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# Naked (Louise album)
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# Pete Dunne (author)
**Pete Dunne** (born September 16, 1951) is an American author who writes about natural history and birding. He is also the founder of the World Series of Birding, as well as the former director of the Cape May Bird Observatory, Birding Ambassador for the New Jersey Audubon Society, and former publisher of *New Jersey Audubon* magazine. His articles have appeared in most major American birding publications, including *Birder\'s World*, *Birding*, *Bird Watcher\'s Digest*, and *WildBird*, as well as in *The New York Times*. In 2001, he received the Roger Tory Peterson Award from the American Birding Association for lifetime achievement in promoting the cause of birding
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# Highland Lawn
**Highland Lawn** is a subdivision in Boulder, Colorado. The subdivision contains a concentration of well-preserved buildings reflecting the prevailing architectural tastes at the turn of the twentieth century, including Queen Anne style, Classic Cottage, and Victorian house vernacular styles. Hannah Connell Barker platted the middle-class neighborhood in 1884 as the **Town of Highland Lawn**. The area is significant for its association with historic persons and events and as an excellent collection of buildings reflecting architectural styles of the period. The City of Boulder has established the **Highland Lawn Historic District** encompassing a large portion of the original subdivision.
## History
The historic district of Highland Lawn was created in 1884.
The land was originally sold to Jonas Anderson for \$200 after the Homestead Act of 1862 was passed. A decade later, the land changed hands to Thomas J. Graham for \$32,000 and was mainly used mainly as an orchard at the time
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# Amas de casa desesperadas (Argentine TV series)
***Amas de casa desesperadas*** is an Argentine television series, it was originally aired on Canal 13 from 30 August 2006 to 24 January 2007. Set in the fictional Manzanares Street, a suburb surrounding Buenos Aires, the series follows the lives of four housewives and the domestic problems and daily mysteries surrounding their husbands, friends and neighbors, which can be more sinister than they appear. The series\' tone combines elements of drama, comedy, mystery, farce, soap opera and satire.
Based on the American television series, *Desperate Housewives*, it was developed for Argentina by Buena Vista International Television (Disney) and Pol-Ka Producciones. The show\'s only season was broadcast by Canal 13 in Argentina, and also by other networks in Uruguay and Paraguay.
## Plot
The show opens with the mysterious suicide of housewife Alicia Oviedo on a beautiful day in the suburbs, on a street called Manzanares. Alicia, who narrates the show from the afterlife, had four friends: Vera Sherer, the seemingly perfect mother of two teenagers struggling to save her marriage; Lía Salgarí, the mother of four whose husband is always away on business; Susana Martini, the divorced mother in search of love, who finds it in the form of her new neighbour Miguel Delfino, who has a secret of his own; and Gabriela Solís, the materialistic ex-runway model who cheats on her husband. While trying to be good wives and mothers, the four friends also try to find out why their friend committed suicide. The discovery of a blackmail note among Alicia\'s belongings, a therapy session tape in which she admits her real name was Angela, and her widowed husband\'s strange behaviour really make them wonder about the mystery surrounding their deceased friend.
## Origins
Buena Vista International, a subsidiary of the Walt Disney Company (which also owns ABC, the channel on which *Desperate Housewives* airs in the United States), searched in Brazil, Ecuador, Argentina and Colombia to find a production company capable of adapting the series for the Spanish-speaking market. Adrian Suar and Fernando Blanco\'s Pol-Ka Producciones in Argentina was selected. Immediately, the actresses were chosen and the construction of Manzanares Street began on the town of Pilar, Buenos Aires.
## Cast and characters {#cast_and_characters}
This is a list of the major characters of the series, as well as their counterpart in the original, American, series and the actors portraying them.
Character Original character Argentine actor
------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------
Lía Salgari Lynette Scavo Mercedes Morán
Gabriela Solís Gabrielle Solis Araceli González
Susana Martinez Susan Mayer Gabriela Toscano
Vera Sherer Bree Van de Kamp Carola Reyna
Alicia Oviedo Mary Alice Young Cecilia Roth
Carla Otegui Edie Britt Romina Gaetani
Miguel Delfino Mike Delfino Juan Palomino
Pablo Oviedo Paul Young Raúl Rizzo
Tomás Salgari Tom Scavo Carlos Santamaría
Carlos Solís Carlos Solis Martín Seefeld
Ricardo Sherer Rex Van de Kamp Jorge Suárez
Julieta Martínez Julie Mayer Eliana González
René Oviedo Zach Young Nahuel Pérez Biscayart
Juan Juárez John Rowland Rodrigo Guirao
Martín Sherer Andrew Van de Kamp Martin Piroyansky
Daniela Sherer Danielle Van de Kamp Maida Andrenacci
Esteban Martinez Karl Mayer Raúl Taibo
Jorge Pereira George Williams Jean Pierre Noher
Felisa Gutierrez Felicia Tilman Luisina Brando
Marta Hidalgo Martha Huber Tina Serrano
Elvira Reinoso Karen McCluskey Adriana Aizemberg
Julio Mitre Noah Taylor Rodolfo Ranni
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# Amas de casa desesperadas (Argentine TV series)
## Filming locations {#filming_locations}
The set of the street, some of which is made up of real houses, is located on a studio of Pol-ka, in Pilar, Buenos Aires, which was land due to be turned into an upscale gated community. Manzanares was specially built for the production of the three *Desperate Housewives* versions: the Argentine, Latin (USA), Colombian-Ecuadorian and Brazilian versions.
According to Marcos Carnevale, the writer of the Argentine version, Manzanares was the hardest thing to adapt. The houses had to look "more Latin", but still remain similar to the original show\'s street, so the houses were painted in a more Latino style (for example, the Solises' house is red instead of yellow).
From the outside, Vera\'s home has a set of windows either side of the front porch. However indoors, windows can only be seen on one side of the front door. This is because the inside of Vera\'s house is actually shot on a soundstage. Along with the houses of Lía, Marta Hidalgo, Carla and Alicia, is just a façade.
There is a 10th house on the street, that is hidden (next to Elvira Reinoso\'s house) and can only be seen when the camera pulls away on the ending of the first episode. The "production house" is used by the crew as an office.
At the end of Manzanares, by Carla\'s house, there is a cul-de-sac. However, cars are seen both entering and leaving the neighborhood from there.
After Carla\'s house was burned down in the first episode, her new house started being built next to her old. The old house façade was kept, repainted, and the interior was reconstructed and was used on episode 21 as the Obligado\'s house (Mullins in the original show)
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# Woman in Me
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# EuroDocs: Online Sources for European History
**EuroDocs: Online Sources for European History** is a digital history portal that offers links to online facsimiles, transcriptions, and translations of European primary historical sources. The sponsoring organization is the Harold B. Lee Library at Brigham Young University, where it was begun in 1995 by Richard Hacken, European Studies Bibliographer.
## Countries documented {#countries_documented}
The main page of EuroDocs points to 46 separate web indexes for countries and city-states of Europe,\
as well as to sites for [\"Medieval and Renaissance Europe\"](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Medieval_%26_Renaissance_Europe:_Primary_Documents) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421040328/http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Medieval_%26_Renaissance_Europe%3A_Primary_Documents |date=2007-04-21 }}`{=mediawiki} and for ["Europe as a Supranational Region"](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Europe_as_a_Supranational_Region:_Primary_Documents).
Countries include: `{{div col}}`{=mediawiki}
- [Albania](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Albania:_Primary_Documents)
- [Andorra](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Andorra:_Primary_Documents)
- [Austria](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Austria:_Primary_Documents)
- [Belarus](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Belarus:_Primary_Documents)
- [Belgium](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Belgium:_Primary_Documents)
- [Bosnia](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Bosnia:_Primary_Documents)`{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}`{=mediawiki}
- [Bulgaria](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Bulgaria:_Primary_Documents)
- [Croatia](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Croatia:_Primary_Documents)
- [Cyprus](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Cyprus:_Primary_Documents)
- [Czech Republic](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Czech_Republic:_Primary_Documents)
- [Denmark](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Denmark:_Primary_Documents)
- England: See [UK](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_the_United_Kingdom:_Primary_Documents)
- [Estonia](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Estonia:_Primary_Documents)
- [Finland](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Finland:_Primary_Documents)
- [France](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_France:_Primary_Documents)
- [Germany](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Germany:_Primary_Documents)
- [Greece](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Greece:_Primary_Documents)
- [Hungary](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Hungary:_Primary_Documents)
- [Iceland](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Iceland:_Primary_Documents)
- [Ireland](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Ireland:_Primary_Documents)
- [Italy](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Italy:_Primary_Documents)
- [Latvia](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Latvia:_Primary_Documents)
- [Liechtenstein](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Liechtenstein:_Primary_Documents)
- [Lithuania](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Lithuania:_Primary_Documents)
- [Luxembourg](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Luxembourg:_Primary_Documents)
- [Macedonia](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Macedonia:_Primary_Documents)
- [Malta](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Malta:_Primary_Documents)
- [Moldova](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Moldova:_Primary_Documents)
- [Monaco](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Monaco:_Primary_Documents)
- [Montenegro](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Montenegro:_Primary_Documents)
- [Netherlands](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_the_Netherlands:_Primary_Documents)
- [Norway](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Norway:_Primary_Documents)
- [Poland](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Poland:_Primary_Documents)
- [Portugal](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Portugal:_Primary_Documents)
- [Romania](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Romania:_Primary_Documents)
- [Russia](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Russia:_Primary_Documents)
- [San Marino](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_San_Marino:_Primary_Documents)
- Scotland: See [UK](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_the_United_Kingdom:_Primary_Documents)
- [Serbia](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Serbia:_Primary_Documents)
- [Slovakia](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Slovakia:_Primary_Documents)
- [Slovenia](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Slovenia:_Primary_Documents)
- [Spain](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Spain:_Primary_Documents)
- [Sweden](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Sweden:_Primary_Documents)
- [Switzerland](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Switzerland:_Primary_Documents)
- [Turkey](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Turkey:_Primary_Documents)
- [Ukraine](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Ukraine:_Primary_Documents)
- [United Kingdom](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_the_United_Kingdom:_Primary_Documents)
- [Vatican City](http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Vatican_City:_Primary_Documents)
## EuroDocs wiki features {#eurodocs_wiki_features}
The site has full search facilities through its MediaWiki interface.
Since the site is in a wiki structure historians, archivists, and other interested collaborators are welcome, by writing to the wikimaster, to add links to primary documents online or to transcribe and add important documents available to them
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# John Bill Ricketts
**John Bill Ricketts** (1769--1802) was an English equestrian who brought the first modern circus to the United States.
## Biography
Ricketts began his theatrical career with the Royal Circus and Equestrian Philharmonic Academy, in London, in the 1780s. He emigrated from Britain, in 1792, to establish his first circus, in Philadelphia. There, he built "Ricketts\' Art Pantheon and Amphitheatre", a circus building, in the fall of 1792, in which he conducted a riding school. After training a group of Pennsylvania horses, on April 3, 1793, he gave America\'s first complete circus performance, which began a series of exhibitions two to three times a week. In 1797, Ricketts commemorated the retirement of his friend and fellow Freemason George Washington with a special performance. He soon performed for the president\'s successor, John Adams. On 5 September 1797 he established the first circus in Canada, in Montreal.
In December 1799, three days after the death of Washington, his circus building burned down. Ricketts sailed to the West Indies on the schooner *Sally*, but the ship was intercepted by a French privateer and taken to the island of Guadeloupe. Eventually, Ricketts was able to recover some of his horses and property and even managed to perform some shows on Guadeloupe. He recovered his fortunes enough to charter a small, if unreliable, ship, intending to return to England; along the voyage, the ship sank, and all on board were lost.
## Gilbert Stuart portrait {#gilbert_stuart_portrait}
Ricketts is identified as the subject of an unfinished portrait of ca. 1795--99 by Gilbert Stuart. The painting\'s current provenance includes the sitter\'s brother, Francis Ricketts; it was later owned by Peter Grain and George Washington Riggs. In 1879, George C. Mason published *The Life and Works of Gilbert Stuart*, in which he described the painting as \"an unfinished picture, which, there is strong reason for believing, was painted by Stuart\" and identified the subject as *Breschard, the Circus Rider*. It was under this title that the painting was displayed at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in 1880. In 1942 the painting entered the collection of the National Gallery of Art, which changed the identification to \"John Bill Ricketts\" by 1947
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# Penetrating trauma
**Penetrating trauma** is an open wound injury that occurs when an object pierces the skin and enters a tissue of the body, creating a deep but relatively narrow entry wound. In contrast, a blunt or *non-penetrating* trauma may have some deep damage, but the overlying skin is not necessarily broken and the wound is still closed to the outside environment. The penetrating object may remain in the tissues, come back out the path it entered, or pass through the full thickness of the tissues and exit from another area.
A penetrating injury in which an object enters the body or a structure and passes all the way through an exit wound is called a **perforating trauma**, while the term *penetrating trauma* implies that the object does not perforate wholly through. In gunshot wounds, perforating trauma is associated with an entrance wound and an often larger exit wound.
Penetrating trauma can be caused by a foreign object or by fragments of a broken bone. Usually occurring in violent crime or armed combat, penetrating injuries are commonly caused by gunshots and stabbings.
Penetrating trauma can be serious because it can damage internal organs and presents a risk of shock and infection. The severity of the injury varies widely depending on the body parts involved, the characteristics of the penetrating object, and the amount of energy transmitted to the tissues. Assessment may involve X-rays or CT scans, and treatment may involve surgery, for example to repair damaged structures or to remove foreign objects. Following penetrating trauma, spinal motion restriction is associated with worse outcomes and therefore it should not be done routinely.
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# Penetrating trauma
## Mechanism
As a missile passes through tissue, it decelerates, dissipating and transferring kinetic energy to the tissues. The velocity of the projectile is a more important factor than its mass in determining how much damage is done; kinetic energy increases with the square of the velocity. In addition to injury caused directly by the object that enters the body, penetrating injuries may be associated with secondary injuries, due for example to a blast injury.
The path of a projectile can be estimated by imagining a line from the entrance wound to the exit wound, but the actual trajectory may vary due to ricochet or differences in tissue density. In a cut, the discolouration and the swelling of the skin from a blow happens because of the ruptured blood vessels and escape of blood and fluid and other injuries that interrupt the circulation.
### Cavitation
#### Permanent
Low-velocity items, such as knives and swords, are usually propelled by a person\'s hand, and usually do damage only to the area that is directly contacted by the object. The space left by tissue that is destroyed by the penetrating object as it passes through forms a cavity; this is called **permanent cavitation**.
#### Temporary
High-velocity objects are usually projectiles such as bullets from high-powered rifles, such as assault rifles or sniper rifles. Bullets classed as medium-velocity projectiles include those from handguns, shotguns, and submachine guns. In addition to causing damage to the tissues they contact, medium- and high-velocity projectiles cause a secondary cavitation injury: as the object enters the body, it creates a pressure wave which forces tissue out of the way, creating a cavity which can be much larger than the object itself; this is called \"temporary cavitation\". The temporary cavity is the radial stretching of tissue around the bullet\'s wound track, which momentarily leaves an empty space caused by high pressures surrounding the projectile that accelerate material away from its path.
The characteristics of the tissue injured also help determine the severity of the injury; for example, the denser the tissue, the greater the amount of energy transmitted to it. Skin, muscles, and intestines absorb energy and so are resistant to the development of temporary cavitation, while organs such as the liver, spleen, kidney, and brain, which have relatively low tensile strength, are likely to split or shatter because of temporary cavitation. Flexible elastic soft tissues, such as muscle, intestine, skin, and blood vessels, are good energy absorbers and are resistant to tissue stretch. If enough energy is transferred, the liver may disintegrate. Temporary cavitation can be especially damaging when it affects delicate tissues such as the brain, as occurs in penetrating head trauma.
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# Penetrating trauma
## Location
### Head
While penetrating head trauma accounts for only a small percentage of all traumatic brain injuries (TBI), it is associated with a high mortality rate, and only a third of people with penetrating head trauma survive long enough to arrive at a hospital. Injuries from firearms are the leading cause of TBI-related deaths. Penetrating head trauma can cause cerebral contusions and lacerations, intracranial hematomas, pseudoaneurysms, and arteriovenous fistulas. The prognosis for penetrating head injuries varies widely.
Penetrating facial trauma can pose a risk to the airway and breathing; airway obstruction can occur later due to swelling or bleeding. Penetrating eye trauma can cause the globe of the eye to rupture or vitreous humor to leak from it, and presents a serious threat to eyesight.
### Chest
Most penetrating injuries are chest wounds and have a mortality rate (death rate) of under 10%. Penetrating chest trauma can injure vital organs such as the heart and lungs and can interfere with breathing and circulation. Lung injuries that can be caused by penetrating trauma include pulmonary laceration (a cut or tear) pulmonary contusion (a bruise), hemothorax (an accumulation of blood in the chest cavity outside of the lung), pneumothorax (an accumulation of air in the chest cavity) and hemopneumothorax (accumulation of both blood and air). Sucking chest wounds and tension pneumothorax may result.
Penetrating trauma can also cause injuries to the heart and circulatory system. When the heart is punctured, it may bleed profusely into the chest cavity if the membrane around it (the pericardium) is significantly torn, or it may cause pericardial tamponade if the pericardium is not disrupted. In pericardial tamponade, blood escapes from the heart but is trapped within the pericardium, so pressure builds up between the pericardium and the heart, compressing the latter and interfering with its pumping. Fractures of the ribs commonly produce penetrating chest trauma when sharp bone ends pierce tissues.
### Abdomen
Penetrating abdominal trauma (PAT) typically arises from stabbings, ballistic injuries (shootings), or industrial accidents. PAT can be life-threatening because abdominal organs, especially those in the retroperitoneal space, can bleed profusely, and the space can hold a large volume of blood. If the pancreas is injured, it may be further injured by its own secretions, in a process called *autodigestion*. Injuries of the liver, common because of the size and location of the organ, present a serious risk for shock because the liver tissue is delicate and has a large blood supply and capacity. The intestines, taking a large part of the lower abdomen, are also at risk of perforation.
People with penetrating abdominal trauma may have signs of hypovolemic shock (insufficient blood in the circulatory system) and peritonitis (an inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity). Penetration may abolish or diminish bowel sounds due to bleeding, infection, and irritation, and injuries to arteries may cause bruits (a distinctive sound similar to heart murmurs) to be audible. Percussion of the abdomen may reveal hyperresonance (indicating air in the abdominal cavity) or dullness (indicating a buildup of blood). The abdomen may be distended or tender, signs which indicate an urgent need for surgery.
The standard management of penetrating abdominal trauma was for many years mandatory laparotomy. A greater understanding of mechanisms of injury, outcomes from surgery, improved imaging and interventional radiology has led to more conservative operative strategies being adopted.
## Assessment and treatment {#assessment_and_treatment}
Assessment can be difficult because much of the damage is often internal and not visible. The patient is thoroughly examined. X-ray and CT scanning may be used to identify the type and location of potentially lethal injuries. Sometimes before an X-ray is performed on a person with penetrating trauma from a projectile, a paper clip is taped over entry and exit wounds to show their location on the film. The patient is given intravenous fluids to replace lost blood. Surgery may be required; impaled objects are secured into place so that they do not move and cause further injury, and they are removed in an operating room. If the location of the injury is not obvious, a surgical operation called an exploratory laparotomy may be required to look for internal damage to the organs in the abdomen. Foreign bodies such as bullets may be removed, but they may also be left in place if the surgery necessary to get them out would cause more damage than would leaving them. Wounds are debrided to remove tissue that cannot survive and other material that presents risk for infection.
Negative pressure wound therapy is no more effective in preventing wound infection than standard care when used on open traumatic wounds.
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# Penetrating trauma
## History
Before the 17th century, medical practitioners poured hot oil into wounds in order to cauterize damaged blood vessels, but the French surgeon Ambroise Paré challenged the use of this method in 1545. Paré was the first to propose controlling bleeding using ligature.
During the American Civil War, chloroform was used during surgery to reduce pain and allow more time for operations. Due in part to the lack of sterile technique in hospitals, infection was the leading cause of death for wounded soldiers.
In World War I, doctors began replacing patients\' lost fluid with salt solutions. With World War II came the idea of blood banking, having quantities of donated blood available to replace lost fluids. The use of antibiotics also came into practice in World War II
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# Jazz in Czechoslovakia
**Czechoslovakia\'s jazz** roots were established by Jaroslav Ježek and Rudolf Antonín Dvorský in the 1920s and 1930s. Ježek\'s influence in this realm is particularly noted and by the time he immigrated to the United States in 1939, his compositions blending jazz and classical music were among the most popular music. After the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Nazis, however, jazz was banned and it was not until 1947 when the Australian jazz pianist Graeme Bell and his Dixieland Jazz Band performed at a World Youth Festival in Prague that the jazz movement was revived.
When this movement began, the Stalinists were opposed to it, but as Josef Škvorecký writes in his *The Bass Saxophone*, "Its name was Dixieland. A type of the cannibal-music with roots so patently folkloristic and often (the blues) so downright proletarian that even the most Orwellian falsifier of facts would be hard put to deny them". Similar to the situation during World War II, jazz was developed by Africans and as such, regarded as trash. As this movement grew, it became increasingly intertwined with the growth of the dissident movement.
Among the underground intellectuals, jazz was the genre that was most identified with. As the cultural scene in Czechoslovakia heated up, the jazz scene expanded along with it. In 1964, the First Prague International Jazz Festival was held, bringing hip bands of the time. When the Prague Spring occurred, jazz continued its success as an independent form that attracted the youth in all their rebellion. It was the music that was played at clubs and numerous individual bands formed. As one sees in Škvorecký\'s *The Cowards*, the day revolved around practicing jazz with the group and heroic daydreams. Even though the novel is set at the end of WWII, the books publishing in 1958 is clearly demonstrative of the excitement for jazz that is present at the time Škvorecký writes the novel.
