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# Michel Bensoussan
**Michel Bensoussan** (born 5 January 1954) is a French former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He was a member of the French squad that won the gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, United States. During his career, he notably played for Paris Saint-Germain, Paris FC, Rouen, and Caen
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# Flyer (1913 automobile)
The **Flyer** was an American brass era automobile manufactured in Mt. Clemens, Michigan by the **Flyer Motor Car Company** from 1913 to 1914. The Flyer had a monobloc four-cylinder water-cooled engine with selective transmission
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# 1990 Kansas City Chiefs season
The **1990 Kansas City Chiefs season** was the franchise\'s 21st season in the National Football League, the 28th as the Kansas City Chiefs and the 31st overall. The team improved from an 8--7--1 record to an 11--5 record and Wild Card spot in the 1991 playoffs. In Marty Schottenheimer\'s first playoff appearance with the Chiefs, they lost to the Miami Dolphins 17--16 in the wild-card round. Starting with the home opener, the Chiefs began an NFL-record 19 consecutive seasons with every home game sold out. The streak was finally broken in the final home game of the 2009 Kansas City Chiefs season versus Cleveland. `{{TOC limit|3}}`{=mediawiki}
## Offseason
### Draft
### Undrafted free agents {#undrafted_free_agents}
Player Position College
-------------- --------------- ------------------
Bryan Barker Punter Santa Clara
Willie Davis Wide receiver Central Arkansas
: 1990 undrafted free agents of note
## Personnel
### Staff
### Roster
## Preseason
Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Attendance Recap
------ ------ --------------------- -------------- -------- ---------------------------------------------------------- ------------ -------------------------------------------------------------
1 vs Los Angeles Rams **L** 3--19 0--1 Olympiastadion `{{small|([[West Berlin]])}}`{=mediawiki} 55,429 [Recap](https://www.profootballarchives.com/1990nflkc.html)
2 New York Jets **L** 0--20 0--2 Arrowhead Stadium 40,448 [Recap](https://www.profootballarchives.com/1990nflkc.html)
3 at Detroit Lions **L** 21--35 0--3 Pontiac Silverdome 50,293 [Recap](https://www.profootballarchives.com/1990nflkc.html)
4 Green Bay Packers **W** 27--14 1--3 Arrowhead Stadium 42,806 [Recap](https://www.profootballarchives.com/1990nflkc.html)
## Regular season {#regular_season}
### Schedule
Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Attendance Recap
------ -------------- ---------------------------- -------------- -------- ------------------------------- ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 September 9 Minnesota Vikings **W** 24--21 1--0 Arrowhead Stadium 68,363 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199009090kan.htm)
2 at **Denver Broncos** **L** 23--24 1--1 Mile High Stadium 75,277 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199009170den.htm)
3 September 23 at Green Bay Packers **W** 17--3 2--1 Lambeau Field 58,817 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199009230gnb.htm)
4 September 30 Cleveland Browns **W** 34--0 3--1 Arrowhead Stadium 75,462 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199009300kan.htm)
5 October 7 at Indianapolis Colts **L** 19--23 3--2 Hoosier Dome 54,950 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199010070clt.htm)
6 October 14 Detroit Lions **W** 43--24 4--2 Arrowhead Stadium 74,312 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199010140kan.htm)
7 October 21 at **Seattle Seahawks** **L** 7--19 4--3 Kingdome 60,358 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199010210sea.htm)
8 *Bye*
9 November 4 **Los Angeles Raiders** **W** 9--7 5--3 Arrowhead Stadium 70,951 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199011040kan.htm)
10 November 11 **Seattle Seahawks** **L** 16--17 5--4 Arrowhead Stadium 71,285 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199011110kan.htm)
11 November 18 **San Diego Chargers** **W** 27--10 6--4 Arrowhead Stadium 63,717 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199011180kan.htm)
12 November 25 at **Los Angeles Raiders** **W** 27--24 7--4 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 65,710 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199011250rai.htm)
13 December 2 at New England Patriots **W** 37--7 8--4 Foxboro Stadium 26,280 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199012020nwe.htm)
14 December 9 **Denver Broncos** **W** 31--20 9--4 Arrowhead Stadium 74,347 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199012090kan.htm)
15 December 16 Houston Oilers **L** 10--27 9--5 Arrowhead Stadium 61,756 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199012160kan.htm)
16 December 23 at **San Diego Chargers** **W** 24--21 10--5 Jack Murphy Stadium 45,135 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199012230sdg.htm)
17 at Chicago Bears **W** 21--10 11--5 Soldier Field 60,262 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199012290chi.htm)
**Note:** Intra-division opponents are in **bold** text.
### Game summaries {#game_summaries}
#### Week 1: vs. Minnesota Vikings {#week_1_vs._minnesota_vikings}
#### Week 2: at Denver Broncos {#week_2_at_denver_broncos}
#### Week 3: at Green Bay Packers {#week_3_at_green_bay_packers}
#### Week 4: vs. Cleveland Browns {#week_4_vs._cleveland_browns}
#### Week 5: at Indianapolis Colts {#week_5_at_indianapolis_colts}
#### Week 6: vs. Detroit Lions {#week_6_vs._detroit_lions}
#### Week 7: at Seattle Seahawks {#week_7_at_seattle_seahawks}
#### Week 9: vs. Los Angeles Raiders {#week_9_vs._los_angeles_raiders}
#### Week 10: vs. Seattle Seahawks {#week_10_vs._seattle_seahawks}
#### Week 11: vs. San Diego Chargers {#week_11_vs._san_diego_chargers}
#### Week 12: at Los Angeles Raiders {#week_12_at_los_angeles_raiders}
#### Week 13: at New England Patriots {#week_13_at_new_england_patriots}
#### Week 14: vs. Denver Broncos {#week_14_vs._denver_broncos}
#### Week 15: vs. Houston Oilers {#week_15_vs._houston_oilers}
#### Week 16: at San Diego Chargers {#week_16_at_san_diego_chargers}
#### Week 17: at Chicago Bears {#week_17_at_chicago_bears}
### Standings
## Postseason
In a scene that would be repeated throughout the 1990s the Chiefs had a great regular season but failed miserably in the post-season. In the Wild Card playoff game, the Chiefs blew a 16--3 lead as the Dolphins scored two touchdowns to take a lead. With 2:28 left in the game, the Dolphins capped an 85-yard drive with quarterback Dan Marino\'s 12-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Mark Clayton to take a 17-16 lead. The Chiefs had one last chance for a win, but Christian Okoye\'s long run was called back due to a questionable holding call. Kicker Nick Lowery, who had 139 points all season and a Pro Bowl berth missed a 52-yard field goal coming up two feet short, ending the Chiefs season.
### Schedule {#schedule_1}
Round Date Opponent (seed) Result Record Venue Attendance Recap
----------- ------ ----------------------- -------------- -------- -------------------- ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wild Card at Miami Dolphins (4) **L** 16--17 0--1 Joe Robbie Stadium 67,276 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199101050mia
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# Elliott P. Skinner
**Elliott Percival Skinner** (June 20, 1924 -- April 1, 2007) was an American anthropologist and United States Ambassador to the Republic of Upper Volta from 1966 to 1969.
## Background
Born in Port of Spain, Trinidad, in a family with four siblings and Barbadian ancestry on his father\'s side, Skinner came to the United States in 1943. He supported American values, and enlisted in the United States Army in 1944 and fought in World War II in France, which later allowed him to obtain citizenship. Skinner earned a bachelor\'s degree from New York University in 1951. He then attended Columbia University, where he earned a master\'s degree in 1952 and a doctorate in 1955. He was rejected for a PhD at Northwestern by Melville J. Herskovits who believed that \"black scholars\" could not study Africa objectively. His PhD thesis, working with Morton Fried, was \"Ethnic Interaction in a British Guiana Rural Community: A Study in Secondary Acculturation and Group Dynamics.\" but his interests soon shifted back to Africa.
## Career
Skinner remained in universities for most of his career. From 1955 to 1957 as a post-doc, he shifted his research focus from Latin America to Upper Volta, living in the country and learning the More (Language) spoken by the Mossi, the majority ethnic group.
In 1959 he began as assistant professor of anthropology at New York University where he researched and taught African ethnology. He was the first African-American tenured by the university in 1963. In 1966, he joined the anthropology department at Columbia University and taught until his retirement in 1994. In 1969 he became Franz Boas Professor of Anthropology. In 1972, Skinner became the first African-American department chair at Columbia. He graduated numerous African-American and Black PhD scholars.
Importantly, Lyndon B. Johnson appointed him ambassador to Upper Volta from 1966 to 1969. He was almost certainly the only qualified Mossi-speaking, highly educated citizen for the role, which provided him with ample opportunity to also study urban and rural Burkinabe life, and particularly the fragile politics of post-independence from France. He was only 42 on starting as ambassador in Ouagadougou.
His best known work was a study of the Mossi people published in 1964, and extensively updated and republished in 1989 as *The Mossi of Burkina Faso: Chiefs, Politicians and Soldiers* (Waveland Press). The book served as a guide for countless English-speaking visitors and US volunteers to the country. His other books were on urban life and U.S. policy in Africa, notably *African Urban Life: The Transformation of Ouagadougou* (Yale, 1974) and *African-Americans and United States Policy Toward Africa 1850-1924* (Howard University Press, 1992).
Skinner explored power, and how elites hold onto it, in much of his work. He was critical of some aspects of Thomas Sankara\'s charisma and revolutionary rule: \"\... while new-style African leaders may be understandably disgusted and tired of the manner in which their elders have dealt with both internal and external affairs, they themselves are not immune to the constraints found in the global system as soon as they start to chart fresh and perhaps revolutionary courses of action.\".
## Awards
- Commandeur de l\'Ordre National Voltaique, Burkina Faso
- Chairman of the Association of Black American Ambassadors (1988--92)
- Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University
## Elliott P. Skinner Book Award {#elliott_p._skinner_book_award}
The Elliott P. Skinner Book Award is an annual prize sponsored by the Association for Africanist Anthropology (AfAA), a section of the American Anthropological Association. Named in honor of Elliott P. Skinner, the award recognizes outstanding books that contribute significantly to the global community of Africanist scholars and further the interests of the African continent. The award is open to works from all sub-fields of anthropology, with a focus on books based on extensive fieldwork in Africa or those advancing innovative research methodologies. Awardees are selected for their originality, scholarly contribution, and potential to reach both academic and broader audiences. Awardees include prominent Africanists, such as Michael Lambek, Yolanda Covington-Ward, James Ferguson, Serena Owusua Dankwa, Daniel Jordan Smith, and Jemima Pierre.
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# Elliott P. Skinner
## Personal
He was married to Thelma, divorced in 1977. In 1982 he married Gwendolyn Mikell (b. 24 March 1948), who was the first tenured Black woman at Georgetown University, and now Emeritus Professor. On his death he had two daughters, three sons, seven grandchildren; and one great-grandchild.
On April 21, 2007, Skinner died of heart failure at his home in Washington, D.C., where he had moved on retirement. He was 82 years old
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# Hair pipe
A **hair pipe** is a term for an elongated bead, more than 1.5 inches long, which are popular with American Indians, particularly from the Great Plains and Northwest Plateau.
## History
In 1878, Joseph H. Sherburne became a trader to the Ponca people. The Ponca purchased great quantities of corn cob pipes from Sherburne, but only used the stem of the pipes as beads. White Eagle showed the trader a necklace made of the pipestems and asked if they could be ordered in bulk. Sherburne contacted S. A. Frost in New York about producing tubular bone beads and within a year, he had enough **hair pipe** beads to sell to the Ponca as well as other Indian traders.
## Pow-wow {#pow_wow}
Hair pipe beads were extremely popular from 1880--1910 and are still very common in powwow regalia today. These beads are used in chokers, breast plates, earrings, and necklaces worn by women and men.
<File:Woolaroc> - Blackfoot Bone Hairpipe Breastplate 1885
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# Friend (automobile)
The **Friend** was an automobile manufactured in Pontiac, Michigan, by the Friend Motors Corporation in 1920. Otis Friend had taken over the Olympian Motor Company in 1920, and manufactured their car until the car named after himself was ready. The Friend was shown at the New York Automobile Show in January 1921, featured a four-cylinder engine, a 112-inch (2842mm) wheelbase, and had a five-seater, two-door roadster body. Wooden artillery and wire wheels were options. The Friend originally sold for \$1585. With sales sluggish, the price was reduced further to \$1185, but this had no effect, and production ended with fewer than fifty cars built. A six-cylinder model was planned, but the company went out of business before any were manufactured
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# 1989 Kansas City Chiefs season
The 1989 season was the Kansas City Chiefs\' 20th in the National Football League, their 30th overall and their first under head coach Marty Schottenheimer and general manager Carl Peterson. They improved on their 4--11--1 record from 1988 and finished with an 8--7--1 record. The Chiefs did not qualify for the playoffs in for the third straight year but did send four players to the Pro Bowl. The Chiefs Week 11 10--10 tie against the Cleveland Browns remains the most recent tie in Chiefs history.
## Background
The Chiefs had changed coaches before, but never had the organization gone through the complete overhaul it did between the 1988 and 1989 seasons. On December 19, 1988, Lamar Hunt hired Carl Peterson as the team\'s new president/general manager. On January 5 Peterson fired head coach Frank Gansz, just two weeks after taking over. On January 24 he hired Marty Schottenheimer, who was fired by Cleveland Browns owner Art Modell. Schottenheimer also cleaned house and with Peterson\'s help by making several roster changes, including drafting future hall of famer Derrick Thomas. Thomas later became a key part to the Chiefs defense in 90s and became one of the most popular players with fans in franchise history.
## Season summary {#season_summary}
The Chiefs started the season at Denver on September 10 but the Chiefs lost the opener, 34--20. The very next Sunday the Chiefs downed the Los Angeles Raiders 24--19, garnering Schottenheimer\'s first win as Chiefs\' head coach.
The Chiefs would start the season 1--4, but soon turned things around. On October 22, Christian Okoye carried the ball 33 times for 170 yards as the Chiefs defeated the Dallas Cowboys at Arrowhead Stadium, 36--28.
On November 26, Kansas City cruised past the Houston Oilers, 34--0 to start a 3-game winning streak to give themselves a chance to make the playoffs.
On December 17, using a bruising running game and a smothering defense, the San Diego Chargers marched into Arrowhead Stadium and crushed the Chiefs\' playoffs dreams. They bulldozed their way to 219 yards rushing, 176 by Marion Butts, and won 20--13. The all but eliminated the Chiefs from any chance of making the playoffs. Chiefs\' quarterback Steve DeBerg was ineffective because of the chilling 18-degree weather and completed just 14 of 33 passes. Okoye constantly found his path blocked, holes jammed. The Chiefs had one final opportunity to tie the game, driving from their own 36 yard line to the San Diego 19. DeBerg\'s next pass into the end zone was intercepted, ending the Chiefs\' chances and the game. The loss left the Chiefs needing a win at Miami on Christmas Eve, combined with losses by Indianapolis, Pittsburgh and the Raiders that day and Cincinnati on Christmas Day to make the playoffs.
The next week, the Chiefs did bounce back and defeated the Miami Dolphins for the second time in the season, 27--24 and had a winning record in the first Peterson-Schottenheimer season at 8-7-1. The Bengals, Colts and Raiders also lost that weekend; however, the Steelers won their game and final AFC Playoff spot, finishing 9-7 overall.
DeBerg passed for 2,529 yards in his second season with the team. Okoye led the NFL in rushing with 1,480 yards. Stephone Paige led the receivers with 44 receptions. Rookie linebacker Derrick Thomas recorded 10 sacks.
Okoye was named to the Pro Bowl along with defensive stars Albert Lewis, Kevin Ross and Thomas.
## Offseason
### NFL draft {#nfl_draft}
### Undrafted free agents {#undrafted_free_agents}
Player Position College
---------------- --------------- ------------------
Michael Harris Guard Grambling State
Brett Holley Punter Arizona
Robert Oliver Wide receiver Western Michigan
Mark Porter Kicker Kansas State
: 1989 undrafted free agents of note
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# 1989 Kansas City Chiefs season
## Personnel
### Staff
### Roster
## Preseason
Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Attendance Recap
------ ----------- ----------------------- ------------------------------------------- -------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ -------------------------------------------------------------
1 vs. Minnesota Vikings **L** 13--23 0--1 Liberty Bowl `{{small|([[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis, TN]])}}`{=mediawiki} 63,528 [Recap](https://www.profootballarchives.com/1989nflkc.html)
2 August 20 New York Giants **L** 7--45 0--2 Arrowhead Stadium 36,820 [Recap](https://www.profootballarchives.com/1989nflkc.html)
3 August 27 at Chicago Bears **W** 22--17 1--2 Soldier Field 56,343 [Recap](https://www.profootballarchives.com/1989nflkc.html)
4 New York Jets **L** 13--15 `{{small|(OT)}}`{=mediawiki} 1--3 Arrowhead Stadium 41,105 [Recap](https://www.profootballarchives.com/1989nflkc.html)
## Regular season {#regular_season}
### Schedule
Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Attendance Recap
------ -------------- ---------------------------- ------------------------------------------- --------- ------------------------------- ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 September 10 at **Denver Broncos** **L** 20--34 0--1 Mile High Stadium 74,284 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198909100den.htm)
2 September 17 **Los Angeles Raiders** **W** 24--19 1--1 Arrowhead Stadium 71,741 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198909170kan.htm)
3 September 24 at **San Diego Chargers** **L** 6--21 1--2 Jack Murphy Stadium 40,128 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198909240sdg.htm)
4 October 1 Cincinnati Bengals **L** 17--21 1--3 Arrowhead Stadium 61,165 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198910010kan.htm)
5 October 8 at **Seattle Seahawks** **W** 20--16 2--3 Kingdome 60,715 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198910080sea.htm)
6 October 15 at **Los Angeles Raiders** **L** 14--20 2--4 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 40,453 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198910150rai.htm)
7 October 22 Dallas Cowboys **W** 36--28 3--4 Arrowhead Stadium 76,841 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198910220kan.htm)
8 October 29 at Pittsburgh Steelers **L** 17--23 3--5 Three Rivers Stadium 54,194 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198910290pit.htm)
9 November 5 **Seattle Seahawks** **W** 20--10 4--5 Arrowhead Stadium 54,489 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198911050kan.htm)
10 November 12 **Denver Broncos** **L** 13--16 4--6 Arrowhead Stadium 76,245 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198911120kan.htm)
11 November 19 at Cleveland Browns **T** 10--10 `{{small|(OT)}}`{=mediawiki} 4--6--1 Cleveland Stadium 77,922 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198911190cle.htm)
12 November 26 Houston Oilers **W** 34--0 5--6--1 Arrowhead Stadium 51,342 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198911260kan.htm)
13 December 3 Miami Dolphins **W** 26--21 6--6--1 Arrowhead Stadium 54,610 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198912030kan.htm)
14 December 10 at Green Bay Packers **W** 21--3 7--6--1 Lambeau Field 56,694 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198912100gnb.htm)
15 December 17 **San Diego Chargers** **L** 13--20 7--7--1 Arrowhead Stadium 40,623 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198912170kan.htm)
16 December 24 at Miami Dolphins **W** 27--24 8--7--1 Joe Robbie Stadium 43,612 [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198912240mia.htm)
**Note:** Intra-division opponents are in **bold** text.
### Game summaries {#game_summaries}
#### Week 1: at Denver Broncos {#week_1_at_denver_broncos}
#### Week 2: vs. Los Angeles Raiders {#week_2_vs._los_angeles_raiders}
#### Week 3: at San Diego Chargers {#week_3_at_san_diego_chargers}
#### Week 4: vs. Cincinnati Bengals {#week_4_vs._cincinnati_bengals}
#### Week 5: at Seattle Seahawks {#week_5_at_seattle_seahawks}
#### Week 6: at Los Angeles Raiders {#week_6_at_los_angeles_raiders}
#### Week 7: vs. Dallas Cowboys {#week_7_vs._dallas_cowboys}
#### Week 8: at Pittsburgh Steelers {#week_8_at_pittsburgh_steelers}
#### Week 9: vs. Seattle Seahawks {#week_9_vs._seattle_seahawks}
#### Week 10: vs. Denver Broncos {#week_10_vs._denver_broncos}
#### Week 11: at Cleveland Browns {#week_11_at_cleveland_browns}
#### Week 12: vs. Houston Oilers {#week_12_vs._houston_oilers}
#### Week 13: vs. Miami Dolphins {#week_13_vs._miami_dolphins}
#### Week 14: at Green Bay Packers {#week_14_at_green_bay_packers}
#### Week 15: vs. San Diego Chargers {#week_15_vs
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# Brown energy
**Brown energy** or **brown power** are terms that have been coined to describe energy produced from polluting sources as a contrast to green energy from renewable, non-polluting sources. The term \"grey energy\" or \"gray energy\" has been used instead, including by the United Nations
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# Auer Dult
The **Auer Dult** is a traditional fair in Munich, combining a market and a German style folk festival.
It takes place three times per year on the Mariahilfplatz in the Munich district of Au, fuelled by around three hundred traders and showmen, by the rule. Both sections - market and funfair - are separated by the neo-gothic Mariahilfkirche (Mariahilf Church) in the very middle of the square. In contrast to the Oktoberfest and the Munich Spring Festival (*Münchner Frühlingsfest*), the Auer Dult is much less touristy, but way more local, discreet and calm. In the course of the year, around 300,000 visitors are counted.
The first fair of the year, the so-called *Maidult* (May fair) starts on the first Saturday of the month. *Jakobidult* takes place in late July and early August (beginning on the Saturday after the feast day of St. James) and *Kirchweihdult* occurs round the middle of October, from Saturday prior to Kirchweih till the following Sunday. Each one lasts nine days.
## History
*Dult* is an old word in East Upper German to describe a traditional fair.
Munich\'s *Jakobidult* (round St. Jacob\'s / James\'s name day, the 25. July) was first established in 1310 on the meadow on which the modern day Sankt-Jakobs Platz was established. The second fair of the year in town having been the now famous and touristy Christmas market. From 1791 the former occurred on the stretch of Kaufinger and Neuhauser streets. In 1796 Elector Karl Theodor bestowed on the nearby suburb of Au, located on a floodplain opposite town (i.e., east of the Isar) and a small village at the time, the right to hold a fair (Dult) of its own twice a year. From this came the name and necessary distinction *Auer Dult*. Starting in 1799, the locals held fairs in May and October, modern Maidult (May fair) and Kirchweihdult (parish fair). After Au\'s incorporation to the City of Munich in 1854, the Jakobidult was moved there also, creating the known triplet of events.
Except the mid and post war years of 1943-1946 and in 2020 due to Corona, the fair has taken place three times per year since 1905.
## Market
The Auer Dult is considered to be the largest crockery market in Europe. Pots, porcelain and other ceramic wares are available at numerous *Standl* (*little stands*, i.e., sales booths). In addition, other household accessories, natural healing remedies and clothes are available. Many stands also offer antique books and commodities. The assortment of items ranges from chamber pots to rustic furniture.
## Folk Festival {#folk_festival}
Next to the area of the Standl is a second one, where there are typical fairground rides. Until including 2019 there also used to be a small Ferris wheel, called the *Russenrad* (*Russian\'s wheel*). Visitors find a chairoplane, a child\'s roundabout, a swing boat, a horse riding track, dodgems and shooting galleries. There are also various takeaways and a beer tent which offers typical Bavarian specialities like the famous and much-beloved *Steckerlfisch*
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# Phil Janes
**Phil Janes** is a writer and author. He has published a series of three science fiction comedy novels about interstellar space travel, in a humorous style, similar to Douglas Adams, Terry Pratchett and Grant Naylor.
He has also published an allegorical humorous novel featuring cats as its main characters, suitable for both children and adults.
His first humorous adventure novel for children aged 7 to 10 will be published by the end of July 2021, with its sequel due by the end of November 2021.
He wrote nearly 100 monthly column for \"Expatriate Lifestyle\" magazine published by Mongoose Press in Kuala Lumpur, and is working on several new projects.
His eponymous website, launched in November 2014, contains humorous blog posts, and reproductions of some selected monthly columns from EL Magazine.
## Publications
- The Pioneer Series:
- *The Galaxy Game* (1993) (`{{ISBN|1-85798-150-2}}`{=mediawiki}) - First published by Millennium, part of the Orion Publishing Group. This book is the first in the Pioneer series and details the maiden voyage of the spaceship *Pioneer*. The *Pioneer* is built to travel to the farthest reaches of the galaxy. It soon becomes clear that things are not what they seem; the crew are but pawns in a deadly game of skill played by mega-beings so advanced that they dispensed with bodily functions, home planets, and gravity millennia ago in order to get down to the really fun stuff - manipulating lesser species for their sport.
- *Fission Impossible* (1993) (`{{ISBN|1-85798-144-8}}`{=mediawiki})
- *I, Arnold: Round Three of the Galaxy Game* (1995) (`{{ISBN|1-85798-101-4}}`{=mediawiki})
- *Tails of a Country Garden* (2015) (`{{ISBN|978-1-909477-94-0}}`{=mediawiki})
## Reception
Although he is a relatively unknown author, the books have received praise from \"Publishing News,\" \"The Dark Side,\" and \"Nine to Five
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# Edmund Osmańczyk
**Edmund Jan Osmańczyk** (10 August 1913 -- 4 October 1989), was a Polish writer, author of *Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements*. Osmańczyk was born in Deutsch Jägel, Lower Silesia, German Empire into a family of Polish immigrants in German Lower Silesia in 1913. During the interwar period he would contribute to the Union of Poles in Germany, consisting out of Polish immigrants in the Ruhr area (Ruhr Poles) and other industrial centres, as well as out of Polish minority living in villages in the German-Polish 1919--1939 border region. After the Nazi era, he would become a political deputy in communist Poland and promote Re-polonization of Recovered Territories. He died in Warsaw, People\'s Republic of Poland in 1989.
## Education
Osmańczyk\'s first academic training was as an historian. He obtained a degree in history from the University of Warsaw before going to Berlin to study journalism. He fled from Germany to avoid conscription in the army.
## Fight against Nazi occupation {#fight_against_nazi_occupation}
Not just content to wield a pen, Osmańczyk served as a soldier in the resistance force against the German occupation of Warsaw. He participated in the 1944 uprising. Later, in 1945, when the resistance against the Germans became successful, he became a war correspondent for the Polish Army.
## Journalism career and major works {#journalism_career_and_major_works}
Osmańczyk covered the Potsdam Conference and the Nuremberg trials extensively. His articles on these were compiled and published as *Prussia* in 1947. The reporting on these two events marked the beginning of phase in his journalistic career during which he became and foreign correspondent. Between 1946--1968, Osmańczyk traveled to several countries and participated in important international conferences. He later became a spokesman for the United Nations.
Osmańczyk\'s literary debut had come in 1937, with the publication of his poetry collection, *Sunny Freedom*. His later works, like the *Poles* (1947), were compilations of his experiences of war. His later books include *Himmler* (1951), *Asia in Geneva* (1955), *Notre Europe* (1971). He also wrote erudite commentaries such as the *Encyclopedia of International Affairs and the United Nations* (1974) and the *Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Relations* (1982). His books won several state and international awards
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# Tredegar Park, Newport
**Tredegar Park** (*Parc Tredegyr*) is a community (civil parish) of the city of Newport. It is named after the nearby park, although the community covers a much smaller area.
## Description
The community is bounded by the Ebbw River to the northeast, the Great Western Main Line to the east, Pencarn Lane to the south, and the grounds of Tredegar House to the northwest. It consists of the 1970s Duffryn estate and immediate surroundings. Many new private housing estates have been built around Duffryn.
## Governance
Until 2022 Tredegar Park was the name of the electoral ward coterminous with the community, surrounded by the Marshfield ward to the south, west and east. The ward elected one city councillor to Newport City Council. Following an electoral boundary review, the ward was merged with Marshfield, to become Tredegar Park and Marshfield. Three councillors were elected at the May 2022 election
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# Adam de Kald
**Adam de Kald** \[**de Kalder**, **Crail**\] was an early 13th-century Bishop of Aberdeen. His name, *de Kald* or *de Caral* could refer to, among other places, Calder in Nairnshire or Crail in Fife. Either location may mark his origin place, but this is speculation. There is a river in West Yorkshire called Calder. His origins remain obscure.
