id
int64 39
11.1M
| section
stringlengths 3
4.51M
| length
int64 2
49.9k
| title
stringlengths 1
182
| chunk_id
int64 0
68
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
11,011,154 |
# Leaveland
## Demographics
### Population
The population of Leaveland over the last two centuries (1801-2011) has fluctuated. For the first century the population saw a significant increase and then a drastic decrease towards the end. In 1801, the population was 57, and this was the lowest it has ever been. From this date up until 1881 the population more than doubled to 129, the highest the population has ever been. In 1911 it plummeted to 74, but by 1921 it began to increase again and by 1951 reached 126, after this, it has gradually decreased, and by 2011 reached 100. The population now is actually less than it has been in previous decades.
Leaveland has a very small population compared to its surrounding areas. In 2011 Badlesmere had a higher population of 134, and Sheldwich had more than quadruple Leaveland with 491.
According to the 2011 census 11% of the population are aged 0--15, 80% are aged between 16 and 74, and 9% are aged 75+. The average age is 48.3 years old.
### Ethnicity
According to the 2011 census, the only ethnic group in Leaveland is White British. 100 out of 100 people are reported to be White British. In 2001 census there was also 100% White British but with 112 people.
### Employment
The largest sector in employment in 1881 for males was agriculture with 22. This was the most common, as during this time the majority of men would work as labourers on the rich\'s land. On the other hand, the largest sector for women was \"unknown\" with 23. This could be because during this time women may have stayed at home to look after their children. Birth rates would have been very high because contraceptives weren\'t accessible, this means that families were bigger. This is very different to the 2011 census where employment categories were very different. The most common sectors include Skilled Trade, which includes metal and electrical trades as well as agricultural skills (with 13 people), and Professional Occupations which involve health, science and business (with 10 people). These have all changed because of economic growth and the development of new industries to make a living, not just agriculture.
### Housing
The housing types in Leaveland include Detached, Semi-detached, flats and terraced housing, with the majority being owner occupied. House prices can vary from low to high, but the current (2017) average value is £306,730, and this is a 4.12% increase from the previous year. This is over double of that 20 years ago where the value change was £228,036. Although, this is much lower compared to surrounding villages like Badlesmere where the average house value is £784,596 and Throwley where the average value is £675,161.
### Education
The closest nursery and primary school is Sheldwich, located 1.5 miles away. They are an Ofsted \"outstanding\" school, with a combined intake of 481 children. Nearest Secondary schools are in Faversham (5mls) or Ashford (8mls).
### Health
Newton Place Pharmacy is where the population of Leaveland can access medicine, advice, and treatment for common illnesses like colds and coughs. It is located only 4.4 miles away. The closest hospital is Faversham Cottage hospital, which is 4.5 miles away, this is a rehabilitation focused inpatient hospital, with only 25 beds. For accident and emergency the William Harvey Hospital in Ashford is the closest, at 7.7 miles away. Open 24 hours a day, and can deal with anything up to life-threatening emergencies. This is also where people have a longer term stay for illness, or important operations
| 590 |
Leaveland
| 1 |
11,011,155 |
# Faversham Without
**Faversham Without** is a former civil parish, now in the parishes of Graveney with Goodnestone and Boughton under Blean, in the Swale district, in the county of Kent, in southeast England. It was founded in 1894 from the rural part of Faversham parish, over the next 70 years was reduced in size as the borough of Faversham expanded and other areas were transferred to Graveney, Luddenham, Oare and Sheldwich. In 1961 it existed as a series of exclaves. It was abolished on 1 April 1983 when the parish of \"Graveney with Goodnestone\" was formed part also went to Boughton under Blean. In 1971 the parish had a population of 111
| 113 |
Faversham Without
| 0 |
11,011,163 |
# WAUS
**WAUS** (90.7 FM) is a non-commercial radio station licensed to Berrien Springs, Michigan, and broadcasting to the Michiana and South Bend metropolitan area. It is owned by Andrews University and airs a classical music radio format. It carries NPR News or BBC News at the top of most hours with some religious programming on the weekends.
## History
WAUS first signed on the air on January 10, 1971. It was originally powered at 17,000 watts, about half its current output. The original station manager was Mike Mottler, with Carsten Thomsen as the operations director.
But Andrews University traces its involvement in broadcasting back to the 1920s. According to its website, an experimental radio station with the call sign **8AZ** went on the air at Emmanuel Missionary College (Andrews University\'s previous name) in 1921. It called itself \"The Radio Lighthouse,\" airing religious and general programs. 8AZ could be heard in those early days of broadcasting around Michigan and Indiana, with some reports of it being picked up in Europe, Hawaii and New Zealand. Due to the Great Depression, the funds to run the station ran low, and the college sold it to John Fetzer, who moved it to Kalamazoo.
In 1967, Andrews University began planning for a new non-commercial FM station. Robert E. Upton of the Whirlpool Corporation headed up a capital campaign. Built with money raised from the community and a substantial amount provided by John Fetzer, radio station **WAUS** signed on the air on January 10, 1971. By 1980, the power had been increased to its current 50,000 watts
| 262 |
WAUS
| 0 |
11,011,227 |
# Geoffrey Foster
**Geoffrey Norman Foster** (16 October 1884 -- 11 August 1971) was an English first-class cricketer who played for Worcestershire and Kent County Cricket Clubs, as well as appearing a number of times for Oxford University and MCC. He was one of the seven Foster brothers, all of whom played first-class cricket for Worcestershire, and he led the county on a few occasions in the absence of the regular captain. He was a fast scorer, once making 101 in an hour for Oxford against Gentlemen of England.
## Early life {#early_life}
Foster was born at Malvern in Worcestershire in 1884, the fifth son of the Reverend Henry Foster and his wife Sophia. He, like all his brothers, was educated at Malvern College, where he was in the cricket eleven from 1902 and 1904. He made his first-class debut for Worcestershire against Leicestershire at New Road in August 1903, but made a duck in his only innings. He played a handful more matches in that and the following season, but his only achievement of note was an innings of 81 against Somerset in August 1905.
## Cricket
He went up to Worcester College, Oxford, in 1904 and was awarded a cricket Blue every year between 1905 and 1908. In 1905 he took the first of his few wickets, that of Gentlemen of England\'s Maynard Ashcroft. A fine all-round sportsman, Foster was also a Blue at golf and racquets, as well as captaining the university\'s association football team in 1908. Cricket was, however, his forté, and combining his appearances for Oxford with those for his county, he scored particularly heavily in 1907, when he hit 1,182 first-class runs, his best season\'s aggregate, at an average of over 40. He also passed a thousand runs in 1908.
In 1909--10 Foster went to India, playing twice for Europeans in the Bombay Presidency Match and Triangular, though his contribution was negligible: he totalled just three runs, held one catch and did not bowl. In 1910 he made his thousand runs for the third and last time when he played 19 first-class games and took 25 catches, both figures being his most in a single season. He appeared 17 times in 1911, but thereafter his business commitments limited his appearances to a handful each season. However, he did make a career-best 175 against Leicestershire in 1913, only to see Worcestershire fall to an eight-run defeat, despite Worcestershire having enforced the follow-on. His stand of 195 with John Cuffe in that match was at the time a county record for the sixth wicket. In 1912 he played (for the only time in his career) as wicket-keeper against the Australians at New Road, stumping the opposing keeper, Harold Webster.
The First World War intervened after the 1914 season, and Foster did not play again until 1920, when he appeared once each for Free Foresters and MCC, hitting 143 in his match for the latter side against Oxford University. In 1921 he played eight times for Kent, for whom he turned out twice more the following season. After that his first-class appearances were sporadic: he played for Harlequins in one of their few first-class matches, against the South Africans in 1924, and later that decade played four games for Free Foresters against Oxford University. Finally, he played a few games for MCC in 1931, the last being against -- once again -- Oxford.
## Later life {#later_life}
He was the Public Schools and Independent Schools F.A. representative on the Council of the Football Association from 1920 to 1924.
Foster died in Westminster, London at the age of 86
| 601 |
Geoffrey Foster
| 0 |
11,011,314 |
# PZL-106 Kruk
The **PZL-106 Kruk** (*\[\[Raven\]\]*) is a Polish agricultural aircraft designed and built by WSK PZL Warszawa-Okęcie (later PZL \"Warszawa-Okęcie\" and now EADS-PZL).
## Design and development {#design_and_development}
The PZL-106 was developed as a modern agricultural aircraft for Poland and Comecon countries to replace the less-capable PZL-101 Gawron and aging PZL Antonov An-2. (According to Comecon decisions, Polish industry was responsible for developing agricultural aircraft). There were several agricultural plane designs proposed in the early 1960s by a group of young designers from WSK PZL Warszawa-Okęcie, led by Andrzej Frydrychewicz. These proposals were made on their own initiative, but they were never realized because the USSR was content with the An-2 and was planning to replace it with a jet aircraft (later PZL M-15 Belphegor). The first was the PZL-101M Kruk 63 of 1963. That remained a paper airplane, but it did give its name to later designs. Next were the PZL-106 Kruk 65 (1965), PZL-110 Kruk-2T (1969), and PZL M-14 Kruk (1970, which was planned to produce this variant in PZL-Mielec). Only in 1971 did the authorities decide to start development of new agricultural design such as the PZL-106 Kruk 71. Despite this decision, its development was quite protracted due to economic and political factors. The work, led by Andrzej Frydrychewicz, started in 1972 and was based on earlier designs. The first prototype was flown on April 17, 1973. The designers chose a safe layout of a braced low-wing monoplane with a container for chemicals in front of the pilot, a design inspired by planes like Piper PA-25 Pawnee (in case of an emergency landing, the container would not crush the higher-sitting pilot).
The first prototype was powered by an imported 298 kW (400 hp) Lycoming IO-720 flat-eight-cylinder engine and had a T-tail with wings of wooden construction. There were several prototypes built, and the plane was finally fitted with a 441 kW (600 hp) PZL-3S radial engine, a conventional tail and metal wings. The prototype with the final engine first flew on 25 October, 1974.
Production started in 1976 under the designation PZL-106A. Successive variants were the PZL-106AR, with PZL-3SR engine, and the PZL-106AS, with a stronger 736 kW ASz-62IR radial engine. By 1982, 144 PZL-106As had been built. Several aircraft were modified in Africa to PZL-106AS standards.
On May 15, 1981, the prototype of an improved variant PZL-106B was flown with redesigned wings using shorter struts. It was powered by the same PZL-3SR engine and was produced from 1984. In 1982, the prototype of the PZL-106BS flew powered by the ASz-62IR engine. By 1988, 60 PZL-106Bs had been built.
The next step was fitting the Kruk with a turboprop engine. The first was the PZL-106AT Turbo Kruk prototype, with a 566 kW (770 hp) Pratt & Whitney PT6A-34AG engine, in 1981. The next version, based upon the PZL-106B, was the PZL-106BT Turbo Kruk with a 544 kW Walter M601D-1 engine. The PZL-106BT first flew in 1985 and was only produced in limited numbers (10 in 1986--1988). The last variant, in 1998, was the PZL-106BTU-34 Turbo Kruk, with a Pratt & Whitney PT6A-34AG engine. Both turboprop variants have a taller tailfin, and the BTU-34 differs again with a restyled nose, a bigger fuel tank (780 L), a revised cockpit layout, and improved performance.
In total, 266 PZL-106s were produced. Production was restarted in 1995, and, as of 2007, the PZL-106BT (renamed PZL-106BT-601) with the Walter M601-D1, and the PZL-106BTU-34, with the PT6A-34AG engine, are currently being offered by the manufacturer EADS-PZL. Limited numbers of turbo-Kruks have been produced so far.
## Description
The PZL-106 is a metal construction braced low-wing monoplane that is conventional in layout. The fuselage is a steel frame covered with duralumin front and canvas tail. Wings are duralumin and canvas covered, fitted with flaps and slats. It has a single-seat cabin, placed high, with an emergency seat for a mechanic behind the pilot. Behind the engine is a 1300-litre container for 1050 kg of chemicals, with interchangeable equipment sets for spraying, cropdusting or fire-fighting. The container might be replaced with an additional cab for an instructor for pilot training. It has conventional fixed landing gear with a tail wheel.
The PZL-106 has a single radial engine PZL-3S or SR (600 hp / 441 kW), four-blade propeller or turboprop engine with three-blade propeller (554 kW Walter M601D-1 or PT6A-34AG). Fuel tanks for 540 L, or from serial number 260 onwards, 760 L.
| 739 |
PZL-106 Kruk
| 0 |
11,011,314 |
# PZL-106 Kruk
## Operational history {#operational_history}
The main user of the PZL-106 was the Polish civilian aviation. At that time, Polish state aviation firms often carried out agricultural services abroad, especially in Egypt and Sudan. They were supplemented and partly superseded by the PZL-Mielec M-18 Dromader. PZL-106As and Bs were exported to East Germany (major non-Polish user -- 54), Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Hungary, Argentina, Brazil, and Ecuador. Some PZL-106BT-601s were sold to Egypt, Ecuador (2 Operational till 2008), Argentina (30 operational till 2008), and Brazil (4 operational till 2008). The PZL 106BT-34 is still flying in Argentina.
## Variants
PZL-106
: Prototypes, first flew on 17 April 1973.
PZL-106A
: Basic production variant with 441 kW PZL-3S radial engine, produced 1976--1982
PZL-106AR
: Prototype with PZL-3SR engine with a reduction gear, first flew on 15 November 1978
PZL-106AT Turbo Kruk
: Prototype with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-34AG turboprop engine, first flew on 22 June 1981
PZL-106AS
: Variant with 736 kW PZL ASz-62IR engine, first flew on 19 August 1981
PZL-106B
: Improved production variant with redesigned wings and shorter struts, PZL-3SR engine, first flew on 15 May 1981, produced in 1984--1988
PZL-106BS
: Prototype with PZL ASz-62IR engine, first flew on 8 March 1982
PZL-106BT-601 Turbo Kruk
: Production variant with 544 kW Walter M601D-1 turboprop engine, first flew on 18 September 1985
PZL-106BTU-34 Turbo Kruk
: Production variant with 750 shp Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-34AG turboprop engine, first flew in 1998. Still flying in Argentina
## Operators
- With 1 PZL 106BT-601s
- With 30 PZL 106-BT-601 Turbo Kruks and one PZL 106BT-34
- With 4 PZL 106BT-601s
- With 2 PZL 106BT-601s
-
- received 54 aircraft
-
- With 2 PZL 106As, entered service in 1977
- One PZL 106 in service with the Venezuelan National Guard
| 303 |
PZL-106 Kruk
| 1 |
11,011,321 |
# William Berry (artist)
**William Augustus Berry** (born September 29, 1933, Jacksonville, Texas; died January 3, 2010, Columbia, Missouri) was an author, artist, and professor of art, known for his illustrations and colored pencil drawings.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Berry earned a BFA at the University of Texas, Austin in 1955 and an MFA from the University of Southern California in 1957. Subsequently, he worked as an illustrator and painter in New York City.
In 1968, Berry began teaching art at the University of Texas, Austin, where he became the first Art Director of *Texas Monthly Magazine*. While teaching at UT Austin, he wrote his seminal textbook: *Drawing The Human Form*, a book widely adopted by art departments across the country and cited as \"excellent\" by art historian Ernst Gombrich.
From 1974 to 1978, Berry taught graphic design and illustration at Boston University, School of Visual Arts. In 1978, he became Professor of Art at the University of Missouri in Columbia where he was given the Chancellor\'s Award for Outstanding Faculty Research and Creative Activity, 1983, and named a William H. Byler Distinguished Professor in 1989. He served as chair for the department from 1995 to 1999. The University of Missouri, in recognition of his scholarship and professional reputation, made him a Curators\' Professor in 1991. He retired in 1999 as Curators\' Professor of Art Emeritus, a title he held for life.
## Exhibitions and awards {#exhibitions_and_awards}
Berry\'s artwork has been in over 500 exhibitions, in the U.S. and abroad, receiving over 100 awards and prizes. Among the galleries that showed his work are: the Galleria Schneider, Rome, Italy; the Muscarelle Museum of Art, Williamsburg, VA; United States Information Agency Gallery, Athens, Greece; Espace Reduit, Cassis, France; and the Charles Campbell Gallery, San Francisco.
Berry traveled throughout the Middle East from 1965 to 1966, sponsored by a Dorothy Thompson Fellowship, resulting in an exhibition of photographs, drawings, and paintings shown at various American colleges in 1967-68. These formed the basis of a number of his later political illustrations.
In 1990, Mid-America Arts Alliance and Exhibits USA, in partnership with the National Endowment for the Arts, sponsored a three-year traveling exhibition of 32 of Berry\'s large colored pencil drawings. In 2002, he received the CPSA Award for Exceptional Merit and CIPPY Trophy from the Colored Pencil Society of America.
Public collections owning his work include: the Boston Museum of Fine Arts; the Addison Gallery, Andover, MA; Smith College Museum of Art, Northampton, MA; the University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; the Hoyt Institute of Fine Arts, New Castle, PA; and the Hallmark Art Collection, Kansas City, MO.
## Published Illustrations {#published_illustrations}
Publications of Berry\'s illustrations, in a wide variety of media and styles, have been featured in various periodicals, such as *The Reporter*, *Harper\'s*, *The New Leader*, *Esquire*, *Holiday Magazine*, and *Newsweek*.
Berry created covers for books published by Random House, Doubleday, Alfred A. Knopf, Charles Scribner\'s Sons, Time Inc., and others. Among the books illustrated by Berry are: *On Firm Ice*, *Journey to the Arctic*, *Still Quiet on the Western Front*, and *Kennedy Without Tears*.
Berry has twice been profiled in the American Artist Magazine and is listed in Who\'s Who in American Art.
## Art Residencies {#art_residencies}
Berry\'s honors include: fellowships and artist-in-residencies at the Altos de Chavon Foundation, Dominican Republic; the MacDowell Colony, Peterborough, NH; the Rockefeller Foundation, Villa Serbelloni, Bellagio, Italy; Lacoste School of the Arts, France; Montalvo Arts Center, Saratoga, CA; and the Camargo Foundation, Cassis, France.
During these residencies, Berry, utilizing colored pencils, a cross-hatching technique and limited palette, created a series of still-life drawings focusing on the effect of light on geometric solids, which he constructed from paper. Drawing the solids axonometrically in order to \"distance the viewer\", Berry introduced objects from everyday life such as knives, pencils, or fruit, into his compositions. Berry wrote that the \"geometric solids represent an intrusion of the ideal form of a truly Platonic type into the real world of objects\.... a visual event that I find poetic and intriguing. It is the underlying theme in many of my drawings and is intended to make a metaphysical statement.\"
| 690 |
William Berry (artist)
| 0 |
11,011,321 |
# William Berry (artist)
## Late Work {#late_work}
Upon his retirement from teaching, Berry continued to be prolific - merging long-used techniques with new emphasis on combining computer-based images, photography, collage, and watercolor. His subject matter echoed earlier themes: still life, European architecture, political images, imaginary landscapes, and self-portraits, which number in the hundreds.