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# Jazz in Czechoslovakia
## Jazz Section of the Czech Musician\'s Union {#jazz_section_of_the_czech_musicians_union}
The small victories that jazz won during this time, however, are not comparable to the Jazz Section of the Czech Musician\'s Union that was created in 1971. Formed through an "administrative loophole," a group of jazz musicians saw the opportunity to become part of the union, and despite jazz being seen as "trash music" for the underclasses, was accepted. The Ministry of the Interior issued a number of guidelines, most importantly that the section was limited to a membership of 3,000. For the first couple of years after its conception, the Jazz Section kept within the confines of the laws. It began the Prague Jazz Days festival, which was expected to be a yearly event. It published a bulletin that discussed the ongoing music scene. As the section grew, the heads of the section became bolder and launched a book series that discussed all popular culture at the time --- from Czech art, to rock poetry, a dictionary of American rock bands, to the 1984 Nobel Prize acceptance speech by Jaroslav Seifert. The first problem or law that it transgressed was the size constraint. By the time the Section was shut down, membership had reached up to 7,000 --- 4,000 more than was allowed. Membership was also breached in other ways. The bulletin and book series that the section published spread quickly from hand to hand. Škvorecký writes "If in a high school one student belonged to the Jazz Section, the books and periodicals he was allowed to buy were read by practically the whole student body and usually also by the teaching staff." As the Section\'s popularity grew and their ability to sponsor musical events became more limited, it reached beyond jazz, and even beyond music in general to literature and art. They began to publish volumes of samizdat, or communist suppressed literature. Publications that were sold only to members in cultural organizations were subject to less censorship and in this way, the Section published numerous manuscripts on "alternative culture" and escaped punishment by the government.
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# Jazz in Czechoslovakia
## Tensions between Jazz Section and communist government {#tensions_between_jazz_section_and_communist_government}
The government\'s approval of the Jazz Section was in part due to its intense dislike of rock music and the overwhelming popularity of that genre. As the rock movement began to become involved with the jazz scene, tensions erupted. At the fifth Jazz Days festival, the authorities got involved when a "rock operetta" was allowed to be performed. From then on until 1984 when the Section was shut down, the bureaucracy resorted to tactics of harassment. After the Jazz Section applied for membership in the European Jazz Federation, a member of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, in the early 80\'s, the communist government feared bad publicity and could not shut down the section immediately. In 1980, the Jazz Days festival was cancelled under the pretext that 15,000 fans had bought tickets and the event could be listed as a "public disturbance." In 1983, the bureaucrats sought to pressure the Czech Musician\'s Union to dissolve the Jazz section. When this was refused, however, the government dissolved the entire organization.
The heads, Karel Srp and Vladimír Kouřil, continued to run the Section even after its disbandment causing them to be jailed in 1986. This action was met with severe criticism from abroad including authors such as Kurt Vonnegut and John Updike. Beyond Srp and Kouřil, five other members were arrested and given fairly light sentences. Though the real causes for the light sentences are unknown, Škvorecký speculates "you cannot really hold such things in Czechoslovakia when Gorbachev is in Moscow releasing Andrei Sakharov and other people. So the trial was really a compromise between the hard-liners in the Czechoslovak party leadership who wanted to make it a warning to anyone who dared to do something not fully endorsed by the party, on the one hand, and the opportunists who smell a new wind from Moscow, on the other, who were against the trial. It reflects a split in the ruling party." These sentiments are similar to the ideas present at the end of WWII when everybody had their own rescued Jew to prove that they were good beings. Not to be undone by these arrests however, the Jazz Section continued while Srp was in prison
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# Cedoux
**Cedoux** is an unincorporated community in the Rural Municipality of Wellington No. 97 in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. It held village status prior to July 21, 1913. Cedoux is located on Highway 35, approximately 25 km north of the city of Weyburn and approximately 91 km southeast of Regina.
## History
The colonization of the community of Cedoux, situated 15 miles north of Weyburn, began to form in 1902 with the arrival of a few Polish and Ukrainian settlers. The official date that Cedoux was named is unknown. It was believed at first to have been named the same time as Cedoux Post Office, April 1, 1905, but a receipt shows it as having possibly been named as early as July 9, 1904. Cedoux became a village on July 21, 1913
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# John Mackey (hurler)
**John Mackey** (28 August 1913 -- 3 May 1989) was an Irish hurler who played as a right wing-forward at senior level for the Limerick county team.
Mackey is regarded as one of Limerick\'s all-time greatest players. He made his first appearance for the team as a substitute during the 1932 championship and was a regular member of the starting fifteen until his retirement after the 1948 championship. During that time he won three All-Ireland medals, five Munster medals and five National League medals. He ended up as an All-Ireland runner-up on two occasions.
At club level Mackey won a record-equaling fifteen county hurling championship and five county football championship medals with Ahane.
Mackey hailed from a hurling \'dynasty\'. His father, John \"Tyler\" Mackey, was a former Limerick captain while his brothers, Mick and Paddy, also claimed All-Ireland honours
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# Rotational modulation collimator
**Rotational modulation collimators** (or **RMCs**) are a specialization of the modulation collimator, an imaging device invented by Minoru Oda. Devices of this type create images of high energy X-rays (or other radiations that cast shadows). Since high energy X-rays are not easily focused, such optics have found applications in various instruments. RMCs selectively block and unblock X-rays in a way which depends on their incoming direction, converting image information into time variations. Various mathematical transformations can then reconstitute the image of the source.
The Small Astronomy Satellite 3, launched in 1975, was one orbiting experiment that used RMCs. A more recent satellite that used RMCs was RHESSI
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# Manuscript culture
A **manuscript culture** is a culture that depends on hand-written manuscripts to store and disseminate information. It is a stage that most developed cultures went through in between oral culture and print culture. Europe entered the stage in classical antiquity. In early medieval manuscript culture, monks (or nuns) copied manuscripts by hand. They copied not just religious works, but a variety of texts including some on astronomy, herbals, and bestiaries. Medieval manuscript culture deals with the transition of the manuscript from the monasteries to the market in the cities, and the rise of universities. Manuscript culture in the cities created jobs built around the making and trade of manuscripts, and typically was regulated by universities. Late manuscript culture was characterized by a desire for uniformity, well-ordered and convenient access to the text contained in the manuscript, and ease of reading aloud. This culture grew out of the Fourth Lateran Council (1215) and the rise of the Devotio Moderna. It included a change in materials (switching from vellum to paper), and was subject to remediation by the printed book, while also influencing it.
## Medieval manuscript culture {#medieval_manuscript_culture}
### Beginnings
In Anglo-Saxon England, manuscript culture seems to have begun around the 10th century. This is not to say however, that manuscripts and the recording of information was not important prior to the 10th century, but that during the 10th century, historians see an influx and heavier weight placed on these manuscripts. This was a time when medical practitioners were advancing what they knew about the human body and the way that certain substances interacted with it. These medical practitioners recorded this information and passed it on through the means of literate people. Catholic monasteries and cathedrals during the Middle Ages were centers of learning (see cathedral schools), so it would only make sense for these texts to end up in the hands of the monks.
These monks would meticulously record the information presented in the texts, but not mindlessly. In the case of herbals, for instance, there is evidence that the monks improved upon some texts, retracted textual errors, and made the text particularly relevant to the area in which they lived. Some monasteries even went so far as to grow some of the plants included in the texts, which was due in part to their intimate understanding of their local herbs. This is important to note because it demonstrated the practical uses of these text in the lives of the monks. They had little room, or patience for that matter, to disseminate the imaginary plants and fanciful texts that are so commonly imagined in the minds of those who think of this era. The writers truly restricted themselves to only include practical information. This was a time when plants and botany was linked very closely with medicine and herbal remedies.
In the case of bestiaries, similarly to herbals, the monks generally copied and cited previous texts to pass them on. Unlike the herbals, the monks could not grow an animal in their garden, so largely the information taken from the bestiaries was taken at face value. The consequence of this is that the writers were free to elaborate and embellish upon texts. This was a definite and deliberate attempt to give the animal in question a certain moral or allegorical meaning beyond the physical appearance. These bestiary texts can be very like traditional mythology.
### Trade
In the 13th century, Paris was the first city to have a large commercial trade of manuscripts, with manuscript-book producers being commissioned to make specific books for specific people. Paris had a large enough population of wealthy literate persons to support the livelihood of people producing manuscripts. This medieval era marks the shift in manuscript production from monks in monasteries to booksellers and scribes making a living from their work in the cities.
Individuals did scribal work, but collaboration has been suggested. Commercial workshops or ateliers operated out of Paris during this time, often collaborating on jobs. Research from François Avril, Joan Diamond and others has confirmed that two or more artists alternated, or otherwise shared, in the illumination of a single manuscript; however, the detailed logistics of this work remain unclear.
Most medieval scribes gathered together as they copied, but some separated books into sections to copy them in parts. Previously in the monasteries, work was broken up between scribes and illuminators; examples exist where the scribe would leave space for and write out a small cursive letter at the beginning of a new paragraph, which was then painted in at a later time by the illuminator.
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# Manuscript culture
## Medieval manuscript culture {#medieval_manuscript_culture}
### Pecia system {#pecia_system}
The pecia system was developed in Italian university cities by the beginning of the 13th century and became a regulated procedure at the University of Paris in the second half of the century. The pecia system broke up the book into sections called peciae. Individuals -- such as students -- would rent them, section by section, to copy. The peciae were generally four folios long which allowed for a fast turn-over rate for each pecia for students to exchange. Under this system, a larger number of copiers, working simultaneously, could produce a copy in a significantly shorter amount of time than a single person working alone.
The original collection of peciae for a book from which all future copies will be based is called the exemplar. The process of making an exemplar was supposed to be an orderly procedure: Masters of the university who compiled a new work were to edit, correct, and submit this authentic text to a stationer; he in turn copied from it an exemplar in peciae, corrected these against the author\'s text with utmost care, and finally submitted them to the inspection of the university\'s delegates for approval and for the setting of a rental price. Only then were peciae available for rental and copy.
In reality, it came down to the stationer -- part of whose job was renting out peciae -- finding and offering for rental the works which he thought would be demanded. This pressure on the stationers prompted them to acquire exemplars in as good a state and in as short a time as possible. The emphasis was on speed of acquisition instead of the quality of the product. If a certain work seemed likely to become a \"best seller\", a stationer would make a copy of the best text immediately available, and would have his exemplar-peciae corrected as well as time permitted. At times, the stationer sought the text; at other times, it was the author who offered his newly completed work to the stationer, but it was never the university as a formal body which made requests or developed what was to be offered.
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# Manuscript culture
## Medieval manuscript culture {#medieval_manuscript_culture}
### Booksellers in Paris {#booksellers_in_paris}
King Philip the Fair of France, 1285--1314, instituted a 0.4% commercial tax on all goods. In 1307 the King exempted all the librarii universitatis from paying the commercial tax, the taille. This exemption privileged the French universities over the booksellers because if they did not swear the oath they would not be exempt from the tax.
*Librarius* is a general term while *stationarius* refers to one specific kind of librarius. *Librarius* can mean anything from scribe to bookseller to librarian. *Stationarius* or stationer refers to those types of *librarius* who rented out peciae. Both types, however, were involved in the secondhand trade, produced new books, and were regulated by the university. The sole distinction between them was the stationer\'s added service of renting out pecia.
#### Restrictions
The oaths that the *librarii* or booksellers had to swear to the universities to obey their regulations and requirements for the tax exemption were extremely restrictive in regard to the resale of secondhand books. They were supposed to act more like intermediaries between the seller and the buyer while their profit was limited to essentially four pence per pound. They were further required to display the secondhand books prominently in their shops, give a professional assessment of the likely price of the books submitted to them, and put would-be buyers in direct contact with the seller.
The bookseller had to swear not to underpay when buying and not to overcharge when selling. The stationers rented out copies of useful texts, one quire at a time, so students and masters could make their own copies. Both fees were regulated by the university. Both kinds of booksellers had to guarantee their compliance to their oath by posting a bond of 100 pence.
It was not just the booksellers which the universities regulated. Additionally, university regulations forbade parchmenters from hiding the good parchment from university members wanting to buy. There were plenty of other demands for parchment outside the university such as: the record-keeping for the royal government, every similar entity of a commercial or mercantile guild, every religious house that issued a charter or kept a rent roll, every public letter-writer, everyone from major international trader to local shop-keeper who kept accounts. They all demanded parchment in greater numbers and were willing to pay higher than the regulated price which the university members paid. As such, the universities feeling such pressures often chose to regulate parchment as well.
#### Benefits
While there were many restrictions on the bookseller, the job did have its benefits. The bookseller was free to produce and sell books, illuminate, or write for anyone they pleased like the Court, cathedral, or the wealthy laymen of the capital and provinces so long as they met their obligations to the university to which they had sworn oaths. In fact, most of their trade fell outside of the university regulation. There is an important distinction between the regulation of how books were traded within the university and how the booksellers were able to charge whatever the open market would bear. To the non-student or masters, there were no such restrictions on the booksellers. Between 1300--1500, the position of libraire was a closed position only open upon the resignation or death of a previous one. Aside from cheap books, it was only the libraire who was allowed to sell books in Paris. The university essentially guaranteed a monopoly on the sale of books for booksellers.
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# Manuscript culture
## Late manuscript culture {#late_manuscript_culture}
### Characteristics
The period of late manuscript culture dates from roughly the mid-14th century to the 15th century, preceding and existing alongside the printing press. While embodying all of the ideals and adhering to the regulations observable in the Devotio Moderna, there are many clear characteristics of late manuscript culture. For instance, careful attention was paid to the punctuation and layout of texts, with readability and specifically reading aloud taking preeminence. Meaning had to be clear in every sentence, with as little room left to interpretation as possible (compared to the lack of spaces in text and any markings for the purpose of aiding in enunciation), due to preachings\' rise in popularity after the Fourth Lateran Council. Correct orthography was attempted whenever the necessary exemplars made it possible to emend earlier texts, especially Bibles, and this correction made many texts uniform. In this period of manuscript culture, the emendatiora, manuscripts which combined surviving texts of the oldest available exemplars with the manuscripts that had been currently acceptable and prominent, were created.
Aids to find one\'s way about the text are prominent features in these manuscripts. While none were invented solely in 15th century, they were used with increasing frequency and became more complex. These include:
- tables of contents
- lists of chapters, either at the beginning of each book or gathered at the beginning of the whole work (if it is a collection of works)
- running headlines
- extensively detailed colophons
- page numbers in Arabic numerals
- the appearance of subject indexes
Other changes included the enlargement of the rubric from one to two lines in the university manuscript to eight or ten, and the distinction of it by separate letter-form. The rubric also changed in regard to the categories of information included in it. An earlier rubric might have contained a title of the particular section or article, and a description of the ending of the preceding one. A 15th century rubric would add information about the translator or translators, and the original writer if they were not particularly well known. A brief description of their content, or even detailed information considering the date or conditions of the works creation is also occasionally seen, though not as frequently. These changes exemplify the desire for uniformity, ease of access, and strict regulation of a given work and its subsequent correction. These are many of the same goals attributed to the uniformity exemplified by the printing press.
### Production of manuscripts at the beginning of the 15th century {#production_of_manuscripts_at_the_beginning_of_the_15th_century}
The emergence of new standards in manuscript production, beginning in the Low Countries at the end of the 14th century, clearly marked the beginning of a new epoch in manuscript culture. Uniformity would result from the desire for clarity, both in terms of bibliographic accuracy and the reproduction and correction of the text itself. It necessitated greater organization, specifically within the monastic scriptoria. These had lost pre-eminence in medieval manuscript culture, characterized by the university, but had begun to undergo a rebirth in the fourteenth century. Historians have characterized this period as chaotic, with very poor quality paper manuscripts being held as a standard. However, the varying quality of materials did not affect the quality of the text contained on it, as the transition was made from parchment to rag paper. For instance, there was the formation of a new script, called hybrida, that sought to combine the traditional cursiva script with the script used in printed books. There was little loss of legibility, due to the use of sharp angles instead of loops. Additionally, in the first half of the 15th century, the practice of using a hierarchy of scripts to demarcate different sections of a text was re-instituted. Rubrics and colophons were clearly set off from the remainder of a text, employing their own unique script. All of these changes resulted from a desire for improved accuracy, and led to the creation of complex codification rules.
### Uniformity amidst variety {#uniformity_amidst_variety}
Many manuscripts were produced that had differences in terms of size, layout, script, and illumination. They were based on the same text while being created by many different scribes. Yet, they were meticulously corrected, to the point that very few differences in terms of the text itself can be observed among them. This implied not only the presence of a direct authority that maintained some sort of direction over the scribes, but also a newfound pursuit of scholarly accuracy that had not been present with the university book sellers. It was emphasized by the new religious orders that had been created in the 14th century. Correction and emendation would be held in the same esteem as copying itself.
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# Manuscript culture
## Late manuscript culture {#late_manuscript_culture}
### Codification rules and the Opus Pacis {#codification_rules_and_the_opus_pacis}
Written in 1428 by the German Carthusian, Oswald de Corda, prior of the Grand Chartreuse, the Opus Pacis consisted of two parts. One dealt primarily with orthography and accent, where Oswald stated that his motive in creating these codification rules was to dispel the anxiety of his fellow Carthusians. Many members of the order were worried about the omission of single letters, not just phrases, words or syllables within copies of a given text (demonstrating the new concern for uniformity taken to an extreme). It is clear that his audience was composed of scribes, specifically those meticulous to \"the verge of neurosis\". He seeks to reinforce the importance of older statutes regarding manuscript production, such as the Carthusian statutes, and the way in which he seeks to correct them.
#### Statuta Nova of 1368 {#statuta_nova_of_1368}
Oswald specifically wanted to reform the Statuta Nova of 1368. It stated no one could emend copies of the Old and New Testament, unless they were doing so against exemplars that had been prescribed by their order. Anyone who corrected texts in a manner inconsistent with those exemplars was publicly acknowledged to have corrupted the text, and subsequently punished. Oswald answered this with his Work of Peace, and stated that correctors should not engage in pointless labor by over-correcting. In it, he described correction not as a command, but an indulgence. It was practiced for the improvement and glorification of a text, and though it followed a set of rules, they were not so strict as to stifle emendation. This was a transition from older works with large numbers of lists and regulations that mandated every action a scribe could take in correction, and had been widely ignored in medieval print culture. Oswald rejected a system in which one must simply pick a single exemplar and correct according to it, or reproduce portions of texts which the scribe knew to be in error due to a proper exemplar not being attainable. Before Oswald, many believed these were the only available options under the older, strict rules.
#### New rules of corrections {#new_rules_of_corrections}
Oswald specifically made sure to outline the proper way of correcting various readings of the same text, as observed in varying exemplars. He stated that scribes should not instantly correct according to one or the other, but deliberate, and use proper judgment. Oswald also said that in the case of bibles, scribes should not immediately modernize archaic spellings, because this had produced further variation within texts. Oswald also detailed a uniform set of abbreviations. However, he stated that scribes should recognize national differences, particularly in light of the Great Schism. Scribes were right to correct texts with different dialects of Latin, especially if they were using archaic forms of Latin verbs, however.
#### Valde Bonum {#valde_bonum}
In his prologue to the Opus Pacis, Oswald contrasts his work with the Valde Bonum, an earlier handbook compiled during the Great Schism. It had attempted to set forth universal spellings for the Bible, and stated that the corrector need not emend to conform to an exemplar from a given region based on its perceived superiority, but could rather take local regional practice as a standard. It acknowledged that centuries of use, and transmission from nation to nation, had an effect on various spellings. He incorporated many of these elements into his Opus Pacis, which was copied and put to practical use, and had spread from Germany as far north as Ireland. By the 1480s, it had become a standard, specifically for the Devotio Moderna and the Reformed Benedictines. Opus Pacis became a generic term for any work of its kind. The last surviving copy was written in 1514, indicating that manuscript correction remained an important subject sixty years into the printed era.
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# Manuscript culture
## Late manuscript culture {#late_manuscript_culture}
### Manuscript as a vehicle for preaching {#manuscript_as_a_vehicle_for_preaching}
It was in late manuscript culture that the written page took on a renewed meaning to religious communities. Scriptorias of Benedictine, Cistercian and Augustinian houses had resumed after being suppressed by the production of university and mendicant books. Particularly, these scriptoria exemplified the idea that one shall live by the fruit of one\'s labors. Writing sacred books was the most fitting, suitable and pious task that one could undertake to do so. Copying these books was also equivalent to preaching with one\'s hands. Sermons were only of moderate importance in the 13th century. By the 15th century, after the emphasis placed on preaching in the Fourth Lateran Council, they were of the utmost importance. The formation and expansion of preaching orders led to the proliferation of pastoral theology in schools, and preaching was now an indispensable part of the sacraments. Uniform manuscripts with many tools made for ease of reference, reading, and enunciation became necessary.
The Devotio Moderna and the reformed Benedictines relied on reading devotional texts for instruction, and the written word was raised to a high level of importance not afforded by earlier religious movements. The writing was just as important as the word. In fact, monasteries bought many printed books, becoming the main market for the early printing press, precisely because of this devotion to preaching. Without the Devotio Moderna and orders that followed their example, the need for texts and printers would not have been present. Printing had exploded in Germany and the Low Countries, the home of the Devotio Moderna and Reformed Benedictines, as opposed to England and France. They were also the home to the beginnings of late manuscript culture, because of the common desire for uniformity. Johannes Trithemius protested the invasion of the library by the printed book because of the missing aspect of devotion that had been present in preaching with one\'s hands. With the preaching possible as a scribe, manuscripts had a function that was lacking in a printed book, though both possessed a greater degree of uniformity than earlier manuscripts.
### Manuscripts and the arrival of print {#manuscripts_and_the_arrival_of_print}
By roughly 1470, the transition from handwritten books to printed ones had begun. The book trade, in particular, underwent drastic changes. By this point German printing presses had reached the northernmost regions of Europe, specifically Paris. By 1500, print had stopped imitating manuscripts and manuscripts were imitating print. In the reign of Francis I (1515--1547) for instance, the king\'s handwritten manuscripts were based on Roman type. While quality rag paper had appeared before the arrival of the printing press, it was at this time that parchmenters lost most of their business. Paper was not only acceptable, it was preferable, and printers and scribes had both ceased to use parchment altogether. Many libraries decried these changes, because of the loss in individuality and subtlety that resulted. Many printed books and manuscripts were even created with the same paper. The same watermarks are often observable on them, that signified the particular paper dealer who created it.
Manuscripts were still written and illuminated well into the 16th century, some dating to just before 1600. Many illuminators continued to work on various manuscripts, specifically the Book of Hours. The Book of Hours had been the most commonly produced manuscript from the 1450s onward, and was among the last manuscripts created. By the 16th century, however, manuscripts were mostly illuminated by artists retained by nobles or royals. Their work was required (and manuscripts were created) only for unusual occasions, such as noble or royal births, weddings, or other extraordinary occurrences. The number of copyists had greatly declined, as these types of manuscripts were not intended for mass, or even student, consumption.
The traditional organization of book production fell apart; they were made up of libraries doling out quires to scribes and illuminators, who lived in proximity. The new, specialized system based on patronage did not support them. Libraries, and not scribes, turned into printers, and served as a link between late manuscript culture and print culture. They had possessed reserves of manuscripts, and slowly supplemented them with printed books, until printed books dominated their collections. However, the cost and risks involved in making books greatly increased with the transition to print. Still, Paris and more northern areas of Europe (especially France) had been the foremost center of manuscript production, and remained a force in the printed book market, falling only behind Venice.