He seems to have risen as a clerk of King William the Lion; he is styled *clericus domini regis* (\"clerk of the lord King\") as a witness to a charter of the latter king. In 1207, as a sub-deacon, he was elected Bishop of Aberdeen. According to Hector Boece, an often highly unreliable authority of a much later date, Adam was the choice of the king rather than the clergy of the diocese of Aberdeen. He was confirmed in his position only after a mandate of Pope Innocent III. The mandate was issued to the Bishop of Dunkeld, the Bishop of Brechin and the Abbot of Kelso, who were ordered to determine whether or not Adam was created sub-deacon merely in order to become bishop.
Not a lot is known about Adam\'s episcopate. He left at least three charters, including confirmations of grants made by Morggán, Mormaer of Mar and the latter\'s kinsman Thomas mac Maíl Choluim, Royal Doorward. There is a little evidence that he served as Chancellor at some point under King William. He died at some point in the year 1228. He was succeeded by Gilbert de Stirling
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# Captain George Conrad Flavel House
The **Captain George Conrad Flavel House** is a house built in 1901 in Astoria, Oregon. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
## History
The house was built by Joseph W. Suprenant, but the identity of the architect is unknown. The Colonial Revival-style house was the second residence of Captain George Conrad Flavel (1855--1923), his wife Winona and their son Harry, after they moved to it in 1901 from their first home, an 1879-built, smaller and more plain house that is also listed on the National Register, as the George C. and Winona Flavel House. George Conrad Flavel was the son of George Flavel (1824--1893), also a captain. George Conrad Flavel lived in the house until his death in 1923, and Winona Callendar Flavel (1861--1944) continued to reside there until her death in 1944. Harry M. Flavel (1886--1951 or 1886--1957) lived in this house as a child and then again from 1924 -- after inheriting it from his father -- until his death (in 1951 or 1957).
After Harry Flavel\'s death, his wife, Florence (née Sherman) and their two children, Mary Louise and Harry S., were the only residents of the house. In 1947, Harry S., at age 20, attacked a neighbor with a hatchet, and the family became known as recluses in the community after the incident. In 1983, Harry S. was imprisoned after hitting a man\'s car with a chain one evening and then stabbing him. After serving seven years of his sentence, Harry S. was released from prison in 1990, and the Flavel family disappeared from the house shortly after. The home remained uninhabited and derelict for over twenty years until the city of Astoria took control of the property, acting under a derelict-buildings ordinance passed in 2011. The city then proceeded to board-up the house and carry out an inspection. Foreclosure proceedings followed in late 2013.
The house was sold in May 2015 to local Astoria businessman Greg Newenhof. Mr. Newenhof said that he plans to restore the house in order to move in and live at the property as his residence. When asked how long the restoration might take he replied, \"Probably the rest of my life.\" Unfortunately Mr. Newenhof passed unexpectedly in Astoria January 28, 2018. It is unknown if his heirs will continue with the restoration
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# Kazakhstan International School
**Kazakhstan International School** (KIS) is a nonprofit international school in Almaty, Kazakhstan. KIS is an International Baccalaureate Primary Years Program (IB PYP), Middle Years Program (IB MYP) and Diploma Program (IB- DP) authorized school
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# Kapo (1960 film)
***Kapò*** (`{{IPA|it|kaˈpɔ|lang}}`{=mediawiki}) is a 1960 historical war drama film directed and co-written by Gillo Pontecorvo. It was one of the first narrative films to deal explicitly with the subject of the Holocaust, with graphic depictions of Nazi concentration camps which made it controversial at the time. A co-production of Italian, French, and Yugoslavian companies, the film stars American actress Susan Strasberg, along with Laurent Terzieff, Emmanuelle Riva, Didi Perego and Gianni Garko. The title refers to a prisoner functionary in the Nazi concentration camps.
The film premiered at the 21st Venice International Film Festival, and was released to Italian theatres on September 29, 1960. It received mixed reviews from critics. While some praised the filmmaking, others, particularly Jacques Rivette, criticized Pontecorvo\'s decision to dramatize the Holocaust, unprecedented at the time. In the United States, the film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign-Language Film.
## Plot
Edith, a naïve 14-year-old French Jew living in Paris, and her parents are sent to a concentration camp, where the latter are killed. Sofia, an older political prisoner, and a kindly camp doctor save her from a similar fate by giving her a new, non-Jewish identity, that of the newly dead Nicole Niepas.
As time goes by, she becomes hardened to the brutal life. She first sells her body to a German SS guard in return for food. She becomes fond of another guard, Karl. The fraternization helps her become a *kapo*, one of those put in charge of the other prisoners. She thrives while the idealistic Sofia grows steadily weaker.
When she falls in love with Sascha, a Russian prisoner of war, Edith is persuaded to play a crucial role in a mass escape, turning off the power. Most of the would-be escapees are killed, but some get away. Edith is not one of them. As she lies dying, she tells Karl, \"They betrayed us, Karl, they betrayed both of us.\" She dies saying the traditional Jewish prayer Shema Yisrael.
## Cast
## Production
Pontecorvo and his screenwriter Franco Solinas were inspired to make the film after reading Primo Levi\'s memoir *If This Is a Man*. The writing process was a tense one, as Pontecorvo and Solinas had contrasting ideas on what the film should be - Pontecorvo believed Solinas\' script was too melodramatic and nearly broke off their partnership before the intervention of producer Franco Cristaldi. Pontecorvo also disliked the ending, having preferred Edith survive and contemplate her solitude and sense of complicity.
Claudia Cardinale was considered for the lead role before Susan Strasberg, who was known for playing Anne Frank in the Broadway play *The Diary of Anne Frank*, was cast. This later caused problem on set, because the American actress did not speak Italian, and Pontecorvo had to communicate with her through an interpreter.
Filming took place at Jadran Studios in Zagreb. The culture clash between the Italian and Yugoslavian crews also caused problems. Pontecorvo was forced to work with a Yugoslavian cinematographer, Aleksandar Sekulović, whose smooth, \"Hollywood-style\" photography he found inappropriate for the subject matter, much preferring the *vérité*-style photography by the Italian second unit cameramen.
## Reception
In their book *Foreign Film Guide*, authors Ronald Bergan and Robyn Karney wrote:
> What does one say about this effort? Pontecorvo has jam-packed his film with every kind of tear-jerking cliché on offer and entrusted the debasement and regeneration of his heroine to a sadly inept actress. The result is an overheated melodrama which does a grave disservice to the enormity of its subject, although the horrors of the camps are realistically portrayed\".
In an article for *The Wall Street Journal*, philosopher Bernard-Henri Lévy wrote:
> Pontecorvo earned \"the deepest contempt\" of French director Jacques Rivette in an article in *Cahiers du cinéma* nearly 50 years ago for a scarcely more insistent shot in the 1959 film \"*Kapo*.\" The shot was of the raised hand of actress Emmanuelle Riva, her character Terese electrocuted on the barbed wire of the concentration camp from which she was trying to escape. The criticism hung over Pontecorvo until his dying day. He was ostracized, almost cursed, for a shot, just one.
Lévy contrasted this reaction to one shot with what he asserted is the garish exploitation of Nazi history in *Inglourious Basterds* (2009) and *Shutter Island* (2010)
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# Verulam Park, Ontario
**Verulam Park** is a residential community in the city of Kawartha Lakes, Ontario located at the end of Concession IV on the north shore of Sturgeon Lake. It was given for the enjoyment of the people of the Verulam Township by Colonel McAlpine, who lived in a large mansion nearby. The site also has a boat launch and wharf provided by the Canada Department of Fisheries
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# Andreas Kappes
**Andreas Kappes** (23 December 1965 -- 31 July 2018) was a German cyclist, who was a professional from 1987 to 2009, active on the road and on the track, collecting in total 133 wins, and, as an amateur, represented West Germany at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. During the first half of his career he mainly raced on the road, eventually resulting in 99 wins, including winning Omloop het Volk (1991), Tour de l\'Oise (1991), three stages in the Tour de Suisse (1989, 1994), two stages in Paris--Nice (1988, 1991) and one stage in the 1988 Giro d\'Italia. During the second half of his career he limited his activities on the road to mainly German criteriums as well as kermesses, which make up the chief part of his wins on the road. During the 1990s and 2000s he became known as a formidable track cyclist, including by winning 24 Six-day races (out of 122 starts), 13 of which with the Belgium Etienne De Wilde (out of 28 starts).
Kappes died as the result of an allergic reaction to an insect bite. He was 52
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# Polly Hill (horticulturist)
**Mary Louise Butcher \"Polly\" Hill** (January 30, 1907 -- April 25, 2007) was an American horticulturist best known for testing how well plants could survive in cold climates. She founded the Polly Hill Arboretum on Martha\'s Vineyard, Massachusetts.
Born in Ardmore, Pennsylvania, she graduated in 1928 from Vassar College. She went to Japan to teach English and learned about flower arrangement there. After returning to the United States, she studied botany and horticulture at the University of Maryland. She began her work in 1958 after inheriting what is now the arboretum from her parents.
## Death
Hill died in Hockessin, Delaware at age 100
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# Tony Barker
**Anthony Ray Barker** (born September 7 , 1968) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at the University of Kansas before transferring to Rice University following his sophomore year. He was drafted by the Washington Redskins in the 10th round, 280th overall selection, of the 1992 NFL draft. He also briefly played for the Green Bay Packers.
## High school career {#high_school_career}
Barker began attending Wichita Northwest High School in Wichita in 1984. While at Northwest, he participated in football, basketball, and shot put/discus in track and field. However, he gave up basketball after his junior year. As a high school football player, he played offensive tackle, defensive end and punter. In his senior year, he was a 1st Team All-City selection as an offensive tackle, defensive end, and punter, best 11 in the state from Wichita and Topeka newspapers, and honorable mention in the 1986 High School All-American football team voting.
Barker was voted to the *Wichita Eagle*\'s all-time Wichita High School Football team as a 1st team offensive tackle. Also on that team was former Detroit Lions Defensive end Lawrence Pete (who went to South), Linebackers Mark (Seattle Seahawks/Indianapolis Colts) and Mike Bell (Kansas City Chiefs) (Both went to Bishop Carroll), Pro-Football Hall of fame running back Barry Sanders (North), and Tennessee Titans Linebacker Kamerion Wimbley, who is (like Barker) a Northwest alumni.
## College career {#college_career}
Barker was recruited by multiple Division I programs. Barker\'s final selection came down to Kansas and Oklahoma State and with encouragement from his parents, he picked Kansas. He was recruited as a defensive end, but while watching film of another recruit, his coaches noticed his speed and decided to switch him to linebacker.
After the 1987 season, head coach Bob Valesente was fired and Glen Mason took over. Because of the coaching change, Barker transferred to Rice after his sophomore season. By NCAA regulations he had to be redshirted his junior year. He lettered in football in 1990 and 1991. In 1991, he collected 127 tackles, tied for the fifth highest single-season total in team history. That same year, he finished with five interceptions, eighth on the team single-season list. He made the All-Southwest Conference that year and won the Jess Neely Linebacker Award.
### College statistics {#college_statistics}
**Year** Team Tckls Sacks Ints FF FR TD
----------- -------- --------------------- ------- ------ ---- ---- ----
1987 Kansas 11 0 0 0 1 0
1988 Kansas 70 0 1 0 0 0
1989 Rice DNP --- Red Shirted
1990 Rice 44 1 0 0 1 1
1991 Rice 127 0 5 4 3 1
**Total** 252 1 6 4 5 1
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### NFL Draft {#nfl_draft}
After the NFL combine, the Cincinnati Bengals and Oakland Raiders expressed interest in Barker. Ultimately, he was drafted by the SuperBowl Champion Washington Redskins in the 10th round (280th overall pick) in the 1992 NFL draft.
### Washington Redskins {#washington_redskins}
He signed a 1-year contract worth \$110,000, the league minimum at the time, a common occurrence for late-round picks. Barker was released during the preseason, but was eventually re-signed. He also spent a portion of the 1992 season on the Redskins practice squad. As a rookie, he mainly played on special teams, but had two starts at outside linebacker against the Kansas City Chiefs and the Seattle Seahawks. After the season, Barker\'s contract expired and Joe Gibbs retired. Following Gibbs\'s retirement, Richie Petitbon took over and chose not to renew Barker\'s contract.
### Green Bay Packers {#green_bay_packers}
Barker was reunited with the coach that recruited him at Kansas, Bob Valesente, when the Green Bay Packers signed him before their 1994 training camp. He was released two days before the first pre-season game.
### Retirement
Barker decided not continue his career, despite several offers from minor league teams and the Scottish Claymores of NFL Europa (then, NFL Europe). He finished his NFL career recording no official statistics, due in part to tackles not being officially recorded until 2001, and eight games played with two starts.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Barker resides in Texas He married his wife in March 2005. He has two children, from a previous marriage and two stepchildren from his wife\'s previous marriage
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# Jan Goessens
**Jan Goessens** (born 20 October 1962 in Ghent) is a retired road racing cyclist from Belgium, who was a professional rider from 1986 to 1993, for mainly smaller teams. He was part of Tour de France
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# Scarred (film)
***Scarred*** is a 1984 independent film directed by Rose Marie Turko and starring Jennifer Mayo, Jackie Berryman, David Dean, and Rico L. Richardson.
## Plot
Shot in a cinéma vérité style, perhaps because this film about teenage prostitution began as a project while director Rose-Marie Turko was a student at UCLA, the format tends to hit home better than a more artificial approach. Although starting out as a story about how young Ruby Star (Jennifer Mayo) was forced into prostitution in order to support herself and her baby, the film quickly dips into the seamier side of life after Ruby meets a pimp nicknamed Easy (David Dean) and gets involved with a demi-monde of degenerates.
## Cast and crew {#cast_and_crew}
Directed by: Rose Marie Turko
Starring: Jennifer Mayo, Jackie Berryman, David Dean, Rico L. Richardson
## Soundtrack
Audio Producers - Ed Stasium, Liam Sterngberg, Mark Goldenberg, Fred Mollin, Dennis Peters.\
Recorded in Los Angeles, California at Westlake Studios, Soundcatsle Studio, Davlen Studios, and The Wilcox Studio.
1. \"World We Live In\" (Freddy Moore) - Boy
2. \"Can\'t Keep a Bad Boy Down\" (Freddy Moore) - Boy
3. \"Street Life\" (Freddy Moore) - The Nu Kats
4. \"Money Speaks Japanese\" (Freddy Moore) - Boy
5. \"Clam Up\" (Loretta Grikavicius, Sharon Coker) - The Signals
6. \"Message of the Heart\" Kim Fields) - Kim Fields
7. \"Sign of the Times\" (Webb - Read) - The Difference
8. \"Adolescent\" (The Plugz) - The Plugz
9. \"Don\'t Let Go\" (Merlind - Manciouso - Strum - DePompies) - Modern Design
10. \"Oasis Of Love\" (Kim Fields) - Kim Fields
11. \"No Tomorrow Today\" (Tim Timmermans ) - Tim Timmermans
12
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# Contra Errores Graecorum
***Contra errores Graecorum**, ad Urbanum IV Pontificem Maximum* (*Against the Errors of the Greeks, to Pope Urban IV*) is a short treatise (an \"opusculum\") written in 1263 by Roman Catholic theologian Saint Thomas Aquinas as a contribution to Pope Urban\'s efforts at reunion with the Eastern Church. Aquinas wrote the treatise in 1263 while he was papal theologian and conventual lector in the Dominican *studium* at Orvieto after his first regency as professor of theology at the University of Paris which ended in 1259 and before he took up his duties in 1265 reforming the Dominican *studium* at Santa Sabina, the forerunner of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, *Angelicum*, in Rome.
Aquinas died on his way to participate in the 1274 Second Council of Lyons, to which he had been invited, but this treatise, which he had written eleven years before and not for the use of this Council, was influential at the Council.
## Contents
The title of the treatise was not given by Aquinas himself, and it contains nothing that is directed against the doctrine of the Eastern Orthodox Church, but only, in the view of theologian Yves Congar, a defence of Catholic doctrine against Eastern misunderstandings.
The 72 chapters of the work are each of the length of a paragraph in a modern book. In it Aquinas presents the teaching of the Greek Church Fathers as in harmony with that of the Latin Church. The book is arranged in two parts, the first of 32 chapters and the second of 40, each part preceded by a prologue, and the work as a whole concluded with an epilogue. All the first part and 31 of the 40 chapters of the second concern pneumatology (doctrine on the Holy Spirit). Of the final 9 chapters, 7 deal with the position of the Roman Pontiff, and the last two with the use of leavened bread in the Eucharist and with purgatory. In all of these Aquinas quoted expressions by Fathers of the Greek Church in support of the teaching propounded by the Latin Church.
In his treatise, Aquinas \"demonstrated that there was a theological harmony between the Greek Church Fathers and the Latin Church\". He pointed out that one source of misunderstandings between Greeks and Latins was the difficulty of finding appropriate words in each language with which to translate technical theological terms used in the other:
: *Many things which sound well enough in Greek do not perhaps, sound well in Latin. Hence, Latins and Greeks professing the same faith do so using different words. For among the Greeks it is said, correctly, and in a Catholic way, that the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are three*hypostases*. But with the Latins it does not sound right to say that there are three*substantiae*, even though on a purely verbal basis the term*hypostasis*in Greek means the same as the term*substantia*in Latin. The fact is,*substantia*in Latin is more frequently used to signify essence. And both we and the Greeks hold that in God there is but one essence. So where the Greeks speak of three*hypostases*, we Latins speak of three*personae*, as Augustine in the seventh book on the Trinity also teaches. And, doubtless, there are many similar instances.*
: *It is, therefore, the task of the good translator, when translating material dealing with the Catholic faith, to preserve the meaning, but to adapt the mode of expression so that it is in harmony with the idiom of the language into which he is translating. For obviously, when anything spoken in a literary fashion in Latin is explained in common parlance, the explanation will be inept if it is simply word for word. All the more so, when anything expressed in one language is translated merely word for word into another, it will be no surprise if perplexity concerning the meaning of the original sometimes occurs
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# Henry Porter (baseball)
**Walter Henry Porter** (June 1858 -- December 30, 1906) was an American Major League Baseball player born in Vergennes, Vermont who pitched for three teams during his six-year career.
## Career
Porter began his career in the short-lived Union Association for the replacement team Milwaukee Brewers. It was for this team that he struck out 18 batters in one game on October 3, `{{Baseball year|1884}}`{=mediawiki}. The 18 strikeouts in one game by a losing pitcher stood as the record until Steve Carlton surpassed it when he struck out 19 in one game in `{{Baseball year|1969}}`{=mediawiki}. When the Association folded following the season, he was picked up by the Brooklyn Grays, with whom he was their star pitcher. In `{{Baseball year|1885}}`{=mediawiki}, he had a record of 33 wins and 21 losses, followed up the next year with 27 wins and 19 losses.
After having a 15--24 record in `{{Baseball year|1887}}`{=mediawiki}, Porter was purchased by the Kansas City Cowboys for `{{Baseball year|1888}}`{=mediawiki}. He had a record of 18--37, leading the league in hits allowed, runs allowed, home runs allowed, and losses, but on June 6, he pitched a no-hitter against the Baltimore Orioles.
## Post-career {#post_career}
Porter died in Brockton, Massachusetts at the age of 48, and is interred at Calvary Cemetery, also in Brockton
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# The Truth (2006 film)
***The Truth*** is a darkly comic murder-mystery satirising New Age therapy. It was directed by George Milton, co-written by Milton and Mark Tilton and produced by Julie-anne Edwards. The film features an ensemble cast including Elizabeth McGovern, Elaine Cassidy, Karl Theobald, Stephen Lord, Zoe Telford, Rachael Stirling, William Beck, and Lea Mornar and was critically acclaimed on its theatrical release in 2006.
The makers described the film as \'an outrageous murder-mystery for the \"Me Generation\". Seven strangers go to a remote retreat for a week of soul searching. Encouraged to tell the truth at all times by their guru Donna Shuck, they venture on a spiritual journey of personal growth, taking in jealousy, hatred, sex, perversion and a little murder on the way.\'
Geoff Andrew wrote in *Time Out* magazine: 'irony is plentiful in Milton's low-budget but highly satisfying, slyly intelligent UK indie\'. He described the film as an \'engagingly fresh take on a subgenre of potentially slim pickings. With consistently interesting plot twists and shifts in power between the uncertainly allied characters, the film's a real rollercoaster, altering deliciously deadpan humor with serious insights, deft satire with dark suspense, and even managing to succeed, here and there, in several different tonal registers at once.'
*The Truth* was 2 Many Executives' first feature film, shot on location near Aviemore in Scotland, and post-produced in London and Rome
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# Heinrich Brüssow
**Heinrich Wilhelm Brüssow** (born 21 July 1986) is a South African former professional rugby union player. His usual position was as open-side flanker and his most recent club was Northampton Saints in the English Premiership.
He played for the `{{Rut|Free State Cheetahs}}`{=mediawiki} in domestic South African rugby between 2006 and 2014, for the `{{Rut|Cheetahs}}`{=mediawiki} in Super Rugby between 2007 and 2015 and also represented `{{nrut|South Africa}}`{=mediawiki} between 2008 and 2015 and for the South Africa Sevens team in 2006.
## Early career {#early_career}
Born 21 July 1986 in Bloemfontein, South Africa, Heinrich Brüssow attended Grey College in Bloemfontein where he played in the First XV and was later selected for the Under-18 Free State Craven Week side. Brüssow was part of the Free State Cheetahs squad who shared the Currie Cup glory in 2006 with the Blue Bulls, before playing in the 2007 Currie Cup final against the Golden Lions, scoring a crucial try and helping the team to a 20--18 win. In 2008 he was voted best open-side flanker in the Super 14 and Currie Cup. This earned him a call-up to the Springboks squad for the November 2008 tour to the British Isles. He only played the final 4 minutes in the end-of-tour test against England.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
In 2009, Brüssow was again a flanker in the Super 14 competition. However, selectors excluded him from the Springboks squad. Soon afterwards he played for the Free State Cheetahs against the British & Irish Lions team; Brüssow was finally called up for Schalk Burger, who failed to recover from an injury for the first test against the Lions. He received the Man-of-the-Match award in the Springboks\' win against the All Blacks on 25 July 2009. Brüssow once again featured in a Currie Cup final in 2009, but the Free State Cheetahs lost to a hungry Blue Bulls team.
Early March 2010 Brüssow\'s career took a blow when he injured his cruciate knee-ligament in a Super 14 game against the Hurricanes, which kept him from international rugby till August 2011. For the Cheetahs in the 2011 super rugby season Brussow was part of the Cheetahs team that finished 11th in the table. The cheetahs won five and lost eleven games that season which showed that they were not at their best. However they produced some wonderful wins against the Waratahs and the Brumbies. In the 2011 tri-nations Brüssow only came in at the third game against eventual champions Australia. South Africa lost the match 14--9. South Africa had nothing much to play for in final test against New Zealand but they could certainly spoil the party for the All Blacks. Brüssow put up a Man-of-the-Match winning performance and South Africa beat the All Blacks by 18--5.
He returned to international competition on 13 August 2011 against Australia: He played for a short stint from the bench where he showed he still had the full ability which made him so popular in 2009. On 20 August Heinrich Brüssow gave a Man-of-the-Match display of his skills as the Springboks managed to defeat their arch-enemies, the All Blacks in Port Elizabeth.
Brüssow played the first game against Wales which South Africa won 17--16 and against Fiji which the boks also won 49--3. However against Namibia, Alberts was favoured to Brüssow in the starting line up which meant Brüssow had to drop to the bench. South Africa won the game and Brüssow restored his place in the starting line up against Samoa which South Africa won to reach the quarter-finals of the World Cup. In the quarter-finals Brussow started against Australia. South Africa lost the game 11--9 and were knocked out of the competition. In the summer internationals, Brüssow was shockingly dropped from the team with new South Africa coach Heyneke Meyer preferring Marcell Coetzee. Even without Brüssow\'s commitment, South Africa won the series against England with a win in the first test 22--17, second test 36--27 but were held to a draw in the third test 14--14.
In 2013, it was announced that he would play for a team in the Japanese Top League for the 2013--2014 season -- later revealed as NTT DoCoMo Red Hurricanes -- but he would return to play for the `{{Rut|Cheetahs}}`{=mediawiki} in the 2014 Super Rugby season.
In January 2018, he joined English Premiership side Northampton Saints.
He announced his retirement from all forms of professional rugby on Wednesday 23 October 2019.
## Squads
- 2013
- Cheetahs (Vodacom Super Rugby)
- 2012
- Toyota Free State Cheetahs (ABSA Currie Cup Premier Division)
- Cheetahs (Vodacom Super Rugby)
- 2011
- Springboks squad (2011 Rugby World Cup)
- Springboks squad (Tri Nations (rugby union))
- Toyota Free State Cheetahs (ABSA Currie Cup Premier Division)
- Cheetahs (Vodacom Super 14) -- Re-injured March 2011
- 2010
- Cheetahs (Vodacom Super 14) -- Injured March 2010
- 2009
- Springboks spring tour squad (France, Italy & Ireland)
- Springboks squad (British & Irish Lions Tour)
- Springboks squad (Tri Nations (rugby union))
- Vodacom Free State Cheetahs (British & Irish Lions Tour)
- Cheetahs (Vodacom Super 14)
- 2008
- Springboks spring tour squad (British Isles)
- Vodacom Free State Cheetahs (ABSA Currie Cup Premier Division)
- Cheetahs (Vodacom Super 14)
- 2007
- Vodacom Free State Cheetahs (Vodacom Cup)
- Vodacom Free State Cheetahs (ABSA Currie Cup Premier Division)
- Cheetahs (Vodacom Super 14)
- 2006
- Vodacom Free State Cheetahs (ABSA Currie Cup Premier Division)
- Vodacom Free State Cheetahs (Vodacom Cup)
- 2005
- Free State (SA Under 19)
- 2004
- Free State (U18 Coca-Cola Craven Week)
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# Heinrich Brüssow
## Influential Games {#influential_games}
### 2009
- 20 June 2009 : South Africa vs British and Irish Lions I: Heinrich Brüssow replaces injured Schalk Burger in the starting line-up. His ball-stealing and recovering skills proved too much for the Lions. When he was replaced in the second half, the Lions managed to fight back, but not enough to win the game. Scored a try from the back of a maul and was outstanding as they went on to secure a 2--1 series victory.
- 27 June 2009 : South Africa vs Lions II: Brüssow came on in the 62nd minute and effected a few crucial turn-overs helping seal the 28--25 victory for the South Africans.
- 25 July 2009 : South Africa vs All Blacks I: Although being targeted, Brüssow battled competently against Richie McCaw, who is widely considered the best open-side flanker in the world. He made a number of crucial turn-overs and tackles. He was named Man-of-the-Match in the 28--19 victory.
- 1 August 2009 : South Africa vs All Blacks II: Continuing to build on his reputation, Brüssow again managed to compete with the All Black captain Richie McCaw at the breakdown. He once again made a number of crucial turnovers, tackles and powerful runs as the Boks won 31--19.
- 8 August 2009 : South Africa vs Wallabies I: Brüssow was once again in outstanding form for the Springboks as his ruck work, brutal hits and ball-carrying led South Africa to victory over Australia. His opposite number George Smith, also considered one of the best in world rugby, could not cut it with Brüssow, and his frustration led to a yellow card.
- 13 November 2009 : South Africa vs France: It was a grey evening for the men in green, as they were out-muscled by France 20--13. Brüssow, though, stood up and kept the Springboks in the match with several vital turnovers and tackles. Even though it was a defeat, the match in Toulouse was considered Brüssow\'s best in a test jersey up to that stage, and was named SA Rugby young player of the year.
