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# Special Minister of State
The **Special Minister of State** (**SMOS**) in the Government of the Commonwealth of Australia is a position currently held by Don Farrell since 1 June 2022, following the Australian federal election in 2022. The minister is responsible for various parliamentary, electoral, financial, public service, and oversight affairs
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# Colon High School
**Colon High School** is a public high school in northeastern St. Joseph County, Michigan. It serves the residents of Colon and the surrounding community including Leonidas Township and other rural areas. Its high school mascot is Magi, a rabbit (sometimes depicted as a rabbit in a hat). Colon chose this mascot because Colon, Michigan, is the \"magic capital of the world\". Every year, Colon hosts \"Magic Week\" where many performers put on displays, skits, and magic tricks for the town and surrounding areas.
Colon High School won the MHSAA Division 1 state championship in eight-man football in 2019
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# Camptodactyly
**Camptodactyly** is a medical condition that causes one or more digits (fingers or toes) to be permanently bent. It involves fixed flexion deformity of the proximal interphalangeal joints.
Camptodactyly can be caused by a genetic disorder. In that case, it is an autosomal dominant trait that is known for its incomplete genetic expressivity. This means that when a person has the genes for it, the condition may appear in both hands, one, or neither. A linkage scan proposed that the chromosomal locus of camptodactyly was 3q11.2-q13.12.
## Causes
The specific cause of camptodactyly remains unknown, but there are a few deficiencies that lead to the condition. A deficient lumbrical muscle controlling the flexion of the fingers, and abnormalities of the flexor and extensor tendons.
A number of congenital syndromes may also cause camptodactyly:
- Jacobsen syndrome
- Beals syndrome
- Blau syndrome
- Freeman--Sheldon syndrome
- Cerebrohepatorenal syndrome
- Weaver syndrome
- Christianson syndrome
- Gordon syndrome
- Jaccoud arthropathy
- Lenz microphthalmia syndrome
- Marshall--Smith--Weaver syndrome
- Oculo-dento-digital syndrome
- Tel Hashomer camptodactyly syndrome
- Toriello--Carey syndrome
- Trisomy 13
- Stuve--Wiedemann syndrome
- Loeys--Dietz syndrome
- Fetal alcohol syndrome
- Fryns syndrome
- Marfan syndrome
- Carnio-carpo-tarsal dystrophy
## Genetics
The pattern of inheritance is determined by the phenotypic expression of a gene---which is called *expressivity*. Camptodactyly can be passed on through generations in various levels of phenotypic expression, which include both or only one hand. This means that the genetic expressivity is incomplete. It can be inherited from either parent.
In most of its cases, camptodactyly occurs sporadically, but it has been found in several studies that it is inherited as an autosomal dominant condition.
## Treatment
If a contracture is less than 30 degrees, it may not interfere with normal functioning. The common treatment is splinting and occupational therapy. Surgery is the last option for most cases as the result may not be satisfactory.
## Etymology
The name is derived from the ancient Greek words καμπτός, *kamptos* (*bent*) and δάκτυλος, *daktylos* (*finger*)
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# Defence Forces Cemetery of Tallinn
The **Defence Forces Cemetery of Tallinn** (*Tallinna Kaitseväe kalmistu*), sometimes called the **Tallinn Military Cemetery** (*Tallinna Sõjavae kalmistu*), is one of the three cemeteries of the Tallinn City Centre Cemetery (Estonian: *Siselinna kalmistu*). It is situated about 3 kilometres outside the centre of Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. During Estonian independence before the Soviet and German occupations of the 1940--1991 period, it was Estonia\'s foremost military cemetery.
## History
The cemetery was established in the years of World War I as the cemetery of the Tallinn garrison. The oldest grave dates back to 1916 and holds Russian, Estonian, and German soldiers killed during World War I.
Also buried there are one British merchant seaman and four Royal Navy personnel from the same war who died before the Armistice, in addition to seven Royal Navy and two British Army personnel who died during the period of the Estonian War of Independence, and one non-world war grave. Eight of the Royal Navy personnel had been reburied here from Tallinn Old Cemetery.
The graves from 1918 to 1944, the gravestones of the Estonian soldiers and the monuments of the Estonian War of Independence were largely destroyed by the Soviet authorities and the graveyard was taken over by the Red Army for use by the Soviet occupation forces after World War II.
The graves of the fifteen British servicemen who died mostly in the Estonian War of Independence between 1918 and 1920 were repaired in 1994. Queen Elizabeth II appointed Linda Soomre an honorary Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for dedication and bravery in protecting the British graves during the years of the Soviet rule. Soomre was in charge of the Tallinn City Centre Cemetery for 35 years. After the destruction of the gravestones she had made the ground overnight a maintenance area saving the remains of the British soldiers from being violated. The graves are in a curbed graveled plot 75 yards inside from the cemetery main gate, in two rows, but because their exact locations could not be marked each man has a Special Memorial headstone. The graves are maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
Linda Soomre also saved the graves of two Estonian generals, Johan Unt and Ernst Põdder, by keeping the burial sites covered with dirt. The monument for the generals, originally unveiled in 1933, was restored on 22 February 1998.
On 28 November 2012 the monument to those fallen in the Estonian War of Independence, originally unveiled in 1933, was restored. The registration book of people buried at this cemetery between years 1918--1944, with over 1,150 names, is maintained in Tallinn city central archives.
The only graves from 1918 to 1944 that survived the Soviet era in the graveyard was a dolomite statue in commemoration of the victims of Männiku explosion from 15 June 1936.
In mid-1990s a headstone which reads \"To the Unknown Soldier: 1941--1945\" in Estonian and Russian was placed on the cemetery, financed by the Russian Embassy in Estonia.
A notable monument, \"To those fallen in World War II\", is the Bronze Soldier, a two-meter statue of a soldier in Red Army uniform with an accompanying stone structure. The statue was a part of a former Soviet World War II memorial by the sculptor Enn Roos and supervising architect Arnold Alas, and was moved from central Tallinn to the cemetery on 30 April 2007
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# Sampson Sievers
**Sampson Sievers,** (born **Edward Sievers**, *Эдуард Сиверс*) July 10, 1900 -- August 24, 1979 was a Russian Orthodox Christian elder, hieromonk, priest, confessor of Russian patriarch and higher clergy, and mystic of English ancestry, who was imprisoned and sent to Soviet forced labor camps.
## Early years and family {#early_years_and_family}
Edward Sievers was born July 10, (June 27 by Old Style), 1900 in Saint Petersburg. His mother was Mabel Annie Sievers (born Gare), an educated English woman. His father, Jasper Sievers, is of Holsatian origin and was the head of the military headquarters of general Ruzskiy who commanded the Northern District at Riga. He was also a personal friend and adviser of the last Russian tsar Nicholas II.
On July 23, 1900, Edward was baptised at the Anglican church of Saint Petersburg by local Anglican priest William A. Macloid. The baptism protocol from the Anglican church says that the family resided at Malaya Italyanskaya (Little Italian) street in Saint Petersburg.
Sievers finished Saint Petersburg Reform (Protestant) Gymnasium (Realschule) in 1916.
## Conversion into Orthodoxy, first arrest, execution and work in Tikhvin {#conversion_into_orthodoxy_first_arrest_execution_and_work_in_tikhvin}
At age 12, Edward chose to secretly attend Orthodox church. In 1917, he underwent re-baptism in the Orthodox church and through lots received the name Sergius (after Sergius of Radonezh). In 1918 the boy left for Savvo-Krypetskiy Monastery of John the Theologian.
In 1919 Bolsheviks arrested Sergius assuming that was from a Tsarist family. Latvian Riflemen came suddenly to the monastery and took him in custody. Close to the Feast of Pokrov (Protection) of Mother of God he was sent for execution but remained alive after being wounded in the right arm. In the night the wounded Sergius was pulled out of the pile of corpses by monks, disguised in a Red Army uniform, and delivered to his mother and then taken for treatment to the military hospital in Tikhvin. In the hospital in Tikhvin the physicians managed to cope with gangrene and save his arm.
In Tikhvin, Sievers got to know the bishop of Tikhvin Alexiy (Simanskiy), the future patriarch, at whom he became hypo-deacon. Remaining in Tikhvin, Sievers became the club manager, read educational lectures in the hospitals, went on missions regarding the provision issues. He secured the connection of patriarch Tikhon with \"disgraced\" clerics namely with the imprisoned Novgorod metropolitan Arseniy and others. Sievers\'s position (January 1919) was letter-carrier on the Saint Petersburg section of the Moscow - Vindavo - Rybinsk railway. According to the documents of Central State Archives of Saint Petersburg the last secular position of Sievers was service as manager of Tikhvin garrison club in 1919-1922.
With the help of bishop Alexiy, Sievers entered into Alaxandre-Nevsky Lavra in May 1921. He was tonsured by vladyka Nicholas Yarushevich receiving new name Symeon. January 19, 1925 was consecrated into the rank of hieromonk (priest-monk). At the same time, when accepted into hieromonks, he became the treasurer of the Lavra. Sievers also studied at the Saint Petersburg\'s (Russian Orthodox) Theological Institute (finished in 1925). In 1928 hieroschemonk Serafim Vyritskiy blessed father Symeon Sievers for elderdom.
## Second arrest and deportation to Svirlag labor camp {#second_arrest_and_deportation_to_svirlag_labor_camp}
The Alexandro-Nevsky Lavra was closed in 1932 and all monks were arrested. Symeon was taken to SvirLAG and later to Uzbekistan. The documents of Archives of Russian Federal Security Service offices in Leningrad region relate that from 1932 the monk was in Svirlag (Svirskiy Forced Labour Capm) on the river Svir (Leningrad oblast). Afterwards, Sievers was transferred to imprisonment in the Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan. On May 9, he was to be drowned in the Great Fergana Canal, but Kolkhoz workers pulled him out; on the way to the cemetery, water spilled and he revived.
## Short liberation, third arrest and deportation to the Far East {#short_liberation_third_arrest_and_deportation_to_the_far_east}
He was released in 1934 and taken into custody again in 1936, kept in prison in Borisoglebsk, after being convicted according to the article 5810 of the Criminal Code Part 1. He faced several years in prison on the Far East.
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# Sampson Sievers
## Liberation of 1945: as priest to Kolguta in Stavropol region {#liberation_of_1945_as_priest_to_kolguta_in_stavropol_region}
In 1945, an order was issued commanding the liberation of all church clerics. In August 1945, he decided to flee, reaching Kirgizia and from there flew on \"kukuruznik\" to Tashkent. In 1946 he got over to Stavropol to the metropolitan Anthony who gave him a parish first in Vinodelnoye and after in 1947 as the parish priest in the big Ukrainian cossack village (*stanitsa*) Kolguta, Stavropol Region. The appearance of an elder in the village concerned the local authorities and he was arrested again. spending a year in the prison in Baku.
## Priestly service in Ruzayevka, Makarovka and Spasskoye (Republic of Mordovia) {#priestly_service_in_ruzayevka_makarovka_and_spasskoye_republic_of_mordovia}
In 1948, and in bad health, he moved to Borisoglebsk in Voronezh region (south Russia). Penza archbishop Cyril appointed him the parish priest in the temporary temple in the town of Ruzayevka in Mordovia. His next parish was Makarovka lying next to Mordovian capital Saransk. In Makarovka, Symeon acquired a passport, which he had not had for the past 5 years.
His last place of service in Mordovia was the village of Spasskoye. Then he was sent to serve at Poltava Women\'s Monastery in Poltava, Ukraine, during 1956-1958 as second priest at the Kazan Cathedral of Volgograd, and then to Pskov Pechersk Monastery on the Estonian border from 1958 to 1963. From 1963 to 1979 Symeon lived in Moscow. On September 16, 1966 Symeon received holy Great Schema with the name Sampson after Saint Sampson the Hospitable. He died on August 24, 1979. A memorial service was served at the Church of Saint Nicholas in Kuznetsy and he was buried at Nikolo-Archangelski cemetery in Moscow
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# Albert Wagner (veteran)
**Albert Frederick \'Jud\' Wagner** (September 5, 1899 - January 20, 2007) was, at age 107, the last surviving Marine veteran from America to serve during the First World War.
USMC AEF 2nd Army Division 6th Marine Regiment
## Biography
Albert Frederick \"Jud\" Wagner was born in North Lincoln County, Kansas on September 5, 1899. In 1905 the family moved to Harlan, Kansas after losing their father. In 1916, at age 17, he joined the United States Marine Corps. After completing boot camp, Wagner was shipped to France in October 1918. He served in the Army of Occupation after the armistice. After the war, Wagner stayed in the Marine Corps until he was discharged in 1919. After his discharge, Wagner returned to Smith County. In October 2002, he received the French Legion of Honour. He was also honored with 30 miles of U.S. Highway 36 through Smith County, which was dedicated as World War I Veterans Highway.
Wagner and his wife Lillie managed the Smith County Poor Farm from 1930 to 1957. They had four children. They moved to town in 1957 and purchased one of the Lustron homes in Smith Center from the Martyn family. Wagner died in Smith Center, Kansas on January 20, 2007, at age 107. His funeral took place five days later on January 25, 2007
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# In the Fishtank 13
***In the Fishtank 13*** features Solex and the Maarten Altena Ensemble.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. 5 Superstar
2. Go Easy On The Fun Fund
3. 1 + 1 = 11
4
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# Miss Subways
**\"Miss Subways\"** was a title accorded to individual New York City women between 1941 and 1976 (revived in 2017). In the early years, the woman named Miss Subways appeared on posters in New York City Subway trains, along with a brief description of her. In 1957, with 14,000 placards within trains, it was estimated that 5.9 million people viewed Miss Subways, daily. Around 200 women held the title during the 1941-76 program run by the New York Subways Advertising Company.
## Selection
The method of selecting Miss Subways varied over time, typically taking the form of a beauty contest with the general rule that, to be eligible, a woman had to be a New York City resident who used the subway, herself. \"John Robert Powers, the head of the modeling agency, selected the winners\" until 1961 or 1962 and later \"for some years, winners were chosen by the contest organizers.\"
Before 1952, there were monthly selections of Miss Subways. From 1952 to 1957, candidates were picked every two months although \"Mr. Powers once picked seven winners to reign side by side in the subway.\" By 1957, they were all hand-picked based on how much they exuded a \"girl next door\" quality:
John Robert Powers was no longer involved in selection by 1963 when the contest changed to \"public vote \... by post card.\" The first winner of the public vote was Ann Napolitano who was an executive secretary at the advertising agency Doyle, Dane & Bernbach. The New York Subways Advertising Company \"redirected the contest to reflect the girl who works -- what New York City is all about.\" Winners were given bracelets with gold-plated (later, silver-plated) subway tokens.\" Spaulding commented in 1971 that \"Prettiness per se is passé. It\'s personality and interest pursuits that count\" and described how \"each contest attracts between 300 and 400 entries, submitted by family, friends and colleagues. About 30 are selected for a personal interview \'to judge personality and make certain that the submitted picture is a good likeness.\' Most of the winners have been stenographers, clerks, receptionists and some have been teachers and stewardesses.\"
Subsequent to the postcard system, winners were usually chosen by telephone-based voting, from among a group of nominees whose photos were placed on the subways. Title holders were photographed by the likes of James J. Kriegsmann who \"specialized in pictures of stage and screen stars, but he also photographed ordinary people, including the women who appeared in the Miss Subways promotion for more than 30 years.\"
In 2004, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, in conjunction with the *New York Post*, brought back the program, now named \"Ms. Subways,\" for one year only. A voting contest was held to determine the winner, Caroline Sanchez-Bernat, an actress. Posters of \"Ms. Subways\" appeared with subway safety tips instead of biographical notes.
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# Miss Subways
## Significance
Miss Subways began as a way for the John Robert Powers Agency \"to promote his models and for the New York Subways Advertising Company \'to increase eye traffic\' for the adjoining\...advertisements.\" \"The contest provided the main plot device of Leonard Bernstein\'s 1944 musical *On The Town*, in which a smitten sailor on leave searched for \'Miss Turnstiles.\'\"
By 1945, the four-year anniversary of the contest was commemorated nationally in *Life Magazine*. \"Unlike Miss America, these queens represented the full spectrum of their constituency, mainly Irish, Italian, Latina and Jewish. Thelma Potter, who was studying at Brooklyn College at the time, was the first black Miss Subways 1947 (36 years before a black Miss America); the first Asian Miss Subways reigned in 1949.\" Potter stated, \"It was progressive\.... It stirred things up a bit.\"
The New York Subway Advertising Company was owned by Walter O\'Malley, who moved the Brooklyn Dodgers to Los Angeles in 1958. Bernard Spaulding, the sales director for the New York Subways Advertising Company, said in 1971 that Miss Subways \"was a World War II pinup phenomenon and then lost social significance.\" Miss Subways, however, was of \"mythic significance to many,\" with Mayor Ed Koch saying in 1979:
In 1983, when there were public calls for the contest to continue, a Metropolitan Transportation Authority representative stated that it would be \"irrelevant and socially unacceptable,\" and thus not viable, to restart Miss Subways. In 2004, journalist Melanie Bush commented:
Ellen Hart Sturm, owner of the New York diner Ellen\'s Stardust Diner, was Miss Subways in 1959; her diner features photos of many past Miss Subways on the walls.
## Revival of \"Miss Subways\" {#revival_of_miss_subways}
In 2017, the \"Miss Subways Pageant\" was resurrected and produced by The City Reliquary in the backyard of the museum. To update the event for the twenty-first century, the competition was open to all genders, body types, and ages. A panel of local celebrity judges including NY1 reporter Roger Clark awarded the title, sash, and crown to performance artist Lisa Levy. Levy campaigned on a platform of being the first postmenopausal Miss Subways. Miss Congeniality, an addition to the original pageant, was taken by Suzie Sims-Fletcher, a communications consultant. In 2018, The Riders Alliance joined the City Reliquary as a co-organizer of the event. The 2018 winner was Parker MacLure, a government employee who competed in drag. The event was hosted at Littlefield in Gowanus. Miss Subways returned to Littlefield for the 2019 event and the winner was Dylan Greenberg, a trans queer musician and director who fronts the band Theophobia.
The event went on hiatus with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and was not presented in 2020, 2021, or 2022. In 2023, the City Reliquary revived the event at the Sideshows by the Seashore Theater of Coney Island USA, no longer in partnership with Riders Alliance. The event was emceed by Maggie McMuffin, 2023 Miss Coney Island. The winner of the 2023 Miss Subways crown was Harmony \"Hardcore\" Vehling, a marketing manager. 2023 celebrity judges included Greg Young from The Bowery Boys podcast, New York Nico, Miss Subways 2017 Lisa Levy, New York City artist Reverend Jen Miller, and Maxine the Fluffy Corgi.
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# Miss Subways
## List of titleholders {#list_of_titleholders}
Year Term Name
----------------- ------------------------------- ------------------------------
1941 1 April -- 30 April
1 May -- 31 May
1 June -- 30 June
1 July -- 31 July
1 August -- 31 August --
1 September -- 30 September
1 October -- 31 October
1 November -- 30 November
1 December -- 31 December
1942 --
1 January -- 31 January *--*
1 February -- 28 February
1 March -- 31 March
1 April -- 30 April
1 May -- 31 May *--*
1 June -- 30 June -Michael
1 July -- 31 July *--*
1 August -- 31 August
1 September -- 30 September
1 October -- 31 October *--*
1 November -- 30 November
1 December -- 31 December
1943 1 January -- 31 January
1 February -- 28 February
1 March -- 31 March
1 April -- 30 April
1 May -- 31 May Vita Monterosso
1 June -- 30 June
1 July -- 31 July *--*
1 August -- 31 August
1 September -- 30 September *--*
1 October -- 31 October
1 November -- 30 November
1 December -- 31 December
1944 --
1 January -- 31 January Anne McConnell
1 February -- 29 February
1 March -- 31 March
1 April -- 30 April
1 May -- 31 May
1 June -- 30 June
1 July -- 31 July
1 August -- 31 August
1 September -- 30 September
1 October -- 31 October *--*
1 November -- 30 November
1 December -- 31 December
1945 1 January -- 31 January *--*
1 February -- 28 February
1 March -- 31 March *--*
1 April -- 30 April
1 May -- 31 May *--*
1 June -- 30 June
1 July -- 31 July
1 August -- 31 August
1 September -- 30 September --
1 October -- 31 October
1 November -- 30 November
1 December -- 31 December
1946 1 January -- 31 January
1 February -- 28 February
1 March -- 31 March
1 April -- 30 April
1 May -- 31 May
1 June -- 30 June
1 July -- 31 July
1 August -- 31 August
1 September -- 30 September
1 October -- 31 October
1 November -- 30 November
1 December -- 31 December
1947 1 January -- 31 January
1 February -- 28 February
1 March -- 31 March
1 April -- 30 April
1 May -- 31 May *--*
1 June -- 30 June
1 July -- 31 July
1 August -- 31 August
1 September -- 30 September
1 October -- 31 October
1 November -- 30 November *--*
1 December -- 31 December
1948 1 January -- 31 January
1 February -- 29 February
1 March -- 31 March *--*
1 April -- 30 April
1 May -- 31 May
1 June -- 30 June
1 July -- 31 July
1 August -- 31 August
1 September -- 30 September
1 October 31 October
1 November -- 30 November
1 December -- 31 December
1949 1 January -- 31 January
1 February -- 28 February *--*
1 March -- 31 March
1 April -- 30 April *--*
1 May -- 31 May
1 June -- 30 June
1 July -- 31 July
1 August -- 31 August
1 September -- 30 September
1 October -- 31 October
1 November -- 30 November
1 December -- 31 December *--*
1950 1 January -- 31 January
1 February -- 28 February
1 March -- 31 March
1 April -- 30 April
1 May -- 31 May
1 June -- 30 June
1 July -- 31 July
1 August -- 31 August
1 September -- 30 September --
1 October -- 31 October
1 November -- 30 November --
1 December -- 31 December
1951 1 January -- 31 January
1 February -- 28 February
1 May -- 30 June
1 July -- 31 August
1 September -- 31 October
1 November -- 31 December
1952 1 January -- 29 February
1 March -- 30 April
1 May -- 30 June
1 July -- 31 August --
1 September -- 31 October
1 November -- 31 December
1953 1 January -- 28 February --
1 March -- 30 April
1 May -- 30 June
1 July -- 31 August
1 September -- 31 October
1 November -- 31 December
1954 1 January -- 28 February --
1 March -- 30 April
1 May -- 30 June
1 July -- 31 August --
1 September -- 31 October Eleanor Ward
1 November -- 31 December --
1955 1 January -- 28 February
1 March -- 30 April
1 May -- 30 June --
1 July -- 31 August
1 September -- 31 October
1 November -- 31 December
1956 1 January -- 28 February
1 March -- 30 April
1 May -- 30 June
1 July -- 31 August
1 September -- 31 October
1 November -- 31 December
1957 1 January -- 28 February
1 March -- 30 April Madeleine Seelig
1 May -- 30 June --
1 July -- 31 August
1 September -- 31 October
1 November -- 31 December
1958 1 January -- 28 February
1 March -- 30 April Eleanor Galanis
1 May -- 30 June
1 July -- 31 August
1 September -- 31 October
1 November -- 31 December
1959 1 January -- 28 February
1 March -- 30 April
1 May -- 30 June Sheila Stein
Joyce Griffin
Sally Salve
Gail Burke
1 July -- 31 August --
1 September -- 31 October
1 November -- 31 December
1960 1 January -- 29 February
1 March -- 30 April
1 May -- 30 June
1 July -- 31 August
1 September -- 31 October
1 November -- 31 December
1961 1 January -- 28 February
1 March -- 30 April
1 May -- 30 June
1 July -- 31 August
1 September -- 31 October
1 November -- 31 December
Before 1962 --
1962 1 January -- 28 February
1 March -- 30 April
1 May -- 30 June
1 July -- 31 August
1 September -- 31 October
1 November -- 31 December --
1963 1 September -- 30 September
1964 1 January -- 31 March
1965 --
Rosalind Cinclini
1966
Donna DeMarta
1967
1 December -- 31 January 1968
1968 1 February -- 31 August
1969 --
1971 1 January -- 30 June
1973 1 November -- 30 April 1974 Carol Brown
1974 1 May -- 31 July
1 November -- 30 April 1975
1975 1 May -- 31 October
1 November -- 30 April 1976
1976 1 May -- 31 October
Before 1976 Laurie Bill
Judith Burgess
2004 (honorary) --
2017
2018
2019
2023 Harmony \"Hardcore\" Vehling
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# Miss Subways
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
- In the 1944 musical *On the Town*, one of the main characters falls in love with \"Miss Turnstiles\" after seeing her picture on the subway. Lyricist Betty Comden later claimed that the musical influenced the contest\'s selection process to include more diverse contestants, due to the casting of the half-Japanese Sono Osato as Miss Turnstiles in the original production.
- Lawrence Ferlinghetti\'s poetry collection *A Coney Island of the Mind* contains a poem entitled \"Meet Miss Subways.\"
- Donald Sosin\'s 1972 song cycle \"Third Rail\" includes the entire text of a Miss Subways poster, but with the name of the girl and her school changed at her request.
- Cher\'s 1974 album, *Dark Lady*, featured the comedic song, \"Miss Subway of 1952,\" written by Mary F. Cain, about a once-beautiful woman who has not aged gracefully.
- In the 1996 *The Nanny* episode \"Tattoo\" (Season 4 episode 9), Fran claims to have won the Miss Subways title.
- In 1996, Marga Gomez debuted a show called \"A Line Around the Block\" in which a character says, \"You\'re Miss America. No, better than that. Miss Subways.\"
- The 2018 historical fiction novel *The Subway Girls* (St. Martin\'s Press) by Susie Orman Schnall features a dual-timeline story of a 1949 Miss Subways contestant and a modern-day female advertising executive.
- In the 2018 novel *Miss Subways* (`{{ISBN|978-0-37421-040-3}}`{=mediawiki}, Macmillan Publishers), writer and actor David Duchovny re-imagines Miss Subways as Emer, a New York City teacher whose world intersects with mythical figures in her quest for love
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# Made of Flesh
***Made of Flesh*** is the seventh studio album by the German death metal band Fleshcrawl. It is considered the sequel to *Soulskinner* and is the first of their albums to feature their current guitarist Oliver Grbavac, who joined the band to replace founding member Stefan Hanus and the last to feature bass guitarist Tobias Schick.
Being widely considered a de facto sequel to *Soulskinner*, the two albums share a highly similar sound, which is general of Fleshcrawl\'s work since the late 1990s. Both albums feature prominent Swedish death metal-style guitar work, composed of eminently rhythmic riffing and short, moderately technical guitar solos, not unlike many contemporary bands of the melodic death metal genre, particularly Dismember, Grave, and to an extent, Arch Enemy. As is typical of Fleshcrawl\'s latest work, the melodic guitar rhythms are complemented with a familiar drum sound, consisting of blast beats incorporated into highly embossed, yet not obtrusive, rapid double bass drum-rolls, with semi-guttural death growls reminiscent of such Florida-based death metal bands as Cannibal Corpse, Six Feet Under, and Suffocation.
Lyrical themes of this album remain consistent with those of previous Fleshcrawl albums and of death metal in general. Subjects cover gory themes and concepts of evil, including doomsday/the apocalypse (\"Beneath a Dying Sun\", \"Damned in Fire\"), demons/demonic possession (\"Flesh Bloody Flesh\", \"Demons of the Dead\"), damnation (\"Forged in Blood\"), and necrophagy (\"Carnal Devourment\"), among others. The Japanese release included a cover of \"Rockin\' Is My Business\" by The Four Horsemen, a late-80s metal band from California; this song is dissimilar to every other song on the album, in that it doesn\'t cover general death metal lyrical themes of death, gore, violence, etc., but rather is about both the glory and tribulations of the music industry.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Beneath a Dying Sun\" -- 4:41
2. \"Made of Flesh\" -- 4:03
3. \"Scourge of the Bleeding Haunted\" -- 3:59
4. \"Into the Depths of No Return\" -- 4:47
5. \"Flesh Bloody Flesh\" -- 3:20
6. \"Forged in Blood\" -- 4:59
7. \"Damned in Fire\" -- 2:39
8. \"Demons of the Dead\" -- 3:20
9. \"Carnal Devourment\" -- 3:57
10. \"When Life Surrenders\" -- 4:53
11
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# Reverse connection
A **reverse connection** is usually used to bypass firewall restrictions on open ports. A firewall usually blocks incoming connections on closed ports, but does not block outgoing traffic. In a normal forward connection, a client connects to a server through the server\'s open port, but in the case of a reverse connection, the client opens the port that the server connects to. The most common way a reverse connection is used is to bypass firewall and router security restrictions.
For example, a backdoor running on a computer behind a firewall that blocks incoming connections can easily open an outbound connection to a remote host on the Internet. Once the connection is established, the remote host can send commands to the backdoor. Remote administration tools (RAT) that use a reverse connection usually send SYN packets to the client\'s IP address. The client listens for these SYN packets and accepts the desired connections.