#### Manuscript descent and exemplars {#manuscript_descent_and_exemplars}
There were accounts`{{By whom|date=February 2011}}`{=mediawiki} of scribes working in a similar manner in comparison to their rival printers, though the process was still subtly different. The pages on sheets of vellum were folded together to form a quire before the invention of printing or paper, and printed books also bound multiple quires to form a codex. They were simply made of paper. Manuscripts were also used as exemplars for printed books. Lines were counted off based on the exemplar and marked in advance, while the typesetting reflected the layout of the manuscript\'s text. Within a few generations, however, printed books were used as new exemplars. This process created various \"family trees\", as many printed sources would be double checked against earlier manuscripts if the quality was deemed too low. This necessitated the creation of stemma, or lines of descent among books. This made manuscripts gain a new significance, as sources to find earlier authority or a better authority, in comparison to the published version of a text. Erasmus, for instance, attained authoritative manuscripts from the medieval period due to his dissatisfaction with printed Bibles.
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# Manuscript culture
## Late manuscript culture {#late_manuscript_culture}
### Christine de Pizan and humanist illumination {#christine_de_pizan_and_humanist_illumination}
The Epistre Othea or Letter of Othea to Hector, composed in 1400, symbolized the murky transition from manuscript culture to the Renaissance and humanistic print culture. It was a retelling of the classical story of Othea through an illuminated manuscript, though it conveyed many humanistic Renaissance ideas. Created by Christine de Pizan, its patron was Louis of Orleans, heir to the French throne. It contained over 100 images, and each chapter opened with the image of a mythological figure or event. It also contained short narrative verses, and text addressed to Hector. Each prose passage contained a labeled gloss, and attempted to interpret a humanistic lesson from the myth. Every gloss closed with a quote from an ancient philosopher. Additionally, other short prose passages called allegories concluded a section. They conveyed lessons applicable to the soul, and a Latin Bible quotation.
Christine de Pizan combined contemporary images through illumination with new humanistic values typically associated with print. Her work was based on Ovid\'s, and many Ovidian myths were traditionally illuminated, in the medieval period. She also incorporated astrology, Latin texts, and a wide variety of classical mythology in fleshing out Ovid\'s account, maintaining her humanist motivations. This contradiction also led to the use of illuminatio, or the practice of using light as color. Her Othea is a bricolage, restructuring tradition while not trying to create a new master work. It was done in the style of an ordinatio, or layout that emphasized the meaning of the organization of images.
The Othea reflected a late manuscript culture that was defined by violence, action, and gender challenges within literature. Anger was depicted in relation to gender, and marked \"a departure from the Aristotelian tradition\". Women were no longer driven into mindless frenzies, but possessed anger that developed from fully considered character interactions. The Epistre Othea remained Christine\'s most popular work, despite the fact that multiple versions existed. Because of the fluid nature of manuscript reproduction, specifically in the case of illumination (as opposed to the text), the visual experience was not uniform. Each exemplar incorporated diverse cultural elements, with many having entirely different philosophical and theological implications. Only later reproductions that used woodcuts to reproduce the images created a truly authorial version of the manuscript. It also owed its very existence to the printing press in the first instance, because bibles were now relegated to the press, leaving nonreligious texts available for detailed illumination.
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# Manuscript culture
## Late manuscript culture {#late_manuscript_culture}
### Constructing an Auctor with Chaucer {#constructing_an_auctor_with_chaucer}
#### William Caxton {#william_caxton}
While using medieval manuscripts as exemplars, many printers attempted to implant humanist values into the text. They attempted to create a uniform work, displaying many similarities in terms of motivation with the Devotio Moderna. Early editors and publishers needed definitive works to define a culture. William Caxton (1415\~1424--1492), an editor, was instrumental in shaping English culture and language, and did so through his authoritative Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Caxton was a transitional figure, who sought to close the gap between manuscript culture and a more humanistic print culture through Chaucer\'s work. Specifically, Caxton attempted to make Chaucer appear similar to classical writers and continental poets.
#### Chaucer as humanist {#chaucer_as_humanist}
Caxton attempted to make Chaucer into an English Petrarch or Virgil, and realized that new humanistic 16th century versions of his work had to recognize fourteenth century versions. His Chaucer transcended medieval ideals, and became timeless, conforming to humanistic ideals. This required construction of a literary genealogy referred to older medieval exemplars. Through his editing, Chaucer was framed as an early promoter of the Renaissance, who decried Gothic and medieval culture, and who rescued the English language.
#### Caxton and the flaws of \"Olde Bookes\" {#caxton_and_the_flaws_of_olde_bookes}
Caxton wanted to discard \"old bookes\" that were characteristic of medieval culture. To do this, he modernized older terms and introduced Latinate spellings. He removed the influence of manuscript culture, that allowed the reader to have some textual authority. Caxton believed that printed books could set a defined authorship, in which the reader would not feel it appropriate to change the text or add glosses. He believed that cheap versions of this authorial Chaucer would allow a diverse group of readers to develop common economic and political ideals, unifying the culture of England. He was the exemplum for the English standard. His version of Chaucer was well liked by Henry VII of England, who decided to spread it in order to help provide England with a common cultural background.
#### Changing perceptions of the book {#changing_perceptions_of_the_book}
To most people in the late age of manuscript culture, books were codices first, vehicles for text, regardless of whether they were printed or handwritten. The cost of obtaining them determined the standard, and printed books gradually gained precedence. William Caxton stated that his readers could have them \"good cheap\", and that the quality of text was improved, if not equaled, in print. Many catalogues from the period do list both kinds indiscriminately. However, in auctions a careful distinction was made between the two, as anything handwritten fetched a higher price.
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# Manuscript culture
## Late manuscript culture {#late_manuscript_culture}
### Popular assumptions and historical revision {#popular_assumptions_and_historical_revision}
Many scholars of print culture, as well as classicists, have argued that inconsistencies existed among manuscripts due to the blind copying of texts and a static manuscript culture that (specifically medieval manuscript culture) existed during the rise of the printing press. They have stated that once a mistake was made, it would be repeated endlessly and compounded with further mistakes by refusing to deviate from the previous exemplar, thus exposing an obvious advantage of print. The noted classicist E.J. Kenney, whose work formed much of the early scholarship on this issue, stated that \"medieval authors, scribes, and readers had no notion of emending a text, when they were confronted with an obvious error in their exemplars, other than by slavishly copying the readings of another text\". There was a great diversity among them in terms of changes in style and a willingness to deviate from prior exemplars, however, as observed in one copy of copy of Jerome\'s Epistolae Morale, compared to another copy of Cicero\'s Letters, both dating from the 16th century. Many historians and specifically medievalists argue that the late 14th and 15th centuries demonstrated reforms that accommodated many of the functions associated with print. Many classicists also naturally looked to reproductions of classical texts during the period, which were not necessarily characteristic of other work that was deemed more important. Universality and uniformity, medievalists believe, was seen among some late manuscripts, along with other changes typically associated with the printed book.
Much of the recent scholarship on late manuscript culture was specifically generated by Elizabeth Eisenstein, a key print culture scholar, and arguably creator of the \"print culture\" model. Eisenstein argued that the invention of the printing press eventually led to the Renaissance, and the social conditions necessary for its occurrence. The printing press allowed readers to free themselves from many limitations of the manuscript. She did not detail the state of manuscript and scribal culture in the late 14th and 15th centuries, however. She described in depth the conditions present in Germany at the time of the printing presses\' invention in Mainz, and detailed the scribal culture in England and France in order to compare print culture and manuscript culture. She did not describe Italian humanists in Florence and renewed religious orders of the Modern Devotion in the Low Countries and Germany. These included the Windesheim Congregation, of which Oswald de Corda was a member. Many medievalists, specifically Mary A. Rouse and Richard H. Rouse, responded by attempting to create a more detailed account of late manuscript culture, and defined its distinctive characteristics. This is part of the belief that changes occurred during the period that print culture scholars, such as Eisenstein, ignored
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# List of acupuncture points
This article provides a comprehensive list of acupuncture points, locations on the body used in acupuncture, acupressure, and other treatment systems based on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).
## Locations and basis {#locations_and_basis}
More than four hundred acupuncture points have been described, with the majority located on one of the twenty main cutaneous and subcutaneous meridians, pathways which run throughout the body and according to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) transport *qi*. Twelve of these major meridians, commonly referred to as \"the primary meridians\", are bilateral and practitioners`{{Who|date=December 2022}}`{=mediawiki} associate them with internal organs. The remaining eight meridians are designated`{{By whom|date=December 2022}}`{=mediawiki} as \"extraordinary\", and are also bilateral except for three, one that encircles the body near the waist, and two that run along the midline of the body. Only those two extraordinary meridians that run along the midline contain their own points, the remaining six comprise points from the aforementioned twelve primary meridians. There are also points that are not located on the fourteen major meridians but do lie in the complete nexus referred to as *Jīngluò* (*經絡*). Such outliers are often`{{Specify|date=December 2022}}`{=mediawiki} referred to as \"extra points\".
There is no anatomical and physiological basis for acupuncture points and meridians. In practice, acupuncture points are located`{{By whom|date=December 2022}}`{=mediawiki} by a combination of anatomical landmarks, palpation, and feedback from the patient.
### Twelve Primary Meridians {#twelve_primary_meridians}
Code Chinese Name Pinyin English Korean *한글* Vietnamese
------ -------------- ----------------------------- ------------------ --------------- ----------------------------
LU shǒu tàiyīn fèi jīng Lung Thủ thái âm phế
LI shǒu yángmíng dàcháng jīng Large Intestine Thủ dương minh đại trường
ST zú yángmíng wèi jīng Stomach Túc dương minh vị
SP zú tàiyīn pí jīng Spleen Túc thái âm tỳ
HT shǒu shǎo yīn xīnjīng Heart Thủ thiếu âm tâm
SI shǒu tàiyáng xiǎocháng jīng Small Intestine Thủ thái dương tiểu trường
BL zú tàiyáng pángguāng jīng Bladder Túc thái dương bàng quang
KI zú shǎo yīn shèn jīng Kidney Túc thiếu âm thận
PC shǒu juéyīn xīnbāo jīng Pericardium Thủ quyết âm tâm bào
TE shǒu shǎo yángsān jiāo jīng Triple Energizer Thủ thiếu dương tam tiêu
GB zú shǎo yáng dǎn jīng Gallbladder Túc thiếu dương đởm
LR zú juéyīn gān jīng Liver Túc quyết âm can
### Eight Extraordinary Meridians {#eight_extraordinary_meridians}
The eight extraordinary meridians (`{{zh|t=奇經八脈 |s=奇经八脉 |p=qí jīng bā mài}}`{=mediawiki}) are of pivotal importance in the study of qigong, tai chi, and Chinese alchemy. Though many are listed, only the Governing Vessel and the Conception Vessel meridians have points not associated with the previous 12 meridians.
Code Name Transliteration English Korean 한글 Pinyin Vietnamese
-------- ------ ----------------- ------------------- ------------- --------------- ------------
GV Dumai Governing Vessel 독맥 dū mài Đốc mạch
CV Renmai Conception Vessel 임맥 rén mài Nhâm mạch
TV Chongmai Thrusting Vessel 충맥 chòng mài Xung mạch
BV Daimai Belt Vessel 대맥 dài mài Đới mạch
YinHV Yinqiaomai Yin Heel Vessel 음교맥 yīn qiāo mài Âm kiều
YangHV Yangqiaomai Yang Heel Vessel 양교맥 yáng qiāo mài Dương kiều
YinLV Yinweimai Yin Link Vessel 음유맥 yīn wéi mài Âm duy
YangLV Yangweimai Yang Link Vessel 양유맥 yáng wéi mài Dương duy
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# List of acupuncture points
## Nomenclature
Some acupuncture points have several traditional names, for example *tài yuān* (*太渊*) and *gui xin* (*鬼心*) are two names used for the 9th acupuncture point on the lung meridian. The World Health Organization (WHO) published *A Proposed Standard International Acupuncture Nomenclature Report* in 1991 and [2014](https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9290611057), listing 361 classical acupuncture points organized according to the fourteen meridians, eight extra meridians, 48 extra points, and scalp acupuncture points, and published *[Standard Acupuncture Nomenclature](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2393122/pdf/bullwho00053-0028.pdf)* in 1993, focused on the 361 classical acupuncture points. Each acupuncture point is identified by the meridian on which it is located and its number in the point sequence on that channel. For example, *Lu-9* identifies the 9th acupuncture point on the lung meridian. The only`{{Verify source|date=December 2022}}`{=mediawiki} ambiguity with this unique systemized method is on the urinary bladder meridian, where the outer line of 14 points found on the back near the spine are inserted in one of two ways; following the last point of the inner line along the spine (*會陽*) and resuming with the point found in the crease of the buttocks (*承扶*), or following the point in the center of the crease of the knee (*委中*) and resuming with the point just below that (*合陽*), found in the bifurcation of the gastrocnemius muscle. Although classification of the extra points often tries to utilize a similar shortcut method, where a numbered sequence along an assigned body part is used, there is no commonly agreed-upon system and therefore universal identification of these points relies on the original naming system of traditional Chinese characters.
The tables in this article follow the WHO numbering scheme to identify the acupuncture points of the main channels. For extra points the tables follow the numbering scheme found in *A Manual of Acupuncture*.
## Lung meridian {#lung_meridian}
Abbreviated as LU, named `{{zh |labels=no |s=手太阴肺经穴|t=手太陰肺經}}`{=mediawiki} \"The Lung channel of Hand, Greater Yin\". This refers to the meridian starting in the arm, the lung\'s association with yin, and that it is considered more easy to find.
Point Name Transliteration English Pinyin Korean *한글* Vietnamese
------- ------ ----------------- ---------------------- ------------ --------------- --------------
LU-1 Zhongfu Middle Assembly zhōng fǔ Trung phủ
LU-2 Yunmen Cloud Gate yún mén Vân môn
LU-3 Tianfu Upper Arm Assembly tiān fǔ Thiên phủ
LU-4 Xiabai Supporting the Lung xiá bái Hiệp bạch
LU-5 Chize Cubit Marsh chǐ zé Xích trạch
LU-6 Kongzui Collection Hole kǒng zuì Khổng tối
LU-7 Lieque Interrupted Sequence liè quē Liệt khuyết
LU-8 Jingqu Channel Ditch jīng qú Kinh cừ
LU-9 Taiyuan Great Deep Pool tài yuān Thái uyên
LU-10 Yuji Fish Border yú jì Ngư tế
LU-11 Shaoshang Lesser Metal shào shāng Thiếu thương
## Large intestine meridian {#large_intestine_meridian}
Abbreviated as LI or CO (colon), named `{{zh |labels=no |s=手阳明大肠经穴|t=手陽明大腸經}}`{=mediawiki} \"The Large Intestine channel of Hand, Yang Bright\".
Point Name Transliteration English Pinyin Korean *한글* Vietnamese
------- ------ ----------------- --------------------------- ------------- --------------- --------------
LI-1 Shangyang Metal Yang shāng yáng Thương dương
LI-2 Erjian Second Point èr jiān Nhị gian
LI-3 Sanjian Third Point sān jiān Tam gian
LI-4 He Gu Junction Valley hé gǔ Hiệp cốc
LI-5 Yangxi Yang Stream yáng xī Dương khê
LI-6 Pianli Diverging Passage piān lì Thiên lịch
LI-7 Wenliu Warm Flow wēn liū Ôn lưu
LI-8 Xialian Lower Point at the Border xià lián Hạ liêm
LI-9 Shanglian Upper Point at the Border shàng lián Thượng liêm
LI-10 Shousanli Arm Three Miles shǒu sān lǐ Thủ tam lý
LI-11 Quchi Pool at the Bend qū chí Khúc trì
LI-12 Zhouliao Elbow Bone Hole zhǒu liáo Trữu liêu
LI-13 Shouwuli Arm Five Miles shǒu wǔ lǐ (Thủ) ngũ lý
LI-14 Binao Upper Arm bì nào Tí nhu
LI-15 Jianyu Shoulder and Clavicle jiān yú Kiên ngung
LI-16 Jugu Large Bone jù gǔ Ngự cốt
LI-17 Tianding Head\'s Tripod tiān dǐng Thiên đỉnh
LI-18 Futu Beside the Prominence fú tū Phù đột
LI-19 Kouheliao Mouth Grain Hole kǒu hé liáo Hòa liêu
LI-20 Yingxiang Receiving Fragrance yíng xiāng Nghênh hương
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# List of acupuncture points
## Stomach meridian {#stomach_meridian}
Abbreviated as ST, named `{{zh |labels=no |s=足阳明胃经穴|t=足陽明胃經}}`{=mediawiki} \"The Stomach channel of Foot, Yang Bright\".
Point Name Transliteration English Pinyin Korean *한글* Vietnamese Alternative names
------- ------ ----------------- ---------------------------------- ------------- ------------------------------ --------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ST-1 Chengqi Tears Container chéng qì seung eup *승읍* Thừa khấp
ST-2 Sibai Four Directions Brightness sì bái sa baek *사백* Tứ bạch
ST-3 Juliao Large Bone Hole jù liáo geo ryo *거료* Cự liêu
ST-4 Dicang Earth Granary dì cāng ji chang *지창* Địa thương
ST-5 Daying Large Receptacle (Facial Artery) dà yíng dae yeong *대영* Đại nghênh
ST-6 Jiache Jaw Bone jiá chē hyeop geo *협거* Giáp xa
ST-7 Xiaguan Below the Arch xià guān ha gwan *하관* Hạ quan
ST-8 Touwei Head\'s Corner tóu wéi du yu *두유* Đầu duy
ST-9 Renying Man\'sPrognosis (Carotid Artery) rén yíng in yeong *인영* Nhân nghênh Tianwuhui (Heaven\'s Five Meetings)
ST-10 Shuitu Liquid Passage shǔi tū su dol *수돌* Thủy đột
ST-11 Qishe Residence of Breath Qi qì shè gi sa *기사* Khí xá
ST-12 Quepen Empty Basin quē pén gyeol bun *결분* Khuyết bồn
ST-13 Qihu Door of Breath qì hù gi ho *기호* Khí hộ
ST-14 Kufang Breath Storeroom kù fáng go bang *고방* Khố phòng
ST-15 Wuyi Hiding the Breath wū yì ok ye *옥예* Ốc ế
ST-16 Yingchuang Breast Window yìng chuāng eung chang *응창* Ưng song
ST-17 Ruzhong Breast Centre (Nipple) rǔ zhōng yu jung *유중* Nhũ trung
ST-18 Rugen Breast Root rǔ gēn yu geun *유근* Nhũ căn
ST-19 Burong Not Contained bù róng bul yong *불용* Bất dung \"Uncontainable\" refers to vomiting
ST-20 Chengman Receiving Fullness chéng mǎn seng man *승만* Thừa mãn
ST-21 Liangmen Beam Gate liáng mén yang mun *양문* Lương môn
ST-22 Guanmen Shutting the Gate guān mén gwan mun *관문* Quan môn
ST-23 Taiyi Great Unity tài yǐ tae eul *태을* Thái ất
ST-24 Huaroumen Chime Gate huá ròu mén hwal yung mun *활육문* Hoạt nhục môn
ST-25 Tianshu Heavenly Pivot tiān shū cheon chu *천추* Thiên xu
ST-26 Wailing Outer Mound wài líng woe neung *외릉* Ngoại lăng
ST-27 Daju Great Bulge dà jù dae geo *대거* Đại cự
ST-28 Shuidao Waterway shuǐ dào su do *수도* Thủy đạo Left ST 28 = Baomen \"Gate of Uterus\"; Right ST 28 = Zihu \"Child\'s Door - Sun Si Miao
ST-29 Guilai Restoring Position guī lái gui rae *귀래* Qui lai
ST-30 Qichong Qi Surge qì chōng gi chung *기충* Khí xung
ST-31 Biguan Thigh Gate bì guān bi gwan *비관* Bễ quan
ST-32 Futu Crouching Rabbit fú tù bok to *복토* Phục thỏ
ST-33 Yinshi Yin Market yīn shì eum si *음시* Âm thị
ST-34 Liangqiu Ridge Mound liáng qīu yang gu *양구* Lương khâu
ST-35 Dubi Calf\'s Nose dú bí dok bi *독비* Độc tị
ST-36 Zusanli Leg Three Miles zú sān lǐ \[jok\] sam ni *\[족\] 삼리* Túc tam lý
ST-37 Shangjuxu Upper Great Void shàng jù xū sang geo heo *상거허* Thượng cự hư
ST-38 Tiaokou Ribbon Opening tiáo kǒu jo gu *조구* Điều khẩu
ST-39 Xiajuxu Lower Large Hollow xià jù xū ha geo heo *하거허* Hạ cự hư
ST-40 Fenglong Abundant Bulge fēng lóng pung nyung *풍륭* Phong long
ST-41 Jiexi Dividing Cleft jiě xī hae gye *해계* Giải khê
ST-42 Chongyang Surging Yang chōng yáng chung yang *충양* Xung dương
ST-43 Xiangu Sunken Valley xiàn gǔ ham gok *함곡* Hãm cốc
ST-44 Neiting Inner Court nèi tíng nae jeong *내정* Nội đình
ST-45 Lidui Running Point lì duì ye tae *예태* Lệ đoài
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# List of acupuncture points
## Spleen meridian {#spleen_meridian}
Abbreviated as SP, named `{{zh |labels=no |s=足太阴睥经穴|t=足太陰脾經}}`{=mediawiki} \"The Spleen channel of Foot, Greater Yin\".