### 2011 {#section_1}
- 20 August 2011: After a lengthy injury lay-off, Brüssow returned to the international stage in the Springboks\' final two Tri Nations matches of the 2011 season. After a short stint against Australia (13 August 2011), he played a full game against New Zealand All Blacks. With a first-off whitewash on the cards, Brüssow\'s fetching skills would be vital, in order for the Boks to gain some momentum before the (RWC World Cup 2011). Brüssow delivered a Man-of-the-Match winning performance. One that saw him make some fantastic and crucial turnovers, immense tackles and ball carries while going through an enormous amount of donkey work and taking a boot to the face for his efforts. Brüssow ended the game with a bloodied, pockmarked face and bandage, but most probably assured his place in Peter de Villiers\' plans for rugby\'s greatest stage in New Zealand, the 2011 Rugby World Cup.
- 9 October 2011: After South Africa progress to the quarter finals of the Rugby World Cup they lose 11--9 in Wellington to be knocked out of the competition
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# Bernal/Singleton Transfer Location
**Bernal/Singleton Transfer Location** is a bus-only public transit station in Dallas, Texas. The station is located in West Dallas at the intersection of Bernal Drive and Singleton Boulevard. It is operated by Dallas Area Rapid Transit and serves two bus routes, as well as a microtransit service for the West Dallas area.
The station features an indoor air-conditioned waiting area, restrooms, and an information desk. Bus routes at the station provide connections to Downtown Dallas, the DART light rail station Westmoreland, and the Trinity Railway Express station Downtown Irving/Heritage Crossing. Unlike most DART stations, parking is not available.
## History
In 1999, DART announced the construction of a bus transfer station on a 2-acre site in West Dallas. The project was part of a larger \$2 million plan to improve the system\'s bus station amenities. The station opened on July 31, 2000 alongside the Cockrell Hill Transfer Location.
In 2007, DART released its 2030 Transit System plan, which detailed several future project proposals. Among the proposals included was the West Dallas Corridor, a rail line between Downtown Dallas and the western end of Loop 12 (with a possible extension to the former Dallas Naval Air Station near Grand Prairie). This corridor, if constructed, would include Bernal/Singleton Transfer Location as its terminus
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# Women in the American Revolution
**Women in the American Revolution** played various roles depending on their social status, race and political views.
The American Revolutionary War took place as a result of increasing tensions between Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies. American colonists responded by forming the Continental Congress and going to war with the British. The war would not have been able to progress as it did without the widespread ideological, as well as material, support of both male and female inhabitants of the colonies. While formal politics did not include women, ordinary domestic behaviors became charged with political significance as women confronted the Revolution. Halting previously everyday activities, such as drinking British tea or ordering clothes from Britain, demonstrated colonial opposition during the years leading up to and during the war.
Although the war raised the question of whether or not a woman could be a Patriot, women across separate colonies demonstrated that they could. Support was mainly expressed through traditional female occupations in the home, the domestic economy, and their husbands\' and fathers\' businesses. Women participated by boycotting British goods, producing goods for soldiers, spying on the British, and serving in the armed forces disguised as men.
Just as the significant men of the Revolution are referred to as the \"Founding Fathers\", the term **Founding Mothers** is occasionally used to refer to the most significant women of the American Revolution.
The war also affected the lives of women who remained Loyalists to the British Crown, or those who remained politically neutral; in many cases, the impact was devastating.
## European American women {#european_american_women}
### Support in the domestic realm {#support_in_the_domestic_realm}
#### Homespun movement {#homespun_movement}
Women in the era of the Revolution were, for the most part, responsible for managing the household. Connected to these activities, women worked in the homespun movement. Instead of wearing or purchasing clothing made of imported British materials, Patriot women continued a long tradition of weaving, and spun their cloth to make clothing for their families. In addition to the boycotts of British textiles, the homespun movement served the Continental Army by producing needed clothing and blankets. Benjamin Franklin\'s youngest sister, Jane Mecom, could be called on for her soap recipe, and even instructions on how to build the soap-making forms. Wearing \"clothes of your make and spinning,\" or \"homespun,\" was a peaceful way of expressing support for the Patriot cause.
#### Nonimportation and nonconsumption {#nonimportation_and_nonconsumption}
Nonimportation and nonconsumption became major weapons in the arsenal of American opposition to British taxation policies. Women played a major role in this method of defiance by denouncing silks, satins, and other luxuries in favor of homespun clothing generally made in spinning and quilting bees, sending a strong message of colonial unity to the British government. In 1769, Christopher Gadsden made a direct appeal to colonial women, saying that \"our political salvation, at this crisis, depends altogether upon the strictest economy, that the women could, with propriety, have the principal management thereof.\" (*To the Planters, Mechanics, and Freeholders of the Province of South Carolina, No Ways Concerned in the Importation of British Manufactures*, June 22, 1769.)
As managers of the domestic economy, housewives used their purchasing power to support the Patriot cause. Women refused to purchase British-manufactured goods for use in their homes. The tea boycott, for example, was a relatively mild way for a woman to identify herself and her household as part of the Patriot war effort. While the Boston Tea Party of 1773 is the most widely recognized manifestation of this boycott, it is important to note that for years previous to that explosive action, Patriot women had been refusing to consume that very same British product as a political statement. The Edenton Tea Party represented one of the first coordinated and publicized political actions by women in the colonies. Fifty-one women in Edenton, North Carolina, led by Penelope Barker, signed an agreement officially agreeing to boycott tea and other British products and sent it to British newspapers. Similar boycotts extended to a variety of British goods, and women instead opted in favor of purchasing or making \"American\" goods. Even though these \"non-consumption boycotts\" depended on national policy (formulated by men), it was women who enacted them in the household spheres in which they reigned.
During the Revolution, buying American products became a patriotic gesture. Also, frugality (a lauded feminine virtue before the years of the Revolution) likewise became a political statement as households were asked to contribute to the wartime efforts.
#### Other civilian activities {#other_civilian_activities}
Women were asked to put their homes into public service for the quartering of American soldiers.
Women helped the Patriot cause through organizations such as the Ladies Association in Philadelphia. The women of Philadelphia collected funds to assist in the war effort, which Martha Washington then took directly to her husband, General George Washington. Other states subsequently followed the example set by founders Esther de Berdt Reed (wife of the Pennsylvania governor, Joseph Reed) and Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter of Benjamin Franklin). In 1780, the colonies raised over \$300,000 through these female-run organizations.
Mercy Otis Warren wrote scathing satirical plays that damaged the reputations of local Crown officials such as Governor Thomas Hutchinson and attorney general Jonathan Sewall. Poet Hannah Griffitts wrote verses urging Pennsylvania women to boycott British goods. Both women published their work anonymously.
The Revolution created food shortages and drove up prices. Women were among the food rioters who conducted over 30 raids on storehouses between 1776 and 1779, seizing goods from merchants they considered unreasonable. In Boston, a group of women marched down to a warehouse where a merchant was holding coffee that he refused to sell. They accosted the owner, forced him to turn over his keys to the warehouse, and confiscated the coffee.
### Camp followers {#camp_followers}
Some women were economically unable to maintain their households in their husband\'s absence or wished to be by their side. Known as camp followers, these women followed the Continental Army, serving the soldiers and officers as washerwomen, cooks, nurses, seamstresses, supply scavengers, and occasionally as soldiers and spies. The women that followed the army were at times referred to as \"necessary nuisances\" and \"baggage\" by commanding officers, but at other times were widely praised. These women helped the army camps run smoothly. Prostitutes were also present, but they were a worrisome presence to military leaders particularly because of the possible spread of venereal diseases.
Wives of some of the superior officers (Martha Washington, for example) visited the camps frequently. Unlike poorer women present in the army camps, the value of these well-to-do women to the army was symbolic or spiritual, rather than practical. Their presence was a declaration that everyone made sacrifices for the war cause.
Specific population numbers vary from claims that 20,000 women marched with the army to more conservative estimates that females formed 3% of camp populations. Women joined up with army regiments for various reasons: fear of starvation, rape, loneliness, and imminent poverty- either as a last resort or following their husbands. Camp women were subject to the same commanders as the soldiers and were expelled for expressing autonomy. Army units in areas hard hit by war or in enemy-occupied territory housed more women than those in safe areas, most likely because women in battle-ridden areas sought the protection of the Continental Army.
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# Women in the American Revolution
## European American women {#european_american_women}
### Women soldiers {#women_soldiers}
Women who fought in the war were met with the ambivalence that fluctuated between admiration and contempt, depending on the particular woman\'s motivation and activity. Devotion to following a man was admired, while those who seemed enticed by the enlistment bounty warranted the scorn of enlisted men. Anna Maria Lane and Margaret Corbin fit under the first category, while Anne Bailey (under the name Samuel Gay) belonged to the second. Anne Bailey was discharged, fined, and put in jail for two weeks. Anne Smith was condemned for her attempt to join the army to secure the enlistment fee. Deborah Samson served in the Continental Army as Private Robert Shurtleff for over a year; when her gender was discovered, she was honorably discharged and granted a veteran\'s pension by the state of Massachusetts.
The \"Molly Pitcher\" of legend is likely a composite character based on several women who carried water to the troops (presumably in a pitcher), either for them to drink, or to cool down the cannons. Some historians believe her story is based on that of Mary Ludwig Hays and Margaret Corbin.
Some women fought in combat without leaving home; for example, Nancy Hart of Georgia reportedly shot two Loyalist soldiers in her kitchen, and held several others at gunpoint until help arrived. Martha Bratton blew up her husband\'s cache of gunpowder before it could be stolen by Loyalists. When British troops occupied the home of Rebecca Brewton Motte, she permitted Patriot forces to destroy it.
Other Patriot women concealed army dispatches and letters containing sensitive military information underneath their petticoats as they rode through enemy territory to deliver it. Deborah Sampson, Harriet Prudence Patterson Hall, and Lydia Darragh all managed to sneak important information past the British to their American compatriots. On the night of April 26, 1777, sixteen-year-old Sybil Ludington is said to have ridden 40 miles through the villages of Putnam County, New York, knocking on farmhouse doors to warn militiamen that British troops were on their way to Danbury, Connecticut. She has received widespread recognition as the female Paul Revere; a report in *The New England Quarterly* says there is little evidence backing the story, and whether the ride occurred is questioned.
### Women poets {#women_poets}
Instead of fighting physically, many women chose to fight using their words; women at the time were able to catalog significant events throughout the war within their poetry about their struggles for genuine equality as well as the terror of their husbands or family members that were at risk as they chose to fight. One well-known and influential female poet of the time was Annis Boudinot Stockton; a member of the Mid-Atlantic Writing Circle, Stockton wrote poetry about several historic events including the Revolutionary War. Alongside being a member of the Mid-Atlantic Writing Circle, she was the only woman to join the American Whig Society, for which she guarded sensitive documents during the war. Another influential poet during this time was Elizabeth Graeme Fergusson; another member of the Mid-Atlantic Writing Circle, Fergusson was only lightly supportive of the American Revolution in comparison to Stockton. Fergusson\'s poetry tended to be more emotional as well; through her work shines a glimpse into the lives of married women throughout the Revolutionary War.
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# Women in the American Revolution
## African American women {#african_american_women}
Although the American Revolution is famous for its rhetoric of liberty and equality, one of the most downtrodden groups in the soon-to-be United States is all but forgotten in contemporary scholarship. African-American women, the majority of whom were slaves, played an important role in the war but most ultimately gained much less than they had hoped at its inception. The majority of African Americans in the 1770s lived as slaves, both in the South and the North.
### Freedom lawsuits {#freedom_lawsuits}
Between 1716 and 1783, fourteen northern black women brought civil lawsuits to gain freedom. Black women brought freedom suits for one of the following legal technicalities: there had been a fraudulent sale; the plaintiff\'s mother was not black (enslavement was determined by one\'s mother\'s status), or the plaintiff had entered a manumission agreement and the documentation had disappeared. Elizabeth Freeman is arguably the best known of these plaintiffs. She brought \"the first legal test of the constitutionality of slavery in Massachusetts\" in 1781, with *Brom & Bett v. J. Ashley Esq.* The state legislature never outlawed slavery outright, but its 1780 Bill of Rights declared all men free and equal; Freeman effectively used this rhetoric to challenge slavery forever in Massachusetts. Along with Brom, another of her owner\'s slaves, Freeman, won her freedom in 1781. Similarly, in 1782 a slave woman named Belinda petitioned the Massachusetts Legislature, not for her freedom, but for compensation for the fifty years she served as a slave. However, not all states followed Massachusetts\' example so quickly: in 1810 there were still 27,000 slaves living in the Northern states.
In the tense years leading up to the war, Britain recognized that slavery was a weak point of the American colonists. Indeed, unrest in slave communities was greatest in the two decades surrounding the American Revolution. In January 1775, a proposal was made in the British House of Commons for general emancipation in all British territories, a political maneuver intended to humble \"the high aristocratic spirit of Virginia and the Southern Colonies.\" Slaves in the colonies recognized a certain British openness to their claims: in 1774, a \"great number of blacks\" petitioned General Thomas Gage, the British commander-in-chief of America and the governor of Massachusetts Bay, for their freedom .
### Dunmore\'s Proclamation {#dunmores_proclamation}
Slavery was the backbone of Southern society and the British reasoned that dismantling it would undermine Southern ability to wage war. In April 1775, Lord Dunmore and the governor of Virginia, appropriated the colony\'s store of gunpowder because he suspected the Virginia Assembly of rebellious sentiments. This precipitated an armed uprising. From his warship off the coast of Virginia, the governor issued a proclamation, which declared martial law and offered freedom for \"all indentured servants, Negroes, and others\...that are able and willing to bear arms.\" Like the 1775 House of Commons proposal, Dunmore\'s Proclamation was intended to scare the white slaveholders of Virginia and to encourage black slaves to abandon their masters, instead of being born out of abolitionist sentiments.
About a third of all of the slaves who responded to Dunmore\'s Proclamation were women. In the colonial period, approximately 1/8 of all runaways were women. The small percentage of women attempting escape was because they were the anchors of slave family life. Most women would not leave without their families, especially their children, and since running in large groups increased the odds of capture exponentially, many women simply chose not to run at all. If slave women did leave their owners, it was often to attempt to reunite with family members who had been sold away.
Of the men that flooded Lord Dunmore\'s camp, some saw combat. Dunmore formed an \"Ethiopian Regiment\" of approximately five hundred of these former slaves and put them to work fighting their former masters. Often their wives followed them, working as cooks, laundresses, and nurses in camp. Some served as the personal servants of British officers.
### Philipsburg Proclamation {#philipsburg_proclamation}
In June 1776, General Henry Clinton similarly promised that any slave who fled to a British camp would have \"full security to follow within these Lines, any occupation which he shall think proper.\" Like the preceding proclamation by Lord Dunmore, Clinton\'s was self-interested and ambivalent; he was alarmed by the prospect of slaves joining the Continental Army on being promised freedom and thus bolstering the numbers of the army. However, Southern slaveholders saw Clinton\'s Philipsburg Proclamation as an attack on their property and way of life and an invitation to anarchy. The Proclamation aroused much anti-British sentiment and became a rallying cry for Southern Patriots.
Most of the slaves that joined General Clinton after his Philipsburg Proclamation left their homes in family groups. Clinton attempted to register these blacks to control the numerous masterless men who were viewed as a threat to peace and order. In the registration process, Clinton returned all those slaves that had run away from Loyalist sympathizers. Of the slaves permitted to stay, the division of labor was highly gendered. Men were generally employed in the engineering and Royal Artillery departments of the army as carpenters, wheelwrights, smiths, sawyers, equipment menders, wagon and platform builders, and menders, etc. Both men and women made musket cartridges and butchered and preserved meat for the hungry army. Southern black women and children who knew the territory often served as guides to the confusing, swampy territories.
The British authorities in America claimed some escaped slaves as crown property and put them to work on public works projects or, more commonly, agriculture. Agricultural labor was vital because the large British army needed constant food supplies and it was expensive to ship food from England. These slaves were promised manumission in return for their service.
Many Southern slaveholders \"refugeed\" their slaves to prevent them from escaping and/or being killed during the war. They force-marched slaves to holdings out of the way of the war, usually in Florida, Louisiana, or the West Indies.
### Slaves in the Continental Army {#slaves_in_the_continental_army}
Like the British, the new American government recognized that blacks were potentially a numerous source of recruits. However, George Washington was initially reluctant to encourage slaves to fight in exchange for freedom because of racially-based objections and because he feared numerous black recruits that he could not control. Therefore, at the onset of the war, only free blacks, a tiny percent of the population, were allowed to fight. In the fall of 1776, when the Continental Congress asked the states for more battalions, they suggested that the states round up more troops \"by draft, from their militias, or in any other way.\" This was interpreted as authorization to recruit black males, slave or free.
In the South, black slave women were vital to the Patriot cause. They made up the bulk of the workforce that built and repaired the fortifications used during the sieges of Savannah, Charleston, and other low country towns and cities, and were similarly promised freedom for their service.
The period directly following the war was one of much hope and indecision for African Americans. Many expected the new country would live up to its ideals and abolish slavery. However, slavery was in fact built into the new Constitution -- and even in many northern states, where slavery was neither prevalent nor particularly profitable, it took years and many court challenges to gradually abolish slavery.
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# Women in the American Revolution
## African American women {#african_american_women}
### Migration to the North {#migration_to_the_north}
There was a massive migration, not unlike the Great Migration, of blacks to urban areas in the North after the close of the war. This migration was largely female. Before the Revolution, Northern urban populations were overwhelmingly male; by 1806, women outnumbered men four to three in New York City. Increasing this disparity was the fact that the maritime industry was the largest employer of black males in the post-Revolutionary War period, taking many young black men away to sea for several years at a time. The rural African American population in the North remained predominately male.
Most free urban blacks in the North were employed in \"service trades,\" including cooking and catering, cleaning stables, cutting hair and driving coaches. Family life was often broken up in these urban black communities. Many families lost members in the Revolution, either to the chaos of the time or back to slavery. Many employers refused to house whole families of blacks, preferring to board only their \"domestic\" woman laborer. Despite these challenges, many black women made efforts to support and maintain ties to their nuclear kin.
In the Pennsylvania colony, for instance, church records document many black unions. Especially since women held as slaves needed masters\' permission to wed, \"there are enough records to point out that Black women had a value for solidifying the family structure according to the laws of the colony\". Those families that did live together often took in boarders to supplement income or shared a dwelling with another black family or more, contributing to the nontraditional shape of black family life in the post-Revolutionary War period.
In the South, broken families increased as slavery became more entrenched and expanded westward. For example, in the Chesapeake region, agricultural and economic patterns changed after the war, with many planters moving away from labor-intensive tobacco as a cash crop and diversifying their plantings. Many slaves were sold, usually to the Lower South or West, where slave agriculture was expanding. Of those slaves that were not sold, many men with skills were hired out, taking them away from their families.
Following the war, significant numbers of African American women and men relocated to Nova Scotia and the British West Indies. While many moved with their Loyalist masters, others relocated independently. For example, enslaved women living in Philadelphia, rather than waiting for their husbands to return from fighting for the colonists, left with the British who progressively departed in the early 1780s. These African American women moved of their own accord to Great Britain, Nova Scotia, and the West Indies --in search of a better life.
Another way that black women in the North tried to empower themselves and their children after the Revolution was through education. Early black women\'s organizations were local efforts to support their children\'s access to schooling. For example, Dinah Chase Whipple, a young widow, and mother of seven founded the Ladies African Charitable Society of Portsmouth in New Hampshire. The Ladies Society was \"a highly practical undertaking designed to provide financial backing for a school two sisters-in-law ran out of their home\".
Although the rhetoric of the Revolution brought much promise of change, that promise was largely unfulfilled for African Americans, especially African American women. Most women\'s status did not change appreciably. If anything, family life became more unstable in the south and, although slavery was gradually abolished in the north, economic opportunities and family stability slowly diminished in urban areas. However, black women contributed significantly on both the Patriot and Loyalist sides, and have thus far gone unheralded.
A few exceptions include Phillis Wheatley, an enslaved woman in Boston who became the first African American published poet; Mammy Kate of Georgia, who saved the life of Stephen Heard by smuggling him out of a British prison in a laundry basket; and Sally St. Clair of South Carolina, a woman of African and French ancestry, who passed as a man and served as a gunner in the Continental Army until she was killed in action during the siege of Savannah.
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# Women in the American Revolution
## Native American women {#native_american_women}
After the conclusion of the French and Indian War, the various colonies of the Thirteen Colonies claimed territory beyond the Appalachian Mountains. To try and avert war between the colonists and the Native Americans, King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, forbidding the Americans from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains, among other things. The settlers, infuriated at what they perceived to be imperial overreach, continued to encroach westwards, albeit at a slower rate. As the American Revolutionary War drew near, most British Army units were stationed in New York and Boston, leaving the western frontier devoid of any military authority. This left the region in the hand of the American settlers and the Indian tribes, who engaged in violent conflicts during and after the war.
Several historians claim that contact with whites resulted in the displacement of women from their traditional spheres, both as a result of war-related upheavals and specific American policy after the war. Post-Revolutionary War guidelines called for the \"civilization\" of Native peoples, and which meant turning a population from a hunting-based society to an agricultural one, even though almost all Native American societies did practice agriculture---the women farmed. However, U.S. policymakers believed that farming could not be a significant part of Native life if women were the main contributors to the operation. Thus, the American government instead encouraged Native women to take up spinning and weaving and attempted to force men to farm, reversing gender roles and causing severe social problems that ran contrary to Native cultural mores.
### Iroquois women {#iroquois_women}
At the outset of the Revolutionary War, it was unclear which side the Native American tribes would choose to join. For the Iroquois Confederacy, they mostly chose to side with the British, thanks to their long alliance with the British since the early 18th century. Many Iroquois were fearful of American settlers encroaching on their lands, and saw an alliance with the British as the best way to prevent this actuality. Individuals such as Joseph Brant were significant in convincing their fellow Iroquois to join the war.
As a result of this alliance, the American Major General John Sullivan and his soldiers burned and destroyed about forty Iroquois towns in what is now upstate New York, displacing thousands of Iroquois inhabitants. This campaign obliterated hundreds of acres of crops and orchards, which had largely been the domain of the agricultural women, and served to kill thousands of Iroquois (including women), both outright and through the ensuing starvation.
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# Women in the American Revolution
## Native American women {#native_american_women}
### Catawba women {#catawba_women}
Before the American Revolution, relations between the Catawba people and the American colonists were cautiously hostile, as neither side was interested in starting a war. Tensions led to conflict, particularly over land. While settlers believed in private property and put up fences to mark their lands, the Catawba believed that no person could claim land forever, and tore the fences down. Catawba men roamed the countryside in search of game, while settlers considered hunters trespassers, and wrecked their hunting camps. The settlers brought with them new methods of farming which profoundly affected Catawba daily life. Like every society heavily dependent upon agriculture, the Catawba oriented their existence to that pursuit. Colonists\' crops required enclosures, schedules, and practices unfamiliar to Catawba cultivators. These changes particularly affected women, who had traditionally farmed while the men would hunt. As with other Indian groups, the Catawba nation could not maintain traditional ways of life. To survive, they found ways of living with the settlers. The nation started to trade with settlers in household goods made by Catawba women, who turned traditional crafts into a profitable business. As early as 1772, Catawba women peddled their crafts to local farmers.
One of the most successful ways that the Catawba nation improved relations with settlers was by participating in the American Revolution. Its location gave it little choice in the matter; Superintendent of Southern Indians John Stuart observed in 1775, \"they are domiciliated and dispersed thro\' the Settlements of north and South Carolina.\" In July 1775, two Catawba arrived in Charleston to learn more about the dispute between the crown and the colonists. The rebels\' Council of Safety sent the representatives home with a letter explaining the colonists\' grievances, reminding Catawba of their friendship with South Carolina, promising trade and pay for Indians who served, and warning what would happen if the nation refused to serve. Over the next eight years, the Catawba would fight for the Patriot cause, fighting against loyalist militia.
During the Revolution, Catawba warriors fought alongside American troops at many battles throughout the South. The Indians who remained at home often provided food to Patriots. Since traditional Catawba gender roles prescribed women and children as agricultural preparers, wartime responsibility of providing for the Patriots fell heavily on women. Several Catawba also served as informal goodwill ambassadors to their neighbors. One such person was Sally New River, a woman who enjoyed both the respect of her people and the affection of local whites. When visitors arrived unannounced, Sally New River made sure they were provided for. She spent much time with the Spratt family, whose patriarch was the first white man to lease Catawba land. Fifty years after her death, local whites still recalled \"old aunt Sally\" with affection.
Overall, however, the Catawba\'s role in the war has been termed \"rather negligible\"; with so few men to commit to the cause, it does seem unlikely that the nation determined the outcome of any battle. But the significance of their contribution lay in their active and visible support. While their alliance with the Patriots helped them fit into a rapidly changing environment---in 1782, the state legislature sent the nation five hundred bushels of corn to tide them over until summer and both paid them for their service in the army and reimbursed them for the livestock they had supplied---the settler\'s temporarily favorable impression of the Catawba did not guarantee a secure future. The Indians\' continued indifference to Christianity frustrated the American colonists, who tried to educate select members at the College of William & Mary in hopes that these people would return to their Catawba homes converted, and ready to convert others. Efforts failed, refueling popular sentiments about the inferiority of Indians.
Relations between the Catawba and the settlers did not improve in the long term, despite the Catawba\'s decision to fight alongside the Patriots as their allies. After the Revolution, settler tenants who were renting land from the Catawba started insisting that they actually owned the land which they were only renting. Throughout the 1830s, the South Carolina legislature sent representatives to negotiate the sale of land. This constant pressure, combined with U.S. government removal policies, culminated in the spring of 1840 with the signing of the Treaty of Nation Ford. The treaty stipulated that the Catawba relinquish their 144000 acre of land to the state of South Carolina.
At this point the tribe was struggling to survive as a people. Some Catawba remained on their land, and a small number went to live with their neighbors, the Eastern Band Cherokee. They were not forced onto the Trail of Tears as their numbers were so small at this point, the government did not see it as worth the effort. They were terminated as a tribe by the federal government in 1959, and would not re-establish their enrollment and the process of regaining federal recognition until 1973, finally regaining Federal recognition in 1993
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# Enoch Edwards (trade unionist)
**Enoch Edwards** (April 1852 -- 28 June 1912) was a British trade unionist and politician.
## Biography
Edwards was born at Talk-o\'-the Hill Staffordshire on 10 April 1852. He was the son of a pitman, and worked as a boy in a coal-mine.
In 1870 he became treasurer of the North Staffordshire Miners\' Association and was elected secretary to the same body in 1877. In 1880 he became president of the Midland Miners\' Association; he was later president of the Miners\' Federation of Great Britain in 1904.
In 1884 he went to Burslem, where he became a member of the school board and town council in 1886, and later he became alderman and mayor. He was also a member of the Staffordshire County Council. He was elected to Parliament as the Lib-Lab MP for Hanley in 1906. He then was a Labour Party MP in 1909. He died at Southport 28 June 1912 aged 60
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# Translocator protein
**Translocator protein** (**TSPO**) is an 18 kDa protein mainly found on the outer mitochondrial membrane. It was first described as **peripheral benzodiazepine receptor** (**PBR**), a secondary binding site for diazepam, but subsequent research has found the receptor to be expressed throughout the body and brain. In humans, the translocator protein is encoded by the *TSPO* gene. It belongs to a family of tryptophan-rich sensory proteins. Regarding intramitochondrial cholesterol transport, TSPO has been proposed to interact with StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein) to transport cholesterol into mitochondria, though evidence is mixed.
## Function
In animals, TSPO (PBR) is a mitochondrial protein usually located in the outer mitochondrial membrane and characterised by its ability to bind a variety of benzodiazepine-like drugs, as well as to dicarboxylic tetrapyrrole intermediates of the haem biosynthetic pathway.
TSPO has many proposed functions depending on the tissue. The most studied of these include roles in the immune response, steroid synthesis and apoptosis.