If a computer is sending SYN packets or is connected to the client\'s computer, the connections can be discovered by using the netstat command or a common port listener like "Active Ports". If the Internet connection is closed down and an application still tries to connect to remote hosts it may be infected with malware. Keyloggers and other malicious programs are harder to detect once installed, because they connect only once per session. Note that SYN packets by themselves are not necessarily a cause for alarm, as they are a standard part of all TCP connections.
There are honest uses for using reverse connections, for example to allow hosts behind a NAT firewall to be administered remotely. These hosts do not normally have public IP addresses, and so must either have ports forwarded at the firewall, or open reverse connections to a central administration server
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# Babec
**Babec** (December 22, 1979 - April 11, 2008) was a male silverback western lowland gorilla (*Gorilla gorilla gorilla*), the youngest of three sons born to Otto and Benga at Chicago\'s Lincoln Park Zoo. Between 1988 and 1992 he sired 8 offspring, 5 of them with Madge of the Cincinnati Zoo. Six of his offspring survived into maturity, and he has one grandchild, Kiazi Kitamu at the Pittsburgh Zoo. Babec was exhibited at the Birmingham Zoo in Birmingham, Alabama, from 1993 until his death in 2008. He was the only gorilla to have been successfully fitted with a pacemaker, which he wore for four years.
In 2003, Babec was diagnosed with end-stage heart failure due to fibrosing cardiomyopathy after he exhibited symptoms including coughing, lethargy and loss of appetite and indications of chest pains. As part of his therapeutic diet, zoo veterinarian E. Marie Rush prescribed antacids, antibiotics, diuretics and two 30-oz servings of grape-flavor Powerade per day, which was donated by the Birmingham Coca-Cola Bottling Company.
On September 25, 2004, Babec became the first gorilla to undergo the successful implant of a cardiac resynchronization therapy device (a type of advanced pacemaker). The device was suggested and donated by its manufacturer, the Guidant Corporation. Guidant representatives Dr. Jeff Hall DVM, Linda Garmon, and Tab Whisenhunt provided technical expertise and support. It was implanted during a 6-hour operation performed at the zoo\'s veterinary hospital and led by University of Alabama at Birmingham cardiologist Neal Kay. He came through the operation well and special care was taken to modify his environment to minimize opportunities to jeopardize the procedure through strenuous arm activity. His fingernails were closely clipped and various distractions applied, such as fingernail color, shaved patches of hair and chewing gum in his fur, to distract him from manipulating his sutures.
In the spring of 2005 the wires connecting the CRT device to Babec\'s heart were loosened in a friendly tussle with the zoo\'s younger gorilla, Jamie. The damage was evident because of the return of Babec\'s symptoms. The damage was corrected surgically and zoo staff made the decision to alternate Babec\'s and Jamie\'s exhibit times.
On April 29, 2007, the CRT device was again replaced in a 7-hour procedure.
Babec was euthanized on April 11, 2008, after his health declined dramatically over three weeks
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# Baptist May
**Baptist (\'Bab\') May** (1628--1698) was a Royal courtier during the reign of Charles II of England. He is said to have been Charles\'s closest and most trusted servant, largely as a result of his knowledge that the king did not like to be approached on matters of business.
May was born in Mid Lavant, the son of Sir Humphrey May, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and his second wife, Judith daughter of Sir William Poley. He was a cousin of Hugh May, the architect. Baptist was appointed Groom of the Bedchamber to the Duke of York (the future James II) in 1662 and Keeper of the Privy Purse to the King three years later, thanks to the influence of Charles\'s mistress, Barbara Palmer (*née* Villiers), Countess of Castlemaine. Castlemaine wanted to ensure that the Keeper was an ally; this would ensure that the payments due to her would become a high priority.
He was nominated by the Duke of York as MP for Winchelsea; however, he lost the election. He joined the Countess of Castlemaine to bring down Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon in 1667. In 1670 he was elected MP for Midhurst, sitting until 1679, and in 1690 was elected for Windsor, only to be unseated a few months later on petition.
Despite being Keeper of the Privy Purse, May did not enjoy control over the king\'s private finances. Surviving documents show that the payments by May were routine payments. However, he enjoyed the king\'s confidence throughout his reign, despite May\'s offhand remarks. For example, according to Clarendon\'s biography, after the Great Fire of London in 1666, he remarked that it was welcomed, to make the city more controllable. This shocked those around him, including the king.
Another test of their friendship began in 1679. As a result of Titus Oates\'s fictitious claims that several Catholic members of the Royal Household were plotting to kill the king and put his Catholic brother on the throne, known as the Popish Plot, there was a wave of anti-Catholicism throughout England. The Whig faction in parliament, led by the Earl of Shaftesbury and the Duke of Buckingham, was pressing the king to divorce his barren queen, Catherine of Braganza, and remarry to produce a Protestant heir. May was one of the Whig supporters, and narrowly escaped dismissal from his office in the bedchamber as a result.
After Charles\'s death in 1685, the Duke of York came to the throne as James II. May was dismissed from the office of Keeper of the Privy Purse. However, he remained Ranger of Windsor Great Park, and continued to live at what later became known as Cumberland Lodge, until his death. In 1690 he was elected MP for Thetford, holding the seat until the next general election in 1695. May died unmarried in 1698 and was buried in St George\'s Chapel, Windsor Castle.
Babmaes Street in St James\'s is named after Baptist May
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# Buffalo Creek (Illinois)
**Buffalo Creek** is an 11.2 mi tributary of the Des Plaines River. It begins in Lake Zurich, Illinois, and flows mainly south-eastward through Kildeer, Long Grove, Buffalo Grove and Wheeling. In Wheeling, it is named the Wheeling Drainage Ditch. It joins the Des Plaines River next to Chicago Executive Airport.
## GNIS note {#gnis_note}
The GNIS database information dates from 1980 and does not reflect recent changes made to the mouth location during improvements at Chicago Executive Airport. The source location may also have shifted due to housing development in the area. The coordinates used in the information box are from Google Earth
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# San Basilio de Palenque
**San Basilio de Palenque** or **Palenque de San Basilio**, often referred to by the locals simply as **Palenke**, is a Palenque village and corregimiento in the Municipality of Mahates, Bolivar in northern Colombia. Palenque was the first free African town in the Americas, and in 2005 was declared a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.
## History
Spaniards introduced enslaved Africans in South America through the Magdalena River Valley. Its mouth is close to the important port of Cartagena de Indias where ships full of Africans arrived. In 1599 some 30 slave runaways escaped into the forest under the leadership of Captain Benkos Biohó. The group of Maroons defeated the first expedition of 20 armed men sent against them, killing the expedition leader Juan Gómez. Some years after they escaped, they had wandered between the Matuna swamp and the Dique channel. In one of his raids to the south, Benkos Biohó found a piece of land that offered ideal conditions for establishing a settlement. King Benkos-Bioho founded his dynasty along with his wife Queen Wiwa at Matuna around 1600. Since they barricaded the place with palisades, the place was also called Palenque (Spanish for palisade, wooden fence). Although the exact year is unknown, according to mythical-historical accounts, Palenque was founded in 1603. This is the date inscribed in the Benkos Bioho statue in the main plaza of Palenque. The village was first known as Palenque de San Miguel Arcángel. This maroon community was \"made up of Bozales (i.e. individuals born in Africa) as well as creoles (i.e. individuals born in the New World), many of whom must have formerly inhabited other nearby palenques\". Only one century later, in January 1713 was renamed as San Basilio Magno, at a time when the maroon community had 137 homes, according to records.
Biohó played an important role in setting up the community. He declared himself King Benkos, and his palenque attracted large numbers of runaways to join his community. The Spanish arrived at terms with Biohó, but later they captured him, accused him of plotting against the Spanish, and had him hanged in 1621.
Over the years, Palenque people tried to free all enslaved Africans arriving at Cartagena and were quite successful. Therefore, the Spanish Crown issued a Royal Decree (1691), guaranteeing freedom to the Palenque de San Basilio Africans if they stopped welcoming new escapees. But runaways continued to escape to freedom in San Basilio. In 1696, the colonial authorities subdued another rebellion there, and between 1713--7. In 1713, after a prolonged period of fighting and fierce resistance from the Palenquero community, Bishop Antonio María Casiani signed an *Entente Cordiale*, a document that granted the community of runaway slaves the right to their land on the condition that they would not accept any new maroons. Palenqueros eventually refused to honour this agreement. In 1772, this community of maroons was included within the Mahates district, as long they no longer accepted any further runaways.
Although the number of this kind of walled communities in Colombian territory has dwindled, Palenque remains unique for its uninterrupted resistance. Ludmila Ferrari posits that:
## The village {#the_village}
The village of Palenque de San Basilio has a population of about 3,500 inhabitants and is located in the foothills of the Montes de María, southeast of the regional capital, Cartagena. The word \"palenque\" means \"walled city\" and the Palenque de San Basilio is only one of many walled communities that were founded by escaped slaves as a refuge in the seventeenth century. Of the many palenques of escaped enslaved Africans that existed previously San Basilio is the only one that survives. Many of the oral and musical traditions have roots in Palenque\'s African past. Africans were dispatched to Spanish America under the asiento system.
The village of San Basilio is inhabited mainly by Afro-Colombians which are direct descendants of enslaved Africans brought by the Europeans during the Colonization of the Americas and have preserved their ancestral traditions and have developed also their own language; Palenquero. In 2005, the Palenque de San Basilio village was proclaimed Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.
In the village of Palenque de San Basilio most of its inhabitants are black and still preserve customs and language from their African ancestors. In recent years people of indigenous ancestry have settled at the borders of Palenque, being displaced earlier by the Colombian civil war.
One of the first anthropological studies of the inhabitants of Palenque de San Basilio was published by anthropologist Nina de Friedemann and photographer Richard Cross in 1979 entitled *Ma Ngombe: guerreros y ganaderos en Palenque*.
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# San Basilio de Palenque
## Palenquero language {#palenquero_language}
*The New York Times* reported on October 18, 2007 that the language spoken in Palenque is thought to be the only Spanish-based creole language spoken in South America. Being a creole language, its grammar differs substantially from Spanish making the language unintelligible to Spanish speakers. Palenquero was influenced by the Kikongo language of Congo and Angola, and also by Portuguese, the language of the slave traders who brought enslaved Africans to South America in the 17th century. Exact information on the different roots of Palenquero is still lacking, and there are different theories of its origin. In 2007, fewer than half of the community\'s 3,000 residents still speak Palenquero.
A linguist born in Palenquero is compiling a lexicon for the language and others are assembling a dictionary of Palenquero. The defenders of Palenquero continue working to keep the language alive
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# Mohamed Saleck Ould Mohamed Lemine
**Mohamed Saleck Ould Mohamed Lemine** (born in 1963) is a Mauritanian politician and diplomat. A former ambassador to Switzerland, Lemine was named on 28 April 2007 to the post of Foreign Minister in the new government under Prime Minister Zeine Ould Zeidane and President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi.
Ould Mohamed Lemine was born in Kiffa. He joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation on August 1, 1984. He served in a number of positions, including first Advisor of Mauritania\'s Permanent Mission to the United Nations from February 1992 to January 1996 and Consul-General in the Canary Islands from February 1996 to August 1997.
In September 1997 he became Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the Office of the United Nations and the International Organizations in Geneva, Switzerland, and in November 2006 he became Ambassador to Switzerland.
In Parliament on 7 July 2007, Lemine denied all accusations that there were U.S. prisons, secret military bases or training camps in Mauritania, responding to concerns from deputies. The claims about the existence of these facilities were first published by *The New Yorker* in June; Lemine described the claims as \"false rumors\"
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# Annacotty
**Annacotty** (`{{irish place name|Áth an Choite|the ford of the small boat}}`{=mediawiki}) is a small village on the outskirts of Limerick, Ireland, 7 km from the centre of the city. It is situated where the old N7 main road between Limerick and Dublin crosses the Mulkear River, 1 km upstream of where it flows into the River Shannon.
## History
The village originally grew up around the grain mills which harnessed the water power of the River Mulkear. Clonkeen Church was established as a monastic site c. AD 600. One was beside the bridge itself and has now been restored as bar and restaurant and the second was 1 km upstream at Ballyclough. Annacotty Co-Operative Society was founded in the 1890s and butter was made at the creamery up to the 1960s when it was taken over by Black Abbey Co-operative of Adare (which, after a succession of mergers, became part of the Dairygold Co-op). The creamery had been transformed into a co-operative hardware store which closed in August 2009.
With the expansion of Limerick from 1990, Annacotty has been swallowed up into the rapidly growing suburb of Castletroy. The N7, which originally ran through the main street, by passed the village as it was then, in 1980 when a new bridge was built over the Mulkear 100m downstream. That, in turn, was superseded by the building of the Limerick Southern Ring Road which crossed the river 1 km upstream at Ballyclough. Annacotty officially became part of Limerick City following the May 2014 local government elections with local councillors elected as part of the Limerick City Metropolitan District. Prior to this local councillors were elected to Limerick County Council, a separate authority to the old City Council.
Annacotty Industrial Estate was built on the former site of the Ferenka factory. Opened in March 1972 by the AKZO Group to manufacture steelcord, it achieved notoriety when its Dutch managing director Tiede Herrema was kidnapped by IRA Volunteers Eddie Gallagher and Marion Coyle in October 1975 and freed four weeks later following a protracted siege in Monasterevin, County Kildare. After sustaining continuing losses and experiencing numerous industrial disputes from the day it opened, the factory closed down in December 1977 with the loss of over 1,400 full-time jobs.
Sports clubs in the area include Aisling Annacotty, the local football club, and UL Bohemian\'s, a local rugby club which is located on Mulkear Drive.
Annacotty is the birthplace of the Limerick inter-county hurler Jackie Power and a statue of him stands on the main street. Former Irish rugby international Peter Clohessy also comes from the town.
## Transport
Annacotty railway station opened on 8 August 1858, but finally closed on 9 September 1963. Private bus operator Dublin Coach operate PSO Bus Route 310 between Limerick City and nearby Newtown, in Annacotty
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# National Board of Review Awards 1962
**34th National Board of Review Awards**\
December 21, 1962
--
--
The **34th National Board of Review Awards** were announced on December 21, 1962.
## Top ten films {#top_ten_films}
1. *The Longest Day*
2. *Billy Budd*
3. *The Miracle Worker*
4. *Lawrence of Arabia*
5. *Long Day\'s Journey Into Night*
6. *Whistle Down the Wind*
7. *Requiem for a Heavyweight*
8. *A Taste of Honey*
9. *Birdman of Alcatraz*
10. *War Hunt*
## Top foreign films {#top_foreign_films}
1. *Sundays and Cybele*
2. *Barabbas*
3. *Divorce, Italian Style*
4. *The Naked Island*
5
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# Yak Peak
**Yak Peak** is a granite summit located adjacent the Coquihalla Highway in British Columbia north of Hope. The mountain lies less than one km from a highway rest area, and is easily visible from a long stretch of the highway just south of the summit. It is known for some fine granite rock climbing routes, notably *Yak Crack*. Other mountains in the same group, usually known as the Anderson River Group or as the Coquihalla Range, are named after other similar animals, such as Thar Peak and Guanaco Peak.
## Climate
Based on the Köppen climate classification, Yak Peak is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel east toward the Cascade Range where they are forced upward by the range, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall. As a result, the Cascade Mountains experience high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. Winter temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. The months July through September offer the most favorable weather for climbing Yak Peak.
## Gallery
Nak and Yak from Zoa.jpg\|The north aspect of Yak Peak, with Nak Peak in upper left Yak Peak 2
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# Mars Muffin
A **Mars Muffin** is a baked goods item produced by McVitie\'s and marketed in the United Kingdom. It is a muffin covered in Mars Bar style chocolate, partly filled with caramel, with caramel flavour cake
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# Owens Station, Delaware
**Owens Station, Delaware** was a community in Delaware, U.S.A.
## History
Owens station was a stop on the now defunct Queen Anne\'s Railroad line between Ellendale and Greenwood. After the railroad closed down and the tracks were removed, all property owned by the railroad was returned to its previous landowners and several small communities built around the stops disappeared. Some houses still exist from the town, at the intersection of Beach Highway and Owens Rd, but most of the former town has disappeared.
The Owens Station Hunting Preserve takes its name from the former rail community.
The remains of the settlement, now called simply **Owens**, is an unincorporated community located on Delaware Route 16 east of Greenwood.
Owens\' population was 18 in 1900, and was 62 in 1925
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# Oral history preservation
**Oral history preservation** is the field that deals with the care and upkeep of oral history materials, whatever format they may be in. Oral history is a method of historical documentation, using interviews with living survivors of the time being investigated. Oral history often touches on topics scarcely touched on by written documents, and by doing so, fills in the gaps of records that make up early historical documents.
## Collecting oral history {#collecting_oral_history}
The earliest method of collecting oral history was through memory. (see: oral tradition) With the loss of elders who were willing to preserve and pass along these histories, cultural memories began to vanish.
With the advent of the written word, it became possible for cultures to preserve their history without the memory of a select few. Spoken word was transcribed, and the eyewitness accounts of those who lived through both significant and everyday events were able to be saved for future generations to study.
This method of historical preservation was augmented with the invention of different methods to record sound. Spoken word can now be recorded on audio or video tape, or through newer digital methods.
While new media allows for richer histories to be saved, it also comes with greater issues for preservationists, one such issue being that of copyright and the ethical concerns that come along with it. For all intents and purposes, copyright does not exist in oral testimonies, at least not as clearly as it does in written documents. It is hard to decide who holds the rights to the materials and how they should be handled. There are ways to combat copyright and ethical concerns and restrictions, however. One such way is through a letter of intent. Users sign this document before listening to an oral history recording in order to demonstrate that they understand and have agreed to the usage restrictions put in place by the institution.
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# Oral history preservation
## Medium
### Past ways of saving oral histories {#past_ways_of_saving_oral_histories}
Early methods of recording sound included phonograph cylinders (a stylus would draw wax grooves on the outside of a cylinder), gramophone records (grooves on the flat side of a disk) and magnetic recordings.
### Current way to save oral histories {#current_way_to_save_oral_histories}
While reel-to-reel audio tape recordings are still used, video recordings have become standard. This allows the researcher to take body language and facial expressions (both important means of communication in themselves) into account. There is also an emerging trend to use the telephone to make audio journals when distance prevents face-to-face contact.
In order to ensure the preservation of oral histories it is important that all work is properly transcribed and stored on reliable media. It is important to preserve oral histories in modern digital format to ensure longevity and usability. The simplest and easiest way to do this for audio histories is to purchase a \"personal MP3 player\" that has recording capabilities, and record directly to the flash chip in the player. These are very inexpensive and can hold many hours of interviews. The files should then be uploaded to a central computer server and copies can be burned to optical media, or copied to USB flash drives owned by the researchers, scholars and students working with the material.
Recordable compact discs are commonly used over magnetic tape for the preservation of oral histories over a long period of time. Compact Cassette tapes and Videotape were popular but have been almost completely replaced by optical media such as CD-R and DVD media. CD-R is a successful technology that has proven its reliability over period of time, but it should be viewed with caution for long term storage as the media is easily scratched. The safest way is to make a \"gold master\" CD that is not ever checked out for use from the library, and duplicate copies of this for use by people wishing to access it. The Folk Heritage Collections, at the Library of Congress, set a standard for 24 bits when digitizing music. This creates \"superb\" sound and has a high level of detail (Danielson, 2001). The Library of Congress uses CD-R as one of its storage methods. The Library of Congress has a higher budget than many university or archives, therefore they are able to store materials in multiple places. But, the Library of Congress has stated that they do believe storing sound on CD-R is a safe storage method (Danielson, 2001). One can assume if it is considered safe by the Library of Congress it is a relatively safe method of preservation.
A huge challenge of oral history preservation today is the battle with digital obsolescence. There is an obvious link between oral history preservation and digital preservation. Oral histories are often recorded on an assortment of tapes which are ultimately transferred onto computerized, or digitized, formats in order to facilitate their longevity. These digitized formats then have to be preserved, along with their corresponding metadata, just as any other digital objects are. Technological advances are happening every day and it is difficult to keep up with these changes. Emulation and migration are two ways in which formats can be changed in order to be of use for longer. Emulation focuses on designing hardware and software that will imitate the old system so that it can accept the old files while migration focuses on fitting preserved data into a smaller number of formats that can still encode the complexities of the structure and form of the original format.
With the recent cost decreases in hard disk drives, oral archivists are considering moving many of their popular holdings to permanent storage in a server farm. For example, a single terabyte disk drive costing under \$100 USD can hold 1,900 hours of uncompressed audio. A CD-R by contrast can only hold 76 minutes of uncompressed audio. Disk drive array cards such as the 3ware 9650SE can field 8TB of redundantly protected data in a standard PC case. One of the big advantages of doing this is that as the servers age and are retired, the files can simply be copied to newer, larger replacement servers making hardware obsolescence a thing of the past.
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# Oral history preservation
## Basic preservation of the collection {#basic_preservation_of_the_collection}
### Oral history education {#oral_history_education}
Due to the growing importance of oral histories the United States, as well as the international community, have increased funding to produce more oral histories, preserve oral history collections, and train oral historians. There are a growing number of oral history programs and classes in college and university campus across America. Although Indiana University does not offer academic degrees in oral history The Center for the Study of History and Memory offers students the opportunity to take classes on the topic. Some of the major universities that offer classes or degrees in oral history are Columbia University, University of Kentucky, and University of California Los Angeles. Many international universities and organizations are also enhancing their programs. The United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, have all established oral history associations and offer educational classes on the subject. These programs are aimed at educating future oral historians on key issues relating to oral history, such as preservation. This is a highly debated subject matter, due to increasing technology and funding.
### General
The basic preservation rule for oral histories is that the repository must make three copies each of the oral history, of the transcript, and of all accompanying paperwork (summaries and copyright statements).
- One copy will be the original item
- One copy will be the duplicating master
- One copy will be the access (public use) copy
### Paper records {#paper_records}
Transcripts of oral histories can facilitate their dissemination to the public. There are a few basic rules for paper (transcript) preservation of an oral history collection:
- Make sure transcriptions are created on acid-free paper.
- Save original transcript, and make copies for public use. Do not loan out original.
- Store paper copies of transcriptions in archival-quality, acid free boxes.
### Magnetic records {#magnetic_records}
There are a few basic rules for magnetic recording preservation of an oral history collection:
- Save the original tape as well as the transcript of the interview
- Make an audio copy for public use, do not allow an original to be used
- Store tapes away from magnetic fields
- Discourage users from fast forwarding and rewinding the audio tapes, this adds unnecessary wear and tear
- Remember that master copies must be played every once in a while to ensure they are still viable
- Keep tapes in an environment that will maintain a temperature between 10 and. The environment must also maintain a humidity level between 40-50% relative humidity (RH).
### Digital preservation {#digital_preservation}
There are many different digital preservation strategies, but no one strategy has been agreed upon as appropriate for all data types or institutions.
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# Oral history preservation
## Oral history archives {#oral_history_archives}
Oral history materials are often stored in archival repositories that facilitate their preservation and longevity. Archival repositories are kept at the correct temperature to store oral history materials and trained professionals are there to ensure that the formats of the materials are kept up to date. Archivists, Preservationists and Conservators are in a unique position to appraise the shortcomings of existing archival records and to subsequently know what value can be made by oral history materials
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# Vest-Telemark Airport, Fyresdal
**Vest-Telemark Airport, Fyresdal** (*Vest-Telemark flyplass, Fyresdal*; `{{airport codes||ENFY|p=n}}`{=mediawiki}) is an airport in Fyresdal municipality in Telemark, Norway. It does not service commercial aircraft. Was until 2008 operated by Airparc Fyresdal and in a joint venture with a local hotel. From 2009 operated by the local aeroclub and Fyresdal kommune. It has a declared runway length of 800 m, although the physical length is 1400 m.
## History
The initiative to establish an airport at Fyresdal was taken by Snorre Kjetilson and Snorre Hansen. The latter who worked for the municipality, while the former was the proprietor of Fjellfly, an airline based at Skien Airport, Geiteryggen. They saw the airport as an opportunity to attract tourism to the district and particularly aimed at English and German tourists.
The airport was opened on 23 September 1967. The following day it featured an air show with 6,000 spectators. After initial services by Fjellfly and a few flights by Cimber Air, a separate airline was started at the airport, which operated during part of the 1970s. Fyresdal Air Taxi was established by Oddvar Faane and received a Piper Cherokee. This aircraft was only operated from March through September 1973. Later the airline also bought a Cessna 180 and a Piper Aztec. There was little business out of Fyresdal and the aircraft were mostly used elsewhere
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# WAAW
**WAAW** (94.7 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Williston, South Carolina, and serving the Augusta metropolitan area. The station carries a gospel music format. It uses the moniker \"Shout 94.7\". It is owned by Wisdom, Inc., led by Dr. Frank Neely. The radio studios and offices are on Park Avenue SE in Aiken, South Carolina.
WAAW has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 2,550 watts. The transmitter is on Perry Street at Old Barnwell Road in Montmorenci, South Carolina.
## History
WAAW signed on the air in late 1995 with a classic R&B format as \"94.7 The Boss\". It was owned by legendary soul music singer James Brown (a native of the area) under his company Brown Family Broadcasting.
Brown sold the station in 2002 and the format was changed to urban gospel.
On June 8, 2023, due to owner Dr. Frank Neely\'s retirement, it was announced that it would drop the urban gospel format on July 3, resulting in a format change to sports talk, and become an affiliate of Fox Sports Radio. In addition to the change, it was also announced that an unknown radio company would operate the station though a LMA agreement. The LMA agreement was finally confirmed on June 28, when Gray Radio LLC (a company which is not related to Gray Television, owner of CBS affiliate WRDW-TV, channel 12, and NBC affiliate WAGT-CD, channel 26), announced that it would partner with the station to officially launch \"Fox Sports 94.7 FM Augusta\". Coinciding with the change, it was announced that WAAW would become the new home for the Masters.
On May 7, 2025, WAAW changed their format from sports to gospel, branded as \"Shout 94.7\"
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# John Gunderson
**John Gunderson** (born May 1, 1980) is an American former mixed martial artist who used to fight with the UFC. He was once a top-ten lightweight outside the UFC. Gunderson is also an International Fight League veteran who fought out of Ken Shamrock\'s Lion\'s Den and was a member of the Nevada Lions alongside The Ultimate Fighter: Heavyweights winner Roy Nelson. He is currently`{{when|date=October 2023}}`{=mediawiki} training with Xtreme Couture and TapouT.
## Mixed martial arts career {#mixed_martial_arts_career}
### Ultimate Fighting Championship {#ultimate_fighting_championship}
Gunderson made his UFC debut at UFC 108 against Rafaello Oliveira with 12 days notice on January 2, 2010. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.
Gunderson was supposed to make his next appearance against Paul Taylor at UFC 112, but the fight was canceled last minute due to Taylor not being medically cleared.
Gunderson was scheduled to face Taylor at The Ultimate Fighter: Team Liddell vs. Team Ortiz Finale, but Taylor was forced out of the bout again. Gunderson fought and defeated UFC newcomer and Canadian kickboxing champ Mark Holst.
Gunderson was expected to face Efrain Escudero on September 15, 2010 at UFC Fight Night 22, however Escudero fought Matt Wiman as Mac Danzig was pulled from the card due to injury. Gunderson instead faced returning UFC veteran and former number 2 world ranked lightweight Yves Edwards, and lost the fight via unanimous decision. He was later released from UFC.
### World Series of Fighting {#world_series_of_fighting}
Gunderson made his World Series of Fighting debut on June 14, 2013, against UFC vet Dan Lauzon at WSOF 3. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. He then faced Chris Gruetzmacher at WSOF 9 on March 29, 2014. Gunderson lost the fight via unanimous decision.
SCC After winning his promotional debut with a fight of the night Gunderson Faced Team Alpha Male standout and coach Justin Buchholz. Being a 3-1 underdog Gunderson battered Buchholz with strong hooks and take downs eventually winning by Kimura in the 3rd round.
### Other promotions {#other_promotions}
Gunderson faced Jeff Fletcher at Rage in the Cage 172 on June 7, 2014. He won the fight via guillotine choke, snapping his three-fight losing streak in the process.
### Bellator and retirement {#bellator_and_retirement}
Gunderson was expected to face Alexander Sarnavskiy on October 10, 2014 at Bellator 128. However, Gunderson pulled out of the bout and then retired from mixed martial arts competition. His reasons for retirement was due to a \"lack of drive to compete\" and a \"desire to move into other ventures.\" Gunderson retired with a record of 35--16--2.
Gunderson retired with over 13 different titles in smaller MMA promotions.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
John and his fiancee, Kristin Stewart, have two daughters.
