, an influential political figure in the Late Imperial period.
In 1918, Luiz Oliveira, by then a judge in Queluz (SP), took a leave of absence from his law career to work with entrepreneur Jorge Street. He moved his family to São Paulo, and Frias was enrolled in Colegio São Luis, an elite school.
## Work as a civil servant and the 1932 Revolution {#work_as_a_civil_servant_and_the_1932_revolution}
Frias\' first job came in 1926, as an office boy with Companhia de Gás de São Paulo, which, like most Brazilian utilities of that age, was a British-owned corporation. After three months, he was promoted and became an accounting machine typist. In 1930, he transferred into the São Paulo State government\'s revenue service, to lead a team charged with the mechanization of tax forms. To supplement his income, Frias sold radio sets after work. By 1940, he had become a director in the State Civil Administration Service, handling the accounting and planning areas.
Even being sceptical towards politics,`{{Clarify|date=February 2024}}`{=mediawiki} Frias joined the rebel army as a volunteer during the 1932 Constitutional Revolution. He was stationed for two months in the Cunha region, upstate in the Paraíba River valley, and spent his twentieth birthday in the trenches; Frias took part in firefights and saw the death of some of his comrades in arms.
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# Octávio Frias
## Banco Nacional Imobiliário and other activities previous to Folha {#banco_nacional_imobiliário_and_other_activities_previous_to_folha}
Frias became an entrepreneur in the 1940s. In 1943, he was one of the founding partners of BNI (Banco Nacional Imobiliário, later Banco Nacional Interamericano), under Orozimbo Roxo Loureiro. As head of the property desk, he financed the construction of more than a dozen buildings, one of which, the Copan building, designed by Oscar Niemeyer, would become a São Paulo landmark.
Unhappy with the bank\'s management, Frias left BNI in 1955; six months later, the bank was taken over by Bradesco, after going into liquidation.
In 1953, Frias had created his own company, Transaco (Transações Comerciais), one of the first Brazilian brokers to sell shares directly to the public. He also translated into Portuguese Frank Bettger\'s sales best-seller "How I Raised Myself from Failure to Success in Selling", and created sales courses up to then unheard of in Brazil, to train a team that peaked at more than 500 salespeople.
By that period, Frias, then a widower, got married for the second time, to Dagmar de Arruda Camargo, who had a daughter, Maria Helena, from a previous marriage. The couple had three children (Otavio, Luiz and Maria Cristina).
In 1954, he bought a small ranch outside São José dos Campos (in rural São Paulo), and turned it into poultry farming. The ranch expanded into a big poultry operation, Granja Itambi, which at a certain point held two million chickens; currently, it operates as a cattle ranch.
In 1961, he joined entrepreneur Carlos Caldeira Filho to build the first interstate bus terminal in São Paulo, the first of its kind in Brazil. The terminal would operate as the main departure and arrival point for long-distance bus trips in São Paulo up to 1982, when it was supplanted by the Tietê Bus Terminal, in Northern São Paulo.
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# Octávio Frias
## Folha
On 13 August 1962, Frias and Caldeira bought Folha de S. Paulo, which vied with "Diário de São Paulo" for the second position in the São Paulo newspaper market, then led by *O Estado de S. Paulo*. Then, Folha was going through serious financial difficulties.
The new owners spent the next few years investing in retooling Folha, from a financial, managerial and industrial standpoint. From 1974 on, they expanded their reforms to the editorial area. The newspaper, who early on supported the 1964 military coup, glimpsed the military rulers\' interest in opening up the political system, and went with it for the following 10 years. Folha supported the political opening, opened its pages to all political currents and its news coverage adopted a more critical stance.
From late 1983, Folha led all other Brazilian media vehicles in supporting the popular campaign for direct presidential elections, and in 1986 became the Brazilian daily with the largest circulation, a position it still holds.
In the mid-1980s, Frias started to transfer executive control of the newspaper to his two sons, Luiz Frias and Otavio Frias Filho, respectively the CEO and chief editorial officer of Grupo Folha.
In 1991, Frias and Caldeira decided to dissolve their partnership; Frias kept the media side of the joint company and Caldeira got the property side and the other businesses. In 1995, one year after reaching the one-million copies mark for its Sunday edition, Folha put into operation the Centro Tecnológico Gráfico-Folha, a state of the art printing plant valued at US\$120 million. In 1996, Group Folha created Universo Online, the leading Brazilian Internet content and access provider.
## Death
In November 2006, after suffering a fall at home, Frias went into surgery for removing a cranial hematoma. He was discharged late the same year, but his clinical condition worsened and he suffered a kidney collapse. Otavio Frias de Oliveira died in São Paulo on 29 April 2007, at age 94.
## Recognition
In February 2000, for the seventy-ninth anniversary of Folha, Frias was honored in a joint Congressional session. In 2002, FIAM (Faculdades Integradas Alcântara Machado) created the Octavio Frias de Oliveira Journalism chair, with monthly seminars and made Frias a professor *honoris causa*. In September 2006, the São Paulo State government awarded him the Ordem do Ipiranga, the highest State commendation.
After Frias\' death, the São Paulo city hall gave his name to a landmark cable-stayed bridge connecting Jornalista Roberto Marinho avenue to the Pinheiros expressway, in southern São Paulo. The bridge was opened to traffic in May 2008. In the same month, the São Paulo state government opened the Instituto do Câncer de São Paulo Octavio Frias de Oliveira, the largest cancer treatment center in Latin America, in Western São Paulo.
The institute and Folha partnered to create the Octavio Frias de Oliveira Award, to honor and support Brazilian efforts to prevent and fight cancer, and disseminate knowledge about the disease
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# Looking Up (Michelle Gayle album)
***Looking Up*** is a compilation album by British R&B singer Michelle Gayle, released in 2000.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Looking Up\" -- 4.33 from *Michelle Gayle*
2. \"Girlfriend\" -- 4.10 from *Michelle Gayle*
3. \"Sweetness (Radio Edit)\" -- 3.38 from *Michelle Gayle*
4. \"Fly Away\" -- 3.41 from *Sensational*
5. \"Your Love\" -- 5.10 from *Michelle Gayle*
6. \"Talk It Over\" -- 4.46 from *Sensational*
7. \"Do You Know (Radio Edit)\" -- 3.36 from *Sensational*
8. \"One Day\" -- 3.45 from *Michelle Gayle*
9. \"Sensational (Radio Edit)\" -- 3.08 from *Sensational*
10. \"Say What\'s on Your Mind\" -- 3.34 from *Michelle Gayle*
11. \"Freedom\" -- 4.06 from *Michelle Gayle*
12. \"Get Off My Back\" -- 4.09 from *Michelle Gayle*
13. \"Personality\" -- 3.49 from *Michelle Gayle*
14. \"All Night Long\" -- 4.42 from *Michelle Gayle*
15. \"Baby Don\'t Go\" -- 5.03 from *Michelle Gayle*
16. \"Happy Just To Be With You (Nigel Lowis Mix)\" -- 3
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# Colorado orogeny
The **Colorado orogeny** was an episode of mountain building (an *orogeny*) in Colorado and surrounding areas. This took place from 1780 to 1650 million years ago (Mya), during the Paleoproterozoic (Statherian Period). It is recorded in the **Colorado orogen**, a \>500-km-wide belt of oceanic arc rock that extends southward into New Mexico. The Colorado orogeny was likely part of the larger Yavapai orogeny.