### Cholesterol transport and bile acid biosynthesis {#cholesterol_transport_and_bile_acid_biosynthesis}
Mitochondrial cholesterol transport is a molecular function closely tied to TSPO in the scientific literature. TSPO binds with high affinity to the lipid cholesterol, and pharmacological ligands of TSPO facilitate cholesterol transport across the mitochondrial intermembrane space to stimulate steroid synthesis and bile acid synthesis in relevant tissues. However, TSPO deletion in genetically engineered mouse models has yielded mixed results regarding the physiological necessity of TSPO\'s role in steroidogenesis. Deletion of TSPO in steroidogenic Leydig cells did not impair synthesis of the steroid testosterone. Thus, though biochemical and pharmacological experimentation suggest an important role for TSPO in cellular cholesterol transport and steroid biosynthesis, TSPO\'s necessity in this process remains controversial.
### Regulation in the heart {#regulation_in_the_heart}
TSPO (Translocator protein) acts to regulate heart rate and contractile force by its interaction with voltage-dependent calcium channels in cardiac myocytes. The interaction between TSPO and calcium channels can alter cardiac action potential durations, thus contractility of the heart. In healthy individuals, TSPO has a cardio-protective role. When TSPO is up-regulated in the presence of infections, it can limit the inflammatory response, which can be cardio-damaging.
### Immunomodulation
PBRs (TSPOs) have many actions on immune cells including modulation of oxidative bursts by neutrophils and macrophages, inhibition of the proliferation of lymphoid cells and secretion of cytokines by macrophages. Expression of TSPO is also linked to inflammatory responses that occur after ischemia-reperfusion injury, following hemorrhagic brain injury, and in some neurodegenerative diseases.
Increased expression of TSPO is linked to the inflammatory responses in the heart that may cause myocarditis, which can lead to myocardial necrosis. TSPO is present in mast cells and macrophages, indicating its role in the immune system. Oxidative stress is a strong contributing factor to cardiovascular disease, and often occurs because of inflammation caused by ischemia reperfusion injury. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) causes immune cells CD11b+ (present on macrophages) to stimulate inflammatory infiltration. Functionally, CD11b+ regulates leukocyte adhesion and migration to regulate the inflammatory response. Following infection, CD11b+ is up-regulated, activating these immune responses, which then activate an increased expression of TSPO. These immune cells can cause myocarditis which can progress to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
### Apoptosis
Ligands of TSPO have been shown to induce apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells. In lymphatic tissues, TSPO modulates apoptosis of thymocytes via reduction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential.
### Stress adaptation {#stress_adaptation}
TSPO in the basal land plant *Physcomitrella patens*, a moss, is essential for adaptation to salt stress.
## Tissue distribution {#tissue_distribution}
TSPO is found in many regions of the body including the human iris/ciliary-body. Other tissues include the heart, liver, adrenal and testis, as well as hemopoietic and lymphatic cells. \"Peripheral\" benzodiazepine receptors are also found in the brain, although only at around a quarter the expression levels of the \"central\" benzodiazepine receptors located at the plasma membrane.
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# Translocator protein
## Therapeutic applications {#therapeutic_applications}
TSPO has been shown to be involved in a number of processes such as inflammation, and TSPO ligands may be useful anti-cancer drugs.
Pharmacological activation of TSPO has been observed to be a potent stimulator of steroid biosynthesis including neuroactive steroids such as allopregnanolone in the brain, which exert anxiolytic properties. Thus, TSPO ligands such as emapunil, alpidem, and etifoxine have been proposed to be useful as potential anxiolytics which may have less addiction-based side effects than traditional benzodiazepine-type drugs., though toxicity side-effects remain a significant barrier in drug development.
A 2013 study led by researchers from USC Davis School of Gerontology showed that TSPO ligands can prevent and at least partially correct abnormalities present in a mouse model of Alzheimer\'s disease.
TSPO as a biomarker is a newly discovered non-invasive procedure, and has also been linked as a biomarker for other cardiovascular related diseases including: myocardial infarction (due to ischemic reperfusion), cardiac hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, arrhythmias, and large vessel vasculitis. TSPO can be used as a biomarker to detect the presence and severity of inflammation in the heart and atherosclerotic plaques. Inhibiting the over-production of TSPO can lead to a reduced incidence of arrhythmias which are most often caused by ischemia reperfusion injury. TSPO ligands are used as a therapy after ischemia reperfusion injury to preserve the action potentials in cardiac tissue and restore normal electrical activity of the heart. Higher levels of TSPO are present in those with heart disease, a change that is more common in men than women because testosterone worsens the inflammation causing permanent damage to the heart.
The first high-resolution 3D solution structure of mammalian (mouse) translocator protein (TSPO) in a complex with its diagnostic PK11195 ligand was determined by means of NMR spectroscopy techniques by scientists from the Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Goettingen in Germany in March 2014 (Jaremko et al., 2014) and has a PDB id: 2MGY. Obtained high-resolution clearly confirms a helical character of a protein and its complex with a diagnostic ligand in solution. The 3D structure of the mTSPO-PK11195 complex comprises five transmembrane α-helices (TM1 to TM5) that tightly pack together in the clockwise order TM1-TM2-TM5-TM4-TM3 (cytosol view). The mammalian TSPO in a complex with diagnostic ligand is nomomeric. The loop located in between TM1 and TM2 helices closes the entrance to the space between helices in which are bound with PK11195 molecule. Site-directed mutagenesis studies of mTSPO revealed that region important for PK11195 binding comprise amino acids from 41 to 51, because the deletion of this region resulted in the decrease in PK11195 binding (Fan et al., 2012).
The mammalian TSPO in a complex with the diagnostic ligand PK11195 is monomeric.
## Imaging
Ligands of the TSPO are very useful for imaging of inflammation. For example, the radioligand \[3H\]PK-11195 has been used in receptor autoradiography to study neuroinflammation following brain injury. The affinity of \[11C\]PBR28 depends on a single polymorphism (rs6971) in the TSPO gene.
Measuring microglial activation *in vivo* is possible using PET imaging and radioligands binding to 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO). Activation can be measured using the PET tracer (*R*)-\[11C\]PK11195 and others like PBR28 are under research.
## Ligands
TSPO ligands (endogenous or synthetic) modulate the action of this receptor, activating the transport of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane.
### Agonists
- YL-IPA08
- Ro5-4864 - original ligand with which TSPO receptor was characterised, now less used due to inter-species differences in binding affinity. Sedative yet also convulsant and anxiogenic in mice.
Peptides
- Anthralin - 16kDa polypeptide, binds to both TSPO receptor and dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels with high affinity.
- Diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) - 11kDa neuropeptide, potent agonist for TSPO receptor and stimulates steroidogenesis *in vivo*, also negative allosteric modulator of benzodiazepine-sensitive GABA~A~ receptors.
- DBI 17-50 fragment - active processing product of DBI
Non-peptides
- Alpidem
- DAA-1097
- DAA-1106
- Deuterated etifoxine
- DPA-713
- DPA-714
- Emapunil
- Etifoxine
- Gidazepam
- FGIN-127
- FGIN-143
- GML-1
- Olesoxime (TRO19622)
- SSR-180,575
### Antagonists
- PK-11195 - potent and selective antagonist for both rat and human forms of TSPO
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# Eastern miombo woodlands
The **Eastern miombo woodlands** (AT0706) are an ecoregion of grassland and woodland in northern Mozambique, southern Tanzania, and southeastern Malawi.
## Setting
These species-rich savanna ecosystems cover wide areas of gentle hills and low valleys containing rivers and dambo wetlands. The region is located on the East African Plateau, extending from inland south-eastern Tanzania to cover the northern half of Mozambique, with small areas in neighbouring Malawi. They are a section of the belt of miombo woodland that crosses Africa south of the Congo rain forests and the savannas of East Africa. The ecoregion covers an area of 483,900 km2. It is bounded by the Northern and Southern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic to the east along the Indian Ocean, and by the Zambezian and mopane woodlands in the Zambezi lowlands to the southwest, and by Lake Malawi to the west. To the north and northwest, the forested Eastern Arc Mountains separate the eastern miombo woodlands from the Southern Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets of central Tanzania.
The region has a hot, tropical climate with a wet summer from November to March and a long winter drought. The woodlands are vulnerable to fire, particularly at the start of the summer.
## Flora and fauna {#flora_and_fauna}
The predominant tree is miombo (*Brachystegia* spp.), along with *Baikiaea* woodland.
Despite the low rainfall and relatively nutrient-poor soil the woodland is home to many species. The miombo and other vegetation in and around the region have historically a variety of food and cover for several miombo specialist endemic bird and lizard species as well as more widespread mammals including herds of African elephant *(Loxodonta africana)*, giraffe, Burchell\'s zebra *(Equus burchelli)*, wildebeest *(Connochaetes taurinus)* and hippopotamus *(Hippopotamus amphibius)* and antelopes including greater kudu *(Tragelaphus strepsiceros)*, eland *(Taurotragus oryx)*, impala *(Aepyceros melampus)*, Roosevelt sable antelope *(Hippotragus niger)* and Lichtenstein\'s hartebeest *(Sigmoceros lichtensteinii)* (Campbell 1996). The roan antelope is mysteriously absent from the Eastern Miombo woodlands, and the long dry season and poor soils do not support the large herds of herbivores found further north in Tanzania. Large carnivores in the region include lion (*Panthera leo*), leopard (*Panthera pardus*), cheetah (*Acinonyx jubatus*), spotted hyena (*Crocuta crocuta*) and side-striped jackal (*Canis adustus*). The African wild dog (*Lycaon pictus*) population of the Selous Game Reserve is the largest known population on the continent
The region is also rich in bird life, including the near-endemic Stierling\'s woodpecker as well as other species like vultures, fish eagle, kingfisher, yellow billed stork and plover.
Reptiles include common crocodiles while the endemics are the two sub-species of the spotted flat lizard, and the chameleon *Chamaeleon tornieri* (although the validity of this last species classification has been questioned).
## People
The ecoregion is thinly populated by humans, partly due to tsetse fly and the Mozambique Civil War, but the miombo woodlands are important to the livelihoods of the rural people, who depend on the resources available from the woodland. The wide variety of species provides non-timber products such as fruits, honey, fodder for livestock and fuelwood. In Tanzania however a large portion of the ecoregion is covered by Selous Game Reserve, the largest protected area in Africa. There are areas of Eastern Miombo woodland in Tanzania south of Selous, in the regions of Ruvuma and Lindi. In Mozambique the region is contained within the sparsely populated Niassa and the inland areas of Cabo Delgado, Nampula and Zambezia.
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# Eastern miombo woodlands
## Conservation and threats {#conservation_and_threats}
32.3% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Selous Game Reserve (44,000 km^2^) is a major element of conservation in this ecoregion, along with Ruaha National Park (14506.7 km^2^), Niassa Reserve (42,000 km^2^), and other national parks in Mozambique which suffered during the civil war and are in a state of reconstruction. Smaller protected areas lying mostly within the ecoregion include Mikumi National Park (3233.88 km^2^) in Tanzania and Gilé National Reserve (2100 km^2^) in Mozambique.
Even outside protected areas the woodlands have remained comparatively intact due to the sparse human population. However the woodlands are being slowly cleared for farmland and pasture throughout. There is little commercial logging except for the African blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon), whose timber is highly valuable. Poaching of elephant and rhino are a threat, especially in Mozambique.
Many areas of miombo woodland are still managed in traditional ways, with slash and burn farming systems dominating, but in some areas alternative land management practices are being promoted. One such example is the N\'hambita Community Carbon Project in the Sofala Province of Mozambique. This was developed as a result of the increasing concern about global climate change, and the recent evolution of carbon markets, paired with a need for poverty reduction and alternative livelihoods where rural communities lack the resources to prevent environmental degradation. These carbon markets are part of the \'Payments for Ecosystem services\' (PES) system and in this case finance from the sale of carbon offsets is used to incentivise and sustain activities which increase carbon sequestration and protect existing carbon stocks in forests.
The N\'hambita project was launched in 2003 as a collaboration between the environmental company Envirotrade Ltd. and the University of Edinburgh. To date (Jan 2009) the project has engaged 1350 farmers or \'producer\'s in agroforestry and woodland restoration and conservation activities. Those involved have benefited from staged payments, continued technical support and have been encouraged to become involved in other micro-finance initiatives, such as beekeeping and carpentry, using miombo tree species planted within the project.
The Plan Vivo System is used, which was pioneered, and has run successfully in Mexico for over 10 years in the Scolel Te project. Plan Vivo projects are registered and reviewed under standards developed by the Plan Vivo Foundation. Producers who sign up to the scheme must agree to manage their land according to their *plan vivo*, a long term land management plan evaluated and registered by the local project manager
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# Detay
***Detay*** (*Detail*) is the third studio album released in 1998 by Turkish pop singer Mustafa Sandal
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# Raphaël Alibert
**Henri Albert François Joseph Raphaël Alibert** (`{{IPA|fr|ɑ̃ʁi albɛʁ fʁɑ̃swa ʒozɛf ʁafaɛl alibɛʁ}}`{=mediawiki}; 17 February 1887 -- 5 June 1963) was a French politician known for his association with the collaborationist regime of Vichy France during World War II. A royalist, traditionalist, and member of *Action Française*, Alibert was one of the chief ideologues of the constitutional law that transformed the French Third Republic into an authoritarian state under the rule of Marshal Philippe Pétain.
## Politics
Raphael Alibert was an ardent Roman Catholic convert and someone with strong royalist ideas. One of the most intense followers of Charles Maurras, Alibert was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the Action Française party. In October 1939 he and Henry Lémery had visited Maréchal Petain to discuss in private the make-up of a possible ministry with him.
## Enters government {#enters_government}
In the French government\'s new Cabinet formed on 16 June 1940 he was appointed Under-Secretary of State to the Prime Minister, now Pétain. He was one of the opposition within the Cabinet to removing the government to North Africa after the Armistice with Germany, and it is said that he was instrumental in preventing the departure by President Albert Lebrun and Camille Chautemps on 20 June 1940, although General Weygand, also opposed to a move, had already urged Lebrun to remain until the evening. In the event only 30 deputies and just one senator departed.
Alibert was responsible for *Exposé des motifs*, his document forming the basis for the *Révolution Nationale*, a proposition which the Chamber and Senate adopted on the 9 July 1940. Contrary to post-war opinions, Otto Abetz, the German Ambassador in Paris, saw clearly that \"nothing could have been further from fascism, whether of the Italian or German variety, than the *Revolution Nationale*\". Abetz felt instead that the government at Vichy believed in \"reactionary, hierarchical principals\" and that its \"nationalism was dangerous to the European concept of the New Order\". The following day Pétain signed three \'Constitutional Acts\' drafted by Alibert. the first announced that he himself was taking over the functions of the \'French State\', in other words that he was becoming \'Head of State\'. The second gave the Head of State complete and overall power, both executive and legislative. The third adjourned the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate *sine die*; they could only be reconvened by Order of the Head of State. Laval remarked that Pétain had been granted more powers than Louis XIV. Pétain, however, maintained that he never wished to assume the mantle of a Caesar, and that he only wanted to serve until a Peace Treaty with Germany had been signed and he could retire.
Alibert was made Keeper of the Seals (*Garde des sceaux*) from 12 July 1940 to 27 January 1941, and was appointed Minister of Justice in the new Cabinet formed on 13 July 1940, during the time the government was removed to Vichy.
On 22 July he instituted a review of all naturalisations since 1927. This resulted in 15,000 people, including 600 Jews, having their French citizenships revoked and being made stateless.
In keeping with the ideals of *Action Francaise*, he promulgated the law dissolving secret societies (Freemasonry amongst others) on 13 August 1940, aided in this project by other devout Catholics, notably Bernard Fay, administrator of the Bibliothèque Nationale, and Robert Vallery-Radot. Their task was to root out about 15,000 Masonic dignitaries from public life, as part of an effort by militant right-wing Christians to displace, while taking revenge on, their \'secularising\' enemies.
The new government took a serious anti-semitic position, and he also promulgated the first Law on the status of Jews of October 1940 which excluded Jews from certain Civil Service posts and presaged action against those in the so-called liberal professions.
The German Ambassador to France, Otto Abetz, wrote to von Ribbentrop on 8 October 1940 saying that \"some (French) ministers, such as Alibert, Baudouin and Bouthillier, are hoping for an eventual restoration of the Bourbons\". By mid-November that year Alibert, Yvres Bouthillier, Paul Baudouin, Marcel Peyrouton (Minister of the Interior), Jean Darlan and General Huntziger were putting pressure upon Pétain to have Pierre Laval dismissed from office, in which they were successful on 13 December. A furious Abetz visited Pétain calling for Laval\'s reinstatement and the dismissal of the plotters against him, including Alibert, to no avail. However, on 9 February 1941 Alibert and Pierre-Etienne Flandin were both dismissed from the government, \"probably as a sop to the Germans\".
## After war {#after_war}
At the end of the war, Alibert fled abroad into hiding, and was condemned to death *in absentia* on 7 March 1947. Living in exile in Belgium, he was finally given amnesty in 1959, four years before his death from natural causes.
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# Raphaël Alibert
## In culture {#in_culture}
- Hôtel du Parc (1992) ; co-scénarists : Pierre Beuchot and Jérôme Prieur ; avec André Wilms et Marylène Dagouat
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# Calman–Hine report
The **Calman--Hine report** of 1995 examined cancer services in the United Kingdom, and proposed a restructuring of cancer services to achieve a more equitable level of access to high levels of expertise throughout the country.
It was named for Kenneth Calman, Chief Medical Officer for England and Deirdre Hine, the Chief Medical Officers for Wales. Calman chaired the expert group which together with Hine was made up of Dr J Bullimore, Dr T Davies, Dr I Finlay, Mr P Foster, Prof J Hardcastle, Prof R Haward, Ms Rebecca Miles, Gillian Oliver, Prof P Selby, Prof K Sikora, Dr K Thompson, and Dr Howard Marsh
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# William Russell Flint
**Sir William Russell Flint** (4 April 1880 -- 30 December 1969) was a Scottish artist and illustrator who was known especially for his watercolours of women. He also worked in oils, tempera, and printmaking.
## Biography
Flint was born in Edinburgh on 4 April 1880 and was educated at Daniel Stewart\'s College and then Edinburgh Institution. From 1894 to 1900 Flint was apprenticed as a lithographic draughtsman while taking classes at the Royal Institute of Art, Edinburgh. From 1900 to 1902 he worked as a medical illustrator in London while studying part-time at the Heatherley School of Fine Art. He furthered his art education by studying independently at the British Museum. He was an artist for *The Illustrated London News* from 1903 to 1909, and produced illustrations for editions of several books, including H Rider Haggard\'s *King Solomon\'s Mines* (1907 edition), W. S. Gilbert\'s *Savoy Operas* (1909), Sir Thomas Malory\'s *Le Morte d\'Arthur* (1910--1911) and Chaucer\'s *The Canterbury Tales* (1912).
Flint was one of the leading illustrators selected by Percy Bradshaw for inclusion in his *The Art of the Illustrator* (1917-1918) which presented a separate portfolio for each of twenty illustrators which was accompanied by a plate showing an illustration typical of Flint\'s work and five other plates showing the work at five earlier stages of its production. Flint\'s coloured illustration shows one naked and one half naked young woman picking fruit on a sea shore.
Flint was elected president of Britain\'s Royal Society of Painters in Watercolours (now the Royal Watercolour Society) in 1936 to 1956 , and knighted in 1947.
During visits to Spain, Flint was impressed by Spanish dancers, and he depicted them frequently throughout his career. He enjoyed considerable commercial success but little respect from art critics, who were disturbed by a perceived crassness in his eroticized treatment of the female figure, clearly borrowing inspiration from similar works by Lawrence Alma-Tadema.
Flint was also a published author of short stories. In 1965, a collection of his short stories were published as a limited edition of 500 titled *Shadows in Arcady*; for which Flint designed the graphical layout and the illustrations. Previously, Flint\'s story \"The Angelus\" had been published in The Times newspaper.
Flint was active as an artist and a writer until his death in London on 30 December 1969.
## Illustrations to *Savoy Operas* {#illustrations_to_savoy_operas}
*Savoy Operas* is a collection of four opera librettos by W. S. Gilbert that had been set to music by Arthur Sullivan, originally published 1909.
**Princess Ida**
<File:William> Russell Flint - W. S. Gilbert - Savoy Operas - Princess Ida 1.jpg\|\"I can tell a woman\'s age in half a minute---and I do!\" <File:William> Russell Flint - W. S. Gilbert - Savoy Operas - Princess Ida 2.jpg\|\"Must we, till then, in prison cell be thrust?\" <File:William> Russell Flint - W. S. Gilbert - Savoy Operas - Princess Ida 3.jpg\|Enter Princess, reading. <File:William> Russell Flint - W. S. Gilbert - Savoy Operas - Princess Ida 4.jpg\|Enter the \"Daughters of the Plough,\" bearing Luncheon. <File:William> Russell Flint - W. S. Gilbert - Savoy Operas - Princess Ida 5 (Frontispiece).jpg\|Frontispiece to *Savoy Operas* <File:William> Russell Flint - W. S. Gilbert - Savoy Operas - Princess Ida 6.jpg\|The Gate yields. Hildebrand and Soldiers rush in. <File:William> Russell Flint - W. S. Gilbert - Savoy Operas - Princess Ida 7.jpg\|\"Though I am but a girl, / Defiance thus I hurl.\" <File:William> Russell Flint - W. S. Gilbert - Savoy Operas - Princess Ida 8
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# Son of the Dragon (audio drama)
***Son of the Dragon*** is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series *Doctor Who*. It involves Vlad III the Impaler, also known as \'Dracula\'.
## Plot
The year is 1462 and the Doctor, Peri and Erimem encounter Vlad the Impaler.
## Cast
- The Doctor --- Peter Davison
- Peri --- Nicola Bryant
- Erimem --- Caroline Morris
- Dracula --- James Purefoy
- Radu --- Douglas Hodge
- John Dobrin --- Barry McCarthy
- Maria --- Clare Calbraith
- Soldiers --- Steven Wickham
- Ayfer --- Nicola Lloyd
## Continuity
- The Doctor\'s mention of meeting actual vampires is either a reference to the Fourth Doctor in *State of Decay* or the Fifth Doctor in the novel *Goth Opera*
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# Thomas Clifford, 6th Baron Clifford
**Thomas de Clifford, 6th Baron de Clifford**, also **6th Lord of Skipton** (c. 1363 -- 1391) was a Knight of The Chamber, hereditary Sheriff of Westmorland, Governor of Carlisle Castle, and Warden of the West Marches.
## Life
He was the son of Roger de Clifford, 5th Baron de Clifford. According to Dugdale, he was a knight of the king\'s chamber in 8 Richard II (1384-5). On 25 June 1386, Northampton, the herald, was allowed to carry a challenge from \'Thomas de Clifford, chivaler l\'eisne Fitz-Rogeri, Sire de Clifford,\' to Sir Bursigande, eldest son of \'le Sire Bursigande,\' in France. According to Dugdale, Sir Thomas crossed the sea for this tournament in the following May. Rymer has preserved a document, dated 28 January 1387, in which the king licenses \'our very dear and loyal knight, Sir Thomas Clifford, to perform all manner of feats of arms\' on the Scotch borders.
He inherited his estates and titles on his father\'s death in 1380. He and two other English knights challenged three French knights to a tourney in the marches between Boulogne and Calais; and on 20 June 1390, he procured safe conduct through England for William de Douglas, who was coming to the English court with forty knights to a wager of battle with Clifford with reference to certain disputed lands.
In 1384, he was granted the custody of Carlisle Castle for life jointly with John Neville, and in 1386 was appointed a warden of the west march. In September 1388, he was master of the king\'s horses. He was summoned to Parliament by Writ from 6 December 1389. He was hereditary High Sheriff of Westmorland from 1389 until his own death in 1391. His name occurs in the council minutes for 28 April 1390; and according to Dugdale, he received summonses to parliament in 1390-2.
In 1391, Clifford was in the Baltic, and became involved in a brawl with Sir William Douglas, an illegitimate son of the earl of Douglas, in which Douglas was killed. Clifford, overcome by remorse, set off for Jerusalem and died in 1391 on an unidentified Mediterranean island. Dugdale gives the date of his death as 18 August 1391.
## Family
He married before 1379 Elizabeth (died March 1424), daughter of Thomas de Ros, 4th Baron de Ros of Helmesley, by Beatrice, daughter of Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford, KG, by whom he had issue. He was succeeded by his eldest son John Clifford, 7th Baron de Clifford.
Lord Clifford is often styled in documents \"King\'s kinsman\".
## Issue
- John Clifford, 7th Baron de Clifford, married Lady Elizabeth Percy, daughter of Henry \'Hotspur\' Percy by Elizabeth, daughter of Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March
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# Menon Marath
**Sankarankutti Menon Marath**, better known as Menon Marath, (born in 1906 in Kerala -- died 2 January 2003) was an Indo-Anglican novelist who settled in England and spent more than half of his life there. Menon graduated from Christian College in Madras (now Chennai) and travelled to England in 1934 to pursue post-graduate studies at King\'s College London. His first novel *The Wound of Spring* (Dennis Dobson, 1960) is set in pre-independence India, in Kerala, (then comprising Malabar, Cochin and Travancore), in a feudal, matrilineal society. The second novel, *The Sale of an Island* (1964) is a political allegory. The third and last published novel *Janu* is about an orphaned girl seeking the freedoms of recognition as an equal, in friendship, in love.
## Biography
Menon Marath was a scion of the warrior class from the northern part of Kerala. The middle name of Menon was a title traditionally accorded by the King of Cochin, to all Nayar warriors who excelled as scribes and accountants. He graduated from the Christian College in Madras, and acquiring at this age his deep sense of the history of his land of Malabar from a reading of K.P. Padmanabha Verum\'s *History of Kerala* (not epigraphical, but anecdotal, he says). He sailed to England in 1934 to be a postgraduate student at King\'s College London. Unable to complete his studies, with a marriage and children soon to follow, finding a job to sustain a family became his priority.
Menon Marath\'s writing is measured, and thoroughly old-fashioned. Descriptions are chiselled with the lucent care of a Victorian essayist. At its keenest, his narrative rescues life and detail from the chaos of its own echoes.
Menon Marath always maintained that he was a slow writer. At 88, when he was interviewed for this appraisal he was living in the riverside suburb of Teddington.
In the silence of old age, he was writing his fifth novel -- the fourth was still trawling the literary agents\' corridors in search of a publisher. It is easy to describe Menon Marath as an un-discovered Isac Singer, although he was unable to accept the comparison.
The writer of this appraisal first met Menon Marath in the mid 60s when he was coming to the end of a lifelong career as a middle-ranking civil servant. Very kind, aloof and amused, he was pleased that someone somewhere had heard of him, had read him. 20 years later he was working part-time as a librarian at the Buddhist Society in Pimlico. Amused aloofness was still in evidence. Yet this time intimacy of friendship was sought boldly and was given it easily.
He has not had the critical recognition of his literary peers of Indians writing in English: like R.K.Narayan, Ruth Prawer Jhabhvala, Raja Rao( praised by Lawrence Durrell) Nirad Chaudhuri, Mulk Raj Anand; nor the benefit of a redemptive blurb from the likes of Graham Greene that elevated Narayan. An elite readership has occasionally sought Menon Marath out to quiz and relate to his vision : of impermanence, of mortality, of justice and of equality; awareness of the tyranny of class, wealth and education; the redemptive power of love and the intimacy of compassion. He hides this and his general air of agnosticism expertly by weaving them, like Isac Singer, into a flawless structure of his good story telling
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# Yitzhak Danziger
**Yitzhak Danziger** (*יצחק דנציגר*; 26 June 1916 -- 11 July 1977) was an Israeli sculptor. He was one of the pioneer sculptors of the Canaanite Movement, and later joined the \"Ofakim Hadashim\" (New Horizons) group.
## Early life {#early_life}
Danziger was born in Berlin in 1916. His father was a surgeon and served in the German Army during World War I.
The family settled in Jerusalem. Danziger studied art at the Slade School of Fine Art 1934--37. He met Marion Edie at the Slade and they later married and had a son, Jeremy. Marion\'s mother was Muslim and Marion\'s union with Danziger was happy. They remained friends after their separation.