Point Name Transliteration English Pinyin Korean *한글* Romaji Vietnamese Alternative names
------- ------ ----------------- ------------------------ --------------- --------------- ------------ --------------- -------------------
SP-1 Yinbai Hidden White yǐn bái im paku Ẩn bạch \'in paku\'
SP-2 Dadu Great Pool dà dū dai to Đại đô
SP-3 Taibai Great White taì bái tai haku Thái bạch
SP-4 Gongsun Grandfather Grandson gōng sūn kō son Công tôn
SP-5 Shangqiu Metal Mound shāng qiū shō kyū Thương khâu
SP-6 Sanyinjiao Three Yin Intersection sān yīn jiāo san in kō Tam âm giao
SP-7 Lougu Leaking Valley loù gǔ rō koku? Lậu cốc
SP-8 Diji Earth Cure dì jī chi ki Địa cơ
SP-9 Yinlingquan Yin Mound Spring yīn líng qúan in ryō sen Âm lăng tuyền
SP-10 Xuehai Sea of Blood xuè hǎi kek kai Huyết hải
SP-11 Jimen Separation Gate jī mén ki mon Cơ môn
SP-12 Chongmen Surging Gate chōng mén shō mon Xung môn
SP-13 Fushe Bpwel Abode fǔ shè fu sha Phủ xá
SP-14 Fujie Abdomen Stagnation fù jié fuk ketsu Phúc kết
SP-15 Da heng Great Horizontal dà héng dai ō Đại hoành
SP-16 Fuai Abdomen Suffering fù āi fuku ai Phúc ai
SP-17 Shidou Food Cavity shí dòu shoku tō Thực đậu
SP-18 Tianxi Celestial Cleft tiān xī ten kei Thiên khê
SP-19 Xiongxiang Chest Village xiōng xiāng kyō kyō? Hung hương
SP-20 Zhourong Complete Nourishment zhōu róng shū ei Chu vinh
SP-21 Dabao Great Embrace dà bāo tai hō Đại bao
## Heart meridian {#heart_meridian}
Abbreviated as HE, HT or H, named `{{zh |labels=no |s=手少阴心经穴|t=手少陰心經}}`{=mediawiki} \"The Heart channel of Hand, Lesser Yin\".
Point Name Transliteration English Pinyin Korean *한글* Romaji Vietnamese Alternative names
------- ------ ----------------- ------------------- ------------ --------------- ------------ ------------ -------------------
HE-1 Jiquan Highest Spring jí quán kyoku sen Cực tuyền
HE-2 Qingling Green Spirit qīng líng sei rei(?) Thanh linh
HE-3 Shaohai Lesser Sea shào hǎi shō kai Thiếu hải
HE-4 Lingdao Spirit Path líng dào rei dō? Linh đạo
HE-5 Tongli Inward Connection tōng lǐ tsū ri? Thông lý
HE-6 Yinxi Yin Cleft yīn xī in geki Âm khích
HE-7 Shenmen Spirit Gate shén mén shin mon Thần môn
HE-8 Shaofu Lesser Mansion shào fǔ shō fu? Thiếu phủ
HE-9 Shaochong Lesser Surge shào chōng shō shō Thiếu xung
## Small intestine meridian {#small_intestine_meridian}
Abbreviated as SI, named `{{zh |labels=no |s=手太阳小肠经穴|t=手太陽小腸經}}`{=mediawiki} \"The Small Intestine channel of Hand, Greater Yang\".
Point Name Transliteration English Pinyin Korean *한글* Romaji Vietnamese Alternative names
------- ------ ----------------- ----------------------------- ---------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- -------------------
SI-1 Shaoze Lesser Marsh shào zé shō taku Thiếu trạch
SI-2 Qiangu Front Valley qián gǔ zen koku(?) Tiền cốc
SI-3 Houxi Back Stream hòu xī go kei Hậu khê \'kō kei\'
SI-4 Wangu Wrist Bone wàn gǔ wan kotsu(?) Uyển cốt
SI-5 Yanggu Yang Valley yáng gǔ yō koku Dương cốc
SI-6 Yanglao Support the Aged yǎng lǎo yō rō Dưỡng lão
SI-7 Zhizheng Branch of Upright zhī zhèng shi sei(?) Chi chính
SI-8 Xiaohai Small Sea xiǎo hǎi shō kai Tiểu hải
SI-9 Jianzhen True Shoulder jiān zhēn ken tei Kiên trinh
SI-10 Naoshu Upper arm transporter nāo shū ju yu Nhu du
SI-11 Tianzong Heavenly Gathering tiān zōng ten sō Thiên tông
SI-12 Bingfeng Grasping the Wind bǐng fēng hei fū Bỉnh phong
SI-13 Quyuan Crooked Wall qū yuán kyo ku en? Khúc viên
SI-14 Jianwaishu Outer Shoulder Transporter jiān wài shū ken gai yu(?) Kiên ngoại du
SI-15 Jianzhongshu Middle Shoulder Transporter jiān zhōng shū ken chū yu? Kiên trung du
SI-16 Tianchuang Heavenly Window tiān chuāng ten sō? Thiên song
SI-17 Tianrong Heavenly Appearance tiān róng ten yō? Thiên dung
SI-18 Quanliao Cheek Bone Crevice quán liáo kan ryō Quyền liêu
SI-19 Tinggong Palace of Hearing tīng gōng chō kyū Thính cung
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# List of acupuncture points
## Bladder meridian {#bladder_meridian}
Abbreviated as BL or UB (urinary bladder), described in Chinese as `{{zh |labels=no |s=足太阳膀胱经穴|t=足太陽膀胱經}}`{=mediawiki} \"The Bladder channel of Foot, Greater Yang\".
An alternative numbering scheme for the \"appended part\" (beginning with Bl-41 in the list below), which places the outer line along the spine after Bl-35 (*會陽*) instead of Bl-40 (*委中*), will be noted in the ***Alternative names*** column.
Point Name Transliteration English Pinyin Korean *한글* Romaji Vietnamese Alternative names
------- ------ ----------------- ----------------------------- ---------------- --------------- ---------------- ---------------- -------------------
BL-1 Jingming Bright Eyes jīng míng sei mei Tình minh
BL-2 Zanzhu Gathered Bamboo cuán zhú san chiku Toản trúc
BL-3 Meichong Eyebrows\' Ascension méi chōng bi shō Mi xung
BL-4 Quchai Deviating Curve qǔ chāi kyo kusa? Khúc sai
BL-5 Wuchu Fifth Position wǔ chǔ go sho(?) Ngũ xứ
BL-6 Chengguang Receiving Light chéng guāng shō kō? Thừa quang
BL-7 Tongtian Reaching Upward tōng tiān tsū ten Thông thiên
BL-8 Luoque Declining Connection luò què rak kyaku? Lạc khước
BL-9 Yuzhen Jade Pillow yù zhěn gyoku chin(?) Ngọc chẩm
BL-10 Tianzhu Upper Pillar tiān zhù ten chū Thiên trụ
BL-11 Dazhu Great Vertebra dà zhù dai jo Đại trữ
BL-12 Fengmen Wind Gate fēng mén fū mon Phong môn
BL-13 Feishu Lung Transporter fèi shū hai yu Phế du
BL-14 Jueyinshu Absolute yin Transporter jué yīn shū ketsu in yu Quyết âm du
BL-15 Xinshu Heart Transporter xīn shū shin yu Tâm du
BL-16 Dushu Governor Transporter dū shū toku yu Đốc du
BL-17 Geshu Diaphragm Transporter gé shū kaku yu Cách du
BL-18 Ganshu Liver Transporter gān shū kan yu Can du
BL-19 Danshu Gallbladder Transporter dǎn shū tan yu Đởm du
BL-20 Pishu Spleen Transporter pí shū hi yu Tỳ du
BL-21 Weishu Stomach Transporter wèi shū i yu Vị du
BL-22 Sanjiaoshu Sanjiao Transporter sān jiāo shū san shō yu Tam tiêu du
BL-23 Shenshu Kidney Transporter shèn shū jin yu Thận du
BL-24 Qihaishu Sea of Qi Transporter qì hǎi shū kikai yu? Khí hải du
BL-25 Dachangshu Large Intestine Transporter dà cháng shū dai chō yu Đại trường du
BL-26 Guanyuanshu Gate of Origin Transporter guān yuán shū kan gen yu? Quan nguyên du
BL-27 Xiaochangshu Small Intestine Transporter xiǎo cháng shū shō chō yu Tiểu trường du
BL-28 Pangguangshu Bladder Transporter páng guāng shū bōkō yu Bàng quang du
BL-29 Zhonglushu Mid-Spine Transporter zhōng lǚ shū chū ryo yu? Trung lữ du zhōng lǚ nèi shù
BL-30 Baihuanshu White Ring Transporter bái huán shū hak kan yu? Bạch hoàn du
BL-31 Shangliao Upper Bone Hole shàng liáo jyō ryō? Thượng liêu
BL-32 Ciliao Second Bone Hole cì liáo ji ryō Thứ liêu
BL-33 Zhongliao Middle Bone Hole zhōng liáo chū ryō? Trung liêu
BL-34 Xialiao Lower Bone Hole xià liáo ge ryō? Hạ liêu
BL-35 Huiyang Meeting of Yang huì yáng e yō Hội dương
BL-36 Chengfu Hold and Support chéng fú sho fu(?) Thừa phù Bl-50
BL-37 Yinmen Hanstring Gate yīn mén in mon Ân môn Bl-51
BL-38 Fuxi Superficial Cleft fú xī fu geki(?) Phù khích Bl-52
BL-39 Weiyang Lateral End of the Crease wěi yáng i yō Ủy dương Bl-53
BL-40 Weizhong Middle of the Crease wěi zhōng i chū Ủy trung Bl-54
BL-41 Fufen Outer Branch fù fēn fu bun(?) Phụ phân Bl-36
BL-42 Pohu Door of the Corporeal Soul pò hù haku ko Phách hộ Bl-37
BL-43 Gaohuangshu Vital Region Shu gāo huāng shū kō kō yu Cao hoang du Bl-38
BL-44 Shentang Spirit Hall shén táng shin dō? Thần đường Bl-39
BL-45 Yixi That Hurt yì xǐ i ki(?) Y hy Bl-40
BL-46 Geguan Diaphragm Gate gé guān kaku kan(?) Cách quan Bl-41
BL-47 Hunmen Ethereal Soul Gate hún mén kon mon? Hồn môn Bl-42
BL-48 Yanggang Linking to Gall Bladder yáng gāng yō kō? Dương cương Bl-43
BL-49 Yishe Abode of Thought yì shě i sha(?) Ý xá Bl-44
BL-50 Weicang Stomach Granary wèi cāng i sō Vị thương Bl-45
BL-51 Huangmen Vitals Gate huāng mén kō mon? Hoang môn Bl-46
BL-52 Zhishi Willpower Room zhì shì shi shitsu Chí thất Bl-47
BL-53 Baohuang Bladder\'s Vitals bāo huāng hō kō Bào hoang Bl-48
BL-54 Zhibian Lowermost in Order zhì biān chip pen Trật biên Bl-49
BL-55 Heyang Yang Confluence hé yáng gō yō? Hợp dương
BL-56 Chengjin Sinews Support chéng jīn shō kin Thừa cân
BL-57 Chengshan Mountain Support chéng shān shō zan Thừa sơn
BL-58 Feiyang Taking Flight fēi yáng hi yō Phi dương
BL-59 Fuyang Tarsus Yang fū yáng fu yō Phụ dương
BL-60 Kunlun Kunlun Mountains kūn lún kon ron Côn lôn (luân)
BL-61 Pucan Subservient Visitor pú cān boku shin(?) Bộc tham
BL-62 Shenmai Extending Vessel shēn mài shim myaku Thân mạch
BL-63 Jinmen Golden Gate jīn mén kim mon Kim môn
BL-64 Jinggu Metatarsal Tuberosity jīng gǔ kei kotsu(?) Kinh cốt
BL-65 Shugu Metatarsal Head shù gǔ sok kotsu? Thúc cốt
BL-66 Zutonggu Foot Valley Passage zú tōng gǔ ahsi tsū koku? Túc thông cốc
BL-67 Zhiyin Reaching Yin zhì yīn shi in Chí âm
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## Kidney meridian {#kidney_meridian}
Abbreviated as KI or K, described in Chinese as *足少阴肾经穴* or *足少陰腎經* \"The Kidney channel of Foot, Lesser Yin\".
Point Name Transliteration English Pinyin Korean *한글* Romaji Vietnamese
------- ------ ----------------- -------------------------- ------------ --------------- ------------------ ------------------
KI-1 Yong Quan Bubbling Well yǒng quán yu sen Dũng tuyền
KI-2 Rangu Blazing Valley rán gǔ nen koku Nhiên cốc
KI-3 Taixi Great Stream taì xī tai kei Thái khê
KI-4 Dazhong Large Bell dà zhōng dai shō? Đại chung
KI-5 Shuiquan Water Spring shuǐ quán sui sen Thủy tuyền
KI-6 Zhaohai Shining Sea zhào hǎi shō kai Chiếu hải
KI-7 Fuliu Continuing Flow fù liū fuku ryū Phục lưu
KI-8 Jiaoxin Intersecting with Spleen jiāo xìn kō shin? Giao tín
KI-9 Zhubin Strong Knees zhú bīn chiku hin Trúc tân
KI-10 Yingu Yin Valley yīn gǔ in koku Âm cốc
KI-11 Henggu Pubic Bone héng gǔ ō kotsu Hoành cốt
KI-12 Dahe Big Plentifulness dà hè tai kaku Đại hách
KI-13 Qixue Kidney Qi Cave qì xué ki ketsu Khí huyệt
KI-14 Siman Fourth for Fullnesses sì mǎn shi man Tứ mãn
KI-15 Zhongzhu Pouring into the Middle zhōng zhù chū chū Trung chú
KI-16 Huangshu Vitals Tissues Shu huāng shū kō yu Hoang du
KI-17 Shangqu Metal Bend shāng qū shō kyoku Thương khúc
KI-18 Shiguan Stone Gate shí guān seki kan Thạch quan
KI-19 Yindu Yin Metropolis yīn dū in to Âm đô
KI-20 Futonggu Abdominal Food Passage fù tōng gǔ hara no tsū koku (Phúc) Thông cốc
KI-21 Youmen Hidden Gate yōu mén yū mon U môn
KI-22 Bulang Stepping Upwards bù láng hō ro? Bộ lang
K-23 Shenfeng Spirit Manor shén fēng shim pō Thần phong
KI-24 Lingxu Spirit Ruin líng xū rei kyo(?) Linh khâu
KI-25 Shencang Spirit Storehouse shén cáng shin zō Thần tàng
KI-26 Yuzhong Refined Chest yù zhōng waku chū Hoắc trung
KI-27 Shufu Shu Mansion shū fǔ yu fu Du phủ
## Pericardium meridian {#pericardium_meridian}
Abbreviated as PC or P, named `{{zh |labels=no |s=手厥阴心包经穴|t=手厥陰心包經}}`{=mediawiki} \"The Pericardium channel of Hand, Faint Yin\".
Point Name Transliteration English Pinyin Korean *한글* Romaji Vietnamese Alternative names
------- ------ ----------------- ------------------------ ------------- --------------- --------------- ------------- -------------------
PC-1 Tianchi Heavenly Pool tiān chí ten chi Thiên trì
PC-2 Tianquan Heavenly Spring tiān quán ten sen(?) Thiên tuyền
PC-3 Quze Marsh at the Crook qū zé kyoku taku(?) Khúc trạch
PC-4 Ximen Xi-Cleft Gate xī mén geki mon Khích môn
PC-5 Jianshi Intermediate Messenger jiān shǐ kan shi(?) Giản sử
PC-6 Neiguan Inner Pass nèi guān nai kan Nội quan
PC-7 Daling Great Mound dà líng dai ryō Đại lăng \'tai ryō\'
PC-8 Laogong Palace of Toil láo gōng rō kyū Lao cung
PC-9 Zhongchong Middle Rushing zhōng chōng chū shō Trung xung
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# List of acupuncture points
## Triple burner meridian {#triple_burner_meridian}
Also known as San Jiao, triple-heater, triple-warmer or triple-energizer, abbreviated as TB or SJ or TE and named `{{zh |labels=no |s=手少阳三焦经穴|t=手少陽三焦經}}`{=mediawiki} \"The Sanjiao channel of Hand, Lesser Yang\".
Point Name Transliteration English Pinyin Korean *한글* Romaji Vietnamese Alternative names
------- ------ ----------------- --------------------------- ---------------- --------------- --------------- ----------------- -------------------
TE-1 Guanchong Surge Gate guān chōng kan shō Quan xung
TE-2 Yemen Fluid Gate yè mén eki mon(?) DỊch môn
TE-3 Zhongzhu Central Islet zhōng zhǔ chū sho Trung chử
TE-4 Yangchi Yang Pool yáng chí yō chi? Dương trì
TE-5 Waiguan Outer Pass wài guān gai kan Ngoại quan
TE-6 Zhigou Branch Ditch zhī gōu shi kō? Chi câu
TE-7 Huizong Convergence and Gathering huì zōng e sō Hội tông
TE-8 Sanyangluo Three Yang Connection sān yáng luò san kyō raku? Tam dương lạc
TE-9 Sidu Four Rivers sì dú shi toku Tứ độc
TE-10 Tianjing Upper Well tiān jǐng ten sei(?) Thiên tỉnh TW 10
TE-11 Qinglengyuan Cooling Deep Pool qīng lěng yuān sei rei en? Thanh lãng uyên
TE-12 Xiaoluo Draining Marsh xiāo luò shō reki? Tiêu lạc
TE-13 Naohui Upper Arm Intersection nào huì ju e Nhu hội
TE-14 Jianliao Shoulder Bone Hole jiān liáo ken ryō Kiên liêu
TE-15 Tianliao Upper Arm Hole tiān liáo ten ryō Thiên liêu
TE-16 Tianyou Sky Window tiān yǒu ten yū? Thiên dũ
TE-17 Yifeng Wind Screen yì fēng ei fū Ế phong
TE-18 Qimai Convulsion Vessel qì mài kei myaku(?) Khế mạch
TE-19 Luxi Head\'s Tranquility lú xī ro soku(?) Lư tức
TE-20 Jiaosun Angle Vertex jiǎo sūn kaku son Giác tôn
TE-21 Ermen Ear Gate ěr mén ji mon(?) Nhĩ môn
TE-22 Erheliao Ear Harmonising Foramen ěr hé liáo ji wa ryō? (Nhĩ) Hòa liêu
TE-23 Sizhukong Silken Bamboo Hollow sī zhú kōng shi chiku kū Ti trúc không
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## Gallbladder meridian {#gallbladder_meridian}
Abbreviated as GB, this meridian is named `{{zh|labels=no |s=足少阳胆经穴 |t=足少陽膽經}}`{=mediawiki} \"The Gallbladder channel of Foot, Lesser Yang\".
Point Name Transliteration English Pinyin Korean *한글* Romaji Vietnamese
------- ------ ----------------- ------------------------- ---------------- --------------- ------------------ ------------------
GB-1 Tongziliao Pupil Crevice tóng zǐ liáo dō shi ryō Đồng tử liêu
GB-2 Tinghui Meeting of Hearing tīng huì chō e Thính hội
GB-3 Shangguan Above the Joint shàng guān kyaku shu jin Thượng quan
GB-4 Hanyan Jaw Serenity hàn yàn gan en Hàm yến
GB-5 Xuanlu Suspended Skull xuán lú ken ro Huyền lư
GB-6 Xuanli Suspended Hair xuán lí ken ri Huyền ly
GB-7 Qubin Crook of the Temple qū bìn kyoku bin(?) Khúc tân
GB-8 Shuaigu Leading Valley shuài gǔ sok koku? Suất cốc
GB-9 Tianchong Heavenly Rushing tiān chōng ten shō? Thiên xung
GB-10 Fubai Floating White fú bái fu haku(?) Phù bạch
GB-11 Touqiaoyin Yin Portals of the Head tóu qiào yīn atama kyō in Đầu khiếu âm
GB-12 Wangu Mastoid Process wán gǔ kan kotsu Hoàn cốt
GB-13 Benshen Root of the Spirit běn shén hon jin Bản thần
GB-14 Yangbai Yang White yáng bái yō haku Dương bạch
GB-15 Toulinqi Head Governor of Tears tóu lín qì atama no rin kyū Đầu lâm khấp
GB-16 Muchuang Window of the Eye mù chuāng moku sō Mục song
GB-17 Zhengying Upright Nutrition zhèng yíng shō ei Chính dinh
GB-18 Chengling Support Spirit chéng líng shō rei Thừa linh
GB-19 Naokong Brain Hollow nǎo kōng nō kū Não không
GB-20 Fengchi Wind Pool fēng chí fū chi Phong trì
GB-21 Jianjing Shoulder Well jīan jǐng ken sei Kiên tỉnh
GB-22 Yuanye Armpit Abyss yuān yè en eki(?) Uyển dịch
GB-23 Zhejin Flank Sinews zhé jīn chō kin? Triếp cân
GB-24 Riyue Sun and Moon rì yuè jitsu getsu Nhật nguyệt
GB-25 Jingmen Capital Gate jīng mén kei mon Kinh môn
GB-26 Daimai Girdling Vessel dài mài tai myaku Đới mạch
GB-27 Wushu Five Pivots wǔ shū gō sū Ngũ khu
GB-28 Weidao Linking Path wéi dào yui dō Duy đạo
GB-29 Juliao Stationary Crevice jū liáo kyo ryō Cự liêu
GB-30 Huantiao Jumping Circle huán tiào kan chō Hoàn khiêu
GB-31 Fengshi Wind Market fēng shì fū shi Phong thị
GB-32 Zhongdu Middle Ditch zhōng dú chū toku? Trung độc
GB-33 Xiyangguan Knee Yang Gate xī yáng guān hiza no yō kan? (Tất) Dương quan
GB-34 Yanglingquan Yang Mound Spring yáng líng quán yō ryō sen Dương lăng tuyền
GB-35 Yangjiao Yang Intersection yáng jiāo yō ko Dương giao
GB-36 Waiqiu Outer Hill wài qiū gai kyū Ngoại khâu
GB-37 Guangming Bright Light guāng míng kō mei? Quang minh
GB-38 Yangfu Yang Assistance yáng fǔ yō ho Dương phụ
GB-39 Xuanzhong Suspended Bell xuán zhōng ken shō Huyền chung
GB-40 Qiuxu Mound of Ruins qiū xū kyū kyo Khâu khư
GB-41 Zulinqi Foot Governor of Tears zú lín qì ashi no rin kyū Túc lâm khấp
GB-42 Diwuhui Earth Five Meetings dì wǔ huì chi go e(?) Địa ngũ hội
GB-43 Xiaxi Clamped Stream xiá xī kyō kei? Hiệp khê
GB-44 Zuqiaoyin Yin Portals of the Foot zú qiào yīn ashi no kyō in Túc khiếu âm
## Liver meridian {#liver_meridian}
Abbreviated as LR or LV, named `{{zh|labels=no |s=足厥阴肝经穴|t=足厥陰肝經}}`{=mediawiki} \"The Liver channel of Foot, Faint Yin\".