Berry\'s late works were executed in a loose style and expressive manner, which inadvertently document the progression of Parkinson\'s disease-related symptoms.
Artist\'s website: <http://www.williamaberry
| 78 |
William Berry (artist)
| 1 |
11,011,322 |
# Bull of Gniezno
***Ex commisso nobis***, more commonly known as the ***Bull of Gniezno***, was a papal bull issued on July 7, 1136 by Pope Innocent II. The bull split off the Bishopric of Gniezno from the Archbishop of Magdeburg. From a historical perspective, the bull is especially important as it contains the earliest written record of the Polish language. Slavic language scholar Aleksander Brückner called the document \"*złota bulla języka polskiego*\" (\"the golden bull of the Polish language\").
## Historical context {#historical_context}
The election of Pope Innocent II in 1130 prompted a schism in the Roman Catholic Church. The Polish church supported the appointment of the Antipope Anacletus II, while Saint Norbert of Xanten, Archbishop of Magdeburg, remained faithful to Innocent. In Norbert\'s last years, he was chancellor and adviser to Lothair II, the Holy Roman Emperor, and persuaded him to lead an army to Rome to restore Innocent to the papacy in 1133.
Following Norbert\'s death, Lothair pressured Innocent to issue an order rejecting the independence and authority of the Archbishop of Gniezno, and affirming the Archbishop of Magdeburg\'s authority over the Archdiocese of Gniezno and, by default, the entirety of the Polish church. As a result, the Polish prelates swore fealty to the Antipope.
In August 1135, in exchange for the independence of the Polish episcopate, Bolesław III Wrymouth, Duke of Poland, declared himself a vassal of Emperor Lothair and agreed to pay tribute to the Holy Roman Empire. On July 7, 1136, Pope Innocent upheld the independence of the Polish church from the Archdiocese of Magdeburg in a papal bull entitled *Ex commisso nobis.*
## Later history {#later_history}
During World War II, the archdiocesan archives in Gniezno were plundered by Nazi Germany, and the bull, along with numerous other artefacts, were moved west towards Germany. The Nazis were intercepted by the Soviet Red Army, however, and the bull was taken to Moscow. The document remained in the Russian capital for fifty years before being returned to Gniezno.
Upon the document\'s return, the National Library of Poland performed a series of tests on the bull under the authority of Professor Andrzej Wyczański. The scientists discovered that when viewed under ultraviolet light, the document showed traces of different washed-out text. Due to the lack of adequate testing facilities, the library abandoned further research efforts, which have not been resumed since
| 393 |
Bull of Gniezno
| 0 |
11,011,325 |
# Air & Style
The **Air & Style** is a European snowboard contest first held in Innsbruck, Austria in 1994 and now held annually.
## History
**Charly Weger** and his snowboard photographer friend **Andrew Hourmont** first started the Air & Style Contest in Innsbruck. They only expected some hundred spectators but more than a few thousand showed up to see a single Straight Jump from each rider. From there on, it developed into one of the most influential snowboard challenges today.
Until 1999, the sponsorship exploded and over 45,000 visitors witnessed the last Air & Style in Innsbruck, when six people died after the show when everybody tried to leave at once and the exits could not funnel the masses. The contest had to move and the Bergisel stadium was renovated. In Seefeld, a place near Innsbruck, five other contests were held until in 2005 it found a new home in Munich, Germany where it expanded its program with Freestyle Motocross. For February 2008, the contest returned to Innsbruck, and will presumably stay there for the following years. Also, three skateboard contests have taken place in Innsbruck and Seefeld, even won by Tony Hawk in 1999. After the end of the *International Snowboarding Federation* in 2002 the contest joined the newly formed *TTR World Tour*, and Air & Style Munich is now a 6Star event on the World Tour, whilst Air & Style Innsbruck held a 5-star status until 2009 when it was given a 6-star accreditation. In 2000, the prize money was over 250,000 US dollars (including an Audi A3).
On February 2, 2008, an Air & Style quarterpipe event was held in Innsbruck in addition to the Straight Jump in Munich. Kevin Pearce won the event, which made him the first winner of two Air & Style competitions in one season. The organiser has announced that this event will from now on also be held annually as a TTR 6 Star event.
On December 4, 2010, the first edition of an Air & Style overseas went down in Beijing, China with Sebastien Toutant taking the win. Moving the event to the Bird\'s Nest Stadium in the following year it will go into its fourth consecutive season in 2013. On December 8, 2012, Mark McMorris and Yuki Kadono landed the first ever triple corks at an Air & Style event.
On February 1 and 2, 2013, the Air & Style celebrated its 20th birthday with a special two-day event. On Friday, the burn Style Session witnessed a return to the roots of snowboarding with legends hitting the jump like Haakonsen, Gimpl, Iguchi, Basich, Rüf and many more. The winner of the burn Style Session was Marko Grilc. On February 2, the birthday Air & Style 6-star event saw the first triple corks landed at an Air & Style in Innsbruck. Eric Willett was the winner of the birthday Air & Style edition.
Select Air & Style events now also feature musical performances be globally and locally renowned artists. The performances are interspersed with the sporting competition cycles. Innsbruck\'s 2015 snowboard event featured the likes of Sum 41 and Rudimental.
| 520 |
Air & Style
| 0 |
11,011,325 |
# Air & Style
## Chronology
### Big Air competitions {#big_air_competitions}
- 1\. Red Bull Air & Style, January 17. 1994, Innsbruck,
Winner: Reto Lamm
- 2\. Red Bull Air & Style, December 19. 1994, Innsbruck,
Winner: Ingemar Backman
- 3\. Red Bull Air & Style, December 9. 1995, Innsbruck,
Winner: Terje Håkonsen
- 4\. Quiksilver Air & Style, December 7. 1996, Innsbruck,
Winner: Fabien Rohrer
- 5\. Quiksilver Air & Style, December 6. 1997, Innsbruck,
Winner: Jim Rippey (Quarterpipe: Terje Håkonsen)
- 6\. G-Shock Air & Style, December 5. 1998, Innsbruck,
Winner: Ingemar Backman
- 7\. G-Shock Air & Style, December 4. 1999, Innsbruck,
Winner: Stefan Gimpl (Quarterpipe Male: Trevor Andrew, Female: Pauline Richon)
- 8\. G-Shock Air & Style, December 9. 2000, Seefeld,
Winner: Stefan Gimpl (Corner Male: Mike Michaelchuck, Female: Pauline Richon)
- 9\. Nokia Air & Style, December 15. 2001, Seefeld,
Winner: Stefan Gimpl (Corner Male: Markku Koski, Female: Pauline Richon)
- 10\. Nokia Air & Style, December 14. 2002, Seefeld,
Winner: David Benedek
- 11\. Nokia Air & Style, December 11./12. 2003, Seefeld,
Winner: Shaun White (Freestyle Motocross: Nate Adams)
- 12\. Nokia Air & Style, December 11./12. 2004, Seefeld,
Winner: Shaun White (Freestyle Motocross: Ronnie Renner)
- 13\. Nokia Air & Style, December 3. 2005, Munich,
Winner: Hampus Mosesson (Freestyle Motocross: Nate Adams)
- 14\. Nokia Air & Style, December 6. 2006, Munich,
Winner: Travis Rice (Rookie Challenge: Mikkel Bang, Freestyle Motocross: Wiley Fullmer)
- 15\. Nokia Air & Style, December 1. 2007, Munich, Olympic Stadium (Munich),
Winner: Kevin Pearce (Rookie Challenge : Tim Humphreys, FSX: Daniel Bodin)
- 16\. Air & Style, November 29. 2008, Munich,
Cancelled due to last minute sponsorship pullout.
- 17\. Billabong Air & Style, December 5. 2009, Innsbruck,
Winner: Marko Grilc (Rookie Challenge: Seppe Smits)
- 18\. Oakley & Shaun White Present Air & Style December 4. 2010, Beijing
Winner: Sebastien Toutant
- 19\. Billabong Air & Style, February 5. 2011, Innsbruck
Winner: Mark McMorris
- 20\. Nike 6.0 Air & Style February 12. 2011, Munich
Winner: Peetu Piiroinen
- 21\. Oakley & Shaun White Present Air & Style December 3. 2011, Beijing
Winner: UIrik Badertscher
- 22\. Billabong Air & Style, February 4. 2012, Innsbruck
Winner: Peetu Piiroinen
- 23\. Oakley and Shaun White Present Air & Style, December 8. 2012, Beijing
Winner: Yuki Kadono
- 24\. Billabong Air & Style, February 1--2, 2013, Innsbruck
Winner: Eric Willett
- 25\. Air & Style, December 7, 2013, Beijing
Winner: Sven Thorgren
### Quarterpipe competitions {#quarterpipe_competitions}
- 1\. Billabong Air & Style, February 2. 2008, Innsbruck, Bergisel
Winner: Kevin Pearce (Runner up: Scotty Lago)
- 2\. Billabong Air & Style, January 31. 2009, Innsbruck, Bergisel
Winner: Colin Frei
### Skateboard Competitions {#skateboard_competitions}
- 1\. Air & Style Skate Contest, August 19, 1999, Innsbruck, Tivoli
Winner: Tony Hawk
- 2\. Air & Style Skate Contest, June 9, 2000, Innsbruck, Hafen
Winner: Lincoln Ueda
- 3\. Air & Style Skate Contest, December 15
| 492 |
Air & Style
| 1 |
11,011,327 |
# California Hard
***California Hard*** is a jazz album by pianist and composer Dolo Coker, recorded in 1976. Two of the six pieces were written by Coker. The album was reissued as a CD in 1994, with one bonus track (a solo piano version of \"Round Midnight\").
## Reception
AllMusic reviewer Scott Yanow called the album \"a strong effort.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Jumping Jacks\" (Coker) -- 4:03
2. \"Gone with the Wind\" (Herb Magidson, Allie Wrubel) -- 4:26
3. \"Roots 4FB\" (Mitchell) - 14:58
4. \"Mr. Yohe\" (Pepper) - 6:23
5. \"Gone Again\" (Gladys Hampton, Curtis Lewis, Curley Hamner) - 8:08
6. \"Tale of Two Cities\" (Coker) - 6:28
7. \"\'Round Midnight\" (Thelonious Monk) (on CD reissue only; not on original LP) - 2:27
## Personnel
Recorded on December 27, 1976
| 133 |
California Hard
| 0 |
11,011,373 |
# Natalia (Greek singer)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 41, column 22):
unexpected 'w'
{| class="wikitable"|width=100%
^
``
| 19 |
Natalia (Greek singer)
| 0 |
11,011,396 |
# Palma Arena
The **Palma Arena** (also known in Spanish as *Velodrome Palma*) is a multisport pavilion of the city of Palma. Its construction involved major cost overruns, and massive corruption.
Its main function is hosting indoor track cycling races on a banked track, and it is one of the best equipped in Europe for this purpose. It was constructed under the auspices of Dutch architectural firm Sander Douma which specializes in indoor cycling venues, and was inaugurated in 2007 when it hosted the 2007 UCI Track Cycling World Championships. It has a capacity of 6,607 spectators.
On May 2, 2007, it staged the \'Battle of Surfaces\' tennis match which saw Mallorca local and World No. 2 Rafael Nadal take on World No. 1 Roger Federer. This match was unique because one side of the court was clay - Nadal\'s speciality - and the other side was grass - Federer\'s speciality. The result was a push for Federer as he won equal points on both surfaces, but Nadal used the clay to his advantage in victory capturing 12 more points than he did on grass
| 185 |
Palma Arena
| 0 |
11,011,414 |
# Turi (Māori ancestor)
**Turi**, according to Māori tradition, was the captain of the *Aotea* canoe and an important ancestor for many Māori iwi, particularly in the Taranaki region.
## Arrival in New Zealand {#arrival_in_new_zealand}
Turi was a vassal to chief Uenuku of Hawaiki. One year, after Turi\'s tribute to Uenuku was insufficient as the annual harvest was not as plentiful as usual, Uenuku killed Turi\'s son Potikiroroa for food supply. Turi\'s father Rongotea retaliated by killing Awepotiki, the son of Uenuku, and hiding his heart inside a kūmara (sweet potato) tribute to Uenuku. The conflict led Turi and his people to depart for New Zealand with many others in the *Aotea*. This canoe had been given to Turi by Toto, father of Turi\'s wife Rongorongo. In some traditions, Turi and his party stopped at Rangitāhua, believed by some to be Raoul of the Kermadec Islands, where they encountered some of the crew from the *Kurahaupō* canoe. Continuing, Turi and his followers eventually arrived and settled at Aotea Harbour on the west coast of the North Island.
After some time at Aotea Harbour, Turi settled the Pātea region, where he lived with his people along Pātea River. His daughter Tāneroroa married Ruanui, the eponymous ancestor of Ngāti Ruanui
| 208 |
Turi (Māori ancestor)
| 0 |
11,011,424 |
# Joseph Napoleon's Regiment (France)
**Joseph Napoleon\'s Regiment** (*Régiment de Joseph Napoléon* **/** *Regimiento de José Napoleón*) was a foreign infantry regiment of the French Imperial Army formed during the mid-years of the Napoleonic Wars. The regiment would see service only on the eastern front, notably at the Battle of Borodino, Battle of Lützen, and Battle of Leipzig. Following Napoleon\'s abdication, the regiment was disbanded and its personnel distributed.
## Background
In 1807, the Bourbon monarchs of Spain sent an expeditionary force from the regular Spanish Army to Northern Europe, to serve with the French La Grande Armée. The expeditionary force, the Division of the North, was commanded by Marquis de la Romana and consisted of four regiments of line infantry, five regiments of cavalry, two battalions of light infantry, and supporting artillery. The Spanish expeditionary force participated in the siege of the Swedish fortress of Stralsund in late 1807. The Spanish expeditionary force was then broken up and stationed in different parts of Denmark.
The Spanish expeditionary force was still in Denmark in the summer of 1808, when news of events in Spain arrived. The Bourbons of Spain had been forced to abdicate and Napoleon proclaimed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as King of Spain on 6 June 1808. Napoleon\'s invasion of Portugal and overthrowing of the Spanish monarchs would result in conflict between France and Portugal, Spain, and Great Britain in the Iberian Peninsula until 1814, which became known as the Peninsular War.
The crowning of Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain was considered by many in the Spanish expeditionary force as disgraceful. However, the Spanish expeditionary force was too far from Spain and too close to French forces to do anything about the situation in Spain. However, a British agent contacted the leader of the Spanish expeditionary force, Marquis de la Romana, and offered transportation to Spain by British ships, La Romana accepted. In August 1808 the Spanish expeditionary force seized the Danish port of Nyborg; however, not all the units of the Spanish expeditionary force made a successful embarkation, the *Asturias* and *Guadalaxara* Spanish infantry regiments were overwhelmed, disarmed and captured by French and Danish forces. The *Algarve* Spanish cavalry regiment, the farthest unit from Nyborg, did not attempt to escape and actually revealed the escape plot to the French. In total over 3,500 Spanish troops became prisoners of war.
## Formation
In the autumn of 1808 Napoleon considered the possibility of using Spanish regiments in French service in the Peninsular War and would later become part of King Joseph Bonaparte\'s army. General Jean Kindelan, second in command of the former Spanish expeditionary force, had not participated in the escape plot and took an oath of allegiance to King Joseph Bonaparte. Kindelan supported the idea that within the 3,500 Spanish prisoners, there would be a sufficient number who would accept the new ruler of Spain and provide a nucleus for a new military unit for service in the Peninsular War.
On 13 February 1809 a decree specified the formation of Joseph Napoleon\'s Regiment. The regiment was formed as a line infantry regiment along French regulations and organization (although allowed to conduct drills and manoeuvres in Spanish). The regiment consisted of four combat battalions and one depot battalion; each battalion had four fusilier (regular infantry) companies, one grenadier (heavy infantry) company, and one voltigeur (skirmisher) company. Formation of the new regiment was slow, since it was formed entirely from Spanish prisoners of war and distinctions had to be made between those who genuinely wanted to serve and those who would desert and fight against the French.
### Commanders
General Jean Kindelan commanded Joseph Napoleon\'s Regiment from 13 February 1809 until 19 January 1812. Colonel Jean Baptiste Marie Joseph de Tschudy commanded from 19 January 1812 until 25 November 1813, when the unit was ordered to be disbanded.
## Combat history {#combat_history}
By the spring of 1810 the regiment was fully organized, King Joseph Bonaparte asked that Joseph Napoleon\'s Regiment be sent to Spain to serve with his army. However, due to the situation in Spain the loyalty of the unit could not be guaranteed if it was sent to Spain. Instead Joseph Napoleon\'s Regiment was broken up and the four combat battalions were sent to Italy, the Netherlands, Germany, and France.
In 1812 during the French invasion of Russia, Joseph Napoleon\'s Regiment was deployed for combat. The 2nd and 3rd battalions formed part of Marshal Davout\'s I Corps while the 1st and 4th battalions formed part of Prince Eugene\'s IV Corps. In the 1812 campaign Joseph Napoleon\'s Regiment fought at Shevardino, forming squares and protected a French infantry regiment that had been attacked and disorganized by Russian cavalry from further cavalry attacks. At the Battle of Borodino all four battalions of Joseph Napoleon\'s Regiment were present, the 3rd and 4th battalions participated in fighting for the great redoubt that dominated the battlefield at Borondino. Joseph Napoleon\'s Regiment fought during the French retreat from Russia at Battle of Krasnoi and Battle of Berezina. During this retreat, about 300 soldiers defected from the French in Vilnius and joined the Russian army, where they formed the Imperial Alexander Regiment; they were later transported to Spain to fight the French occupants. In the 1813 campaign in Germany Joseph Napoleon\'s Regiment fought at Battle of Lützen, Battle of Bautzen, Battle of Leipzig, and Battle of Hanau.
| 893 |
Joseph Napoleon's Regiment (France)
| 0 |
11,011,424 |
# Joseph Napoleon's Regiment (France)
## Disbandment
By mid-1813 Joseph Napoleon\'s Regiment had been reduced to one combat battalion and the depot battalion. On 25 November 1813 a decree ordered the disbandment of Joseph Napoleon\'s Regiment, on 24 December the troops of Joseph Napoleon\'s Regiment surrendered their weapons and were converted into a pioneer regiment. The pioneer regiment was disbanded on 17 April 1814.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
Spanish author Arturo Pérez-Reverte wrote a short novel *La sombra del águila* about the participation of this regiment in the Battle of Borodino
| 92 |
Joseph Napoleon's Regiment (France)
| 1 |
11,011,498 |
# Frank Wagner (politician)
**Frank W. Wagner** (born July 18, 1955) is an American politician. A Republican, he served in the Virginia House of Delegates 1992--2001, and was elected to the Senate of Virginia in a special election on December 19, 2000. He represented the 7th district in Virginia Beach and Norfolk from 2001 until 2019. He was a member of the Commerce and Labor, General Laws and Technology, Rehabilitation and Social Services, and Transportation committees.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Wagner was born at a United States Air Force base in England. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1977, with a B.S. degree in Ocean Engineering. He served in the United States Navy as a diving and salvage officer and an engineering duty officer, then went into the boat building and repair business. He was the president and CEO of Davis Boatworks until he sold the company in 2015.