## Championships and accomplishments {#championships_and_accomplishments}
- **ShoFIGHT**
- ShoFIGHT Welterweight Championship (One time)
- **Superior Cage Combat**
- SCC Lightweight Championship (One time)
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# John Gunderson
## Mixed martial arts record {#mixed_martial_arts_record}
\|- \| `{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \| align=center\| `{{nowrap|35–16–2}}`{=mediawiki} \| Jeff Fletcher \| Submission (guillotine choke) \| RITC: Rage in the Cage 172 \| `{{dts|2014|June|7}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 2:26 \| Phoenix, Arizona, United States \| \|- \| `{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \| align=center\| 34--16--2 \| Chris Gruetzemacher \| Decision (unanimous) \| World Series of Fighting 9: Carl vs. Palhares \| `{{dts|2014|March|29}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 5:00 \| Paradise, Nevada, United States \| \|- \| `{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \| align=center\| 34--15--2 \| Dan Lauzon \| Decision (unanimous) \| World Series of Fighting 3 \| `{{dts|2013|June|14}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 5:00 \| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States \| \|- \| `{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \| align=center\| 34--14--2 \| David Castillo \| Submission (rear-naked choke) \| Caged Combat 6: Day of the Warrior \| `{{dts|2012|July|14}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 4 \| align=center\| 3:30 \| Grand Ronde, Oregon, United States \| `{{small|For the Cage Combat Welterweight Championship.}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| `{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \| align=center\| 34--13--2 \| Karo Parisyan \| Submission (guillotine choke) \| ShoFIGHT MMA 20 \| `{{dts|2012|June|16}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 2:47 \| O\'Reilly Family Event Center, Springfield, Missouri, United States \| Won vacant ShoFIGHT Welterweight Championship \|- \| `{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \| align=center\| 33--13--2 \| Justin Buchholz \| Submission (kimura) \| Superior Cage Combat 4 \| `{{dts|2012|February|16}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 2:34 \| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States \| Won SCC Lightweight Championship \|- \| `{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \| align=center\| 32--13--2 \| Niko Puhakka \| Decision (split) \| Fight Festival 31 \| `{{dts|2011|October|1}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 5:00 \| Helsinki, Finland \| \|- \| `{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \| align=center\| 32--12--2 \| James Birdsley \| Submission (rear-naked choke) \| Superior Cage Combat 2 \| `{{dts|2011|August|20}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 2 \| align=center\| 2:06 \| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States \| Catchweight (160 lb) bout \|- \| `{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \| align=center\| 31--12--2 \| Dominique Robinson \| TKO referee stoppage due to exhaustion \| TPF 8: All or Nothing \| `{{dts|2011|February|18}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 0:41 \| Lemoore, California, United States \| \|- \| `{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \| align=center\| 31--11--2 \| Alejandro Solano Rodriguez \| Submission (kimura) \| XVT 5 - Franca vs. Kheder \| `{{dts|2010|December|19}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 1:34 \| Cartago, Costa Rica \| \|- \| `{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \| align=center\| 30--11--2 \| Yves Edwards \| Decision (unanimous) \| UFC Fight Night: Marquardt vs. Palhares \| `{{dts|2010|September|15}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 5:00 \| Austin, Texas, United States \| \|- \| `{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \| align=center\| 30--10--2 \| Mark Holst \| Decision (unanimous) \| The Ultimate Fighter 11 Finale \| `{{dts|2010|June|19}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 5:00 \| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States \| \|- \| `{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \| align=center\| 29--10--2 \| Rafaello Oliveira \| Decision (unanimous) \| UFC 108 \| `{{dts|2010|January|2}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 5:00 \| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States \| \|- \| `{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \| align=center\| 29--9--2 \| Steve Sharp \| Submission (kimura) \| MMA Xplosion - Gunderson vs. Sharp \| `{{dts|2009|October|10}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 3:17 \| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States \| \|- \| `{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \| align=center\| 28--9--2 \| Fabian Acuna \| Submission (kimura) \| ROF 35 - Summer Brawl \| `{{dts|2009|August|1}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 2:18 \| Broomfield, Colorado, United States \| \|- \| `{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \| align=center\| 27--9--2 \| Dan Russom \| Submission (Peruvian necktie) \| DB 37 - Desert Brawl 37 \| `{{dts|2009|June|27}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 2:10 \| Bend, Oregon, United States \| \|- \| `{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \| align=center\| 26--9--2 \| Bryan Travers \| Decision (unanimous) \| PFC 13: Validation \| `{{dts|2009|May|8}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 3:00 \| Lemoore, California, United States \| \|- \| `{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \| align=center\| 26--8--2 \| Eric Regan \| Submission (kimura) \| RITC 125 - Rage in the Cage 125 \| `{{dts|2009|April|17}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 2 \| align=center\| 0:55 \| Phoenix, Arizona, United States \| \|- \| `{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \| align=center\| 25--8--2 \| Alexander Crispim \| Decision (split) \| PFC 12: High Stakes \| `{{dts|2009|January|22}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 3:00 \| Lemoore, California, United States \| \|- \| `{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \| align=center\| 24--8--2 \| Ryan Schultz \| Decision (split) \| IFL - Las Vegas \| `{{dts|2008|February|29}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 5:00 \| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States \| `{{small|For the [[List of IFL champions#Lightweight Championship|IFL Lightweight Championship]]
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# Gigolos
***Gigolos*** is an American reality television series about the lives of five male escorts in Las Vegas. The series follows the men, all employees of the same escort agency, through their daily lives and interactions with each other. Cameras also follow the escorts on their appointments with women, including their sexual activity. The series debuted on the premium cable channel Showtime in 2011, and the final episode aired in 2016.
*Gigolos* was met with critical confusion regarding the legality of the activities it portrays and amazement that women would consent to being filmed purchasing sexual services. Critics were largely negative in the beginning, although a few had offered the series guarded praise.
## Cast
### Main
- Nick Hawk: Mixed Martial Arts fighter and entrepreneur.
- Brace Land: The eldest escort and developing a product line that may allow him to retire from the business.
- Vin Armani: Guy with Big Dongle
- Steven Gantt (season 1--3): A single father who escorts to support his son.
- Jimmy Clabots (as Jimmy Dior) (season 1--2; guest season 3): An actor (*Another Gay Sequel: Gays Gone Wild!*) and personal trainer.
- Ash Armand (season 3--6): Described in publicity material as a \"raven-haired hunk\".
- Bradley Lords (season 4--6): A former Marine and self-professed \"cougar magnet\".
### Recurring
- Garren James: Owner of the [Cowboys4Angels](http://www.cowboys4angels.com/) escort service.
After season one was taped, sources reported that Steven and Jimmy had left Cowboys4Angels. Both men remained in the cast for season two.
## Production and development {#production_and_development}
Speaking at the January 2011 Television Critics Association press tour, Showtime entertainment president David Nevins told critics that the sexually explicit *Gigolos* was part of an overall vision for the network. \"We are a pay cable service and I think it\'s about doing things with some depth and sophistication and taking people places they couldn\'t go on other networks.\"
Showtime ordered a second season of eight episodes and it debuted October 20, 2011. Showtime renewed the series for a third season to begin filming June 2012, but announced it would be without Jimmy Clabots. Season three premiered August 30, 2012. Season four began filming in Las Vegas January 16, 2013 and premiered April 18th, 2013. Season 5 premiered on January 23, 2014.
Showtime has renewed *Gigolos* for a sixth season. On March 21, 2015, it was announced that the sixth season would begin shooting that April, and that they were looking for some couples and women to cast in the show. The final episode of *Gigolos* aired in 2016.
## Legality
Outside of legalized brothels located away from metropolitan areas, prostitution is illegal in Nevada, carrying a penalty of a \$1,000 fine and up to six months in jail. In the premiere episode, James explains the \"legal fig leaf\" under which the service operates to new hire Vin: \"We are a companion service and clients pay a rate per hour. First thing you\'re gonna do is collect the money from the client and then from there, whatever happens between you two is two consenting adults. It\'s illegal for you to take any money after that for any sort of sexual services or whatever.\" The closing credits include disclaimers: everyone shown having sex on-camera is of legal age; and \"No one depicted in this program was remunerated in exchange for engaging in sexual activity.\"
Las Vegas Police spokesperson Marcus Martin disputed the legality of the sexual activity in an interview with the *Las Vegas Review-Journal*. \"They can play the line as loose as they want to, semantically, but they\'re still violating the law.\" Since the recorded conduct did not occur in front of an officer it does not constitute an arrestable offense, although there could be \"repercussions\" in the future, according to Martin.
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# Gigolos
## Legitimacy
Questions have been raised about the legitimacy of the series and whether the men on it are really working prostitutes. *The Daily Beast* located one woman who appeared on the series who stated that the show is entirely fictional and that the sex is simulated. \"They found me through a website. They wanted to know what skills I had. Then they created a scenario where I would need an escort, and they hired me.\" She looks upon her appearance as an acting job. She does, however, believe that the men are really prostitutes. Vin Armani stated that the men really do work as gigolos but believes that none of them actually live in Las Vegas.
According to James, the women who appeared in the series did not pay for their time with the escorts and in fact were compensated for their appearances. Some of the women were previous clients of his service, while he recruited others. He refused to say exactly how much the women were paid other than saying it was a \"small sum\". Some have also observed that certain women portrayed in the series were actually pornographic actresses playing the role of a housewife, singer or model. James stated that while the men really are gigolos, they do not escort full-time. \"Most of my men have other jobs. They see clients at night and on weekends. Most go to castings as models and actors or have personal training gigs. Women tend to book longer appointments so only seeing two clients per week for four hours at a time is \$2,000 per week. Lots of guys get booked at least once a month for a weekend at \$5,000 as the fee. Yes, most of the men can make a very good living off just doing this alone but they have so much free time to pursue other things so they usually do.\"
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# Gigolos
## Episodes
+--------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------+
| Season | Episodes | Originally aired |
+====================+===================================+==================+
| Series premiere | Series finale | |
+--------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------+
| 1 | 8 | |
+--------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------+
| 2 | 8 | |
+--------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------+
| 3 | 10 | |
+--------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------+
| 4 | 10 | |
+--------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------+
| 5 | 10 | |
+--------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------+
| 6 | 8 | |
+--------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------+
| | | |
+--------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------+
### Season 1 (2011) {#season_1_2011}
No. Title Original air date Synopsis
----- ------------------------------- ------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 \"Date Night\" April 7, 2011 Manager Garren James hires his newest escort, Vin, and explains the business. Nick Hawk has a date with a teacher from out of town. Jimmy services a married woman for her birthday as her husband watches and offers encouragement. An older woman interviews the men to choose one to escort her to a Black and White Ball. The men bet on who she will choose and Steven wins. The boys welcome Vin to their ranks.
2 \"All 4 One\" April 14, 2011 Steven, needing money to send his son to summer camp, books two new clients, including a very large woman he connects with through Jimmy. The rest of the guys visit a psychic and Brace is particularly affected by her reading. Later the four decide to service a client simultaneously and turn over their combined fee to Steve. Despite instituting a \"no fluids or skin touching but the client\'s\" rule, once at the client\'s place Brace is unwilling to participate. Steven is grateful for their gesture.
3 \"Release the Kraken!\" April 21, 2011 Brace wants to transition from escort to entrepreneur with an anti-aging dietary supplement but after a meeting with a supplement company he realizes he has much more work to do. Nick meets with a new client who tries to push him past his limits. Jimmy\'s new client is a budding dominatrix who outfits him with a \"cock cage\" that he wears for several days.
4 \"Three Gigolos and a Baby\" April 28, 2011 A married couple hires Nick to service the wife as a trade-off for the wife\'s hiring a woman for her husband. She enjoys herself but her husband is uncomfortable with the situation. Jimmy cooks dinner for his girlfriend Kelly, whom he told about his escorting career after a month together. Later two of his college friends come to town for a bachelorette party. One has kids and she leaves them with Nick, Vin and Steven. Brace begs off baby-sitting by saying he has a client but in reality he treats himself to a spa day. Jimmy tells his friends that he escorts and they are both supportive.
5 \"Dance Dance Gigoloution\" May 5, 2011 Jimmy reports that Kelly has broken up with him, jealous of the women he services. The guys do a photo shoot to update the Cowboys4Angels website. Brace\'s growing guilt and unease over being a gigolo lead him to seek solace, first from a priest, then from a former female escort. Jimmy and a client have sex in a limousine. A client hires Vin to dance with her in a salsa competition and they take third place.
6 \"Birthday Sex\" May 12, 2011 Steven reminds the guys that they have forgotten his birthday. To make it up to him they take him to a shooting range and then to a go-kart track but he remains morose. Finally they set him up with a regular client of Jimmy\'s and, during their session, surprise him with a cake which he then has sex with at the client\'s request. Jimmy has an appointment with an executive in her office. Nick experiences some stomach problems so Brace takes him to get a colonic, which Nick does not enjoy.
7 \"One Shot, One Opportunity\" May 19, 2011 Nick gets a chance to perform his original rap song for a music producer. The producer is impressed and wants to work with him in Los Angeles. Brace teaches a shy housewife how to be more aggressive for her husband. Steven meets a new client whose fetish is simulating being dead during sex. Vin\'s client wants the \"boyfriend experience\".
8 \"The Ties That Unbind\" May 26, 2011 Vin services a wife while her husband tapes them for their private pornography collection. Later he has relationship issues with his girlfriend, Leilani, when she asks him to move with her to Arizona. Fed up with Jimmy\'s slovenly ways and constant didgeridoo playing, Nick orders him to move out.
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# Gigolos
## Episodes
### Season 2 (2011) {#season_2_2011}
No. Title Original air date Synopsis
----- ----------------------------------- ------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 \"Gigo-loan\" October 20, 2011 In the Season 2 premiere, Brace is hired by an uninhibited 36-year-old for a wild marathon date; Vin helps ease the pain of a lonely woman; Jimmy copes with a personal crisis.
2 \"Get Down on the Strip\" October 27, 2011 Steven pleasures a client in public; Nick gears up for his first live rap performance; Jimmy must choose between coming through for a client or making it to his best friend\'s big night.
3 \"The Boyfriend Experience\" November 3, 2011 A woman confuses Steven\'s services for a real relationship; Brace faces the possibility of fatherhood; Vin considers asking his long-distance girlfriend to move in.
4 \"Really Smooth Operators\" November 10, 2011 Steven is reunited with his first girlfriend; the other guys explore a new \"manscaping\" technique; Brace grants a bucket list wish for a woman diagnosed with cancer.
5 \"Poker? Heck Yeah, I\'ll Poker\" November 17, 2011 Brace gets Botox injections before servicing a professional poker player. Vin is booked by a lesbian as a birthday present for her bisexual girlfriend and they have a threesome. Jimmy shoots a music video for Nick\'s song. Heather Marianna from the Bravo reality show, *Tour Group*, is featured as a client on this episode.
6 \"An Ex Marks the Spot\" November 24, 2011 Brace\'s ex-wife, her twin sister and her sister\'s ex-husband visit Brace, hoping he will be able to release the lingering anger from the marriage. Nick\'s client is a dominatrix who hires him to dominate her. Steven services the friend of a bride who refused his services at her bridal shower.
7 \"Giggle-O\'s December 1, 2011 Vin takes on a female bodybuilder as a client, then his mother visits for his birthday. Jimmy tries his hand at stand-up comedy. Initially he falters and attracts a heckler, but he rallies and starts getting laughs.
8 \"Brotherly Love\" December 8, 2011 Nick\'s brother visits Las Vegas and declares his interest in becoming a gigolo. Vin meets fellow escort and adult film star Zeb Atlas. Later he sacrifices sex with his girlfriend to be ready to service a client. Brace\'s appointment takes an unexpected turn when he discovers that his client is transgender.
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# Gigolos
## Episodes
### Season 3 (2012) {#season_3_2012}
No. Title Original air date Synopsis
----- ----------------------------------------- -------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 \"The Steven Clown Affair\" August 30, 2012 Vin\'s session with an event promoter sees him trying out a new vibrating sex toy, which wanders off in the middle of things. Brace meets a spray tanning technician who exchanges spray tanning for sexual favors. After missing an appointment, Jimmy calls Garren to report that he is leaving the agency at his new girlfriend\'s request. Steven\'s client is a children\'s party planner and he indulges her clown fetish by donning whiteface and clown shoes. Garren brings in a new gigolo, Ash.
2 \"Searching for a Fire Power\" September 6, 2012 Ash has his first session following his relocation to Las Vegas, with Bambu, a professional fire dancer. Later she invites him to a show and suggests they perform together. Nick has a mold made of his penis to launch a line of Nick Hawk sex toys. Ash meets with Garren, who expresses concern over the fire dancing idea; Ash thinks by performing he can turn Bambu into a repeat client. Brace takes a client shopping for a vibrator and edible underwear and services her in the back of a limousine. Nick has a session with an animal lover and is unnerved by her array of exotic pets.
3 \"Ride Her, Cowboy\" September 13, 2012 Ash meets a client and convinces her to have sex in a public restroom. Garren sends the gigolos to a dude ranch to compete for a date with a wealthy rodeo rider, leading Brace to confront his childhood fear of horses. Nick wins the competition and the date.
4 \"Grin & Bear It\" September 20, 2012 Nick\'s horseplay aggravates an old back injury of Brace\'s. Brace takes his revenge by setting Nick up with a furry client. Steven helps a client assemble and test out a sex swing. Vin services a recent divorcée looking for her first sexual experience after her marriage.
5 \"Courtesan Session\" September 27, 2012 Vin teams with two female escorts to entertain a voyeuristic couple for their anniversary. He later meets with a group of female escorts to discuss developing a software program to increase their safety. To pay Brace back for the furry prank, Nick enlists Garren to trick Brace into believing he has a client who wants him dressed in full drag. Brace gets dressed up to meet the \"client\" in a bar only to be met by the other gigolos instead.
6 \"Spanks a Lot\" October 4, 2012 Ash takes a class in domination to learn how to handle a client who is into submission. He arranges for all of the gigolos to take some training in both the dominant and submissive roles. Brace and Nick overindulge in partying and employ a mobile detoxification service to recover. Garren sets up the stable with a woman who wants to become a regular client. Nick impresses her and wins the assignment.
7 \"Black C\*\*\* Down\" October 11, 2012 Darkness descends on Vegas when a client refuses to hire Vin because he is not \"black enough.\" To please the client, Garren summons a new Gigolo to Vegas, which leads to a discussion on race amongst the guys. Meanwhile, Steven goes head-to-head with his nicotine addiction when Brace bets him \$1,000 that he cannot quit smoking for one week.
8 \"A Decent Proposal\" October 18, 2012 Steven contemplates a long term job that would take him on a European tour. Vin is tasked with pleasuring a lesbian client who hasn\'t been with a man in years.
9 \"Lock, Stock & Two Swollen Testicles\" October 25, 2012 Steven is confronted by a client\'s jealous boyfriend. Ash\'s date teaches him some spicy salsa moves. Meanwhile, Brace considers undergoing a vasectomy.
10 \"Gigolos\" November 1, 2012 Brace decides to get testosterone injections and Nick considers going into the adult film industry.
### Season 4 (2013) {#season_4_2013}
No. Title Original air date Synopsis
----- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 \"A New Direction\" April 18, 2013 The best in the business are back for another season of tricks and treats. There\'s a new man in their midst, a former Marine who makes the others step up their game. The heat is on for these hard working, hard playing guys on and off the Las Vegas Strip.
2 \"Bro-Choice\" April 25, 2013 Brace is hired by a woman with an unusual past. Ash is visited by a classical violinist client. Bradley informs his conservative brother about his new career.
3 \"The Spurt Locker\" May 2, 2013 Bradley asks for help from the other guys when he\'s challenged to surpass a client\'s wildest fantasy. Brace and Ash go to a yoga session.
4 \"Make Mine a Double\" May 9, 2013 Brace is worried regarding a client\'s intentions after she hires him and Nick. Ash spices things up by teaching a client about tantric sex.
5 \"Don\'t Judge a Gigolo by His Cover\" May 16, 2013 The crew competes to win a calendar cover by participating in an intelligence test. Brace helps a client overcome personal issues.
6 \"Just for Licks\" May 23, 2013 Vin goes to the dark side to achieve a client\'s fantasy. Ash and his life partner discuss an open relationship.
7 \"And the Winner Is\...\" May 30, 2013 Nick gets ready to AVN Awards and meet with one of his biggest fans. Vin\'s date has an obsession with calcium.
8 \"Smell of Success\" June 6, 2013 Ash and Vin discuss collaborating on a cologne business venture together. Brace is met with an aggressive client and Nick receives a weird request.
9 \"Smile for the Camera\" June 13, 2013 Garren meets with the group to shoot a promotional video. Vin\'s recent client is a retired art teacher who needs a boost in her life.
10 \"Finale\" June 20, 2013 In the Season 4 finale, Vin and Ash work to keep Bradley in Las Vegas and Brace marries his friend.
### Season 5 (2014) {#season_5_2014}
Season 5 premiered on January 23, 2014.
No. Title
----- ------------------------
1 \"Creative Outlet\"
2 \"Centaur\"
3 \"Officer Nick Hawk\"
4 \"Rap Battle\"
5 \"RIP Zeus\"
6 \"Buff Bagwell\"
7 \"Pole a Palooza\"
8 \"Professor Brace\"
9 \"Top Gun\"
10 \"Vin Learns to Swim\"
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# Gigolos
## Episodes
### Season 6 (2016) {#season_6_2016}
Season 6 premiered on March 17, 2016.
No. Title
----- ----------------------------------
1 \"I Popped Your Nervous Cherry\"
2 \"Double Date\"
3 \"Brace\'s Nephews\"
4 \"The Ringmaster\"
5 \"Monkey Business\"
6 \"A Little Country in You\"
7 \"Ultimate Warrior\"
8 \"Brace Tries Pulling Out\"
## Critical response {#critical_response}
In a somewhat more positive review for *Variety*, Brian Lowry thought that \"the series proves reasonably compelling while relying on typical tricks of the trade\". Expressing the same amazement that people signed releases to appear on the series, Lowry concludes that even a cynical viewer can find something about *Gigolos* to admire, even if begrudgingly.
Salon\'s Tracy Clark-Flory wondered whether the usual blurring between fiction and reality on reality television had been blurred by *Gigolos* to the point of pornography. Despite acknowledging how the worlds of pornography and reality television have already blended, she still found that *Gigolos*\' \"genre confusion creates a jarring dissonance\" and that its combination of explicit sex scenes with the staples of reality television (e.g. confessional interview segments) \"makes for a confusing mix of contradictory cultural expectations\".
Claire Zulkey of *The A.V. Club* graded the first episode a B. She found that the sex scenes have \"a certain clinical feel\" and that the non-sexual scenes are \"odd and stiff\", with the scenes in which viewers learn more about the escorts being the least interesting. *Gigolos*, she concludes, is the show to watch for those who want to see sex but don\'t want to watch an actual pornographic film
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# Strata (food)
**Strata** is a family of layered casserole dishes in American cuisine.
The most common modern variant is a brunch dish, made from a mixture which mainly consists of bread, eggs and cheese. It may also include meat or vegetables. The usual preparation requires the bread to be layered with the filling in order to produce layers (strata). It was popularized in the 1984 *Silver Palate Good Times Cookbook* by Julee Rosso and Sheila Lukins. The first known recipe, the cheese strata, dates back to 1902 and contains bread, white sauce and cheese.
Other recipes merely require that the ingredients are mixed together, like a savory bread pudding. A beaten egg mixture is then poured over the ingredients. It is served warm
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# Muck diving
**Muck diving** is recreational diving on a loose sedimentary bottom, usually in relatively low visibility. It gets its name from the sediment that lies on the bottom at many dive sites - a frequently muddy or \"mucky\" environment. Other than muddy sediment, the muck dive substrate may consist of dead coral skeletons, garbage and natural detritus. The visibility is usually less than on the reef or wreck sites of the area. However, the sediment and detritus environment has a different ecology to the reef, and the \"muck\" substrate can be the habitat for unusual, exotic and juvenile organisms that are not found in the cleaner reef sites of the region.
## History
The term *muck diving* was first recorded as being used by Bob Halstead to describe diving off the beaches made up of black sand in Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea.
## Why people muck dive {#why_people_muck_dive}
The \"muck\" substrate can be the habitat for unusual, exotic and juvenile organisms that make their homes in the sediment and \"trash\" that compose a muck dive. The sediment and detritus environment has a different ecology to the reef. Creatures like colorful nudibranchs, anglerfish, shrimp, blue-ringed octopus, and rare pygmy seahorses may be more common, more easily found, or restricted to a sedimentary substrate.
## Where people muck dive {#where_people_muck_dive}
The most publicised region for muck diving is Southeast Asia, where there are more marine species than anywhere else in the world. Places like Mabul and Kapalai in Sabah, Malaysia, Anilao and Dauin in the Philippines, Lembeh Straits in Manado, Indonesia and Bali are popular because of the different creatures found in this type of bottom ecology.
Other sedimentary bottom habitats may also provide interesting ecologies, and muck diving is possible almost anywhere that recreational diving is possible.
## Skills and equipment {#skills_and_equipment}
The equipment used is mostly standard recreational diving equipment appropriate for the region and planned dive profile, Photographic equipment is usually for macro-photography, and good buoyancy skills are highly desirable to avoid disturbing the silt, which ruins the visibility and can impact on the infauna
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# Sammy's Back on Broadway
***Sammy\'s Back on Broadway*** is a 1965 studio album by Sammy Davis Jr.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"A Wonderful Day Like Today\" (Leslie Bricusse, Anthony Newley) -- 2:27
2. \"Take the Moment\" (Richard Rodgers, Stephen Sondheim) -- 2:43
3. \"The Joker\" (Bricusse, Newley) -- 2:11
4. \"I Want to Be With You\" (Lee Adams, Charles Strouse) -- 3:08
5. \"Sunrise, Sunset\" (Jerry Bock, Sheldon Harnick) -- 3:51
6. \"Look at That Face\" (Bricusse, Newley) -- 2:25
7. \"Do I Hear a Waltz?\" (Rodgers, Sondheim) -- 2:47
8. \"A Room Without Windows\" (Ervin Drake) -- 3:16
9. \"A Married Man\" (Marian Grudeff, Ray Jessel) -- 2:25
10. \"The Other Half of Me\" (Stan Freeman, Jack Lawrence) -- 2:56
11. \"People\" (Bob Merrill, Jule Styne) -- 2:58
12. \"Hello, Dolly!\" (Jerry Herman) -- 2:34
## Personnel
- Sammy Davis Jr
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# Envision Financial
**Envision Financial,** a division of First West Credit Union, is based in British Columbia, Canada. Founded in 1946, Envision Financial was established in 2001 through a merger between Lower Mainland-based Delta Credit Union, whose roots were in the fishing industry, and Fraser Valley-based First Heritage Savings Credit Union, which had historic ties to the farming and agriculture industries. First Heritage Savings Credit Union was the product of a merger between East Chilliwack Credit Union and Clearbrook District Mennonite Savings Credit Union in 1983. It is insured by the Credit Union Deposit Insurance Corporation of British Columbia.
In 2008, Envision Financial entered into discussions with Penticton-based Valley First Credit Union to merge with one another and develop a new financial services organization for Western Canada. In September 2009, members at both credit unions voted in favour of the merger proposal, and on Jan. 1, 2010, Envision Financial and Valley First merged to become First West Credit Union. In 2013, Enderby & District Credit Union joined First West Credit Union, followed by Island Savings Credit Union in 2015.
First West Credit Union has \$14 billion in total assets and assets under management, approximately 1,250 employees and more than 250,000 members. The credit union is the third largest in B.C. and the fifth largest in Canada. Its divisions---Envision Financial, Valley First, Island Savings and Enderby & District Financial---operate under their existing brand names in their respective markets.
## About Envision Financial {#about_envision_financial}
Envision Financial has a network of 19 branches throughout B.C. in the communities of Abbotsford, Chilliwack, Delta, Hope, Kitimat, Langley, Mission, Surrey and Maple Ridge. Its regional administration centre is located in Langley.
For eight consecutive years, Envision Financial was recognized as one of the 50 Best Employers in Canada by *The Globe and Mail*{{\'}}s Report on Business magazine, which publishes the annual 50 Best Employers in Canada survey conducted by Hewitt Associates. In 2007, Envision Financial received the inaugural \"Employer of Choice\" WorkLife BC Award sponsored by the British Columbia provincial government\'s Ministry of Children and Family Development. Envision Financial is also designated a Caring Company by Imagine Canada
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# American Institute of Steel Construction
The **American Institute of Steel Construction** (**AISC**) is a not-for-profit technical institute and trade association for the use of structural steel in the construction industry of the United States.
AISC publishes the Steel Construction Manual, an authoritative volume on steel building structure design that is referenced in all U.S. building codes.
The organization works with government agencies, policymakers, and other stakeholders to promote policies and regulations that support the industry\'s growth and development.