## Description
The Colorado orogen, formerly called the Colorado province, is a \>500-km-wide belt of oceanic arc rock (1.78--1.65 Ga) that extends southward into New Mexico and composes a major part of the Proterozoic provinces of southwestern United States. This transcontinental collisional event occurred during the Paleoproterozoic (Statherian Period). The Wyoming sector of the Colorado orogeny was formerly called the Medicine Bow orogeny. The eastern sector extends into the High Plains and is called the Central Plains orogeny. The boundary between the Colorado orogeny and the Wyoming craton is the Cheyenne belt, a 5-km-wide mylonitic shear zone that verges northward. The Cheyenne belt transects and cuts off the south edge of the older Trans-Hudson orogeny.
The Paleoproterozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks that resulted from the Colorado orogeny underwent metamorphism followed by plastic folding under moderate pressure and temperature (PT) conditions (temperature about 500 °C and pressures in excess of 1.2 GPa). The metamorphism was accompanied by intrusion of intermediate calc-alkalic rocks, such as the granodiorites of the Boulder Creek batholith. The accompanying amphibolite facies metamorphism is characterized by sillimanite and, locally, garnet, andalusite, and cordierite. Contemporaneity of emplacement of the granodioritic rocks with folding is indicated by concordant plutonic boundaries and by conformity of the internal structure (of solid-state recrystallization) in the batholith with that in the supracrustal wall rocks. Comparable mineral facies in the country rocks and batholiths indicate that emplacement took place at moderate depths.
As is typical of large orogenies deformation patterns of the Colorado orogeny differ throughout the range. Adjacent to the Cheyenne belt, and extending across a width of at least 150 km to the south, foliation and upright folds predominantly trend westward. In the northern Front Range sector of this region, geologic mapping demonstrated three generations of northwest-trending folds that pre-date the \~1.4 Ga shear zones. Similar fold patterns are present in the northern Park Range and Medicine Bow Mountains. These structural fabrics indicate shortening in a north-south direction and can be explained by collision, subsequent subduction, and continued convergence along the Cheyenne belt. Farther south, more distant from the Cheyenne belt, fold patterns differ materially from those in the northernmost part of the Colorado orogeny. In the north-central Front Range, west of Denver, in an area of \>2000 km^2^ that has been mapped in detail the older regional folds mainly bear north-northeast; the folds range from broad open, upright folds to tight, upright folds that plunge gently to moderately northeast. In nearby areas to the east and west, however, the folds of the older orogenic event trend northwest; field observations indicate that these folds apparently are slightly older than the more prevalent north-trending folds, but both generations are part of the older gneiss-forming episode inasmuch as they are cut by the Boulder Creek batholith. Both sets of these folds indicate shortening events resulting from regional stress patterns. Because of the consistency of these fold patterns over relatively large areas, evidence for folding resulting from forceful intrusion of igneous rocks is generally lacking; intrusions of this orogenic event are synkinematic, as exemplified by the much-studied Boulder Creek batholith.
The Colorado orogeny was likely part of the larger Yavapai orogeny, which extended across North America and probably to other continents that were joined to North America as part of the supercontinent, Columbia
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# Francis P. Facione
**Francis Peter Facione** (February 8, 1940 -- June 14, 2019) was the Presiding Bishop of the Old Roman Catholic Church in North America.
He was born February 8, 1940. Facione studied pharmacy at Wayne State University and earned a BS in Pharmacy in 1962, a MS in Pharmacy Administration in 1974, and a Ph.D. in Pharmacy Administration in 1982. Realizing his vocation, he entered the Old Roman Catholic Church and was ordained priest on July 14, 1974, by Bishop Andrew Gordon Johnston-Cantrell of the Old Roman Catholic Church English Rite (under Archbishop Robert Alfred Burns). He was later consecrated a bishop on November 30, 1974, as the Titular Archbishop of Devon. He was elected on January 5, 1974, as presiding bishop and renamed the church the Old Roman Catholic Church in North America-Ultrajectine Tradition. In 1991 the church moved to Louisville, Kentucky, and was headquartered at St. Mark\'s Old Roman Catholic Church.
Facione died on June 14, 2019
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# 1997 Amstel Gold Race
The **1997 Amstel Gold Race** was the 32nd edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday April 26, 1997, in the Dutch province of Limburg. The race stretched 258 kilometres, with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Maastricht. The race was the third fastest edition ever with an average speed of 41.689kmh.
## Teams
Twenty-two teams participated in the race. There were a total number of 191 competitors, with 80 cyclists finishing the race.
-
-
- Foreldorado-Golff
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
## Pre-race favorites {#pre_race_favorites}
Laurent Jalabert, who had not raced the Amstel Gold Race since Amstel Gold Race where he vowed never to race it again, was considered the favourite to win. With current Vuelta a España champion Alex Zulle as his closest rival even though they both ride for `{{UCI team code|ONC|1997}}`{=mediawiki}. Other main contenders were expected to be; Michele Bartoli (`{{UCI team code|RIS|1997}}`{=mediawiki}), Bjarne Riis (`{{UCI team code|TEL|1997}}`{=mediawiki}), Johan Museeuw (`{{UCI team code|MAP|1997}}`{=mediawiki}), Peter van Petegem (`{{UCI team code|TVM|1997}}`{=mediawiki}), Erik Zabel (`{{UCI team code|TEL|1997}}`{=mediawiki}) and Rolf Sorensen (`{{UCI team code|RAB|1997}}`{=mediawiki}).
## Race summary {#race_summary}
The race started at 10am local time with the weather being heavy cloud and a cool 9 degrees Celsius, there was a possibility for a light shower. A small breakaway of three riders got away early they were John Talen (Foreldorado-Golff), Fabio Roscioli (`{{UCI team code|ASI|1997}}`{=mediawiki}) and Frédéric Bessy (`{{UCI team code|ALM|1997}}`{=mediawiki}).{{#tag:ref\|The source doesn\'t list which rider only that the announcers says Bessy and it is most likely Frédéric.\|group=\"N\"}} After three hours of racing the trio had a gap of 5\'45\" to a chasing group containing Rolf Aldag (`{{UCI team code|TEL|1997}}`{=mediawiki}), Rolf Järmann (`{{UCI team code|ALM|1997}}`{=mediawiki}), Marc Wauters (`{{UCI team code|LOT|1997}}`{=mediawiki}) and Erik Dekker (`{{UCI team code|RAB|1997}}`{=mediawiki}). Then a further 1\' 51\" back to the peloton.