Danziger\'s work was influenced by his visits to the British Museum, the Anthropological Museum and the art from Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Persia, India and Oceania and Africa. These would later on play an important role in his sculptures.
## Style and Technique {#style_and_technique}
His work centres on the need to redefine the essence of sculpture. In the course of forty years, Danziger\'s work focused on two principal factors: space and time. At the outset of his artistic path he created sculptures which inhibit space as static objects capable of being immediately perceived, and over the years the objects progressively diminished and the sculptural experience became an extended process of transitions in space and time, occurring in the landscape and blending into an organic succession of encounters between man and his environment.
Danziger believed that the only option for the artist was to adhere to nature, to return to the landscape.
He said in an interview: "Abstract sculpture at its best gives us no associations of reality, although it is rooted in reality. We are surrounded by nature and influenced by it: geological forces, changes in the environment over time, they all have their impact upon us. When we encounter a rectangular object, a table, a car, a cave, we react in various ways. We are sensitive to angles, to a narrow street we pass, to a riverbed, a steep slope, a sheer precipice, a falling shadow -- all of these influence our feelings."
He was fascinated by the relationship between man and animal, and between a world of order and disorder. His artistic development was nourished by his longing to reach a oneness with that continuity which derives its vitality beyond immediate existence.
To Danziger\'s way of thinking, the artist is an intermediary whose primary interest is to ensure the continued existence of that fragile encounter between man and the place he belongs.
Danziger derived new methods using the interdisciplinary approach, combining the fields of ecology, geography, anthropology, and archaeology. Each of these fields contributes in its own way to the creation of the encounter with the \"place\" with all the varied contents of a man\'s natural environment which merge in a unique way, to create a complex network, a plurality of meanings, a completeness which is indivisible and integral.
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# Yitzhak Danziger
## Career
He returned to Palestine and set up a studio at Tel Aviv in 1937.
Danziger created his statue \"Nimrod\" in 1938--1939. The statue is 90 centimetres high and made of Red Nubian Sandstone imported from Petra in Jordan. It depicts Nimrod as a naked hunter, uncircumcised, carrying a bow and with a hawk on his shoulder. The style shows the influence of Ancient Egyptian statues.
The unveiling of the statue caused a scandal. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem which had commissioned Danziger\'s statue was not happy with the result and religious circles made strong protests.
Within a few years, however, the statue was universally acclaimed as a major masterpiece of Israeli art, and has noticeably influenced and inspired the work of later sculptors, painters, writers and poets up to the present.
The Nimrod Statue was also taken up as the emblem of a cultural-political movement known as \"The Canaanites\", which advocated the shrugging off of the Jewish religious tradition, cutting off relations with Diaspora Jews and their culture, and adopting in its place a \"Hebrew Identity\" based on ancient Semitic heroic myths -- such as Nimrod\'s. Though never gaining mass support, the movement had a considerable influence on Israeli intellectuals in the 1940s and early 1950s.
In 1946 Danziger went to Grande Chaumière in the south of France to work in the local sandstone, from which he sculpted large-scale figures and heads. During the summer of 1948, he stayed in Perpignan in the South of France. In September, he settled in London and reconnected with his classmates from the Slade, including Eduardo Paolozzi and Kenneth Armitage. In 1950 he had a solo exhibition at the Brook Street Gallery. Danziger was involved with two schools: the Cass Institute near Whitechapel and he participated in two courses in the design of gardens and landscape at the School of Architecture Association. While entering art competitions, he supported himself financially restoring the facades of buildings such as the Neo-Gothic stone carvings on the Houses of Parliament in London.
In 1955 he returned to Israel and he was commissioned to design a sculpture for the Kaplan building of the Hebrew University. In the same year, Danziger began teaching three-dimensional design in the Architecture Department at the Technion Institute in Haifa, a position he held for the rest of his life. He also had teaching roles at the Bezalel Academy in Jerusalem. He also enjoyed running workshops at the artists' village at Ein Hod, which was an integral part of his vision as an artist.
Danziger and seventeen sculptors from different countries were invited to participate in the cultural events of the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City. He created \'Gate of Peace\', a giant sculpture that reaches some 7.5m in height.
## Artistic Legacy {#artistic_legacy}
He is considered to be one of Israel\'s most important sculptors. He was a mentor and a model of artistic practice.
His work continues to be very popular. He is best known for his sculptures of figures, including \"Head of a Man\". His sculptures of goats \"Ein Gedi\" and sheep \"Sheep of the Negev\" are known for reflecting his artistic vision. He explained: \"A flock of sheep resembles a carpet, something which glides down the hill and covers the ground, the slope of the valley\...Sheep are symbols, models. Through the sheep I reach what interests me, the soil, light and shade.\"
His son, Jeremy Danziger, was an artist, sculptor and university lecturer.
## Awards
- 1945, the Dizengoff Prize for Sculpture.
- 1958 Milo Club Award, Kiryat Ono Monument Prize, Tel Aviv
- 1968, the Israel Prize, in sculpture
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# Rockcliffe Flying Club
thumb\|upright=1.14\|View of the flight line from the Rockcliffe Flying Club porch, September 2006
The **Rockcliffe Flying Club** is a non-profit flying club based at Ottawa/Rockcliffe Airport in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
## History
The club was started when Wing Commander Norman Hoye arrived at RCAF Station Rockcliffe with plans to create a military flying club on the base. The club commenced operations on 28 August 1961 with two Aeroncas. At that time the base was an operational RCAF air base with hangars and a control tower. These were all closed when the base was shut down in 1964, but the club remained on the airfield, providing flight instruction and aircraft rental to military personnel and civilians
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# Always & Forever (Eternal album)
***Always & Forever*** is the debut studio album by British girl group Eternal. It was released through EMI on 29 November 1993 and is the only studio album by Eternal to feature Louise Nurding, who left the group to embark on a solo career prior to the release of their follow-up album, *Power of a Woman* (1995). The album became a commercial success, spending 63 weeks in the top 40 of the UK Albums Chart, selling over one million copies in the UK alone and yielding six hit singles. As of 1997, the album had sold over four million copies worldwide. In June 2019, *Always & Forever* was ranked at number 15 on the Official Charts Company\'s \"top 40 biggest girl band studio albums of the last 25 years\" list.
## Single releases {#single_releases}
*Always & Forever* yielded six top 20 singles, two of which reached top 5: \"Stay\" and \"Oh Baby I\...\". \"Stay\" was the first single to be released from the album, peaking at No. 4 in the UK Singles Chart. This was followed by \"Save Our Love\" and \"Just A Step From Heaven\", both of which peaked at No. 8. \"So Good\" was the next single, peaking at No. 13, followed by \"Oh Baby I\...\" which reached No. 4. \"Crazy\" was the final single released from the album, peaking at No. 15 in the UK Singles Chart.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
Larry Flick from *Billboard* magazine wrote, \"Already the darling of its native U.K., this charismatic group is more than just another factory-issued clique of new-jill swingers. On its debut disc, *Always & Forever*, slated for March release, songs like first single \'Stay\', \'Save Our Love\', and \'So Good\' cover a necessary funk/hip-hop canvas with retro-disco and pop colors---not to mention nicely measured vocals that reveal more range than much of the competition. The songs, written and produced by a virtual army of well-regarded folks from both sides of the ocean, are well-structured and showcase the act\'s voices to excellent effect.\"
## Commercial performance {#commercial_performance}
*Always & Forever* was a huge success, peaking at number 2 on the UK Albums Chart, and was later certified 4× Platinum by the BPI for sales of over 1.2 million copies. The album spent over 76 weeks in the charts. After its release at the end of 1993, it slowly climbed the album chart peaking at No. 3 in May 1994 shortly after the release of the third single, \"Just a Step from Heaven\". The album stayed in the chart throughout 1994 becoming that year\'s third best-selling album in the UK, before climbing to No. 2 in January 1995. The album broke records for being the first to sell over one million copies in the UK by a female group. As of 2015, it is the only album by a debut act to contain six top 15 hits and the first album by a female group to be nominated for best album at the BRIT Awards. The album had an American release in March 1994, selling 81,000 copies by December 1994
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# Figure skating at the European Youth Olympic Festival
The **European Youth Olympic Festival** (also **European Youth Olympic Days**) is a multi-sport event held in both summer and winter disciplines every second year. Figure skating is one of the sports in its winter edition. The competition is held in junior category
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# Mission Top Secret
***Mission Top Secret*** is an Australian TV series aired between 1992 and 1995.
The pilot for the series was a 1991 telemovie of the same name. This was part of the *South Pacific Adventure* series on a budget of \$1 million.
At the APRA Music Awards of 1994 won Best Television Theme.
## Premise
The series is about an organization known as the Centauri Network, a network of children from around the planet who fight crime and solve mysteries with the help of gadgets that were quite advanced for the time.
When 12-year-old Jemma accidentally taps into a disused telecommunications satellite, she finds that she has audio-visual contact with other computers worldwide. With the help of electronics inventor Sir Joshua Cranberry she forms the Centauri Network, a worldwide crime-fighting organization of children. Jemma is the daughter of Sir Joshua\'s assistant. Their primary enemy was one persistent individual, Neville Savage, who is some sort of criminal mastermind. The inventor, Sir Joshua Cranberry, is the uncle of the Wiggins\' twins, who are the primary protagonists in Season One.
As a curiosity, it can be observed that the names of the two protagonists match those of Prince Albert and Queen Victoria of England.
## Cast
### Main / regular {#main_regular}
- Rachel Friend as Annette (telemovie / pilot)
- Jennifer Hardy as Victoria Wiggins (season 1)
- Andrew Shephard as Albert Wiggins (season 1)
- Deanna Burgess as Jemma Snipe (season 1)
- Rossi Kotsis as Spike Baxter (seasons 1--2)
- Shane Briant as Neville Savage (seasons 1--2)
- Fred Parslow as Sir Joshua Cranberry (seasons 1--2)
- Emma Jane Fowler as Sandy Weston (seasons 1--2)
- Jamie Croft as David Fowler (season 2)
- Lauren Hewett as Kat Fowler (season 2)
- Beth Buchanan as Danielle
- Brian Rooney as Jim
### Guests
- Alyssa-Jane Cook as Angel (1 episode)
- Liz Burch as Mrs Fowler (4 episodes)
- Roy Billing as Superintendent Burke (3 episodes)
## Episodes
### Series 1 {#series_1}
- The Falling Star (episodes 1.01 - 1.04)
- Eagles from the East (episodes 1.05 - 1.08)
- The Mona Lisa Mix-Up (episodes 1.09 - 1.12)
- The Treasure Of Cala Figuera (episodes 1.13 - 1.16)
- The Polish Pony Puzzle (episodes 1.17 - 1.20)
- The Flight Of The Golden Goose (episodes 1.21 - 1.24)
### Series 2 {#series_2}
- The Crown Jewels Are Missing (episodes 2.01 - 2.04)
- The Return Of The Dinosaur (episodes 2.05 - 2.08)
- The Golden Voice (episodes 2.09 - 2.12)
- The Treasure Of Elephant Ridge (episodes 2.13 - 2.16)
- The Emperor\'s Pearl (episodes 2.17 - 2.20)
- The Toymaker (episodes 2.21 - 2
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# David Bowes
David Bowe}} `{{Infobox people
| honorific_prefix =
| name = David Dirrane Bowes
| honorific_suffix =
| image = David Bowes in NYC 1990.jpg
| alt = David Bowes
| caption = In New York City, 1990 photo by Sylvie Ball
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = <!--only use if different from name-->
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1957}}
| birth_place = [[Boston, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Rhode Island School of Design]]
| known_for = Painting
| notable_works =
| style =
| movement = 1980s New York Art Scene
| spouse =
| awards = <!-- {{awd|award|year|title|role|name}} (optional) -->
| website = <!-- {{URL|Example.com}} -->
| module =
}}`{=mediawiki}
**David Dirrane Bowes** (born 1957) is an American painter, based in Turin, Italy. He was first recognized for his paintings during the early 1980s in New York\'s East Village.
## Biography
Born in 1957 to Katherine \"Kae\" (née Dirrane) and John S. Bowes. He is a brother of science fiction writer Richard Bowes. Bowes attended Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) in the mid 1970s and has taught painting classes at his alma mater.
His paintings are often brightly colored, with loose painterly strokes and make reference to multiple sources such as allegories, mythology and art history. He has been described as being a \"brilliant painter\", and having a \"delicacy of touch and genuine fascination with the medium of paint.\"
Bowes\' work is exhibited in the United States and Europe. He participated in 1999 at the 48th Venice Biennale and one of his works is present in the Lucio Amelio\'s Terrae Motus collection at the Royal Palace of Caserta starting in 1994. His work is held in various public museum collection, including the Walker Art Center, Portland Art Museum, the Broad Contemporary Art Museum at LACMA, among others
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# Alexander Peresvet
**Alexander** or **Aleksandr Peresvet** (*Александр Пересвет*; died 8 September 1380) was a Russian Orthodox monk who fought in single combat with the Tatar champion Temir-Mirza, known in most Russian sources as Chelubey, at the opening of the Battle of Kulikovo on 8 September 1380. The two men killed each other.
## Life
Peresvet is believed to have hailed from the Bryansk area, and to have taken the monastic habit at the Monastery of Saints Boris and Gleb in Rostov. He moved to the monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky, in the service of Dmitry Donskoy. He later moved to the Trinity Lavra where he became a follower of Sergius of Radonezh. Alexander and his friend Rodion Oslyabya joined the Russian troops set out to fight the Tatars under the leadership of Mamai.
The Battle of Kulikovo was opened by single combat between the two champions.The Russian champion was Alexander Peresvet. The champion of the Golden Horde was Temir-Mirza, known in most Russian sources as Chelubey. The champions killed each other in the first charge. According to a Russian legend, Peresvet did not fall from the saddle, while Temir-Mirza did.
In contrary, the epic *Zadonshchina* described Alexander Peresvet as still being alive until the battle began, at least alive long enough for him to make one last speech.
If Zadonshchina is accurate, it was unlikely that Alexander Peresvet survive Battle of Kulikovo, as no monastery or church record mentioned where else did he serve after the war.
Even if Peresvet survived Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, he certainly died at some point before his brother-in-arms Rodion Oslyabya died in 1398, as the two men were buried together in Simonov Monastery.
## Commemoration
- Pereswetoff-Morath, a bayor (Russo-Swedish nobility) family, have been claimed to be descendants of Peresvet.
- *Peresvet*-class battleships, including the lead ship *Peresvet*, ships of which saw action in the Russo-Japanese War
- Russian landing ship *Peresvet*, a Ropucha-class landing ship of the Russian Navy, named *Peresvet* since 2006.
- A Volga boat is named *Alexander Peresvet*
- Armed patrol icebreaker *Peresvet*
- The town of Peresvet near Moscow
- A fast train running between Moscow and Saint Petersburg since 2003
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# TIME-ITEM
**TIME-ITEM** is an ontology of *Topics* that describes the content of undergraduate medical education. TIME is an acronym for \"Topics for Indexing Medical Education\"; ITEM is an acronym for \"Index de thèmes pour l'éducation médicale.\" Version 1.0 of the taxonomy has been released and the web application that allows users to work with it is still under development. Its developers are seeking more collaborators to expand and validate the taxonomy and to guide future development of the web application.
## History
The development of TIME-ITEM began at the University of Ottawa in 2006. It was initially developed to act as a content index for a curriculum map being constructed there. After its initial presentation at the 2006 conference of the Canadian Association for Medical Education, early collaborators included the University of British Columbia, McMaster University and Queen\'s University.
## Features
The TIME-ITEM ontology is unique in that it is designed specifically for undergraduate medical education. As such, it includes fewer strictly biomedical entries than other common medical vocabularies (such as MeSH or SNOMED CT) but more entries relating to the medico-social concepts of communication, collaboration, professionalism, etc.
Topics within TIME-ITEM are arranged poly-hierarchically, meaning any Topic can have more than one parent. Relationships are established based on the logic that learning about a Topic contributes to the learning of all its parent Topics.
In addition to housing the ontology of Topics, the TIME-ITEM web application can house multiple Outcome frameworks. All Outcomes, whether private Outcomes entered by single institutions or publicly available medical education Outcomes (such as CanMeds 2005) are hierarchically linked to one or more Topics in the ontology. In this way, the contribution of each Topic to multiple Outcomes is made explicit.
The structure of the XML documents exported from TIME-ITEM (which contain the hierarchy of Outcomes and TIME-ITEM Topics) is being developed alongside the MedBiquitous Competency standards.
The taxonomy currently exists in English only but translation to Canadian French is in progress.
## Applications
TIME-ITEM is intended to be a general-use ontology for medical education informatics. Potentially, it has two primary applications:
1. Inclusion in curriculum maps. By mapping learning objects or sessions to TIME-ITEM Topics in a curriculum map, the map becomes searchable for both granular and broad concepts. If one or more Outcome frameworks are included with the Topic ontology, then the contribution of each curricular element to one or more Outcomes is made explicit. This also facilitates curriculum evaluation in terms of one or more outcome frameworks.
2. Indexing learning, assessment and portfolio objects. Metatagging learning objects or assessment objects with a controlled vocabulary enhances the organization and retrieval of objects from a repository. Metatagging electronic portfolio entries allows one to show how multiple entries \"add up\" to a demonstration of competence with respect to certain educational outcomes.
The possibility of expanding or modifying TIME-ITEM for use in postgraduate/continuing medical education and in nursing education is currently being explored
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# Shailer Mathews
**Shailer Mathews** (1863--1941) was an American liberal Christian theologian, involved with the Social Gospel movement.
## Career
Born on May 26, 1863, in Portland, Maine, and graduated from Colby College. Mathews was a progressive, advocating social concerns as part of the Social Gospel message, and subjecting biblical texts to scientific study, in opposition to contemporary conservative Christians. He incorporated evolutionary theory into his religious views, noting that the two were not mutually exclusive. He remained a devout Baptist for his entire life, and helped establish the Northern Baptist Convention, serving as its president in 1915. Mathews was a prolific author, served as president of the Chicago Society of Biblical Research twice (in 1898--1899 and 1928--1929), and also served as dean of the Divinity School of the University of Chicago (from 1908 to 1933). An endowed chair in his honor, the Shailer Mathews Professorship at the University of Chicago Divinity School, has recently been held by Franklin I. Gamwell and Hans Dieter Betz. He died on October 23, 1941. His ashes are interred in the crypt of First Unitarian Church of Chicago
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# Onyekachi Apam
**Onyekachi Apam** (born 30 December 1986 in Aba) is a Nigerian former footballer who retired in 2014 after sustaining injuries playing for the Seattle Sounders FC. He represented Nigeria at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing as part of the men\'s football team.
## Career
In 2005, Apam tried out for OGC Nice, where he eventually signed. He made 105 appearances and extended his contract to end in 2013 rather than 2012 before transferring to Stade Rennes in 2010. Apam sat out most his time at Stade Rennes due first to a knee injury and later to an ankle injury. He left Rennes in early 2014 after appearing only 23 times in four years and signed with Seattle Sounders FC in September just before the MLS roster freeze. He was released without making an appearance on 5 December.
## Team Nigeria {#team_nigeria}
During his career, Apam represented Nigeria\'s national team 14 times, including the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship; the 2008 Africa Cup and the Summer Olympics; and the FIFA World Cup and the Africa Cup of Nations in 2010. Nigeria won a silver medal at the 2008 Olympics.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Apam is of Igbo descent.
On 31 December 2007 in Enugu, Apam\'s car was stolen and he was kidnapped for forty-five minutes before being released.
Apam\'s nephew is footballer Lesley Ugochukwu, who also played for Stade Rennes until 2023
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# Shrinking the footprint
**Shrinking the footprint** is a campaign by the Church of England to reduce its carbon footprint.
The campaign is being led by the Bishop of London, Dr Richard Chartres and was launched on World Environment Day in June 2006 with an invitation to all churches to carry out an energy audit and debate energy-related issues. This is seen as the first step to achieving \'The 20% Church\' -- cutting carbon emissions from Church activities, structures and processes to 20% of current levels by 2050, in line with the recommendations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
The campaign follows a discussion at the 2005 General Synod that resulted in a call for the Church to engage with the issues of climate change and energy use
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# Package pilferage
**Package pilferage** is the theft of part of the contents of a package. It may also include theft of the contents but leaving the package, perhaps resealed with bogus contents. Small packages can be pilfered from a larger package such as a shipping container. Broader and related aspects of package theft may include taking the entire package, pallet load, truck load, shoplifting, etc. The theft may take place at any point in the parcel\'s journey from source to destination, including theft by rogue logistics employees and customs agents in international mail scenarios.
## Solutions
Solutions involve *all phases* of product production, packaging, distribution, logistics, sale, and use. No single solution is considered as \"pilfer proof\". Often, packaging engineers, logistics engineers, and security professionals have addressed multiple levels of security to reduce the risk of pilfering.
Each situation is unique. Some considerations have included:
- Identifying who a potential pilferer might be: an internal employee, security guard, truck driver, delivery person, receiver (consignee), organized crime, etc. Engineers usually start with knowing what level of knowledge, materials, tools, etc. might they have.
- Identifying all feasible methods of unauthorized access into a product, package, or system. In addition to the primary means of entry, engineers also consider secondary or \"back door\" methods.
- Identifying available means of resealing, reclosing, or replacing special seals.
- Using extra strong and secure packaging: A weak or damaged package is an invitation to pilferage.
- Considering unique custom seals and labels (changing regularly because these are subject to counterfeiting)
- Utilising mandatory package tracking scans at each stage of the shipping process to ensure the parcel is monitored for suspicious activity; both the sender and recipient can then check the status of the parcel through a track and trace system.
- Improving the pilfer resistance to make pilfering more difficult, time-consuming, etc.
- Concealing the identity and value of a pilferable item. Logistics and packaging professionals do not want to bring attention to the item, its package, addresses, names, etc.
- Adding pilfer-evident features to help indicate the existence of pilfering.
- Choosing a logistics provider who can reduce the risks of pilferage.
- Shipping in packages in unit loads with stretch wrap or in intermodal shipping containers with security seals
- Educating people to watch for evidence of pilfering.
- With a corrugated box, using a wider and stronger closure tape, 3-inch or 72 mm, reinforced gummed tape or pressure-sensitive tape.`{{cite patent
| inventor-last = Otten
| inventor-first= Ulrich
| publication-date = Apr 8, 2003
| issue-date =
| title = Adhesive security tape
| country-code =US
| description =
| patent-number = 6544615 B2
| url = http://www.google.com/patents/US6544615 }}`{=mediawiki}
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Using a special security tape or seal on packages that leaves a message, warning, or other indication if removed.
- Installing a surveillance system to help identify any suspects
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# Henry Stern (New York politician)
**Henry Jordan Stern** (May 1, 1935 -- March 28, 2019) was a member of the New York City Council from 1974 to 1983 and appointed as the Commissioner of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation from 1983 to 1990 and again from 1994 to 2000.
## Early life {#early_life}
Stern grew up in the Inwood neighborhood of Upper Manhattan, the son of Jean (Friedlander), a bookkeeper, and Walter Stern, a tent manufacturer. He attended Bronx High School of Science, graduating at 15. He attended City College and was the youngest member of the class of 1957 at Harvard Law School, at the age of twenty-two.
## Political career {#political_career}
Stern began in public service in 1957 as law clerk to Matthew M. Levy, a New York State Supreme Court Justice. He was appointed secretary of the Borough of Manhattan in 1962, and was an assistant to Borough Presidents Edward R. Dudley, a former ambassador, and prominent African American civil rights activist, and Constance Baker Motley, the first African-American woman to become a federal court judge. In 1966, Parks Commissioner Thomas Hoving appointed him executive director of the agency. He later became assistant city administrator in the office of Deputy Mayor Timothy W. Costello. In 1969, the NYC Departments of Licensing, and of Markets, Weights and Measures were consolidated into the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs; its commissioner, Bess Myerson, appointed Stern associate commissioner and the next year he became her first deputy. Commissioner Myerson resigned on March 9, 1973 and suggested Stern succeed her, however, he continued to serve under the new commissioner Betty Furness until the end of her tenure in 1973.
### City Council {#city_council}
In November 1973 Stern was elected to the city council as a councilman-at-large for Manhattan on the Liberal Party of New York line, defeating the Republican candidate by about 1000 votes to win second place (two were elected per borough). His at-large colleague on the council was Robert F. Wagner, Jr. and the two worked together on many matters, including the sale of neckties emblazoned with the Seal of the City of New York to raise funds for libraries and other public purposes.
Stern was re-elected in 1977, winning by 16,000 votes. In 1981, he received the Republican as well as the Liberal nomination, but the position was abolished by the Federal courts and no election was held.
### Parks Commissioner {#parks_commissioner}
In February 1983, Mayor Edward I. Koch appointed Stern Commissioner of Parks and Recreation; he served for Koch\'s second and third term.
The election of Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani in 1993 brought him back into city government; he was appointed Parks Commissioner, starting January 1, 1994. He was one of the few Giuliani commissioners to serve the entire eight years of his mayoralty, plus a month with Mayor Bloomberg.
An eccentric (but popular) aspect of his later tenure as Parks Commissioner was his insistence that Parks employees and friends of parks have nicknames (called \"park names\" or *\"noms du parc\"*) used for communication, especially over walkie-talkies. Stern\'s personal nickname was \"StarQuest\".
During his tenure, Stern mandated at least one animal-themed sculpture at every playground the city built or renovated. According to his employee, and later successor, Adrian Benepe, Stern had an obsession with animal-themed architecture, and oversaw the installation of hundreds of animal structures in playgrounds. Another signature policy was the erection of large flagstaffs with naval-style yards bearing both American and Parks Department flags in many parks. In 2021, the parks department announced it was opening a Home for Retired Playground Animals in Flushing Meadows--Corona Park, which will be home to the animals which are no longer maintained in their playgrounds.
## Discrimination lawsuits {#discrimination_lawsuits}
During Stern\'s tenure as Parks Commissioner, numerous allegations of racism and similar bias were made against him. Lawsuits followed, leading to settlements costing NYC taxpayers millions of dollars. As reported in The Chief-Leader of March 7, 2008 \"\...the city agreed to pay \$21 million to the plaintiffs and their attorneys to settle a lawsuit accusing the Parks Department of racial bias.\" In the settlement, the Parks Department admitted to no wrongdoing.
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# Henry Stern (New York politician)
## Civic life {#civic_life}
### Citizens Union {#citizens_union}
While Stern was out of Parks during the David Dinkins NYC mayoral administration, he served as president of Citizens Union, a good government group founded in 1897. His former colleague on the city council, Robert F. Wagner Jr. was chairman of the board.
### New York Civic {#new_york_civic}
On February 4, 2002, Stern returned to the civic world as founder and president of New York Civic, a Manhattan-based good government group. Over nine years, he penned over 750 articles on public policy for the organization. He sent them to a list of people who ask for them, which at one point included 14,000 subscribers. They are also available on New York Civic\'s website and were regularly republished by The Huffington Post, Queens Tribune, and several other publications.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
On September 12, 1976, Stern married Margaret Lora Ewing, a pediatrician whom he met at a meeting of the Park Lincoln Free Democrats club on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. They had two sons: Jared Ewing, born in December 1977, and Kenan Walter Davis, born in June 1980.
Stern died on March 28, 2019, at the age of 83 from complications of advanced Parkinson\'s disease
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# Unemployment Assistance Board
The **Unemployment Assistance Board** was a body created in Britain by the Unemployment Act 1934 due to the high levels of inter-war poverty in Britain. The Board kept a system of means-tested benefits and increased the number of people who could claim relief.
According to Tony Lynes \"The board was a constitutional innovation: a department of government with its own budget, headed not by a minister but by the six members of the board, appointed by the Minister of Labour but for whose actions he could not be held responsible\"
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# 2001 Toronto International Film Festival
The 26th **Toronto International Film Festival** ran from September 6 to September 15, 2001. There were 326 films (249 feature films, 77 short films) from 54 countries scheduled to be screened during the ten-day festival. During a hastily arranged press conference on September 11, Festival director Piers Handling and managing director Michelle Maheux announced that 30 public screenings and 20 press screenings would be cancelled during the sixth day of the festival due to the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C. The festival resumed for the final four days though some films were cancelled because the film prints could not reach Toronto due to flight restrictions.