Point Name Transliteration Pinyin English Korean *한글* Romaji Vietnamese Alternative names
------- ------ ----------------- ------------ ------------------------ --------------- ---------------- -------------- -------------------
LR-1 Dadun dà dūn Great and Thick tai ton Đại đôn
LR-2 Xingjian xíng jiān Interval Pass kō kan Hành gian
LR-3 Taichong taì chōng Supreme Rush tai shō Thái xung
LR-4 Zhongfeng zhōng fēng Middle Margin chū hō Trung phong
LR-5 Ligou lǐ gōu Gnawed Channel rei kō Lãi câu
LR-6 Zhongdu zhōng dū Central Capital chū to Trung đô
LR-7 Xiguan xī guān Knee Pass shitsu kan Tất quan
LR-8 Ququan qū quán Pool Spring kyoku sen Khúc tuyền
LR-9 Yinbao yīn bāo Yin Wrapping im pō? Âm bao
LR-10 Zuwuli zú wǔ li Foot Governor of Tears ashi no go ri? (Túc) Ngũ lý
LR-11 Yinlian yīn lián Yin Side in ren(?) Âm liêm
LR-12 Jimai jí mài Swift Pulse kyū myaku? Cấp mạch
LR-13 Zhangmen zhāng mén Gate of the Ordering shō mon Chương môn
LR-14 Qimen qí mén Cyclic Gate ki mon Kỳ môn
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## Governing vessel {#governing_vessel}
Also known as Du, abbreviated as GV and named `{{zh|labels=no |s=督脉穴|t=督脈}}`{=mediawiki} \"The Governing Vessel\".
Point Name Transliteration Pinyin English Korean *한글* Romaji Vietnamese Alternative names
------- ------ ----------------- --------------- ----------------------- -------------------------------- ------------------ ----------------------- ------------------------
GV-1 Changqiang cháng qiáng Long and Rigid jang gang *장강* chō kyō Trường cường
GV-2 Yaoshu yāo shū Low Back Transporter yo yu *요유* yō yu? Yêu du
GV-3 Yaoyangquan yāo yáng guān Low Back Yang Passage \[yo\] yang gwan *\[요\] 양관* koshi no yo kan? (Yêu) Dương quan
GV-4 Mingmen mìng mén Life Gate myeong mun *명문* mei mon Mệnh môn
GV-5 Xuanshu xuán shū Suspended Pivot hyeon chu *현추* ken sū? Huyền khu
GV-6 Jizhong jì zhōng Middle of the Spine cheok jung *척중* seki chū? Tích trung
GV-7 Zhongshu zhōng shū Central Pivot jung chu *중추* chū sū? Trung khu
GV-8 Jinsuo jīn suō Muscle Spasm geun chuk *근축* kin shuku(?) Cân súc
GV-9 Zhiyang zhì yáng Reaching Yang ji yang *지양* shi yō? Chí dương
GV-10 Lingtai líng tái Spirit Platform yeong dae *영대* rei dai(?) Linh đài
GV-11 Shendao shén dào Way of the Spirit sin do *신도* shin dō Thần đạo
GV-12 Shenzhu shēn zhù Body Pillar sin ju *신주* shin chū Thân trụ
GV-13 Taodao táo dào Way of the Pot *도도* tō dō? Đào đạo
GV-14 Dazhui dà zhuī Great Vertebra dae chu *대추* dai tsui Đại chùy
GV-15 Yamen yǎ mén Mutism Gate a mun *아문* a mon Á môn
GV-16 Fengfu fēng fǔ Wind Palace pung bu *풍부* fū fu Phong phủ
GV-17 Naohu nǎo hù Brain Door noe ho *뇌호* nō ko? Não hộ
GV-18 Qiangjian qiáng jiān Rigid Space gang gan *강간* kyō kan? Cường gian
GV-19 Houding hòu dǐng Back Vertex hu jeong *후정* go chō? Hậu đính
GV-20 Baihui bǎi huì One Hundred Meetings baek hoe *백회* hyaku e Bách hội
GV-21 Qianding qián dǐng Front Vertex jeon jeong *전정* zen chō? Tiền đính
GV-22 Xinhui xìn huì Fontanelle Meeting sin hoe *신회* shin e(?) Tín hội
GV-23 Shangxing shàng xīng Upper Star sang seong *상성* jō sei? Thượng tinh
GV-24 Shenting shén tíng Spirit Courtyard sin jeong *신정* shin tei Thần đình
GV-25 Suliao sù liáo Plain Space so ryo *소료* so ryō? Tố liêu
GV-26 Renzhong rén zhōng Middle of the Person in jung *인중*/su gu *수구* jin chu Nhân trung (Thủy câu) shuǐ gōu \[Water Pit\]
GV-27 Duiduan duì duān End Exchange tae don *태단* da tan(?) Đoài đoan
GV-28 Yinjiao yín jiāo Gum Union eun gyo *은교* gin kō Ngân giao
## Conception vessel {#conception_vessel}
Also known as **Ren**, **Directing Vessel**, abbreviated as CV and named `{{zh|labels=no |s=任脉穴|t=任脈}}`{=mediawiki} \"The Conception Vessel\"
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# Ella Pamfilova
**Ella Alexanderovna Pamfilova** (*Элла Александровна Памфилова*; born 12 September 1953) is a Russian politician, former deputy of the State Duma, candidate for president in 2000 and former chairwoman (2004 - 2010) of the Presidential Council for Civil Society and Human Rights. On 18 March 2014, she became Russia\'s Commissioner for Human Rights, succeeding Vladimir Lukin. On 28 March 2016, she became the chairwoman of the Central Election Commission.
In December 2017, she barred Alexei Navalny from participating in the following presidential election.
## Biography
Pamfilova started her career on the central repair and engineering works in Moscow as an engineer. She was also the first woman to head the country\'s state controlled pet food company \"Belka,\" which she oversaw from 1984 to 1986. She went on to become a People\'s Deputy of the USSR and member of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.
During the period 1991 until 1994, she led The Ministry of Social Care under President Boris Yeltsin. Between 1994 and 1999, Pamfilova was elected three times as member of the State Duma.
In 2000 she was the first woman to run as a candidate in a Russian presidential election campaign. However, she faced stiff competition from Yabloko leader Grigory Yavlinsky for the liberal vote, and her share of the vote was very low.
Since 2004 she has been a head of Vladimir Putin\'s Human Rights Commission.
At the State Duma session of October 7, 2009 an MP from United Russia, Robert Shlegel, proposed that the president dismiss Pamfilova from the Human Rights Commission for advocating Alexander Podrabinek\'s rights. The watchdog, led by Pamfilova, had called the protests "a persecution campaign ... organized by irresponsible adventurists from Nashi" and said the activists were showing open signs of extremism.
### Sanctions
She was sanctioned by the UK government in 2022 in relation to the Russo-Ukrainian War.
In December 2022, the US imposed sanctions on Ella Pamfilova.
In January 2023, Ella Pamfilova was sanctioned by Japan in relation to the Russian invasion of Ukraine
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# Wentz
**Wentz** is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Barney Wentz, American football player
- Carson Wentz, American football player
- Earl Wentz, American composer and pianist
- Eiji Wentz, Japanese singer for the band WaT
- Elisabet Wentz-Janacek (1923--2014) Swedish author and composer
- Janet Wentz, American politician
- Joey Wentz, American baseball player
- Lewis Haines Wentz, American oil businessman
- Myron W
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# Danielle de St. Jorre
**Danielle Marie-Madeleine Jorre de St Jorre** (30 September 1941 -- 25 February 1997) was a Seychelles politician. She was the foreign minister of Seychelles under President France-Albert René from 1989 until her death in 1997. Danielle de St Jorre was a teacher by profession and also a linguist. She was known as a pioneer in the promotion of Creole language. Her passion and determination to ensure the development of Seychellois Creole was known in the Indian Ocean island nation.
Danielle de St Jorre was Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Environment and Tourism of the Republic of Seychelles and a member of International Ocean Institute Governing Board.
In 2015, the United Nations on 28 October, set aside International Creole Day. Danielle de St Jorre was recognised for her work to get the Creole language and culture where it is today. Creole is one of the three official languages of Seychelles. Seychelles was colonised by the French and British at different times, Seychelles eventually adopted French and English along with Creole as the three official languages. She was instrumental in the development of Seychelles Kreol and helped to develop partnership with people from the Creole-speaking world. She organised a Creole week in 1982
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# Matt Brady
**Matt Brady** (born October 1, 1965) is an American college basketball coach who is an assistant for the High Point Panthers. He is a former head coach at James Madison, Marist and DePaul, the latter on an interim basis.
## Career
### Early career {#early_career}
After playing basketball for Siena, Brady worked as assistant at Rhode Island, Wagner, and Saint Joseph\'s.
### Marist
Brady was hired as head coach by Marist in 2004 and coached the Foxes for four years, finishing with a 73--50 record. He took the Red Foxes to a MAAC regular-season championship in 2007. Marist then advanced to the NIT, where it defeated Oklahoma State in the first round. The NIT victory was the first ever postseason victory for Marist.
### James Madison {#james_madison}
Brady was introduced as head coach of James Madison at a press conference on March 26, 2008. After leaving Marist, the school filed suit against Brady, arguing he had violated the terms of the contract by accepting the JMU job and bringing certain players with him to the Dukes. A jury found in favor of Marist, but did not award any damages.
At Madison, Brady took over a program that had not had a winning record since going 20--9 in the 1999--2000 season under Sherman Dillard. In 2009, Brady inherited an experienced core of upperclassmen from Keener and, with a skilled group of freshmen, engineered a respectable inaugural campaign, leading the Dukes to an 18--13 regular season record. Thanks to the addition of a new postseason invitational---the CollegeInsider.com Tournament---Madison achieved its first 20-win season since 1994, when Hall of Fame coach Lefty Driesell led the program to the NCAA tournament.
The record dipped significantly in 2009--10, in part because of the loss of two key players to injuries: point guard Devon Moore, an all-rookie pick in the CAA in 2009, and forward Andrey Semenov. After up and down season in 2011 and 2012, the Dukes won the CAA tournament in 2013 after finishing in fourth place in the CAA regular season. As a result, they received the conference\'s automatic bid to the NCAA tournament where they defeated Long Island in the First Four marking the school\'s first NCAA Tournament win since 1983. In the Second Round of the Tournament, they lost to No. 1 seed Indiana.
After another down season in 2014, the Dukes finished in a first place tie in the CAA regular season, but could not win the CAA tournament, and received a bid to the CIT tournament where they lost in the first round.
Despite a 21-win season in 2016, Brady was fired due to allegedly declining attendance at Dukes\' games.
### Recent years {#recent_years}
Following his dismissal from the Dukes, Brady was hired as an assistant coach for La Salle University. In July 2017, Brady was hired to be the Director of Player Personnel at Maryland. In 2018, he was promoted to assistant coach
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# Ross Leckie
**Peter Ross Leckie** (born 6 May 1957) is a Scottish writer of historical novels, best known for his *Carthage* trilogy.
## Biography
Leckie attended Drumtochty Castle Preparatory School and Fettes College. He studied classics at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he was also President of the Junior Common Room. He met Vera Wülfing, a student of languages from Germany, and they married in 1979. They moved to Scotland in 1981. The couple had four children. In 1995 Leckie married Sophie Drinkall, and they had six children. They divorced in 2019.
In 2022, Leckie was convicted of assaulting his former wife. He was found guilty on four charges.
## Works
### Carthage Trilogy {#carthage_trilogy}
1. *Hannibal* (also as *Hannibal: A novel*)
2. *Scipio Africanus* (also as *Scipio: A novel*)
3
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# Magik Six: Live in Amsterdam
***Magik Six: Live in Amsterdam*** is the sixth album in the *Magik* series by well-known trance DJ and producer Tiësto. As with the rest of the Magik series, the album is a live turntable mix. It was recorded on June 23, 2000, during a Wildlife event at Melkweg, Amsterdam.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
***Mixed Version***
1. Afterburn -- \"North Pole\" -- 6:05 *(Mislabeled as Afterburn -- \"Fratty Boy\" )*
2. Sunburst -- \"Eyeball\" \[John Johnson Remix\] -- 4:32
3. Yahel and Eyal Barkan -- \"Voyage\" -- 4:29
4. Free Radical -- \"Surreal\" \[En Motion Remix\] -- 4:15
5. Fire & Ice -- \"Silent Cry\" -- 5:35 *(Mislabeled as Fire & Ice -- \"Forever Young\")*
6. The Swimmer -- \"Purple Cloud\" -- 5:09
7. Delerium -- \"Silence\" \[DJ Tiësto In Search Of Sunrise Remix\] -- 6:25
8. Moogwai -- \"Viola\" \[Armin van Buuren Remix\] -- 7:41
9. Kamaya Painters -- \"Wasteland\" -- 4:27
10. Cloud 69 -- \"Sixty Nine Ways\" -- 5:51
11. Airwave -- \"Escape From Nowhere\" -- 5:49
12. Dawnseekers -- \"Gothic Dream\" \[John Johnson Remix\] -- 4:35
13. Push -- \"Till We Meet Again\" \[Album Mix\] -- 4:39
14. VDM -- \"No Hesitation\" -- 3:18
15. Pulser -- \"Cloudwalking\" \[Astral Mix\] -- 4:49
***Unmixed Version***
1. Afterburn -- \"North Pole\" -- 7:17 *(Mislabeled as Afterburn -- \"Fratty Boy\" )*
2. Sunburst -- \"Eyeball\" \[John Johnson Remix\] -- 8:17
3. Yahel and Eyal Barkan -- \"Voyage\" -- 6:23
4. Free Radical -- \"Surreal\" \[En Motion Remix\] -- 6:51
5. Fire & Ice -- \"Silent Cry\" -- 10:09 *(Mislabeled as Fire & Ice -- \"Forever Young\")*
6. The Swimmer -- \"Purple Cloud\" -- 6:17
7. Delerium -- \"Silence\" \[DJ Tiësto In Search Of Sunrise Remix\] -- 11:33
8. Moogwai -- \"Viola\" \[Armin van Buuren Remix\] -- 9:55
9. Kamaya Painters -- \"Wasteland\" -- 7:41
10. Cloud 69 -- \"Sixty Nine Ways\" -- 8:11
11. Airwave -- \"Escape From Nowhere\" -- 11:19
12. Dawnseekers -- \"Gothic Dream\" \[John Johnson Remix\] -- 6:38
13. Push -- \"Till We Meet Again\" \[Album Mix\] -- 8:32
14. VDM -- \"No Hesitation\" -- 6:06
15
| 356 |
Magik Six: Live in Amsterdam
| 0 |
11,005,558 |
# Glen Doll
**Glen Doll**, also sometimes spelt **Glendoll**, lies within the Cairngorms National Park, Scotland, at the top of Glen Clova, in an area of steep hills, corries and Munros. It includes the Corrie Fee National Nature Reserve, which has many endangered plants.
The nearest town is Kirriemuir. The glen is in the south eastern Grampians, and the river which runs through it drains into Glen Clova, which extends towards the coast of Angus.
An ancient track, *Jock\'s Road*, that starts in the glen, ends at Braemar. The origin of the name is that Duncan Macpherson, a rich Scot, returned from Australia in the late 19th century, bought the Glen Doll estate, and sought to ban people from crossing his land. John (or Jock) Winter fought him, and the Scottish Rights of Way and Access Society took a challenge through all the courts to the House of Lords, finally winning the day in 1888.
Deer stalking takes place in the glen in late summer and autumn.
A popular walk heads south west through the Glendoll Forest before climbing steeply up the Kilbo Path that links Glen Doll with Glen Prosen. At the top this reaches a high pass giving easy access to two Munros, these are Driesh to the east and Mayar to the west.
In April 1998, Angus Council instituted a Ranger Service for the Angus Glens, with two full-time rangers, which has its base in Glen Doll.
The Forestry Commission has an alpine forest in the Glen
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# Tiphaine (surname)
**Tiphaine** is a Francophone surname
| 8 |
Tiphaine (surname)
| 0 |
11,005,636 |
# Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Sopinka
List of reasons written by Justice John Sopinka during his time as Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada.
## 1988--1990
- *United States v Cotroni*, \[1989\] 1 SCR 1469 (Dissent)
- *R v Hebert*, \[1990\] 2 SCR 151 (Concurrence)
- *Central Alberta Dairy Pool v Alberta (Human Rights Commission)*, \[1990\] 2 SCR 489 (Concurrence)
- *R v Martineau*, \[1990\] 2 SCR 633 (Concurrence)
- *R v Askov*, \[1990\] 2 SCR 1199 (Concurrence)
- R. v. Garofoli, \[1990\] 2 S.C.R
| 92 |
Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Sopinka
| 0 |
11,005,658 |
# Würzburg American High School
**Würzburg American High School** (or **WAHS**) was located in Würzburg, Germany on Leighton Barracks. The school opened in 1954. The school was part of the U.S. Department of Defense Dependent School system. It was a medium-sized school: in 1964 the senior class comprised about 42 students. With the closure of Leighton Barracks in 2008 and the departure of most units from the area, the senior class in 2007 was much smaller, and the school closed in 2008.
The school consisted mostly of U.S. military dependents and children of the teachers
| 95 |
Würzburg American High School
| 0 |
11,005,675 |
# Chetlo Harbor, Washington
**Chetlo Harbor**, also known as over the years as **Cougar Bend**, **Napoleon**, and **Stanley**, was a small settlement located near the southwest coast of Washington State, in the southeast corner of Willapa Bay at the mouth of the Naselle River. The population of the settlement was approximately 50 at its peak. The businesses there over the years consisted of a salmon fishery and canning operation, a logging operation, and a mining company. Chetlo, or Jetlo, is a Chinook Jargon word meaning oyster.
## History
This isolated area had no roads on the lower river and not over four or five power boats on the whole river. The gas engine was not very reliable in those days. The people were served by a boat out of South Bend once a week, bringing the mail, freight, and passengers, if any. The lack of transport was why there were one-room schools all up and down the river, some only a couple of miles apart.
All the log towing was done by tugs, and there was quite a fleet of them; the Flora Brown, Agnes, Launel, Myrtle, Queen, and the Defender. The Defender was the newest and most powerful, but it did not work out because it had too much power and speed. When it was pushing the logs, they went out under the tailstick`{{typo help inline|reason=similar to tailstock|date=October 2022}}`{=mediawiki}. The loss and salvage almost broke the owner. Someone decided to do something about the isolation on the lower river.
A town was platted a mile or two below the present highway bridge on the west side of the river and above the old Sunshine Mill. The machinery from the mill had been moved to South Bend years before. The town started out as Napoleon, then later named Chetlo Harbor. A dock and a store were built and building lots were sold.
A sawmill was begun over the straits, despite the lack of water there at low tide. The mill was never finished. When it was almost done it burned and was never rebuilt. There was a boardwalk from the town over to the mill, a quarter of a mile or so through the woods.
The Chetlo Harbor Packing Company was owned by Joe Rowell and Douglas Rowell, (who were brothers), and an attorney named Horne (their cousin). The operation fished prior to opening a cannery and sold its catch to fish buyers. In 1914, a cannery was constructed and Nick Kussman was hired as foreman. The operation was ready for the fall 1914 salmon season and canned 10,000 cases. The cannery was caught in the price squeeze initiated by the coastal salmon trust, in its attempt to put small Alaskan canneries out of business. The cannery ceased operation in 1915. It had employed 30-40 people. A post office was established on December 19, 1911, and closed on February 15, 1918
| 481 |
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| 0 |
11,005,765 |
# Paul Obiefule
**Paul Ikechukwu Obiefule** `{{IPAc-en||audio=Ig-Paul Ikechukwu Obiefule.ogg}}`{=mediawiki} (born 15 May 1986 in Owerri) is a Nigerian retired footballer.
## Club career {#club_career}
Obiefule began his career in his home country of Nigeria playing for Planners FC and then Heartland, where he spent two months before being spotted by Danish side Viborg FF, who signed him in 2004. During his time at Viborg he attracted much interest from many overseas clubs but in 2007 it was announced that he had signed a one-year deal for the Norwegian club Lyn, in September 2008 signed a new contract, lasting until the end of 2011 and Was Handed Over The Captain Band Making him the First Black to Captain a Norwegian Premiership Club Obiefule was a transfer target for English Championship side Watford, Scottish Aberdeen and Norwegian Hønefoss. Obiefule verbally agreed on 14 December 2009 for a 3-year long contract with Hønefoss because of a knee injury that jeopardised his moves to either Scotland or England. Obiefule agreed on 6 months loan for Lillestrøm on 2 August 2011 and was drafted into the game against Tromsø the next day, 3 August, without training with his new teammate. In February 2012 Obiefule signed a contract for the 2012 season with Finnish Veikkausliiga team KuPS.
In November 2012, Obiefule was back training with Viborg FF ahead of a proposed move to an unknown Chinese team.
In August 2015, Obiefule agreed for a contract with Danish club Holstebro, after playing for Møldrup/Tostrup. He retired in 2017.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
Season Club Division League Cup
-------------- ------------ --------------- -------- ------ -------
Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
2004--05 Viborg Superliga 8 0 0
2005--06 Superliga 18 0 0
2006--07 Superliga 14 0 0
2007 Lyn Tippeligaen 6 0 1
2008 Tippeligaen 24 0 5
2009 Tippeligaen 22 3 3
2010 Hønefoss Tippeligaen 21 2 2
2011 Adeccoligaen 14 2 3
2011 Lillestrøm Tippeligaen 12 0 0
2012 KuPS Veikkausliiga 27 2 8
Career Total 166 9 22
## International career {#international_career}
Obiefule is a full Nigerian international and made his debut for the Super Eagles in the LG tournament in 2004. He was a member of Super Eagles squad that won bronze in Egypt in 2006. He has been capped 10 times for his country.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Obiefule was studying agricultural economics at the Federal University of Technology Owerri in Nigeria but gave it up to pursue a professional football career.
His younger brother Polycarp Obinna Obiefule, plays currently for Mosta F.C. in Malta. His brother Pol broke a record as the highest goal ever scored in Maltese Premier League in the 2011/2012 Season with 34 Goals. Formerly member of Planners F.C. Owerri Imo State Nigeria
| 453 |
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| 0 |
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# Mian Bakhsh Laghari
**Professor Mian Bakhsh Laghari** (*پروفیسر میاں بخش لغاری*) was a Pakistani (Siraiki) and Baloch scholar who translated many books from sindhi to English and English to sindhi.
## Early life {#early_life}
Mian Bakhsh Laghari was born on 1944, in a well known and well educated village of Jaffer Khan Laghari in district Sangher, Sindh Pakistan in Asia.. His family ancestry might go back to Dera Ghazi Khan and Multan from where the forefathers migrated and settled in Sangher.