By the time they reached the Gulpenerberg, the gap the leaders had on the peloton had reduced to 1\'20\" with a new duo 50\" behind them. Ten minutes later the all the riders were back together. More riders attack but are all eventually caught by the Peloton. At 65km to go, a group of 17 riders including some of the favorites created a small gap. Both Jalabert and Zulle missed the move. Mauro Gianetti (`{{UCI team code|FDJ|1997}}`{=mediawiki}) and Laurent Roux (`{{UCI team code|TVM|1997}}`{=mediawiki}) attack over the Cauberg gaining 6 seconds over the rest of the bunch. Riis responded and rides across the gap to the leaders, five more riders came across later.
The eight riders were together over the Muizenberg when Riis headed to the back of the bunch and looked for his team car. He had a front wheel puncture, and gave a rude gesture to his team manager for taking so long to change his tire. Riis had to chase back to the leaders flying past them and attacking as he caught them. Riis gains an advantage of 41 seconds holding his lead to the line. The group behind Riis splintered over the final climbs with Tafi winning the sprint for second. He became the first Danish winner of the race.
## Results
Source:
Cyclist Team Time
---- --------- ------ -------------
1
2 \+ 46\"
3 s.t.
4 s.t.
5 s.t.
6 \+ 47\"
7 \+ 48\"
8 \+ 1\' 08\"
9 s.t.
10 s.t
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11,003,076 |
# McKeel Academy of Technology
**McKeel Academy of Technology** is a junior and senior high school of over 1,000 students located in Lakeland, Florida, United States. It is located approximately a half mile southeast of Kathleen High School and cannot be viewed from any major road. In addition to being technology oriented, the school stresses career choices for each student. The school originally was Seth McKeel Jr High, and became McKeel Academy in the 1990s. McKeel Academy is a school of choice and students from anywhere within Polk County can attend. Entering students are selected through an open enrollment lottery. Students graduating from one of the McKeel Elementary Schools, siblings of current students, students that were previously in South Mckeel Academy, and children of staff members are given priority.
## Growth
In 2003, McKeel sponsored the charter and creation of McKeel Elementary Academy or MEA housing approximately 340 K-5 students. South McKeel Elementary Academy (approximately 560 K-5 students) opened in 2006. Both elementary schools have been rated as A schools under Florida\'s school accountability rating system for every year of their operation.
## Athletics
McKeel Academy offers students 20 during fall, winter and spring. Some of the sports offerings include soccer, baseball, golf, cross country and weight lifting. McKeel Academy has won multiple district and regional titles over the years and in 2008 was state runner up in softball
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# Espérance Club
The **Espérance Club**, and the Maison Espérance dressmaking cooperative, were founded in the mid-1890s by Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence and Mary Neal in response to distressing conditions for girls in the London dress trade. The club was based at 50 Cumberland Market, in the St Pancras area of London.
Mary Neal had become fascinated by the folk songs and dances being collected by Cecil Sharp, and invited William Kimber, a musician and dancer from Headington Quarry in Oxfordshire, to teach morris dancing to the young women of the Espérance Club. Thus was born the Espérance Morris, which inspired a modern London women\'s side, New Esperance Morris.
After donating a £1,000 legacy to the club and meeting Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence, Lady Constance Lytton was enthused by the women\'s movement and thus became a leading suffragette activist
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# Jean-Louis Zanon
**Jean-Louis Zanon** (born 30 November 1961, in Montauban) is a French former professional football (soccer) player who played as a midfielder.
Zanon was a member of the French squad that won the gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California
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# Kate Cruise O'Brien
**Katherine Alexandra Cruise O\'Brien** (26 May 1948 -- 26 March 1998) was an Irish writer.
The third and youngest child of Irish politician and diplomat Conor Cruise O\'Brien and Christine Foster, she was born in Dublin, and grew up in Howth. She went to school in Dublin and studied English at Trinity College Dublin. Her mother, Christine Foster, was born in Derry and was raised in Belfast. Christine\'s father, Alec Foster, was headmaster of Belfast Royal Academy, and played international rugby for Ireland and the British and Irish Lions.
While still at university, Kate Cruise O\'Brien published her first short story and shortly afterwards, at the age of 22 she won the Hennessy Literary Award. She graduated in 1971 and married Joseph Kearney, son of a former secretary to the Department of Defence. She returned to university to study for a Higher Diploma in Education. Unable to find a teaching post she started a small nursery for the children of working mothers.
Her first book, *A Gift Horse*, a collection of short stories, won her the Rooney Prize for Irish Literature. Seán Ó Faoláin described it as containing \"the seed of genius\". She later became a literary editor with the Poolbeg Press, and became well known for her canny knack for uncovering new talent.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 1971, she married Joseph Kearney; the couple had one child. Kate Cruise O\'Brien died suddenly in 1998 in Dublin
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# Melaka Monorail
The **Melaka Monorail** was a monorail system in Malacca City, Malacca, Malaysia with 3 stations -- Tun Ali, Hang Tuah and Hang Jebat. Troubled since its inception in 2010, with services suspended between 2013 and 2017, the monorail has not been operational since the COVID-19 Malaysian movement control order in 2020.
## History
The first phase of the system, built at a cost of RM15.9 million and covering 1.6 km from Taman Rempah in Pengkalan Rama to Hang Tuah Station at Kampung Bunga Raya Pantai, was opened to the public on 21 October 2010. However, hours after opening, the monorail ground to a halt, stranding 20 passengers inside. `{{asof|December 2010}}`{=mediawiki}, after a series of similar problems it was no longer operational; the monorail was however spotted at nights doing test runs in 2011.
After 4 years being suspended since 2013 due to technical problems, the Melaka Monorail service began operating again on 4 December 2017. The service operated from 10am to 10pm on weekdays, with extended service till midnight on weekends, using one coach that accommodate up to 15 people. Each round trip took 30 minutes, with tickets priced at RM10 each.
The monorail suspended operations in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 Malaysian movement control order, and the operator\'s contract was terminated in 2021.
## Route
The Melaka Monorail is a uni-directional clockwise loop covering 2.5 km starting from Tun Ali Station, crossing the Malacca River plying parallel to Jalan Tun Mutahir, bypassing Hang Tuah Station, running parallel south on the west side of the Malacca River, bypassing Hang Jebat Station, crossing the Malacca River again, running parallel to Jalan Tun Ali, and returning to Tun Ali Station.
After the 2017 reopening, only the Tun Ali station was operational, while 2 other stations (Hang Tuah and Hang Jebat) were closed
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# 1996 Amstel Gold Race
The **1996 Amstel Gold Race** was the 31st edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday April 27, 1996, in the Dutch province of Limburg. The race stretched 253 kilometres, with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Maastricht. There were a total of 192 competitors, with 84 cyclists finishing the race and the first ever Italian winner.
## Results
Cyclist Team Time
---- --------- ------ ---------
1
2 \+ 22\"
3 s.t.
4 s.t.
5 s.t.
6 s.t.
7 s.t.
8 s.t.
9 s.t.