## Awards
Award Film Director
---------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------- --------------------
People\'s Choice Award *Amélie* Jean-Pierre Jeunet
Discovery Award *Chicken Rice War* Chee Kong Cheah
Best Canadian Feature Film *Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner* Zacharias Kunuk
Best Canadian First Feature Film *Inertia* Sean Garrity
Best Canadian Short Film *FILM(dzama)* Deco Dawson
FIPRESCI International Critics\' Award *Inch\'Allah Dimanche* Yamina Benguigui
FIPRESCI International Critics\' Award - Special Mention *Mein Stern* Valeska Grisebach
FIPRESCI International Critics\' Award - Special Mention *Khaled* Asghar Massombagi
## Programmes
### Viacom Galas {#viacom_galas}
- *Cet Amour-là* by Josée Dayan
- *Dark Blue World* by Jan Sverák
- *Enigma* by Michael Apted
- *From Hell* by Albert Hughes and Allen Hughes
- *Hearts in Atlantis* by Scott Hicks
- *Lantana* by Ray Lawrence
- *The Last Kiss* by Gabriele Muccino
- *Last Orders* by Fred Schepisi
- *Last Wedding* by Bruce Sweeney
- *Life as a House* by Irwin Winkler
- *Monsoon Wedding* by Mira Nair
- *No Man\'s Land* by Danis Tanovic
- *Novocaine* by David Atkins
- *Serendipity* by Peter Chelsom
- *Taking Sides* by István Szabó
- *Tosca* by Benoît Jacquot
- *Training Day* by Antoine Fuqua
- *The Triumph of Love* by Clare Peploe
### Canadian Open Vault {#canadian_open_vault}
- *The Grey Fox* by Phillip Borsos
### Contemporary World Cinema {#contemporary_world_cinema}
- *À ma soeur!* by Catherine Breillat
- *Abandoned* by Árpád Sopsits
- *Absolutely Fabulous (Absolument fabuleux)* by Gabriel Aghion
- *Address Unknown* by Kim Ki-duk
- *All About Lily Chou-Chou* by Shunji Iwai
- *Après la réconciliation* by Anne-Marie Miéville
- *Asoka* by Santosh Sivan
- *Ball in the House* by Tanya Wexler
- *Baran* by Majid Majidi
- *Beijing Bicycle* by Wang Xiaoshuai
- *The Believer* by Henry Bean
- *Big Bad Love* by Arliss Howard
- *Birthday Girl* by Jez Butterworth
- *Brainstorm* by Laís Bodanzky
- *Broken Silence* by Montxo Armendáriz
- *The Business of Strangers* by Patrick Stettner
- *C\'est la vie* by Jean-Pierre Améris
- *La Ciénaga* by Lucrecia Martel
- *La Commune (Paris, 1871)* by Peter Watkins
- *The Daughter of Keltoum* by Mehdi Charef
- *The Days Between* by Maria Speth
- *Deathrow* by Joel Lamangan
- *Delbaran* by Abolfazl Jalili
- *Distance* by Hirokazu Kore-Eda
- *A Dog\'s Day* by Murali Nair
- *Drift* by Michiel van Jaarsveld
- *Dust* by Milcho Manchevski
- *Eden* by Amos Gitaï
- *L\'Emploi du temps* by Laurent Cantet
- *The Fluffer* by Richard Glatzer and Wash West
- *Get a Life* by João Canijo
- *The Grey Zone* by Tim Blake Nelson
- *Harmful Insect* by Akihiko Shiota
- *Hi, Tereska* by Robert Glinski
- *The Hired Hand* by Peter Fonda
- *Honey For Oshún* by Humberto Solás
- *How Harry Became a Tree* by Goran Paskaljević
- *Hush!* by Ryosuke Hashiguchi
- *Ignorant Fairies* by Ferzan Özpetek
- *Jan Dara* by Nonzee Nimibutr
- *The Jimmy Show* by Frank Whaley
- *Kissing Jessica Stein* by Charles Herman-Wurmfeld
- *Lagaan* by Ashutosh Gowariker
- *Le Lait de la tendresse humaine* by Dominique Cabrera
- *Lan Yu* by Stanley Kwan
- *Late Marriage* by Dover Kosashvili
- *Latitude Zero* by Toni Venturi
- *Light of My Eyes* by Giuseppe Piccioni
- *Loco Fever* by Andrés Wood
- *Loin* by André Téchiné
- *Lovely & Amazing* by Nicole Holofcener
- *Lovely Rita* by Jessica Hausner
- *The Man from Elysian Fields* by George Hickenlooper
- *Manic* by Jordan Melamed
- *Margarita Happy Hour* by Ilya Chaiken
- *Markova: Comfort Gay* by Gil M. Portes
- *Maya* by Digvijay Singh
- *Mirror Image* by Hsiao Ya-chuan
- *Musa - The Warrior* by Kim Sung-su
- *My Kingdom* by Don Boyd
- *Nine Queens* by Fabián Bielinsky
- *No Shame* by Joaquín Oristrell
- *The Only Journey of His Life* by Lakis Papastathis
- *The Orphan of Anyang* by Wang Chao
- *Otilia* by Dana Rotberg
- *Passport* by Péter Gothár
- *Pauline et Paulette* by Lieven Debrauwer
- *Piñero* by Leon Ichaso
- *Le Pornographe* by Bertrand Bonello
- *The Quickie* by Sergei Bodrov
- *Quitting* by Zhang Yang
- *Rain* by Christine Jeffs
- *Reines d\'un jour* by Marion Vernoux
- *Revolution#9* by Tim McCann
- *The Road* by Darezhan Omirbaev
- *Samsara* by Pan Nalin
- *Secret Ballot* by Babak Payami
- *Sex and Lucia* by Julio Médem
- *Silent Partner* by Alkinos Tsilimidos
- *Sisters* by Sergei Bodrov Jr.
- *Slogans* by Gjergj Xhuvani
- *Strumpet* by Danny Boyle
- *To End All Wars* by David L. Cunningham
- *Tuesday* by Geoff Dunbar
- *Under the Skin of the City* by Rakhshan Bani Etemad
- *Unfinished Song* by Maziar Miri
- *Vacuuming Completely Nude In Paradise* by Danny Boyle
- *Violet Perfume* by Maryse Sistach
- *Waterboys* by Shinobu Yaguchi
- *What Time Is It There?* by Tsai Ming-liang
- *Y tu mamá también* by Alfonso Cuarón
- *The Zookeeper* by Ralph Ziman
- *Zus & Zo* by Paula van der Oest
### Dialogues: Talking with Pictures {#dialogues_talking_with_pictures}
- *Exterminating Angel* by Luis Buñuel
- *The Killing* by Stanley Kubrick
- *Rollerball* by Norman Jewison
- *Two-Lane Blacktop* by Monte Hellman
- *Wild Strawberries* by Ingmar Bergman
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# 2001 Toronto International Film Festival
## Programmes
### Spotlight: Ulrich Seidl {#spotlight_ulrich_seidl}
- *Animal Love* by Ulrich Seidl
- *Dog Days* by Ulrich Seidl
- *Loss Is To Be Expected* by Ulrich Seidl
- *Models* by Ulrich Seidl
### Discovery
- *Absolute Hundred* by Srdan Golubović
- *Asuddelsole* by Pasquale Marrazzo
- *The Bank* by Robert Connolly
- *Be My Star* by Valeska Grisebach
- *Blue Spring* by Toyoda Toshiaki
- *Bread and Milk* by Jan Cvitkovič
- *The Butterfly* by Moon Seung-wook
- *Le Café de la plage* by Benoît Graffin
- *Chicken Rice War* by Chee Kong Cheah
- *Everybody Says I\'m Fine!* by Rahul Bose
- *Happy Man* by Malgorzata Szumowska
- *Magonia* by Ineke Smits
- *Mostly Martha* by Sandra Nettelbeck
- *Mr In-Between* by Paul Sarossy
- *Le Souffle* by Damien Odoul
- *La Spagnola* by Steve Jacobs
### Jean Pierre Lefebvre: Vidéaste {#jean_pierre_lefebvre_vidéaste}
- *L\'Âge des images I: Le Pornolithique* by Jean Pierre Lefebvre
- *L\'Âge des images II: L\'Écran invisible* by Jean Pierre Lefebvre
- *L\'Âge des images III: Comment filmer Dieu* by Jean Pierre Lefebvre
- *L\'Âge des images IV: Mon chien n\'est pas mort* by Jean Pierre Lefebvre
- *L\'Âge des images V: La Passion de l\'innocence* by Jean Pierre Lefebvre
- *The House of Light (La Chambre blanche)* by Jean Pierre Lefebvre
- *Le jour S\...* by Jean Pierre Lefebvre
- *My Friend Pierrette (Mon amie Pierrette)* by Jean Pierre Lefebvre
- *The Old Country Where Rimbaud Died (Le Vieux pays où Rimbaud est mort)* by Jean Pierre Lefebvre
### Masters
- *Éloge de l\'amour* by Jean-Luc Godard
- *L\' Anglaise et le duc* by Éric Rohmer
- *Buñuel and King Solomon\'s Table* by Carlos Saura
- *The Diaries of Vaslav Nijinsky* by Paul Cox
- *Je rentre à la maison* by Manoel de Oliveira
- *Millennium Mambo* by Hou Hsiao-hsien
- *Mulholland Drive* by David Lynch
- *The Navigators* by Ken Loach
- *La Pianiste* by Michael Haneke
- *The Profession of Arms* by Ermanno Olmi
- *Pulse* by Kiyoshi Kurosawa
- *The Son\'s Room* by Nanni Moretti
- *The Sun Behind the Moon* by Mohsen Makhmalbaf
- *Trouble Every Day* by Claire Denis
- *Warm Water Under a Red Bridge* by Shōhei Imamura
### Midnight Madness {#midnight_madness}
- *The American Astronaut* by Cory McAbee
- *Antinome* by Grégory Morin
- *Bang Rajan The Legend of the Village Warriors* by Thanit Jitnukul
- *The Bunker* by Rob Green
- *Clip Cult (Vol. 1)* by Chris Cunningham, Hiroyuki Nokomo, Kouji Morimoto, Spike Jonze, Michel Gondry, Mark Adcock and Antoine Bardou Jaquet
- *Dogtown and Z-Boys* by Stacy Peralta
- *Eat* by Bill Plympton
- *Electric Dragon 80,000 V* by Sogo Ishii
- *Full Time Killer* by Johnnie To and Wai Ka-Fai
- *Ichi the Killer* by Takashi Miike
- *Le Pacte des loups* by Christophe Gans
- *Versus* by Ryuhei Kitamura
### National Cinema Programme {#national_cinema_programme}
- *As White as in Snow* by Jan Troell
- *Cabin Fever* by Mona J. Hoel
- *Cool and Crazy* by Knut Erik Jensen
- *Earth* by Veikko Aaltonen
- *Elling* by Petter Næss
- *Fiasco* by Ragnar Bragason
- *Gossip* by Colin Nutley
- *The Icelandic Dream* by Róbert I. Douglas
- *Italian for Beginners* by Lone Scherfig
- *Jalla! Jalla!* by Josef Fares
- *Kira\'s Reason - A Love Story* by Ole Christian Madsen
- *Ode to a Hunter* by Per Fronth
- *The River* by Jarmo Lampela
- *A Song for Martin* by Bille August
- *You Really Got Me* by Pål Sletaune
### Perspective Canada {#perspective_canada}
- *Black Soul* by Martine Chartrand
- *1:1* by Richard Reeves
- *After* by Byron Lamarque
- *Un Arbre avec un chapeau* by Pascal Sanchez
- *The Art of Woo* by Helen Lee
- *Century Hotel* by David Weaver
- *Charlie Noir* by Keith Davidson
- *Cyberman* by Peter Lynch
- *FILM(dzama)* by Deco Dawson
- *The Frank Truth* by Rick Caine
- *A Fresh Start* by Jason Buxton
- *The Green* by Paul Carrière
- *I Shout Love* by Sarah Polley
- *In Memoriam* by Aubrey Nealon
- *Inertia* by Sean Garrity
- *Inséparables* by Normand Bergeron
- *Instant Soup* by Bridget Hill
- *Jean Laliberté: A Man, His Vision and a Whole Lot of Concrete* by Philippe Falardeau
- *The Judgment* by Serge Marcotte
- *Khaled* by Asghar Massombagi
- *Lilith on Top* by Lynne Stopkewich
- *Lip Service: A Mystery* by Ann Marie Fleming
- *Lola* by Carl Bessai
- *Lollipops* by Graham Tallman
- *Mariages* by Catherine Martin
- *On Their Knees* by Anais Granofsky
- *Rare Birds* by Sturla Gunnarsson
- *Remembrance* by Stephanie Morgenstern
- *Romain et Juliette* by Frédéric Lapierre
- *Scènes d\'enfants* by Lara Fitzgerald
- *Self: (Portrait/Fulfillment) A Film By the Blob Thing* by Brian Stockton
- *Sight Under Construction* by John Kneller
- *Silent Song* by Elida Schogt
- *Soft Shell Man* by André Turpin
- *Soowitch* by Jean-François Rivard
- *Strange Invaders* by Cordell Barker
- *Suddenly Naked* by Anne Wheeler
- *Tar Angel* by Denis Chouinard
- *Three Sisters on Moon Lake* by Julia Kwan
- *The Topic of Cancer* by Ramiro Puerta
- *Touch* by Jeremy Podeswa
- *Treed Murray* by William Phillips
- *Walk Backwards* by Laurie Maria Baranyay
- *Westray* by Paul Cowan
- *The Woman Who Drinks* by Bernard Émond
### Planet Africa {#planet_africa}
- *É Minha Cara* by Thomas Allen Harris
- *100 Days* by Nick Hughes
- *L\'Afrance* by Alain Gomis
- *Bintou* by Fanta Regina Nacro
- *The Father* by Ermias Woldeamlak
- *Inch\'Allah Dimanche* by Yamina Benguigui
- *Karmen Geï* by Joseph Gaï Ramaka
- *The Killing Yard* by Euzhan Palcy
- *Malunde* by Stefanie Sycholt
- *Mouka* by Adama Roamba
- *Paris: XY* by Zeka Laplaine
- *Snipes* by Richard Murray
- *Surrender* by Celine Gilbert
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# 2001 Toronto International Film Festival
## Programmes
### Real to Reel {#real_to_reel}
- *Carving Out Our Name* by Tony Zierra
- *El Caso Pinochet* by Patricio Guzmán
- *Chop Suey* by Bruce Weber
- *Digital Short Films by Three Filmmakers: In Public* *by* *Jia Zhangke*, Digitopia *by* *John Akomfrah* *and* A Conversation With God *by* *Tsai Ming-liang*
- *Facing the Music* by Bob Connolly and Robin Anderson
- *Fidel* by Estela Bravo
- *Grateful Dawg* by Gillian Grisman
- *Hell House* by George Ratliff
- *How\'s Your News?* by Arthur Bradford
- *It\'s About Time* by Ayelet Menahemi and Elona Ariel
- *James Ellroy\'s Feast of Death* by Vikram Jayanti
- *Japanese Devils* by Minoru Matsui
- *Missing Young Woman* by Lourdes Portillo
- *Much Ado About Something* by Michael Rubbo
- *Nazareth 2000* by Hany Abu-Assad
- *Okie Noodling* by Bradley Beesley
- *Privé* by Heddy Honigmann
- *Promises* by Justine Shapiro, B.Z. Goldberg and Carlos Bolado
- *The Struma* by Simcha Jacobovici
- *The Universal Clock: The Resistance of Peter Watkins* by Geoff Bowie
- *Warrior of Light* by Monika Treut
### Special Presentations {#special_presentations}
- *Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner* by Zacharias Kunuk
- *Buffalo Soldiers* by Gregor Jordan
- *La Chambre des officiers* by François Dupeyron
- *Christmas Carol: The Movie* by Jimmy T. Murakami
- *Comment j\'ai tué mon père* by Anne Fontaine
- *The Devil\'s Backbone* by Guillermo del Toro
- *Emil and the Detectives* by Franziska Buch
- *Le Fabuleux Destin d\'Amélie Poulain* by Jean-Pierre Jeunet
- *Focus* by Neal Slavin
- *Heist* by David Mamet
- *Hotel* by Mike Figgis
- *In the Bedroom* by Todd Field
- *Joy Ride* by John Dahl
- *Ma femme est une actrice* by Yvan Attal
- *Nosferatu, A Symphony of Horror* by F. W. Murnau
- *Picture Claire* by Bruce McDonald
- *Prozac Nation* by Erik Skjoldbjærg
- *The Safety of Objects* by Rose Troche
- *Sidewalks of New York* by Edward Burns
- *Sur mes lèvres* by Jacques Audiard
- *Tape* by Richard Linklater
- *Thirteen Conversations About One Thing* by Jill Sprecher
- *Waking Life* by Richard Linklater
- *Who is Cletis Tout?* by Chris Ver Wiel
- *World Traveler* by Bart Freundlich
### Wavelengths
- *ATOZ* by Robert Breer
- *Automatic Writing* by Fred Worden
- *Baby Dream II* by Miles McKane
- *The Back Steps* by Leighton Pierce
- *Color Study* by Vincent Grenier
- *Les Coquelicots* by Rose Lowder
- *The Dark Room (2001 short film)\|The Dark Room* by Minyong Jang
- *The Deformation of the Setting Sun* by Joseph Leclerc
- *Didam* by Olivier Fouchard and Mahine Rouhi
- *Emanance* by Craig A. Lindley
- *Engram Sepals (Melodramas 1994--2000)* by Lewis Klahr
- *Exposed (2001 short film)\|Exposed* by Siegfried A. Fruhauf
- *Interior: New York Subway, 14th Street to 42nd Street* by G.W. (Billy) Bitzer
- *Intrude Sanctuary* by Hsiao Shuo-wen
- *L\'Iris fantastique* by Segundo de Chomón
- *The Last Lost Shot* by Cécile Fontaine
- *Love\'s Refrain* by Nathaniel Dorsky
- *Lovesong (2001 American film)\|Lovesong* by Stan Brakhage
- *Marisa (film)\|Marisa* by Jacopo Quadri
- *Fog (2000 film)\|Mist* by Matthias Müller
- *Nipkow TV* by Christian Hossner
- *Outermost* by Stephanie Maxwell and Allan Schindler
- *Post Mortem (2001 film)\|Post Mortem* by Catherine Tanitte
- *Premières images II* by Étienne-Jules Marey
- *Le Roi des dollars* by Segundo de Chomón
- *Schichtwechsel* by Christian Hossner
- *Serpentine Dance by Annabelle* by W.K.L. Dickson and William Heise
- *Shudder (Top and Bottom)* by Michael Gitlin
- *Sliding Off the Edge of the World* by Mark Street
- *Slit Scan Movie* by Christian Hossner
- *Soundings (film)\|Soundings* by Sandra Gibson
- *Tree-line* by Gunvor Nelson
- *Trees in Autumn* by Kurt Kren
- *Wot the Ancient Sod* by Diane Kitchen
## Canada\'s Top Ten {#canadas_top_ten}
In December 2001, TIFF introduced the Canada\'s Top Ten project to identify the year\'s ten best Canadian films as selected by festival programmers and film critics from across Canada
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# Trailer brake controller
A brake controller is usually an original equipment manufacturer or aftermarket-installed device or module. It is mounted to the tow vehicle\'s driver\'s-side dashboard area, and engages a trailer\'s electrical braking system either time delayed, or in proportion to the tow vehicle\'s brake engagement when slowing down or coming to a halt. A brake controller is not needed with a trailer surge braking system unless using modern electric over hydraulic devices. The trailer in this case usually has either electric friction brakes or electric-hydraulic trailer brake actuators.
Most basic brake controllers will generally have a plus-minus gain adjustment. The tow vehicle operator sets the gain as high as possible but without the trailer brakes locking up after making a few test stops. The heavier the trailer, the higher the gain adjustment is set and therefore the less chances of wheel lock-up.
A wide range of trailers contain trailer brakes (for example, larger boat trailers, horse trailers, covered utility trailers, enclosed trailers, travel trailers including small 10 ft and longer tent trailers and car carriers). Smaller trailers may not contain trailer brakes (for example, basic 4 x utility trailers). It is recommended that, if the total trailer weight is over a couple thousand kilograms, the trailer have some sort of braking system, and the tow vehicle be equipped with a brake controller.
## Types
There are different types of brake controllers currently or previously on the market.
Air-actuated electric brake controller
: This controller uses the air pressure of the brake system on a vehicle with pneumatic brakes to provide a current to control the electric brakes of a trailer.
Hydraulic-actuated electric controller
: This controller uses the hydraulic pressure of the brake system on a vehicle with hydraulic brakes to provide a current to control the electric brakes of a trailer. Some truck manufacturers offers this as an OEM option, like Ford with its Ford TowCommand.
Pedal-mounted pressure pad proportional controller;
: A separate sensor is mounted on the brake pedal to connect to the controller.
Proportional brake controller
: Senses the deceleration of the vehicle through a pendulum or similar device to apply a suitable current for braking of the trailer.
Surge brake
: When the tow vehicle slows down the trailer pushes against it, an actuator applies force to its master cylinder and the hydraulic pressure is transferred to the brakes
Time-delayed brake controller
: Applies brake current with a ramp-up over time to a certain level set by the driver
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# Montoire-sur-le-Loir
**Montoire-sur-le-Loir** (`{{IPA|fr|mɔ̃twaʁ syʁ lə lwaʁ}}`{=mediawiki}, literally *Montoire on the Loir*), commonly known as **Montoire**, is a commune near Vendôme, in the Loir-et-Cher department in Centre-Val de Loire, France.
## History
Montoire-sur-le-Loir is known as the location where, on 24 October 1940, the famous handshake between Adolf Hitler and Philippe Pétain took place signifying the start of organised collaboration of Vichy France with the Nazi regime. The meeting took place in a railway car just outside the town\'s railway station.
The discussion was entirely a matter of generalities, with no specifics discussed or decided. Hitler was impressed with Pétain\'s commitment to defending the French colonial empire. False rumours abounded that France had made major concessions regarding colonies and German control of French ports and the French fleet. This was announced to the French public on 30 October in a radio broadcast speech when Pétain declared, \"I enter, today, into the way of collaboration.\"
Two days previously, Pierre Laval had had a meeting with Hitler in the same location and suggested to Hitler that he meet with Pétain.
Montoire was chosen because of its relative isolation and also its proximity to the main Paris-Hendaye train line, Hitler having met with Franco at Hendaye on the 23rd. Besides, in case of an aerial attack, the train could have found shelter in the nearby tunnel in Saint-Rimay. The tunnel had armored doors, which are still visible, installed for the meeting. German command posts were established at Saint-Rimay and Thoré-la-Rochette with direct contact to Berlin
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# Eaton's Building (Saskatoon)
The **Eaton\'s Building** is a landmark building located in downtown Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Formerly serving as an Eaton\'s department store, the building is currently occupied by the Saskatoon Board of Education.
## History
In 1927, Eaton\'s announced that it would construct an eight-storey store at the northeast corner of 3rd Avenue and 21st Street in Saskatoon\'s Central Business District. Designed by the Montreal architecture firm of Ross and Macdonald, along with local architect Frank Martin, the store was to have been the tallest building in the city, but was eventually built to only three storeys.
Constructed in the Neo-Renaissance style, with a tyndall stone and black marble façade and fifteen tripled-arched Palladian windows, the store opened for business on December 5, 1928. In a manner reminiscent of the Eaton\'s Montreal store, or of the plans for its soon-to-be-built new Toronto store, the building boasted a luxurious interior, with elaborate bronze fixtures and terrazzo flooring. The store also featured an art gallery, a children\'s toyland with a mechanical lion, a meat department with an 80-foot marble counter and a Mediterranean-style dining room.
In 1970, Eaton\'s relocated its store to the nearby Midtown Plaza. Serving briefly as athlete housing for the 1971 Canada Winter Games, the building was subsequently occupied from 1973 to 2000 by an outlet of the Army & Navy discount department store. Among the notable features of the Army & Navy store was a nautical-themed cafeteria. In the mid-1980s, the building was linked to a small shopping centre, office block and parkade that was constructed next door.
## Restoration
After Army and Navy vacated the building, it was purchased by the Saskatoon Board of Education. The Board undertook a revitalization of the building, which included the restoration of the façade, the terrazzo flooring, the brass fixtures on the street-level display windows, and the original wooden handrails and brass fittings on the stairways to their original condition
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# Kevin Broadus
**Kevin Levoin Broadus** (born January 30, 1964) is an American college basketball coach and currently the head coach at Morgan State. He is the former head coach at Binghamton University, where he resigned after an NCAA Investigation.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Broadus began playing collegiately at Grambling State University, but transferred after his first season to Bowie State University. He played for Bowie State from 1983 to 1986, earning conference all-rookie honors in the 1984 season, and leading his team in scoring as a captain during his senior year. Broadus graduated from Bowie State in 1990 with a degree in business administration.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
After a playing career at Bowie State, Broadus stayed on with his alma mater as an assistant coach until 1993, when he joined the University of the District of Columbia coaching staff. In 1997, he\'d become an assistant at American, which was followed by assistant coaching stops in his hometown Washington, D.C. at both George Washington and Georgetown University under John Thompson III. Broadus helped in the rebuilding of the Hoya program, culminating in a trip to the 2007 Final Four. After the 2007 season, he was named the head coach at Binghamton, where he guided the team to its first ever NCAA Tournament appearance in 2009 before being dismissed in light of an investigation into the Bearcat program that offseason.
After Binghamton, Broadus rejoined the staff at Georgetown in 2011. In 2017, Broadus was named an assistant coach on Mark Turgeon\'s staff at Maryland. On May 1, 2019, Broadus was named the 16th head coach in Morgan State history, replacing Todd Bozeman.
### Broadus at Binghamton {#broadus_at_binghamton}
In two short seasons, Kevin Broadus vaulted Binghamton\'s basketball program to the top of the America East Conference. After directing a three-game improvement in his first season in 2007--08, Broadus\'s Bearcats completed a remarkable season in 2008--09. They won a school record-tying 23 games and a share of the America East regular season title. After defeating opponents from the Big East, Conference USA and MAAC in the non-conference schedule, Binghamton stormed through the America East slate at a 13--3 clip, capping an undefeated February with a title-clinching home court win in front of a sellout 5,342 fans at the Events Center. They lost to Duke in the first round of the NCAA Tournament---a game that was seen by millions of basketball fans across the country as CBS\'s highlighted late game on March 19.
In September 2009, Broadus dismissed six players from the team for undisclosed team rules violations, later revealed to involve various criminal actions. Soon after, Joel Thirer, Binghamton\'s athletic director and the man who hired Broadus, was reassigned to a position outside the athletic department. On October 6, 2009, Broadus committed an NCAA violation by communicating with high school players during a no-contact period. On October 14, Broadus was placed on paid administrative leave---effectively a suspension with pay---pending a full investigation of operations into the men\'s basketball program. Assistant Mark Macon was named interim coach.
The Bearcats started the 2009--10 season with only seven scholarship players, an interim coach, and an interim athletic director. Investigation into the actions of Broadus and the athletic department went past the university level and was being handled by the chancellor of the SUNY system, Nancy Zimpher.
In March, Zimpher announced that Broadus would not return as coach. However, a permanent replacement would not be hired until the school hired a permanent president and athletic director.
The NCAA completed its investigation in October. It found that assistant coach Mark Hsu had committed secondary violations by providing transportation to players. However, due to a lack of cooperation from people involved in the case, the NCAA was unable to determine whether major violations occurred. Shortly afterward, Broadus was reassigned to another position in the athletic department.