## Political career {#political_career}
In August 2016, Wagner announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for governor in 2017. He ran on the slogan \"One veteran, one businessman, one Virginian, one choice.\"
He lost the primary election on June 13, 2017, placing in third behind Corey Stewart and Ed Gillespie, the latter of whom became the Republican nominee.
In March 2019, Wagner announced he would not seek re-election in the 2019 Virginia Senate election. Two months after announcing his retirement, Wagner resigned his Senate seat to accept Governor Ralph Northam\'s appointment to become Deputy Director of the Virginia Lottery. He was succeeded in the Senate by Republican Jen Kiggans
| 261 |
Frank Wagner (politician)
| 0 |
11,011,505 |
# Old Dogs (group)
**Old Dogs** was an American country music supergroup composed of singers Waylon Jennings, Mel Tillis, Bobby Bare, and Jerry Reed. Signed in 1998 to Atlantic Records, Old Dogs recorded a self-titled studio album for the label that year. The album\'s content was written primarily by author, poet, and songwriter Shel Silverstein. Most of the group\'s songs were based on the realization of aging, after Bare told Silverstein that there were \"no good songs about growing old.\" The album was recorded live in studio, so audience applause can be heard between the tracks. The two discs come in different cases, and has different album art for them. The album was also issued as a single disc. \"Still Gonna Die\" was released as a single from the project. The album was one of the last projects Silverstein completed in his lifetime; he died in May 1999, five months after the album was released.
## *Old Dogs* (1998) {#old_dogs_1998}
### Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written by Shel Silverstein; \"She\'d Rather Be Homeless\", co-written by Anne Dailey.
#### Disc 1 {#disc_1}
1. \"Old Dogs\" -- 2:21
2. \"Come Back When You\'re Younger\" -- 3:35
3. \"I Don\'t Do It No More\" -- 3:41
4. \"She\'d Rather Be Homeless\" -- 3:59
5. \"Cut the Mustard\" -- 3:25
6. \"Young Man\'s Job\" -- 3:08
7. \"When I Was\" -- 2:07
8. \"Couch Potato\" -- 3:44
9. \"Hard When It Ain\'t\" -- 2:41
10. \"Jittabug\" -- 2:58
11. \"Me and Jimmie Rodgers\" -- 4:56
#### Disc 2 {#disc_2}
1. \"Elvis Has Left the Building\" -- 2:55
2. \"Wait Until Tomorrow\" -- 3:16
3. \"I Never Expected\" -- 3:23
4. \"Ever Lovin\' Machine\" -- 3:12
5. \"Slap My Face\" -- 2:30
6. \"Old Man Blues\" -- 3:45
7. \"Rough on the Livin\'\" -- 2:53
8. \"Alimony\" -- 3:33
9. \"Still Gonna Die\" -- 3:45
10. \"Time\" -- 3:34
### Single-disc version {#single_disc_version}
1. \"Old Dogs\"
2. \"I Don\'t Do It No More\"
3. \"She\'d Rather Be Homeless\"
4. \"Cut the Mustard\"
5. \"Young Man\'s Job\"
6. \"Me and Jimmie Rodgers\"
7. \"Elvis Has Left the Building\"
8. \"Rough on the Livin\'\"
9. \"Still Gonna Die\"
10. \"I Never Expected\"
11. \"Time\"
### Credits
- Waylon Jennings -- Vocals
- Mel Tillis -- Vocals
- Bobby Bare -- Vocals
- Jerry Reed -- Vocals, Guitar
- Pete Wade -- Electric guitar
- Thom Bresh -- Guitar
- Mike Leech -- Bass
- Fred Newell -- Guitar, Steel guitar
- Bobby Emmons -- Electronic keyboard
- Jamey Whiting -- Keyboard
- Hargus \"Pig\" Robbins -- Piano
- Jay Vern -- Organ
- Eddy Anderson -- Drums
- Michael Clarke -- Drums
- Jonathan Yudkin -- Fiddle
- Ron De La Vega -- Cello
- David L. Schnaufer -- Jew\'s Harp
- Gary Kubal -- Percussion
- Robert Lovett -- Bass, Dobro
- Jessi Colter -- Backing vocals
- Shel Silverstein -- Backing vocals
- Bobby Bare Jr. -- Backing vocals
### Chart performance {#chart_performance}
+-------------------------------------+----------+
| Chart (1998) | Peak\ |
| | Position |
+=====================================+==========+
| U.S
| 513 |
Old Dogs (group)
| 0 |
11,011,526 |
# The Two Tigers
***The Two Tigers**\'\' (original title:***Le due tigri**\'\') is the fourth adventure novel in the Sandokan series written by Italian author Emilio Salgari, published in 1904.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
India, 1857. Just when Tremal-Naik\'s life was getting back to normal, the Thugs of the Kali cult return to exact their revenge by kidnapping his daughter Darma. Summoned by Kammamuri, Sandokan and Yanez De Gomera immediately set sail for India to help their loyal friend. But the evil sect knows of their arrival and thwarts them at every turn. Have our heroes finally met their match? It\'s the Tiger of Malaysia versus the Tiger of India in a fight to the death!
## Film versions {#film_versions}
In 1941 Italian director Giorgio Simonelli adapted the book into the film titled *Le Due Tigri (The Two Tigers)*, starring Luigi Pavese as Sandokan, Massimo Girotti as Tremal-Naik, and Sandro Ruffini as Yanez.
## Trivia
- The action takes place against the backdrop of the Great Mutiny, the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
- Many of the events described in the novel actually occurred.
| 182 |
The Two Tigers
| 0 |
11,011,536 |
# John of Kelso
**John** (died 1207) was a late 12th century and early 13th century Tironensian monk and bishop. By the time he first appears in the records, as Bishop-elect of Aberdeen in December 1199, he was the prior of Kelso Abbey, that is, deputy to the Abbot of Kelso. He achieved consecration as Bishop of Aberdeen by 20 June 1200, though the date on which this took place is unknown.
John\'s episcopate, like many from this era, is badly documented, and little is known about his activities. He assisted at the Provincial Council held by the Papal legate, John of Salerno, at Perth in December 1200. His name occurs as a witness to three charters of David of Huntingdon, Lord of Garioch and Earl of Huntingdon, charters preserved in the cartulary of Lindores Abbey. Ratifications of grants made by Gille Críst, Earl of Mar are recorded. He died on 13 October 1207
| 154 |
John of Kelso
| 0 |
11,011,542 |
# Tish Ciravolo
**Tish Ciravolo** is a Los-Angeles--based bass guitar player and guitar designer, and the president and founder of Daisy Rock Guitars.
## Early years {#early_years}
Ciravolo grew up in Merced, California, where her best friend Barbara taught her to play guitar while they were in high school. Ciravolo---whose first exposure to a female playing rock bass guitar was Suzi Quatro as Leather Tuscadero on *Happy Days*---was a quick learner and by age 16 was on tour with a band called Plateau.
When Plateau played in Kansas City, she decided to stay there and enrolled in Penn Valley Community College as a journalism and business major. After receiving her degree, she moved to Los Angeles, where she balanced a series of day jobs (including waitress at Duke\'s Coffee Shop and assistant to Jay Leno and his former manager, the late Helen Kushnick) with amateur night performances at The Improv and Comedy Store.
Intent on being a rock star during the middle 1980s, she gravitated towards what became her primary instrument, the bass guitar. Like her influences Simon Gallup and Tim Butler, she played with a pick. \"They kicked me out of the Dick Grove Music School after five minutes,\" she recalled, \"because I didn\'t want to play with my fingers.\"
## Bands
Ciravolo played in several bands, including Rag Dolls, The Velvets (a female Psychedelic Furs-type outfit), They Eat Their Own (new wave pop) and, eventually, her own group, Shiksa and the Sluts. Then she entered her \"big hair metal phase\", as the bass guitar player for Lypstik from 1988 to 1992. \"We had a billboard on the side of the Roxy and everything,\" she said. \"We did the windmill head shaking routine when we played, which was big at the time. We were also house band at the Whisky for a time, and played in the Battle of the Bitches at FM Station.\" Finding other creative outlets, Ciravolo also made two independent films (*The Wake* and *Birds & The Bees*) and wrote a sitcom with her partner`{{ambiguous|date=March 2022}}`{=mediawiki} Karen Peterson.
In her early 30s, Ciravolo stopped performing for a while to have a family.
\"Through all those years of playing music, of great success and crushing disappointment, I always had so much fun,\" Ciravolo said. \"It\'s physical, it\'s artistic, and it\'s who I am at heart. These days, I\'m in this punk band called sASSafrASS, and we do covers like \"Cherry Bomb\" by The Runaways plus original material. I\'m kind of over the whole \'getting the record deal thing\', and it\'s more fun than I ever had before. If I got a record deal now, it would probably interfere with everything I\'m doing with Daisy Rock\".
## Daisy Rock {#daisy_rock}
In 2001 Ciravolo started Daisy Rock Guitars. The name came after she watched her daughter draw a daisy, which looked like a guitar to Ciravolo. Daisy Rock increased in size, with 2006 sales reaching \$2.4 million and Daisy Rock guitars and bass guitars available in more than 25 countries worldwide. The catalog includes acoustic and acoustic-electric guitars, electric guitars and electric bass guitars in a vibrant selection of colors. The company offers a range of models from popular lines such as the Butterfly, Daisy, Heartbreaker, Star, Pixie, Wildwood, Stardust Elite, Stardust Retro-H, Tom Boy and Rock Candy series. In 2007, it launched the Stardust Retro-H De-Luxe Series, the Rebel Rockit Series and the new Rock Candy Custom Special Bass, and released the very special Rock Candy Pink Label guitar that was hand crafted in the US by John Carruthers.
## Publications
- *Girl\'s guitar method 1: Everything a girl needs to know about playing guitar!* Book and CD (Van Nuys, California: Alfred Music Publishing, 2002; `{{ISBN|978-0-7390-2906-0}}`{=mediawiki})
- *Girl\'s guitar method 2: Everything a girl needs to know about playing guitar!* Book and CD by Ciravolo with Daisy Rock Guitars (Van Nuys, California: Alfred Music Publishing, 2003; `{{ISBN|978-0-7390-3175-9}}`{=mediawiki})
- *Girl\'s bass method : everything a girl needs to know about playing bass!* Book and CD (Van Nuys, California: Alfred Music Publishing, 2005; `{{ISBN|978-0-7390-3675-4}}`{=mediawiki})
- *Girl\'s guitar method complete: everything a girl needs to know about playing guitar!* Book and CD (Van Nuys, California: Alfred Music Publishing, 2006; `{{ISBN|978-0-7390-4556-5}}`{=mediawiki}/Book only (2007),`{{ISBN|978-0-7390-4168-0}}`{=mediawiki})
- *Girl\'s guitar method complete: everything a girl needs to know about playing guitar!* DVD by Janet Robin with Ciravolo
| 721 |
Tish Ciravolo
| 0 |
11,011,582 |
# Davington
**Davington** is a suburb of Faversham, in the Swale district, in the county of Kent, England.
Davington Priory is a local government ward within the Faversham Town Council and Swale Borough Council areas. Until the civic boundary changes were brought into effect in 2004, the electoral ward had broadly mirrored the ecclesiastical parish of Davington.
## Geography
It forms the western section of the town, including Bysing Wood and Bysing Wood fishing lakes. But the ward of Davington also encompasses Luddenham and Oare and other nearby rural areas. The parish\'s most striking geographical feature is the sharply defined ridge, up which Davington Hill, Brent Hill and Dark Hill travel, with the parish church sitting at its top. The ridge runs south-west to north-east, losing height as it approaches the marshes and sea. Its topography is similar to the ridge upon which Bysing Wood stands further to the west of the area, near Oare.
The ecclesiastical parish has large areas of post-war housing developments, as well as industrial estates and complexes along the Oare Road and the Western Link Road. These include Brett\'s (quarry firm), GIST (business logistics company) and Shepherd Neame Brewery also has a warehouse, as well as in the town centre of Faversham.
## History
Davington was an ancient parish. The parish was fairly rural and essentially was a cluster of houses around the parish church and school, as well as a few widely distributed farm houses and cottages around. It became a civil parish in 1866, but the civil parish was abolished on 1 April 1935. Most of the parish became part of Faversham, but smaller areas were added to the civil parishes of Luddenham and Oare. In 1931 the parish had a population of 173.
Post-war residential development connected the parish to the centre of Faversham.
## Notable buildings {#notable_buildings}
Davington church is a prominent and much-loved local feature, which stands on top of a ridge above Stonebridge Pond. The Norman Priory Church is dedicated to St Mary Magdalene and St Lawrence and is the oldest existing building in the Faversham area. Most of its building construction dates from the second half of the twelfth century. Beside it, is a Priory house. This is largely the remains of Davington Priory, which was founded in 1153 for a prioress and her 26 Benedictine nuns. It is well known for being the home of Bob Geldof.
Other important buildings in the parish include Davington Farmhouse and Davington Manor.
## Amenities
Davington also had its own light railway, the Davington Light Railway. Built in 1916, the three mile track was mainly used for passenger traffic. It was also very short-lived and closed in 1919. It linked Davington with the high explosives factories of the Cotton Powder Company and Explosives Loading Company between Uplees and Harty Ferry near Oare.
The parish also has two pubs, Albion Tavern (Shepherd Neame) and Brents Tavern. It also has the popular Davington Primary School.
Also included within the parish is the Faversham Angling Club Lakes and nearby Oare Gunpowder Works (now a country park)
| 512 |
Davington
| 0 |
11,011,586 |
# Geoffrey Foster (West Indian cricketer)
**Geoffrey Michael Foster** (born 5 April 1935) is a former West Indian cricketer. He played six first-class games for Barbados, including one appearance against Trinidad in the 1961--62 Pentangular Tournament. His best innings figures of 4/31 came on debut, against Jamaica at Kingston in 1958--59
| 51 |
Geoffrey Foster (West Indian cricketer)
| 0 |
11,011,618 |
# We Are All Made of Stars
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 94, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{single chart|Australia|23|artist=Moby|song=We Are All Made of Stars|access-date=February 25, 2018|rowheader=true}}
^
``
| 29 |
We Are All Made of Stars
| 0 |
11,011,651 |
# Popo (album)
***Popo*** is a West Coast jazz album with a previously unreleased 1951 recording session by trumpeter Shorty Rogers and his quintet. It was first released on LP in 1980 by Don Schlitten on his Xanadu label. Due to his prominence, the album cover gives credit to alto saxophonist Art Pepper as co-leader alongside Rogers who actually led the studio session on December 27 that also featured pianist Frank Patchen, Howard Rumsey on bass, and Shelly Manne on drums. At the time the musicians also played together at the Lighthouse club in Hermosa Beach as Howard Rumsey\'s Lighthouse All-Stars. Shortly after Art Pepper would lead his first quartet (with Hampton Hawes).
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Popo\" (Shorty Rogers) -- 4:19
2. \"What\'s New?\" (Bob Haggart, Johnny Burke) -- 2:17
3. \"Lullaby in Rhythm\" (Clarence Profit, Edgar Sampson, Benny Goodman) - 5:22
4. \"All the Things You Are\" (Jerome Kern, Oscar Hammerstein II) - 2:58
5. \"Robbins Nest\" (Illinois Jacquet) - 4:49
6. \"Scrapple from the Apple\" (Charlie Parker) - 6:19
7. \"Body and Soul\" (Johnny Green, Edward Heyman, Robert Sour) - 3:20
8. \"Jive at Five\" (Harry Edison) - 5:27
9. \"Tin Tin Deo\" (Gil Fuller, Chano Pozo) - 4:06
10
| 204 |
Popo (album)
| 0 |
11,011,683 |
# Elsie Vaalbooi
**Elsie Vaalbooi** (born c. 1901, died 7 October 2002) of Rietfontein in the Northern Cape was a South African woman who was a member of the ǂKhomani (Nǁnǂe) San or Bushmen and one of the last speakers of the Nǁng language (better known by the name of the primary dialect, Nǀuu). In the 1990s there was concern amongst the ǂKhomani leadership about loss of the Nǁng language: many of those of the community who could speak a KhoeSan language actually spoke Nama. Linguist Anthony Traill interviewed Vaalbooi in 1997, when she was in her late nineties. The South African San Institute became involved in the pursuit of information on the language and, with the help of Vaalbooi, they were able to trace a further ten people who could speak the language.
Elsie Vaalbooi\'s work on the preservation of the Nǀuu language has been carried forward through a Nǀuu language school, initiated by Katrina Esau (AKA \"Ouma Geelmeid\"), in Upington.
## Northern Cape Motto {#northern_cape_motto}
In 1997 Elsie Vaalbooi assisted linguists and provincial officials in providing a motto for the Northern Cape Province, Sa \|\|a !aĩsi \'uĩsi ("We go to a better life"), which is in the Nǀu dialect of the Nǁnǂe (ǂKhomani) people
| 206 |
Elsie Vaalbooi
| 0 |
11,011,696 |
# Bedmonton
**Bedmonton** or **Bedmanton** is a hamlet situated about five miles (8 km) on a minor road between the *B2163* road and Wormshill to the south of Sittingbourne in Kent, England
| 32 |
Bedmonton
| 0 |
11,011,703 |
# Hunton, Kent
**Hunton** is a civil parish and village near the town of Maidstone in Kent, England.
## Toponymy
The village\'s first recorded name was *Huntindone* in the eleventh century. Its name comes from Old English *hunta* \'huntsman\' and *dun* \'hill\' - \'Hill of the Huntsman\'. The parish was frequently referred to in ancient deeds as *Huntington*. The name change to Hunton suggests *tun* meaning \"village\". \"Hunton fell within the Hundred of Twyford. Its 19th century Registration District & Poor Law Union was Maidstone.\"
## History
In the 1870s, Hunton was described like this:
> The village stands near the river Beult, 3 miles E by S of Yalding r. station, and 4½ SW by S of Maidstone; was once a market town; and has a post office under Staplehurst. The parish comprises 2,061 acres.