10 s.t
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# 1992 Kansas City Chiefs season
The **`{{nfly|1992}}`{=mediawiki} Kansas City Chiefs season** was the franchise\'s 23rd season in the National Football League and the 33rd overall. The Chiefs matched their 10--6 record from 1991, but were shut out by the San Diego Chargers 17--0 in the wild-card round.
Former Seattle Seahawks quarterback Dave Krieg played well for the Chiefs passing for 3,115 yards. Defense would be the key for the Chiefs third straight playoff berth as Derrick Thomas and Neil Smith recorded 14.5 sacks each.
During the season; the Chiefs wore a \"WWD\" patch on their jerseys in tribute to vice president of player personnel Whitey Dovell, who died in May 1992. `{{TOC limit|3}}`{=mediawiki}
## Offseason
Additions Subtractions
----------------------------- ------------------------------
C Mike Baab (Chiefs) QB Steve DeBerg (Buccaneers)
QB Dave Krieg (Seahawks) TE Pete Holohan (Browns)
TE Mike Dyal (Raiders) S Lloyd Burruss
S Bennie Thompson (Saints) WR Robb Thomas (Seahawks)
DT Tim Newton (Buccaneers)
DT Joe Phillips (Chargers)
S Martin Bayless (Chargers)
### Draft
### Undrafted free agents {#undrafted_free_agents}
Player Position College
---------------- --------------- ---------------
Eddie Brown Wide receiver Iowa State
Phil Bryant Running back Virginia Tech
Dan DeArmus Punter Maryland
Santo Stephens Linebacker Temple
Doug Terry Safety Kansas
: 1992 undrafted free agents of note
## Personnel
### Staff
### Roster
## Preseason
Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Attendance Recap
------ ------ ---------------------- -------------- -------- ------------------------------ ------------ -------------------------------------------------------------
1 at Green Bay Packers **L** 13--21 0--1 Lambeau Field 54,322 [Recap](https://www.profootballarchives.com/1992nflkc.html)
2 at Minnesota Vikings **L** 0--30 0--2 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome 38,132 [Recap](https://www.profootballarchives.com/1992nflkc.html)
3 Buffalo Bills **W** 35--0 1--2 Arrowhead Stadium 71,481 [Recap](https://www.profootballarchives.com/1992nflkc.html)
4 Indianapolis Colts **L** 10--21 1--3 Arrowhead Stadium 65,557 [Recap](https://www.profootballarchives.com/1992nflkc.html)
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# 1992 Kansas City Chiefs season
## Regular season {#regular_season}
### Schedule
Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Attendance Recap
------ -------------- ---------------------------- ------------------------------------------- -------- ------------------------------- ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 September 6 at **San Diego Chargers** **W** 24--10 1--0 Jack Murphy Stadium 45,024 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199209060sdg.htm)
2 September 13 **Seattle Seahawks** **W** 26--7 2--0 Arrowhead Stadium 75,125 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199209130kan.htm)
3 September 20 at Houston Oilers **L** 20--23 `{{small|(OT)}}`{=mediawiki} 2--1 Houston Astrodome 60,955 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199209200oti.htm)
4 **Los Angeles Raiders** **W** 27--7 3--1 Arrowhead Stadium 77,486 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199209280kan.htm)
5 October 4 at **Denver Broncos** **L** 19--20 3--2 Mile High Stadium 75,629 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199210040den.htm)
6 October 11 Philadelphia Eagles **W** 24--17 4--2 Arrowhead Stadium 76,626 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199210110kan.htm)
7 October 18 at Dallas Cowboys **L** 10--17 4--3 Texas Stadium 64,115 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199210180dal.htm)
8 October 25 Pittsburgh Steelers **L** 3--27 4--4 Arrowhead Stadium 76,175 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199210250kan.htm)
9 *Bye*
10 November 8 **San Diego Chargers** **W** 16--14 5--4 Arrowhead Stadium 72,826 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199211080kan.htm)
11 November 15 Washington Redskins **W** 35--16 6--4 Arrowhead Stadium 75,238 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199211150kan.htm)
12 November 22 at **Seattle Seahawks** **W** 24--14 7--4 Kingdome 49,867 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199211220sea.htm)
13 November 29 at New York Jets **W** 23--7 8--4 Giants Stadium 57,375 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199211290nyj.htm)
14 December 6 at **Los Angeles Raiders** **L** 7--28 8--5 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 45,227 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199212060rai.htm)
15 December 13 New England Patriots **W** 27--20 9--5 Arrowhead Stadium 52,208 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199212130kan.htm)
16 at New York Giants **L** 21--35 9--6 Giants Stadium 53,428 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199212190nyg.htm)
17 December 27 **Denver Broncos** **W** 42--20 10--6 Arrowhead Stadium 76,240 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199212270kan.htm)
**Note:** Intra-division opponents are in **bold** text.
### Game summaries {#game_summaries}
#### Week 1: at San Diego Chargers {#week_1_at_san_diego_chargers}
#### Week 2: vs. Seattle Seahawks {#week_2_vs._seattle_seahawks}
#### Week 3: at Houston Oilers {#week_3_at_houston_oilers}
#### Week 4: vs. Los Angeles Raiders {#week_4_vs._los_angeles_raiders}
#### Week 5: at Denver Broncos {#week_5_at_denver_broncos}
#### Week 6: vs. Philadelphia Eagles {#week_6_vs._philadelphia_eagles}
The win over the Eagles ended the longest ever gap between two NFL teams meeting, it was the first occasion the Chiefs had opposed the Eagles since October 22, 1972, and only their second-ever matchup. This occurred because in previous seasons when the AFC West and NFC East met each other, either the Chiefs or the Eagles (but never *both*) finished in fifth position and did not play the ordinary set of interconference games.
#### Week 7: at Dallas Cowboys {#week_7_at_dallas_cowboys}
#### Week 8: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers {#week_8_vs._pittsburgh_steelers}
#### Week 10: vs. San Diego Chargers {#week_10_vs._san_diego_chargers}
#### Week 11: vs. Washington Redskins {#week_11_vs._washington_redskins}
#### Week 12: at Seattle Seahawks {#week_12_at_seattle_seahawks}
#### Week 13: at New York Jets {#week_13_at_new_york_jets}
#### Week 14: at Los Angeles Raiders {#week_14_at_los_angeles_raiders}
#### Week 15: vs. New England Patriots {#week_15_vs._new_england_patriots}
#### Week 16: at New York Giants {#week_16_at_new_york_giants}
#### Week 17: vs. Denver Broncos {#week_17_vs._denver_broncos}
### Standings
## Postseason
### Schedule {#schedule_1}
Round Date Opponent (seed) Result Record Venue Attendance Recap
----------- ------ --------------------------- ------------- -------- --------------------- ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wild Card at San Diego Chargers (3) **L** 0--17 0--1 Jack Murphy Stadium 58,278 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199301020sdg
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| 1 |
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# Fischer (automobile)
The **Fischer** was an American brass era automobile manufactured in Detroit, Michigan by the **G.J. Fischer Company** in 1914. It was a light car, built as a two- or four-seater model, including a sedan. It had a Perkins four-cylinder water-cooled 1.2L engine. It had a selective transmission and shaft drive. The two-seater cost \$525, and the sedan cost \$845
| 62 |
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| 0 |
11,003,197 |
# Marriage gap
The **marriage gap** describes observed economic and political disparities in the United States between those who are married and those who are single. The marriage gap can be compared to, but should not be confused with, the gender gap. As noted by Dr. W. Bradford Wilcox, American sociologist and director of the National Marriage Project at the University of Virginia, and Wendy Wang, director of research at the Institute for Family Studies, \"College-educated and more affluent Americans enjoy relatively strong and stable marriages and the economic and social benefits that flow from such marriages. By contrast, not just poor but also working-class Americans face rising rates of family instability, single parenthood, and lifelong singleness.\"
## Politics and marriage {#politics_and_marriage}
As part of the marriage gap, unmarried people are \"considerably more liberal\" than married people.`{{Failed verification|date=February 2023}}`{=mediawiki} With little variation between professed moderates, married people respond to be conservative 9 percent more, and single people respond to be liberal 10 percent more.`{{Failed verification|date=February 2023}}`{=mediawiki} Married people tend to hold political opinions that differ from those of people who have never married.