## Death
He died in a road accident near Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan on December 25, 1999, at the age of 55
| 103 |
Mian Bakhsh Laghari
| 0 |
11,005,776 |
# Derry Beckett
**Jeremiah Beckett** (24 December 1919 -- August 1959) was an Irish Gaelic footballer and hurler who played left corner-forward for the Cork senior teams.
Beckett joined the hurling team during the 1941 championship and was a regular member of the starting fifteen in both codes until his retirement after the 1947 football championship. During that time he won one All-Ireland medal and one Munster medal in hurling as well as one All-Ireland medal and one Munster medal in football. Beckett is one of only eighteen dual players to have won All-Ireland medals in both codes.
At club level Beckett played his club hurling and football with a range of clubs including Sarsfields, Glanmire, St Finbarr\'s and UCC
| 120 |
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| 0 |
11,005,811 |
# Wolfgang Finkelnburg
**Wolfgang Karl Ernst Finkelnburg** (5 June 1905 -- 7 November 1967) was a German physicist who made contributions to spectroscopy, atomic physics, the structure of matter, and high-temperature arc discharges. His vice-presidency of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, from 1941 to 1945, was influential in that organization's ability to assert its independence from Nazi policies.
## Education
Finkelnburg began his studies of physics and mathematics in 1924 at the University of Tübingen and the University of Bonn. He acquired his doctorate in 1928 under Heinrich Konen, and remained as Konen's teaching assistant. In 1931 he became a teaching assistant at the Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe, and in 1932 he became a Privatdozent there.
## Career
### Early career {#early_career}
In 1933 and 1934, Finkelnburg took a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship and did postdoctoral research and studies on continuous spectra, with Robert Andrews Millikan at the California Institute of Technology. In 1936, he became an extraordinarius professor at the Technische Universität Darmstadt. From 1942 to 1945, he was an extraordinarius professor and director of the physics department at the University of Strasbourg. At Strasboug, he worked on high-temperature carbon arcs, which had applications to anti-aircraft searchlights. Some of his scientific endeavors after the war carried on with themes related to the carbon arcs.
### National Socialism: Politics and physics {#national_socialism_politics_and_physics}
When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, the concept of *Deutsche Physik* took on more favor. *Deutsche Physik* was antisemitic and anti-theoretical physics, especially modern physics such as quantum mechanics. As applied in the university environment, political factors took priority over the historically applied concept of scholarly ability, even though its two most prominent supporters were Nobel Laureates Philipp Lenard and Johannes Stark. Supporters of *Deutsche Physik* launched vicious attacks against leading theoretical physicists, such as Max Planck, Arnold Sommerfeld, and Werner Heisenberg; one of these attacks was published in the Schutzstaffel's organ *Das Schwarze Korps*. In the political environment of National Socialism, these attacks were taken seriously.
During the period in which *Deutsche Physik* was gaining prominence, a foremost concern of scientists was to maintain autonomy against political encroachment. Some more established scientists, such as Max von Laue, could demonstrate more autonomy than those who were younger and less established. This was, in part, due to political organizations, such as the National Socialist German Lecturers League (NSDDB), whose district leaders had a decisive role in the acceptance of an Habilitationsschrift, which was a prerequisite to attaining the rank of Privatdozent necessary to becoming a university lecturer. While some joined such organizations out of tactical career considerations, others with adherence to historical academic standards joined these organizations to moderate their activities. This was the case of Finkelnburg. It was in the summer of 1940 that Finkelnburg became an acting director of the NSDDB at Technische Hochschule Darmstadt. As such, he organized the Münchner Religionsgespräche, which took place on 15 November 1940 and was known as the "Munich Synod\". The Münchner Religionsgespräche was an offensive against *Deutsche Physik*. While the technical outcome may have been thin, it was a political victory against *Deutsche Physik*. Also, in part, it was Finkelnburg's role in organizing this event that influenced Carl Ramsauer, as president of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, to select Finkelnburg in 1941 as his deputy. Finkelnburg served in this capacity until the end of World War II.
### After World War II {#after_world_war_ii}
During the period 1946 to 1952, Finkelnburg was a guest lecturer at the Catholic University of America. In 1952, he became a member of the research department, and in 1955, he became head of the department of reactor development. While at the university, he also worked for the Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, at nearby Fort Belvoir.
In 1963, Finkelnburg returned to Germany and took the position of general manager of the Siemens-Schuckert plant in Erlangen. From 1966 to 1967, he was also president of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft
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# Episcopal Carmel of Saint Teresa
The **Episcopal Carmel of Saint Teresa** (**OCD**) is a contemplative community for women in the Episcopal Church and is the first fully Discalced Carmelite order in the ECUSA or in the Anglican Communion. The monastery and its retreat house are located in Rising Sun, Maryland with the support and guidance of the Right Rev. James Shand, Bishop Visitor.
As well as being a community for women who are called to the contemplative religious life, the Episcopal Carmel also fosters an ever-growing community of mainly female oblates and associates of either sex
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Episcopal Carmel of Saint Teresa
| 0 |
11,005,864 |
# Edgerton School District
**Edgerton School District** is located in Edgerton, Wisconsin. Currently there are about 550 students at Edgerton High School. The district recently built a three-court field house and a 599-seat performing arts center. Both are connected to the high school. Edgerton\'s varsity baseball team won the state championships in 1990. The volleyball team also went undefeated and won the conference championship in 2008
| 66 |
Edgerton School District
| 0 |
11,005,932 |
# Makarovka, Republic of Mordovia
**Makarovka** (*Мака́ровка*) is a village (*selo*) in the Republic of Mordovia, Russia, located within the administrative borders of the Republic\'s capital Saransk. Famous Russian Orthodox elder and wonder worker Sampson Sievers was a parish priest in this village during Soviet time. Here is situated Monastery of John the Evangelist in Makarovka
| 56 |
Makarovka, Republic of Mordovia
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11,005,956 |
# Betty Clay
**Betty St Clair Clay** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}}`{=mediawiki} (née **Baden-Powell**; 16 April 1917 -- 24 April 2004) was the younger daughter of Olave Baden-Powell, the first Chief Guide, and Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting.
## Career
Clay enrolled in the Brownies as soon as she was old enough. She was educated at Westonbirt School, Gloucestershire and St James\' School in Malvern, Worcestershire. While boarding at St James\' School, she joined the school\'s Girl Guide company.
Clay accompanied her parents on many official tours including some overseas,`{{citation needed span|date=February 2021|}}`{=mediawiki} the first of which was the maiden cruise of the `{{SS|Duchess of Richmond|1928|6}}`{=mediawiki} round the Mediterranean and down the West Coast of Africa from 26 January to 8 March 1929; she was 11. Other tours were to Switzerland in 1931, and again in 1932 for the opening of \"Our Chalet\"; to South Africa, and also the first two \"Peace Cruises\" - on the `{{SS|Calgaric}}`{=mediawiki} in 1933 and on the `{{RMS|Adriatic}}`{=mediawiki} in 1934 - as well as a round-the-world tour which included the first Australian Pan Pacific Scout Jamboree held in Frankston, Australia from 27 December 1934 to 13 January 1935. They also did a tour of Africa in 1935--36, where she met her husband-to-be on the homeward voyage from Cape Town to England.
Upon her marriage on 24 September 1936, Clay moved to Northern Rhodesia, where she became a Cub leader for the pack of which her youngest son was a member, when the previous leader left. She was an active Guider in Northern Rhodesia, eventually becoming Colony Commissioner for Guides. When the Clays returned to England in 1964, Betty continued her involvement. `{{citation needed span|date=February 2021|She was President of the South West Region for the Guide Association from 1970 to 1991.}}`{=mediawiki} In 1978 she was appointed a vice-president of the Guide Association. In 1985 she became a vice-president of the Scout Association.
Clay received from both the Scout and Guide Associations their highest awards for good service: The Silver Wolf from the Scouts in 1984 and a Silver Fish Award from the Guides in 1995. In 1993, she became only the second person ever to be awarded an honorary Gilwell Wood Badge.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Clay was the sister of Peter Baden-Powell, 2nd Baron Baden-Powell; the aunt of Robert Baden-Powell, 3rd Baron Baden-Powell, and Michael Baden-Powell, 4th Baron Baden-Powell; the grandmother of murderer, Gerard Baden-Clay; the niece of Agnes Baden-Powell and Baden Baden-Powell; niece and goddaughter of Warington Baden-Powell; and granddaughter of the Rev. Prof. Baden Powell.
In 1936, on board ship returning from Africa, Betty met Gervas Clay (16 April 1907 -- 18 April 2009), a District Commissioner in Her Majesty\'s Colonial Service in Northern Rhodesia (present-day Zambia), who was returning to England on leave; they married on 24 September 1936. Gervas Clay later became Her Majesty\'s Resident Commissioner of the Barotseland Protectorate, in which capacity, `{{citation needed span|date=February 2021|in 1960, he and Betty entertained [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]].}}`{=mediawiki} Gervas and Betty Clay had four children. They lived in Northern Rhodesia until they retired to Somerset in 1964.
## Honours
She was the holder of the Bronze Wolf from the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) - their highest award - and a gold Silver Fish in the form of a brooch from the Guide Association.
On 11 February 1997 she was made a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE) by the Queen. She attended many Jamborees, including the 4th World Scout Jamboree and 16th World Scout Jamboree and others between.
She was a member of the Guide Club.
## Death
She died, aged 87, on 24 April 2004, in Elliscombe House Nursing Home, where she was recovering following a fall at home. She was cremated in Yeovil Crematorium, and on Wednesday, 5 May 2004, her ashes (and five years later those of her husband Gervas) were buried in the Churchyard of the Parish Church of St John the Baptist, North Cheriton. A memorial service was held at Wells Cathedral, Somerset, on Monday, 12 July 2004 and was well-attended.
| 682 |
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# Betty Clay
## Legacy
The Scout Association\'s **Betty Clay Library** is located in Gilwell Park
| 16 |
Betty Clay
| 1 |
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# Tom Moore (basketball)
**Tom Moore** (born May 12, 1965) is the General Manager of men\'s basketball at the University of Connecticut. He previously served as an assistant from 1994 to 2007 under Huskies\' Hall of Fame and three-time NCAA Championship coach Jim Calhoun. Moore is also the former head men\'s basketball coach at Quinnipiac University, taking over the position vacated by Joe DeSantis in 2007 after 13 years at the University of Connecticut and five seasons of previous head coaching experience at Worcester State College. Moore is a 1983 high school graduate of Saint John\'s Shrewsbury and is a 1987 graduate of Boston University
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Tom Moore (basketball)
| 0 |
11,005,980 |
# John Callinan
**John Callinan** (born 1955) is an Irish former sportsman. He played hurling with the Clare senior team from 1973 until 1987.
## Early life {#early_life}
Callinan was born in Clarecastle, County Clare, in 1955 into a family of one brother and four sisters. He was educated locally and would later become one of Clare\'s greatest-ever hurling players. He attended University College Dublin (UCD), where he also played on the university\'s hurling team.
He graduated as a Lawyer and currently practices in Ennis, County Clare.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Club
Callinan played his club hurling with his local Clarecastle club. He won senior county championship titles in 1986 and 1987.
### Inter-county {#inter_county}
Callinan played hurling with the Clare minor team in the early 1970s before making his senior debut in 1973. The following year he played in his first Munster SHC final; however, his side lost to Limerick. Three years later in 1977 Callinan had his first major success when he won a National Hurling League medal. However, this was followed by a Munster SHC final defeat by Cork. In 1978 he won a second consecutive National League title; however, Clare lost again to Cork in the Munster SHC final. Two further Munster SHC final appearances ended in defeat for Callinan in 1981 and 1986. He retired from inter-county hurling following defeat in the championship in 1987.
In spite of never winning a championship medal Callinan did win three Railway Cup medals with Munster in 1976, 1978 and 1981. He also won two All-Star awards in 1979 and 1981
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11,006,069 |
# Dennis Dun
**Dennis Gong Dun** (born April 19, 1952) is an American stage and screen actor.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Of Chinese Jamaican descent, Dun was born in Stockton, California. He trained in martial arts and Chinese opera growing up. He originally studied marketing in college, before developing an interest in acting.
## Career
### Theatre
Dun began acting at the Asian American Theater Company in San Francisco, California. He has appeared onstage at East West Players, Berkeley Repertory Theatre, and Lodestone Theatre Ensemble. For his performance in Chay Yew\'s *A Language of Their Own* at the Celebration Theatre, he won an LA Weekly Theater Award for Ensemble Performance (shared with Noel Alumit, Anthony David and Chris Tashima). He has participated in both the film and theatre labs at the Sundance Institute.
Dun wrote and performed the one-man show *Giant Oranges*, commissioned by the Mark Taper Forum and produced by Chay Yew\'s Solo Works Festival in Los Angeles.
### Film and television {#film_and_television}
Dun made his film debut in Michael Cimino\'s crime drama *Year of the Dragon* (1985). He was cast to play the co-lead role, Wang Chi, in John Carpenter\'s cult classic film *Big Trouble in Little China* (1986). He played Puyi\'s valet Big Li in the historical epic *The Last Emperor* (1987), which won nine Oscars including Best Picture.
Dun has also had prominent roles in Carpenter\'s *Prince of Darkness* (1987), *Life Is Cheap\... But Toilet Paper Is Expensive* (1989), *Thousand Pieces of Gold* (1991), and *Warriors of Virtue* (1997).
In addition, he has appeared in independent Asian American projects such as *My American Vacation* (1999) and *My Life Disoriented* (2006).
For three seasons he was a regular cast member on the NBC television series *Midnight Caller* (1988--1991).
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ --------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- -------
1985 *Year of the Dragon* Herbert Kwong
1986 *Big Trouble in Little China* Wang Chi
1987 *The Last Emperor* Big Li
*Prince of Darkness* Walter
1989 *Life Is Cheap\... But Toilet Paper Is Expensive* Narrator
1991 *Thousand Pieces of Gold* Jim
1992 *The Kiss* The Kiss Man Short
1995 *Venus Rising* Eddie
1996 *Up Close & Personal* Satellite Van Technician
*Good Luck* Chang
1997 *Warriors of Virtue* Ming
*Dog Watch* Lee
1999 *Journey from the Heart* Henry
*Pros & Cons* Head of the tuxedo gang
2002 *Safe Journey* Man Short
*A Ribbon of Dreams* Pai-Woo (voice)
2018 *Something Horrible* Randolph Carter
2024 *Endling* Richard Chen Short
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
--------- ------------------------ ------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------
1984 *Partners in Crime* Jimmy\'s Pal Episode: \"Duke\"
1988 *Beauty and the Beast* Henry Pei Episode: \"China Moon\"
1988-91 *Midnight Caller* Billy Po 61 episodes
1995 *Grace Under Fire* Walter Episode: \"No Money Down\"
1998 *The Nanny* Doctor Fu Episode: \"Making Whoopi\"
2001 *Charmed* Mr. Chang Episode: \"Wrestling with Demons\"
*JAG* Capt. Jarot 2 episodes
2002 *The Bernie Mac Show* Doctor Episode: \"The Sweet Life\"
2004 *All Grown Up!* Japanese Airline Rep/Hawaiian Airline Rep Episode: \"The Finster Who Stole Christmas\"
2006 *Independent Lens* Johnny Fung Episode: \"My Life.
| 509 |
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| 0 |
11,006,078 |
# Mount Paterson
**Mount Paterson** is a mountain, 2,195 m, standing 2 miles (3.2 km) north-northwest of Mount Carse in the Salvesen Range of South Georgia. Surveyed by the South Georgia Survey (SGS) in the period 1951--57, and named for Stanley B. Paterson, assistant surveyor of the SGS, 1955--56
| 49 |
Mount Paterson
| 0 |
11,006,085 |
# MuslimFest
**MuslimFest** is an annual three-day festival that celebrates the best in Muslim Art, Culture, and Entertainment. The event showcases Muslim artists, musicians, and comedians, and takes place every summer in Mississauga, Ontario. MuslimFest is a signature event in Canada that won various awards including Top 100 by FEO and also Greenest Festival in Canada award. The 2023 event will take place at the Mississauga Celebration Square from July 7 to 9.
General features of the event include several educational workshops, a variety show, puppet show, programs geared towards women, and an international bazaar. Programs held during the day have typically consisted of an international art exhibit, film competition, and fashion show. A performance finale at the end of the final day typically includes spoken word artists, Muslim musicians and nasheed artists, and a comedy show. MuslimFest organizers claim that the event has attracted over 70,000 visitors over the course of three days.
## About
Launched in 2004, MuslimFest is an annual cultural festival that brings together Muslims from all over Canada and even the US. MuslimFest has played a large role in encouraging arts and entertainment as well as showcasing the diversity of Islamic culture and identity. MuslimFest is a celebration of the intersection of religion and culture.
MuslimFest is organized by a team of young dedicated volunteers that come from various backgrounds and experiences, high-school students are encouraged to volunteer to get their community hours and also learn skills that will help them with their careers.
## Opening Ceremony {#opening_ceremony}
The festival will begin at 12:00 p.m. on Friday with Friday Prayer with the annual Canada National Flag Unveiling Ceremony and a children's choir singing the national anthem.
## Entertainment
The festival stages will be busy with a full line-up of entertainers scheduled for the event. Amal Kassir and Labibah will present their poetry and spoken word pieces. Boonaa Mohamed, Illyas Mao, & Abdullah Bustami will entertain festival guests with their musical performances. Comedians Nadira from NYC and Spoken word by Ammar Al Shukry will keep guests laughing on Saturday night.
## The Fortunate Slave -- Play {#the_fortunate_slave_play}
A prominent Fulani Muslim prince from West Africa was kidnapped to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade. He was released due to an English humanitarian's intervention and lived in England along with the nobility before returning home to Senegal.
## Art Battle {#art_battle}
The 'Battle of the Brushes\' is a painting competition between artists who will create works of art LIVE in a bid to win and wow the audience with their talents.
## International Bazaar {#international_bazaar}
Those attending the event will have the chance to browse and shop at many unique vendors over the weekend. There will be a Fragrant Oils Boutique and vendors selling Turkish clothing, Middle Eastern ornaments, Turkish lanterns, and more.
## Workshops
On Saturday and Sunday, festival attendees can learn how to create Phulkari Embroidery, Calligraphy, Water Marble, and Hacer Ozcan Style Water Marble. Registration for workshops is based on a first-come-first-served basis. In addition to the workshops, there will be an arts and crafts tent and carnival games where children and families can drop by throughout the day.
## Flavors of World Food Festival {#flavors_of_world_food_festival}
Taste buds will be delighted by the food offerings at MuslimFest with food from various parts of the world.
| 552 |
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# MuslimFest
## Art Exhibit {#art_exhibit}
The Art Exhibit at Muslimfest to immerse yourself in talented artwork from all backgrounds, with three different age groups -- explore some of our local artists!
## A Night of Nasheeds {#a_night_of_nasheeds}
MuslimFest invites you to come out for a night surrounded by creative cultural and spiritual music.
## Poetry Night -- Park Bench Chroncicles {#poetry_night_park_bench_chroncicles}
MuslimFest brings you an exciting play, Park Bench Chronicles, filled with poetry and comedy featuring talented artists Ammar Alshukary, Bonna Muhammad, Bustami, Essam, Ilyaas Mao, and Yousef Kroma
| 90 |
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| 1 |
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# Novosilski Glacier
**Novosilski Glacier** (54 40 S 36 18 W type:glacier display=inline,title) is a glacier, 8 miles (13 km) long and 2 miles (3.2 km) wide, flowing in a westerly direction from the southwest slopes of the Salvesen Range to Novosilski Bay on the south coast of South Georgia. It was first surveyed and named by a German expedition in 1928--29, under Kohl-Larsen. The name has been derived from the phrase \"Nearby Novosilski Bay\"
| 75 |
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# Novosilski Bay
**Novosilski Bay** extends its indention into the southern coastline of South Georgia, lying just south of Mount Fraser. It spans a width of 2 miles (3.2 km). This bay was first encountered by a Russian expedition led by Bellingshausen in 1819. It was named in honor of Lieutenant Pavel M. Novosilskiy, a member of the Mirny vessel that sailed alongside Bellingshausen\'s flagship, the Vostok, during the inaugural Russian Antarctic Expedition from 1819 to 1821.
Despite variations in spelling, the term \"Novosilski\" has solidified as the accepted form over an extended period of usage
| 96 |
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# Starless and Bible Black Sabbath
***Starless and Bible Black Sabbath*** is an album and song by the Japanese group The Acid Mothers Temple and the Cosmic Inferno. The album\'s title refers to the album *Starless and Bible Black* by King Crimson and the band Black Sabbath, and, more specifically, their self-titled debut album. The album cover also is very similar to the self-titled Black Sabbath album, except featuring group member Kawabata Makoto instead of a woman on the album cover.
## Overview
The song \"Starless and Bible Black Sabbath\" begins in a similar fashion to Black Sabbath's eponymous opening track on their debut album, but less dramatic. The song grows slowly until a third of the way through the track vocals appear. The vocals have a large echo effect and there are two drummers playing virtually the same drum beat during a lot of the track, but with slightly different timing.
The second song, \"Woman from a Hell\" is a much faster and shorter track. As the song closes there is a Godzilla roar.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Starless and Bible Black Sabbath\" (Kawabata/Tabata) -- 34:29
2
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# Hindle Glacier
**Hindle Glacier** (54 34 S 36 5 W type:glacier_source:GNIS display=inline,title) is a glacier 6 mi long, flowing north from the vicinity of Mount Paterson into Royal Bay on the north coast of South Georgia. It was surveyed by the South Georgia Survey (SGS), 1951--52. The name \"Bruce Glacier\" was used unofficially by the British South Georgia Expedition, 1954--55, but a number of Antarctic features are named for Dr. William S. Bruce. The UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee recommended in 1957 that the glacier be named for Dr. Edward Hindle, a British zoologist who, as Honorary Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society, was of great assistance to the SGS expeditions
| 111 |
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# Ross Glacier
**Ross Glacier** (54 33 S 36 6 W type:glacier display=inline,title) is a glacier 6 miles (10 km) long, flowing east from the juncture of Allardyce and Salvesen Ranges to Little Moltke Harbour, Royal Bay, on the north coast of South Georgia. First mapped by the German group of the International Polar Year Investigations, 1882--83, and named for Sir James Clark Ross
| 64 |
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| 0 |
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# Louann Donovan
**Louann Donovan** (born September 26, 1986) is an American former competitive figure skater. She is the 2004 Nebelhorn Trophy champion and competed in two World Junior Championships, placing as high as sixth.
## Career
Donovan initially played ice hockey. She began taking figure skating lessons after watching Nancy Kerrigan compete at the 1992 Olympics.