## The village {#the_village}
Within the parish there are two schools. Hunton Church of England Primary School, which was built in 1963 and located at Bishops Lane, was rated \'Good\' by Ofsted in 2021. The other is Hunton & Linton Pre-School, in the Village Hall. There is also a Language Service based in Hunton, \'Kent Language Services\' which provides tuition for business or tourism.
Businesses include a building company, grocers, a gardening company and a pub; \'The White House\'.
The village has a 'Pop Up' shop, selling produce either grown or made by Hunton residents. The shop consists of a small stall, which is mobile and can change venue, although it tends to be held in the Village Club. The shop opens for a few hours on different dates along with the Pop Up Cafe. There are a few farms in the area that sell fresh produce and monthly markets are held in Yalding and East Farleigh. Milebush Farm Pick Your Own is in the area just west of Hunton which has a fruit and vegetable shop.
There is no longer a post office in Hunton, but there is in the surrounding villages of Yalding, Marden and Coxheath, the village does have three post boxes.
There is a village website from the parish council with links and information about local organisations.
\"Hunton Herald\" is a local monthly publication with news, articles, events and adverts about Hunton.
| 372 |
Hunton, Kent
| 0 |
11,011,703 |
# Hunton, Kent
## Local points of interest {#local_points_of_interest}
There are 71 listed buildings in the Parish of Hunton. Four buildings are grade listed II\*; Stonewall Farmhouse Mounting Block and Garden Wall to East, Buston Manor, Buston Manor Barn and Granary.
St Mary\'s Church is located in the village, and is a Grade I listed building.
In 1871 the Liberal politician Henry Campbell-Bannerman inherited the estate of Hunton Lodge or Court Lodge (now Hunton Court) from his wife\'s uncle, Henry Bannerman, but did not take possession until 1894 on the death of an aunt who was using the mansion. In the meantime, Campbell-Bannerman and his wife used other homes as a country residence, including the nearby house at Gennings Park, living there until 1887. The Lodge/Court was Grade II Listed on 25 July 1952. The property remained in the Bannerman family until 2008. An April 2008 report in The Times stated that the property included \"mature parkland peppered with fine trees \[and the home\] \... which retains the character of a Edwardian stately home. The service courts are highly picturesque, with the stables and coach house in lovely pink and black chequer brick\". A report in August 2019, with photographs, indicated that major renovations and modernization had been completed since 2008, \"including the restoration and colour-matching of the decorative plasterwork and gilding and the repair and restoration of water-damaged wall murals\".
The Hunton Village Club building dates back to the 1800s, originally believed to be a meeting house and school for young ladies and was once owned by the Hunton Court Estate. Today, the club is run by volunteers to hold events for the village and serves drinks.
Hunton Village Hall was built in 1926 and retains many of its original features. The building is used for events such as weddings and parties today. Around 1986 it was reported to be named a \"working-men\'s\" club.
## Transport
Transport in Hunton consists of a bus route through the village, the 26 and 26A Nu-Venture buses travel to either Maidstone or Goudhurst.
The nearest railway stations are Paddock Wood and Marden.
## Geography
The River Beult runs along the south and west border of Hunton and flows into the River Medway at Yalding.
The physical environment of Hunton is mainly green space and is very rural. There are many farms across the Parish, including Milebush, Bramling Oast Amsbury, Hammonds Cheveney, Willamette Oast Amsbury, Barn Hill and North Park. Many of these farms have Oast Houses, which are common in Kent.
## Housing
The total number of houses has increased over time; in 1831 there were 137 recorded, 202 in 1961 and 256 in 2011. Out of 702 residents, 690 were living in households and 12 in communal establishments reported by the 2011 census.
The houses in Benstead Close were originally Council owned but are now private. The type of properties in the area are mainly large detached historical homes and cottages. Next to Hunton CEP School there are almshouses owned by the church.
## Demography
### Population
The earliest record of Hunton\'s population was 582, in 1801. The highest population recorded there was 934 in 1891. The population at the 2011 Census was 702, with 342 males and 360 females in the parish. The population time series of Hunton shows this fluctuation over 200 years.
### Ethnicity
The 2011 Census reported that out of the total 702 residents, 654 were White; English//Welsh/Scottish/Northern Irish/British, 21 were White; Other White, 11 White; Gypsy/Irish Traveller, 6 White; Irish, 5 Mixed/Multiple Ethnic Groups; White and Black African and 5 Other. For eight other ethnic groups, no residents were recorded.
### Occupational structure {#occupational_structure}
According to 1881 census data, the majority of occupations within the parish were agricultural. The different occupations can be seen in the graph below for both females and males. Many female roles were classed as \'unspecified\'.
The 2011 census data shows occupations are much more diverse and similar in numbers today. Female and male occupations are more alike. Females living in Hunton are mainly in professional or secretarial occupations. The majority of males work in managerial, skilled trades and professional occupations
| 688 |
Hunton, Kent
| 1 |
11,011,706 |
# Mike Dement
**David Michael Dement** (born April 10, 1954) is an American college basketball coach who was most recently the head men\'s basketball coach at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. He is married to former Southern Methodist University women\'s basketball head coach Rhonda Rompola.
From Louisburg, North Carolina, he was the head coach for UNCG from 1991 to 1995, leading them from a team with no conference affiliation to the top of the Big South Conference regular season standings in just four seasons. In his last two seasons at UNCG, Dement\'s teams went 38--18, including a school-record 23 wins in 1994--95 winning the Big South regular season title.
In 2007--08, Dement won his 300th career game when the Spartans topped The Citadel in Charleston. He enters his 23rd year as a head coach with a mark of 312--313.
On December 13, 2011, Dement stepped down as head coach of the Spartans.
## Head coaching record {#head_coaching_record}
‡ Dement resigned on February 27. Robert Lineburg coached rest of season. `{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead
| name = [[UNC Greensboro Spartans men's basketball|UNC Greensboro Spartans]]
| conference = [[Southern Conference]]
| startyear = 2005
| endyear = 2011
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| season = [[2005–06 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2005–06]]
| name = UNC Greensboro
| overall = 12–19
| conference = 4–10
| confstanding = 5th <small>(North)</small>
| postseason =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| season = [[2006–07 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2006–07]]
| name = UNC Greensboro
| overall = 16–14
| conference = 12–6
| confstanding = 2nd <small>(North)</small>
| postseason =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| season = [[2007–08 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2007–08]]
| name = UNC Greensboro
| overall = 19–12
| conference = 12–8
| confstanding = 3rd <small>(North)</small>
| postseason =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| season = [[2008–09 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2008–09]]
| name = UNC Greensboro
| overall = 5–25
| conference = 4–16
| confstanding = 6th <small>(North)</small>
| postseason =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| season = [[2009–10 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2009–10]]
| name = UNC Greensboro
| overall = 8–23
| conference = 6–12
| confstanding = 5th <small>(North)</small>
| postseason =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| season = [[2010–11 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2010–11]]
| name = UNC Greensboro
| overall = 7–24
| conference = 6–12
| confstanding = 5th <small>(North)</small>
| postseason =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| season = [[2011–12 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2011–12]]
| name = [[2011–12 UNC Greensboro Spartans men's basketball team|UNC Greensboro]]
| overall = 2–8<sup>‡</sup>
| conference = 0–3
| confstanding = 6th <small>(North)</small>
| postseason =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = UNC Greensboro
| overall = 69–125
| confrecord = 44–67
}}`{=mediawiki}‡ Dement resigned on December 13. Wes Miller coached rest of season
| 507 |
Mike Dement
| 0 |
11,011,716 |
# Terryl Givens
**Terryl Lynn Givens** is a senior research fellow at the Neal A. Maxwell Institute of Religious Scholarship at Brigham Young University (BYU). Until 2019, he was a professor of literature and religion at the University of Richmond, where he held the James A. Bostwick Chair in English.
Givens is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). As a young man, he served a mission in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and later graduated from BYU with a degree in comparative literature. He did graduate work in intellectual history at Cornell and earned a PhD in comparative literature from the University of North Carolina, working with Greek, German, Spanish, Portuguese and English languages and literature. A longtime collaborator with his wife, Fiona Givens, he is the co-author of *The God Who Weeps: How Mormonism Makes Sense of Life* and *Crucible of Doubt: Reflections on the Quest for Faith*.
*The New York Times* referred to his work as \"polemical\" and \"provocative\" while *Harper\'s* praised him for being \"fair-minded and unbiased.\"
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Givens has served in the LDS Church as a bishop in a local congregation.
## Publications
### Books
- *Dragon Scales and Willow Leaves.* Putnam Juvenile, 1997. `{{ISBN|978-0399226199}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The Viper on the Hearth: Mormons, Myths, and the Construction of Heresy.* Oxford University Press, 1997. `{{ISBN|978-0-19-510183-6}}`{=mediawiki}
- *By the Hand of Mormon: The American Scripture that Launched a New World Religion.* Oxford University Press, 2002. `{{ISBN|978-0-19-513818-4}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The Latter-day Saint Experience in America.* Greenwood Press, 2004. `{{ISBN|978-0-313-32750-6}}`{=mediawiki}
- *People of Paradox: A History of Mormon Culture.* Oxford University Press, 2007. `{{ISBN|978-0-19-516711-5}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The Book of Mormon: A Very Short Introduction.* Oxford University Press, 2009. `{{ISBN|978-0-19-536931-1}}`{=mediawiki}
- *When Souls Had Wings: Pre-Mortal Existence in Western Thought*. Oxford University Press, 2010. `{{ISBN|978-0-19-531390-1}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Parley P. Pratt: The Apostle Paul of Mormonism* (with Matthew J. Grow). Oxford University Press, 2011. `{{ISBN|978-0-19-537573-2}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The God Who Weeps: How Mormonism Makes Sense of Life* (with Fiona Givens). Ensign Peak, 2012. `{{ISBN|978-1609071882}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The Crucible of Doubt: Reflections On the Quest for Faith* (with Fiona Givens). Deseret Book, 2014. `{{ISBN|978-1609079420}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Wrestling the Angel: The Foundations of Mormon Thought: Cosmos, God, Humanity.* Oxford University Press, 2014. `{{ISBN|978-0199794928}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The Christ Who Heals: How God Restored the Truth that Saves Us* (with Fiona Givens). Deseret Book, 2017. `{{ISBN|978-1629723358}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The Pearl of Greatest Price* (with Brian M. Hauglid). Oxford University Press, 2019. `{{ISBN|978-0190603861}}`{=mediawiki}
- *All Things New: Rethinking Sin, Salvation, and Everything in Between* (with Fiona Givens). Faith Matters Publishing, 2020. `{{ISBN|978-1953677020}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Mormonism: What Everyone Needs to Know®*. Oxford University Press, 2020. `{{ISBN|978-0190885083}}`{=mediawiki}
### Edited volumes {#edited_volumes}
- *Joseph Smith, Jr.: Reappraisals After Two Centuries* (with Reid L. Neilson) Oxford University Press, 2008. `{{ISBN|978-0195369762}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The Columbia Sourcebook of Mormons in the United States* (with Reid L. Neilson) Columbia University Press, 2014. `{{ISBN|978-0231149426}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The Oxford Handbook of Mormonism* (with Philip L. Barlow) Oxford University Press, 2015. `{{isbn|978-0-1904-6350-2}}`{=mediawiki}
### Articles and papers {#articles_and_papers}
- *Mimesis and the Limits of Semblance*. Ph.D. Diss. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1988
- \"Blind Men and Hieroglyphs: The Collapse of Mimesis.\" *European Romantic Review* 2.1 (1991): 61--80.
- \"Aristotle\'s Critique of Mimesis: The Romantic Prelude.\" *Comparative Literature Studies* 28.2 (1991): 121--136.
- \"Romantic Agonies: Human Suffering and the Ethical Sublime.\" *Romanticism Across the Disciplines* (1998): 231--53. `{{ISBN|978-0761811039}}`{=mediawiki}
- \"\'This Great Modern Abomination\': Orthodoxy and Heresy in American Religion.\" *Mormons and Mormonism: An Introduction to an American World Religion* (2001). `{{ISBN|978-0252026096}}`{=mediawiki}
- \"Joseph Smith: Prophecy, Process, and Plenitude.\" in *BYU Studies* 44.4 (2005): 55--68.
- [\"\'Lightning Out of Heaven\': Joseph Smith and the Forging of Community.\"](http://speeches.byu.edu/?act=viewitem&id=1508) *BYU Speeches* 24 (2005).
- [\"New Religious Movements and the Orthodoxy: The Challenge to the Religious Mainstream.\"](http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1461&index=12) *FARMS Review of Books* 19.1 (2007): 201--221.
- \"\'There Is Room for Both\': Mormon Cinema and the Paradoxes of Mormon Culture.\" *BYU Studies* 46.2 (2007): 188--208.
- \"\'Common Sense\' Meets the Book of Mormon: Source, Substance and Prophetic Disruption.\" *Revisiting Thomas F. O\'Dea\'s The Mormons: Contemporary Perspectives* (2008): 79--98. `{{ISBN|978-0874809206}}`{=mediawiki}
- [\"Joseph Smith\'s American Bible: Radicalizing the Familiar.\"](http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1418&index=3) *Journal of the Book of Mormon and Other Restoration Scripture* 18.2 (2009): 4--17.
- [\"Paradox and Discipleship.\"](http://rsc.byu.edu/archived/volume-11-number-1-2010/paradox-and-discipleship) *Religious Educator* 11.1 (2010): 142--155.
- [\"Fraud, Philandery, and Football: Negotiating the Mormon Image.\"](http://ijmsonline.org/wp-content/uploads/IJMS/2011-4/IJMS%204%202011%20Full.pdf#page=7) *International Journal of Mormon Studies* 4 (2011): 1--13.
- [\"The Prophecy of Enoch as Restoration Blueprint\"](http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/arrington_lecture/19/) Leonard J. Arrington Mormon History Lecture Series, No. 18 : Utah State University Press, 2013
| 743 |
Terryl Givens
| 0 |
11,011,732 |
# Coxheath
**Coxheath** is a village and civil parish within the Borough of Maidstone, Kent, England. The parish is approximately 2.5 mi south of Maidstone. It is mainly centred along Heath Road which links the villages of Yalding and Boughton Monchelsea to the west and east, respectively.
A replica beacon pole and the village coat of arms celebrate the role that the village played as a signal bonfire site for many hundreds of years, although there is little visible evidence today of the area\'s location as a major army camp in the 18th century.
More recently the village was home of a large workhouse that served a large part of mid-Kent during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The workhouse is now gone, although its chapel now serves as the village church.
Today, Coxheath is home to one of the South East Coast Ambulance Service\'s emergency despatch centres for Kent and is twinned with La Séguinière in Maine-et-Loire, France. It was also the birthplace of the World Custard Pie Throwing Championships.
## Toponymy
Early documentation shows the name of Coxheath as Cokkyshoth (1422 & 1489) and Coxhoth (1585). The nearby Cock Inn (founded 1568) may point to its etymology.
## History
### Early history {#early_history}
Although there is little evidence of early settlement, nearby Boughton Monchelsea was the site of a Roman quarry.
In the 16th century, the strategic position of the ridge determined its choice for one of the sites in the network of beacons erected in the year of the Armada of 1588. The first known site of a beacon was on the ridge near what are known today as Amsbury Road and Westerhill Road.
### Military Influence {#military_influence}
Aside from this, until the eighteenth century the heath was a deserted tract of land that was the haunt of highwaymen. It then gained a reputation for the number of Duels fought there. During the 1720s the land started to be used as a venue for cricket matches, becoming known as Coxheath Common cricket ground. This remained the area\'s main use until 1756, when, with the start of the Seven Years\' War, it suddenly became a large military camp, with 12,000 Hanoverian and Hessian troops quartered there.
The county town had mixed views about the camp. The business community was inclined, on the whole, to be forbearing about the disadvantages, but feelings ran high once or twice between Maidstone Corporation and the military authorities about which should exercise the right to punish soldiers who misbehaved themselves in the town\'s confines.
Inspired by the Prussian army of Frederick the Great which carried out manoeuvres whereby units \"fought\" against each other and who became the standard by which other European armies measured themselves, the British decided to hold mock battles themselves. Motivated at the time by fear of invasion from France, a number of training camps were established in southern England to allow raw militia and regular troops to train for what seemed an inevitable clash. One site chosen was Coxheath.
The Westminster Magazine covered the events at one such camp held there during the summers of 1778 and 1779. By all accounts, this camp was on a massive scale involving 17,000 troops as well as civilians, many representing the 700 retailers who had come from London to service the soldiers. On 18 September 1778 a mock battle was held on Barming Heath with the Grenadiers, Light Infantry and Dragoons involved.
The camp was the scene of several big reviews of troops by visiting dignitaries, including one by the King himself, George III, and his Queen Charlotte in 1778. The king made it an occasion to knight the Mayor of Maidstone, William Bishop, before he left, which probably did something to reduce the friction between the camp and the nearby town. The last important cricket match was played in 1789, the year of the French Revolution.
It is believed that the nursery rhyme \"The Grand old Duke of York\", was set in the barracks and the hill involved was one of Linton Hill, Westerhill or Vanity Lane. Soon after the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, most of the troops were discharged. The army encampment was closed in 1815 by an Act of Parliament and then in 1817 the heath was enclosed by local landowners, removing the right of villagers to use it.
Heath Road (now designated as the B2163) which bisects the village, runs in an absolutely straight line for over 2 miles (although the majority of this section of the road resides within neighbouring Boughton Monchelsea and Linton). The very straight course of this road is the direct result of work by the military engineers.
### Coxheath Union {#coxheath_union}
The enactment of the new Poor Law in 1834, led to the creation of the \"Coxheath Poor Law Union\" in 1835, more commonly known simply as the Coxheath Union. This union also involved many of the other local parishes. A reluctant Maidstone was finally coerced into joining in 1836, bringing the number of parishes involved to 15 and leading to the union\'s name being officially changed to the Maidstone Union (although contemporary references appear to show that the Coxheath Union name remained in general use).
The Maidstone Union Workhouse was built in 1836 at a site to the south of Heath Road, replacing a smaller workhouse built near the junction of Heath Road and Stockett Lane in 1771. By the mid-19th century when Kent was producing half of the entire national crop and something like 50000 acre were under cultivation, thousands of Londoners were travelling into Kent in search of work in the hop gardens. Eventually, supply outstripped demand and many arrived in the countryside only to be told they were not required. Hungry and destitute, they threw themselves on the mercy of the union house-keepers. In 1867 the workhouse was home for 600 to 700 people.
| 980 |
Coxheath
| 0 |
11,011,732 |
# Coxheath
## History
### 20th century {#th_century}
The modern civil parish was created in 1964 from areas formerly within the parishes of East Farleigh and Linton (and to a lesser extent areas from Hunton and Loose), the timing coinciding with large scale housing developments in the village.