### Party affiliation in the United States {#party_affiliation_in_the_united_states}
In the U.S., being a married woman is correlated with a higher level of support for the Republican Party, and being single with the Democratic Party. Marriage seems to have a moderate effect on party affiliation among single people. As of 2004, 32 percent of married people called themselves Republicans while 31 percent said they were Democrats . Among single people, 19 percent were Republicans and 38 percent Democrats .`{{Failed verification|date=February 2023}}`{=mediawiki} The difference is most striking between married and single women. Married women respond as being Republicans 15 percent more; single women respond as being Democrats 11 percent more.
### Political issues {#political_issues}
The marriage gap is evident on a range of political issues in the United States:
- same-sex marriage, 11% more married people favor Constitutional amendments disallowing it
- abortion, 14% more married people favor completely banning it
- school vouchers, 3% more married people favor them
## Marriage and cohabitation {#marriage_and_cohabitation}
It is not clear that legally or religiously formalized marriages are associated with better outcomes than long-term cohabitation. Part of the issue is that in many western countries, married couples will have cohabited before marrying so that the stability of the resulting marriage might be attributable to the cohabitation having worked.
A chief executive of an organisation that studies relationships are quoted for having said:
> \"Because we now have the acceptance of long-term cohabitation, people who go into marriage and stay in marriage are a more homogenous group. They are people who believe in certain things that contribute to stability. So the selection effect is really important. Yes, it\'s true that married couples on average stay together longer than cohabiting couples. But cohabitation is such an unhelpful word because it covers a whole ragbag of relationships, so it\'s not really comparable. We\'re better off talking about formal and informal marriages: those that have legal certificates, and those that don\'t. Is there any difference between a formal and informal marriage? If we really compare like with like, I\'m not sure you\'d see much difference.\" -- Penny Mansfield
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# Marriage gap
## Interpreting the data {#interpreting_the_data}
American marriage and family life are divided more today than it ever has been. \"Less than half of poor Americans age 18 to 55 ( just 26 percent) and 39 percent of working-class Americans are currently married, compared to more than half (56 percent) of middle- and upper-class Americans.\" (cite) And when it comes to coupling, poor and working-class Americans are more likely to substitute cohabitation for marriage: poor Americans are almost three times more likely to cohabit (13%), and working-class Americans are twice as likely to cohabit (10%), compared with their middle- and upper-class peers age 18--55 (5%). These findings suggest that lower income and less-educated Americans are more likely to be living outside of a partnership. Specifically, about six in 10 poor Americans are single, about five in 10 working-class Americans are single, and about four in 10 middle- and upper-class Americans are single.
And when it comes to childbearing, working-class and especially poor women are more likely to have children than their middle- and upper-class peers and these children of poor women have a significantly higher chance of being born out of wedlock. Estimates derived from the 2013--15 National Survey of Family Growth indicate that poor women currently have about 2.4 children, compared with 1.8 children for working-class women and 1.7 children for middle- and upper-class women. According to the 2015 American Community Survey, 64 percent of children born to poor women are born out of wedlock, compared with 36 percent of children born to working-class women, and 13 percent of children born to middle- and upper-class children.
With respect to divorce, working-class and poor adults age 18-55 are more likely to divorce than are their middle- and upper-class counterparts. 46 percent of poor Americans aged 18--55 are divorced, compared with 41% of working-class adults and 30 percent of middle- and upper-class adults.
The marriage gap is susceptible to multiple interpretations because it is not clear to what extent it is attributable to causation and what to correlation. It may be that people who already have a number of positive indicators of future wellbeing in terms of wealth and education are more likely to get married. \"The distinction between correlation and causation cuts to the heart of the debate about marriage. The evidence is unequivocal; children raised by married couples are healthier, do better at school, commit fewer crimes, go further in education, report higher levels of wellbeing. It is easy for politicians to deduce - and assert - that married couples, therefore, produce superior children. But the children do not necessarily do better because their parents are married and there is actually very little evidence that marriage alone, in the absence of anything else, benefits children.\" -- Penny Mansfield
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# Marriage gap
## Why the marriage divide? {#why_the_marriage_divide}
As noted by W. Bradford Wilcox and Wendy Wang,
> A series of interlocking economic, policy, civic, and cultural changes since the 1960s in America combined to create a perfect family storm for poor and working-class Americans.12 On the economic front, the move to a postindustrial economy in the 1970s made it more difficult for poor and working-class men to find and hold stable, decent-paying jobs.13 See, for example, the increase in unemployment for less-educated but not college-educated men depicted in Figure 9.14 The losses that less-educated men have experienced since the 1970s in job stability and real income have rendered them less \"marriageable,\" that is, less attractive as husbands---and more vulnerable to divorce.