## History
### Foundation
In 1911, two civil engineering organizations, the Bridge Builders Society and the Structural Steel Society, began cooperating to form broad codes of ethics and practices within the profession. In 1917, during World War I, the two groups merged into the **War Service Committee** which helped procure fabricated structural steel and coordinate industry efforts. However, by 1919 the Committee was disbanded but some steel fabricators insisted on creating a new association to promote the structural steel industry nationally, founding the **National Steel Fabricators Association**, which was renamed in 1922 to become the American Institute of Steel Construction, however, the Institute lists 1921 as their foundation year, as that was the year a uniform telegraphic code for the entire industry was created by the National Steel Fabricators Association which triggered the group\'s transformation from a group of steel manufacturers to the industry standard professional society.
## Publications
### *Steel Construction Manual* {#steel_construction_manual}
According to the AISC, the *Steel Construction Manual* is the \"premier reference for structural steel design and construction in the United States\" having been published since 1927. Editions are usually made every five to six years to keep up with developments in structural steel codes and standards and to incorporate new materials
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# 1995 Citizen Cup
The **1995 Citizen Cup** was the defender selection series regatta for the 1995 America\'s Cup, held in the United States. Three defense syndicates (featuring four IACC yachts) competed over four round robins and a semi-finals series in order earn a berth in the Citizen Cup finals; the winner earned the right to defend the America\'s Cup against the winner of the Louis Vuitton Cup (challenger selection series regatta).
The 1995 Citizen Cup featured the first all-female crew aboard *Mighty Mary* of the America^3^ Foundation syndicate, defender of both the Citizen Cup and America\'s Cup.
## Teams
Sail Yacht Syndicate Yacht Club Nation
--------- ------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------- --------
USA--23 America³ America^3^ Foundation San Diego Yacht Club
USA--43 *Mighty Mary* America^3^ Foundation San Diego Yacht Club
USA--34 *Stars & Stripes* Team Dennis Conner San Diego Yacht Club
USA--36 *Young America* PACT 95 San Diego Yacht Club
### America^3^
Bill Koch\'s 1995 entry was an all women\'s program. When it was first announced in March 1994 the team attracted over 600 applicants. The team sailed the 1992 boat *America^3^* (USA--23) before the arrival of *Mighty Mary* (USA--43) in time for the fourth round robin. Tactician Dave Dellenbaugh joined the crew for the final round robin. Dawn Riley was captain of the team which included J. J. Isler and Leslie Egnot.
### Team Dennis Conner {#team_dennis_conner}
Team Dennis Conner sailed *Stars & Stripes* (USA--34) during the challenger series, which many judges considered to be the slowest of the three 1995 defenders. During the semi-finals USA--34 began taking on water and the crew put on life jackets as they feared the boat might sink. However, the team sailed well and won the Citizen Cup and the right to defend the America\'s Cup. Dennis Conner led a team that included helmsman Paul Cayard.
### PACT 95 {#pact_95}
PACT 95 was based in Maine, founded by Kevin Mahaney and managed by John Marshall. The team developed *Young America* (USA--36) which, despite being badly damaged twice, finished the Citizen Cup with the best record of 24-12. However, they lost to Team Dennis Conner in the final. *Young America* was used by Team Dennis Conner as they unsuccessfully attempted to defend the America\'s Cup.
The crew included Mahaney, Robert Hopkins, John Kostecki, Matt Welling, Andreas Josenhans and Ken Read.
## Round robin {#round_robin}
One point was awarded for a win in Round Robin one, two for RR2, four for RR3 and 7 for a win in RR4. *Young America* took two bonus points into the semifinals and *Stars & Stripes* took one bonus point.
Team name Won Lost RR1 Pts. RR2 Pts. RR3 Pts. RR4 Pts. Total Pts. Ranking
---------------------------- ----- ------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ---------
*Young America* 14 6 5 4 14 21 46 1
*Stars & Stripes* 11 9 3 6 14 7 32 2
*America^3^*/*Mighty Mary* 5 15 1 1 5 14 21 3
## Semi-finals {#semi_finals}
After a compromise was reached by the three syndicates, all three advanced into the finals. *Young America* took two bonus points into the final and *Mighty Mary* took one bonus point.
{{#invoke:Sports table\|main\|style=WL \|for_against_style=none
\|team1=YA \|team2=MM \|team3=S&S \|result1=F \|result2=F \|result3=F
\|name_MM=*Mighty Mary* \|name_S&S=*Stars & Stripes* \|name_YA=*Young America*
\|win_MM=4 \|loss_MM=5 \|win_S&S=3 \|loss_S&S=7 \|adjust_points_S&S=1 \|win_YA=9 \|loss_YA=1 \|adjust_points_YA=2
\|col_F=green1 \|text_F=Advance to finals
\|winpoints=1 \|drawpoints=0 \|losspoints=0 }}
## Finals
*Stars & Stripes* overcame a large deficit to *Mighty Mary* to win the Citizen Cup and with it, the right to represent the United States in the 1995 America\'s Cup. However, Conner believed that *Stars & Stripes* stood no chance against the Louis Vuitton Cup winner and challenger, New Zealand\'s *Black Magic.* Judging that *Young America* was the fastest of the regatta, the Conner syndicate petitioned and was granted the right to sail *Young America* in place of *Stars & Stripes* in the America\'s Cup. *Black Magic* swept *Young America* in five straight races
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# Aurelio Lomi
**Aurelio Lomi** (29 February 1556 -- 1622) was an Italian painter of the late-Renaissance and early-Baroque periods, active mainly in his native town of Pisa, Tuscany (at the time in the Republic of Florence).
## Biography
The brother of the painters Orazio Gentileschi (who would be one of his pupils) and Baccio Lomi, he may have initially been trained by his father, Giovanni Battista Lomi, but soon he worked in Florence (1580--1590) under the painters Alessandro Allori and Lodovico Cardi (known as Cigoli). In Pisa, he painted a *St. Jerome* (1595) for the Duomo of Pisa, in addition to frescoes for San Frediano and Santo Stefano. He painted an altarpiece for Santa Apollonia.
He also worked in Rome and Genoa. He painted a *St. Anthony of Padua* for the church of San Francesco di Castelletto in Genoa, and a *Resurrection of Christ* and *Last Judgement* for Santa Maria Assunta in Carignano. In Rome, he painted frescoes in the Pinelli chapel of Chiesa Nuova, including *Scenes from the Life of the Virgin* and *Birth of Jesus* on the arches, and the *Dormition*, *Coronation*, and *Funeral* of the Madonna on the vault. The walls are frescoed with *Rebecca and Eleazar* and *Yael and Sisera*.
Besides his half-brother Orazio Gentileschi, his pupils included Orazio Riminaldi, Simone Balli, Domenico Fiasella, Pietro Gnocchi, and Augustin Montanari.
## Works
- *Saint Anthony of Padua*, Church of San Francesco, Castelletto, Genoa
- *Resurrection* and *Last Judgement*, Santa Maria in Carignano, Genoa
- *Birth of the Virgin*, church of San Siro (Genoa).
- *Deposition from the Cross*
### Works in Pisa {#works_in_pisa}
- *Madonna and Angels*, Palazzo Gambacorti.
- *Saint Jerome* (1595), Pisa Cathedral.
- *Virtue*, Church of San Michele in Borgo.
- *Adoration by the Magi*, Church of San Frediano.
- *Glory of St. Thomas* (1563) Church of Santa Caterina d\'Alessandria.
- *Madonna and Child behind Saint Joseph and Stephen* (1593), Church of Santo Stefano dei Cavalieri.
- *Madonna with saints Ranieri, Torpè, and Leonardo*. San Ranierino
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# Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma
**Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma** is a rare form of lymphoma that is generally incurable, except in the case of an allogeneic stem cell transplant. It is a systemic neoplasm comprising medium-sized cytotoxic T-cells that show significant sinusoidal infiltration in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
## Signs and symptoms {#signs_and_symptoms}
The typical clinical finding in a patient with hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma is hepatosplenomegaly.
The spleen and liver are always involved, and bone marrow involvement is common. Nodal involvement is exceedingly rare.
## Cause
The cell of origin for this disease is an immature cytotoxic T-cell clonally expressing the γδ T-cell receptor. The disease is seen more often in immunosuppressed recipients of solid organ transplants, an association that has led to the hypothesis that long-term immune stimulation in the setting of immunosuppression is the causative agent.
Cases of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma have been reported in patients treated with the immunosuppressants azathioprine, infliximab, and adalimumab. The majority of cases occurred in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Adolescents and young adult males were most frequently affected. They presented with a very aggressive disease course, and all but one died. The Food and Drug Administration required changes to the drugs\' labeling to inform users and clinicians of the risk.
## Diagnosis
The neoplastic cells in hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma show a monotonous appearance, with a small amount of cytoplasm and inconspicuous nucleoli.
### Laboratory findings {#laboratory_findings}
The constellation of thrombocytopenia, anemia, and leukopenia is common in patients with hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma.
### Spleen and liver {#spleen_and_liver}
The disease shows a distinct sinusoidal pattern of infiltration which spares the splenic white pulp and hepatic portal triads.
### Bone marrow {#bone_marrow}
While the bone marrow is commonly involved, the detection of the neoplastic infiltrate may be difficult due to a diffuse, interstitial pattern. Immunohistochemistry can aid in diagnosis.
### Peripheral blood {#peripheral_blood}
Cells of a similar morphology observed in solid organs are observed in peripheral blood.
### Immunophenotype
The immunophenotype for hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma is a post-thymic, immature T-cell.
Status Antigens
---------- -------------------
Positive CD3, TCRδ1, TIA-1
Negative CD4, CD5, CD8
### Genetic findings {#genetic_findings}
Clonal rearrangement of the γ gene of the T-cell receptor is the hallmark of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma. A few cases have shown rearrangement of the T-cell receptor β gene. Isochromosome 7q has been observed in all cases described so far, sometimes in conjunction with other chromosomal abnormalities such as trisomy 8.
## Treatment
The CHOP chemotherapy regimen frequently induces remission but has proven weak compared to treatments that integrate cytarabine, with Hyper-CVAD being particularly effective. When treated solely with chemotherapy, most patients relapse and die within two years. Treatment solely with doxorubicin can make the disease worse.
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation has been shown to induce remission for more than five years and possibly cure hepatosplenic lymphoma. Autologous bone marrow transplantation is currently being investigated.
## Epidemiology
Hepatosplenic lymphoma is rare, comprising less than 5% of all lymphoma cases, and is most common in young adults and adolescents. A distinct male gender preference has been described
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# Parkway Place
**Parkway Place** is an upscale shopping mall in Huntsville, Alabama that opened on October 16, 2002. Parkway Place is located at the site of the older Parkway City Mall, which was torn down to allow for the construction of the newer facility. The mall is located at the intersection of Memorial Parkway (U.S. 231) and Drake Avenue. With a total of 643135 sqft and 70 in-line stores, Parkway Place is anchored by Dillard\'s and Belk. The mall is now the only indoor shopping mall in Huntsville after Madison Square Mall closed in early 2017.
Parkway Place offers shoppers of the Tennessee Valley several stores that are unique to the Huntsville market, including, Torrid, Build-A-Bear Workshop, American Eagle/Aerie, and Chico\'s. The mall has over 2,800 free parking spaces (including the parking deck) and seats 400 people in the food court.
Parkway Place is owned by CBL & Associates Properties, Inc.
## History
The original Parkway Shopping Center opened in 1957 as an open-air strip mall with 25 stores, with seven more stores added two years later. Two major events in the shopping complex\'s history occurred in 1974. First, the mall was acquired by Arlen Real Estate (which later became CBL), and a tornado destroyed the south end of the center. In February 1976, the shopping complex was re-opened as Parkway City Mall, a single-level enclosed mall, with Pizitz (later purchased by McRae\'s), Montgomery Ward and Parisian as anchors. The mall was opened with 467000 sqft, and was expanded in 1984 and 1994. It was Huntsville\'s largest shopping center until Madison Square Mall opened in 1984. Plans began in 1998 to redevelop the location. The mall was already losing stores, and, in 2001, the Montgomery Ward chain closed all of its retail stores, costing the shopping complex one of its three anchors. The demolition of Parkway City Mall and 2002 construction of Parkway Place were completed in stages so as to allow the greatest possible open time for Piccadilly Cafeteria, one of the major remaining businesses at the time of the demolition. In January 2007, an expansion to the mall began, enlarging the anchor spot used by Parisian as it redeveloped into a Belk store. Parisian was then renamed Belk on September 12, 2007
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# Sutton Colliery
**Sutton Colliery** was in the village of Stanton Hill, Nottinghamshire, England. It is now a country park.
## Sutton colliery {#sutton_colliery}
Sutton Colliery was known locally as \"Brierley Colliery\" (possibly renamed by the Staffordshire colliers who moved here from the Brierley Hill area), or the \"Bread and Herring Pit\" because of the poor condition of the colliery.
Two small diameter shafts were originally sunk in 1874 to a depth of 183 m by the Stanton Iron and Coal Company. In the period from 1896 to 1902, the shafts were widened to 4.27 m diameter and sunk to below the low main seam horizon at a depth of 425 m. Both shafts were brick lined throughout except for 18 m of tubing at the top hard horizon in no.1 shaft.
The no.1 shaft (upcast) then commenced winding from the deep hard seam at 359 m, with an intermediate inset at the top hard level. At the same time no.2 shaft (downcast) commenced winding from the low main seam horizon. The first coals were produced from the top hard and Dunsil seams which were worked until 1922 and 1916 respectively. The available resources of the deep hard and low main seams to the south west of the shafts were exhausted by 1943. Roy Lynk was Branch Secretary of the NUM at the pit from 1958-79. The piper and deep hard seams becoming exhausted in 1989 when the colliery closed.
### The Sutton Colliery Accident {#the_sutton_colliery_accident}
On 21 February 1957 an explosion occurred in the Low Main Seam. Twenty-five men suffered multiple burns, and five men subsequently died as a result of their injuries.
## Brierley Forest Park {#brierley_forest_park}
The park has a visitor centre, fishing, football pitches, children\'s play areas, picnicking, cycling and horse paths, bird feeding stations, an arboretum, a remembrance grove and disabled car parking. A Parkrun takes place every Saturday morning.
Brierley Forest Park was designated a Local Nature Reserve in 2006. It contains Calcareous grassland, sown grassland, wildflower meadows with hoary ragwort, yellow-wort, wild carrot and lesser trefoil. There are four wetland feature areas, Brierley Waters, a reed swamp, Rooley Brook and the visitor centre pond. There are species rich hedgerows, woodland and semi natural vegetation
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# Mark Stephen Meadows
**Mark Stephen Meadows** (born September 28, 1968) is an American author, inventor, artist and researcher at NASA Convergent Aeronautics Solutions.
He is the author of over five books and inventor of patents relating to artificial intelligence, blockchain and avatars. He lectures internationally on this work as well as the intersection of art, technology and culture.
In addition to inventing software, writing books and developing artwork, Meadows is also known for his worldly adventures, specifically for hitchhiking to Baghdad in 2003, interviewing terrorists and sailing voyages. He holds a USCG captain\'s license and has lived aboard his sailboat since 2006.
## Career
In 1993 Meadows helped design WELL.com, the world\'s third dot-com, and also helped develop the first open-protocol 3D multi-user environment in 1995. He worked as researcher and artist at Xerox-PARC, as Creative Director for a Stanford Research Institute venture, and as creative director and co-founder of a VR and Internet company, which he co-founded, named Construct. In 2001 he opened a gallery in Paris where he sold his paintings for two years before spending time in the Waag Society in Amsterdam, Netherlands as a researcher.
In 2010 Meadows founded Botanic Technologies, a US corporation dedicated to developing conversational avatars for use in education and video games. The company worked with a range of European, American and Asian organizations, ranging from Fortune 100 multinationals to small startups, researching and prototyping experimental products. Botanic Technologies spun off several other companies, the most notable being SEED Token, a blockchain organization which offered natural language processing and animation libraries for conversational characters.
From 2020-2022 Meadows lead teams building avatars for social media, educational and gaming purposes.
In December 2022 Meadows began working at NASA Research as Science Fiction Author and Researcher. The research role reports to Convergent Aeronautics Solutions, a NASA incubator for disruptive and game-changing technologies within the NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate.
## Books
*Pause & Effect* is Meadows\' first book which addresses narrative, visual art and video games.
His second book, *I, Avatar* is a first-person travelogue of Second Life and an examination of the culture and consequences of using avatars in virtual worlds.
*Tea Time With Terrorists* is a travelogue of Sri Lanka and study of the Tamil militant movement. This project deviates from other work by Meadows in addressing a more physical reality.
*We, Robot*, published in 2010, is Meadows\' fourth book addresses the emergence of robots and societal impacts.
Other publications include nearly a dozen patents, an unpublished travelogue of Iraq and a book of illustrated fables, titled *7Fables*. Meadows is represented by Renee Zuckerbrot, New York, NY.
## Art
Since 1987, Meadows has been selling his artwork in galleries and museums throughout the United States and Europe. He has received awards from Ars Electronica, and the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, among others.
## Education
Meadows completed his BA in math, philosophy and literature from St. John\'s College in Santa Fe, New Mexico. He also received an MFA at The San Francisco Art Institute (painting and photography) and studied at Harvard University (biology), University of Colorado (philosophy), and Bemis Art School (painting).
## Awards
Meadows has received the following awards:
- Ars Electronica, Golden Nica, Linz, Austria: 1999
- Stanford Digital Art Center, Stanford CA: 1998
- NII Award Arts & Entertainment, Los Angeles CA: 1997
- Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, New York NY: 1997
- Electronic Arts Awards, SF Focus/Stoli Vodka, San Francisco CA: 1997
- Thomas J
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# 2003 Toronto International Film Festival
The 28th **Toronto International Film Festival** ran from September 4 to September 13, 2003. A total of 336 films (252 feature length and 84 short films) from 55 countries were screened during the festival. Of the feature films, 73% were world, international, or North American premieres.
## Awards
Award Film Director
---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ------------------
People\'s Choice Award *Zatōichi* Takeshi Kitano
Discovery Award *Rhinoceros Eyes* Aaron Woodley
Best Canadian Feature Film *The Barbarian Invasions* Denys Arcand
Best Canadian First Feature Film *Love, Sex and Eating the Bones* Sudz Sutherland
Best Canadian Short Film *Aspiration* Constant Mentzas
FIPRESCI International Critics\' Award *Noviembre* Achero Mañas
## Programmes
### Viacom Galas {#viacom_galas}
- *Bon Voyage* directed by Jean-Paul Rappeneau
- *The Boys from County Clare* directed by John Irvin
- *Code 46* directed by Michael Winterbottom
- *The Company* directed by Robert Altman
- *Danny Deckchair* directed by Jeff Balsmeyer
- *Girl with a Pearl Earring* directed by Peter Webber
- *Good Morning, Night* directed by Marco Bellocchio
- *The Human Stain* directed by Robert Benton
- *In the Cut* directed by Jane Campion
- *The Barbarian Invasions* directed by Denys Arcand
- *Mambo Italiano* directed by Émile Gaudreault
- *Matchstick Men* directed by Ridley Scott
- *Nathalie\...* directed by Anne Fontaine
- *Out of Time* directed by Carl Franklin
- *The Republic of Love* directed by Deepa Mehta
- *Rosenstrasse* directed by Margarethe von Trotta
- *School of Rock* directed by Richard Linklater
- *Veronica Guerin* directed by Joel Schumacher
### Canadian Open Vault {#canadian_open_vault}
- *The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz* directed by Ted Kotcheff
### Canadian Retrospective {#canadian_retrospective}
- *Back to God\'s Country* directed by David M. Hartford
- *A Bear, a Boy and a Dog* directed by Bert Van Tuyle
- *The Grub Stake* directed by Bert Van Tuyle and Nell Shipman
- *The Light on Lookout* directed by Bert Van Tuyle and Nell Shipman
- *Something New* directed by Bert Van Tuyle and Nell Shipman
- *The Story of Mr. Hobbs* directed by Lorenzo Alagio
- *The Trail of the North Wind* directed by Nell Shipman
- *White Water* directed by Bert Van Tuyle and Nell Shipman
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# 2003 Toronto International Film Festival
## Programmes
### Contemporary World Cinema {#contemporary_world_cinema}
- *Abjad* directed by Abolfazl Jalili
- *Alexandra\'s Project* directed by Rolf de Heer
- *Antenna* directed by Kazuyoshi Kumakiri
- *At Five in the Afternoon* directed by Samira Makhmalbaf
- *B-Happy* directed by Gonzalo Justiniano
- *Bright Young Things* directed by Stephen Fry
- *Broken Wings* directed by Nir Bergman
- *Crimson Gold* directed by Jafar Panahi
- *Since Otar Left* directed by Julie Bertuccelli
- *Drifters* directed by Wang Xiaoshuai
- *Dummy* directed by Greg Pritikin
- *Errance* directed by Damien Odoul
- *The Event* directed by Thom Fitzgerald
- *Evil* directed by Mikael Håfström
- *Facing Windows* directed by Ferzan Özpetek
- *Forest* directed by Benedek Fliegauf
- *Böse Zellen* directed by Barbara Albert
- *Fuse* directed by Pjer Žalica
- *The Galíndez File* directed by Gerardo Herrero
- *Golden Chicken* directed by Samson Chiu
- *Good Bye, Lenin!* directed by Wolfgang Becker
- *A Good Lawyer\'s Wife* directed by Im Sang-soo
- *Grimm* directed by Alex van Warmerdam
- *Gun-Shy* directed by Dito Tsintsadze
- *Incantato* directed by Pupi Avati
- *The Hours of the Day* directed by Jaime Rosales
- *I\'m Not Scared* directed by Gabriele Salvatores
- *Identity Kills* directed by Sören Voigt
- *In the City* directed by Cesc Gay
- *Intermission* directed by John Crowley
- *Interview* directed by Theo van Gogh
- *James\' Journey to Jerusalem* directed by Ra\'anan Alexandrowicz
- *Japanese Story* directed by Sue Brooks
- *Kamchatka* directed by Marcelo Piñeyro
- *Kitchen Stories* directed by Bent Hamer
- *Last Life in the Universe* directed by Pen-ek Ratanaruang
- *The Last Virgin* directed by Joel Lamangan
- *Loving Glances* directed by Srđan Karanović
- *The Magic Gloves* directed by Martín Rejtman
- *Where Is Madame Catherine?* directed by Marc Recha
- *Memories of Murder* directed by Bong Joon-ho
- *Milwaukee, Minnesota* directed by Allan Mindel
- *The Mother* directed by Roger Michell
- *My Life Without Me* directed by Isabel Coixet
- *Noi the Albino* directed by Dagur Kári
- *Nicotina* directed by Hugo Rodríguez
- *Nos enfants chéris* directed by Benoît Cohen
- *Osama* directed by Siddiq Barmak
- *Pieces of April* directed by Peter Hedges
- *Prey for Rock & Roll* directed by Alex Steyermark
- *The Principles of Lust* directed by Penny Woolcock
- *Prosti* directed by Erik Matti
- *PTU* directed by Johnnie To
- *Pupendo* directed by Jan Hřebejk
- *Purple Butterfly* directed by Lou Ye
- *Who Killed Bambi?* directed by Gilles Marchand
- *Ramblers* directed by Nobuhiro Yamashita
- *Remake* directed by Dino Mustafić
- *Remember Me, My Love* directed by Gabriele Muccino
- *The Return* directed by Andrey Zvyagintsev
- *Secret File* directed by Paolo Benvenuti
- *Shara* directed by Naomi Kawase
- *Silence Between Two Thoughts* directed by Babak Payami
- *So Far Away* directed by Juan Carlos Tabío
- *Al sur de Granada* directed by Fernando Colomo
- *Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter\... and Spring* directed by Kim Ki-duk
- *Stander* directed by Bronwen Hughes
- *Stormy Weather* directed by Sólveig Anspach
- *Struggle* directed by Ruth Mader
- *SuperTex* directed by Jan Schütte
- *Testosterone* directed by David Moreton
- *All the Fine Promises* directed by Jean-Paul Civeyrac
- *Travellers and Magicians* directed by Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche
- *Vibrator* directed by Ryūichi Hiroki
- *Vodka Lemon* directed by Hiner Saleem
- *What the Eye Doesn\'t See* directed by Francisco José Lombardi
- *Wilbur Wants to Kill Himself* directed by Lone Scherfig
- *Wonderland* directed by James Cox
- *Young Adam* directed by David Mackenzie
### Dialogues: Talking With Pictures {#dialogues_talking_with_pictures}
- *Alien* directed by Ridley Scott
- *Bad Timing* directed by Nicolas Roeg
- *Ikiru* directed by Akira Kurosawa
- *Nashville* directed by Robert Altman
- *One from the Heart* directed by Francis Ford Coppola
- *Twenty Years Later* directed by Eduardo Coutinho
### Spotlight
- *Clouds of May* directed by Nuri Bilge Ceylan
- *The Confession* directed by Zeki Demirkubuz
- *Uzak* directed by Nuri Bilge Ceylan
- *Encounter* directed by Ömer Kavur
- *Fate* directed by Zeki Demirkubuz
- *Anayurt Oteli* directed by Ömer Kavur
- *The Secret Face* directed by Ömer Kavur
- *Kasaba* directed by Nuri Bilge Ceylan
- *The Third Page* directed by Zeki Demirkubuz
### Discovery
- *11:14* directed by Greg Marcks
- *16 Years of Alcohol* directed by Richard Jobson
- *Ana and the Others* directed by Celina Murga
- *Christmas* directed by Gregory King
- *Les corps impatients* directed by Xavier Giannoli
- *Dallas 362* directed by Scott Caan
- *Easy* directed by Jane Weinstock
- *The Green Butchers* directed by Anders Thomas Jensen
- *I Love Your Work* directed by Adam Goldberg
- *Love Me If You Dare* directed by Yann Samuell
- *Koktebel* directed by Boris Khlebnikov and Alexei Popogrebski
- *The Last Customer* directed by Nanni Moretti
- *Madness and Genius* directed by Ryan Eslinger
- *Maqbool* directed by Vishal Bhardwaj
- *My Father and I* directed by Xu Jinglei
- *My Town* directed by Marek Lechki
- *Matrubhoomi* directed by Manish Jha
- *Noviembre* directed by Achero Mañas
- *Rhinoceros Eyes* directed by Aaron Woodley
- *Rick* directed by Curtiss Clayton
- *Sexual Dependency* directed by Rodrigo Bellott
- *A Smile* directed by Park Kyung-hee
- *Ljeto u zlatnoj dolini* directed by Srđan Vuletić
- *This Little Life* directed by Sarah Gavron
- *The Triggerstreet.com Project*
| 903 |
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# 2003 Toronto International Film Festival
## Programmes
### Masters
- *Casa de los Babys* directed by John Sayles
- *Chokher Bali, A Passion Play* directed by Rituparno Ghosh
- *Come and Go* directed by João César Monteiro
- *Dying at Grace* directed by Allan King
- *Elephant* directed by Gus Van Sant
- *I\'ll Sleep When I\'m Dead* directed by Mike Hodges
- *A Talking Picture* directed by Manoel de Oliveira
- *Le Temps du Loup* directed by Michael Haneke
- *Zatoichi* directed by Takeshi Kitano
### Midnight Madness {#midnight_madness}
- *Cypher* directed by Vincenzo Natali
- *End of the Century: The Story of the Ramones* directed by Jim Fields and Michael Gramaglia
- *Gozu* directed by Takashi Miike
- *The Grudge* directed by Takashi Shimizu
- *Haute Tension* directed by Alexandre Aja
- *Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior* directed by Prachya Pinkaew
- *Save the Green Planet!* directed by Jang Joon-hwan
- *Undead* directed by Peter Spierig and Michael Spierig
- *Underworld* directed by Len Wiseman
### National Cinema {#national_cinema}
- *Bus 174* directed by José Padilha
- *Carandiru* directed by Hector Babenco
- *God Is Brazilian* directed by Carlos Diegues
- *The Man of the Year* directed by José Henrique Fonseca
- *Margarette\'s Feast* directed by Renato Falcão
- *The Middle of the World* directed by Vicente Amorim
- *The Storytellers* directed by Eliane Caffé
### Perspective Canada {#perspective_canada}
- *8:17 p.m. Darling Street (20h17, rue Darling)* directed by Bernard Émond
- *Animal Nightmares* directed by Peter Lynch
- *Aspiration* directed by Constant Mentzas
- *Bager* directed by Tomi Grgicevic
- *The Big Charade* directed by Jesse McKeown
- *The Bread Maker* directed by Anita McGee
- *The Corporation* directed by Mark Achbar and Jennifer Abbott
- *Déformation Personnelle* directed by Jean-François Asselin
- *Defile in Veil* directed by Deco Dawson
- *DNA* directed by Jack Blum
- *The Dog Walker* directed by James Genn
- *Emile* directed by Carl Bessai
- *Exposures* directed by Matt Sinclair-Foreman
- *An Eye for an Eye* directed by David Rimmer
- *Falling Angels* directed by Scott Smith
- *The Fever of the Western Nile* directed by Deco Dawson
- *Flyerman* directed by Jeff Stephenson and Jason Tan
- *The Garden* directed by Jason Buxton