The old workhouse was incorporated into Linton Hospital, though this, in the mid-1990s, finally closed and was demolished.
## Landmarks
Holy Trinity Church, on Heath Road, is a distinctive landmark of Coxheath.
A replica beacon bearing the village\'s coat of arms celebrates the area\'s role as a signal bonfire site since the time of the Armada stands on the side of the Heath Road opposite the Bird in Hand public house. The original beacon, and its first replica, were blown down and replaced.
| 131 |
Coxheath
| 1 |
11,011,732 |
# Coxheath
## Twinning with La Séguinière {#twinning_with_la_séguinière}
The twinning of La Séguinière and Coxheath was born from a meeting of representatives from the two villages in 1995. It was formalized by La Séguinière in 2003 and by Coxheath in 2004. Its main objective is to promote linguistic and cultural exchanges between the two villages.
Alternating between the two municipalities, a meeting is held each year. The proposed association also aims to foster placements for young people in England and France.
## Governance
The current parish chairman is Mr Gavin Crickett. Coxheath is part of the parliamentary constituency of Weald of Kent, whose Member of Parliament as of 2025 is Katie Lam of the Conservative Party. Prior to Brexit in 2020, it was represented by the South East England constituency for the European Parliament.
## Geography
The village sits on the very southern edge of the greensand ridge that runs through Kent. To the north the land descends gently into the Medway valley. To the south there is a steeper descent down into the Low Weald.
## Demography
**Coxheath compared**
-----------------------
**2001 UK Census**
Population
Foreign born
White
Asian
Black
Christian
Muslim
Hindu
No religion
Unemployed
Retired
At the 2001 UK census, the Coxheath electoral ward had a population of 3,856 in 1,582 households, of whom 3,732 (96.8%) were British by birth. In terms of ethnicity, 98.7% described themselves as white, with 0.5% mixed, 0.2% Asian or Asian British, 0.3% Black or Black British and 0.4% Chinese or other ethnic group. Religion was recorded as 80.6% Christian, 0.2% Muslim, 0.2% Buddhist, 0.1% Hindu. 11.9% were recorded as having no religion, 0.4% had an alternative religion and 6.7% did not state their religion. Of the 3,120 adults (aged 16 and over), the socio-economic breakdown by NRS social grade found 1,631 people fell into the ABC1 category and 1,489 people into the C2DE grouping.
The economic activity of the 2,792 residents aged 16--74 was 43.6% in full-time employment, 14.1% in part-time employment, 8.8% self-employed, 2.0% unemployed, 1.9% students with jobs, 2.9% students without jobs, 17.1% retired, 5.3% looking after home or family, 2.7% permanently sick or disabled and 1.8% economically inactive for other reasons. The industry of employment of residents was 19.3% retail, 12.3% manufacturing, 11.3% real estate, 11.2% health and social work, 10.5% construction, 7.3% transport and communications, 6.6% education, 5.8% finance, 5.2% public administration, 2.9% hotels and restaurants, 1.9% agriculture and 5.7% other.
## Transport
The village is served by bus services provided by Arriva. It does not have a railway station. The nearest station is East Farleigh on the Medway Valley Line. The closest mainline services are via Maidstone East to the north (serving London and Ashford/Canterbury/Ramsgate ) or Staplehurst and Marden to the south on the Southeastern Main Line.
## Education
In 2023 Coxheath Primary School had 432 pupils aged between 4 and 11. Secondary education is provided by schools elsewhere in the Maidstone area.
## World Custard Pie Throwing Championship {#world_custard_pie_throwing_championship}
Coxheath was the original home of the World Custard Pie Throwing Championship, with the inaugural event held in the village on 24 June 1967. Councillor Mike Fitzgerald, who founded the championships (and latterly served as Mayor of Maidstone in 2006/7), originally organised the event to raise money to build a village hall and was inspired by the Charlie Chaplin comedy film *Behind the Screen*. More than 80 teams threw custard pies at each other during its heyday dressed in Victorian Era style costumes or the latest fashion style at that time. In its early days it was only open to men as it was thought unacceptable for women to join in. Before long worldwide teams came from Japan, Canada, Finland and Germany. The winners of the Custard Pie Trophy were usually women. This tradition came to an end in 1982 at Coxheath when Councillor Fitzgerald moved to Ditton taking the championships with him, and it ended in 1988 after the trophy was lost.
The competition was revived on 6 June 2007, and it has been held annually in Coxheath since then. In 2020 it was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Notable teams include The team Pie Face who won in 2018, 2023 and runners up in 2024
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Hugh Kennard (1918--95), Battle of Britain pilot and owner of a number of airlines postwar, was born in Coxheath
| 726 |
Coxheath
| 2 |
11,011,733 |
# Downswood
**Downswood** is a civil parish in the Borough of Maidstone in Kent, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 2,291. It is bounded to the north by the River Len and Bearsted, and to the south by Otham, and is 2 mi from Maidstone, the county town of Kent. Downswood has been a parish in its own right since 1987. Prior to this it was part of the civil parish of Otham.
The village is to the east of the Maidstone urban area, with Mote Park forming the western boundary.
A corn mill was recorded in the Domesday Book on the River Len. A fulling mill was also established on the river but this was not until around 1550. To the south of Downswood lies St Nicolas\'s Church which has its origins in the 12th century and to the east stands The Orchard Spot, a local public house, that was originally established in the 14th century as a farm house for local orchards.
Between 1940 and 1970 the area was quarried for ragstone which is still evident from outcrops that appear in Spot Lane Nature Reserve and The Len Valley Walk. The easternmost ragstone quarry exhibits a series of cambered blocks, tilted down slope and intervening loess filled gulls. The site in Downswood provides the best cross section through a series of cambers and gulls that are currently visible in Britain and is a site of special scientific interest
| 246 |
Downswood
| 0 |
11,011,737 |
# East Farleigh
**East Farleigh** is a village and civil parish in the local government district of Maidstone, Kent, England. The village is located on the south side of the River Medway about two miles (3.2 km) upstream from the town of Maidstone.
## Heritage
The Grade I listed East Farleigh Bridge crossing the river here was built in the 14th century and is considered one of the oldest in Kent. It is too narrow to suit modern traffic conditions. It provided the crossing point for the Parliamentary forces in the Battle of Maidstone during the Civil War.
The population of the village expanded from 642 people in 1801 to 1,668 in 1881. The population growth occurred in parallel with an increase in hop production, which the tithe map of 1841 show covering a quarter of all land in the parish, 40 years before peak production was reached. Hops are no longer grown in the parish. The last oast house in the village ceased working in 1977.
East Farleigh appears in the Domesday Book as *Ferlaga* from the Saxon words referring to a passage (over the river in this case). The nearby village of West Farleigh has the same roots. The 12th-century church is dedicated to St Mary and is a listed building. East Farleigh House was the home of the noted artist Donald Maxwell from 1930 to 1936, and he is buried in the churchyard.
## Amenities
There are four public houses in the parish: *The Bull* in the centre of the village; and *The Horseshoes*, *The Victoria* and the *Walnut Tree*.
East Farleigh railway station (across the River Medway in the parish of Barming) is on the Medway Valley Line.
## Notable residents {#notable_residents}
- Reynold Pympe, 15th century MP
- Two sons of William Wilberforce, both of whom were vicars of East Farleigh, are buried in St Mary\'s churchyard. William Wilberforce himself stayed at The Old Rectory shortly before he died.
<File:East> Farleigh Church.jpg\|East Farleigh Church <File:East> Farleigh Church and Bridge.jpg\|East Farleigh Church and Bridge <File:The> Victoria - geograph.org.uk - 48867.jpg\|The Victoria <File:Heath> Road, East Farleigh, Kent - geograph.org.uk - 187936.jpg\|Heath Road <File:East> Farleigh Bridge C14
| 359 |
East Farleigh
| 0 |
11,011,738 |
# Fairbourne Heath, Kent
**Fairbourne Heath** is a scattered settlement in the civil parish of Harrietsham, Kent, England. It is located on a crossroads of two minor roads. *Fairbourne Manor Farm* lies to the north
| 35 |
Fairbourne Heath, Kent
| 0 |
11,011,756 |
# Park Wood, Maidstone
**Park Wood** is a suburb of Maidstone, Kent.
## History
Before the Second World War most of the area around the village of Park Wood was mainly woodland and fields which made up Park Wood farm and nearby Brishing Court Farm among others, on the south east extremity of Maidstone in Kent, England. Park Wood village was redeveloped originally around a large playing field where Heather House now stands.
In 2006, part of the area was redeveloped into Wallis Fields, and new housing and shops have been built in the area since then following the demolition of the old Park Wood Parade.
The population of the ward of Park Wood in Maidstone is rapidly growing, and now includes two new housing developments. One is known as Langley Park off the A274 Sutton Road at Park Wood\'s eastern border. The other is the Redrow Homes development also along this road. The ward of Park Wood extends from Langley Park along the A274 westward towards Maidstone town centre as far as the Kent Police Headquarters.
According to some local residents, Parkwood is also referred to as \"West Leeds\" to increase property values.
In 2012, Rosemary Gardens won a Kent Design Award in the Major Residential category.
## Amenities
There is also a large industrial estate off and along Bircholt Road with a varied selection of businesses. The Parkwood Trading Estate was established about mid 1950s and is still growing. It contains a variety of both large and small businesses. Including a branch of Travis Perkins.
There is also a much smaller industrial estate known as Haslemere Industrial Estate, also off the A274 Sutton Road.
The population of the Park Wood Ward of Maidstone Borough Council in 2016 is 6,603
| 291 |
Park Wood, Maidstone
| 0 |
11,011,757 |
# Shepway, Maidstone
**Shepway** is a suburb to the south-east of Maidstone in Kent, England. It lies to the south of Mote Park, to the east of Loose Road (A229) and Sutton Road (A274), and west of Willington Street. The area was formerly farmland and orchards. The suburb takes its name from Shepway Court, a country house which stood where the road of that name is today.
## History
Construction of the suburb started in the 1930s with the building of South Park Road, the western ends of Plains Avenue, Marion Crescent and Cranborne Avenue (originally named Shepway Avenue) and parts of Brockenhurst, Ringwood and Lyndhurst Roads. The majority of the suburb was constructed as a council estate by Maidstone Borough Council in stages after World War II. Phases of infill construction continued up to the present. The original grid of roads laid out for the council estate after World War II bear names of traditional English counties (for example Northumberland Road, Cambridge Crescent, Hampshire Drive, Rutland Way and Nottingham Avenue). The estate was originally planned with large areas of open land for recreation, although later building has encroached on some of this space.
## Transport
Bus 85 runs between Shepway and central Maidstone.
## Notable residents {#notable_residents}
During the 1950s and 1960s the lead partner at the estate\'s medical centre was Dr Alan Barnsley, better known as the award-winning novelist and poet Gabriel Fielding
| 235 |
Shepway, Maidstone
| 0 |
11,011,758 |
# Stockbury
**Stockbury** is a village and civil parish in the Maidstone district of Kent, England. The population of the civil parish at the Census 2011 was 691.
In 1800, Edward Hasted noted, it was called in the Domesday survey, *Stochingeberge*, in later records, *Stockesburie*, and then Stockbury. Most of the parish was within the hundred of Eyhorne and a division of West Kent.
Most of the parish is on a valley (between Key Street, Sittingbourne and Detling Hill, Maidstone).
On St. Mary Magdalen\'s day, 22 July, there used to be a pedlars fair near the Three Squirrels public house.
The parish church, dedicated to St Mary Magdalene, is a Grade I listed building and the adjacent ringwork is a scheduled monument. Listed in the Domesday Book
| 127 |
Stockbury
| 0 |
11,011,774 |
# Free Kick Masters
The **Free Kick Masters** is a skills-based international football competition featuring some of the world\'s top rated free kick takers competing against some of the world\'s top rated goalkeepers in a direct free kick shootout to declare the world\'s \"Free Kick Master\" and \"Golden Goalkeeper\".`{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070503113810/http://www.freekickmastersusa.com/aboutUs.asp]}}`{=mediawiki} The competition has no affiliation with or ties to FIFA but is unique in the world of football as it is one of the only events that features star players involved in a direct competition against one and another.
## History of the event {#history_of_the_event}
The first Free Kick Master was first held in Marbella, Spain over a two-day period in December 2004. Developed by a team of individuals involved in international football, the event challenged the skills of participants by testing their accuracy and ability to make successful free kicks from distances of 18 meters, 21 meters, and 25 meters. Participants were allowed to choose their approach: from the left, right, or center, and were awarded points based on the number of attempts required to score a goal. Points were awarded for successful goals with a maximum of three attempts from each distance. The current champion is Rafael Márquez of FC Barcelona. t:[1](https://web.archive.org/web/20070928091648/http://www.freekickmasters.com/rules.php)
From 18 meters, 5 points were awarded for a score on the first attempt, 3 for a score on the second, and 2 on the third try.
From 21 meters, 7 points were awarded for a score on the first attempt, 4 for a score on the second, and 3 on the third try.
From 25 meters, 10 points were awarded for a score on the first attempt, 7 for a score on the second, and 5 if a player managed to score by the third try.
Goalpost hits were also awarded one point each.
At the end of the competition, SC Heerenveen player Ugur Yıldırım emerged as a surprise standout with near perfection, having amassed 25 points en route to claiming the title. Shanghai specialist Shen Si was near perfection himself, amassing an impressive 20 points. Benjamín rounded out the top three competitors with 12 points.
==2004 Event Results \[<https://web.archive.org/web/20070928144004/http://www.dutchfootball.net/online/index_fullnews.php?id=1104&category=1%5D==> 1st: Ugur Yıldırım (Heerenveen) -- 25 points\
2nd: Shen Si (Shanghai Zhongyuan) -- 20 points\
3rd: Benjamín (Real Betis) -- 12 points\
4th: Nastja Čeh (Club Brugge) -- 10 points\
5th: Zinedine Zidane (Real Madrid) -- 8 points\
6th: Hamilton Ricard (APOEL) -- 8 points\
7th: Orlando Engelaar (Racing Genk) -- 6 points\
8th: Constantin Gâlcă (Almería) -- 1 point
A list of participants from the 2004 Event can be found at <https://web.archive.org/web/20070928091642/http://www.freekickmasters.com/players.php>
After the success of the event in 2004, the organizers did not conduct an event in either 2005 or 2006. According to the organizers, a 2006 event had been scheduled to take place in Los Angeles, but scheduling and entertainer conflicts led to its postponement.
## Free Kick Master 2007 {#free_kick_master_2007}
On 26 April 2007, at a joint news conference in Barcelona, Spain, the organizers of the Free Kick Masters announced that the competition would once again take place, and that Brazilian superstar Ronaldinho would be one of the primary participants.`{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070703210606/http://www.freekickmastersusa.com/eBlog/default.asp?Display=8]}}`{=mediawiki}[2](https://archive.today/20130213050527/http://www.fcbarcelona.es/web/english/noticies/futbol/temporada06-07/04/n070426100164.html)
In an interview at the conference, Ronaldinho downplayed his highly touted status as a player and free kick specialist stating: \"There are some very good free kick takers, all those taking part will be good at it. I like David Beckham, Thierry Henry, Roberto Carlos, Rafael Márquez, Bernd Schneider, Deco\... All of those players can shoot really well.\" [3](https://archive.today/20130213050527/http://www.fcbarcelona.es/web/english/noticies/futbol/temporada06-07/04/n070426100164.html)`{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070430043747/http://www.freekickmastersusa.com/Home.asp]}}`{=mediawiki}
Free Kick Master 2007 was scheduled to take place on 22 December 2007 at Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas, United States.`{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070430043747/http://www.freekickmastersusa.com/Home.asp]}}`{=mediawiki} The full list of competitors in the Event has yet to be announced, `{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070503113705/http://www.freekickmastersusa.com/meetThePlayers.asp]}}`{=mediawiki} but there is speculation that Rafael Márquez and Roberto Carlos, among others, will challenge Ronaldinho for the title. [4](https://web.archive.org/web/20070501173110/http://www.elmundodeportivo.es/20070427/NOTICIA280420369.html)
| 631 |
Free Kick Masters
| 0 |
11,011,774 |
# Free Kick Masters
## Free Kick Masters 2008 {#free_kick_masters_2008}
As a result of an unforeseen scheduling anomaly involving both the Liga de Fútbol Profesional (LFP) of Spain and the Lega Nazionale Professionisti of Italy, the producers of the Free Kick Masters event originally scheduled for 22 December 2007 at Houston\'s Reliant Stadium was moved to Saturday 5 July 2008 at the same stadium.
The LFP scheduled the last matches of 2007 on 22 and 23 December, later in the month than has been their custom. A similar move by the Lega Nazionale Professionisti provided conflicts for many of the world\'s top footballers who had previously agreed to participate in the Free Kick Masters 2007 event. As a result, 5 July 2008 was selected as the new date. The move was supposed to allow the players involved to fulfill their professional duties with their respective clubs in order to participate.
With a format similar to the National Basketball Association\'s Slam Dunk Contest and Major League Baseball\'s Home Run Derby, the Free Kick Masters is a skills-based international football competition. This free kick shootout is designed to declare the world\'s \"Free Kick Master\" and \"Golden Goalkeeper\". The last Free Kick Masters was a sold-out event held in Marbella, Spain broadcast to over 30 countries with an estimated 110 million viewers.
The player crowned \"Free Kick Master\" will receive \$1 million in prize money, and the \"Golden Goalkeeper\" title winner will receive \$500,000.
The free kickers who appeared in 2008 included Ronaldinho (Milan), Rafael Márquez, Lionel Messi (both of Barcelona), and Martín Palermo (Boca Juniors). Last minute withdrawals by headliners such as Alessandro Del Piero, Juninho, Fernando Torres, Deco, and Lukas Podolski significantly reduced the celebrity of the lineup. The list of goalkeepers included Francesco Toldo (Internazionale), Kasey Keller (Fulham), David James (Portsmouth), Vojislav Dragović (free agent), and Jorge Campos (retired from professional football at the time).