Wilcox and Wang continue, however, and contend that it is not only economics. Citing Cornell sociologist Daniel Lichter and colleagues, they note that \"shifts in state-level employment trends and macroeconomic performance do not explain the majority of the decline of marriage in this period; indeed, the retreat from marriage continued in the 1990s even as the economy boomed across much of the country in this decade.\" In the words of Lichter in colleagues, \"\"Our results call into question the appropriateness of monocausal economic explanations of declining marriage.\" In fact, \"The decline of marriage and rise of single parenthood in the late 1960s preceded the economic changes that undercut men\'s wages and job stability in the 1970s.\"
There exist several possible reasons for the emergence of the Marriage Divide. First, as posited by W. Bradford Wilcox, Wendy Wang, and Nicholas Wolfinger, \"because working-class and poor Americans have less of a social and economic stake in stable marriage, they depend more on cultural supports for marriage than do their middle- and upper-class peers.\"
Second, \"Working-class and poor Americans have fewer cultural and educational resources to successfully navigate the increasingly deinstitutionalized character of dating, childbearing, and marriage. The legal scholar Amy Wax argues that the \"moral deregulation\" of matters related to sex, parenthood, marriage, and divorce proved more difficult for poor and working-class Americans to navigate than for more educated and affluent Americans because the latter group was and remains more likely to approach these matters with a disciplined, long-term perspective.\" \"Today\'s ethos of freedom and choice when it comes to dating, childbearing, and marriage is more difficult for working-class and poor Americans to navigate.\"
Third, \"in recent years, middle- and upper-class Americans have rejected the most permissive dimensions of the counterculture for themselves and their children, even as poor and working-class Americans have adopted a more permissive orientation toward matters such as divorce and premarital sex. The end result has been that key norms, values, and virtues--- from fidelity to attitudes about teen pregnancy---that sustain a strong marriage culture are now generally weaker in poor and working-class communities
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# Darbari Lal DAV Model School
**Darbari Lal DAV Model School**, ND Block, Pitam Pura, Delhi, India, is a private co-educational school. The school came into existence in 1981 in a small rented building with 500 students. It now has 4928 students with 157 teachers. It provides advanced knowledge to children. It has started the CBSE-i curriculum (now known as cambridge wing)
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# Condado de Huelva
**Condado de Huelva** is a Spanish Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP) for wines located in the south-east of the province of Huelva (Andalusia, Spain). The wines, known as the *Wines of the Discovery of America,* are produced there.
The winegrowing area that is currently covered by the Denominación de Origen Protegida *Condado de Huelva* and *Vinagre del Condado de Huelva* includes 18 municipalities, of which Bollullos Par del Condado, Almonte, Chucena, La Palma del Condado, Manzanilla, Moguer, Rociana del Condado, San Juan del Puerto and Villalba del Alcor are authorised for winegrowing by the DOP Regulatory Council.
The protected area is approximately 6,000 ha, with an average grape production of 40 million kg, equivalent to 320,000 hl of must. In the region, there are about 3,100 grape farmers. All grape producers are either independent or cooperative members.
## Surroundings
The grape-growing lands covered by the DO is mainly flat or slightly undulating. In general, the soils are neutral or slightly alkali and are of average fertility. Some areas are optimal for grape growing. The average height of the vineyards is 25 m above sea level, and the soils tend to be sandy with a high lime content.
The climate in the Condado de Huelva is ideal for grape growing: mild in Winter and Spring with long hot summers tempered by the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. The average temperature is around 18°C, a relative humidity of between 60% and 80%, and an average annual rainfall of around 700 mm.
## History
The first documented and trustworthy reference to grape growing in the area dates back to the 14th century. There are, however, legends referring to barter between the Tartessos and the Ancient Greeks, shipments of wine sent to Ancient Rome, and of the tolerance of the Muslims towards grape growing and winemaking.
The repopulation of Andalusia after the Reconquest in the 14th century would make the first cultivation of vines be in the Condado de Niebla, the origin of the current Condado. Don Juan Mestre, Master of the Order of Calatrava, was involved in the repopulation of Villalba de Alcor in 1327. Eight years later, he donated one hundred \"aranzadas\" of hillsides to Don Romero Díaz with the condition that in the space of one year, he would clear this land and plant it with vineyards. However, as the work proved to be too much, the deadline was extended and authorization was given for the land to be cultivated by colonists. At this point the wealth of the Condado began to grow.
During the 14th century, the importance of the villages in the Condado increased both socially and economically. Such was the quality and quantity of the wines produced that the city of Seville - which extended to the municipality of Manzanilla - was obliged to pass new protectionist laws to protect its own market. However, due to the prestige and quality of the wines from Bollullos, Villalba, Almonte and La Palma, they continued to be sold in the Sevillian market. The golden age continued during the 15th century. The areas under cultivation grew, aging techniques were improved, and Manzanilla wine overtook common bulk wine in volume. Exports to England and the Netherlands of all types of wine increased especially through the ports of Palos de la Frontera and Moguer. Without a doubt, after the wines, the vines themselves were also exported, as many of the Conquistadores that accompanied Cristopher Columbus on his voyages were from these villages.
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# Condado de Huelva
## The *Discovery of America* Wines {#the_discovery_of_america_wines}
There are historical documents which date the first shipment of wine from the Condado de Huelva to the West Indies in January 1502. This wine was worth 1,422 \"maravedíes\" and left Seville for La Española in the same fleet as Fray Nicolás de Ovando. This exporting tradition was to last for several centuries, reaching a peak in the 16th century.
The second half of the 18th century marked the start of the decline of wine trade to the West Indies from the port of Seville, due to the transfer of the Casa de Contratación to Cadiz. The wines of the Condado were now sent to the ports of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Puerto de Santa María and Sanlúcar, from where they were shipped to the Americas.
The end of the century saw the start of the arrival and settling down of many wine families from La Rioja, among them that of Juan Ramón Jiménez, who were to usher in a new period of prosperity which would last for most of the 19th century. At the end of this century, however, the phylloxera plague reached the Condado, along with the rest of Europe, and the area would remain depressed until the 1920s.
A recovery started once resistant rootstock began to be used but the wines of the area had lost their prestige of the previous centuries and had to make do supplying domestic demand until well into the 20th century.
Nevertheless, conscious of the need to produce quality wine and in an attempt to recover the reputation of former times, the Huelva *Denominación de Origen* was created on 10 May 1962, and in 1963 by order of the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture the Statutes of the Condado de Huelva D.O. were approved, with the aim of promoting the excellence of the *Wines of the Discovery Of America*.
Another step on the road to wine quality and tradition in the Condado de Huelva was the recent creation of the Vinagre del Condado de Huelva D.O., approved on 31 July 2002. On the same date the statutes of the 40-year-old Condado de Huelva D.O. were updated.
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# Condado de Huelva
## Authorised Grape Varieties {#authorised_grape_varieties}
The authorised grape varieties are:
- Red: Merlot, Syrah, Tempranillo, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Cabernet Franc
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- White: Zalema, Palomino, Listán de Huelva, Garrido Fino, Moscatel de Alejandría, Colombard, Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, and Pedro Ximénez
Of these varieties, Zalema is by far the most common one and represents 86% of the total planted.
With regard to the planting systems, the most common one is low vines with a maximum density of 2,500 vines/ha. For high vines trained along wires, the maximum authorised density is 3,000 vines/ha. For pruning methods in the Condado de Huelva, the most common one is the one known as \"en vaso\", and for the Palomino Fino and Listán de Huelva varieties, the system used is the one known as \"vara y pulgar\"
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# List of Super Bowl head coaches
This is a **list of Super Bowl head coaches**.
## Super Bowl head coaches {#super_bowl_head_coaches}
-------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ---------------------------
**Elected to Hall of Fame as Coach** **Elected to Hall of Fame as Player** **Active NFL Head Coach**
-------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ---------------------------
(Win number in parentheses). \[Loss number in brackets\]. Click on heading arrows to sort table.