- *Gaz Bar Blues* directed by Louis Bélanger
- *Grotesque* directed by Wrik Mead
- *Guest Room* directed by Skander Halim
- *her carnal longings* directed by Izabella Pruska-Oldenhof
- *Hollywood North* directed by Peter O\'Brian
- *Imitations of Life* directed by Mike Hoolboom
- *In the Dark* directed by Mike Hoolboom
- *Jours en fleurs* directed by Louise Bourque
- *The Last Night* directed by Mathieu Guez
- *A Little Life* directed by Elizabeth Murray
- *Love, Sex and Eating the Bones* directed by Sudz Sutherland
- *The Magical Life of Long Tack Sam* directed by Ann Marie Fleming
- *Mardi (Quel jour était-ce?)* directed by Lyne Charlebois
- *Moccasin Flats* directed by Randy Redroad
- *Noël Blank* directed by Jean-François Rivard
- *Not a Fish Story* directed by Anita Doron
- *Nothing* directed by Vincenzo Natali
- *On the Corner* directed by Nathaniel Geary
- *Passages* directed by John Price
- *Perfect* directed by Boris Rodriguez
- *Pop Song* directed by Charles Officer
- *A Problem with Fear* directed by Gary Burns
- *Proteus* directed by John Greyson
- *Saskatchewan Part 2* directed by Brian Stockton
- *The School* directed by Ezra Krybus and Matthew Miller
- *She Was Cuba* directed by Ho Tam
- *Shooting Star* directed by Jason Britski
- *Sometimes a Voice* directed by Simon Davidson
- *Song of Wreckage* directed by Ryan Redford
- *Terminal Venus* directed by Alexandre Franchi
- *Todd and the Book of Pure Evil* directed by Craig D. Wallace
- *Totem: The Return of the G\'psgolox Pole* directed by Gil Cardinal
- *The Truth About the Head* directed by Dale Heslip
- *Twist* directed by Jacob Tierney
- *Why the Anderson Children Didn\'t Come to Dinner* directed by Jamie Travis
- *Wildflowers* directed by Geoffrey Uloth
- *X Man* directed by Christopher Hinton
### Planet Africa {#planet_africa}
- *Afropunk: The \"Rock n Roll Nigger\" Experience* directed by James Spooner
- *Dark* directed by D.A. Bullock
- *His/Her Story* directed by Nzinga Kemp
- *Histoire de Tresses* directed by Jacqueline Kalimunda
- *How to Get the Man\'s Foot Out of Your Ass* directed by Mario Van Peebles
- *Mille Mois* directed by Faouzi Bensaïdi
- *Moi et mon blanc* directed by S. Pierre Yameogo
- *One Love* directed by Rick Elgood and Don Letts
- *Outcry* directed by Destau Damtou
- *Short on Sugar* directed by Joseph Anaya
- *Le silence de la forêt* directed by Didier Ouénangaré and Bassek ba Kobhio
- *The Sky in Her Eyes* directed by Ouida Smit and Madoda Ncayiyana
- *Soldiers of the Rock* directed by Norman Maake
- *Strange & Charmed* directed by Shari Frilot
- *Valley of the Innocent* directed by Branwen Okpako
- *Les Yeux secs* directed by Narjiss Nejjar
### Real to Reel {#real_to_reel}
- *The Agronomist* directed by Jonathan Demme
- *Aileen: Life and Death of a Serial Killer* directed by Nick Broomfield and Joan Churchill
- *The Blonds* directed by Albertina Carri
- *Bright Leaves* directed by Ross McElwee
- *Destiny\'s Children* directed by Pimmi Pândé
- *Dream Cuisine* directed by Li Ying
- *Investigation into the Invisible World* directed by Jean-Michel Roux
- *Festival Express* directed by Bob Smeaton
- *The Five Obstructions* directed by Lars von Trier and Jørgen Leth
- *Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine* directed by Vikram Jayanti
- *Jesus, You Know* directed by Ulrich Seidl
- *Los Angeles Plays Itself* directed by Thom Andersen
- *Mayor of the Sunset Strip* directed by George Hickenlooper
- *Molly & Mobarak* directed by Tom Zubrycki
- *The Passion of María Elena* directed by Mercedes Moncada
- *The Revolution Will Not Be Televised* directed by Kim Bartley and Donnacha O\'Briain
- *S21, La Machine de mort Khmère Rouge* directed by Rithy Panh
- *The Story of the Weeping Camel* directed by Byambasuren Davaa and Luigi Falorni
- *Tibet: Cry of the Snow Lion* directed by Tom Peosay
- *Tom Dowd and the Language of Music* directed by Mark Moormann
- *West of the Tracks, Part I: Rust* directed by Wang Bing
- *West of the Tracks, Part II: Remnants* directed by Wang Bing
- *West of the Tracks, Part III: Rails* directed by Wang Bing
- *The Yes Men* directed by Dan Ollman, Sarah Price and Chris Smith
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# 2003 Toronto International Film Festival
## Programmes
### Special Presentations {#special_presentations}
- *21 Grams* directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu
- *Alila* directed by Amos Gitaï
- *The Best of Youth* directed by Marco Tullio Giordana
- *Cheeky* directed by David Thewlis
- *Coffee and Cigarettes* directed by Jim Jarmusch
- *The Cooler* directed by Wayne Kramer
- *Dogville* directed by Lars von Trier
- *Far Side of the Moon* directed by Robert Lepage
- *The Fog of War* directed by Errol Morris
- *Go Further* directed by Ron Mann
- *The Gospel of John* directed by Philip Saville
- *La Grande Séduction* directed by Jean-François Pouliot
- *L\' Histoire de Marie et Julien* directed by Jacques Rivette
- *Lost in Translation* directed by Sofia Coppola
- *Love Actually* directed by Richard Curtis
- *The Merry Widow* directed by Erich von Stroheim
- *Monsieur Ibrahim* directed by François Dupeyron
- *Père et fils* directed by Michel Boujenah
- *Raja* directed by Jacques Doillon
- *The Saddest Music in the World* directed by Guy Maddin
- *Les Sentiments* directed by Noémie Lvovsky
- *Shattered Glass* directed by Billy Ray
- *The Singing Detective* directed by Keith Gordon
- *The Snow Walker* directed by Charles Martin Smith
- *The Station Agent* directed by Tom McCarthy
- *Touching the Void* directed by Kevin Macdonald
- *Valentín* directed by Alejandro Agresti
- *Zhou Yu\'s Train* directed by Sun Zhou
### Visions
- *Bright Future* directed by Kiyoshi Kurosawa
- *The Brown Bunny* directed by Vincent Gallo
- *Cremaster 3* directed by Matthew Barney
- *Good Bye, Dragon Inn* directed by Tsai Ming-liang
- *Greendale* directed by Bernard Shakey a.k.a. Neil Young
- *In This World* directed by Michael Winterbottom
- *Nine Souls* directed by Toshiaki Toyoda
- *Des Plumes dans la tête* directed by Thomas de Thier
- *Sansa* directed by Siegfried
- *The Tesseract* directed by Oxide Pang
- *The Triplets of Belleville (Les Triplettes de Belleville)* directed by Sylvain Chomet
- *The Tulse Luper Suitcases, Episode 3. Antwerp* directed by Peter Greenaway
- *The Tulse Luper Suitcases, Part 1. The Moab Story* directed by Peter Greenaway
- *Twentynine Palms* directed by Bruno Dumont
### Wavelengths
- *Bouquet 25* directed by Rose Lowder
- *Chinese Series* directed by Stan Brakhage
- *Cocteau Cento* directed by Dan Boord and Luis Valdovino
- *Early Monthly Segments* directed by Robert Beavers
- *Fear of Blushing* directed by Jennifer Reeves
- *The Ground* directed by Robert Beavers
- *He Walked Away* directed by Jennifer Reeves
- *The Hedge Theater* directed by Robert Beavers
- *Horizontal Boundaries Second Projection* directed by Pat O\'Neill
- *In the Garden* directed by Ute Aurand and Bärbel Freund
- *Interior* directed by Jim Jennings
- *Let\'s Make a Sandwich* directed by Pat O\'Neill
- *Meditations on Revolution, Part V: Foreign City* directed by Robert Fenz
- *Megalopolis* directed by Jim Jennings
- *No* directed by Sharon Lockhart
- *Noor* directed by Deborah Phillips
- *Outline* directed by Sandra Gibson
- *Psalm III: \"Night of the Meek\"* directed by Phil Solomon
- *Quadro* directed by Lotte Schreiber
- *Rolling in My Ears* directed by Barry Gerson
- *Seasons* directed by Phil Solomon and Stan Brakhage
- *Stan\'s Window and Work in Progress* directed by Stan Brakhage
- *System of Transitions* directed by Johannes Hammel
- *Translucent Appearances* directed by Barry Gerson
- *The Visitation* directed by Nathaniel Dorsky
## Canada\'s Top Ten {#canadas_top_ten}
TIFF\'s annual Canada\'s Top Ten list, its national critics and festival programmers poll of the ten best feature and short films of the year, was released in December 2003.
- *8:17 p.m
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# Halo orbit
trajectory, a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L~1~ point\
`{{legend2| RoyalBlue| Earth}}`{=mediawiki}{{·}}`{{legend2|Magenta| SOHO}}`{=mediawiki} }} `{{Astrodynamics}}`{=mediawiki}
A **halo orbit** is a periodic, non-planar orbit associated with one of the L~1~, L~2~ or L~3~ Lagrange points in the three-body problem of orbital mechanics. Although a Lagrange point is just a point in empty space, its peculiar characteristic is that it can be orbited by a Lissajous orbit or by a halo orbit. These can be thought of as resulting from an interaction between the gravitational pull of the two planetary bodies and the Coriolis and centrifugal force on a spacecraft. Halo orbits exist in any three-body system, e.g., a Sun--Earth--orbiting satellite system or an Earth--Moon--orbiting satellite system. Continuous \"families\" of both northern and southern halo orbits exist at each Lagrange point. Because halo orbits tend to be unstable, station-keeping using thrusters may be required to keep a satellite on the orbit.
Most satellites in halo orbit serve scientific purposes, for example space telescopes.
## Definition and history {#definition_and_history}
Robert W. Farquhar first used the name \"halo\" in 1966 for orbits around L`{{sub|2}}`{=mediawiki} which were made periodic using thrusters. Farquhar advocated using spacecraft in such an orbit beyond the Moon (Earth--Moon `{{L2|nolink=yes}}`{=mediawiki}) as a communications relay station for an Apollo mission to the far side of the Moon. A spacecraft in such an orbit would be in continuous view of both the Earth and the far side of the Moon, whereas a Lissajous orbit would sometimes make the spacecraft go behind the Moon. In the end, no relay satellite was launched for Apollo, since all landings were on the near side of the Moon.
In 1973 Farquhar and Ahmed Kamel found that when the in-plane amplitude of a Lissajous orbit was large enough there would be a corresponding out-of-plane amplitude that would have the same period, so the orbit ceased to be a Lissajous orbit and became approximately an ellipse. They used analytical expressions to represent these halo orbits; in 1984, Kathleen Howell showed that more precise trajectories could be computed numerically. Additionally, she found that for most values of the ratio between the masses of the two bodies (such as the Earth and the Moon) there was a range of stable orbits.
The first mission to use a halo orbit was ISEE-3, a joint ESA and NASA spacecraft launched in 1978. It traveled to the Sun--Earth `{{L1|nolink=yes}}`{=mediawiki} point and remained there for several years. The next mission to use a halo orbit was Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), also a joint ESA/NASA mission to study the Sun, which arrived at Sun--Earth `{{L1|nolink=yes}}`{=mediawiki} in 1996. It used an orbit similar to ISEE-3. Although several other missions since then have traveled to Lagrange points, they (eg. Gaia astrometric space observatory) typically have used the related non-periodic variations called Lissajous orbits rather than an actual halo orbit.
Although halo orbits were well known in the RTBP (Restricted Three Body Problem), it was difficult to obtain Halo orbits for the real Earth-Moon system. Translunar halo orbits were first computed in 1998 by M.A. Andreu, who introduced a new model for the motion of a spacecraft in the Earth-Moon-Sun system, which was called Quasi-Bicircular Problem (QBCP).
In May 2018, Farquhar\'s original idea was finally realized when China placed the first communications relay satellite, Queqiao, into a halo orbit around the Earth-Moon `{{L2|nolink=yes}}`{=mediawiki} point. On 3 January 2019, the Chang\'e 4 spacecraft landed in the Von Kármán crater on the far side of the Moon, using the Queqiao relay satellite to communicate with the Earth.
The James Webb Space Telescope entered a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth `{{L2|nolink=yes}}`{=mediawiki} point on 24 January 2022. Euclid entered a similar orbit around this point in August 2023.
India\'s space agency ISRO launched Aditya-L1 to study the Sun from a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L`{{sub|1}}`{=mediawiki} point. On 6 January 2024, the spacecraft, India\'s first solar mission, successfully entered a halo orbit with a period of approximately approximately 178 days, at a distance of approximately 1.5 million kilometers from Earth
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# Pennington Biomedical Research Center
The **Pennington Biomedical Research Center** is a health science-focused research center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It is part of the Louisiana State University System and conducts clinical, basic, and population science research. It is the largest academically-based nutrition research center in the world, with the greatest number of obesity researchers on faculty. The center\'s over 500 employees occupy several buildings on the 222 acre campus. The center was designed by the Baton Rouge architect John Desmond.
## History
In 1980, Baton Rouge oilman and philanthropist C. B. \"Doc\" Pennington and his wife, Irene, provided \$125 million to fund construction of the nutritional research center. With a U.S. Department of Defense contract and funding from the Louisiana Public Facilities Authority, Governor Buddy Roemer proclaimed the official opening of the Center in 1988. Dr George A. Bray, a renowned obesity researcher, was recruited to be the first executive director of the center and under his leadership the center reached its present status in the scientific world.
Today, the Pennington Biomedical Research Center houses almost 600 employees, 14 research laboratories, 17 core service laboratories, an inpatient and outpatient clinic, two metabolic chambers, a research kitchen, an administrative area, more than \$20 million in technologically advanced equipment, and a team of over 80 scientists and physicians with specialties such as molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, neuroanatomy, exercise physiology, biochemistry, psychology, endocrinology, biostatistics and electrophysiology.
One of the former employees was the late state legislator Leonard J. Chabert from Terrebonne Parish, the namesake of the Leonard J. Chabert Medical Center in Houma.
## Research programs and labs {#research_programs_and_labs}
The comprehensive research program at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center focuses on ten specific research program areas as outlined below. Researchers in these divisions rely on the latest molecular, physiological, clinical, behavioral, and bioinformatics technologies with the ultimate goal of preventing common diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer.
1. *Cancer:* Clinical Oncology & Metabolism, Cancer Energetics
2. *Diabetes:* Antioxidant and Gene Regulation, John S McIlhenny Skeletal Muscle Physiology, John S. McIlhenny Botanical Research, Joint Program on Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Oxidative Stress and Disease
3. *Epidemiology and Prevention:* Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Contextual Risk Factors, Nutritional Epidemiology, Physical Activity and Obesity Epidemiology
4. *Genomics & Molecular Genetics:* Gene-Nutrient Interactions, Genetics of Eating Behavior, Human Genomics, Regulation of Gene Expression
5. *Neurobiology:* Autonomic Neuroscience, Leptin Signaling in the Brain, Neurobiology & Nutrition, Neurobiology of Metabolic Dysfunction Lab, Neurosignaling, Nutrition & Neural Signaling,
6. *Neurodegeneration:* Aging and Neurodegeneration, Blood Brain Barrier I, Blood Brain Barrier II, Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Nutritional Neuroscience and Aging
7. *Nutrient Sensing & Signaling:* Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling
8. *Obesity:* Behavior Modification Clinical Trials, Behavior Technology Laboratory: Eating Disorders and Obesity, Behavioral Medicine, Infection and Obesity, Ingestive Behavior Laboratory, Pediatric Obesity and Health Behavior, Pharmacology-based Clinical Trials, Reproductive Endocrinology & Women\'s Health, Women\'s Health, Eating Behavior, & Smoking Cessation Program
9. *Physical Activity & Health:* Exercise Biology, Human Physiology, Inactivity Physiology, Physical Activity & Ethnic Minority Health, Preventive Medicine, Walking Behavior
10. *Stem Cell & Developmental Biology*: Developmental Biology, Epigenetics & Nuclear Reprogramming, Ubiquitin Biology
## Core services {#core_services}
Pennington Biomedical Research Center provides core services in three specific areas (i.e., Basic Science, Clinical Science, and Population Science) to support researchers and increase the efficiency and accuracy of investigative procedures.
1. The *Basic Science Core* allows researchers to use cutting edge technology in the following areas: comparative biology, animal behavior, animal metabolism, cell and tissue imaging and microscopy, cell culture facilities, genomics, transgenics, proteomics and metabolomics.
2. The *Clinical Science Core* provides researchers access to clinical research study protocol development tools, Internal Review Board (IRB) submission, budgeting assistance, and contract support. The Center assists with study participant recruitment, specimen collection, processing and analysis, dietary assessment, exercise testing, psychological review, and phlebotomy. The Core also provides meal preparation using the Metabolic Kitchen and provides support for data collection and storage.
3. *The Population Science Core* provides researchers with statistical support for studies, data management assistance, and access to the Library and Information Center which provides bibliographic instruction, interlibrary loan processing, and other services.
## Centers of excellence {#centers_of_excellence}
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) awards center grants to institutions with groups of established researchers working in a variety of scientific research fields. There are three NIH Centers of Excellence at Pennington Biomedical Research Center
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# List of Greater London Council committee chairs
The **Greater London Council**\'s political leadership was in the hands of a Leader and a number of committees. Detailed policy proposals in the service areas were set by the committees, with the leadership nominating the Chairs who also had a degree of executive responsibility outside of meetings. The Chairs of the Committees also formed an unofficial Cabinet which advised the Leader on policy and through which the Leader could take political soundings.
Formally the committees were divided into Standing Committees and Special Committees. Eventually the cabinet was formed as the \'Leader\'s Committee\' which was a Special Committee.
## Fiske administration (1964--1967) {#fiske_administration_19641967}
Committee Chairman Date Notes
----------------------------- --------------------- --------------- --------------------------------------------
Standing Committees
Alexandra Park and Palace Louis Vitoria 13 June 1966 Set up in 1966.
Ambulance Florence Cayford 29 May 1964
George Palmer 22 April 1966
Establishment and Supplies Norman Prichard 28 May 1964 Committee abolished, 6 April 1965
Establishment Sidney Melman 29 April 1965 Set up in 1965.
Finance Reg Goodwin 2 June 1964
Fire Brigade Ellis Garton 29 May 1964
General Purposes Victor Mishcon 8 June 1964
Highways and Traffic Richard Edmonds 5 June 1964
Jane Phillips 9 April 1965
Housing Evelyn Denington 3 June 1964
Licensing Alec Grant 14 April 1965 Set up in 1965.
New and Expanding Towns Jane Phillips 27 May 1964
Richard Edmonds 7 April 1965
Parks and Smallholdings Sidney Melman 29 May 1964
Peggy Jay 30 April 1965
Planning and Communications Christopher Higgins 2 June 1964
Public Health Services Albert Samuels 27 May 1964
Staff Appeals Harry Lamborn 4 May 1965 Set up in 1965.
Supplies Samuel Boyce 4 May 1965 Set up in 1965.
Special Committees
Selection Bill Fiske 27 April 1964 Nominated members to the other committees.
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# List of Greater London Council committee chairs
## Plummer administration (1967--1973) {#plummer_administration_19671973}
Committee Chairman Date Notes
--------------------------------- --------------------------- ------------------- -------------------------------------------
Standing Committees
Alexandra Park and Palace Reginald Marks 2 May 1967 Abolished, 23 July 1968.
Ambulance Robert Mitchell 28 April 1970
Andrew Jardine 4 May 1971
Arts and Recreation Harold Sebag-Montefiore 23 July 1968 Set up in 1968.
Covent Garden Joint Development The Countess of Dartmouth 4 May 1971 Set up in 1971.
Robert Mitchell 13 September 1972
Environmental Planning Robert Vigars 28 April 1970 Set up in 1970.
Richard Brew 4 May 1971
Establishment Sir Graham Rowlandson 2 May 1967
Maurice Gaffney 9 October 1969
Leslie Freeman 28 April 1970
Finance and Scrutiny Sir Graham Rowlandson 28 April 1970 Set up in 1970.
Finance and Supplies Sir Louis Gluckstein 2 May 1967
Roland Freeman 14 May 1968
Sir Graham Rowlandson 30 September 1969 Abolished, 28 April 1970.
Fire Brigade Robert Mitchell 28 April 1970 Set up in 1970.
Andrew Jardine 4 May 1971
Fire Brigade and Ambulance Robert Mitchell 2 May 1967 Abolished, 23 July 1968.
General Purposes Leslie Freeman 2 May 1967
Sir Percy Rugg 12 May 1969
Frank Abbott 28 April 1970
Geoffrey Chase-Gardner 7 February 1972
Highways and Traffic Robert Vigars 2 May 1967 Abolished, 23 July 1968.
Housing Horace Cutler 2 May 1967
Geoffrey Chase-Gardner 28 April 1970
Bernard Perkins 3 February 1972
Licensing Harold Sebag-Montefiore 2 May 1967 Abolished, 23 July 1968
New and Expanding Towns George Everitt 2 May 1967 Abolished, 28 April 1970
Parks and Smallholdings Gordon Dixon 2 May 1967 Abolished, 28 April 1970
Planning and Communications Geoffrey Aplin 2 May 1967
Thomas Scott 13 May 1968 Abolished, 23 July 1968
Planning and Transportation Robert Vigars 23 July 1968 Set up in 1968; abolished, 28 April 1970.
Policy and Resources Horace Cutler 28 April 1970 Set up in 1970.
Policy Steering Desmond Plummer 23 July 1968 Set up in 1968; abolished, 28 April 1970.
Public Health Services Peter Black 2 May 1967 Abolished, 23 July 1968
Public Services Peter Black 23 July 1968
Maurice Gaffney 28 April 1970
Peter Black 7 June 1971
Scrutiny Harold Mote 23 July 1968 Set up in 1968; abolished, 28 April 1970.
Strategic Planning Dr Gerard Vaughan 23 July 1968
Robert Vigars 4 May 1971
Thamesmead Seton Forbes-Cockell 2 May 1967 Died, 19 September 1971
David Harris 13 October 1971
Town Development George Everitt 28 April 1970
Peter Black 4 May 1971
Bernard Brook-Partridge 7 June 1971
Special Committees
Staff Appeals Robert Turner 2 May 1967 Died 27 September 1968.
Sir Louis Gluckstein 2 May 1969
Procedure Desmond Plummer 5 July 1967 Abolished, 28 April 1970.
Leader\'s Council Desmond Plummer 23 July 1968
## Goodwin administration (1973--1977) {#goodwin_administration_19731977}
Committee Chairman Date Notes
--------------------------------- -------------------- ------------- -------------------------
Standing Committees
Ambulance Tony Judge 4 May 1973 Abolished, 14 May 1974.
Arts and Recreation Ellis Hillman 4 May 1973
Covent Garden Joint Development Tom Ponsonby 4 May 1973
Jean Merriton 13 May 1975
Fire Brigade John Henry 4 May 1973
General Purposes Dr Stephen Haseler 4 May 1973
Tony Banks 13 May 1975
Housing Administration Marie Jenkins 4 May 1973 Abolished, 14 May 1974.
Housing Development Gladys Dimson 4 May 1973
Richard Balfe 13 May 1975
Housing Management Tony Judge 14 May 1974 Set up in 1974.
Planning Edward Bell 4 May 1973
Norman Howard 14 May 1974
Policy and Resources Illtyd Harrington 4 May 1973
Public Services Arthur Edwards 4 May 1973
Thamesmead Richard Balfe 4 May 1973
William Simson 13 May 1975
Town Development Robert Crane 4 May 1973
Edward Bell 14 May 1974
Stephen Hatch 13 May 1975
Transport Evelyn Denington 4 May 1973
Jim Daly 13 May 1975
Special Committees
Leader\'s Council Sir Reg Goodwin 4 May 1973
Staff Appeals Anna Grieves 4 May 1973
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# List of Greater London Council committee chairs
## Cutler administration (1977--1981) {#cutler_administration_19771981}
Committee Chairman Date Notes
------------------------------------------ -------------------------- ------------------ -----------------
Standing Committees
Arts Bernard Brook-Partridge 24 May 1977
Fredk. Weyer 16 May 1978
Covent Garden Alan Greengross 24 May 1977
Dr Mark Lister Patterson 16 May 1978
Finance and Establishment Alan Hardy 24 May 1977
Fire Brigade Tom Ham 24 May 1977
General Management Geoffrey Seaton 24 May 1977
Historic Buildings William Bell 24 May 1977
Housing Development Geoffrey Aplin 24 May 1977
Lawrence Bains 18 June 1979
Housing Management Jean Tatham 24 May 1977
David Ashby 13 February 1979
Housing Policy George Tremlett 24 May 1977
Industry and Employment Mervyn Scorgie 24 May 1977
Legal and Parliamentary James Lemkin 24 May 1977
David Ashby 16 May 1978
John Reveley Major 13 February 1979
London Transport Harold Mote 24 May 1977
Dr Gordon Taylor 16 May 1978
Harold Mote 19 December 1979
Open Spaces and Recreation Sydney Ripley 24 May 1977
Planning, Central Area Herbert Sandford 24 May 1977
Planning, North Area William Clack 24 May 1977
Alan Greengross 16 May 1978
John Putnam 18 June 1979
Planning, South Area Joan Wykes 24 May 1977
Planning and Communications Policy Shelagh Roberts 24 May 1977
Alan Greengross 18 June 1979
Policy and Resources Richard Brew 24 May 1977
Professional and General Services Robert Mitchell 24 May 1977
Cyril Taylor 18 June 1979
Public Services and Safety Dr Gordon Taylor 24 May 1977
Bernard Brook-Partridge 16 May 1978
Stanley Bolton 7 February 1979
Recreation and Community Services Policy Peter Black 24 May 1977
Thamesmead Victor Langton 24 May 1977
Town Development Frank Smith 24 May 1977
Special Committees
Leader\'s Horace Cutler 24 May 1977
Scrutiny Sir Malby Crofton, Bt. 24 May 1977
James Lemkin 16 May 1978
Staff Appeals Muriel Gumbel 24 May 1977
Construction Branch Contracts Review Horace Cutler 15 May 1979 Set up in 1979.
Local Government Bill Richard Brew 14 January 1980 Set up in 1980.
Housing Bill George Tremlett 5 February 1980 Set up in 1980.
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# List of Greater London Council committee chairs
## Livingstone administration (1981--1986) {#livingstone_administration_19811986}
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Committee | Chairman | Date | Notes |
+==================================+====================+=============+==============================================+
| Standing Committees | | | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Arts and Recreation | Tony Banks | 28 May 1981 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| | Peter Pitt | 22 May 1984 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Ethnic Minorities | Ken Livingstone | 28 May 1981 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Finance and General Purposes | Dr Anthony Hart | 28 May 1981 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| | John McDonnell | 11 May 1982 | Replaced by Michael Ward\ |
| | | | as Acting Chair, March 1985. |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| | Alex Mackay | 21 May 1985 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Greater London Manpower Board | Gareth Daniel | 11 May 1982 | Set up in 1982. Renamed Greater London\ |
| | | | Training Board, 3 May 1983. |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Housing | Gladys Dimson | 28 May 1981 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| | Anthony McBrearty | 11 May 1982 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Industry and Employment | Mike Ward | 28 May 1981 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Legal and General | Harvey Hinds | 28 May 1981 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| | John Wilson | 3 May 1983 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Planning | Ed Gouge | 28 May 1981 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| | George Nicholson | 3 May 1983 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Police | Paul Boateng | 28 May 1981 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Policy and Performance Review | Illtyd Harrington | 28 May 1981 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| | Harvey Hinds | 22 May 1984 | Renamed Policy and Performance, 21 May 1985. |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Public Services and Fire Brigade | Simon Turney | 28 May 1981 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Staff | John Carr | 28 May 1981 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Technical Services | Alex Mackay | 3 May 1983 | Set up in 1983. |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| | Sir Ashley Bramall | 21 May 1985 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Transport | Dave Wetzel | 28 May 1981 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Women\'s | Valerie Wise | 11 May 1982 | Set up in 1982. |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Special Committees | | | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Policy Co-ordinating | Ken Livingstone | 28 May 1981 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Staff Appeals | Harry Kay | 28 May 1981 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| | John Ward | 22 May 1984 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Local Government Finance Bill | Ken Livingstone | 11 May 1982 | Set up in 1982; abolished, 3 May 1983. |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Matters relating to the\ | Ken Livingstone | 22 May 1984 | Set up in 1984. |
| Council\'s Future Existence\ | | | |
| and Functions | | | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| | Illtyd Harrington | 21 May 1985 | |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Policy and Resources | Ken Livingstone | 21 May 1985 | Set up in 1985
| 498 |
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# Tommaso Donini
**Tommaso Donini** or **Tommaso Dovini**, called *Il Caravaggino* (21 December 1601, in Rome -- 21 March 1637, in Rome) was an Italian painter active mainly in Rome. He was previously erroneously referred to as \'Tommaso Luini\' as the 17th century artist biographer Giovanni Baglione referred to him as such in his *Le Vite de' Pittori* of 1642. Donini painted altarpieces. He was a follower of Caravaggio.