Other kickers included:
- Jared Borgetti
- Robert Pires (Villarreal)
- Dwayne de Rosario (Houston Dynamo)
- Subait Khater
- Javier Portillo
- Eddie Lewis (Derby County)
- Brad Davis (Houston Dynamo)
- Segundo Castillo (Red Star Belgrade/Everton)
- Jozy Altidore (Villarreal)
- Shen Si
- Sulley Muntari (Internazionale)
- Júlio Baptista (Roma)
- Romário
In the end, Rafael Márquez and David James were named the winners.
| 382 |
Free Kick Masters
| 1 |
11,011,774 |
# Free Kick Masters
## Free Kick Master 2010 {#free_kick_master_2010}
Free Kick Master was to be held in Las Vegas in 2010 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena but was cancelled when MGM began facing Bankruptcy issues
| 37 |
Free Kick Masters
| 2 |
11,011,778 |
# Caring, Kent
**Caring** is a settlement south of Bearsted, near the town of Maidstone in Kent, England. It is located amid several farms on the River Len, a tributary of the Medway. The population of the settlement is included in the Thurnham civil parish.
Caring Wood is a private family home designed by architects James Macdonald Wright and Niall Maxwell. In 2017 the house won an RIBA National Award and the RIBA House of the Year
| 77 |
Caring, Kent
| 0 |
11,011,784 |
# Grove Green
**Grove Green** is a suburban housing development, partially forming a part of Weavering village, near the town of Maidstone in Kent, England. The population of the development is included in the civil parish of Boxley. The estate is also near the village of Bearsted and is convenient for the M20 motorway making its homes keenly sought after by London commuters. For young people, there is a youth group, and Grove Green Scout Group.
The name \'Grove Green\' can be traced back to at least the early 20th century, as seen in ordnance survey maps of the time. This is due to the way the area was previously divided up. The area now covered in housing once formed part of a vast country estate, the remains of the manor house can be found at the nearby Vinters Valley Nature reserve. Grove Green was built upon the market farm, in the Eastern part of the estate. Similarly, nearby Vinters Park housing estate was built upon the former hop and wheat fields to the west. A remaining 90 acre of former estate land is maintained by the Vinters Valley Nature Reserve.
The Maidstone Studios are also nearby which has resulted in the area being used for many television programs including *Cats Eyes*, *Tittybangbang*, *What\'s Up Doc* and others.
The development includes a primary school, supermarket, community centre, doctors surgery and other small shops, as well as two pubs. The Minor Centre shopping area is within Grove Green.
In 2006, Abbey New Homes plc submitted a planning application for five new dwellings to be built upon the land between Grovewood Drive (North) and Grovewood Drive (South). The council rejected this, resulting in a metal \'prison fence\' being erected around the land owned by the developer. The reasoning for the rejection of the application was said by the council to be wanting an option to be able to open up the road, and join the two ends of Grovewood drive, to ease the growing traffic problems of the development. In 2007, the application was re-submitted, with minor modifications. The council reluctantly gave permission for the development to go ahead. Construction started in mid-2007, and was completed in April 2008.
The community hall is for a number of local social events including shin-gi-tai karate club who took over the original Grove Green Karate Club in 2003. This club has been operating in Grove green for well over 20 years and still enjoys the support of many local students
| 415 |
Grove Green
| 0 |
11,011,787 |
# Frinsted
**Frinsted** or **Frinstead** is a small village and civil parish in the ecclesiastical parish of Wormshill and in the Maidstone District of Kent, England. and has been a recorded settlement (under the name **Fredenestede**) as far back as the Domesday Book and indeed was the only settlement in the surrounding area to be described at the time to have a church. The village exists in the Hundred of Eyhorne (and has been mentioned as such dating back to the Kent Hundred Rolls of 1274 to 1275).
The parish is situated on the North Downs between Sittingbourne and Maidstone some 10 mi south of The Swale. To the West lies the village of Wormshill, to the North East the village of Milstead, the hamlet of Kingsdown and the Torry Hill estate and to the South and South East are the villages of Doddington and Newnham. The part of the parish northward of the church is in the division of East Kent, but the church itself, and the remaining part of it is in West Kent.
The village is surrounded by former manor houses or \"courts\" being to the east *Wrinsted court* and to the west, *Yokes Court* and *Madams Court*.
The population is relatively unchanged in the past 200 years. In 1801 Frinsted\'s total population was 153. After rising to 219 around 1871, by the 1901 census the population had dropped to 126. By 1971 the population was 138. At the 2001 census, the population was 171, falling at the 2011 Census to 143.
The village church is today dedicated to St Dunstan although an early 19th-century watercolour records it as dedicated to All Saints. Although it has Norman origins, the church as it stands today was constructed principally in the 12th century and was repaired and enlarged in 1862. The bell tower is typical of the Perpendicular Period.
| 310 |
Frinsted
| 0 |
11,011,787 |
# Frinsted
## History
### Early history {#early_history}
Iron Age coins (or staters) dating back to the 1st century BC have been found in fields near the village.
The parish was part of those possessions which William the Conqueror gave his half-brother Odo, bishop of Baieux, under whose name it appears in the Domesday Book:
> \"Hugh, the grandson of Herbert, and Adelold the chamberlain, holds of the bishop (of Baieux) Fredenestede. It was taxed at one suling. The arable land is three carucates. In demesne \... Three villeins having seven oxen. There is a church, and two acres of meadow and an half, and wood for the pannage of two hogs. It is, and was worth, separately, twenty shillings. Leunin held it of king Edward.\"
Four years after taking the above survey, the bishop was disgraced, and the King, his brother, seized the estate and the rest of his possessions, which were confiscated to the Crown. After which, the village came into the possession of Jeffry de Peverel, forming part of the barony of Peverel, as it was then called, being assigned to him for the defence of Dover Castle.
Nicholas de Gerund later held the manor until he died during the reign of Henry III. The manor then passed to the Crombwell family being in the name of Richard de Crombwell during the reign of Edward II. Ralph de Crombwell, his successor, later, obtained a charter of \"free warren\" for his lands in the parish, and at his seat at Meriam-court (now commonly known as Madams Court).
During the reign of Edward III this estate transferred first to Richard le Gerund and then via marriage to Sir Henry de Chalfhunt. At this point it appeared in the Kent Hundred Rolls and was noted, among other things, for the death of \"a certain stranger killed in Fretthenestede\". During the reign of Richard II, the manor was transferred to the ownership of the nearby manor of Ospringe. Subsequently the manor with the manor house then known as \"Wrensted\" (more recently Rinsted court) and Madams-court sold to Robert le Hadde, resident in the Frinsted during the reign of Henry IV.
Over the course of the following years the land moved many more times between heirs until vesting in the estate of Margaret Style (during the reign of Queen Anne) who in 1716 sold it to a Mr. Abraham Tilghman. A commissioner of the Royal Navy, and of the victualling office he died in 1729 and was interned in the southern part of the church, where there is a monument erected to his memory. The manor stayed in the Tilghman family for the latter part of the 18th century.
| 447 |
Frinsted
| 1 |
11,011,787 |
# Frinsted
## History
### 19th and 20th centuries {#th_and_20th_centuries}
During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the population of Frinsted declined from 208 (1881) to 150 (1921), a trend typical of downland parishes as a consequence of agricultural depression and the mechanisation of farming practises.
The village is now a typical North Downs commuter village. Described by John Marius Wilson in 1872, the village was owned principally by the Leigh-Pemberton family in the Barony of Kingsdown. Descendants of the Leigh-Pemberton line still live in the village and the surrounding area.
A popular spot for rural-sightseeing, day-trippers and picnic outings in the summer and game shoots in the winter, the village previously contained a sub-post office, an active cricket club and held an annual horticultural show. Frinsted was also a motorbus terminus for rural intra-county routes. When the services were cancelled, the small bus park and building which included a public house (*The Kingsdown Arms*) remained a popular pub and restaurant in the area. The pub was finally sold and converted to a private dwelling at the end of the 20th century.
The nearby Milstead and Frinsted Church of England primary school opened in 1848 on land donated by the Leigh-Pemberton family who still retain a position on the school\'s board of governance.
An early example of an aircraft shot down in a dogfight whilst on a World War I bombing raid occurred near Frinsted on 19 May 1918. A German Gotha GV 979 heavy bomber was engaged by British fighters and crashed in fields near the village with one survivor who was captured. At least one of the German airmen killed was initially buried in Frinsted churchyard before being moved to a military cemetery at Cannock Chase. Previously fields at Yokes Court near the village had been used as a Royal Air Force airfield between February 1917 and November 1917. A private airfield for light aircraft still operates on the Yokes Court site and a second private airstrip exists at *The Glebe*, a collection of fields immediately to the east of the village.
## Etymology
Frinsted has been recorded under a number of names over the years including **Fredenestede**, **Freyhanestede**, **Frensted**, **Frethensted**, **Wronsted** and **Frinstead**. It is thought that the name means a \"place of protection\" and being possibly derived from the Old English *frithen* meaning \"protection\" or *fyrhðen* meaning \"wooded place\"
| 394 |
Frinsted
| 2 |
11,011,789 |
# Laddingford
**Laddingford** is a hamlet in the parish of Yalding in Kent, England. Laddingford Aerodrome is located nearby
| 19 |
Laddingford
| 0 |
11,011,806 |
# Rubén Arocha
**Rubén Darío Arocha Hernández** (born 21 April 1987) is a Venezuelan football player who plays for Spanish Tercera Federación club San Miguel.
## Club career {#club_career}
Arocha started his career in Real Madrid C, playing 4 games in which he scored one goal in that season. In 2006, he signed for Club Brugge, although he never managed to play a single game and spent three seasons loaned to several teams. The last one, Zamora, finally agreed to sign him in summer 2009.
With the squad he won the *2011 Torneo Clausura*, but the team failed to complete the national title
| 103 |
Rubén Arocha
| 0 |
11,011,864 |
# Lola Novaković
**Zorana** \"**Lola**\" **Novaković** (`{{lang-sr-cyr|Зоранa "Лола" Новаковић}}`{=mediawiki}); (25 April 1935 -- 3 April 2016) was a Serbian singer, hugely popular during the 1960s and to a lesser degree the 1970s. She was born in Belgrade, Kingdom of Yugoslavia. She represented FPR Yugoslavia at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1962, where she finished fourth.
In 1962, she starred in *Šeki snima, pazi se*, a full-length comedy inspired by the public persona of football sensation Dragoslav Šekularac.
She died on 3 April 2016, at age 80
| 86 |
Lola Novaković
| 0 |
11,011,885 |
# Mereworth
**Mereworth** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛr|i|w|ɜːr|θ}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|MERRY|worth}}`{=mediawiki}) is a village and civil parish near the town of Maidstone in Kent, England. The Wateringbury Stream flows through the village and powered a watermill, the site of which now lies within the grounds of Mereworth Castle.
## History
In the early 18th century the Honourable John Fane -- later 7th Earl of Westmoreland -- inherited the manor. He had the Palladian mansion built. Designed by Colen Campbell, Mereworth Castle then overlooked the village, so Fane had the village moved so that it couldn\'t be seen from the estate, about 1/2 mi to the north west of its original location. He also demolished the church, providing the villagers with a new Palladian-style replacement, now dedicated to St Lawrence. Mereworth Church is a Grade I listed building.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Dominick Browne (1901--2002), 2nd Baron Mereworth, lived at Mereworth Castle until 1930.
- Geoffrey Browne, 3rd Baron Oranmore and Browne (1861--1927), 2nd Baron Mereworth, lived at Mereworth Castle.
- Francis Fane (1580--1629), peer, lived at Mereworth Castle.
- John Fane (1685--1762), nobleman, built the present Mereworth Castle.
- Richard Hosmer (1757--1820), cricketer, was born in Mereworth.
- Charles Lucas VC (1834--1914), Rear-Admiral, is buried in the churchyard of St Lawrence\'s Church, Mereworth and was the first person to be awarded the Victoria Cross
| 219 |
Mereworth
| 0 |
11,011,895 |
# Times-Shamrock Communications
**Times-Shamrock Communications** is an American media company based in Scranton, Pennsylvania. The company, owned by the Lynett and Haggerty families of Scranton, lists among its assets nine radio stations.
## Assets
### Radio stations {#radio_stations}
- WZBA, Baltimore, Maryland (city of license: Westminster, MD)
- WEJL Scranton, Pennsylvania
- WEZX/WPZX/WFUZ/WLGD Scranton, Pennsylvania
- WQFM/WQFN Scranton, Pennsylvania
- WLDB, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- WLUM, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- WZTI, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
The Milwaukee radio stations are operated by Milwaukee Radio Alliance, a partnership between Shamrock Communications, Times-Shamrock\'s broadcasting affiliate, and Willie Davis\'s All-Pro Broadcasting, Inc. Davis died on April 15, 2020, leaving his estate as the partner in the MRA.
In January 2008, Times-Shamrock Communications launched the570.com, a regional entertainment portal covering the 570 area code.
## Former properties {#former_properties}
In August 2013, Times-Shamrock announced it would divest several of its properties in order to focus the company on northeastern Pennsylvania. The divested properties:
- *Baltimore City Paper* (purchased by the Baltimore Sun Media Group)
- *Cleveland Scene* (purchased by Euclid Media Group)
- *Detroit Metro Times* (purchased by Euclid Media Group)
- *Orlando Weekly* (purchased by Euclid Media Group)
- *San Antonio Current* (purchased by Euclid Media Group)
- *Virgin Islands Daily News* (sold to Virgin Islands businessman Archie Nahigian)
- *The Progress-Index* (purchased by GateHouse Media)
In October 2015, Times-Shamrock announced another major divestment of several newspaper properties. The divested properties were all part of the Towanda Printing Company business segment. Sample News Group, of Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, acquired the properties. Also included in the sale was the Towanda Printing Company printing facility. The divested properties include:
- *The Daily Review* (Towanda, Pennsylvania)
- *The News-Item* (Shamokin, Pennsylvania)
- *Bradford-Sullivan Pennysaver* (Towanda, Pennsylvania)
- *The Citizen-Standard* (Valley View, Pennsylvania)
- *The Farmer\'s Friend* (Towanda, Pennsylvania)
- *The Northeast Driller* (Sayre, Pennsylvania)
- *The Owego Pennysaver* (Owego, New York)
- *Susquehanna County Independent* (Montrose, Pennsylvania)
- *The Troy Pennysaver* (Troy, Pennsylvania)
- *The Weekender* (Montrose, Pennsylvania)
In July 2017, it was announced that Times-Shamrock was selling its radio stations in the Reno, Nevada, market to Entravision. KRZQ was not included in the sale, as it was sold separately to John Burkavage\'s Bighorn Media.
The affected stations were:
- KRZQ, Reno, Nevada (city of license: Fallon, Nevada)
- KZTI, Reno, Nevada (city of license: Fallon Station, Nevada)
- KWNZ, Lovelock, Nevada
- KNEZ, Fernley, Nevada
In August 2023, Times-Shamrock announced it had sold its four daily newspapers to Colorado-based MediaNews Group, owned by Alden Global Capital. The sale includes weekly and periodic newspapers and commercial printing operations---Absolute Distribution Inc. and Times-Shamrock Creative Services
| 432 |
Times-Shamrock Communications
| 0 |
11,011,900 |
# The Thin Blue Lie
***The Thin Blue Lie*** is a 2000 television film directed by Roger Young and starring Rob Morrow, Randy Quaid, and Paul Sorvino. It was released on August 13, 2000 on Showtime. The title is a reference to the phrase \"thin blue line\" used to describe the hypothetical role of law enforcement as the line between order and chaos.
## Plot
The premise of the film concerns *Philadelphia Inquirer* reporter Jonathan Neumann (Rob Morrow), who, along with his partner Phil Chadway (Randy Quaid), won the Pulitzer Prize in 1978 for a series of articles exposing Philadelphia mayor Frank Rizzo (Paul Sorvino) and the Philadelphia Police Department for corruption. According to the articles, suspects were beaten and tortured in interrogation rooms in an effort to meet the high quota of criminal cases solved by Philadelphia detectives. Neumann and Chadway met extreme opposition from the police department, working amidst phone tappings, apartment ransackings, and threats of death and bodily harm.
## Cast
- Rob Morrow as Jonathan Neumann
- Randy Quaid as Phil Chadway
- Paul Sorvino as Frank Rizzo
- Cynthia Preston as Kate Johnson
- G.W. Bailey as K.C.
- Al Waxman as Art Zugler
- Beau Starr as Detective Marshall
- Barry Wiggins as Detective King
- Chuck Shamata as Vinnie
- Louis Di Bianco as Deep Nightstick
- Melissa DiMarco as Sandra Durano
- Bruce McFee as Detective Harris
- Joe Pingue as Detective Regossi
- Philip Granger as John Reilly
- Hayley Tyson as Sharon Chadway
- Patrick Patterson as Chief Inspector Golden
- Christian Potenza as Danny O\'Brien
- Richard Clarkin as Scala
- Ryan Rajendra Black as Alberto
- Joanne Boland
- Michael Copeman as Jack Reynolds
- Jason Jones as Prosecutor
- Kelsa Kinsly as Reporter
- Chantal Lonergan as Chelsea
- Mayumi Rinas Mrs. Gonzalez
- Juan Carlos Velis as Miguel Gonzalez
- Scott Walker as Fire Chief
## Issues pertaining to journalism ethics {#issues_pertaining_to_journalism_ethics}
Throughout the movie, Neumann faced a number of ethical dilemmas. First, most of his colleagues did not think that he should pursue claims of torture from suspects; the city\'s crime level was at an all-time low, and some people felt that to question Rizzo\'s police policies would put the city\'s safety in jeopardy. Second, when interviewing victims of police brutality, Neumann had to assure the frightened victims that they would not be harmed by talking to him, when in fact, they had been threatened by police and warned against talking to and/or cooperating with reporters. Third, Neumann had to find one detective willing to essentially betray his fellow officers in order to substantiate his claims
| 441 |
The Thin Blue Lie
| 0 |
11,011,905 |
# Wateringbury
**Wateringbury** is a village and civil parish near the town of Maidstone in Kent, England. The Wateringbury Stream flows into the River Medway just above Bow Bridge. It formerly powered three watermills in the village, one of which survives. The Wateringbury railway station is on the Medway Valley Line.
## History
### Early history {#early_history}
The name *Wateringbury*, like many of the nearby parishes (such as West Malling, Barming, Farleigh), is an Anglo-Saxon name, meaning \"The fortification (*bury*) of the people (*ing*) of Othere (*Water*)\".
Wateringbury\'s existence is first documented in the 10th-century will of Bihtric and Aelfswith and in the early 11th-century obligation recorded in the Textus Roffensis to maintain part of Rochester Bridge. The settlement had a detached \'den\', used in autumn to feed pigs on acorns and nuts, in the forested Weald of Kent at Lilly Hoo, which remained a part of the parish for secular matters until the 19th century (and for ecclesiastical matters until the 20th century).