Date Super Bowl Winning coach Team Opponent Losing coach Score Site
------------------- ------------ --------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- -------------- ------------- --------------------------------------------------------
January 15, 1967 I Kansas City Chiefs 35--10 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles
January 14, 1968 II \(2\) 33--14 Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida
January 12, 1969 III New York Jets Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida
January 11, 1970 IV Kansas City Chiefs Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 17, 1971 V 16--13 Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida
January 16, 1972 VI \[2\] Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 14, 1973 VII Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles
January 13, 1974 VIII \(2\) \[2\] Rice Stadium in Houston, Texas
January 12, 1975 IX \[3\] Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 18, 1976 X \(2\) \[2\] 21--17 Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida
January 9, 1977 XI \[4\] 32--14 Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California
January 15, 1978 XII \(2\) 27--10 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 21, 1979 XIII \(3\) \[3\] 35--31 Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida
January 20, 1980 XIV \(4\) 31--19 Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California
January 25, 1981 XV 27--10 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 24, 1982 XVI 26--21 Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan
January 30, 1983 XVII \[3\] 27--17 Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California
January 22, 1984 XVIII \(2\) Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida
January 20, 1985 XIX \(2\) \[4\] 38--16 Stanford Stadium in Palo Alto, California
January 26, 1986 XX Chicago Bears 46--10 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 25, 1987 XXI 39--20 Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California
January 31, 1988 XXII \(2\) \[2\] 42--10 Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego, California
January 22, 1989 XXIII \(3\) 20--16 Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida
January 28, 1990 XXIV \[3\] 55--10 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 27, 1991 XXV \(2\) 20--19 Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida
January 26, 1992 XXVI \(3\) \[2\] 37--24 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota
January 31, 1993 XXVII \[3\] 52--17 Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California
January 30, 1994 XXVIII \(2\) \[4\] 30--13 Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia
January 29, 1995 XXIX \(2\) San Diego Chargers 49--26 Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida
January 28, 1996 XXX 27--17 Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona
January 26, 1997 XXXI 35--21 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 25, 1998 XXXII 31--24 Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California
January 31, 1999 XXXIII \(2\) Atlanta Falcons \[4\] 34--19 Pro Player Stadium in Miami, Florida
January 30, 2000 XXXIV Tennessee Titans 23--16 Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia
January 28, 2001 XXXV Baltimore Ravens Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida
February 3, 2002 XXXVI 20--17 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 26, 2003 XXXVII Tampa Bay Buccaneers 48--21 Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California
February 1, 2004 XXXVIII \(2\) Carolina Panthers 32--29 Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas
February 6, 2005 XXXIX \(3\) 24--21 Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida
February 5, 2006 XL \[2\] 21--10 Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan
February 4, 2007 XLI Chicago Bears 29--17 Dolphin Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida
February 3, 2008 XLII 17--14 University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona
February 1, 2009 XLIII Arizona Cardinals 27--23 Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida
February 7, 2010 XLIV New Orleans Saints 31--17 Sun Life Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida
February 6, 2011 XLV 31--25 Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas
February 5, 2012 XLVI \(2\) \[2\] 21--17 Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana
February 3, 2013 XLVII 34--31 Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
February 2, 2014 XLVIII \[2\] 43--8 MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey
February 1, 2015 XLIX \(4\) 28--24 University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona
February 7, 2016 50 24--10 Levi\'s Stadium in Santa Clara, California
February 5, 2017 LI \(5\) 34--28 (OT) NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas
February 4, 2018 LII Philadelphia Eagles New England Patriots \[3\] 41--33 U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota
February 3, 2019 LIII \(6\) New England Patriots Los Angeles Rams 13--3 Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia
February 2, 2020 LIV Kansas City Chiefs San Francisco 49ers 31--20 Hard Rock Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida
February 7, 2021 LV Tampa Bay Buccaneers Kansas City Chiefs \[2\] 31--9 Raymond James Stadium, Tampa, Florida
February 13, 2022 LVI Los Angeles Rams Cincinnati Bengals 23--20 SoFi Stadium, Inglewood, California
February 12, 2023 LVII \(2\) Kansas City Chiefs Philadelphia Eagles 38--35 State Farm Stadium, Glendale, Arizona
February 11, 2024 LVIII \(3\) Kansas City Chiefs San Francisco 49ers \[2\] 25--22 (OT) Allegiant Stadium, Paradise, Nevada
February 9, 2025 LIX Philadelphia Eagles Kansas City Chiefs \[3\] 40--22 Caesars Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
## Coaches with multiple Super Bowl appearances {#coaches_with_multiple_super_bowl_appearances}
-------------------------------------- ------------------
**Elected to Hall of Fame as Coach** **Active Coach**
-------------------------------------- ------------------
The following NFL head coaches have coached in two or more Super Bowls. Of eligible coaches not in the Hall of Fame, only two have had three or more appearances: Mike Holmgren and Dan Reeves. There are only two eligible coaches with multiple wins to not be inducted into the Hall of Fame: George Seifert and Mike Shanahan.
Sort chart by clicking arrows by heading.\
In descending order, the tiebreakers are -- 1) Better win percentage 2) Earliest Super Bowl
Games Coach Wins Losses Win percentage Super Bowls Team(s)
------- ------- ------ -------- ---------------- ------------- -----------------------------
9 6 .667 New England Patriots
6 Philadelphia Eagles
Kansas City Chiefs
Baltimore Colts
Miami Dolphins
5 .400 Dallas Cowboys
4 4 Pittsburgh Steelers
.750 Washington Redskins
Minnesota Vikings
Buffalo Bills
Denver Broncos
Atlanta Falcons
3 San Francisco 49ers
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# Emile Boulpaep
**Emile Louis Boulpaep** (born 15 September 1938) is a Belgian physiologist and since 1977 President of the Belgian American Educational Foundation. He is a member of the board of the Francqui Foundation.
## Education
He studied medicine at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Leuven, Belgium), where he received a medical degree in 1962. In 1987 he obtained an honorary M.A. from Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.
## Career
Emile Boulpaep is Professor and Director of Medical & Graduate Studies in Cellular & Molecular Physiology at Yale University. His research focuses on kidney tubule cells and cellular physiology.
In collaboration with Walter Boron, Boulpaep has written and published a textbook on medical physiology.
In 2020, he received the gold medal of the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts for his work as the President of the Belgian American Educational Foundation
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# 1991 Kansas City Chiefs season
The **`{{nfly|1991}}`{=mediawiki} Kansas City Chiefs season** was the franchise\'s 22nd season in the National Football League and 32nd overall. They failed to improve on their 11--5 record from 1990 and finished with a 10--6 record. Compared to the Chiefs\' 1990 campaign, Steve DeBerg's consistency had dropped. The running game made up for lost time as Christian Okoye ran for 1,031 yards for the season, Barry Word was productive, and rookie Harvey Williams was outstanding in limited playing time. The Chiefs defeated their division rival, the Los Angeles Raiders in the Wild Card round, resulting in the franchise\'s first playoff victory since Super Bowl IV in 1970. The next week, the Chiefs lost to the Buffalo Bills in the divisional playoffs.