Donovan won the junior title at the 2002 U.S. Championships. She was assigned to the 2002 World Junior Championships and placed sixth. The following season, Donovan won a silver medal on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series and then debuted on the senior level at the U.S. Championships, placing ninth. She was sent to the 2003 World Junior Championships and finished tenth.
Donovan won gold in her senior international debut at the 2004 Nebelhorn Trophy. Doing a triple flip after the event, she broke the navicular bone of her right foot in half. As doctors initially believed it was a sprain, she attempted to compete at the 2004 Finlandia Trophy and injured her foot further.
As of 2007, Donovan works as a skating director at the Icenter in Salem, New Hampshire.
## Programs
+-------------+------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Season | Short program | Free skating |
+=============+========================+==================================+
| 2002--2003\ | - The Given\ | - Capriccio Espanol\ |
| | by Michael Smith | by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov |
+-------------+------------------------+----------------------------------+
| 2001--2002\ | - Bolero\ | - Sleeping Beauty\ |
| | by Maurice Ravel | by Pyotr Tchaikovsky |
+-------------+------------------------+----------------------------------+
## Results
+------------------------------------------+
| International |
+:========================================:+
| Event |
+------------------------------------------+
| Nebelhorn Trophy |
+------------------------------------------+
| International: Junior |
+------------------------------------------+
| Junior Worlds |
+------------------------------------------+
| Bulgaria |
+------------------------------------------+
| Canada |
+------------------------------------------+
| Italy |
+------------------------------------------+
| Slovakia |
+------------------------------------------+
| Triglav Trophy |
+------------------------------------------+
| National |
+------------------------------------------+
| U.S. Champ
| 298 |
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| 0 |
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# Will Brown (basketball)
**William J. Brown** (born October 8, 1971) is an American basketball coach. He is the former head men\'s basketball coach at the University at Albany, where he served from 2002 to 2021 and guided the Great Danes to five NCAA tournament appearances.`{{better source|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki} Brown has also coached the Albany Patroons of The Basketball League and the women\'s basketball team at the College of Saint Rose.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Born in Miller Place, New York, Brown played collegiate basketball at Dowling College, starting for three years. He finished his career as the school\'s all-time leader in assists, three-point field goals and free-throw percentage, and is the only player in Dowling history to score 1,000 points and tally 500 assists.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Brown began his coaching career at The College of Saint Rose, serving as an assistant coach for three seasons. He then became the head coach at Sullivan County Community College, compiling a record of 90--10 in three seasons. Brown joined the coaching staff at the University at Albany as an assistant coach for the 2001--02 season, and was named interim head coach on December 20, 2001 after head coach Scott Beeten was fired. On March 13, 2002, UAlbany removed the \"interim\" tag from Brown\'s title and officially named him as its 15th head coach.
In the 2005-2006 season, Brown led the Great Danes to their first-ever America East conference regular season and tournament championship, as well as its first Division I NCAA Tournament appearance. With the help of two-time America East Player of the Year Jamar Wilson, the team won the America East conference tournament title in 2007 and returned to the NCAA tournament in 2007.
From the 2012--13 season to the 2014--15 season, Brown guided Albany to three straight America East titles and NCAA appearances, adding his second conference regular season title in the process. His fifth conference tournament title tied Jim Calhoun for the highest total in America East history. In 2019, Brown earned his 300th career victory as the coach of the Great Danes when the team defeated Niagara.
On March 1, 2021, Brown and Albany agreed to mutually part ways at the expiration of his contract. Brown\'s career record at the University at Albany was 315--295.
On October 27, 2021, the Albany Patroons of The Basketball League announced that the team had hired Brown as its head coach and general manager for the 2022 season. In his only season with the Patroons, Brown guided the team to a 29--4 record and was named the TBL National Coach of the Year. Brown led the Patroons to The Basketball League Northeast Division Championship, Easter Regional Championship and the Eastern Conference Championship before stepping down from the position on December 17, 2022.
Brown was named the head coach of the women\'s basketball team at Division II Saint Rose on June 23, 2023. He took over a team that had won 11 games the year prior and guided them to a 21--7 mark and a third-place finish in the Northeast-10 Conference and guiding the team to the 2024 NCAA Division II tournament for the first time since the 2010--11 season, and in the final year of the school\'s existence, as it was announced Saint Rose would close at the end of the 2023--24 academic year.
## Head coaching record {#head_coaching_record}
### Junior college {#junior_college}
### NCAA
#### Men\'s
‡ Beeten fired 12/20/01; Brown coached rest of season
| 575 |
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| 0 |
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# Mount Fraser (South Georgia)
**Mount Fraser** (54 37 S 36 21 W source:GNIS display=inline,title) is a mountain, 1,610 m high, standing on the south coast of South Georgia immediately north of Novosilski Bay. It was surveyed by the South Georgia Survey in the period 1951--57, and named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Francis C. Fraser, a British zoologist who was a member of the scientific staff at the Discovery Investigations Marine Station, Grytviken, 1926--27, 1928--29, and 1930, and who also worked on the *Discovery* in 1927, and on the *Discovery II* between 1929 and 1931
| 98 |
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| 0 |
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# Mount Brooker
**Mount Brooker** (54 30 S 36 14 W source:GNIS display=inline,title) is a mountain, 1,880 m high, standing at the head of Webb Glacier and forming the last major summit in the southeast part of the Allardyce Range of South Georgia. The feature was identified as \"Pic\" (meaning Peak) or \"Pikstock\" by the German group of the International Polar Year Investigations, 1882--83. It was first climbed in 1955 by Ian M. Brooker, for whom it is named, and E.C. Webb, members of the British South Georgia Expedition, 1954--55, led by George Sutton
| 94 |
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| 0 |
11,006,239 |
# The Game of Love (Santana song)
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{{single chart|Australia|21|song=The Game of Love|artist=Santana feat
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The Game of Love (Santana song)
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11,006,251 |
# Ciarán Lynch
**Ciarán Lynch** (born 13 June 1964) is an Irish former Labour Party politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Cork South-Central constituency from 2007 to 2016.
He was educated at University College Cork, studying social studies, and at the Waterford Institute of Technology, studying humanities. Lynch has been a member of the constituency executive since 1999. He works as an Adult Literacy Organiser in Cork and is married with two children.
Lynch served as a member of Cork City Council from 2004 to 2007, and was elected to Dáil Éireann at the 2007 general election. He was re-elected at the 2011 general election. He was the Labour Party spokesperson on Housing and Local Government. Lynch launched the Simon Communities National Conference on Homelessness and Health in 2011.
He is brother-in-law to Kathleen Lynch who was a Labour Party TD for Cork North-Central.`{{fact|date=December 2020}}`{=mediawiki}
He lost his seat at the 2016 general election
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# Brocken (South Georgia)
**Brocken** (54 29 S 36 4 W source:GNIS display=inline,title) is a mountain rising over 610 m close southwest of Calf Head on the north side of South Georgia. It was named by the German group of the International Polar Year Investigations, 1882--83, after the Brocken, the highest mountain in central Germany
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# The True Story
***The True Story (TV)**\'\' is a documentary series shown on History in the United Kingdom and on the Smithsonian Channel in the US under the name***The Real Story**\'\'
| 32 |
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# President Casino Broadwater Resort
The **President Casino Broadwater Resort** was a combined casino and resort that was located in Biloxi, Mississippi. It was a fixture on the Mississippi Gulf Coast for over 60 years.
Originally known as the **Broadwater Beach Hotel** and **Broadwater Beach Resort**, it opened in 1939 as a venue for the illegal but tacitly approved gambling that was flourishing along the coast. In the late 1950s and 1960s, the gambling stopped and the facility was renovated and re-purposed as a resort destination with a state-of-the-art marina and other amenities. In its heyday the Broadwater Beach Resort hosted movie stars, leading politicians, and top business figures as well as people on vacation. It became the Gulf Coast\'s flagship resort and its colorfully lit front sign was iconic.
In 1992, President Casinos gained control of the facility, and after changing the name, added a riverboat casino and barge. The casino had a successful niche following among lower-end gamblers, but the problems of the parent company resulted in bankruptcy filings in the early 2000s. In 2005, new owners closed the resort and casino shortly before Hurricane Katrina destroyed them.
The property has been empty since then. A plan in 2006--07 to build a new casino and resort there did not materialize. In 2020 a new joint venture involving the Universal Music Group was formed to build a music-central entertainment and casino resort at the site.
## Resort era {#resort_era}
The Broadwater Beach Hotel was built in 1938 by investors seeking to gain the business of gamblers coming to casinos along the Mississippi Gulf Coast. It opened in 1939, and was built in Art Deco style. The first owner was Pete Martin Sr., a well-known gambler and rum runner along the coast. He openly ran a casino within the hotel, as even though it was nominally illegal at the time, gambling was part of the social and economic fabric of Biloxi. After Martin died, openly illegal gambling was frowned upon, and new owners tried to appeal to just the tourist market. In 1958, it was bought by Joe Brown, a Texas oil millionaire.
Following his death in 1959, his widow Dorothy Brown, who was a noted New Orleans philanthropist, renovated the property for a more modern look, including a wide arched canopy in the front. In the early 1960s, the Mississippi Gulf Coast was emerging as a prime alternative to Florida as a southern vacation destination, and the Broadwater Beach Resort was considered the pacesetter for the area. In 1963, Dorothy Brown spent \$3 million to build a marina and a heliport. The Broadwater Resort Marina plan was especially ambitious, involving hosting up to 150 sail and powerboats, and offering shore-to-ship maid service and room service to those docked, all in an effort to capture blue-water game fishing business. When the marina opened in 1965, it was considered state of the art. In 1968, she built the Broadwater Beach Sun Course on land originally owned by Jefferson Davis, and thus added golf as a prime attraction for visitors; by 1974 a Sea Course was also present. During the 1960s, a men\'s store was present in the hotel. For entertainment, the hotel featured musicians from New Orleans and elsewhere. From the 1950s on, operational control of the hotel and resort rested with Leigh MacConnell, one of the few women to rise to the top of the local hotel industry in that era. In the 1960s the Broadwater Beach Resort found its glory years. Hosting movie stars, leading politicians, and top business figures, as well as people on vacation, it became the Gulf Coast\'s flagship resort. During this decade, the iconic and colorfully lit Broadwater Beach Resort front sign was added.
Hurricane Camille devastated the Mississippi Gulf Coast in August 1969. The resort golf club pro and his wife fought for their lives as the storm wrecked their pro shop apartment. The hotel\'s first floor was carved out by the storm surge, expensive furniture floated out of the lobby, and the marina suffered moderate damage. But the resort rebounded and by 1977 it was described by the *New York Times* as a \"bustling colony of rooms, cottages, restaurants, golf courses, tennis courts, and its own marina.\" Conferences were held there, and the Broadwater Beach Hotel was the setting for a fictional regional sales meeting in the 1982 Frederick Barthelme short story \"Box Step\".
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# President Casino Broadwater Resort
## Casino era {#casino_era}
Entrepreneur John E. Connelly, founder of President Casinos, then gained control of the property, and the President Casino Broadwater Resort was opened aboard a riverboat docked at the Broadwater Resort Marina in August 1992. It was the second casino to open on the Mississippi Gulf Coast, following the Isle of Capri Casino which opened two weeks earlier. In June 1995, President Casinos replaced the riverboat with the former Mississippi Gold Shore Casino barge. The table games there were known for having lower limits than most other Biloxi casinos. Major country music stars performed there on Wednesday through Saturday nights, and the hotel had 550 rooms available across two structures. In 1997 and 1999, titles to the resort property and barge were formally transferred from Connelly to President Casinos.
By the early 2000s, the President Casino Broadwater Resort sat on 260 acre. The powerboat-oriented Broadwater Resort Marina had 118 berths, and was regarded by one published guide as \"one of the best full-service, luxurious marinas between Mobile and New Orleans.\" The President Broadwater Golf Club offered a full-length 18-hole course. The casino featured over 38000 sqft of gambling with over 900 slot machines. However, no work had been done on the old resort and its hotel, resulting in its declining in appearance to a run-down state. The hotel capacity was down to 450 rooms and suites, and functioned mainly as a place for the casino barge customers to sleep briefly; furniture was piled up in corridors, the hotel main floor entertainment rooms were empty, and weeds grew on the resort\'s tennis courts. Nevertheless, the resort still made reference to its pre-casino past, calling itself \"one of the last great Southern resorts on the Mississippi Gulf Coast.\"
The casino itself found a niche market among local gamblers and was a reliable earner. President Casinos was saddled with corporate debt, however, and a planned new \$2 billion resort at the site, to be called Destination Broadwater, never materialized. In April 2001, the President Broadwater Hotel, which represented the non-casino operations, filed for bankruptcy. President Casinos filed for bankruptcy in June 2002, and the Broadwater casino the following month, but operation of the President Casino Broadwater Resort continued.
| 373 |
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| 1 |
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# President Casino Broadwater Resort
## End
In January 2005, Broadwater Development LLC -- a casino holding company owned by two local construction figures, Roy Anderson III and Cotton Fore -- won a bankruptcy auction bid for the casino and resort for \$82 million, amid speculation that they had overpaid. Anderson said of the barge, \"It\'s a nice structure. But overall aesthetically, it\'s not going to fit into our master plan.\" On April 15, 2005, the deal closed; as part of it, the President Casino barge was purchased for \$6.8 million by Silver Slipper Casino Venture LLC with the intention of operating it under the name of President Casino until it could be moved to their site in Hancock County, Mississippi, where the Silver Slipper operators thought it would fit in. On July 31, 2005, the Broadwater Beach Resort closed its doors, with Broadwater Development announcing plans to tear it down and build a new resort and casino.
Less than a month later, on August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina tore the casino barge from its moorings and washed it ashore ½ mile west of the Broadwater Resort Marina. The barge was a total loss, it was cut up as scrap and removed by a salvage company. (After the state passed legislation allowing riverboat casinos to build on solid ground with a traditional foundation as long as they were near navigable waterways, the new Silver Slipper Casino would be built from the ground up instead and open in late 2006.) The hotel in the resort part was still standing but heavily damaged by Katrina, with the storm surge reaching the second floor. The famed sign was destroyed. The marina too was wrecked and closed. The golf course did not reopen. The hotel subsequently underwent demolition, which concluded by November 2006 with even the foundation slabs removed.
## Proposals for property {#proposals_for_property}
Once the post-Katrina building boom began, the Broadwater site increased in value and several other casino operations indicated an interest in it. In March 2006, Broadwater Development LLC gained city approval for creating The Broadwater resort, a \$1 billion plan that would feature two casinos, 3,375 condo units, 1,900 hotel rooms, an 18-hole golf course, large amounts of retail entertainment space and convention space, and a marina again. By September 2007, the Broadwater developers said they were close to signing with an international entertainment corporation to begin the work, and the Biloxi Planning Commission granted them an 18-month extension. But by October 2008, the 2008 financial crisis had prevented anything from happening, and the Mississippi Gaming Commission gave an indefinite extension to the Broadwater site approval.
In the event, nothing happened, and by 2017 the site and the marina had been, as the local newspaper stated, \"Lifeless for more than 11 years\". One of the Broadwater Development LLC owners said they had seen some interest in the property, but no realistic offers.
In October 2020, a new joint venture between the Universal Music Group and Dakia U-Ventures was formed to create music-themed entertainment luxury resorts. One of the first resorts was planned to be at this Biloxi site; under the name UMusic Broadwater Hotel, the property would be transformed into a \$1.2 billion destination, with an expansive live music venue, casino, and a large resort hotel
| 546 |
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| 2 |
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# Monte Cristo arboreal alligator lizard
\| genus = Abronia (lizard) \| species = montecristoi \| authority = Hidalgo, 1983 }}
The **Monte Cristo arboreal alligator lizard** (***Abronia montecristoi***) is an endangered species of lizard in the family Anguidae. The species is distributed in the cloud forests of El Salvador as well as Honduras. This species is classified as Endangered by the IUCN Red List
## Etymology
The specific name, *montecristoi*, refers to the type locality, \"*Hacienda Montecristo* \".
## Characteristics
While there is not much known about *A. montecristoi*, McCranie and Wilson described the color of the back as antique brown, with pale, cinnamon-colored crossbands, with the color buff-yellow on the sides. The head is also colored cinnamon. The scales on the top of the head have little black dots. The sides of the head do not have these little black dots. The front limbs are cinnamon, with the back limbs being tawny. The tail is colored antique brown. Also on the tail are cinnamon-colored crossbands. On the underside, the color is cinnamon as well. The eyes are pale, and greenish silver. As the common name suggests, *A. montecristoi* is found primarily in trees.
## Ecology
There is very little known about the ecology of *A. montecristoi*. However, the species is an inhabitant of cloud forests which are a major source of biodiversity in the world. Cloud forests, as the name suggests, are covered by clouds because they are at high enough elevations where cloud formation occurs which ranges from about 5,000 to. These cloud forests are a place where there is the constant flow of water because they are surrounded by clouds. This results in large biodiversity. Again, it is unclear how *A. montecristoi* intereacts with its environment, but this species does live primarily in the trees of the cloud forests.
## Conservation
Since *A. montecristoi* inhabits many cloud forests, its future looks bleak. The reason for this is because many of the cloud forest are steadily disappearing. Some scientists`{{who|date=November 2013}}`{=mediawiki} estimate that the cloud forests will disappear in the near future. These cloud forests are a major place of biodiversity. *A. montecristoi* is just one of a vast number of species that call these forests home. Conservation efforts are currently being made by the Tropical Montane Cloud Forest Initiative which is made up of three conservations program consisting of the United Nations Environment Program, the World Conservation Union, and the World Wide Fund for Nature
| 408 |
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| 0 |
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# Mount Sugartop
**Mount Sugartop** (54 22 S 36 38 W display=inline,title) is a prominent, partly snow-covered mountain, 2,325 m, standing 5 miles (8 km) northwest of Mount Paget in the Allardyce Range of South Georgia. The name \"Sugarloaf Peak\" has appeared on maps for this feature for many years, but the South Georgia Survey, following its 1951-52 surveying expedition, reported that the name Mount Sugartop is well established locally for this mountain. This latter name is approved on the basis of local usage
| 84 |
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| 0 |
11,006,389 |
# Trolle
The **House of Trolle** is the name of a noble family, originally from Sweden. The family has produced prominent people in the histories of Sweden and Denmark (where it is sometimes spelled *Trold*) since the Middle Ages and is associated with several estates in both countries.
## Family history {#family_history}
Historically attested male-line family members are known as far back as the 14th century. The earliest was the knight Birger Knutsson, also known as *Birghe Trulle*. The earliest known generations held the estate of Bo in Småland, Sweden. Birger Trolle, High Councillor of Sweden, inherited Bergkvara castle from his half-brother Håkan Karlsson.
Arvid Birgersson and Eric Arvidsson were among mightiest in the country and both almost became Regents of Sweden in their time, in competition against the Sture family. Gustav Trolle was Archbishop of Uppsala. The original Swedish line of the family died out in the late 16th century.
Eric\'s younger half-brother Joachim (d 1546) inherited Lilloe in Skåne from his mother and settled in Denmark. The Danish family line continued through his relations, becoming an important house of high nobility. One of his sons was Danish admiral Herluf Trolle and one of great-grandsons, Niels Trolle (*Nils Trolle til Trollesholm og Gavnø*), was Statholder of Norway.
Sweden again had a branch of the family when Niels Trolle\'s son Arvid Nielsen Trold, Lord of Trollenäs Castle, swore loyalty to Sweden (and was in 1689 given a seat among Sweden\'s nobility) after Skåne, his native land, had become a permanent part of Sweden. The head of the House received in 1816 by primogeniture the hereditary title of baron in Sweden for the House. All currently extant branches of the House of Trolle descend from him; the remaining Danish branches having died out in 1787.
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The family name comes from the family coat of arms that depicts a headless troll. According to tradition, the family had taken these arms on the basis of a legend that a common ancestor must have killed a troll and robbed a drinking horn, which was called *Våxtorpshornet el*.
## Prominent family members {#prominent_family_members}
Denmark
- Herluf Trolle (1516--1565), Danish naval hero
- Niels Trolle, vice admiral
- Mette Trolle
Sweden
- Eric Trolle (c
| 374 |
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| 0 |
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# Neumayer Glacier
**Neumayer Glacier** is a glacier, 8 nmi long and 2 nmi wide, which flows east along the north flank of the Allardyce Range to the west side of the head of Cumberland West Bay, South Georgia. It was charted by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition under Otto Nordenskiöld, 1901--1904, and named for Georg von Neumayer.
Between 2005 and 2009, the glacier retreated 1 km.
## Gallery
<File:Neumayer> Glacier 2005.jpg\|Neumayer Glacier in January 2005 <File:Neumayer> Glacier 2009.jpg\|Neumayer Glacier in January 2009 <File:S-Georgien> 1882 51.jpg\|Neumayer Glacier, Cumberland West Bay, South Georgia, circa 1882 <File:S-Georgien> 1882 55
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| 0 |
11,006,409 |
# Keilhau Glacier
**Keilhau Glacier** (54 16 S 37 4 W type:glacier_source:GNIS display=inline,title) is a glacier 5 nmi long flowing west from Kohl Plateau and then southwest to Jossac Bight, on the south coast of South Georgia. It was mapped by Olaf Holtedahl during his visit to South Georgia in 1927--28, and named by him for Baltazar M. Keilhau, a Norwegian geologist and professor of mineralogy at the University of Christiania
| 71 |
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| 0 |
11,006,423 |
# Francesco Battaglini
**Francesco Battaglini** (13 March 1823 -- 8 July 1892) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal and Archbishop of Bologna.
He was born in the Archdiocese of Bologna and received the sacrament of confirmation on 7 October 1827. He was educated at the University of Bologna where he earned his doctorate in theology in 1848. He was ordained to the priesthood on 20 September 1845.
After his doctorate he was a professor of philosophy and theology at the Seminary of Bologna, until 1878.
## Episcopate
Pope Leo XIII appointed him Bishop of Rimini in February 1879. He remained in the see of Rimini until he was appointed to the metropolitan see of Bologna on 3 July 1882. Like most Archbishops of Bologna he was created Cardinal-Priest of *San Bernardo alle Terme* in the consistory of 27 July 1885.
## Death and burial {#death_and_burial}
He died in 1892 and was buried, temporarily, in the chapel of the Carthusian monastery of Bologna. His body was transferred to the Bentivoglio Chapel, in October 1893. He was again transferred to a new tomb in the parish church of Mirabello, February 2000; the tomb was blessed by Cardinal Giacomo Biffi, Archbishop of Bologna, in 2000
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Francesco Battaglini
| 0 |
11,006,461 |
# Lawrence Kasha
**Lawrence Kasha** (December 3, 1933 -- September 29, 1990) was an American theatre producer and director, playwright, and stage manager.