In 1066, as recorded by the Domesday Book of 1086, Wateringbury consisted of two manors owned respectively by Leofeva and Godil, both Anglo-Saxon women with land-holdings elsewhere. By 1086, they were replaced by incoming Normans, Ralph son of Thorold and Hugh de Brebouef, both of whom held the manor from Bishop Odo of Bayeux. There were 30 heads of household (including villagers, small-holders and slaves) recorded in the Domesday Book at the two manors, which might imply a total population of about 150 people including children. Three mills were recorded, one which still exists and another which was in existence until the early 20th century.
A Church is also mentioned in the Domesday Book. A stone church dedicated to St. John the Baptist (a popular late Anglo-Saxon dedication) stands in Wateringbury. The chancel and tower of the current church building date from the 13th century. However, the current church is probably on the same site as the Anglo-Saxon church.
### Medieval Period {#medieval_period}
Adjacent to the church, Wateringbury Place is the largest house in the village and in medieval times the largest estate. It was completely rebuilt in 1707 by the Style family, reputedly 200 yards from a former moated building. The Style family owned Wateringbury Place from the early 17th century to the early 19th (returning in 1945 until 1978); they were made baronets in 1627 and the Style family still holds the title of baronet of Wateringbury. Two houses of medieval origin still exist, the Pelicans, and the Wardens, and several other houses have 16th century origins.
From the two estates of the Domesday Book there developed four medieval manors with their own manor courts: Chart, Canons and Westbury as well as Wateringbury Place. Chart was in the area now called Pizien Well and a mace called the Dumb Borsholder, now hanging in the Church, is associated with this manor. A right to hold a market in Wateringbury was granted in 1311 by royal charter. An 18th century local antiquarian, Edward Greensted, says the market was probably held in Chart. Canons was owned by the Prior and Canons of Leeds until the Reformation. Westbury was a small manor owned by a family of that name.
| 531 |
Wateringbury
| 0 |
11,011,905 |
# Wateringbury
## History
### Modern Period {#modern_period}
By the late seventeenth century Wateringbury\'s population had doubled from its Domesday Book level and by the time of the first census in 1801 the population was 817; it continued to grow rapidly in the first half of the 19th century (to 1,448 in 1851) before falling in the second half (to 1,316 in 1901), reflecting the general national trend of urbanisation. Wateringbury was an early mover amongst the immediately surrounding parishes in subsidising emigration in the 1830s to help relieve poverty with financial assistance being given for emigration to Canada in 1832 and to Australia in 1838.
During the 19th and early 20th centuries there were major temporary influxes of hoppers in September of each year. In 1900 the vicar, Greville Livett, estimated that there had been 3,300 such 'immigrants' including their children.
Wateringbury benefited from the work in the period 1740 to 1747 of the Medway Navigation Company (MNC) in making the River Medway navigable above Maidstone, and so available for the transport of bulky cargos. The medieval stone bridge was replaced by a wooden one as part of the MNC\'s mid-18th century navigation improvements, which was in turn replaced in 1914. The Maidstone-Tonbridge turnpike, authorised by Act of Parliament in 1765/6, came through the village. In 1844 the Medway valley railway line gave it an alternative transport link for passengers and cargo.
The tithe survey of 1839 provides a snapshot in time of the village and its economic activity at least as far as agriculture goes. Arable farming covered 26% of the parish and woods, mainly coppiced sweet chestnut, covered 20%. Hops covered 14% and fruit 10%. However, the acreage of hops subsequently expanded and, as a cash crop, it brought wealth to the village, although the annual influx of temporary labour also brought social problems.
Two breweries, the Phoenix Brewery of the Leney family and the Kent Brewery of the Jude and Hanbury families, developed in the village in the 18th century and only closed in the late 20th. In the second half of the 19th century, Leney became internationally renowned as a breeder of shorthorn cattle with individual specimens reaching astronomical prices (2,000 guineas for a single animal in 1874) at auctions held in the village with exports to the US and New Zealand.
In the 1820s Matthias Lucas, Lord Mayor of London in 1827, a self-made man who became wealthy from commerce, acquired Wateringbury Place. During his residence he was active in village affairs, building several substantial houses (The Red House, The Beck, The Thatched House, The Limes and The Orpines) on the Wateringbury Place estate for rent. He also represented the village\'s interests to Parliamentary inquiries about the navigation of the Medway and the fruit trade. He died in 1848, and his grandson split and sold the estate in 1876.
Another Lord Mayor of London, Horatio Davies, owned Wateringbury Place by 1897, the year of his Lord Mayorship. He was an art lover and a discriminating purchaser of pictures, and filled the house with famous works of art and antique silverware.
In the nineteenth century, Wateringbury is recorded as having several small private boarding schools, and in 1843 a public National School. There was also an increase of sports and other clubs and activities in the nineteenth century. The societies included: an Amicable Benefit Society; the Oddfellows; Boys Brigade and Scouts; horticultural and drama societies. A Working Men\'s Club was established in 1887 with considerable support from the local gentry. A series of annual rowing regattas held on the Medway in the 1860s and 1870s attracted large numbers of people each year to Wateringbury to view, with special trains laid on; a silver Wateringbury regatta cup is still awarded each year at the National Schools regatta.
### Twentieth Century {#twentieth_century}
The First World War impacted the village, like many others, through 41 deaths representing about 12% of men of military age. The vicar reported that as a result of the shortage of male hop pickers, the children involved were much more rowdy than in previous years. A major fire in 1927 caused 4 deaths at Wateringbury Hall and attracted much national and international attention.
The Second World War saw child evacuees from Woolwich attend school in the village; bombing as a result of the proximity of West Malling airfield; 3 deaths in the village from V1 \"Doodle Bugs\" (2 military personnel at Wateringbury Place and 1 civilian on Manor Farm); and the housing of prisoners of war in the village.
The second half of the 20th century saw a resurgence of population growth provided for by new housing developments, partly on the sites previously occupied by the two breweries, both of which closed. They had previously been taken over by a national brewer following the trend at the time for consolidation. A notable scheme is the low-rise brick bungalows at \"Leasdene\" on Upper Mill, completed by Belcher & Clapson architects in 1966.
## Amenities
In the 21st century, Wateringbury has a village hall, a primary school the railway station, several pubs and a few shops.
| 850 |
Wateringbury
| 1 |
11,011,905 |
# Wateringbury
## Heritage
Most of the village and Wateringbury Place are a designated Conservation Area. In 2017 a series of blue plaques were installed in the village by the Wateringbury Local History Society; those commemorated include Admiral Sir Henry Ruthven Moore, Dame Ellen Terry, Lena, Lady Login and William Rutter Dawes.
## Demography
**Wateringbury compared**
---------------------------
**2001 UK Census**
Population
Foreign born
White
Asian
Black
Christian
Muslim
Hindu
No religion
Unemployed
Retired
At the 2001 UK census, the Wateringbury electoral ward had a population of 2,015. The ethnicity was 98.8% white, 0.6% mixed race, 0.5% Asian, 0% black and 0.1% other. The place of birth of residents was 96.3% United Kingdom, 0.5% Republic of Ireland, 1% other Western European countries, and 2.2% elsewhere. Religion was recorded as 77.9% Christian, 0.2% Buddhist, 0.3% Hindu, 0.2% Sikh, 0.2% Jewish, and 0.2% Muslim. 13.6% were recorded as having no religion, 0.2% had an alternative religion and 7.5% did not state their religion.
The economic activity of residents aged 16--74 was 43.9% in full-time employment, 12.1% in part-time employment, 10.3% self-employed, 2% unemployed, 2.5% students with jobs, 3.2% students without jobs, 13.9% retired, 7.1% looking after home or family, 2.8% permanently sick or disabled and 2.2% economically inactive for other reasons. The industry of employment of residents was 15.7% retail, 12.1% manufacturing, 7% construction, 15.6% real estate, 11.5% health and social work, 6.4% education, 6.4% transport and communications, 6.6% public administration, 3% hotels and restaurants, 8.5% finance, 1.7% agriculture and 5.5% other. Compared with national figures, the ward had a relatively high proportion of workers in finance, and a relatively low proportion in hotels and restaurants. Of the ward\'s residents aged 16--74, 23.1% had a higher education qualification or the equivalent, compared with 19.9% nationwide.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Jack Hubble (1881--1965), cricketer, was born in Wateringbury.
- Frederick Leney (1876--1921), cricketer, was born in Wateringbury.
- Stewart Symes (1882--1962), governor of Tanganyika and governor-general of Sudan, was born in Wateringbury
| 329 |
Wateringbury
| 2 |
11,011,919 |
# EA Playground
***EA Playground*** is a video game for the Nintendo DS and Wii by Electronic Arts. The game is inspired by *Wii Sports*.
## Gameplay
The Wii game features various mini-games structured around a singleplayer \"campaign\" and a multiplayer party mode. All of the mini-games are based on well known playground games. These include Dodgeball, Tetherball, Slot car racing, paper airplane racing, dart shootout and wall ball. Also included is \"Kicks\", which is a mix of the sports Soccer and Volleyball (Sepak takraw). More games can be unlocked by progressing through the single player campaign.
The Nintendo DS version of the game includes several exclusive game modes including Spitballs (which uses the microphone input), Bug Hunt, and Skateboarding which takes advantage of the stylus. Again, the games are unlocked by going through the Single Player Campaign. These games can then be played in the Quick Play mode.
After you complete all the games and dares, you can play the (Gauntlet) a game made by the sticker king, Connor. After you beat him, you unlock the sticker king\'s sticker showing the player\'s winning emotion. This emotion can also be seen by winning a tourney in multiplayer. (Only Wii version) you can also unlock the sticker king in multi player.
## Included games and version differences {#included_games_and_version_differences}
+---------------------+-----+-----+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Title | Wii | NDS | Game description |
+=====================+=====+=====+==============================================================================================================================================================================+
| **Dart Shootout** | | | Goal: to shoot the targets with sad/mad faces on them to earn points(not the happy faces; those subtract points), shoot people to also earn points, and beat the level boss. |
+---------------------+-----+-----+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Dodgeball** | | | Wii: Goal: to get all the players on your opponent\'s team out by hitting them with balls.\ |
| | | | NDS: Using the stylus, you control 3 players on the bottom screen in a game of Dodgeball against AI opponents on the top screen. |
+---------------------+-----+-----+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Kicks** | | | Wii: This game is a mix of soccer and volleyball. You have to kick the ball over the net and into the opponent\'s goal.\ |
| | | | NDS: Soccer-inspired game against an AI opponent. |
+---------------------+-----+-----+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Paper Racers** | | | Goal: to steer a plane through obstacles to the finish line getting power-ups like speed boosts extra time, and sometimes red, green, and blue rings. |
+---------------------+-----+-----+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Slot Car Racing** | | | Goal: to get to the finish line in first place. |
+---------------------+-----+-----+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Tetherball** | | | Goal: to smack the ball around the pole so that your opponent can\'t hit it back while your opponent tries to do the same thing. |
+---------------------+-----+-----+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Wall Ball** | | | Goal: to hit the ball against the wall through power-ups (for example, warp holes) so that it goes past your opponent. If you do this, you score a point. |
+---------------------+-----+-----+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Bug Hunt** | | | Moving the player with the stylus, collect butterflies and avoid stinging bees for as long as possible. |
+---------------------+-----+-----+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Hopscotch** | | | Rhythm game where you must reproduce patterns on the court. |
+---------------------+-----+-----+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Hoops** | | | Pick up balls and throw them in the basket, using score multiplier zones to score higher than your AI opponent. |
+---------------------+-----+-----+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **RC Car Racing** | | | Top-down racing against 3 AI players. Pickup weapons and turbos on the track. |
+---------------------+-----+-----+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Skate & Sketch** | | | Join the dots with the stylus to perform tricks on the half-pipe. Increasingly complex shapes must be drawn faster as the game progresses. |
+---------------------+-----+-----+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Spit Balls** | | | Blow into the microphone (or use the trigger buttons) to fire spit balls at kids in the playground. |
+---------------------+-----+-----+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Trampoline** | | | Bounce higher than your opponent while avoiding birds and bursting balloons. |
+---------------------+-----+-----+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
: Games included in *EA Playground*
## Reception
The game received mixed reviews, with the DS version getting slightly better reviews. For the Wii version, *IGN* gave the game a 6.6/10 rating, saying that it was a passable effort to emulate Wii Sports, praising the marble and stickers system to upgrade abilities along with its presentation, but criticizing the game for its lack of a mini-game as fun or addictive as the Wii Sports ones were. They also gave the DS version a 7.0/10, stating that it was slightly better than the Wii version and that it would appeal better to younger gamers due to it being on the DS
| 761 |
EA Playground
| 0 |
11,011,934 |
# Peter Rutkoff
**Peter Rutkoff** is a retired academic who was a Professor of American Studies at Kenyon College and director of the Kenyon Academic Partnership.
He grew up in New York City and attended Ethical Culture Fieldston School. He received his bachelor\'s degree at St. Lawrence University in 1964, and went on to attend the University of Pennsylvania for his M.A. and Ph.D.
With William Scott, a Kenyon colleague, he ran a humanities seminar on the migration of African Americans from the South to the North. They developed a classroom project which examines this Great Migration. Students and faculty traveled to cities to study the impact of the migration. His course has attracted much grant support and is entitled "North by South: The Great African-American Migration, 1900-1960." It includes two-week-long field trips where students research archives, documents, and oral-history interviews in two different cities, one from the north and one from the south. The pairing of two cities, such as Memphis, Tennessee, and Chicago, Illinois, and Birmingham, Alabama, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, studies true migration patterns of southern African Americans to the north. He and Scott discovered their own connections while researching for books on the arts scene in New York City. They wanted to allow the students to find their own connections.
Dr. Rutkoff helped to create the college's interdisciplinary American studies program in 1990. He also directs the Kenyon Academic Partnership, in which talented high-school students are given courses arranged by high-school teachers and college professors to challenge them. He was the 1993 Professor of the Year State Winner for Ohio.
He retired from teaching in May 2021.
## Publications
His books cover subjects such as the origins of Bebop, styles of baseball, and social theory in Europe and America. Some of his titles include:
- New York Modern: The Arts and the City,
- Shadow Ball: A Novel of Baseball and Chicago, and
- Cooperstown Chronicles: Camp and Other Love Stories
| 324 |
Peter Rutkoff
| 0 |
11,011,942 |
# Platt's Heath
**Platts Heath** is a hamlet in the civil parish of Lenham, Kent, England.
It is also the source of the River Len, which flows in a westerly direction to join the River Medway at Maidstone
| 38 |
Platt's Heath
| 0 |
11,011,956 |
# Veratrum californicum
***Veratrum californicum*** (**California corn lily, white or California false hellebore**) is an extremely poisonous plant native to western North America, including the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains, as far north as Washington and as far south as Durango; depending on latitude, it grows from near sea level to as high as 11,000 feet. It grows 1 to 2 meters tall, with an erect, unbranched, heavily leafy stem resembling a cornstalk. It prefers quite moist soil, and can cover large areas in dense stands near streams or in wet meadows. Many inch-wide flowers cluster along the often-branched top of the stout stem; they have 6 white tepals, a green center, 6 stamens, and a 3-branched pistil (see image below). The buds are tight green spheres. The heavily veined, bright green leaves can be more than a foot long.
*Veratrum californicum* displays mast seeding; populations bloom and seed little in most years, but in occasional years bloom and seed heavily in synchrony. The species usually blooms during midsummer from July to August.
Varieties
1. *Veratrum californicum* var. *californicum* -- from Washington to Durango
2. *Veratrum californicum* var. *caudatum* (A.Heller) C.L.Hitchc. -- Idaho, Washington, Oregon, N California
## Teratogenic effects {#teratogenic_effects}
It is a source of jervine, muldamine and cyclopamine, teratogens which can cause prolonged gestation associated with birth defects such as holoprosencephaly and cyclopia in animals such as sheep, horses, and other mammals that graze upon it. These substances inhibit the hedgehog signaling pathway.
## Gallery
Image:Corn lilies Veratrum californicum Black Rock Pass.jpg\|Swath of corn lilies in meadow Image:Corn lily Veratrum californicum leaf swirl.jpg\|Leaves on a young plant Image:Veratrum californicum flowers1
| 272 |
Veratrum californicum
| 0 |
11,011,966 |
# Wheeling Symphony Orchestra
The **Wheeling Symphony Orchestra** is a regional orchestra based in Wheeling, West Virginia. Since its founding in 1929, the orchestra has performed at the historic Capitol Music Hall.
## Temporary Relocation {#temporary_relocation}
In May 2007, the \"Capitol\" closed its doors unexpectedly, forcing the Symphony to look for a new home. Temporary facilities were set up at the John Marshall Center for the Performing Arts and Wesbanco Arena. On September 25, 2009, the orchestra held its first performance, titled \"A Homecoming\", in the re-opened Capitol Theatre. The orchestra continues to perform at Capitol Theatre where it has introduced a number of innovations such as its \"college nights\" in which students presenting a valid, current college ID can attend a symphony performance free of charge. The symphony and some of its ensemble subgroups also perform at additional venues in the greater Wheeling area.
## Discography
- Henry Mazer conducting the Wheeling Symphony Orchestra in \"pops\" favorites of the Ohio Valley. / 1950 / 12\" Vinyl / Blackcrest Records
## In literature {#in_literature}
The Wheeling Symphony Orchestra and its then-conductor Henry Mazer make an extended appearance in Sir Yehudi Menuhin\'s then-widely read autobiography *Unfinished Journey
| 196 |
Wheeling Symphony Orchestra
| 0 |
11,012,004 |
# Alberto Heredia (footballer)
**Alberto Heredia Ceballos-Zúñiga** (born 2 March 1987) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Rota as a forward.
## Football career {#football_career}
Born in Cádiz, Andalusia, Heredia played youth football at Real Madrid, sharing teams with future Spanish international Juan Mata. He made his senior debuts with Sevilla Atlético, appearing rarely as the Andalusian side promoted to Segunda División for the first time ever.
In the following three years, Heredia continued in Segunda División B: in the 2007--08 season he represented UD Marbella and Burgos CF, being relegated with the former. Subsequently, he met the same fate with both Santa Eulàlia and Terrassa FC, finishing the latter campaign with Getafe CF\'s reserves in Tercera División.
In January 2012, after one 1/2 seasons in Italy with S.S. Chieti Calcio, Heredia returned to his country and signed for Lorca Atlético CF. He followed that with a stin in Kazakhstan with Kairat. He moved to the Nicaraguan side Real Estelí on 24 January 2013.