The season began on July 27 when Jan Stenerud, the hero of Super Bowl IV, was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
But the Chiefs rebounded to win four straight games, including an October 7 game in which the Chiefs trounced the Buffalo Bills 33--6. It was the Chiefs\' first home Monday Night Football game since 1983. On October 13, The Chiefs blasted the Miami Dolphins 42--7 as Christian Okoye ran for 153 yards.
On December 22, the Chiefs won 27--21 against the Raiders. The victory gave the Chiefs a home playoff game against the team; a loss would have meant playing in Los Angeles again the following week. It was the first playoff game in Kansas City in 20 years. The Chiefs 10--6 victory over the Raiders in the playoffs was the franchise\'s first postseason victory since the merger.
Quarterback Steve DeBerg completed 14 of 20 passes for 227 yards and 2 touchdowns. Barry Word rushed for 152 yards, and J. J. Birden caught 8 passes for 188 yards and 2 touchdowns. During the game, the Chiefs didn\'t have to punt and held the ball for almost 40 minutes. `{{TOC limit|3}}`{=mediawiki}
## Offseason
### Draft
## Personnel
### Staff
### Roster
## Preseason
Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Attendance Recap
------ ------ ------------------------- -------------- -------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ -------------------------------------------------------------
1 Dallas Cowboys **L** 14--24 0--1 Arrowhead Stadium 56,038 [Recap](https://www.profootballarchives.com/1991nflkc.html)
2 vs. New York Jets **W** 19--10 1--1 Busch Memorial Stadium `{{small|([[St. Louis]], [[Missouri|MO]])}}`{=mediawiki} 52,935 [Recap](https://www.profootballarchives.com/1991nflkc.html)
3 Detroit Lions **W** 38--14 2--1 Arrowhead Stadium 57,320 [Recap](https://www.profootballarchives.com/1991nflkc.html)
4 at Tampa Bay Buccaneers **L** 7--20 2--2 Tampa Stadium 33,996 [Recap](https://www.profootballarchives.com/1991nflkc.html)
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# 1991 Kansas City Chiefs season
## Regular season {#regular_season}
### Schedule
Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Attendance Recap
---------------------------------------------------------- -------------- ---------------------------- ------------------------------------------- -------- ------------------------------- ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 September 1 Atlanta Falcons **W** 14--3 1--0 Arrowhead Stadium 74,246 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199109010kan.htm)
2 September 8 New Orleans Saints **L** 10--17 1--1 Arrowhead Stadium 74,816 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199109080kan.htm)
3 at Houston Oilers **L** 7--17 1--2 Houston Astrodome 61,058 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199109160oti.htm)
4 September 22 **Seattle Seahawks** **W** 20--13 2--2 Arrowhead Stadium 71,789 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199109220kan.htm)
5 September 29 at **San Diego Chargers** **W** 14--13 3--2 Jack Murphy Stadium 44,907 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199109290sdg.htm)
6 Buffalo Bills **W** 33--6 4--2 Arrowhead Stadium 76,120 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199110070kan.htm)
7 October 13 Miami Dolphins **W** 42--7 5--2 Arrowhead Stadium 76,021 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199110130kan.htm)
8 October 20 at **Denver Broncos** **L** 16--19 5--3 Mile High Stadium 75,866 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199110200den.htm)
9 **Los Angeles Raiders** **W** 24--21 6--3 Arrowhead Stadium 77,111 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199110280kan.htm)
10 *Bye*
11 November 10 at Los Angeles Rams **W** 27--20 7--3 Anaheim Stadium 52,511 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199111100ram.htm)
12 November 17 **Denver Broncos** **L** 20--24 7--4 Arrowhead Stadium 74,661 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199111170kan.htm)
13 November 24 at Cleveland Browns **L** 15--20 7--5 Cleveland Stadium 63,991 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199111240cle.htm)
14 December 1 at **Seattle Seahawks** **W** 19--6 8--5 Kingdome 57,248 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199112010sea.htm)
15 December 8 **San Diego Chargers** **W** 20--17 `{{small|(OT)}}`{=mediawiki} 9--5 Arrowhead Stadium 73,330 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199112080kan.htm)
16 at San Francisco 49ers **L** 14--28 9--6 Candlestick Park 62,672 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199112140sfo.htm)
17 December 22 at **Los Angeles Raiders** **W** 27--21 10--6 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 65,144 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199112220rai.htm)
**Note:** Intra-division opponents are in **bold** text.
### Game summaries {#game_summaries}
#### Week 1: vs. Atlanta Falcons {#week_1_vs._atlanta_falcons}
#### Week 2: vs. New Orleans Saints {#week_2_vs._new_orleans_saints}
#### Week 3: at Houston Oilers {#week_3_at_houston_oilers}
#### Week 4: vs. Seattle Seahawks {#week_4_vs._seattle_seahawks}
#### Week 5: at San Diego Chargers {#week_5_at_san_diego_chargers}
#### Week 6: vs. Buffalo Bills {#week_6_vs._buffalo_bills}
#### Week 7: vs. Miami Dolphins {#week_7_vs._miami_dolphins}
#### Week 8: at Denver Broncos {#week_8_at_denver_broncos}
#### Week 9: vs. Los Angeles Raiders {#week_9_vs._los_angeles_raiders}
#### Week 11: at Los Angeles Rams {#week_11_at_los_angeles_rams}
#### Week 12: vs. Denver Broncos {#week_12_vs._denver_broncos}
#### Week 13: at Cleveland Browns {#week_13_at_cleveland_browns}
#### Week 14: at Seattle Seahawks {#week_14_at_seattle_seahawks}
#### Week 15: vs. San Diego Chargers {#week_15_vs._san_diego_chargers}
#### Week 16: at San Francisco 49ers {#week_16_at_san_francisco_49ers}
#### Week 17: at Los Angeles Raiders {#week_17_at_los_angeles_raiders}
### Standings
## Postseason
### Schedule {#schedule_1}
Round Date Opponent (seed) Result Record Venue Attendance Recap
------------ ----------------- ------------------------- -------------- -------- ------------------- ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wild Card Los Angeles Raiders (5) **W** 10--6 1--0 Arrowhead Stadium 75,827 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199112280kan.htm)
Divisional January 5, 1992 at Buffalo Bills (1) **L** 14--37 1--1 Rich Stadium 80,182 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199201050buf.htm)
### Game summaries {#game_summaries_1}
#### AFC Wild Card Playoffs: vs. (5) Los Angeles Raiders {#afc_wild_card_playoffs_vs
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# 1990 Amstel Gold Race
The **1990 Amstel Gold Race** was the 25th edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday April 21, 1990, in the Dutch province of Limburg. The race stretched 249 kilometres, with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Meerssen. There were a total of 191 competitors, with 97 cyclists finishing the race.
## Results
Cyclist Team Time
---- --------- ------ ------
1
2 s.t.
3 s.t.
4 s.t.
5 s.t.
6 s.t.
7 s.t.
8 s.t.
9 s.t.
10 s.t
| 91 |
1990 Amstel Gold Race
| 0 |
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