## Life
Donini was born in Rome on 21 December 1601 and was baptized on 24 December 1601 in the Santa Maria del Popolo. His father Marco was originally from Venice and was a gilder.
His masters were Giovanni Lanfranco and Angelo Caroselli. While attending the workshop of Caroselli, he was asked to study and make many copies of the works of Caravaggio. He became so skilled at this that he was soon working alongside his master, who himself was a follower and copyist of Caravaggio. This skill likely earned Donini the nickname *Il Caravaggino*. Alternatively, it is possibly that he received the nickname for being, like Caravaggio, an outsider with a short fuse and known for being litigious. In 1635 he was involved in a trial for stabbing another painter in the leg. He attended Andrea Sacchi\'s drawing academy between 1630 and 1632. Donini and Sacchi collaborated on works.
He died on 21 March 1637 in Rome at the age of 35.
## Work
His known works are few. His frescoes in the Minor Basilica of St. Lawrence in Lucina and in the Church of San Giuseppe a Capo le Case have been destroyed. There are still two paintings by his hand in the Basilica of San Carlo al Corso: a *God and angels adoring he holy sacrament* painted between 1627 and 1632 for the temporary high altar and later placed on the altar of the left transept and a *Saint Ambrose* in the sacristy. His *Funeral of St. Filippo Benizi* and *Miracle of St. Filippo Benizi* (both between 1630--1632) in the chapel of St. Filippo Benizi of the Santa Maria in Via are still *in situ*. Some art historians believe that Antonio Circignani painted a large part of the *Funeral of St. Filippo Benizi*.
Andrea Sacchi collaborated with Donini on the altarpiece for the Basilica of San Carlo al Corso. Sacchi also made a design for the head of one of the monks who witness St. Filippo Benizzi performing a miracle.
Other attributions to Donini include a *Madonna with Child and Saints* and a *Saint Lawrence baptizing a neophyte* originally in the San Lorenzo fuori le Mura and currently in the Valvisciolo Abbey and a *Saint Francis renouncing his possessions* in the San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane.
A *David with the Head of Goliath* in the Galleria Nazionale d\'Arte Antica is also attributed to Donini. It shows an exhausted David lifting the severed head of Goliath. David\'s expression is one of exhaustion more than of victory. The young woman in the red robe standing behind him looks rather disbelievingly at the young hero. The emphasis on the emotionality of the scene and the choice of the moment immediately after the killing of Goliath show the influence of Caravaggio in this work. The illumination of the scene, which makes David\'s white skin shine against the extremely dark background, also testifies to the stylistic proximity to Caravaggio.
## Bibliografia
\- G. Baglione, Le vite de\' pittori, scultori et architetti, dal Pontificato di Gregorio XIII del 1572 in fino a' tempi di Papa Urbano Ottavo nel 1642, pp.356-357
\- F. Titi, Studio di pittura, scoltura, et architettura, nelle chiese di Roma, Roma 1674, p.383
\- C. D'Onofrio, C. P. Pietrangeli, Abbazie del Lazio, Roma 1971, p.287, fig. 345
\- F. D'Amico, Su Tommaso Donini detto il Caravaggino e sul Savonanzi, in Boll. D'arte, LXIV (1979), 3, pp.79-86
\- S.Testa, Abbazia di Valvisciolo, "Vallis Lusciniae" Ars et Historia, 2007, p.111-112
\- S
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# Input enhancement
**Input enhancement** (IE) is a concept in second language acquisition. Mike Sharwood Smith coined the term to cover techniques used by researchers to make salient selected features of a language for students such as word order, parts of words that express tense, agreement and number for example, accents, idioms and slang. These techniques aim to draw attention to aspects of a language that have hitherto seemed to have made insufficient impact on the learner. This need not necessarily involve making learners consciously aware of the researcher\'s or teacher\'s intentions. Although IE was conceived of as a research tool, the term can also be used to describe techniques deliberately or instinctively used in language teaching and also in the way parents (again instinctively) talk to their children as also the way people alter their speech when talking to non-native speakers who seem to have difficulty in communicating. IE may figure as a deliberate strategy in teaching methods but it has always been present implicitly in standard teaching practice.
## Techniques
IE techniques include:
- Avoiding vowel reduction typical of rapid or casual speech
- Slowing down the rate of speech
- Using exaggerated stress and intonation
- Extensive repetition of words and phrases
- Less pre-verbal and more post-verbal modification
- Use of gestures, text enhancement such as boldface
- Underlining and other attention-catching textural techniques such as boldface, uppercase letters, colour-coding, etc.
IE includes use of traditional techniques to teach grammar and usage. Sharwood Smith distinguishes *external input enhancement* from *internal input enhancement* with the former referring primarily to techniques used in the deliberate teaching of a language and the latter employing ordinary events or situations.
## Entymology
The term \"input enhancement\" was designed to replace the term \'grammatical consciousness-raising\' (CR) because the older term did not allow for enhanced learning that occurs in a natural or accidental setting instead of an academic or purposefully educational setting
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# Anapel
**Anapel** is the goddess of reincarnation and birth worshipped by the Koryak people of Siberia. Her name means \"Little Grandmother\" in the Koryak language. She was worshipped at ceremonies following the birth of a new child
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# Ball boy
**Ball boys** and **ball girls**, also known as **ball kids**, are individuals, usually human youths, but sometimes dogs, who retrieve and supply balls for players or officials in sports such as association football, American football, bandy, cricket, tennis, baseball and basketball. Though non-essential, their activities help to speed up play by reducing the amount of inactive time.
## Tennis
Due to the nature of the sport, quick retrieval of loose balls and delivery of the game balls to the servers are necessary for quick play in tennis. In professional tournaments, every court will have a trained squad of ball boys/girls with positionings and movements designed for maximum efficiency, while also not interfering with active play. As well as dealing with the game balls, ball boys/girls may also provide the players with other assistance, such as the delivery of towels and drinks.
### Positions
- *Nets* are located on either side of the net to retrieve balls that are trapped by the net. Their job is to gather *dead* balls from the court and feed them to the *bases* after a point. This is usually done by rolling them alongside the court.
- *Bases* are located just off each corner (at either end of the baseline at either end of the court). Their job is to retrieve balls from the *nets* and then feed balls to the server.
### Feeding
*Feeding* is how the ball boys and girls give the balls to the players. At different tournaments, they use different techniques for feeding. At some tournaments, bases have both arms in the air, feeding the balls with one arm; at others, they have one arm in the air which they feed the balls and the other arm behind their back. When feeding the ball, they must also be aware of a player\'s preference. Most players accept the standard, which is for the ball boy or girl to gently toss the ball (from the position with their arms extended upwards) such that it bounces one time then to the proper height for the player to catch the ball easily.
### Hiring
There are various methods for selecting the ball boys and girls for a tournament. In many tournaments, such as Wimbledon and the Queen\'s Club Championships, they are picked from or apply through schools, where they are selected by tournaments, and they have to go through a number of selections and tests. In some other tournaments, such as the Nottingham Open, Australian Open and the US Open, positions are advertised and there are open try-outs.
Applicants are required to pass a physical ability assessment. In addition to fitness and stamina, the abilities to concentrate and remain alert are essential.
## Association football {#association_football}
In 2006, the IFAB Laws of the Game of association football were changed to allow multiple balls to be used under the direction of a referee. Higher level organised matches now commonly use 6+ balls with ball boys scattered around the pitch to quicken the pace of play. Typically positioned behind advertising boards surrounding the pitch, ball boys will try to be in possession of a spare ball at all times, so that this can be given to the players prior to the loose ball being retrieved.
Methods for selecting ball boys vary between grounds. On occasion, away teams have complained about perceived favour of ball boys towards home sides.
Association football ball boys hit the headlines in England in a 2013 EFL Cup match when Eden Hazard, a member of the away team, which was trailing at the time, appeared to kick at an apparently time-wasting ball boy Charlie Morgan who was lying on top of the ball. Hazard was subsequently sent off for violent conduct and suspended for three games. It was later revealed that the ball boy had tweeted the day before that he had intended to waste time.
## Baseball
thumb\|right\|upright=1.25\|A ball girl retrieving a foul ball at a Baltimore Orioles game Ball kids are stationed in out-of-play areas near the first and third base foul lines to retrieve out-of-play baseballs. They should not be confused with bat boys and bat girls, who remain in or near a team\'s dugout and the home plate area, primarily to tend to a team\'s baseball bats.
As ball kids are stationed on the field, albeit in foul territory, they can occasionally interfere with play; such events are governed by Rule 6.01(d), the main point of which is that if the interference is unintentional, any live ball remains alive and in play. For this reason, most teams will use experienced individuals who understand the rules, to minimize mistaken interference. One of the more infamous examples was the use of a Hooters girl as a promotion. The woman unfortunately snagged a ball that was fair and live in a Tampa Bay Rays game, throwing it to the fans. The batter was awarded a double on the interference.
Since 1992, the San Francisco Giants have employed older men as \"balldudes\", instead of the traditional youths. In 1993, Corinne Mullane became the first \"balldudette\", and she and her daughter Molly, who began working as a balldudette in the 2000s, have since been included in the National Baseball Hall of Fame as the first mother-daughter ball-retrieving duo in baseball.
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# Ball boy
## Cricket
Ball boys are stationed around the field just outside the boundary to retrieve any balls struck into the spectator stands or to the boundary rope. In India, disabled people are not allowed to be ball-boys anymore after a controversy occurred in 2017, after criticism of the Board of Control for Cricket in India surrounding the appearance of a polio-afflicted fan who had been serving as a ball-boy for a few years
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# Question 7
***Question 7*** is a 1961 American-West German film directed by Stuart Rosenberg and starring Michael Gwynn, Margaret Jahnen and Christian de Bresson. It won the National Board of Review Award for Best Film. It was also entered into the 11th Berlin International Film Festival.
## Plot
In post-war East Germany, Peter Gottfried is the son of minister Friedrich Gottfried. The Communist regime has decreed that all children of \"dissidents\" will be denied entry to a prestigious music conservatory. Peter is anxious to be accepted, and in order to get in he prepares to answer the seven questions required by the conservatory, the seventh of which will require him to deny his religious convictions. Before this can happen, he is invited by the Socialist Unity Party to perform at the Berlin Youth Festival. Friedrich protests, knowing that the Communists intend to use his son as a political pawn, to \"prove\" to the world that East Germany affords equal rights to clergymen. In the end, it is Peter himself who decides to quit the Festival and defect to the West
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# Stephen Peter Rosen
**Stephen Peter Rosen** is a Harvard College Professor and Beton Michael Kaneb Professor of National Security and Military Affairs in the Government Department in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University and is known as a neoconservative. In addition to his academic work, Rosen was also Master of Harvard College\'s Winthrop House from 2003 to 2009. He is also Senior Counsellor to the Long Term Strategy Group based in Washington D. C., a defense consulting firm.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Rosen was born in New York City and grew up on Long Island. He received his A.B. (in 1974) and Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University. He was influenced by the teaching of Harvey Mansfield as an undergraduate. As a graduate student, Rosen roomed with Bill Kristol and Alan Keyes. His PhD dissertation entitled \"Leadership in Foreign Policy\" studied the ways in which Alexander Hamilton and Abraham Lincoln tried to moderate American public opinion that could negatively affect American foreign policy. As a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard he worked with Sam Huntington to create the Olin institute for Strategic Studies.
## Career
His first book ***Winning the Next War: Innovation and the Modern Military*** was published by Cornell University Press in 1991, and received the 1992 Edgar S. Furniss Book Award for outstanding contribution to national security studies from the Ohio State University. The book demonstrates how the dynamics of officer promotion are the key to understanding military innovation in peacetime. Senior officers infrequently change their views, so the key to the military innovation lies in establishing new promotion pathways for younger officers. The book reviews all the major non-nuclear innovation of the 20th century. This book had been cited approximately 1000 times according to Google Scholar, and has been continuously in press since 1991.
His second book ***Societies and Military power: India and its Armies*** was published by Cornell University press in 1996 and studied the impact of social structures on military effectiveness. The book explains the strength and weakness of the Indian army during the Mughal, British, and post independent eras. The book shows how military effectiveness on the battlefield could only be achieved at the price of civil-military tensions.
His third book ***War and Human Nature*** was published by Princeton University press in 2005. The book connected the literature in biology to the literature in national security, and described the effect of biological mechanisms on stress, status competition, and fear and memory, as they affect national security behavior. The book pays special attention to the factors affecting the behaviors of tyrannies. It did path breaking work showing the connection between biological processes and time horizons. He has published widely in journals including *International Security*,*The Wall Street Journal* *Foreign Affairs*, *Journal of Strategic Studies*, *Joint forces Quarterly*, *The Washington Quarterly*, *Foreign Policy*, and *Diplomatic History*. His Op-ed *The emperor's Nuclear Clothes* was published in the *Wall Street Journal* criticizing the nuclear zero movement, arguing that the abolition of nuclear weapons was a utopian pipe dream.
For many years Rosen taught the popular undergraduate course ***War and Politics***, as well as the introductory international relations course ***International Conflict and Cooperation**\'\', and a lecture course on***The Ethics of the Conduct of War**\'\'.
He has been recognized as an outstanding undergraduate teacher and has received all three major awards for excellence in undergraduate teaching from Harvard University: The Harvard College Professorship in 2002, the award from the Alpha and Iota Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa in 2003, and the Levenson Award from the Harvard Undergraduate Council in 2016. In addition, he was co-master of Winthrop House with his wife Mandana Sassanfar in 2003 to 2009, where he was responsible for the well being of over 350 resident undergraduates. He gave the address at the Harvard ROTC commission ceremony in 2007.
Rosen advised many graduate students, some of whom are now professors at Princeton University, MIT, University of Pennsylvania, Brown University, the University of Wisconsin, Northwestern University, The University of Texas at Austin, and the United States Military Academy.
Parallel to his career in academia, he worked for Herman Kahn at the Hudson Institute (1973 and 1974) and served in the United States government from 1981 to 1990. He worked in the Office of Net Assessment in the Office of the Secretary of Defense 1981-1984 where he was author of the first net assessment of the East Asian military balance. He was the Director of Political-Military Affairs on the staff of the National Security Council 1984-1985 where he was the author of NSDD 166, the strategy document for the American operations in Afghanistan. He taught in the Strategy and Policy Department at the Naval War College from 1986 to 1990. Rosen was associate director of the John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies (part of Harvard\'s Department of Government) from 1990 to 1996, and was Director from 1996 until 2008. Rosen was also a consultant for the President\'s Commission on Integrated Long-term Strategy.
Shortly after the September 11 attacks, Rosen signed an open letter from the Project for the New American Century to President George W. Bush that advocated war in Afghanistan and \"a large increase in defense spending.\" Rosen also signed the PNAC\'s Statement of Principles and its controversial 90-page report entitled *Rebuilding America\'s Defenses: Strategies, Forces and Resources for a New Century* (2000), advocating the redeployment of U.S. troops in permanent bases in strategic locations throughout the world where they can be ready to act to protect U.S. interests abroad.
In 2007, Rosen was named as a member of foreign policy advisory team of Republican Party presidential candidate Rudy Giuliani.
Rosen holds the view that U.S. military supremacy is not guaranteed into the future, remarking on it that, \"we \[Americans\] have grown up and become accustomed to a world in which we can exercise *force majeure* and we just can't do that. And this is not a matter of ideology. This is not a matter of ethics. This is a matter of a change in the character of power and the distribution of power.\" As of 2015, Rosen did not, however, believe that American power was in decline, telling former roommate Bill Kristol:
> We can't play the same kind of dominant role, but we can and should play a role in creating this new world order in which people in those regions take more responsibility for defending themselves, but where we play a crucial role. And if we don't do that we are more at risk of losing our republican liberties than if we undertake the tasks that are associated with this more forward posturing.
Rosen currently serves on the advisory board for Washington, DC--based non-profit America Abroad Media
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# Cierva W.9
The **Cierva W.9** was a British 1940s experimental helicopter with a three-blade tilting-hub controlled main rotor, and torque compensation achieved using a jet of air discharged from the rear port side of the fuselage. The design was not further developed into production, and the prototype crashed in 1946.
## Development
In 1943, primary investor G & J Weir Ltd. revived the moribund Cierva Autogiro Company to develop an experimental helicopter to Air Ministry Specification E.16/43. The W.9 was to investigate James G. Weir\'s contention that a powered tilting hub-controlled rotor with automatic collective pitch control, and torque reaction control using jet efflux, was both safer and more efficient than the Sikorsky R-4 helicopter fitted with manually controlled main rotor cyclic and collective pitch and the anti-torque tail rotor system. The W.9 was completed late in 1944 and assigned serial *PX203*. It was damaged during ground-running due to incorrect control phasing arising from a high order of pitch-flap coupling, and did not start test flying until 1945.
The most visible characteristic of the W.9 was torque compensation and directional control by using blown air rather than a tail rotor. A variable pitch fan cooled the engine; the heated air and engine exhaust passed through the long hollow tailboom and exhausted to port. Foot pedals controlled the fan pitch. Of more importance, however, was the shaft-driven hydraulically actuated rotor hub with rotational speed variation to give automatic collective pitch control. Development of the rotor system resulted in a tilting hub combined with cyclic pitch control of each blade to minimize control forces. Manual control of collective pitch was added to the automatic collective pitch change system to provide precise vertical control in hover and the ability to cushion a landing from an autorotative descent.
The W.9 was first publicly demonstrated during an air display in Southampton on 22 June 1946. It was displayed at the Seventh SBAC Airshow at Radlett in 1946
The helicopter was destroyed in an accident in 1946 and the project was abandoned. Parts of the W.9 rotor hub were used in the W.14 Skeeter prototype.
Cierva was bought out by Saunders-Roe, and that design entered production service in the 1950s as the Saunders-Roe Skeeter.
## Specifications (W.9) {#specifications_w
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# Hubert Vos
**Hubert Vos** (February 15, 1855 -- January 8, 1935) was a Dutch painter who was born Josephus Hubertus Vos in Maastricht. He studied at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels and with Fernand Cormon in Paris. He exhibited widely in Paris, Amsterdam, Brussels, Dresden and Munich. From 1885 to 1892, he worked in England, where he exhibited at the Royal Academy between 1888 and 1891. He was a member of the Royal Society of British Artists.
## Career
In 1877, he married Aline Watteau, family of the famous French rococopainter Jean Antoine Watteau. They had two children: a daughter, Isolde (1881 - 1950) and a son, Marius (1883 - 1974). His second wife was Eleanor Kaikilani Coney, of Hawaiian, Chinese, and American descent. They married in 1897 and had one daughter, Margueritte. In 1898, he visited Hawaii, where he painted the local people. In that same year, Vos traveled to Korea, where he completed at least three paintings in duplicate. In each case, he left one copy in Korea and kept one copy. The paintings are a life-sized portrait of Emperor Gojong, a portrait of Min Sangho (1870--1933), and a landscape of Seoul. The copies left in Korea hung in the Deoksugung Palace until all except the landscape of Seoul, were destroyed by fire in 1904. Vos visited China in 1899 and painted portraits of prominent leaders. Empress Dowager Cixi (Tzu Hsi), whose portrait had been painted in oil by the American artist Katharine Carl, saw these portraits and invited Vos to visit China in 1905. He did one portrait of her which is still displayed in the Summer Palace, then after he got back to New York, finished another portrait which he had started in China. This was displayed at the Paris Salon, then acquired by Grenville L. Winthrop and given to the Fogg Museum at Harvard.
In addition to portraits and landscapes, Vos is known for his interior scenes and still-life paintings of Chinese porcelains. The gifts from Empress Dowager Cixi are favorite objects of the still-life paintings. He died in New York City in 1935.
The Louvre Museum (Paris, France), Bonnefanten Museum (Maastricht, Netherlands), the Chicago History Museum, the Fogg Art Museum (Harvard University), the Honolulu Museum of Art, the Luxembourg Palace (Paris), the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Capital Museum (Beijing), and the Smithsonian American Art Museum are among the public collections holding works by Hubert Vos. Vos was elected to The Lambs theatrical club in 1895. Three of his portraits are displayed in the club collection in Manhattan.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
<File:Hubert> Vos - \'Iokepa, Hawaiian Fisher Boy\'.jpg\|*Iokepa, Hawaiian Fisher Boy*, 1898 Image:Hubert Vos\'s painting \'The Knitting Room.jpg\|*The Knitting Room* Image:Hubert Vos\'s painting \'Pink and Green Vase\'.jpg\|*Pink and Green Vase* <File:Hubert> Vos, Kaikilani, 1900.jpg\|*Kaikilani*, 1900 <File:Hubert> Vos, Kaikilani bust, undated.jpg\|*Kaikilani*, undated <File:Hubert> Vos (1855-1935) - Hawaiian Troubadour, 1898.jpg\|*Hawaiian Troubadour*, oil on canvas painting by Hubert Vos, 1898, Honolulu Museum of Art <File:Hubert> Vos - \'Study of Hawaiian Fish\', oil on canvas. 1898, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg\|*Study of Hawaiian Fish*, 1898, Honolulu Museum of Art <File:Empress-Dowager-Cixi1
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# Nelson "Jack" Edwards
**Nelson \"Jack\" Edwards** (1917--1974) was Vice President of the UAW (United Auto Workers), and a founder of CBTU, the Coalition of Black Trade Unionists.
Nelson Edwards was born in 1917 on a farm in Lowndes County, Alabama. In 1937 he moved to Detroit and worked at the Chrysler plant, where he became active in the local union. Inspired by his brother John, Edwards began his union career during the union growth of the 1930s. He was elected UAW Union steward to represent workers in Chrysler\'s Foundry plant. He was laid off from Chrysler in 1941, and later obtained a job at the Ford Lincoln Plant on Detroit's west side. Immediately, Edwards became active in his new union, Local 900, at that time freely-recognized by the Ford Motor Company. He served on the local's education, citizenship, and by-laws committee and in 1944 was chosen to be chairman of that committee. Jack was involved in the civic and political life of Detroit, the State of Michigan, as well as the Nation for many years where he made substantial contributions.
In 1947 Edwards became an International Representative assigned to Region 1A Detroit's Westside. His first major assignment was as an organizer in the UAW\'s drive to win Caterpillar workers (Peoria, IL.) into UAW, and away from the Farm Equipment Workers. Following that successful campaign to swell UAW ranks with agricultural implement workers, Edwards returned to his region and became a servicing representative. He helped handle plant problems in Ford Lincoln, Helsey-Hayes and several malleable iron plants. He completed 14 years as an International Representative. A dedicated union activist, Edwards rose through the union ranks, starting as a line steward to become the first black man elected to the UAW's Executive Board, May 1962. A year later, in May 1963, he was asked by UAW President Walter P. Reuther to go to Birmingham, Alabama to assist African Americans in their struggle for equality. He was re-elected to that executive board position three times and in 1970 was elected union Vice President. He held this post for 15 years, when delegates appointed him to the UAW\'s International Executive Board. An ardent and persistent fighter in the struggle for civil rights, he was one of the founders of the Trade Union Leadership Council (TULC) in 1957 and now TULC_MDLCA; one of the founders of the Negro labor Council (NALC) in 1959, headed by Philip Randolph; and one of the founders of the Coalition of Black Trade Unionist (CBTU) in September 1972. As Vice President of the UAW, he headed the following Departments and Councils: Alcoa, Allen Industries; Bendix; Borg-Warner; Budd; Die Cast; Doehler-Jarvis; Donaldson; Drop Forge and Heat Treat; Eaton; Electric Storage Battery; Ex-Cell-O; Federal Mogul; Foundry; FMC-Food Machinery; Heating-Air Conditioning-Radiation and Refrigeration; Hoover; Houdaille; Independents-Parts and Suppliers; Indian Head; Kelsey-Hayes; Koehring; McQuay-Norris; Midland-Ross; Modine; Motor Wheel; Purolator; Standard Products; Sundstrand Council; and Teledyne. He was also Co-Director of the Manpower Training and Development Department and Chairman of UAW\'s Southeastern Michigan Community Action Program Council (SEMCAP). Jack was a member of many organizations including: NAACP (life member), Detroit Labor Action Council, New Detroit, Inc., Metropolitan Fund, Inc. United Foundation, COBTUU, Citizens Crusade Against Poverty, American Civil Liberties, Union Wayne County Stadium Authority, etc. Nelson Jack Edwards and the UAW Foundry Conferences were synonymous since its founding in the City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin in the year of 1948.
It was under the affirmative leadership of Nelson Jack Edwards that the Foundry Conference which gave birth to new concepts with the collective bargaining programs, personal paid time off, the special Foundry pension program of 25 and out, on-the-job medical examinations for family and forge workers at no cost to the worker, and the federal law of pension reinsurances of private pension programs all on the initiative of Nelson Jack Edwards and his pursuit for its enactment by Congress.
Freedom Road remained his personal goal for all mankind; the right to live, learn, work, and play in accordance to the quality of the man and not the color of his skin, his religion, ethnic background, or sex. We can well remember the clarion call of Nelson Jack Edwards on the much needed changes in collective bargaining agreements and within our society as a whole. With his own special conveyance, and only as Nelson Jack Edwards could, delivered in that compassionate voice:
\"The Foundry Conference has been a pacesetter on many occasions. By its efforts on the collective bargaining front and in the legislative field, it has won many gains for foundry workers that have, in many cases, been extended to other workers in the Union,\" With great and warm feelings for his fellow man, he would plead. \"Within this Great Society of ours rests an abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice---a place where every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and to enlarge his talents\...It is a place where man is more concerned with the quality of his goals than the quantity of his goods. But most of all the Great Society is not a safe harbor, a resting place, a final objective, a finished product---it is a challenge constantly renewed, beckoning us towards destiny where the meaning of lives matches the marvelous product of our labor.\"
Nelson Jack Edwards, 57, the first black man to become a vice-president of the UAW and long-time civil rights champion, was killed by a gunman, November 2, 1974. Nelson Jack Edwards was silenced, but his achievements are monumental and continue for all to emulate and to build on. Those who were members of Local 600\'s General Council had the privilege of working with Edwards for the betterment of mankind. In the month of March 1975, a special memorial was held in honor of the late UAW Vice President and Foundry Department Director. As a tribute to the lasting memory of Nelson Jack Edwards, the International Union dedicated to him one of the buildings at the Walter and May Reuther UAW Family Education Center at Black Lake
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| 0 |
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# Poecilorchestes decoratus
***Poecilorchestes decoratus*** is a jumping spider species in the genus *Poecilorchestes* that lives in the New Guinea. The male of the species was first identified by Eugène Simon in 1901
| 33 |
Poecilorchestes decoratus
| 0 |
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# Odhrán
**Odhrán** is an Irish language masculine given name. It is usually anglicised as **Odhran** (without a fada), **Oran** or **Orin**. The feminine equivalent of the name is Odharnait.
## People
### Odhrán
- Odhrán Mac Niallais, Gaelic footballer
- Odhran O\'Dwyer, Gaelic footballer
- Ódhrán Ua hEolais, 10th century scribe of Clonmacnoise monastery
### Odrán
- Odran (disciple of Saint Patrick), is referred to in Irish Literature as meaning the tall, dark-haired man, friend to St. Patrick
| 79 |
Odhrán
| 0 |
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# Steve Reid (video game producer)
**Steve Reid** is an American video game producer, managing director of game developer Red Storm Entertainment. He serves on the Visual Arts Advisory Board of the Game Developers Conference. *Next Generation Magazine* listed Reid as #14 on its \"Hot 100 Game Developers for 2007\".