On October 29, Broadus announced he was filing a federal discrimination lawsuit against Binghamton and SUNY. Hours later, the three parties reached a settlement in which Broadus would resign and take a \$1.2 million buyout in return for dropping all legal action against BU or SUNY
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| 0 |
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# Rodion Oslyabya
**Rodion Oslyabya** (*Родион Ослябя*; monastic name: *Andrey* or *Rodion*; secular name: *Roman*; died 1380 or after 1398) was a Russian monk from the Trinity Lavra of Sergius of Radonezh who became famous for his part in the Battle of Kulikovo.
## Life
Most details of his life are legendary. According to a 15th-century source, he was a nobleman (boyar) rather than a monk. He fought in the Battle on Pyana River, in a rank of *tysyachnik* (leader of a thousand knights), and survived the defeat. According to hagiography, he accepted vows just prior to the battle of Kulikovo. His relative (some say brother) was Alexander Peresvet, although it is likely that this relationship is merely the product of later hagiographic tradition.
Oslyabya reportedly fought and survived the battle of Kulikovo, along with his son Yakov. There is no certainty if he survived the battle. According to some accounts, he did, and later participated in a diplomatic mission to the Byzantine emperor in 1398. According to other accounts, he was killed in that battle.
Oslyabya lies buried at the Theotokos Church in Simonovo, Moscow together with Peresvet. The 1860 sailing frigate Russian frigate Oslyabya, the 1898 battleship *Oslyabya*, and the 1981 landing ship *Oslyabya* have been named after him
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# Michael Broyde
use both this parameter and \|birth_date to display the person\'s date of birth, date of death, and age at death) \--\> \| death_place = \| death_cause = \| body_discovered = \| resting_place = \| resting_place_coordinates = \| burial_place = \| burial_coordinates = \| monuments = \| nationality = \| other_names = \| citizenship = United States \| education = Yeshiva University (BA)\
New York University (JD) \| occupation = \| years_active = \| era = \| employer = Emory University School of Law \| organization = \| agent = \| known_for = \| notable_works = \| style = \| height = \| television = \| title = Professor of law and the Academic Director of the Law and Religion Program \| term = \| predecessor = \| successor = \| party = \| movement = \| opponents = \| boards = \| criminal_charge = \| criminal_penalty = \| criminal_status = \| partner = \| parents = \| mother = \| father = \| relatives = \| family = \| callsign = \| awards = \| website = \| module = \| module2 = \| module3 = \| module4 = \| module5 = \| module6 = \| signature = \| signature_size = \| signature_alt = \| footnotes = }} **Michael Jay Broyde** (born May 12, 1964) is an American legal scholar. He is a professor of law and the academic director of the Law and Religion Program at Emory University. He is also a senior fellow in the Center for the Study of Law and Religion at the university. His primary areas of interest are law and religion, Jewish law and Jewish ethics, and comparative religious law. Broyde has published 200 articles on various aspects of law and religion and Jewish law, and a number of articles in the area of federal courts.
## Personal
Broyde is married to lawyer Channah S. Broyde, and has four children: Joshua, Aaron, Rachel, and Deborah. Two of his children live in Israel. He lives in Toco Hills, Georgia.
## Biography
Broyde holds a Juris Doctor from New York University Law School, from which he graduated in 1988. He clerked for Judge Leonard I. Garth of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. In 1989 he was an associate at the law firm Davis, Polk & Wardwell.
He received his B.A. in 1984 and was ordained as a rabbi in 1991 by Yeshiva University, and was a member (dayan) of the Beth Din of America. Broyde was the first rabbi of the [Young Israel of Toco Hills](http://www.yith.org) in Atlanta, Georgia.
He is a professor of law and the academic director of the Law and Religion Program at Emory University School of Law. He is also a senior fellow in the Center for the Study of Law and Religion at Emory University.
Broyde was a member of the Rabbinical Council of America, and resigned from it in February 2014.
During the 2017--2018 academic year, he was a visiting professor at the University of Warsaw Law School in Poland and in the Interdisciplinary College of Law in Herzliya, Israel.
In 2018, Broyde won a Fulbright scholarship to study religious arbitration. During 2018--2019, Broyde was a Senior Fulbright Scholar at Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he is working on manuscripts on religious arbitration, kidney transplants and vouchers, Jewish law and modesty, and a modern explication of the Book of Genesis, while translating *A Concise Code of Jewish Law for Converts* into Hebrew.
## Publications
Broyde has written books and delivered speeches on Jewish law, Mishpat Ivri, and Jewish ethics. His primary areas of interest are law and religion, Jewish law and Jewish ethics, and comparative religious law. Broyde has written 200 articles and book chapters on various aspects of law and religion and Jewish law, and a number of articles in the area of federal courts.
Broyde has published on topics ranging from issues of contemporary relevance to more academic matters. He published two books in 2017. One of the works, [*A Concise Code of Jewish Law for Converts*](https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Concise_Code_of_Jewish_Law_for_Convert.html?id=4zSaDAEACAAJ), is a compendium on Jewish law as is relates to converts. His other recently published book, *Sharia Tribunals, Rabbinic Courts, and Christian Panels: Religious Arbitration in America and the West*, explores the rise of this phenomenon in recent years.
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# Michael Broyde
## Controversy
In April 2013, The Jewish Channel reported that Broyde had created a pseudonym with which he joined online the International Rabbinic Fellowship, and commented on his own posts on Jewish blogs, and that he had published articles in Jewish periodicals under the pseudonym. It further alleged that he created another pseudonym, which he used to publish testimonies of deceased rabbis agreeing with his own view on women\'s hair covering. Broyde admitted to and issued an apology regarding the former allegations, but denied the latter allegation. Emory University, in an investigation into Broyde\'s alleged actions, \"did not find evidence to substantiate any conduct beyond that which Professor Broyde acknowledged. Specifically, the Committee did not find evidence to substantiate\" the latter allegation. Furthermore, the committee found that \"the conduct did not violate Emory policies that govern allegations of research misconduct\".
## Selected works {#selected_works}
- Editor, *Marriage, Sex, and Family in Judaism* (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005).
- *Marriage, Divorce and the Abandoned Wife in Jewish Law: A Conceptual Approach to the Agunah Problems in America*. (Hoboken, N.J.: Ktav, 2001).
- \"Honesty and Analysis: A Response to Passionate Critics,\" *Edah Journal* 5(1):1--42 (Summer 2005), found online at www.edah.org, this article deals with the abandoned wife (*agunah*).
- *Marriage, Divorce and the Abandoned Wife in Jewish Law: A Conceptual Understanding of the Agunah Problems in America*
- \"Jewish Law and the Abandonment of Marriage: Diverse Models of Sexuality and Reproduction in the Jewish View and the Return to Monogamy in the Modern Era,\" in Marriage, Sex, and Family in Judaism (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005), 88--115.
- With Jonathan Reiss. \"The Ketubah in America: Its Value in Dollars, its Significance in Halacha and its Enforceability in American Law,\" *The Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society* 47:101--124 (2004). (\'Ketubah\' is a marriage contract)
- \"קידושי טעות בזמנינו\" (lit. \"Mistaken Marriage in our Time\"), Tehumin 22:231--242 `{{in lang|he}}`{=mediawiki}(2003).
- \"The 1992 New York Get Law: An Exchange,\" *Tradition: A Journal of Jewish Thought* 31(3):23--41 (1997). (A *get* is a divorce document.)
- \"Can There be Solutions to the Agunah Problem\", *JOFA Journal* 5(4):8--9 (Summer 2005).
- Review of \"Between Civil and Religious Law: The Plight of the Agunah in American Society by Irving Breitowitz,\" in *AALS Jewish Law Section Newsletter*, May 1993, pp. 2--4.
- \"Religious Freedom in the Domain of Family Law\" (lecture and faculty colloquium) and \"The Jewish Religion and Human Rights Politics in the Near East,\" University of Tübingen, Germany, January 15--16, 2007.
- ["The Hidden Influence of Jewish Law on the Common Law: One Lost Example"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100627104633/http://www.law.emory.edu/fileadmin/journals/elj/57/57.6/Broyde.pdf)
| 434 |
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# Variable nebula
**Variable nebulae** are reflection nebulae that change in brightness because of changes in their star
| 18 |
Variable nebula
| 0 |
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# Cell wall protein 2
**Cell wall protein 2** (**CWP2**) is a cell wall protein, produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces pastorianus. It occurs throughout the cell wall and has close homology with the CWP1 gene.
Disruption of CWP2 gene positively regulate translation, ribosome biogenesis and organonitrogen synthesis. these factors combined increases the overall synthesis of intercellular enzymes. Disruption of CWP2 genes also cause physical changes to the cell wall. Thickness of the cell wall decreases combined with decrease in cell wall density results in decline of cell wall stability. The overall result is the increase in the ability of heterologous protein production, in which is a significant commission of saccharomyces
## Function
Cell Wall Protein 2 (CWP2) is a cell mannoprotein that is covalently bonded to the cell wall and serves as a significant component of the cell wall structure. Generally, mannoproteins are special glycoproteins specifically in the outer part of the yeast cell wall and contributes to the yeast\'s ability to withstand acidic conditions in protection of the structure. CWP\'s transcription during S/G2 phases determines its primary presence and formation in the yeast wall. Beyond preserving the integrity and functionality of the cellular structure, CWP2 are involved in various cellular processes and interactions in its environment. It aids in balancing proton levels inside the cell and managing the internal pH level, particularly in strains of lipids that lack the backbone of sphingoid bases.
## Structure
The CWP structure is connected to structural polysaccharide fibrils categorized into two primary groups. The first group is referred to as GPI-CWP and connected to β-1,6-glucan called glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI). The second group are known as Pir (proteins with internal repeats), forming a direct link with the β-1,3-glucan. CWP2 belongs to the first group of GPI anchor precursors. The GPI (Glycosylphosphatidylinositol) anchor is a lipid modification that occurs after protein translation within the endoplasmic reticulum; they are formed naturally occurring phosphatidylinositols (PIs) and bond to proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum.
The structure of CWP2 is divided into three segments. Two of these domains form a two-layer sandwich shape while the third domain has a single alpha helix, a small beta-sheet, and loops. The second domain is connected to the first domain, allowing it to rotate and alter the overall shape of CWP2. Other S-layer proteins share similarities in their domain arrangement and the way they pivot around a connecting point between their first and second domains. The structural segments suggest that CWP2 and similar proteins have similar flexibility and structural behaviors. Cell wall protein 2 (CWP2) falls under the section of mannoproteins in the yeast cell wall. The structural analysis of CWP2 suggests similarities with CWP8 in their three-domain structure. There are differences in domain 2 proteins that impact adhesive strength that influence its ability to adhere to host cells. CWP2, a 66kDa protein detected primarily in the surface extracts of *Clostridioides difficile* strains across different serotypes and ribotypes, is a component of the S-layer assembly. This protein is not only localized within the S-layer but is also found in the spore coat and culture supernatants of these strains. The protein\'s functional part extends from residues 29 to 318. An N-terminal 38--41 kDa fragment of Cwp2 appears in culture supernatant, especially during conditions promoting high toxin production. CWP2 is located in the S-layer that self assemble into a crystal structure where molecules are organized in a grid. Within the S-layer, the structure are primarily composed of proteins. The assembly of the layer constitutes crucial components to the cell\'s integrity and biological functions. In pathogenic and commensal microbes, these S-layers are involved in interactions with the host organism and modulation of the immune system response.
## Mutations
CWP2, a gene identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is crucial for the cell\'s response to acidity. In the instances where yeast cells lack sphingolipids, they struggle to thrive in low pH environments. Specific strains such LprR possess a genetic alteration aiding their growth even without sphingolipids in environments as acidic as pH 4.1. This genetic mutation is connected to the LPR suppressor gene, enhancing the ability of sphingolipid-lacking cells to eliminate acidic protons from their surroundings. Elevating the copy count of the CWP2 gene heightens the likelihood of obtaining LprR strains due to the proteins assistance in sphingolipid-deficient cells. Disrupting the CWP2 gene leads to an 85.9% increase in extracellular cellobiohydrolase activity, while its overexpression results in a reduced growth rate. Moreover, the removal of CWP2 makes the mutant more sensitive to cell wall-affecting agents like zymolyase, caffeine, and papulacandin. Disruption of the protein influences the activity of genes involved in producing ribosomes that indicates involvement in both cell wall building and protein production. Specific genes responsible for coding cell wall mannoproteins (CWP2) in yeast were removed or deleted that resulted in the increased permeability of the cell wall that allowed genotoxic agents to enter. The size and nature of chemicals influence their penetration through the cell wall. The deletion of CWP1 and CWP2 genes significantly increase permeability, especially to larger compounds like phleomycin. These mutations affected sensitivities to various mutagens, indicating a complex relationship between cell wall permeability and chemical entry. The absence of CWP2 may lead to higher toxin levels due to changes in cell integrity.
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# Cell wall protein 2
## Toxin resistance {#toxin_resistance}
Investigations targeting resistance to PMKT revealed deletion of CWP2 contribute to cell resistance to PMKT, a killer toxin from Pichia membranifaciens, and prevent the toxin binding. PMKT is specifically a low molecular mass toxin produced by Pichia membranifaciens, a yeast species. The toxin induces cell death through different mechanisms through PMKT, triggering ionic movements and intracellular pH changes. The activation of the High Osmolarity Glycerol (HOG) pathway and PMKT2 cease replication of DNA during the S-phase in DNA synthesis that ultimately lead to apoptosis. Mutants lacking GPI anchoring exhibit reduced sensitivity to PMKT, signifying alterations in sensitivity or resistance. The GPI anchor serves as a component facilitating the interaction between CWP2 and PMKT. While most gene deletions showed minimal effects on toxin resistance, proteins like CWP2 at the cell periphery has shown its significance to PMKT activity. CWP2, equipped with a GPI anchor, emerged as a likely toxin receptor, important in the cellular response leading to cell death. Both the mature and GPI-anchored precursor of CWP2 are implicated in PMKT\'s mechanism, evident from their decreased binding in sensitive mutants. Its involvement in PMKT\'s mechanism is associated with its proximity to the cell membrane. The interaction through electrostatic differences suggests CWP2\'s essential role in facilitating PMKT activity as a secondary receptor. It acts as a bridge between beta 1-6 D-glucans and the plasma membrane, intensifying toxin binding and its toxic effects
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# Fürsteneck Castle
**Fürsteneck Castle** (*Burg Fürsteneck*) is a castle, situated in central Germany between Fulda and Bad Hersfeld. It belongs to the commune of Eiterfeld. The castle is at an elevation of 406 metres on a small plateau.
## History
Fürsteneck Castle belonged to the monastery of Fulda. The first written mention of it dates to 1309, but it might have been built one or two hundred years before. After secularization in 1802, it became the property of the German state of Hesse.
## Akademie Burg Fürsteneck {#akademie_burg_fürsteneck}
Since 1952 the castle has been used as an academy for vocational and cultural continuing education. It was rebuilt by the architect Otto Bartning. Each year about 4,000 participants take part in one of nearly 200 courses, with 15,000 overnight stays
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# Newton College of the Sacred Heart
**Newton College of the Sacred Heart** was a small women\'s liberal arts college in Newton Centre, Massachusetts. It opened in `{{start date and age|1946|p=y}}`{=mediawiki} and merged with Boston College in `{{end date and age|1974|06|p=y}}`{=mediawiki}.
The college was highly regarded during its time, and in 1971 founded the Institute for Open Education, which later became Cambridge College. Like many women\'s colleges during the 1960s and 1970s, its applications and profits were hurt by coeducation. By the time of its closing, it was \$5 million in debt.
After its closing, Boston College assumed responsibility for paying off Newton\'s debt and also continued the undergraduate program for Newton\'s students through graduation. It began to oversee services and programs for the approximately 3,000 living alumnae of Newton. In 1997, with the assistance of Newton\'s alumnae association, Boston College created the Newton College Alumnae Professorship in Western Culture.
Today, the 40 acre, 15-building Newton campus is the home of the Boston College Law School, as well as dormitories for first-year Boston College students. The campus is approximately 1.5 miles (2 km) away from the main Chestnut Hill campus of Boston College
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| 0 |
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# Hylomecon vernalis
***Hylomecon vernalis*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae, native to China, Korea and the Russian Far East. It was first described by Karl Maximovich in 1859. It is known as the **forest poppy**.
## Description
This poppy is a perennial that spreads via rhizomes, typically no taller than 30 cm. The pinnate leaves usually have five soft green leaflets, although three and seven occur as well, each with a shape ranging from lanceolate-oblong to rhombic, and a pattern of distinct teeth along the margins. The flowers are bright yellow 3.5--5 cm across, starting out bowl-shaped, then flattening out with age.
## Habitat
Its typical habitat is moist shaded woodland, growing in accumulated humus
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# Bjorn Thorsrud
**Bjorn Thorsrud** (October 7, 1963 -- October 19, 2021) was an American music producer, programmer, and audio engineer who produced film scores and albums for rock and pop artists.
He also engineered, mixed, or contributed production or programming to every Smashing Pumpkins record from 1998\'s *Adore* to 2012\'s *Oceania*. He previously worked for the Taj-Motown Record Company and established his own record label, Tri Records. He held a bachelor\'s degree in physics and music from the University of Nevada, Reno.
Thorsrud worked with artists including Billy Corgan, David Coverdale, The Dandy Warhols, Bruce Dickinson, Marianne Faithfull, The Frogs, Monster Magnet, Sleeping at Last, The Smashing Pumpkins, Asphalt Socialites, Whitesnake, and Zwan.
He lived in his hometown of Las Vegas, Nevada.
On October 19, 2021, he died suddenly of unreported causes. He was 58 years of age, and died just 12 days after his birthday.
## Discography
Year Album Artist Role
------ -------------------------------------- ------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------
1987 *Two Hearts* Dave Mason Assistant engineer
1988 *White and Black* Marcos Silva and Intersection Assistant engineer
1989 *AC Black* AC Black Mixing assistant
1991 *Double Action Theatre* Double Action Theatre Mixing
1991 *Fear* Toad the Wet Sprocket Engineer
1993 *Rob & Fab* Rob & Fab Guitar (acoustic), guitar, producer, engineer, mixing
1994 *Balls to Picasso* Bruce Dickinson Engineer
1994 *The Doubting Thomas Band* *The Doubting Thomas Band* Producer, Engineer, Arranger
1995 *Because They Can* Nelson Assistant engineer
1995 *Crackin\' Porcelain* Mudsharks Assistant engineer
1995 *Squalus Suculae* Mudsharks Engineer
1997 *Restless Heart* Whitesnake Engineer
1997 *Come On Over* Shania Twain Pre-production programming
1997 *Honeyrods* The Honeyrods Editing, assistant engineer
1997 *We Will Fall: The Iggy Pop Tribute* Various artists Digital editing
1998 *Adore* The Smashing Pumpkins Engineer, digital editing
1998 *ECW: Extreme Music* Various artists Digital editing
1998 *Let It Ride* Monster Magnet Digital editing
1999 *Stigmata* (soundtrack) Various artists Engineer, mixing
2000 *Into the Light* David Coverdale Engineer, associate producer
2000 *MACHINA/The Machines of God* The Smashing Pumpkins Programming, engineer, compilation, editing, mixing
2001 *Judas O* The Smashing Pumpkins Producer
2001 *Hopscotch Lollipop Sunday Surprise* The Frogs Producer
2002 *Hush* Stacia Mixing
2002 *Kissin Time* Marianne Faithfull Engineer, mixing
2003 *Ghosts* Sleeping at Last Producer, engineer
2003 *Greatest Hits* Monster Magnet Digital editing
2003 *Mary Star of the Sea* Zwan Producer, mixing
2003 *Welcome to the Monkey House* The Dandy Warhols Producer, engineer
2004 *Destiny* Buddy Wright Engineer
2005 *TheFutureEmbrace* Billy Corgan Producer, engineer, mixing
2005 *Passion Juice#17* Da House Playazz Engineer
2006 *After the Chaos II* Royal Bliss Executive producer
2007 *Fantods* The Fantods Producer, engineer
2007 *Zeitgeist* The Smashing Pumpkins Engineer, mixing assistant
2008 *American Gothic* The Smashing Pumpkins Engineer, mixing
2008 *We Used to Be Friends* The Dandy Warhols Producer, engineer
2009 *Bleed To Bloom* Stealing Love Jones Producer, engineer
2009 *Teargarden by Kaleidyscope* The Smashing Pumpkins Producer, engineer
2012 *Oceania* The Smashing Pumpkins Producer, engineer
2014 *Good Soldier* Sierra Swan Engineer, Mixing
2014 \"Forever and whatever\..
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# Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission
The **Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission** (UTC) is an independent three-member board appointed by the Governor of Washington and confirmed by the Washington State Senate to six-year terms. The purpose of the UTC is to regulate the rates, services, and practices of privately owned utilities and transportation companies, including electric, telecommunications, natural gas, water, and solid waste collection companies, pipelines, commercial ferries, buses, and motor carriers. The UTC is based in Olympia, Washington and employs approximately 150 staff, including attorneys, economists, accountants, and engineers. The agency is primarily an economic regulator; however, the UTC also houses Washington\'s pipeline safety program which inspects interstate and intrastate hazardous liquid and natural gas pipeline operators as an agent for the federal Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
| 130 |
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| 0 |
11,004,726 |
# The Big Lift
***The Big Lift*** is a 1950 American drama war film on location in the city of Berlin, Germany, that tells the story of \"Operation Vittles\", the 1948--49 Berlin Airlift, through the experiences of two U.S. Air Force sergeants played by Montgomery Clift and Paul Douglas.
The film was directed and written by George Seaton, and was released April 26, 1950, less than one year after the Soviet blockade of Berlin was lifted and airlift operations ceased. Because the film was shot in Berlin in 1949, as well as using newsreel footage of the actual airlift, it provides a contemporary glimpse of the post-war state of the city as its people struggled to recover from the devastation wrought by World War II.
## Plot
It is 1948. American airmen based in Hawaii are flown to Germany, where their job will be to fly C-54 aircraft to provide food and other urgent supplies to those sectors of Berlin under Western control. The Soviets have blocked the Western Allies\' access by railway, road, and canal, in order to force out the western Allies and give the Soviets, who are occupying the Eastern sector, full control of the city. Tech Sgt. Danny MacCullough, flight engineer of a C-54 nicknamed *The White Hibiscus*, is immediately ordered to fly with his crew from Frankfurt into Tempelhof Airport to deliver a load of coal. His friend Master Sgt. Hank Kowalski, a ground-controlled approach (GCA) operator, hitches a ride with them to his new station. Hank, a POW during World War II, dislikes Germans due to his wartime experiences, and is rude and overbearing to them. Danny is more respectful.
The crew is honored for engaging in the 100,000th flight into Berlin. Danny is immediately enamored of Frederica Burkhardt, an attractive German war widow chosen to thank him on behalf of the women of Berlin. When a news correspondent covering the ceremony recruits Danny for a public relations stunt, Danny jumps at the opportunity as a means of getting a pass in Berlin and seeing Frederica again. During a tour of the city, Danny\'s uniform is accidentally covered with poster paste, so until it is cleaned, despite the penalty if he were to be caught out of uniform, he borrows some civilian working clothes. At a night club, they meet Hank and his \"Schatzi\", the friendly and intelligent Gerda, but Hank is rude to Frederica and treats Gerda as an inferior. Hank chances to see the former prison guard who tortured him as a POW, and, following him outside, beats him nearly to death. Danny is able to stop Hank only by knocking him down. Mistaken for a German attacking Hank, he is chased into the Soviet occupation zone by military police.
Danny and Frederica narrowly escape back into the American zone, where Hank is waiting for them at Frederica\'s apartment and has unexpectedly befriended her neighbor and Danny\'s friend, Herr Stieber, a self-professed \"Soviet spy\", but in fact providing the Soviets with false information. Danny falls in love with Frederica, despite learning from Hank that she lied to him about the backgrounds of her dead husband and father. When Danny receives notice that he is due to rotate back to the United States soon, he arranges to marry Frederica. However, Stieber suspects duplicity in Frederica and intercepts a letter she has written to her German lover living in the United States, revealing that she intends to divorce Danny back in the U.S. as soon as she legally can, and see her lover behind his back until that happens.
When Danny arrives for the marriage ceremony, he gives her the letter revealing her betrayal, and leaves. Gerda tells Hank she prefers to stay in Germany and do her small part in helping rebuild the country, and Hank reveals to Danny that he is not going home but has switched his temporary assignment in Berlin to permanent duty. He tells Danny that he now sees that they were both wrong initially. He was behaving too much like a \"storm trooper\" and Danny was too soft. Danny\'s flight out departs, amidst reports that the Russians will soon end the blockade.
## Cast
- Montgomery Clift as T/Sgt. Danny MacCullough
- Paul Douglas as M/Sgt. Hank Kowalski
- Cornell Borchers as Frederica Burkhardt
- Bruni Löbel as Gerda
- O.E. Hasse as Stieber
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# The Big Lift
## Production
All military roles except those of Clift and Douglas were portrayed by actual military personnel stationed in Germany as themselves. The 19th Troop Carrier Squadron was an actual Air Force unit based in Hawaii and was one of the first to deploy for Operation Vittles in July 1948. However it participated only until August 26, when it was inactivated and its personnel and equipment absorbed into the 53rd Troop Carrier Squadron at Rhein-Main Air Base as depicted in *The Big Lift*. The copilot of *Der Schwarze Hibiscus*, 1st Lt. Alfred L. Freiburger, was a C-54 pilot with the 14th Troop Carrier Squadron who had participated in the final months of Operation Vittles.
The production crew for *The Big Lift* arrived in Berlin in May 1949 just as the blockade was lifted by the Russians, and shot actual airlift activity at both terminals. Principal shooting began in July. Montgomery Clift became available after he dropped out of the film *Sunset Blvd.*, in which he was to have been the lead, before shooting began in June. Even so, all scenes involving him were shot first to allow him to return to the United States to begin location shooting for *A Place in the Sun* in October.
German actress Hildegard Knef had been cast in the role of Frederica Burkhardt, her first lead role in an American film, and arrived in Berlin on June 16. However director George Seaton and producer William Perlberg had in the meantime been made aware of the circumstances of her wartime relationship with Ewald von Demandowsky, Nazi head of Tobis Film. Knef had posed as a Nazi soldier to remain near him when he became an officer in the SS near the end of the war. After their capture in Poland and subsequent release, he told US investigators that they had in fact wedded during their period as prisoners of war, trying unsuccessfully to avoid being turned over to the Soviets for prosecution. Because of the possibility of her negative impact on the film due to its theme of fraternization, which was still a volatile issue---and a general coolness towards her by the Hollywood community as a result of the revelation---Knef was fired and replaced by relative newcomer Cornell Borchers.
Aerial sequences were accomplished, often in bad weather to demonstrate conditions under which the airlift was flown, using a Fairchild C-82 Packet as a camera platform, taking advantage of its removable rear fuselage to take panoramic shots of up to 170 degrees. Seaton reported that he finally overcame political complications with Soviet authorities to complete location shooting inside the Brandenburg Gate, which was in the Soviet zone, but that on the day of the shooting the Soviets set up loudspeakers to harass the set with propaganda. The scene was shot without sound and dialogue was later added by dubbing.
## Reception
Bosley Crowther of *The New Yorker* wrote that the film \"merits favor without too high acclaim,\" finding \"many vividly realistic scenes that are aimed to describe the toil and daring of the airlift enterprise,\" but also that it \"lacks cohesion, clarity or magnitude.\" *Variety* praised it for a \"masterful scripting job\" and \"a couple of winning performances\" from Clift and Douglas. Richard L. Coe of *The Washington Post* wrote that \"you should see it,\" and found the airlift scenes \"finely pictured,\" but thought director Seaton \"tries to do too much,\" with the explanations of the Douglas character to his girlfriend about democracy running \"too obtrusively, artificially, through the picture.\" *Harrison\'s Reports* called it \"an absorbing postwar drama,\" with the depiction of the airlift operations \"taut and exciting.\" John McCarten of *The New Yorker* liked most of the picture, calling it \"a good movie as long as it sticks to the impressive actuality that inspired it,\" though he was less impressed with the \"fairly routine romantic and comic doings.\" *The Monthly Film Bulletin* called Seaton\'s effort \"half hearted. Having found promising material, he shies off it, indulges in too many contrivances, plays some sequences for rather heavy-handed comedy, resolves the situation with facile tricks and glib dialogue
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# Rittnerbahn
The **Ritten Railway** (*Rittnerbahn* or *Rittner Bahn*, *Ferrovia del Renon*) is an electric light railway which originally connected Bolzano with the Ritten plateau and today continues to operate on the plateau, connecting the villages located there.