Born in Brooklyn, New York, Kasha began his Broadway career as a production assistant for *Silk Stockings* in 1955. He joined the show\'s national tour as stage manager, then returned to New York City to work in that capacity for *Li\'l Abner* (1956), *Whoop-Up* (1958), *Happy Town* (1959), and *How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying* (1961).
Kasha had directed a season of summer stock productions at the Colonie Summer Theatre in Latham, New York in 1959, but his first major directing assignment came in 1962 with *Guys and Dolls* and *The Most Happy Fella* at the O\'Keefe Center in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He returned to Broadway to share a producing credit with Hal Prince for *She Loves Me* in 1963, then the following year directed *Bajour* and worked as associate director on *Funny Girl*, which he directed in the West End when Barbra Streisand took the show to London in 1966, the same year he helmed *Show Boat* at the New York State Theater in Lincoln Center. Three years later he returned to London to direct Ginger Rogers in *Mame*.
In 1978, Kasha adapted the 1954 MGM movie musical *Seven Brides for Seven Brothers* for the stage. Although the national tour, which he also produced and directed, was a critical and commercial success, the 1982 Broadway staging proved to be a flop, closing after fifteen previews and five performances.
Kasha\'s playwriting credits include *The Pirate* (1968), *Where Have You Been, Billy Boy* (1969), and *Heaven Sent* (1978).
Kasha served as producer for the television series *Busting Loose*, *Komedy Tonite*, and *Knots Landing*. He died at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from AIDS in 1990
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# New Britain sparrowhawk
The **New Britain sparrowhawk** (***Tachyspiza brachyura***) is a threatened species of bird of prey. It is endemic to two Papua New Guinea islands, New Britain and New Ireland. Even in 1934 Ernst Mayr, in his survey of mountain bird life during the Whitney South Sea Expedition, found the New Britain sparrowhawk to be very rare. This species was formerly placed in the genus *Accipiter*.
## Description
These sparrowhawks are grey with a white underbelly and orange accents on the neck. They are often characterized by their large feet. They are the only hawk in New Britain or the Solomon Islands that has a middle toe that is longer than the rest. The feet of the New Britain sparrowhawks are pale yellow. These small birds only grow to be 27--34 cm long.
## Ecology
This species lives in tropical to subtropical, moist montane forest. The altitudes reach 1,200 to 1,800 m. New Britain sparrowhawks nest like other birds, where they raise their young. Very little is known about this species because it is so rare and the areas in which it lives have not been thoroughly studied.
## Conservation
it is estimated that the population is only between 1,000 and 2,499 individuals. The main threat to the continued existence of this species is habitat destruction which has led to the birds\' decline in lowland forests. The clearing of forest on the small islands leaves the species with less habitat, and a far less safe environment -- leading to their vulnerability. No conservation measures are known to have been taken; however it has been proposed that surveys be made to assess population size and observe nests, as well as to map the remaining forest. There are also plans to lobby for large community-based conservation areas
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# The Lord protects the simple
***The Lord protects the simple*** is a phrase from a verse in the Hebrew Bible. In Judaism, the phrase has both a plain meaning and another meaning due to rabbinic exegesis.
## From Psalms {#from_psalms}
states: \"The Lord protects the simple, I was brought low and he saved me.\" According to the plain meaning of this verse, the Psalmist is expressing confidence and gratitude to the divine.
This verse (and Psalm) are recited by Jews in the liturgical thanksgiving prayer, the Hallel.
Over time, the phrase has evolved into the English idiom, \"God watches over children and fools,\" occasionally including \"drunks,\" along with variations of the terms used. Modern English translations of the Bible have substituted \"the helpless\" or \"the foolish\" at times.
## Rabbinic tradition {#rabbinic_tradition}
In the rabbinic tradition, this verse takes on an entirely different and quite important meaning. The verse represents a principle of Jewish law (halakha) that permits people to assume various low-level risks and dangers. Risk may be taken because, as the verse states, the deity protects people who are \"simple\" (*פתאים*). In Jewish ethics and law, the principle of \"The Lord protects the simple\" has been applied at times to permit cigarette smoking, circumcision at inauspicious moments, bloodletting, unprotected intercourse for women perceived to be at risk, and such instances as the marriage of a woman whose previous two husbands had died (\"isha katlanit\")
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# Pittsfield Electrics (Eastern Association)
The **Pittsfield Electrics** were an American minor league baseball club located in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. They joined the Eastern Association, a now defunct minor professional baseball league, in 1913, and finished in 7th place that first year with a record of 62 wins and 73 losses. Pittsfield\'s W.I. Smith led the EA with 175 strikeouts. After the 1914 season, the team finished in 6th place with a record of 60 wins and 63 losses, the Eastern Association folded. Robert Troy led the EA with 212 strikeouts.
The Electrics played their home games at Wahconah Park
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# Esmark Glacier
**Esmark Glacier** is a glacier flowing into the west part of Jossac Bight on the south coast of South Georgia. It was named by the Norwegian expedition under Olaf Holtedahl, 1927--28, most likely for Jens Esmark, professor of mineralogy at the University of Kristiania (Oslo), Norway. To the northwest is Mount Cunningham
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# SC-21 (United States)
**SC-21** (**Surface Combatant for the 21st century**) was a research and development program started in 1994 intended to design land attack ships for the United States Navy. A wide variety of designs were created and extensively examined, including an arsenal ship with 500 cruise missiles. Eventually a \"tumblehome\" design of around 16,000 tons with two long-range guns and 128 missile tubes was selected as the **DD-21**, the **Destroyer for the 21st century**. The program ended in November 2001.
## Background
The origins of SC-21 lie in the realization by Admiral Joseph Metcalf III that new technologies such as vertical launch missiles permitted a complete rethink of warship design. He established a steering group, Group Mike, to study the possibilities. Group Mike sponsored two studies in 1987: the Ship Operational Characteristics Study (SOCS) and the Surface Combatant Force Requirement Study (SCFRS). Respectively, these studies sought to identify the operational characteristics required of an escort ship and estimate how many such ships were required by the fleet. Since it was expected at that time that the Navy would be fighting prolonged campaigns in the Norwegian Sea, SOCS put an emphasis on ships\' continuing ability to fight after an initial Soviet attack. This in turn called for larger, more survivable escort ships than had historically been the norm, around 12,000 tons, and for networking sensors and weapons together so that they could be used by the task force as a whole even if an individual ship had their radar disabled. Survivability also called for the bridge and Combat Information Center to be combined and \"buried\" in the heart of the ship, and for the ship to use electric drive to distribute the engineering around the ship. This would provide more room for weapons as well as the scope for future weapons such as railguns and lasers. SCFRS suggested that the Navy should not replace the *Oliver Hazard Perry*-class frigate for convoy escort duties, but concentrate on building front-line combatants that could be assigned to less demanding convoy duties in their later years.
Both studies reported in 1989, but were almost immediately rendered obsolete by the conclusion of the Cold War. The sudden disappearance of its greatest threat raised the prospect of Navy budget cuts as part of the peace dividend. Interest waned in big new designs like the SOCS ship; the Destroyer Variant (DDV) program of December 1991 was intended as a stopgap, the final development of the `{{sclass|Arleigh Burke|destroyer}}`{=mediawiki}.
In 1992 the CNO ordered a 21st-century Destroyer (DD-21) Technology Study. This led to a new program called Surface Combatant for the 21st century (SC-21), intended as a family of ships with a range of capabilities that would not necessarily fit old designations of \"destroyers\" and \"cruisers\". Meanwhile, strategy papers such as \"FORWARD\...FROM THE SEA\" were redefining the Navy\'s priorities towards littoral warfare and the support of amphibious assaults inland. It seemed, then, that land attack would be the most important mission for the new ships.
### Naval fire support role {#naval_fire_support_role}
Since the retirement of the Iowa-class battleships, there had been a Congress-mandated requirement relating to the Navy\'s capability for Naval Fire Support (NFS). The U.S. Marine Corps and the U.S. Navy maintained that destroyers would be adequate in this role, although there are dissenters.
While smaller caliber guns (and missiles) have been used for centuries in naval fire support, very large guns have special capabilities beyond that of medium range calibres. US battleships were re-activated three times after WWII specifically for NFS, and their 16 inch gunfire was used in every major engagement of the U. S. from WWII to the Gulf War. The battleships `{{USS|Iowa|BB-61|6}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{USS|Wisconsin|BB-64|6}}`{=mediawiki} were finally struck from the Naval Vessel Register in 2006, having been kept on in part to fill a naval fire support role.
## Program approved {#program_approved}
The SC-21 Mission Need Statement was approved by the Joint Requirements Oversight Council between September--October 1994. The Defense Acquisition Board approved the project on 13 January 1995, allowing the program to proceed to Cost & Operational Effectiveness Analysis (COEA).
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# SC-21 (United States)
## Concept designs {#concept_designs}
The SC-21 COEA had an unusually wide remit, and studied a variety of designs from 2,500 tons to 40,000 tons. There were three main \"concepts\". Concept 1 looked at possible upgrades to existing vessels, Concept 2 looked at variations of existing designs, and Concept 3 was for new ships :
- 2A : newbuilds of *Arleigh Burke* Flight IIA
- 2B : further update of the *Burke* design
- 3A : Power Projection Ship, Aviation Cruiser, Heavy Cruiser -- most had 256 VLS cells and amphibious capability
- 3B : Littoral Combatant - Affordable multimission ship with 128 VLS; similar to Improved *Spruances*
- 3C : Maritime Combatant, Armed Supertanker, Agile Maritime Patrol Ship, Small ASW Combatant, Focused Mission Local Area Combatant - 8-64 VLS
- 3D : Expeditionary Force Support Ship, Tailored Maritime Support Ship and other vessels with modular \"mission packs\".
Option 3B1 was closest to what became the *Zumwalt* class, with a pair of 64-cell VLS fore and aft and two standard 5\" guns on a conventional flared hull of around 9,400 tonnes. A bigger hull would be required to enclose everything in a stealthy shape, and to accommodate the much bigger AGS gun system.
## Arsenal ship {#arsenal_ship}
In a separate study in 1993, two French students had been assigned the design of a Large Capacity Missile Ship, a 20,000-tonner with 500 VLS cells filled with land-attack missiles. This design was inspired by a RAND paper in that year, which suggested a land invasion could be halted by destroying 20% of its vehicles with precision munitions. This would take several days with aircraft, but a surface ship with large numbers of land-attack missiles could achieve the same effect almost instantly.
This design was apparently included in the SC-21 assessment as an afterthought - it was not included in the original list of concepts. Two designs were considered, both with 512 VLS cells - Option 3A6 was a minimal version of 13,400 tons with no self-defense capability, Option 3A5 was a 30,000 ton \"goal ship\" with many more survivability features. The latter Maritime Fire Support Ship became the basis of the Arsenal Ship championed by CNO Jeremy Boorda. In fact he was so enthusiastic that the rest of the SC-21 program was suspended in favor of development of the Arsenal Ship.
The Navy set up a joint venture with DARPA on March 18, 1996. The Arsenal Ship would be acquired as a prototype under DARPA\'s Other Transaction Authority under Section 845 of the National Defense Authorization Act for FY 1994 (Public Law 103-160), which allowed them to bypass much of the bureaucracy involved with defense procurement, enabling a prototype to be built by the end of 2000. The requirement was for a network-capable ship with around 500 VLS and less than 50 personnel, for a cost of less than \$520 m for the lead ship. A further five ships would be acquired at a later date.
In July 1996, five consortia were awarded \$1 m to come up with some concepts. Three received follow-on contracts in January 1997, but the Navy had lost enthusiasm for the project with Boorda\'s suicide in May 1996, and in April 1997 the Arsenal Ship was redesignated as the Maritime Fire Support Demonstrator (MFSD), which would be a technology demonstrator for a revitalised SC-21 program. As a result, Congress cut funding to the project and it was finally canceled in October 1997. The Arsenal Ship concept was revived in 2002 by converting four *Ohio*-class submarines into SSGNs carrying 154 VLS tubes.
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# SC-21 (United States)
## DD-21 {#dd_21}
In 1997, plans for the Littoral Combatant (3B1) were revived under the SC-21 banner. It was initially renamed the Power Projection Ship, and then DD-21, Destroyer for the 21st century. Influenced by the Arsenal Ship, it would have a stealthy hull with a significant land attack capability. At first the plan was to install a twin-barreled Vertical Gun for Advanced Ships (VGAS), developed from experiments on advanced projectiles for the *Iowa*-class battleships, but this was dropped in favour of a conventional 5\" gun and two 64-cell VLS. It would also feature a revolutionary cross-layer active sonar. An Operational Requirements Document was signed in November 1997, and an Advanced Development Memorandum on 11 December. A Program Executive Office was established on 25 February 1998. As with the *Arleigh Burke*-class, the construction of the DD-21 ships would be split between Bath Iron Works and Ingalls Shipbuilding to preserve the industrial base. However, there would be a competition between the two yards to design DD-21 and to be the full-service contractor for the class, which would mean the winning team receiving 85% of the total program costs of around \$70 billion. BIW partnered with Lockheed Martin as the combat system designer and integrator, forming the \"Blue\" team; Ingalls partnered Raytheon in the \"Gold\" team.
The new design was compared to the current *Arleigh Burke* hull and possible developments of it, and it was decided to go ahead with a new hull to be called **DD-21** (or **DD 21**), the **21st century Land Attack Destroyer**. The new hull was judged to have more potential for stealth and reductions in manning than the *Arleigh Burke* class. This was important, as one aim of the program was to reduce manning and operational costs by 70%, while providing scope for a follow-on cruiser class. On 4 July 2000 it was announced that the lead ship of the class would be named after Admiral Elmo Zumwalt, who had died earlier that year. The name would be inherited by subsequent versions of the design, culminating in the `{{sclass|Zumwalt|destroyer|1}}`{=mediawiki}.
The ship\'s delivery schedule was delayed by a year following the decision in January 2000 to use electric drive in the ship. But by early 2000 a \"tumblehome\" design had emerged that resembles that of the eventual *Zumwalt* class, albeit with differences in the weapons carried. Sources disagree on the displacement of the DD-21, and indeed it probably varied during the design process, but around 16,000 tons seems most likely. As of July 2001, 32 DD-21s were planned, with construction planned to start in FY05.
Many of the weapons planned for the DD-21 were to be trialled in existing ships, increasing the land attack capability of the existing fleet in FY05 before the delivery of DD-21 in FY10. Rocket-boosted Extended Range Guided Munitions (ERGM) for existing 5\"/62 guns would have a range of 63 nmi, while the long-range Block IV Tactical Tomahawk missile could be fired from existing Mk 41 vertical launching systems. It was also planned to turn old Standard Missile SAMs into Land Attack Standard Missiles (LASM) with 150 nmi range.
Initially it was planned to use the Vertical Gun for Advanced Ships (VGAS), but this was abandoned in favor of a more conventional Advanced Gun System fore and aft, each with a separate magazine of 600-750 rounds. The guns would fire a 155 mm version of the ERGM which would double the payload and increase the range to 100 nmi. Together the two guns would give the ship a rate of fire of 24 rounds/minute, giving them the throw weight of two 6-gun 155 mm artillery batteries. Precision munitions make gunfire three times more effective than unguided shells, hence the DD-21 was said to have the destructive power of six batteries. The Navy\'s goal was to have 256 VLS cells on the DD-21, but the final number may have been 128 - some sketches show missiles being launched from fore and aft but the aft launchers appear to have been replaced by a second gun system and/or a helicopter pad. As well as LASM and Tactical Tomahawk, the DD-21 would receive the Advanced Land Attack Missile (ALAM), a new missile with a variety of warheads and a design range of up to 300 nmi.
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# SC-21 (United States)
## CG-21 {#cg_21}
A **21st century air defense cruiser** (CG-21) was announced in January 2000 to replace the 27 *Ticonderoga* class cruisers. Procurement was to begin after the end of the DD-21 program, perhaps around 2015. Development work had not started before the program was terminated in November 2001; CG-21 was replaced by the CG(X) program, which was subsequently cancelled in 2010.
## Cancellation
The winner of the competition to design the DD-21 was due to be announced in March 2001, but the decision was put back twice as the new Bush administration reviewed defense spending. On March 1 it was announced that the decision would be made in May, and on May 31 it was announced that the Navy would wait for the results of the Quadrennial Defense Review, and a future shipbuilding review. After the House Appropriations Committee proposed a reduction in the DD-21 allocation in the FY2002 budget in late October 2001, on 1 November the Navy announced a less ambitious Future Surface Combatant program (FSC). Polmar claims that DD-21 was terminated primarily for political reasons as the program was closely identified with the Clinton administration, whereas Work views it as the culmination of a debate within the Navy about whether they should use in the littoral zone large capable ships like the DD-21 or more numerous smaller ships like the \"Streetfighter\" concept. It did not help that the original plan called for the fifth ship to cost \$750 m in FY96 dollars, but in the fourth quarter of 1999 alone the program cost went up from \$3.2bn to \$5.2bn.
Streetfighter evolved into the Littoral Combat Ship; under FSC the DD-21 became the DD(X) which would become the *Zumwalt* class destroyer, while the preliminary plans for CG-21 would be folded into the CG(X) ballistic missile defense cruiser.
The hull of the *Zumwalt* class is similar to that of the DD-21, but the new design displaces 14,564 tons and unlike the DD-21, the deckhouse is flush to the sides of the hull. The central \"block\" of VLS cells is replaced by a peripheral VLS of 80 cells, which allows both guns to be located forward of the deckhouse. This in turn allows the stern to be given over to helicopter facilities but means that the automated magazine can only contain 750 rounds, supplemented by an auxiliary store. The lead ship was finally commissioned in 2016, and the class was truncated to a total of three ships as the Navy\'s mission changed and the costs increased. The AGS is unusable, as the only munition it can fire, the LRLAP, has been cancelled and there are no plans to replace it
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# Alex Anatole
**Alex Anatole** (born in Moscow, USSR) is a Taoist priest, teacher, and writer. He directs centers of Taoist studies in Europe, Australia and the U.S.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Grandmaster Alex Anatole was born in Moscow, USSR. Immigrating to the United States in 1976, he began teaching the physical elements of traditional Taoism, including internal/external qigong and meditation.
## Temple of Original Simplicity {#temple_of_original_simplicity}
In 1978 Grandmaster Alex Anatole founded the Center of Traditional Taoist Studies (originally The New England Center of Tao) near Boston. He established close ties to established temples in Shanghai, China.
The temple houses a wide collection of Taoist Deities, as well as, perhaps, the only Hall of Celestial Foxes (Chinese: Huxian, Japanese: kitsune, Korean: kumiho) in the United States.
The temple offers traditional Taoist teachings including the philosophical teachings of the *Tao Te Ching*, meditation, qigong, as well as the esoteric disciplines of The Celestial Fox Creed
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# Mount Cunningham
**Mount Cunningham** is a mountain at the west end of South Georgia\'s Esmark Glacier. It is situated between Jossac Bight and Queen Maud Bay. With an elevation of 1218 m, it is the 16th highest mountain in South Georgia. The mountain was named after Scottish mountaineer John Crabbe Cunningham as a memorial after his death on 31 January 1980, following a climbing accident when struck by waves off Holyhead.
## Namesake
Cunningham was a well known Scottish climber who spent many years developing innovative ice climbing techniques and pushing rock climbing standards. He worked not only for the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), but also the Glenmore Lodge and I M Marsh Campus in Liverpool. He served in the BAS of the British Antarctic Territory (BAT). On 23 November 1964, Cunningham became the first to climb Antarctica\'s Mount Jackson; he was also Station Commander of Adelaide Island in 1964--65, as well as a member of the South Georgia Survey of 1955--56.
## Geography
Mount Cunningham is the 16th highest peak in the list of mountain peaks in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. It is situated outside the BAT. Situated west of the Allardyce Range and northwest of Esmark Glacier, nearby mountains are the Warburton Peak (1089 m), Bomford Peak (1141 m), Pyramid Peak (475 m), Smillie Peak (1765 m), Stanley Peak (1263 m), and Comer Crag (634 m). The mountain peaks are not connected. However, the Mount Cunningham is a high mountain peak in the mountain range which extends over a length of 1.5 mi. With sharply-rising cliffs facing the sea, Mount Cunningham is situated at the head of low tussock-covered hills near the enclosed King Haakon Bay, an inlet on the southern coast. The headland of Cape Nunez is directly to the south while Jossac Bight is to the southeast
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# Fountain Point
**Fountain Point** is a geographic landmark located on the eastern shore of South Lake Leelanau in Suttons Bay Township, Michigan. Its name is derived from a fountain of sparkling artesian spring water, situated on a large point on Lake Leelanau, which has been continuously gushing since 1867. Fountain Point includes a historic resort and other private residences
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# Strong partition cardinal
In Zermelo--Fraenkel set theory without the axiom of choice, a **strong partition cardinal** is an uncountable well-ordered cardinal $k$ such that every partition of the set $[k]^k$of size $k$ subsets of $k$ into less than $k$ pieces has a homogeneous set of size $k$.
The existence of strong partition cardinals contradicts the axiom of choice. The axiom of determinacy implies that ℵ~1~ is a strong partition cardinal
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# Kupriyanov Islands
The **Kupreyanov Islands** are a group of islands off the south coast of South Georgia, close south of Diaz Cove.
The name \"Mys Kupreyanov was given by Admiral Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen in 1819 to a cape on the coast between Novosilski Bay and Cape Disappointment. The name was evidently overlooked by Lieutenant Commander J.M. Chaplin, who in 1930 gave the name *Johannesen Point* to a feature on this same stretch of coast. Johannesen Point was identified by the South Georgia Survey, 1955--56, as an insignificant point not requiring a name. At the same time, the group of islands off Diaz Cove was mapped in detail for the first time. An altered form of the original Russian name has been accepted for this group
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# Paget Glacier
**Paget Glacier** (54 24 S 36 28 W type:glacier display=inline,title) is a glacier in South Georgia, 4 miles (6 km) long and 1 mile (1.6 km) wide, which flows northeast from the north slopes of Mount Paget into the west side of Nordenskjold Glacier. The glacier was roughly surveyed in 1928--29 by a German expedition under Kohl-Larsen, and resurveyed in 1951--52 by the SGS. The name, which is derived from nearby Mount Paget, was given by the SGS in 1951--52
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# Goodbye to You (Michelle Branch song)
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{{single chart|Dutch100|79|artist=Michelle Branch|song=Goodbye to You|rowheader=true|access-date=January 7, 2020}}
^
``
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