## Career
After earning a Master of Fine Arts degree from East Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina, Reid entered the video game industry as art director at Virtus Studios before taking the same position at Virtual Reality Games. A founder of Red Storm, Reid began as Director of Creative Design. He became managing director in January, 2001. Reid, an advisor on digital art curricula to local and national colleges, has been a vocal proponent of \"formal training relationships\" between game industry companies and educational institutions, indicating at a roundtable discussion at the 2006 E3 Media and Business Summit his opinion that mentoring of that nature will prepare entry level industry employees \"to work with the technology and processes of the game industry\"
| 173 |
Steve Reid (video game producer)
| 0 |
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# Mantia
Notable people with the surname **Mantia** include:
- Bryan Mantia, drummer of Guns N\' Roses and other rock bands
- Joey Mantia, American speed skater
- Simone Mantia, Italian/American baritone horn, euphonium, and trombone player
- Simona La Mantia, Italian triple jumper
Category:Surnames of Italian origin
| 48 |
Mantia
| 0 |
11,007,689 |
# Alan Rothwell
**Alan Rothwell** (born 9 February 1937) is an English actor and television presenter. He played David Barlow in the ITV soap opera *Coronation Street* as a regular from 1960 to 1961, and again from 1963 to 1968, and Nicholas Black in *Brookside* between 1985 and 1986. His other acting credits include playing Mike in *Top Secret* (1961--1962), a recurring role in *Heartbeat* (1994--1995), and various roles in *Doctors* (2004--2016). He also presented the children\'s television series *Picture Box* and *Hickory House*.
## Career
Rothwell was born in Oldham, Lancashire. He first came to fame playing the character Jimmy Grange in The Archers, then David Barlow in the then new ITV soap opera *Coronation Street* as a regular from December 1960 until June 1961, then appeared for two episodes in June 1963, before returning as a regular from December 1964 to April 1968. The character was killed off off-screen two years later. He also featured as a regular character in all 26 episodes of the 1961--1962 British spy series *Top Secret* in the role of \"Mike\". He was a guest star in *Gideon\'s Way* 1964 as a young man wrongly accused of killing his girlfriend played by Carol White. He also had roles in the lost 1960 film *Linda*, also starring Carol White, and the 1971 film *Zeppelin*, starring Michael York and Elke Sommer.
Rothwell then became known as a presenter to a generation of children, appearing on the children\'s television programmes *Picture Box* from 1969 to 1990 and *Hickory House* from 1973 to 1978.
He returned to soap operas in 1985, this time as the heroin addict Nicholas Black in *Brookside*. In 2002, he appeared in the television drama film *Shipman*. He also played Gerry Stringer in all six episodes of *Dead Man Weds* in 2005. Among his many other television credits are parts in *Casualty*, *Emmerdale*, *Heartbeat*, *Doctors*, *Shameless* and *Bedlam*, *A Song For Jenny, (BBC 2015)*, *Rovers, (Jellylegs, 2016)*. In 2004, Rothwell guest-starred in the *Doctor Who* audio adventure *The Twilight Kingdom*.
In 2015, he appeared as a villager in the BBC TV series *The Musketeers* episode 2.5 \"The Return\".
In 2018, he appeared as Douglas in 20th Century-Fox\'s British comedy, *Walk Like A Panther*, released in cinemas 9 March
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# Sivert Høyem
**Sivert Høyem** (born 22 January 1976) is a Norwegian musician, best known as the vocalist of the rock band Madrugada. After the band broke up following the death of Robert Burås in 2007, he has enjoyed success as a solo artist and is also a member of The Volunteers with whom he released the album *Exiles* in 2006.
## Early and personal life {#early_and_personal_life}
Høyem is a son of forestry teacher Asbjørn Høyem and politician Jørun Drevland. He hails from Kleiva in Sortland Municipality, and attended Sortland Upper Secondary School before moving to Oslo in 1995. Whilst pursuing a music career he minored in history at the University of Oslo.
## Music career {#music_career}
### Madrugada
Høyem rose to fame in the late 1990s when Madrugada made their Norwegian breakthrough with debut album Industrial Silence. The band members included Sivert Høyem (vocals), Frode Jacobsen (bass), and Robert Burås (guitar). After the death of Burås on 12 July 2007, Høyem and Jacobsen decided to finish recording their latest album. The album, entitled *Madrugada*, was released on 21 January 2008. After the release of the album the band announced they would split after one last tour. They performed their last ever concert on 15 November 2008 at Oslo Spektrum.
### Solo
He has the last few years had success as a solo artist, releasing the albums *Ladies and Gentlemen of the Opposition* (2004), *Moon Landing* (2009) and *Long Slow Distance* (2011), *Endless Love* (2014) and *Lioness* (2016).
He formed his band the Volunteers made up of:
- Sivert Høyem: Vocals/Guitar/Songwriter
- Cato Salsa: Guitars/Keyboards
- Børge Fjordheim: Drums/Shaker/Tambourine
- Rudi Nikolaisen: Bass (Live)
- Kalle Gustafson Jerneholm: Bass (On Record)
- Christer Knutsen: Guitars/Keyboards
He released the album *Exiles* in 2006 credited to Sivert Høyem & the Volunteers. He toured with his band in May 2007 playing at festivals across Norway. In December 2009 he concluded another tour with his new band. In April 2012 in a radio interview at the \"Rock Show\" radio program in Greece, he clearly stated that there won\'t be any other album with the Volunteers.
In September 2010 Sivert Høyem launched the song \"Prisoner of the road\" in order to raise awareness for NRC, which is this year\'s recipient of the Norwegian National Telethon.
In 2015, \"Black & Gold\" was chosen to be the opening song of the Norwegian TV series Okkupert (\"Occupied\").
## Discography
### Albums
**With the band Madrugada**
- 1999: *Industrial Silence*
- 2001: *The Nightly Disease*
- CD: *The Nightly Disease Vol. II*
- 2002: *Grit*
- 2005: *The Deep End*
- 2005: *Live at Tralfamadore*
- 2008: *Madrugada*
- 2022: *Chimes at Midnight*
**Solo**
+------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| Year | Album | Peak positions | |
+======+====================================================+================+=====+
| NOR\ | GRE\ | | |
+------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| 2004 | *Ladies and Gentlemen of the Opposition* | 3 | --- |
+------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| 2009 | *Moon Landing* | 1 | 3 |
+------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| 2011 | *Long Slow Distance* | 1 | --- |
+------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| 2014 | *Endless Love* | 1 | --- |
+------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| 2016 | *Lioness* | 1 | --- |
+------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| 2017 | *Live at Acropolis -- Herod Atticus Odeon, Athens* | 9\ | --- |
+------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| 2024 | *On an Island* | 2\ | --- |
+------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| 2025 | *Dancing Headlights* | 7\ | 20 |
+------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------+-----+
**As Sivert Høyem & the Volunteers**
+------+----------+----------------+
| Year | Album | Peak positions |
+:====:+:========:+:==============:+
| NOR\ | | |
+------+----------+----------------+
| 2006 | *Exiles* | 1 |
+------+----------+----------------+
**As guest vocalist**
- 2013: Vocals on the song \"Phoenix\" on Satyricon\'s 2013 self-titled studio album.
- 2020: Vocals on the song \"Coming Home\" on Me and that Man\'s \"New Man, New Songs, Same Shit, Vol
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# Kate Aldrich
**Kate Aldrich** (born October 31, 1973) is an American mezzo-soprano.
She has performed with the Metropolitan Opera, San Francisco Opera, Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires, the Hamburg State Opera, Teatro Regio (Turin), Rossini Opera Festival, Los Angeles Opera, Opéra de Montréal, the Deutsche Oper am Rhein in Düsseldorf, Teatro Nacional de São Carlos in Lisbon, National Theatre in Prague, and the New York City Opera.
Her roles include Carmen, Antoine Mariotte\'s Salome, Octavian in *Der Rosenkavalier*, Cesare and Sesto in *Giulio Cesare*, Isabella in *L\'italiana in Algeri*, Rosina in *Il barbiere di Siviglia*, Angelina in *La Cenerentola*, Arsace in *Semiramide*, Zelmira in *Zelmira*, Fenena in *Nabucco*, Preziosilla in *La forza del destino*, Eboli in *Don Carlos*, Dalila in *Samson et Dalila*, Sesto in *La clemenza di Tito*, Giulietta in *Tales of Hoffmann* and Dulcinée in *Don Quichotte*.
Aldrich rose to international fame in 2001 through her starring role in the Zeffirelli production of *Aida*. That same year she won the CulturArte Award at the Operalia International Opera Competition, in 2006 she won the Alfréd Radok Award and the Thalia Award in the Czech Republic.
## Filmography
- [Verdi, *Aida* (Zeffirelli, 2001)](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000FWGVWO/)
- [*Roberto Alagna and Friends* (2005)](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000CC2GUI/)
- [Rossini, *Zelmira* (Rossini Opera Festival, 2009)](https://www.amazon
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# PRMT4 pathway
Protein arginine N-methyltransferase-4 (PRMT4/CARM1) methylation of arginine residues within proteins plays a critical key role in transcriptional regulation (see the PRMT4 pathway on the left). PRMT4 binds to the classes of transcriptional activators known as p160 and CBP/p300. The modified forms of these proteins are involved in stimulation of gene expression via steroid hormone receptors. Significantly, PRMT4 methylates core histones H3 and H4, which are also targets of the histone acetylase activity of CBP/p300 coactivators. PRMT4 recruitment of chromatin by binding to coactivators increases histone methylation and enhances the accessibility of promoter regions for transcription. Methylation of the transcriptional coactivator CBP by PRMT4 inhibits binding to CREB and thereby partitions the limited cellular pool of CBP for steroid hormone receptor interaction
| 124 |
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11,007,810 |
# Arctic Aircraft Arctic Tern
The **Arctic Aircraft Arctic Tern** (named after the bird) is a bush plane that was produced in small numbers in Alaska in the 1970s and 1980s. It is a strengthened and modernised version of the Interstate Cadet of the 1940s. It is a high-wing braced monoplane with fixed tailwheel undercarriage. It has two seats in tandem, with the rear seat removable for added cargo carriage. It is also provided with a cargo loading door in the fuselage side to facilitate loading bulky items. Optional fittings included floats or skis in place of the wheeled undercarriage, and a ventral pod to carry extra cargo or fuel.
In 2007, the Interstate Aircraft company was planning a revised and updated Arctic Tern, with US FAA certification expected in the first half of the year
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# Harish-Chandra class
In mathematics, **Harish-Chandra\'s class** is a class of Lie groups used in representation theory. Harish-Chandra\'s class contains all semisimple connected linear Lie groups and is closed under natural operations, most importantly, the passage to Levi subgroups. This closure property is crucial for many inductive arguments in representation theory of Lie groups, whereas the classes of semisimple or connected semisimple Lie groups are not closed in this sense.
## Definition
A Lie group *G* with the Lie algebra *g* is said to be in Harish-Chandra\'s class if it satisfies the following conditions:
- *g* is a reductive Lie algebra (the product of a semisimple and abelian Lie algebra).
- The Lie group *G* has only a finite number of connected components.
- The adjoint action of any element of *G* on *g* is given by an action of an element of the connected component of the Lie group of Lie algebra automorphisms of the complexification *g*⊗**C**.
- The subgroup *G*~ss~ of *G* generated by the image of the semisimple part *g*~ss~=\[*g*,*g*\] of the Lie algebra *g* under the exponential map has finite center
| 185 |
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# Cierva W.11 Air Horse
The **Cierva W.11 Air Horse** was a helicopter developed by the Cierva Autogiro Company in the United Kingdom during the mid-1940s. The largest helicopter in the world at the time of its debut, the Air Horse was unusual for using three rotors mounted on outriggers, and driven by a single engine mounted inside the fuselage.
Only two aircraft were built, further development by Cierva was stopped after the crash of the first one and little work was done under Saunders Roe before the project was ended and the second aircraft was scrapped in 1951.
## Development
The W.11 \"Air Horse\" heavy lift helicopter was developed by the G & J Weir, Ltd., Aircraft Department, reconstituted in 1943 as the Cierva Autogiro Company. The \"W\" in the designation is a continuation of the autogiro and helicopter series developed by G & J Weir, Ltd., during the period 1932--1940.
The W.11 was a development of the Weir W.6 dual transverse rotor helicopter. It is the only helicopter of its type ever built and included three lifting rotors all turning in the same direction. The adoption of three rotors was due to concerns over the capability of a single large rotor to generate the required lift.
Torque balance was provided by slightly inclining each rotor axis to generate horizontal thrust components to provide anti-torque moments. The three rotor configuration was foreseen by Belgian helicopter experimenter Nicolas Florine in his patent of 1926 which presented the aforementioned means for balancing the reaction on the fuselage of two or more torque driven lifting rotors turning in the same direction.
Work on the W.11 commenced in 1945. The original W.11 configuration used two rotors transversely mounted either side at the front of the fuselage and a single rotor mounted on the centreline at the tail. This configuration was tested in 1947 with a scale-model in a wind tunnel at the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough, and much useful data on its performance was acquired. This determined that a single rotor at the front and the pair at the back of the fuselage was preferred for optimum stability and control.
A Rolls-Royce Merlin piston engine in the fuselage drove three 47 ft three-blade rotors mounted on outriggers which projected from the fuselage. The blades were constructed from resin-impregnated wood which provided enormous strength, and were manufactured by the Glasgow furniture firm H. Morris & Co., Ltd. The W.11 rotor control system was hydraulically powered. It was the second helicopter ever to fly using such a system, the first being the Cierva W.9. The landing gear had a stroke of 5 ft to cater for high descent rates in the event of engine failure during low-altitude operations.
Roles envisaged for the W.11 included passenger transport, air ambulance, and aerial crane. In September 1945 the design was modified to meet a requirement from Pest Control, Ltd., for use as a crop sprayer (\"Spraying Mantis\") in Africa for the groundnut scheme. Two aircraft were ordered under Air Ministry Specification E.19/46 in July 1946.
Cunliffe-Owen Aircraft, Ltd. at Eastleigh Airport, Southampton, UK, were contracted to build the two W.11s under the direction of the Cierva Autogiro Company. With a payload of 6720 lb it would have been a very capable sprayer and following the first flights in December 1948 a grant was received from the Colonial Office to assist in development. However, the exit of Cunliffe-Owen from the aircraft business in 1947 delayed development of the W.11.
A proposed enlarged development using two Merlins or two Rolls-Royce Dart turboprops was designated as the **W.11T**. This was abandoned after the accident with the first W.11. The death of three long-time colleagues in the accident prompted financier James G. Weir to decline to provide additional funds since the Cierva Autogiro Company required ever-increasing investment. As a result, all of the company\'s development contracts were transferred to Saunders Roe. Development of the W.11 continued for a short time thereafter but was terminated by the British Government, and the remaining airframe, which had flown for less than 20 hours in total, was scrapped. Saunders-Roe continued development of the smaller Cierva W.14 Skeeter, which was a main/tail rotor configuration helicopter.
## Operational history {#operational_history}
W.11 *G-ALCV* made its first flight on 7 December 1948 and was displayed at the Farnborough Air Show in 1949.
*G-ALCV* crashed on 13 June 1950, claiming the lives of Sqn Ldr Alan Marsh AFC (chief test pilot), Sqn Ldr John \"Jeep\" Cable, (Ministry of Supply test pilot), and Joseph K. Unsworth (flight engineer). The cause of the crash was due to fatigue failure of a swashplate carrier driving link in the front rotor hub.
Approximately one year later, the second W.11, *G-ALCW* was scrapped.
| 788 |
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| 0 |
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# Cierva W.11 Air Horse
## Variants
W.11
: Prototype three-rotor helicopter powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin 24 inline piston engine, two built.
W.11T
: Proposal for an enlarged variant powered by two Rolls-Royce Merlin 502 engines, to meet Air Ministry Specification 10/48 for a crop spraying helicopter, requirement was cancelled and the W.11T was not built.
W.12
: Proposed freighter variant using Rolls-Royce Dart turboprops, not built
## Specifications (W.11) {#specifications_w
| 72 |
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| 1 |
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# Cycling at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's individual road race
The men\'s individual road race at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, was held on Wednesday, 27 September 2000 (the second day of competition of the games) with a race distance of 239.4 km. The estimated global TV audience was 600 million. They were specifically held in Sydney\'s Eastern Suburbs. There were 154 cyclists from 41 nations competing. The maximum number of cyclists per nation had been five since professionals were allowed in 1996. The event was won by Jan Ullrich of Germany, the nation\'s first victory in the men\'s individual road race (though Olaf Ludwig of East Germany had won in 1988). His teammate Andreas Klöden\'s bronze made this race the first time one nation had taken two medals in the event since 1988---when West Germany had done so by taking silver and bronze (making an all-German podium then, with Ludwig\'s gold). Alexander Vinokourov took silver for Kazakhstan\'s first medal in the event.
## Background
This was the 16th appearance of the event, previously held in 1896 and then at every Summer Olympics since 1936. It replaced the individual time trial event that had been held from 1912 to 1932; the time trial had been re-introduced in 1996 alongside the road race. The change to including professionals in 1996 meant that 2000 was the first Games that saw significant repeat competitors in the event (which had typically seen top cyclists turn professional after one appearance); Atlanta silver medalist Rolf Sørensen of Denmark and bronze medalist Max Sciandri of Great Britain returned. Favorites were \"difficult\" to select for the one-day race. Lance Armstrong (1999 and 2000 Tour de France winner) and Jan Ullrich (1997 Tour de France winner) were among the prominent cyclists, but the road race was a very different event from a Tour and \"neither was considered a great sprinter\".
Egypt and Kyrgyzstan each made their debut in the men\'s individual road race. Great Britain made its 16th appearance in the event, the only nation to have competed in each appearance to date.
## Competition format and course {#competition_format_and_course}
The mass-start race was on a 239.4 kilometre course over the Cycling Road Course in Sydney\'s Centennial Parklands. The distance had been increased from previous Olympic road races (particularly pre-1996, though the distance was nearly 20 kilometres more than 1996 as well) to be more consistent with professional races.
## Schedule
All times are Australian Eastern Standard Time (UTC+10)
Date Time Round
------------------------------ ----------- -----------
Wednesday, 27 September 2000 **10:00** **Final**
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| 0 |
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# Cycling at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's individual road race
## Results
A three-cyclist breakout occurred with 25 kilometres to go: Ullrich and two of his Deutsche Telekom teammates, Vinokourov and Klöden.
Rank Cyclist Nation Time
------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------
Jan Ullrich 5:29:08
Alexander Vinokourov data-sort-value=5:29:17\| + 9\"
Andreas Klöden data-sort-value=5:29:20\| + 12\"
4 Michele Bartoli data-sort-value=5:30:34\| + 1\' 26\"
5 Laurent Jalabert data-sort-value=5:30:34\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
6 Frank Høj data-sort-value=5:30:34\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
7 Piotr Wadecki data-sort-value=5:30:34\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
8 George Hincapie data-sort-value=5:30:34\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
9 Paolo Bettini data-sort-value=5:30:34\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
10 Dmitri Konychev data-sort-value=5:30:34\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
11 Danilo Di Luca data-sort-value=5:30:37\| + 1\' 29\"
12 Axel Merckx data-sort-value=5:30:37\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
Lance Armstrong data-sort-value=5:30:37\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
14 Erik Zabel data-sort-value=5:30:46\| + 1\' 38\"
15 Max van Heeswijk data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
16 Gordon Fraser data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
17 Óscar Freire data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
18 Jaan Kirsipuu data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
19 Robbie McEwen data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
20 Zbigniew Spruch data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
21 Markus Zberg data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
22 Arvis Piziks data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
23 Peter Wrolich data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
24 Rolf Aldag data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
25 Léon van Bon data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
26 Andrej Hauptman data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
27 Vladimir Duma data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
28 Glenn Magnusson data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
29 Pavel Tonkov data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
30 Henk Vogels data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
31 Ruber Marín data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
32 Uroš Murn data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
33 Nico Mattan data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
34 Fred Rodriguez data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
35 Maximiliano Sciandri data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
36 Serguei Ivanov data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
37 Oscar Camenzind data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
38 John Tanner data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
39 Serguei Outchakov data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
40 Nicki Sørensen data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
41 Gerrit Glomser data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
42 Olexandr Fedenko data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
43 David McCann data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
44 Raimondas Rumšas data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
45 Laurent Brochard data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
46 Andrei Teteriouk data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
47 Christopher Jenner data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
48 Zbigniew Piątek data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
49 Tyler Hamilton data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
50 Omar Pumar data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
51 Matthias Buxhofer data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
52 Antonio Cruz data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
53 Alexandr Shefer data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
54 Mauro Gianetti data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
55 Erki Pütsep data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
56 Jens Voigt data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
57 Sergei Yakovlev data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
58 Piotr Przydział data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
59 Rolf Sørensen data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
60 Abraham Olano data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
61 Julian Dean data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
62 Christophe Moreau data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
63 Richard Virenque data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
64 Laurent Dufaux data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
65 Volodimir Gustov data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
66 Francesco Casagrande data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
67 Marc Wauters data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
68 Alex Zülle data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
69 Marco Pantani data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
70 Pavel Padrnos data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
71 Rik Verbrugghe data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
72 Eric Wohlberg data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
73 Andrei Kivilev data-sort-value=5:30:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
74 Ciarán Power data-sort-value=5:34:58\| + 5\' 50\"
75 Viacheslav Ekimov data-sort-value=5:34:58\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
76 Tomáš Konečný data-sort-value=5:34:58\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
77 Stuart O\'Grady data-sort-value=5:35:14\| + 7\' 06\"
78 Bjørnar Vestøl data-sort-value=5:35:14\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
79 Peter Van Petegem data-sort-value=5:35:14\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
80 Tristan Hoffman data-sort-value=5:35:14\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
81 Andris Reiss data-sort-value=5:42:01\| + 12\' 53\"
82 José Medina data-sort-value=5:42:02\| + 12\' 54\"
83 Manuel Guevara data-sort-value=5:42:42\| + 13\' 35\"
84 Carlos Maya data-sort-value=5:42:42\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
85 Scott Guyton data-sort-value=5:43:20\| + 14\' 13\"
86 David George data-sort-value=5:45:50\| + 16\' 43\"
87 Milan Dvorščík data-sort-value=5:51:52\| + 22\' 45\"
88 Alexis Méndez data-sort-value=5:52:46\| + 23\' 39\"
89 Murilo Fischer data-sort-value=5:52:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
90 Martin Riška data-sort-value=5:52:46\| `{{abbr|s.t.|same time}}`{=mediawiki}
91 Óscar Pineda data-sort-value=5:52:46\| `{{abbr|s.t
| 597 |
Cycling at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's individual road race
| 1 |
11,007,977 |
# Rio de Janeiro State University
**Rio de Janeiro State University** (**UERJ**; *Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro*) is a public research university in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is one of the largest and most prestigious universities in the country. The university\'s law and medical schools are among the best in the nation (according to the Exame Nacional de Desempenho de Estudantes ranking and the Order of Attorneys of Brazil). Its Biology, Social Science, Nursing and Philosophy courses are also highly praised, as stated by Guia do Estudante.
U.S. News & World Report elected UERJ as the 5th best university in Brazil, the 11th best university in Latin America and 464th in the world. Its main campus is called Francisco Negrão de Lima and is located in the Maracanã neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro city. Other campuses are located in Petrópolis, Nova Friburgo (Polytechnic Institute), Teresópolis, Duque de Caxias, Angra dos Reis, Resende, and São Gonçalo.
## History
The university was founded on December 4, 1950 as University of the Federal District (UDF). Due to political shifts, the university experienced various name changes. In 1961, after the Federal District was moved to Brasília, it was renamed Guanabara State University (UEG). It was only in 1975 that the university received its current name, when the State of Guanabara merged with the old State of Rio de Janeiro to form a new State of Rio de Janeiro.
The university\'s first four schools were the Rio de Janeiro Faculty of Economic Sciences, the Rio de Janeiro Faculty of Law, the Faculty of Philosophy of the La-Fayette Institute, and the Faculty of Medical Sciences.
Some of the schools (e.g. the Faculty of Law, founded in 1935) are older than the university itself, and were joined together upon the university\'s founding.
## Education
UERJ currently enrolls approximately 43,000 students. They have one of the country\'s biggest educational structures at their disposal, with 90 undergraduate programs, unfolded in different qualifications, education, and bachelor courses. The university also boasts 63 master\'s degree programs, two professional master\'s degree programs and 46 doctorate degree programs. The institution also offers 80 lato sensu graduate programs in Humanities and Social Sciences, Biomedical Sciences, Mathematics, Computer Science, and Natural Sciences.
In addition, the university offers primary and secondary education in the Instituto de Aplicação Fernando Rodrigues da Silveira - CAp/UERJ to approximately 1,000 students. This unit also serves as a teacher training center.
UERJ has ample infrastructure to support the academic and cultural qualification of its students, such as auditoriums, multimedia resources, computer and science laboratories, and various training centers. There is also a library network, Rede Sirius, composed of 21 libraries. The network offers more than 1,000 titles in different fields of knowledge, as well as some rare items, documents, iconography, and the university archives. As a complement to the learning process, UERJ offers training scheme scholarships, including those of scientific and teacher training.
## Health
This structure has been developed since the foundation of the institution, with the incorporation of already existing units, such as Pedro Ernesto University Hospital (HUPE) and Piquet Carneiro Polyclinic (PPC), along with the creation of specialized centers.
HUPE was integrated to UERJ in 1962 and has become a household name in the state of Rio de Janeiro, not only for its role of providing medical assistance to the local population, but also in terms of its teaching practice and scientific research. With 50 medical specialties, it performs about 1,000 surgeries a month and more than 30,000 monthly medical care procedures.
Besides HUPE, specialized centers have been created to support specific public demands. Some of them are pioneers, such as the Teenage Health Study Center (Nesa) and the Clinic for the Treatment of Pain, which combats chronic pain. There are also Center for Senior Citizens\' Care (UNATI), Hypertension Care Clinic (Clinex), and Ricardo Montalban\'s Outpatient Psychiatric Hospital, among others.
Moreover, Piquet Carneiro Polyclinic, a former medical care center, integrates teaching and assistance at the university. The Polyclinic is responsible for more than 15,000 monthly ambulatory and home appointments, counting on many medical specialties. In its Center for Minor Surgery, the medical teams execute surgeries of little complexity which need no hospitalization.
The health assistance structure at UERJ still counts on other centers that offer specialized assistance to the population, such as the University Center for Cancer Control (CUCC) created in partnership with the National Institute for Cancer (INCA) and Petrobras (the Brazilian national oil company)
| 744 |
Rio de Janeiro State University
| 0 |
11,007,995 |
# 2004 Indian general election in Gujarat
In the 2004 Indian general election for Gujarat polls were held for 26 seats in the state. The result was a victory for the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) which won 14 seats. The remaining 12 seats were won by Indian National Congress (INC).
## Parties and alliances {#parties_and_alliances}
### `{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}`{=mediawiki}
Party Flag Symbol Leader
------- ------------------------ ------ -------- ---------------
Bharatiya Janata Party Narendra Modi
### `{{legend2|{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}}}`{=mediawiki}United Progressive Alliance {#united_progressive_alliance}
Party Flag Symbol Leader
------- ---------------------------- ------ -------- --------------
Indian National Congress B. K. Gadhvi
Nationalist Congress Party Sharad Pawar
## List of winners {#list_of_winners}
No Constituency Turn out Winning Party Winning Candidate Votes Margin
---- --------------------- ---------- -------------------------- -------------------------------------- --------- ---------
1 Kutch 45.60 Bharatiya Janata Party Pushpdan Shambhudan Gadhavi 221,057 28,990
2 Surendranagar 41.06 Bharatiya Janata Party Somabhai Gandalal Koli Patel 219,872 33,944
3 Jamnagar 40.43 Indian National Congress Ahir Vikrambhai Arjanbhai Madam 204,468 5,593
4 Rajkot 32.64 Bharatiya Janata Party Dr. Vallabhbhai Kathiria 320,604 143,970
5 Porbandar 49.29 Bharatiya Janata Party \| Harilal Madhavjibhai Patel 229,113 5,703
6 Junagadh 53.18 Indian National Congress Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad 329,712 40,921
7 Amreli 46.38 Indian National Congress Virjibhai Thummar 220,649 2,030
8 Bhavnagar 35.98 Bharatiya Janata Party \| Rajendrasinh Ghanshyamsinh Rana 247,336 80,426
9 Dhandhuka (SC) Bharatiya Janata Party Ratilal Kalidas Varma
10 Ahmedabad 39.67 Bharatiya Janata Party Harin Pathak 301,853 77,605
11 Gandhinagar 54.42 Bharatiya Janata Party L.K. Advani 516,120 217,138
12 Mehsana 56.26 Indian National Congress Jivabhai Ambalal Patel 339,643 14,511
13 Patan (SC) 47.50 Bharatiya Janata Party \| Mahesh Kumar Kanodia 273,970 23,624
14 Banarskantha 48.99 Indian National Congress Harisinh Pratapsinh Chavda 301,148 6,928
15 Sabarskantha 51.45 Indian National Congress Mahendrasinh Chauhan 316,483 39,928
16 Kapadvanj Indian National Congress Vaghela Shankersinh Laxmansinh
17 Dohad (ST) 42.71 Bharatiya Janata Party \| Babubhai Khimabhai Katara 228,154 361
18 Godhra Bharatiya Janata Party \| Bhupendrasinh Prabhatsinh Solanki
19 Kheda Indian National Congress Dinsha Patel
20 Anand 51.66 Indian National Congress Bharatsinh Madhavsinh Solanki 307,762 61,085
21 Chhota Udaipur (ST) 52.24 Indian National Congress Naranbhai Rathwa 246,855 36,239
22 Baroda Bharatiya Janata Party Jayaben Thakkar 316,089 6,603
23 Bharuch 54
| 363 |
2004 Indian general election in Gujarat
| 0 |
11,008,005 |
# Larpool Viaduct
**Larpool Viaduct**, also known as the **Esk Valley Viaduct**, is a 13-arch brick viaduct built to carry the Scarborough & Whitby Railway over the River Esk, North Yorkshire, England.