## Track
When opened in 1907 the line started as a tramway at Walther Square in the center of Bolzano, where it shared the track with the Bolzano town tramways as far as the Brenner Road. From there to Maria Himmelfahrt the line was a rack railway, climbing 990 m until it reached the plateau. A special rack locomotive was placed behind the trams to push them uphill. In the middle of this ascent was a crossing loop so that two trains could cross. The train that went down to Bolzano produced some of the power that was needed to get the other train up. After arriving in Maria Himmelfahrt on the Ritten plateau, the locomotive was uncoupled and the trams were able to proceed unaided on normal tracks to the terminal station in the village of Klobenstein.
## History
In the 19th century the Ritten plateau was a popular place for the people of Bolzano, who liked to pass their weekends there. To connect the two places, it was decided to build a rack railway, and in 1906 the railway engineer Josef Riehl commenced the planning of the line. In April 1907 construction was finished, and the railway was officially inaugurated on 13 August 1907. The full length of the line, from Walterplatz in Bolzano to Klobenstein, was 11.75 km.
In the 1960s a road was built between Bolzano and Ritten, and after that the railway was nearly abandoned and maintenance reduced. A decision was taken to replace the rack railway with an aerial cable car. Shortly before the cableway was opened a train derailed on the rack railway and many people were seriously injured and some of them even killed. The likely cause was the sharply reduced maintenance. The rack section closed in 1966, leaving in operation the section from Maria Himmelfahrt to Klobenstein, which still operates today. It was fully renovated in 1985.
A new tricable gondola lift with eight gondolas, that can carry 550 persons per hour, opened on 23 May 2009.
## Today
The remaining line is used by tourists, locals and railway enthusiasts. The company that currently operates the line is the same company that runs all the buses in the province and also the Vinschgerbahn in the Vinschgau valley.
Most trips serve only the section between Klobenstein (Collalbo in Italian) and Oberbozen (Soprabolzano; Upper Bolzano in English), a distance of 5.5 km. Only three or four trips per day serve the 1.1 km section between Oberbozen and Maria Himmelfahrt. Although South Tyrol has been part of Italy since 1919, local places (such as Klobenstein) are more commonly referred to by their German-language names than by their Italian ones, because the majority of the population speaks primarily German (about 69%). `{{Rapid transit OSM map|system_qid=Q2155318|single_line=y|stations=y|stations_qid=Q2155318|frame-width=460|frame-height=350}}`{=mediawiki}
## Rolling stock {#rolling_stock}
In 1982, used tramcars, built in 1958, were bought from the Esslingen--Nellingen--Denkendorf Tramway in Esslingen, Germany, which had closed in 1978, to replace some of the oldest cars and to allow longer maintenance stays for the historic cars. Two motor trams (Nos. 12-13) and two trailers (36--37) were acquired, but only car 12 ever entered service on the Rittnerbahn---and not until 1992.
Today, some of the original ones are at the Tiroler Museumsbahnen museum in Innsbruck. In spring 2009, two slightly newer, second-hand cars were added to the fleet with the purchase of cars 21 and 24 (built in 1975 and 1977, respectively) from the *Trogenerbahn*^DE^ in St. Gallen, Switzerland.
## Gallery
<File:SAD-BDe24-ex-Trogenerbahn> Klobenstein2010.jpg\|Ex-St. Gallen (Trogener-bahn) twinset 24 at Klobenstein/Collalbo in 2010 <File:20060912> Esslinger RB Oberbozen.jpg\|Ex-Esslingen tram on the Rittnerbahn in 2006 Image:Rittnerbahn 01.jpg\|On the line Image:Ferrovia Renon.jpg\|Old rack railway Image:Tunnelausgang der Rittner Zahnradbahn bei St. Georg und Jakob bergseitig.jpg\|Abandoned tunnel on the closed section of the line Image:Rittnerbahn 07.jpg\| Image:Rittnerbahn-Triebwagen.jpg\|Four-axle car Image:Rittnerbahn 03.jpg\| Image:Rittnerbahn 05.jpg\| Image:Rittnerbahn 02.jpg\| Image:Rittnerbahn 04.jpg\|Klobenstein station Image:Train Oberbozen.jpg\|Two-axle car Image:Rittnerbahn 08.jpg\|Abandoned rack railway Image:Museumsremise tmb 2.jpg\|Engine shed of the Tiroler Museumsbahnen in Innsbruck Image:RBL4 TMB.jpg\|Rittnerbahn rack-railway locomotive preserved by the Tiroler Museums-bahnen
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# Rittnerbahn
## Literature
- Josef Dultinger: *Vergessene Vergangenheit*. Verlag Dr. Rudolf Erhard, Rum 1982
- Josef Dultinger: *Auf schmaler Spur durch Südtirol*. Verlag Dr. Rudolf Erhard, Rum 1982
- Astrid von Aufschnaiter (1982). *Der Ritten und seine Bahn*. Bozen/Bolzano: Rittner-Bahn Komitee
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# Landis Gores
**Landis Gores** (August 31, 1919 -- March 18, 1991) was an American architect, born in Cincinnati, Ohio. Landis was known for his modernist Gores Pavilion, the Gores Family House, and the House for All Seasons.
## Early life {#early_life}
Gores grew up in the Midwest and graduated summa cum laude from Princeton in 1939, before continuing his education at the Harvard Graduate School of Design, which he selected for its architectural department. While at Harvard, Landis became close with fellow student Philip Johnson and professor Marcel Breuer, who would all later become members of the Harvard Five modern architectural group (which also included John Johansen and Eliot Noyes).
After graduating in 1942, he served in World War II and trained at Camp Ritchie, making him one of the Ritchie Boys. Gores took part in a top-secret operation known as Ultra, which broke the code of the German high command. By the time he completed active duty he had been awarded both the Legion of Merit and the Order of the British Empire. He continued on in the United States Army Reserve at the rank of Major.
## Career
Returning from the war, from 1945 to 1951, he worked with Philip Johnson. Johnson would design, and Gores would draft the ideas to a polished resolved result. Gores helped Johnson on Early Miesian inspired houses which included the Booth House, the Rockefeller townhouse, the MOMA garden, and the famous Glass House. Upon complaints that Johnson had not yet passed his New York architectural exam and therefore could not practice in New York state, the two left their office in New York City and relocated their practice to New Canaan, Connecticut. In 1951 Johnson and Gores parted professionally, and on November 1 Gores opened his own architectural practice, a date that corresponded with the birth of his fourth child.
In 1954, only three years later, Gores was stricken with polio. It was just a year before the US government approved the distribution of the polio vaccine. Gores was initially confined to an iron lung and for the rest of his life and doctors informed him that his physical activities would be severely restricted. Nevertheless, he slowly began to resume his work with the help of a close friend John Irwin (for whom he later built the famous Gores Pavilion) who fashioned Gores a special electric typewriter so that he would be able to continue his architectural career.
However, Landis\'s work was limited, according to his wife Pamela, \"people didn\'t want someone in a wheelchair. It made them nervous.\" To help her husband continue with his love for architecture, Pamela became involved in his work and even once acted as contractor for one of his projects.
Mr. Gores\' work is characterized by several traits. An oversized Prairie fireplace is a common denominator in almost all of his residential buildings. For example, the Gores Pavilion, the Close House and Gores own house all contain styled large fireplaces. Also, like many other modern architects of the time period, Landis included large amounts of natural light by incorporating grand glass windows into his building designs.
Gores was inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright and Walter Gropius\'s embracement of the International Movement. He visited Gropius\'s buildings as a student so as to fully appreciate the works of art that Gropius constructed.
In 1991, Landis Gores died. He had no contact with Philip Johnson in the last years of his life, but Johnson nonetheless admired his fellow architect. \"\...I remember the extraordinary brilliance of Landis in school, his command of English, the amazing ability of his mind\...\", Philip Johnson wrote in a letter to Landis\'s widow Pamela Gores.
The Gores family house was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places as Landis Gores House in 2001.
## Notable works {#notable_works}
Among his most praised works is the Gores Pavilion, in New Canaan, Connecticut. Gores was hired to design the building as a pool house and personal escape lodge for prominent lawyer John Irwin and his wife Jane Watson, daughter of the founder of IBM.
Today, the town of New Canaan owns the Irwins\' property and has converted it into a public park. The pool has been filled in, and the neglected Pool House was threatened with demolition. In 2007 the Friends of the Gores Pavilion, with the help of the New Canaan Historical Society, convinced the town to lease the pool house to them as a museum for the modern architecture movement in New Canaan and the surrounding areas. A fundraising campaign has been initiated for its renovation as the \"Gores Pavilion.\" Tom Nissley, co-chair of the Friends of the Gores Pavilion, sums up the rescue of the structure by stating, \"The pool house represents the moderns in a very nice way\...and it\'s a public park, so people can come and see it without interrupting someone\'s home.\"
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# Landis Gores
## Other works {#other_works}
Gores is also known for the Van Doren Hospital and Strathmore Village in Fairfield, Connecticut, as well as the middle school and science buildings of the New Canaan Country Day School. WG Harris Residence, Richmond, Virginia 1962 Close House: New Preston, Connecticut 1965 Mrs. G
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# Marián Dirnbach
**Marián Dirnbach** (born 13 September 1979 in Bratislava) is a retired Slovak football striker. He played for a number of clubs, including Nitra, Trenčín, Ružomberok, and Inter Bratislava. Dirnbach was capped three times by the Slovakia national football team.
In a match-fixing case, the FIFA confirmed a 25-year-ban on 28 January 2014. Marián Dirnbach may not play professional football in any country worldwide for that period of time
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# Sabourin
**Sabourin** is a French-Canadian surname most commonly found in Quebec
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# High-temperature corrosion
**High-temperature corrosion** is a mechanism of corrosion that takes place when gas turbines, diesel engines, furnaces or other machinery come in contact with hot gas containing certain contaminants. Fuel sometimes contains vanadium compounds or sulfates, which can form low melting point compounds during combustion. These liquid melted salts are strongly corrosive to stainless steel and other alloys normally resistant with respect to corrosion at high temperatures. Other types of high-temperature corrosion include high-temperature oxidation, sulfidation, and carbonization. High temperature oxidation and other corrosion types are commonly modeled using the Deal-Grove model to account for diffusion and reaction dynamics.
## Sulfates
Two types of sulfate-induced hot corrosion are generally distinguished: Type I takes place above the melting point of sodium sulfate, whereas Type II occurs below the melting point of sodium sulfate but in the presence of small amounts of SO~3~.
In Type I, the protective oxide scale is dissolved by the molten salt. Sulfur is released from the salt and diffuses into the metal substrate, forming grey- or blue-colored aluminum or chromium sulfides. With the aluminum or chromium sequestered, after the salt layer has been removed, the steel cannot rebuild a new protective oxide layer. Alkali sulfates are formed from sulfur trioxide and sodium-containing compounds. As the formation of vanadates is preferred, sulfates are formed only if the amount of alkali metals is higher than the corresponding amount of vanadium.
The same kind of attack has been observed for potassium sulfate and magnesium sulfate.
## Vanadium
Vanadium is present in petroleum, especially from Canada, western United States, Venezuela and the Caribbean region, often bound to porphyrine in organometallic complexes. These complexes get concentrated on the higher-boiling fractions, which are then form the base of heavy residual fuel oils. Residues of sodium, primarily from sodium chloride and spent oil treatment chemicals, are also present in this petroleum fraction. Combusting any amount more than 100 ppm of sodium and vanadium will yield ash capable of causing **fuel ash corrosion**.
Most fuels contain small traces of vanadium. The vanadium is oxidized to different vanadates. Molten vanadates present as deposits on metal can flux oxide scales and passivation layers. Furthermore, the presence of vanadium accelerates the diffusion of oxygen through the fused salt layer to the metal substrate. Vanadates can be present in semiconducting or ionic form, where the semiconducting form has significantly higher corrosivity as the oxygen is transported via oxygen vacancies. The ionic form, in contrast, transports oxygen by diffusion of the entire vanadate, which is significantly slower. The semiconducting form is rich in vanadium pentoxide.
At high temperatures or when there is a lower availability of oxygen, refractory oxides`{{emdash}}`{=mediawiki}vanadium dioxide and vanadium trioxide`{{emdash}}`{=mediawiki}form. These more reduced forms of vanadium do not promote corrosion. However, at conditions most common for burning, vanadium pentoxide gets formed. Together with sodium oxide, vanadates of various composition ratios are formed. Vanadates of composition approximating Na~2~O.6 V~2~O~5~ have the highest corrosion rates at the temperatures between 593 °C and 816 °C; at lower temperatures, the vanadate is in solid state, and at higher temperatures, vanadates with higher proportion of vanadium contribute the most to higher corrosion rates.
The solubility of the passivation layer oxides in the molten vanadates depends on the composition of the oxide layer. Iron(III) oxide is readily soluble in vanadates between Na~2~O.6 V~2~O~5~ and 6 Na~2~O.V~2~O~5~, at temperatures below 705 °C in amounts up to equal to the mass of the vanadate. This composition range is common for ashes, which aggravates the problem. Chromium(III) oxide, nickel(II) oxide, and cobalt(II) oxide are less soluble in vanadates; they convert the vanadates to the less corrosive ionic form and their vanadates are tightly adherent, refractory, and act as oxygen barriers.
The rate of corrosion caused by vanadates can be lowered by reducing the amount of excess air available for combustion to preferentially form the refractory oxides, using refractory coatings on the exposed surfaces, or using high-chromium alloys, such as 50% Ni/50% Cr or 40% Ni/60% Cr.
The presence of sodium in a ratio of 1:3 gives the lowest melting point and must be avoided. This melting point of 535 °C can cause problems on the hot spots of the engine like piston crowns, valve seats, and turbochargers.
## Lead
Lead can form a low-melting slag capable of fluxing protective oxide scales. Lead is more often known for causing stress corrosion cracking in common materials that are exposed to molten lead. The cracking tendency of lead has been known for some time, since most iron based alloys, including those used in steel containers and vessels for molten lead baths, usually fail due to cracking
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# The Howling (EP)
\"**The Howling**\" is a song by Dutch symphonic metal band Within Temptation. It was released as an EP on 1 May 2007, exclusively at Hot Topic stores in the United States. It was also used as the second promotional single for *The Heart of Everything*, digitally released in the United Kingdom while \"Frozen\" was released elsewhere in Europe.
## History
\"The Howling\" was the first song revealed from Within Temptation\'s album *The Heart of Everything*. It was written to promote the video game *The Chronicles of Spellborn*. A video trailer for the game using \"The Howling\" was released in 2006. The band also played the song live at several occasions in 2006.
On 1 May 2007, before *The Heart of Everything* was released in the United States, an EP for the song went on sale there. After being available for a few hours, the EP had already sold out on the Hot Topic website. Later in 2007, it was released as the second single from *The Heart Of Everything* in countries where \"Frozen\" was not released. A new video was shot for this release.
Sharon den Adel\'s vocal range on \"The Howling\" is C-flat4 -- E5.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
The other four tracks on the EP are popular singles from Within Temptation\'s third studio album, *The Silent Force*. The disc is also an Enhanced CD which contains special music video for \"What Have You Done\".
Although \"The Howling\" was released in other countries as well, no other physical single was released.
## Music video {#music_video}
The first video for \"The Howling\" was a trailer for *The Chronicles of Spellborn*. It features scenes of Sharon den Adel (Within Temptation\'s lead singer) and footage from *The Chronicles of Spellborn*. Besides online showcase, the video was only released on *The Heart of Everything* special edition DVD.
The second video for \"The Howling\" displayed Sharon den Adel in a beautiful, sunlit field. It quickly changed into a darker scene, following the progression from a soft, calm sound into a more metal form. Den Adel is joined by the other band members in the dark scenes. The rest of the video switches between the two scenes. Instead of the album version, this video portrays the shortened single version of \"The Howling\".
Although the EP went on sale in May 2007 in the United States, it was not until October that a new version of its music video was revealed by Roadrunner Records US. This version portrays a different edit of \"The Howling\" than the main music video
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# Jerome Jenkins
**Jerome Martin Jenkins** (born July 2, 1967) is a former head men\'s basketball coach at California State University, Sacramento. His contract was not renewed following the 2007--2008 season. Jenkins played collegiately for Lonnie Porter at Regis University
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# NGC 1555
**NGC 1555**, sometimes known as **Hind\'s Variable Nebula**, Sh2-238 or HH 155, is a variable nebula 4 light years across, illuminated by the star T Tauri, located in the constellation Taurus. It is 400 light years away from Earth, and has a magnitude (B) of 9.98. It is also in the second Sharpless catalog as 238. It is a Herbig--Haro object. The nebula was discovered on October 11, 1852, by John Russell Hind.
thumb\|upright=1.9\|left\|NGC 1555 from the 0.8m Schulman at the Mount Lemmon Sky Center, AZ
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# Harvard Five
**The Harvard Five** was a group of architects that settled in New Canaan, Connecticut in the 1940s: John M. Johansen, Marcel Breuer, Landis Gores, Philip Johnson and Eliot Noyes. Marcel Breuer was an instructor at the Harvard Graduate School of Design, while Gores, Johansen, Johnson and Noyes were students there.
They were all influenced by Walter Gropius, who founded the Bauhaus in 1919, and thereafter became head of the architecture program at Harvard.
The small town of New Canaan is nationally recognized for its many examples of modern architecture. Approximately 100 modern homes were built in town, including Johnson\'s Glass House and the Landis Gores House, and about 20 have been torn down. Four are now listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places: the Landis Gores House, the Richard and Geraldine Hodgson House, the Philip Johnson Glass House, and the Noyes House.
Other notable architects lived in New Canaan and designed residences for themselves and clients there, including John Black Lee, Hugh Smallen, Victor Christ-Janer, Alan Goldberg, and Carl Koch
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# Jesse Rosenfeld
**Jesse Rosenfeld** (born 17 October 1983) is an Australian stage, television and film actor, best known for playing Marco Silvani on the soap opera *Neighbours*.
## Biography
Jesse was born in Melbourne, Australia, but spent much of his childhood in Cairns.
At the age of twelve, whilst living in Cairns, Jesse landed the role of Danny Tippler in Bruce Beresford\'s motion picture *Paradise Road* and found himself spending several months working alongside such actors as Frances McDormand, Glenn Close, Pauline Collins, Pamela Rabe, Elizabeth Spriggs and relative newcomer Cate Blanchett. His talent and enthusiasm were furthered by his work with these great performers. He returned to Melbourne to complete high school -- at Bialik College -- and spent a year at the University of Melbourne before his admission to the prestigious Victorian College of the Arts (VCA). He graduated from the VCA in 2005.
## Filmography
Year Title Role Director
------ ------------------ --------------- -----------------
2006 *Caroline Duffy* Bert Lapire Justin Olstein
1997 *Paradise Road* Danny Tippler Bruce Beresford
## Television
Year Title Role
------------ ------------------------- --------------------
2007--2008 *Neighbours* Marco Silvani
2001 *The Secret Life Of Us*
2012 *Outland* Dylan (Guest Star)
## Theatre
Year Title Role Other notes
------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2006 *Fitler Patler* You Directed by Mikhaela Muscat and Joel Kohn ( Think C.O.N.T.E.M
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# Tommy Brown (singer)
**Thomas A. Brown** (May 27, 1931 -- March 12, 2016) was an American R&B singer who achieved most of his success in the early 1950s, particularly on records with The Griffin Brothers. He also toured with his won group, Tommy B. and his Teardrops.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Born in Lumpkin, Georgia, Brown formed a small band with himself as the drummer in the 1940s, and worked in clubs around Atlanta. In 1949 he recorded \"Atlanta Boogie\" on the Regent label, a subsidiary of Savoy Records. The track contained early references to rock and roll :
:
: *Well, the whole town\'s rockin\' just about the break of day*
: *Well, when the bar starts jumpin\' you can hear the cats all say*
: *Well, let\'s rock\'n\'roll, well, let\'s rock\'n\'roll*
: *Yes, let\'s rock\'n\'roll till the break of day\...*
In 1951 he moved on to Dot where he was teamed with the Griffin Brothers, an R&B orchestra led by brothers Jimmy Griffin (trombone) and Ernest \"Buddy\" Griffin (piano) from Norfolk, Virginia. They had toured widely with Amos Milburn, Paul Williams, and others, and recorded as the backing band for Margie Day on two R&B Top 10 hits, \"Street Walkin\' Daddy\" and \"Little Red Rooster\".
In August of that same year Brown was featured singer on the R&B Top 10 hit \"Tra-La-La\", credited to the Griffin Brothers Orchestra, and later in the year the combination reached #1 on the R&B chart with \"Weepin\' and Cryin\'\", credited to The Griffin Brothers Orchestra featuring Tommy Brown.
In early 1952, Brown joined the United States Marine Corps, and when he returned in October of the same year, he moved to United Records in Chicago. While Brown was away, his previous label released in March 1952 the \"No News From Home\" single, which was recorded from earlier sessions. He played for a while in Bill Doggett\'s band, and claimed to help write Doggett\'s hit \"Honky Tonk\". He also recorded with Walter Horton during this period.
In 1958, Brown formed the group Tommy B. and his Teardrops. He went to St. Louis and chose musicians who had played with Billy Gayles and Ike Turner\'s Kings of Rhythm. His band consisted of Lloyd Wallace, piano; Eugene Washington, drums; Sam Rhodes, bass guitar; Billy Duncan, tenor sax; Bennie Smith, lead guitar; Raymond Hill.
Over the next decade he recorded R&B for a number of smaller labels, including his own T & L Productions which he formed with his wife singer Liz Lands. Brown performed as a comedian in the 1960s and 1970s. He released two live albums for his comedy act, 1967\'s *I Ain\'t Lyin\'* and *I Ain\'t Lyin\' Vol. 2* a year later.
In 1977, Brown returned to Atlanta to run the Landmark Personal Care Center. After fans sought a return in his musical career, Brown made a comeback in 2001, recording and performing around the world in blues festivals. His past recordings have also been reissued on compilation albums. On May 6, 2015, Brown was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in Memphis.
Brown died in 2016, aged 84.
## Discography
### Albums
- 1967: *I Aint Ly\'ing (Live From The Club)* (T & L Productions)
- 1968: *I Ain\'t Lying, Vol. Two: Live From The Shed House* (TNL Productions)
- 1973: *Soul Brother In Heaven And Hell* (TNL Productions)
- 2004: *Remember Me* (Bonedog Records)
- 2009: *Rockin\' Away My Blues* (Bonedog Records)
**With Bill Doggett**
- 1956: *Everybody Dance the Honky Tonk* (King Records)
### Singles
- 1951: \"V-8 Baby\" / \"Double-Faced Deacon\" (Savoy 813)
- 1951: Griffin Brothers Orch. Featuring Tommy Brown -- \"Tra-La-La\" (Dot 1060)
- 1951: Griffin Brothers Orch. Featuring Tommy Brown -- \"Weepin\' & Cryin\'\" (Dot 1071)
- 1952: Tommy (Weepin\' And Cryin\') Brown -- \"No News From Home\" / \"Never Trust A Woman\" (Savoy 838)
- 1953: Little Tommy Brown -- \"Goodbye, I\'m Gone\" / \"Since You Left Me Dear\" (King 4679)
- 1954: \"Southern Women\" / \"Remember Me\" (United 183)
- 1955: Little Tommy Brown -- \"Don\'t Leave Me\" / \"Won\'t You Forgive Me\" (Groove 0132)
- 1956: Little Tommy Brown With The Four Students -- \"The Thrill Is Gone\" / \"A Gambler\'s Prayer\" (Groove 0143)
- 1957: \"Someday, Somewhere\" / \"Rock Away My Blues\" (Imperial X5476)
- 1958: \"Just For You\" / \"Heart With No Feeling\" (Imperial 5533)
- 1960: Griffin Brothers Orch
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# The Ski Channel
**The Ski Channel** was a Video On Demand Cable, Satellite and Telco television channel distributed on Comcast, Time Warner Cable, DirecTV, Verizon FiOS, Brighthouse Networks, Cablevision, RCN, AT&T U-Verse and Cox Communications. The technical term for a channel of this type is VODnet. It features mountain oriented sports, activity and lifestyle content and is devoted to year-round mountain activities such as skiing, snowboarding, hiking, biking, backpacking, climbing and other mountain sports. The channel launched on December 25, 2008. Tennis doubles team Bob and Mike Bryan are investors in the channel. It was founded by Steve Bellamy who also founded Tennis Channel.
## Background
About 1997, Bellamy had the idea of cable channel for skiing and started work on the concept. He switch to working on a tennis channel concept given the broader audience for tennis. In 2005, Bellamy and the rest of the Tennis Channel\'s management was swept out by the owners.
## History
In April 2007, Bellamy announced the formation of The Ski Channel television Video on demand channel that would focus on mountain oriented sports, activity and lifestyle. That announcement brought a long term cable distribution deal with Time Warner and advertising deals with: Panasonic, Fender Guitars, Marquis Jets and Mirage Resorts. Panasonic\'s President, Andy Nelkin stated they were going to use the networks affluent audience to market their new 107 inch hi definition television that cost \$70,000. Shortly after a flurry of programming announcements were made with ski film maker Rage Films, episodic television series Ride Guide and a series with legendary action sports photographer Tony Harrington, entitled, \"Storm Hunter\".
A big announcement was a partnership with Olympic Gold Medalist Jonny Moseley that made Moseley an investor in the channel, a spokesperson and gave Moseley a signature show on the network. The Moseley announcement came at "The Ski Channel Baby Shower" and was attended by ski and snowboard stars: Julia Mancuso, Kirstina Koznick, Lauren Ross and Dash Longe. Alexandra Paul, Donna Mills, Melissa Rivers, Dawnn Lewis, Jaron Lowenstein, Scott Grimes, Kevin Durand, Amy Pietz, Jason Gray Stanford, Sinjin Smith, Pam Shriver and George Lazenby attended as well.
On November 17, 2008, it was reported by Business Week that the channel had added DirecTV and Verizon to its list of distributors, that it was launching on Christmas Day of 2008 and that it had acquired the broadcast rights to classic Warren Miller movies. The channel was launched on December 25, 2008. Cox and Bright House were also on board as launch carriers.
On June 1, 2009, it was announced that The Ski Channel had entered into a long term partnership with AT&T Uverse that would put the channel available as a fee on-demand service. The channel also made its first theatrical licensing deal for the Universal Pictures film, *First Descent*, featuring Shawn White, facing down Alaska\'s \"extreme slopes\".
In July 2010, The Ski Channel announced a deal with Comcast that brings the network to 43 million US television households when added to the previous distribution. The channel also announced that a mid-October grass-roots film tour would feature the debut of channel produced ski films before they air on the service channel.
## Programs
The network broadcasts events, movies, destination travel, news, equipment, instructional, real estate and all the different sports and activities that take place in the mountains in both the summer and winter. The channel has announced event rights that include the World Heli Championships that takes place in New Zealand and is the billed as the most extreme sporting event in the world, World Freeski Championships, the Subaru US Freeskiing Tour, The North Face Snowboard Tour and the Teva Mountain Games. Olympic Gold Medalist, Jonny Moseley has his own show called "Air It Out With Jonny Moseley."
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# The Ski Channel
## Cable and Satellite Distribution {#cable_and_satellite_distribution}
Currently, The Ski Channel is available on 7 of the largest television distribution companies Time Warner Cable, DirecTV, Cox Communications, Verizon FiOS, Brighthouse Networks, AT&T U-Verse and Dish Network. Comcast reached a carriage agreement on July 19, 2010
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