## History and description {#history_and_description}
The viaduct was constructed for the Scarborough and Whitby Railway to carry a single track line over the River Esk and valley near Whitby, as well as crossing the Esk Valley Railway, and Whitby, Redcar and Middlesbrough Union Railway. Due to its situation close to the sea the design avoided the use of iron, using brick and cement construction; the design was based on the Saltburn Viaduct. Construction began in October 1882 and was complete by October 1884; two men fell from the piers during construction, but recovered. The resident engineer was Charles Arthur Rowlandson, the contractors were John Waddell and Sons.
The viaduct is a 13-arch structure, 305 yd long, with the rail level reaching 120 ft high. The foundations on land were excavated to the level of rock, and formed from slag based cement. The river foundations were excavated in brick lined wells. The river foundation excavations were complicated by large oak trees found embedded in the river that required divers for manual removal. Piers 5,7,8 and 9 had triple foundations, connected above the water level by two semicircular arches. Three of the piers in the river are skewed so as not to deflect the tidal flow (the River Esk is tidal as far as Ruswarp upstream).
The main arches are 55 to wide, and 27 ft high, made of bricks seven deep, 2 ft. The width between the parapets is 14 ft on straight sections.
Services on the line ended in March 1965 as a result of the Beeching Report.
The viaduct became grade II listed in 1972. In 2000 much of the former line and the viaduct were opened to the public. By 2006 parts of the brickwork had become unsafe due to spalling, and the parts of the outer layer were replaced. As of 2012 the viaduct is part of the \'Scarborough to Whitby Rail Trail\', also promoted as the \"Scarborough to Whitby Cinder Track\", a cycle route.
The viaduct is mentioned in Bram Stoker\'s 1897 novel *Dracula*: `{{quote| The little river, the Esk, runs through a deep valley, which broadens out as it comes near the harbour. A great viaduct runs across, with high piers, through which the view seems somehow further away than it really is.|[[Dracula]]|Chap.6, Mina Murray's Journal.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stoker|first1=Bram|title=Dracula|date=1897|pages=1–19|url=http://www.publicbookshelf
| 414 |
Larpool Viaduct
| 0 |
11,008,009 |
# Drafting linen
From the late 19th century until the middle of the 20th century, **drafting linen**, also known as **drafting cloth**, was commonly used as an alternative to wood-pulp and rag papers in creating technical drawings. Its major benefits were considerable strength, especially in erasing and redrawing, durability in handling, and translucency for making multiple reprographic prints.
Manufactured as an undyed muslin woven fabric, typically using cotton or linen fiber, the textile was highly starched and then calendered to create a smooth surface for precise ink and graphite lines. Although drafting linen was most typically used in creating original drawings, it was occasionally used as the underlying support for blueprints and other similar reprographic processes. Drafting linen largely fell out of favor after the development of drafting film --- varying in chemical composition from cellulose acetate to polyester---in the 1950s
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Drafting linen
| 0 |
11,008,024 |
# The Sleepwalker (novel)
***The Sleepwalker*** is the ninth novel in the CHERUB series by Robert Muchamore. It was released in February 2008. The book features Lauren Adams and Jake Parker in the lead roles, investigating an airline crash that a mentally disturbed boy called Fahim claims was caused by his father. Meanwhile, James Adams has a subplot doing work experience with Kerry Chang at a fast food restaurant. This is the first CHERUB book to feature Lauren in the lead role, with James\' story as a subplot.
## Plot
A plane crashes over the Atlantic, killing all 345 passengers on board, including the wife, daughter-in-law and two grandchildren of former CHERUB chairman Dr. Terrence \"Mac\" McAfferty. A distressed 12-year-old boy, Fahim Bin Hassam, calls the air crash investigation hotline and attempts to implicate his father Hassam, but gives in to his fear and hangs up before he can relay any significant information. However, details of the call reach Mac. The call, combined with the recent disappearance of Hassam\'s wife Yasmin, Hassam\'s brother Asif\'s presence on the no-fly list, and the disaster\'s proximity to the anniversary of 9/11, make Mac suspicious.
Lauren Adams and Jake Parker are sent on a mission to befriend Fahim and discover the truth behind the plane crash, with Mac acting as mission controller. Lauren and Jake plant listening devices in the Bin Hassam house, but they are discovered by Hassam, who takes Fahim to a safehouse while he plans his escape from the country. He also reveals to Fahim that he killed Yasmin for threatening to go to the police after the plane crash. Fahim is able to alert Lauren and Rat (who was visiting Lauren), who follow Asif to a warehouse and incapacitate him before using his phone to trace Fahim\'s location. Fahim attempts to flee but is caught by Hassam. When an armed response team arrives, Hassam holds Fahim at knifepoint, but Jake attacks Hassam, allowing Fahim to escape. Hassam, unwilling to spend the rest of his life in prison, claims to be armed and is promptly shot dead. Back at the warehouse, Mac discovers that the plane crash was not an act of terrorism as was suspected, but instead caused by expired aircraft components that Hassam and Asif had altered to look new before using their shipping business to transport the parts for a smuggling gang. Asif is arrested for his complicity in the conspiracy. Fahim is taken in to start life at CHERUB, but when surveillance footage shows that he sleepwalks and talks in his sleep about things he has done, CHERUB chairwoman Zara Asker states that it is too dangerous to send him on missions because he might blow his cover. Instead, Fahim is adopted by Mac. As Mac goes to break the news to Fahim, he shows Lauren a farewell message written by his grandson moments before the crash.
Meanwhile, to his dismay, James Adams is assigned work experience at a local chicken restaurant with Kerry Chang. They befriend their colleague Gemma, but during a night out James sees Gemma\'s boyfriend Danny assaulting her and knocks him out. On the last day of their work experience, Gemma shows up with a black eye, while Danny arrives with a baseball bat and tries to goad James into attacking him by assaulting Gemma. Kerry, enraged, grabs the bat and brutally beats Danny. Zara uses her influence to help the two escape prosecution, but gives them decorating duty as punishment. While working together on their punishment, Kerry kisses James and offers to have sex with him. To his surprise, James decides to remain loyal to Dana and declines
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| 0 |
11,008,141 |
# Baker v. Morton
***Baker v. Morton***, 79 U.S. (12 Wall.) 150 (1870), was the second of two land claim suits to come out of Omaha, Nebraska Territory, filed in September 1860, prior to statehood. A claim jumper filed suit against local land barons to stake out a homestead in the area that was to become the city of Omaha. The case was important for establishing homesteaders\' rights and ensuring that the future growth of Omaha would benefit everyone, not just wealthy landowners and speculators.
## Details
The case of *Alexander H. Baker v. William S. Morton* was a case of an ill-gotten land claim. Baker was an early settler in the Omaha area who lived on 160 acre of land in an area of town then known as Orchard Hill, which is now in North Omaha.
An adjoining 160 acre plot of land was owned by a man named Brown. The Omaha Claim Club did not recognize the men as legal residents for either of the plots and threatened the two men with death if they did not turn over the titles to the land. Baker and Brown conveyed their land titles in the face of potential harm. In 1860 Baker and Brown filed suits against the Club to get their titles back. The territorial court ruled against Baker, who appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. The court ruled that the property was obtained under duress and was to be reinstated to the rightful owner.
## Legacy
Today this case is cited by legal experts as precedent in cases of contractual holdup to establish the illegal nature of the Omaha Claim Club\'s activities and subsequent activities that exhibit this form of collusion
| 283 |
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| 0 |
11,008,161 |
# Henry McHenry (baseball)
**Henry Lloyd McHenry** (April 3, 1910 - February 9, 1981) was an American right-handed pitcher and outfielder in Negro league baseball from 1930 to 1951.
## Career
He was nicknamed \"*El Chato*\" (\"Cream\"). During his career he played for the Kansas City Monarchs, New York Harlem Stars, Newark Browns, Pennsylvania Red Caps of New York, New York Black Yankees, Philadelphia Stars and Indianapolis Clowns. He also played baseball in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Mexico, and other countries in Central and South America. He was born in Houston, Texas.
Charlie Biot called him a \"damn good pitcher\" in the book *The Negro Leagues Revisited: Conversations with 66 More Baseball Heroes* by Brent P. Kelley. Tom Johnson recalled in *I Will Never Forget: Interviews with 39 Former Negro League Players*, also by Brent P. Kelley, that Henry McHenry \"was one of \[the Philadelphia Stars\'\] stellar righthanded pitchers.\"
He pitched for the Minot Mallards of the ManDak League in 1951, until he was released on June 25 (record 0-1).
Henry McHenry died in Brooklyn, New York as a result of pneumonia following surgery. He is survived by his wife Guillermina, his daughters Deanna and Lydia, and two grandchildren who all live in the Atlanta, Georgia area. He is buried in Greenwood Cemetery in Brooklyn
| 214 |
Henry McHenry (baseball)
| 0 |
11,008,174 |
# Machel Millwood
**Machel Millwood** (born 28 June 1979) is a Jamaican soccer player who most recently played for Crystal Palace Baltimore in the USSF Second Division and the Syracuse Silver Knights of the Major Indoor Soccer League. Millwood is best known for his career in the MISL, playing for championship teams with the Baltimore Blast and helping the 2013--2014 Syracuse Silver Knights make the MISL playoffs.
## Career
### College
Born in Jamaica, Millwood\'s family moved to Maryland when he was still a child. He attended Parkdale High School, and played two years of college soccer at Prince George\'s Community College before transferring to Towson University as a junior. At Towson, Millwood was an All-American Honorable Mention in 2002, was named to the Colonial Athletic Association First Team All-Conference and the CAA All-Tournament Team in 2002, to the American East Conference All-League and to the All-South Atlantic Region team in 2001 and 2002.
He ranks in the top 10 in Towson soccer history in six categories, and graduated with a bachelor\'s degree in business and economics.
### Professional
Millwood signed with the Syracuse Salty Dogs of the USL A-League in 2003, and played in 45 matches, notching 12 goals and six assists for 30 points in his two seasons in Syracuse. In 2004, he signed a 15-day contract with the Baltimore Blast of the Major Indoor Soccer League, eventually signing a permanent contract for the 2004--2005 season, and continued to play for the Blast through the end of the 2012-13 Season, .
In the summer of 2005 Millwood spent the summer with the Atlanta Silverbacks of the USL First Division, spending the next two seasons with the Silverbacks scoring 6 goals and adding 7 assists. On 28 May 2009, he signed for Crystal Palace Baltimore of the USL Second Division.
It was announced on 14 November 2013 that Millwood had joined the Syracuse Silver Knights, joining former teammate and now coach in Syracuse, Tommy Tanner. Millwood was named MISL player of the week for the 14th week of the MISL 2013--2014 season on Tuesday, 18 February 2014, and is considered one of the most skilled players in the MISL.
### International
Millwood has seen playing time with Jamaica\'s U-17 National Team, but has never been called up at senior level.
### Coaching
In 2013, Millwood joined the staff of his alma mater, Prince George\'s Community College. Millwood was elevated to head coach in 2015
| 405 |
Machel Millwood
| 0 |
11,008,177 |
# List of Vancouver Canucks general managers
The Vancouver Canucks are a professional ice hockey team based in Vancouver, British Columbia. The Canucks are a member of the Pacific Division in the Western Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Canucks currently play home games at Rogers Arena. The Canucks joined the NHL in 1970 as an expansion team, along with the Buffalo Sabres. They have advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals three times but were defeated by the New York Islanders in 1982, the New York Rangers in 1994, and the Boston Bruins in 2011. The franchise has had twelve general managers since its inception.
## Key
Term Definition
-------- -----------------------------------------------------------------
No. Number of general managers`{{ref label|Note1|a|a}}`{=mediawiki}
Ref(s) References
-- Does not apply
Elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in the Builder category
: Key of terms and definitions
## General managers {#general_managers}
+-----+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| No
| 149 |
List of Vancouver Canucks general managers
| 0 |
11,008,182 |
# Dermot MacCurtain
**Dermot M. MacCurtain** (born 6 April 1957) is an Irish former hurler and selector. At club level he played with Delanys, Blackrock and St. Michael\'s and was also a member of the Cork senior hurling team.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born and raised in Cork, MacCurtain first played hurling and Gaelic football as a schoolboy with Coláiste Iognáid Rís. He was a member of the school team that won the Dean Ryan Cup in 1974 before securing a Harty Cup-Corn Uí Mhuirí double in 1975.
## Club career {#club_career}
MacCurtain began his club career at juvenile and underage levels with the Delanys club on the northside of Cork city before transferring to the Blackrock club as a 16-year-old in February 1974. Success at underage level was immediate with Blackrock securing the Cork MHC title that year before later winning consecutive Cork U21HC titles.
By that stage MacCurtain had already joined the club\'s senior team and was a used substitute when Blackrock were beaten by St. Finbarr\'s in the 1974 final. He became a regular member of the starting fifteen the following year and was at right wing-back for the defeat of Glen Rovers in the 1975 final. MacCurtain overcame a facial injury to line out in Blackrock\'s successful Munster Club Championship campaign before later losing the 1976 All-Ireland club final to James Stephens. He was also a member of the St. Michael\'s football team that lost three consecutive Cork SFC finals in 1976, 1977 and 1978.
After losing the 1976 final to Glen Rovers, MacCurtain collected a second winners\' medal when Blackrock overcame the Glen in 1978. He ended the season with an All-Ireland Club Championship title after Blackrock beat Ballyhale Shamrocks in the 1979 All-Ireland club final. Blackrock retained the Cork SHC title after a win over St. Finbarr\'s in the 1979 final, with MacCurtain being named man of the match after claiming his third winners\' medal. After losing the 1982 final to St. Finbarr\'s, he won his fourth and final Cork SHC title after a win over Midleton in 1985. MacCurtain brought an end to his club career in 1991.
| 355 |
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# Dermot MacCurtain
## Inter-county career {#inter_county_career}
MacCurtain began his inter-county career as a dual player at minor level in 1974 and ended the season with two All-Ireland medals as Cork completed the double following defeats of Kilkenny and Mayo. He was appointed captain of the minor football team for their unsuccessful 1975 season before ending his minor hurling team tenure with a defeat by Kilkenny in the 1975 All-Ireland minor final. MacCurtain\'s progression onto the Cork under-21 hurling team was immediate and he was at left corner-back when the team beat Kilkenny by 12 points in the 1976 All-Ireland under-21 final. He was drafted onto the Cork under-21 football team in 1977, as the Cork under-21 hurlers ended the season with a defeat by Kilkenny in the 1977 All-Ireland under-21 final.
MacCurtain joined the Cork senior hurling team for the 1976-77 National League and played in all of the team\'s championship matches which culminated with a defeat of Wexford in the 1977 All-Ireland final. After securing a second successive Munster SHC title after a two-point win over Clare, he later captured a second successive All-Ireland medal after Cork\'s defeat of Kilkenny in the 1978 All-Ireland final. Cork\'s 1979 season ended with an All-Ireland semi-final defeat by Galway, however, MacCurtain ended the season with an All-Star having also claimed a third successive Munster SHC title.
MacCurtain was appointed team captain for the 1980 season and captained the team to the 1979-80 National League title before claiming a second league winners\' medal in 1981. He was also acknowledged with a second All-Star during his season as team captain. MacCurtain brought his Munster SHC medal tally to five with consecutive defeats of Waterford in 1982 and 1983, however, Cork suffered consecutive All-Ireland final defeats by Kilkenny. He won a sixth Munster SHC medal overall after Cork completed a three-in-a-row with a defeat of Tipperary in the 1984 Munster final. MacCurtain ended the season with a third All-Star after lining out at left-wing back in the defeat of Offaly in the 1984 All-Ireland final.
MacCurtain won a seventh Munster SHC title in 1985 before bringing his overall tally to eight winners\' medals after defeat of Clare in the 1986 Munster final. An injury sustained in a club match ruled him out of Cork\'s 1986 All-Ireland final defeat of Galway. MacCurtain\'s last game for Cork was a defeat by Tipperary in the 1987 Munster final replay.
## Inter-provincial career {#inter_provincial_career}
MacCurtain\'s performances at inter-county level resulted in his selection for Munster in their 1979 Railway Cup semi-final defeat by Connacht. It was the first of five successive years in which he was selected for the team, with victory coming over Leinster in the 1981 Railway Cup final. After being left off the team in 1985, MacCurtain was recalled in 1986 to claim a second winners\' medal after a win over Connacht.
## Honours
Coláiste Iognáid Rís
- Harty Cup: 1975
- Corn Uí Mhuirí: 1975
- Dean Ryan Cup: 1974
St
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# Hydropsychidae
The **Hydropsychidae** are a family-level taxon consisting of net-spinning caddisflies. Hydropsychids are common among much of the world\'s streams, and a few species occupy the shorelines of freshwater lakes. Larvae of the hydropsychids construct nets at the open ends of their dwellings which are responsible for their \"net-spinning caddisfly\" common name.
## Larvae
The hydropsychid larval stage, like most Trichoptera larvae, is spent entirely in fresh water. They construct dwellings known as \"retreats\", which are fixed to the sides of rocks. These retreats are typically composed of collected plant and mineral fragments. At the large open end of their retreats, hydropsychids spin a net or sieve made of fine silk, similar to the silk produced by the larval form of the Lepidoptera (caterpillars), one of their close relatives. These nets catch algae, detritus, and smaller invertebrates. Different genera spin nets of different mesh sizes and shapes depending on what food type they are targeting. Because of this technique of food collection, hydropsychids require flowing water to ensnare items of food into their nets.
Hydropsychids are capable of performing a defensive stridulation in their larval stages. Individuals stridulate to dissuade other hydropsychids from attempts to steal their retreats. When individuals abandon, or become dislodged from, their retreats, they must build or seize a new retreat. \"Home-less\" hydropsychids will sometimes search out retreats currently occupied by another member of their species. This can result in a confrontation between individuals, each vying for ownership of an established retreat. Stridulating warns foes that a retreat is occupied and attempting to enter is unwise. This noise is made by running their femurs across ridges on the undersides of their heads. It is still unclear whether this noise is also used to dissuade insect predators.
### Anatomy
Hydropsychid larvae are unique from most Trichoptera due to their fully scleritized dorsum. Only the Hydroptilidae family share this characteristic with the hydropsychids. This feature combined with branched gills running along ventral surface of their abdomens differentiate the hydropsychids from all other trichopterans. The hydropsychids have large anal prolegs equipped with hooks, allowing them to grasp the side of rocks in river and stream beds. Individuals are easily identified without the use of a lens by their large, curved bodies. In India four subfamilies (Arctopsychinae, Martynov 1924, Diplectroninae, Ulmer 1951, Hydropsychidae, Curtis 1835, Macronematinae, Ulmer 1905) have been reported so far which includes 15 genera and 128 species.
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# Hydropsychidae
## Environmental indicators {#environmental_indicators}
Due to hydropsychid\'s presence in a wide range of freshwater environments worldwide and their very specific standards of living, hydropychid\'s are favored as an indicator species. Some genera, sensitive to certain contaminants or pollutants, suffer declines in growth and/or survival, while others thrive in their absence. Species like C. morosa, C. walkeri, D. modesta, Hydropsyche leonardi, and P. apicalis are found only in unpolluted streams while species like Hydropsyche bidens, H. orris, H. phalerata, H. placoda, H. simulans, and P. flava inhabit decaying or dead wood. Others species like the C. morosa (bifida form) and Hydropsyche betteni can withstand high levels of organic pollution and thrive in those conditions.The habitat range for this family encompasses a huge area in total and can found in most freshwater areas with running water worldwide. Thus, like a canary in a coal mine, researchers can examine stream hydropsychidae populations to assess stream health (see EPT or Index of biological integrity). Researchers can look at the contents of the web as well as the materials of the actual web structure to determine stream health. Hydropsychidae species will adapt the web depending on the building resource availability more so than food availability. This can help to create an environment inhabited by many different species due to the different habitat types between them. Many different species in the same area with different standards allows for a broad view of the area\'s available building resources as well as food types. These food types are often fine organic matter caught within their silk net attached to their retreat that can be used to assess the health of other common species within the same stream on top of being a great indicator of overall stream health and its contents.
Their presence is also often pointed to as an indicator of relative temperature depending on the densities of the various species present with some species being better suited for higher temperatures and others lower temperatures. The diverse nature of hydropsychidae sensitivities and resistances is one of the many indicators of global warming worldwide and makes them highly susceptible to the negative changes associated with global warming. Hydropsychidae species can require specific temperature ranges throughout the year that have been altered already. Overall mortality increases and less retreats are made when temperatures exceed seasonal averages. These changes have already been seen in tropical environments and are expected to become more commonplace across various environments as seasonal averages continue to rise
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# Enrico Pace
**Enrico Pace** (born 1967) is an Italian pianist of international renown.
## Biography
Enrico Pace was born in Rimini, Italy in 1967. He studied piano with Franco Scala, mainly at the Rossini Conservatory in Pesaro. He was also active as conductor and composer. In 1987 he won first prize at the International Yamaha Competition in Stresa and in 1989 he was first prize winner of the Second International Franz Liszt Piano Competition. Later Pace performed in many European cities and played with the symphonic orchestras of Sydney and Melbourne on an Australian tour. He also worked with the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra and with the Noord-Nederlands Orchestra.
From 1997/1998, he started a long term co-operation with violinist Frank Peter Zimmermann, with whom Pace gave concerts in many European, South-American and Far Eastern countries. Other musicians with whom he often performs are violinist Leonidas Kavakos, horn player Marie-Luise Neunecker and pianist Igor Roma.
Pace has given many recitals in Europe, among others in the Amsterdam Concert Hall (he already performed four times there in the Master Pianists Series), Milan (Sala Verdi and Teatro alla Scala), Rome, Brescia/Bergamo, Florence, Berlin, Munich, Dortmund, Dublin and in some South American cities. As part of a Maurizio Pollini project, Pace gave a recital in Salzburg in 1999 for the Salzburger Festspiele (Festival Concerts). In the summer of 2001 his debut recitals at the Festivals of Husum (Raritäten der Klaviermusik) \[Piano Music Rarities\] and La Roque-d\'Anthéron made a profound impression and he was immediately invited to perform at the 2002 recitals as well. He regularly performs with prominent orchestras, such as the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, The Radio Philharmonic Orchestra and Radio Symphony Orchestra, the Symphony Orchestras of Sydney and Melbourne (as part of a tour in Australia and New-Zealand), the Berlin Symphony Orchestra, the MDR Symphony Orchestra of Leipzig, the Philharmonic Orchestra of Warsaw, the Czech State Philharmonic Orchestra of Brno, the orchestras of Johannesburg and Cape Town, Amsterdam Sinfonietta, the Gelders Orchestra, the Brabants Orchestra, The Limburg Symphony Orchestra, the Northern Netherlands Orchestra, the Noordhollands Philharmonic Orchestra and the National Youth Orchestra.
In the season of 2003/2004, Pace made several debuts: with the Munich Philharmonic conducted by Yakov Kreizberg, the Bamberger Symphony Orchestra conducted by Walter Weller and the BBC Philharmonic conducted by Gianandrea Noseda. Pace also worked with, among others, the conductors Andrey Boreyko, Mark Elder, Janos Fürst, Junichi Hirokami, Eliahu Inbal, Jan Latham-Koenig, Kazimirz Kord, Alexander Liebreich, Gianandrea Noseda, Tuomas Ollila, Tadaaki Otaka, Stanislav Skrowaczewski, Bruno Weil en Antoni Wit.
Apart from doing concerts with orchestras, Pace has also played chamber music: among others he played with the Shostakovich Quartet, the Vanbrugh Quartet and the Prometeo Quartet and he participated several times in Isabelle van Keulen\'s Delft Chamber Music Festival. So far pianist Leif Ove Andsnes invited him twice to perform at his chamber music festival in Risor. Pace also performed at the chamber music festivals of Kuhmo (Finland), Stresa (Italy), West Cork (Ireland) and Moritzburg (Germany).
Pace recorded in 2011 his first double CD as soloist for London label Piano Classics, recording Liszt\'s *Années de pèlerinage* -- *Suisse* and *Italie*
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# Claude D. Taylor
**Claude D. Taylor** (September 23, 1911 -- February 1, 1970) was a real estate agent and political figure in New Brunswick. He represented Albert in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1952 until his death in 1970 as a Progressive Conservative member.
He was born in Edgetts Landing, Albert County, New Brunswick, the son of Douglas Taylor and Bernice Steeves, and was educated at the provincial normal school in Fredericton and at Mount Allison University. In 1938, he married Winnifred Way.
Taylor served in the province\'s Executive Council as Minister of Education and Municipal Affairs from 1952 to 1954 and Minister of Education from 1954 to 1960. Taylor was also a public school teacher for 13 years
Claude D. Taylor School (an elementary school in Riverview, New Brunswick) is named in his honour
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# Robert Nugent Lynch
**Robert Nugent Lynch** (born May 27, 1941) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church, who served as bishop of the Diocese of St. Petersburg in Florida from 1996 to 2016.
## Biography
### Early life {#early_life}
Robert Lynch was born on May 27, 1941, in Charleston, West Virginia. He grew up in Montgomery, West Virginia, to an Irish-American family that expected him to become a priest. Lynch soon entered the Pontifical College Josephinum. However, he found the College to be a dark, rigid place with strict rules and limited communication with his family. Eventually, Lynch dropped out and started working as an English teacher.
Lynch\'s next job was as a lobbyist in Washington, D.C., representing the Ohio Catholic Conference at the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB). His roommates were priests; their positive actions inspired him to reconsider the priesthood. Lynch entered the Pope St. John XXIII National Seminary in Weston, Massachusetts, graduating with a Master of Divinity degree in May, 1978.
### Priesthood
On May 13, 1978, Lynch was ordained a priest by Archbishop Edward Anthony McCarthy for the Archdiocese of Miami in Charleston. After his ordination, Lynch served as associate pastor of St. James Parish in North Miami, Florida, and rector and president of St. John Vianney College Seminary in Miami. His last assignment before becoming bishop was in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, as the second pastor of St. Mark the Evangelist Parish.
### Bishop of St. Petersburg {#bishop_of_st._petersburg}
On December 5, 1995, Pope John Paul II appointed Lynch as the fourth bishop of St. Petersburg to fill the vacancy left by then Bishop John Favalora. Lynch was consecrated and installed at the Cathedral of Saint Jude the Apostle in St. Petersburg on January 26, 1996. Favalora served as principal consecrator with Archbishop Edward McCarthy and Archbishop Paul Marcinkus serving as principal co-Consecrators.
Lynch served terms as the general secretary of the United States Catholic Conference (USCC) and the National Conference of Catholic Bishops (NCCB).
On June 6, 1998, Lynch was appointed as apostolic administrator of the Diocese of Palm Beach, while remaining the bishop of St. Petersburg. He took over after John Paul II removed the existing bishop, Bishop Joseph Symons, for sexual abuse crimes. Lynch remained as administrator in Palm Beach until November 12, 1998, when Bishop Anthony O\'Connell was installed there as bishop.
Lynch continued the reorganization and management of the Diocese of St. Petersburg begun under Bishop Favalora. He commissioned the building of the Bishop W. Thomas Larkin Pastoral Center in St. Petersburg, which was dedicated on March 31, 2000 He also took an active role in planning for the future construction of new Catholic high schools, and improvements to the existing schools.
On June 2, 2011, Lynch published a letter detailing how the diocese had spent \$4.7 million since 1990 to settle sexual misconduct cases. In 2001, Bill Urbanski, the diocese spokesman, accused Lynch of inappropriate behavior during a business trip. Urbanski said Lynch bought him lavish gifts, forced to him to share a hotel room, grabbed his thigh, and asked Urbanski to photograph him topless for a gag picture. The diocese denied any wrongdoing and paid Urbanski \$100,000 severance. Lynch apologized for his actions.
### Retirement and legacy {#retirement_and_legacy}
Pope Francis accepted Lynch\'s resignation as bishop of the Diocese of St. Petersburg on November 28, 2016, and named Gregory Parkes as his successor
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