He returned to Spain in 2015, and has since has stints with Sanluqueño, Conquense, Eldense, Alcobendas, Guadalajara, Conil, Xerez Deportivo, and most recently Rota
| 189 |
Alberto Heredia (footballer)
| 0 |
11,012,065 |
# Elephant clock
The **elephant clock** was a model of water clock invented by the medieval Islamic engineer Ismail al-Jazari (1136--1206). Its design was detailed in his book, *The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices.*
## Mechanism
The timing mechanism is based on a water-filled basin hidden inside the elephant. In the bucket is a deep bowl floating in the water, but with a small hole in the centre. The bowl takes half an hour to fill through this hole. In the process of sinking, the bowl pulls a string attached to a see-saw mechanism in the tower on top of the elephant. This releases a ball that drops into the mouth of a serpent, causing the serpent to tip forward, which pulls the sunken bowl out of the water via strings. At the same time, a system of strings causes a figure in the tower to raise either the left or right hand and the mahout (elephant driver at the front) to hit a drum. This indicates a half or full hour. Next, the snake tips back. The cycle then repeats, as long as balls remain in the upper reservoir to power the emptying of the bowl.
### Automaton
In the mechanism, a humanoid automaton strikes the cymbal and a mechanical bird chirps, as in the cuckoo clock, invented previously by Archimedes.
### Passage of temporal hours {#passage_of_temporal_hours}
Another innovative feature of the clock was how it recorded the passage of temporal hours, which meant that the rate of flow had to be changed daily to match the uneven length of days throughout the year. To accomplish this, the clock had two tanks. The top tank was connected to the time-indicating mechanisms and the bottom was connected to the flow control regulator. At daybreak, the tap was opened and water flowed from the top tank to the bottom tank via a float regulator that maintained a constant pressure in the receiving tank.
## Modern reproductions {#modern_reproductions}
Several modern reproductions of the Elephant Clock have been created by the 1001 Inventions organization. These reproductions are featured as part of the 1001 Inventions educational science shows that have been touring around the world since 2006. During a visit to the London Science Museum in January 2010, BBC journalist Nick Higham described the five metre high, working Elephant Clock replica produced by 1001 Inventions as \"spectacular\".
A modern full-size working reproduction can be found as a centerpiece in the Ibn Battuta Mall, a shopping mall in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Another working reproduction can be seen outside the Musée d\'Horlogerie du Locle, Château des Monts, in Le Locle, Switzerland. Another can be found in the Museum of Science and Technology in Islam in the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia
| 463 |
Elephant clock
| 0 |
11,012,067 |
# George Henry Bennett
**George Henry Bennett** (1850`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}8 September 1908) was a brewer and a politician.
Bennett was born in Buckie, Banffshire, Scotland. His family emigrated to Australia in 1855.
He managed the Victoria Sugar Co. and later, with a partner, owned Excelsior Brewery, a porterbrewing business. Excelsior Brewery operated in Collingwood and Richmond. As larger brewers took over the local market, Excelsior moved to manufacturing aerated waters and cordials at Richmond. He took over sole control of the company from August 1883.
In 1880 Bennett was elected to the Richmond town council and, in turn, was elected Mayor in 1886. As Mayor he was also elected as the second President of the fledgling Richmond Football Club, commencing with the 1887 season. He held this post for the next twenty-two years until his death. During his tenure the club won its first two Victorian Football Association premierships and gained admittance to the more powerful Victorian Football League.
A liberal and protectionist, he was elected to the seat of Richmond in the Victorian Legislative Assembly in 1889 and was then re-elected at the next seven elections.
Bennett died of pneumonia at his home in Richmond, Victoria, Australia, on 8 September 1908. He was survived by his wife, Jessie, and two of their three daughters.
His bust stands outside the Richmond Town Hall
| 222 |
George Henry Bennett
| 0 |
11,012,070 |
# Farafina
**Farafina** is a music and dance group from Burkina Faso, established in 1978. The eight-member group is Burkina Faso\'s best known musical group, and one of Africa\'s most internationally prominent musical groups. The official website of the band announced that Farafina was working on a 2024 tour.
## History
The group was founded in the southern city of Bobo Dioulasso by the *balafon* player, Mahama Konaté, a member of the Senufo ethnic group and a performer with Burkina Faso\'s national ballet. The group mainly uses voices and instruments including the *balafon*, *kora*, *djembe*, *bara*, *tama*, \[doum\'doum), *shekere*, and keyboard.
The group toured internationally in Europe, Canada, and the United States. In 1985, they played at the Montreux Jazz Festival, and in 1988 performed for thousands at the birthday party of Nelson Mandela in Wembley Stadium, London. In 1993 they toured the United States and Canada. They were one of the groups that played in 1999 during the celebration of the 10th anniversary of the House of World Cultures in Berlin. Later that year, the group played at the Womad Festival in Singapore. The band is planning a 2024 tour, according to their official website.
They have collaborated and recorded with Ryuichi Sakamoto, Jon Hassell, and The Rolling Stones
| 210 |
Farafina
| 0 |
11,012,072 |
# Valmouth
***Valmouth*** is a 1919 novel by British author Ronald Firbank. Valmouth is an imaginary English spa resort that attracts centenarians owing to its famed pure air. The town\'s name evokes actual seaside towns in the southwest peninsula of Britain, such as Falmouth, Dartmouth, Teignmouth, Exmouth and Weymouth.
The novel\'s plot concerns, among other things, the effects of a black woman and her niece moving into a spa resort inhabited by wealthy centenarians. The ironic novel is about eroticism and exoticism in the milieu of quaint but lewd old British ladies at the fictional spa. The novel is noted for its florid and baroque style and parody-like humour, and its sexual innuendos both heterosexual and homosexual. There is also a fanciful brand of Catholicism, a blend of mortification of the flesh, high-flown mysticism, and proselytism.
In 1958, a musical adaptation was made by Sandy Wilson.
## Summary
Two wealthy elderly Valmouth-area ladies, Mrs Hurstpierpoint and Mrs Thoroughfare, are concerned with the marriage prospects of the latter\'s son, Captain Dick Thoroughfare. The Captain, away at sea, is rather scandalously engaged to a black girl, Niri-Esther, but he also favours his \'chum\', Jack Whorwood.
Thetis Tooke, a local farmer\'s daughter, is obsessed with Captain Thoroughfare. Meanwhile, the exotic Mrs Yajñavalkya, a black masseuse and chiropodist, attempts to procure a sexual dalliance with Thetis\' virile brother David for the centenarian Lady Parvula de Panzoust.
Eventually, Captain Thoroughfare returns to England. It comes to light that he has virtually married Niri-Esther, that they have a baby, and that she is also pregnant with his second child.
## Main characters {#main_characters}
- **Mrs Eulalia Hurstpierpoint**, a dowager. She lives at Hare-Hatch House.
- **Mrs Elizabeth Thoroughfare**, another dowager, Mrs Hurstpierpoint\'s companion at Hare-Hatch House.
- **Lady Parvula de Panzoust**, a widow and friend of the Hare-Hatch dowagers; she is taken with the young farmer David Tooke.
- **Mrs Yajñavalkya**, a dark-skinned woman of Eastern birth, who is a ladies\' masseuse and chiropodist.
- **Niri-Esther**, a dark-skinned young woman, niece of Mrs Yajñavalkya.
- **Captain Dick Thoroughfare**, Mrs Thoroughfare\'s son, away in Jamaica, who returns and has \"married\" Niri-Esther.
- **Miss Thetis Tooke**, a farmer\'s daughter, who is infatuated with Captain Thoroughfare.
- **David Tooke**, Thetis\'s brother, a farmer.
- **Mrs Tooke**, grandmother to Thetis and David, and a massage client of Yajñavalkya.
- **Lieutenant Whorwood**, an effeminate man who is Captain Dick Thoroughfare\'s \'chum\'.
- **Father Colley-Mahoney**, a priest, who seems overly fond of male servants.
## Musical theatre adaptation {#musical_theatre_adaptation}
In 1958, a musical of the same name was adapted by Sandy Wilson from this and other Firbank stories. It opened at the Lyric Theatre Hammersmith, in London and made a name of Fenella Fielding as Lady Parvula de Panzoust. The musical has since been staged several times including twice at the Chichester Festival Theatre and several cast album recordings have been released. The musical has also been performed on BBC Radio, first broadcast in 1975
| 493 |
Valmouth
| 0 |
11,012,081 |
# Ontario Highway 41
**King\'s Highway 41**, commonly referred to as **Highway 41**, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The 159.6 km highway travels in a predominantly north--south direction across eastern Ontario, from Highway 7 in Kaladar to Highway 148 in Pembroke. The majority of this distance crosses through a rugged forested region known as Mazinaw Country. However, the route enters the agricultural Ottawa Valley near Dacre. A significant portion of Highway 41 follows the historic Addington Colonization Road, built in 1854.
Highway 41 was first assumed in 1935, though ironically the initial route is no longer part of the highway. It was extended north to meet the eastern terminus of Highway 60 at Golden Lake in 1937. The following year, a southern discontinuous section of the highway was established north from Picton in Prince Edward County. A series of changes in 1957 extended Highway 60 east to Renfrew and Highway 41 north to Pembroke; this established a concurrency of the two highways through Eganville, which remains to this day.
At its greatest length, Highway 41 travelled from Highway 2 in Napanee north to Highway 17 and Highway 62 in Pembroke, a distance of 234.5 km, including the discontinuous southern section. The Prince Edward County section was renumbered as Highway 49 in 1965 in anticipation of the building of the Quinte Skyway, while the original section, between Highway 2 and Highway 7, was transferred to Lennox and Addington County in 1998, and is now County Road 41.
## Route description {#route_description}
Highway 41 is a 159.6 km highway that travels in a north--south direction from Highway 7 in Kaladar to Highway 148 in Pembroke. The majority of this distance crosses through a rugged forested region of Eastern Ontario known as Mazinaw Country. However, the route enters the Ottawa Valley at a point between Dacre and Eganville; north of there the land use surrounding the highway becomes partially agricultural.
Traffic levels along Highway 41, in 2016, were highest near Pembroke, where approximately 5,300 vehicles travelled the road on an average day. Volumes are lowest through the Mazinaw Country portion of the route, between Bon Echo Provincial Park and Eganville, where less than 2,000, and as few as 1,300 vehicles, travel the highway on an average day. With the exception of a few short passing lanes, the entire length of the highway is two lanes wide.
Two locations along Highway 41 are maintained under a Connecting Link agreement between the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) and the local municipality, in which funding for maintenance is split between the two. These Connecting Links are located through the towns of Eganville and Pembroke, and are 2.0 km and 4.0 km long, respectively. The remainder of the highway is maintained solely by the MTO.
### Kaladar -- Madawaska River {#kaladar_madawaska_river}
Highway 41 begins in the centre of Lennox and Addington County at Highway 7, in the village of Kaladar. The highway once continued south to Napanee, but this is now County Road 41. It travels north, immediately ascending Kaladar Hill into a swamp-laden, heavily-forested region of the Canadian Shield, roughly following the Addington Colonization Road. After passing through the village of Northbrook, the highway --- and more accurately, the original Addington Road --- straddle the boundary between Lennox and Addington County and Frontenac County, as well as the municipalities of Addington Highlands and North Frontenac. It passes through the community of Cloyne, then meets the southernmost point of Mazinaw Lake, of which it travels near or along the western shore.
The highway enters Bon Echo Provincial Park, which sits near the midpoint of the lake. Within the park is Mazinaw Rock, a large 100 m pictograph-laden granite rock escarpment, as well as a National Historic Site of Canada. North of the park, Highway 41 --- now entirely within Lennox and Addington County --- continues alongside the northern half of Mazinaw Lake, and thereafter the Mississippi River, to the headwaters of the latter at Mackavoy Lake. Passing through Ferguson Corners, it departs eastward from the Addington Colonization Road. At Vennachar Junction, it turns north, then encounters Highway 28 just east of the town of Denbigh. Meandering northeast from there, the highway roughly parallels Hydes Creek to its confluence with the Madawaska River before curving east into Renfrew County. It crosses the river on a multiple-span concrete rigid arch bridge just prior to entering the community of Griffith. This bridge also serves as the downstream end of Lower Madawaska River Provincial Park.
### Madawaska River -- Pembroke {#madawaska_river_pembroke}
Beyond Griffith, Highway 41 travels through the municipality of Greater Madawaska. It winds in a generally northeast direction towards Dacre. West of that community, it descends into the Ottawa Valley and meets Highway 132. At that junction, drivers must turn to remain on Highway 41; Highway 132 continues through Dacre. The route proceeds north, now in the municipality of Bonnechere Valley, and shortly after passing Constant Lake, straightens towards Eganville. Farmland appears for the first time at the hamlet of Perrault. An intersection with former Highway 512 marks the entrance to Eganville, as well as the beginning of the Connecting Link Agreement through the town. After crossing the Bonnechere River, it meets Highway 60, with both highways becoming concurrent northward; the Connecting Link ends at Hartwig Street.
Approximately 3 km north of Eganville, Highway 41 departs from Highway 60 and travels eastward through a mixture a farmland and forests within the municipality of North Algona Wilberforce. It gradually wraps around the east side of Lake Doré, before curving northward. After crossing Snake Creek at the northeastern tip of the lake, the highway travels straight north through forests. It passes through several communities within a short distance, the most significant of which is Rankin. Near its northern end, the route zig-zags into the municipality of Laurentian Valley, then curves northeast to intersect Highway 17 on the outskirts of Pembroke. Within the town, both Highway 41 and Highway 148 are maintained under a Connecting Link Agreement. Highway 41 follows Paul Martin Drive, River Road, and Mackay Street through Pembroke before ending just south of the Ottawa River. The intersection of Mackay Street and Pembroke Street serves as the northern terminus of Highway 41, as well as the western terminus of Highway 148.
| 1,047 |
Ontario Highway 41
| 0 |
11,012,081 |
# Ontario Highway 41
## History
Although it did not become a provincial highway until the 1930s, the route that Highway 41 follows is similar to several colonization roads established in the mid-1800s. These forest-bound \"roads\", built to encourage settlement deeper into the province, were infamously rough wagon trails during dry times, and impassable quagmires throughout the spring and fall. The Addington Road, which travelled north from the Clare River (approximately 15 km south of Kaladar) to the Opeongo Line, would go on to form the nucleus of Highway 41 as far north as Denbigh. A rough line for this road was surveyed by Robert Bell in 1847. Construction as far north as the Madawaska River was carried out under the supervision of local surveyor Aylsworth B. Perry between 1854 and 1857. However, until the construction of Highway 41, travel through the Addington Highlands and Opeongo Hills was slow and arduous.
### Provincial assumption {#provincial_assumption}
Highway 41 was first established by the provincial government in the mid-1930s. The first section established is ironically the only section that was decommissioned as a provincial highway in 1998. On May 1, 1935, the Department of Highways (DHO) designated the Napanee--Kaladar Road through Lennox and Addington County, a distance of 49.5 km, and numbered it as Highway 41. Just over two years later, the route was extended to Highway 60 at Golden Lake. The DHO assumed the portion within Lennox and Addington on October 6, 1937, followed two weeks later by the portion within Renfrew County on October 20. This extended the highway by 125.4 km. Both Highway 60 and Highway 41 shared a terminus at a junction in Golden Lake from 1948 until 1957, when the Eganville to Pembroke Road was designated as Highway 41. The section between Eganville and Golden Lake consequently became an extension of Highway 60.
Most of Highway 41 was an unimproved road prior to 1935. Only two sections were paved: the route through Erinsville --- initially following Furlong Road --- was paved from Keegans Road south through the village to the cutoff to Tamworth, while the Selby Road was paved from Napanee north to Sharps Corners. Paving operations on the route did not begin until the 1940s, starting with the section through Eganville in 1941. In the intermediate years, several new alignments, bypassing the route of the original Addington Road, were graded and opened as gravel roads. Construction of the multi-span Madawaska River Bridge in Griffith began in 1940. It was completed and, along with a bypass east of Denbigh, opened in 1942. Construction of an unpaved diversion at Bon Echo, bypassing the original route along what is now Mazinaw Heights Road, was completed in 1943. Highway 41 was paved and realigned from north of Eganville to Golden Lake (along what is now Highway 60) in 1944, and from Kaladar to Northbrook in 1945. A 25 km section from Erinsville to Kaladar was improved in 1947, as was approximately 11 km between Northbrook and Cloyne, and 20 km from Dacre to Egansville. Paving and improvements between Cloyne and Dacre were carried out over the next three years: from Denbigh to Dacre in 1948; from Bon Echo to Mackavoy Lake in 1949, and the remaining gaps from Cloyne to Bon Echo and from Mackavoy Lake to Denbigh in 1950. The final gravel section, between Roblin and Erinsville, was paved in 1953.
| 562 |
Ontario Highway 41
| 1 |
11,012,081 |
# Ontario Highway 41
## History
### Prince Edward County {#prince_edward_county}
Within Prince Edward County, a southern discontinuous section of Highway 41 existed from 1938 to 1965. On April 13, 1938, the DHO took over the road between Picton and Cole\'s Wharf, labelling it as the *Picton to Napanee Road*. This section never connected directly with Highway 41 north of Napanee, as planned; it would eventually be incorporated into the route of Highway 49 in the mid-1960s. Travelling north from Picton alongside the Bay of Quinte in Prince Edward County, it followed a similar route to the present-day Prince Edward County Road 49, as far as Roblin Mills. From there it curved to follow County Road 35. The entire early route was known as the Lower High Shore Road; there was no road directly north from Roblin Mills. Highway 41 passed through Mount Carmel before ending at Cole\'s Wharf, where a ferry crossed to Huff\'s Wharf. County roads continued thereafter to Napanee. The length of this section was 17.6 km.
Like the rest of Highway 41, this section was unpaved at first. It was paved 3 km north from Picton to County Road 6 in 1939. Approximately 7 km between Picton and Woodville were paved in 1946. The remainder of the southern portion, to Cole\'s Wharf, was paved by 1948.
A span across the Bay of Quinte, which separates most of Prince Edward County from the Ontario mainland, was a significant undertaking that required funding and manpower that was unavailable through the war years. It would take until the 1960s until proposals for a high-level bridge over the waterway gained traction. In November 1964, the first contract for construction on the Quinte Skyway, west of Deseronto, was awarded. The DHO had planned to begin work in September 1962, but funding was unavailable. Severe winter weather prevented work on the contract from proceeding until the spring of 1965, by which time the entire southern section of Highway 41 had been renumbered as Highway 49. The Quinte Skyway, and a realigned Highway 49, were both completed in September 1967, with premier John Robarts opening the bridge during a motorcade on September 6.
### North to Pembroke {#north_to_pembroke}
Highway 41 was extended to Pembroke on April 11, 1957, when the road north of Eganville and around Lake Dore was assumed by the DHO. For nearly two decades, the route followed the shoreline of Lake Dore along what is now Point Church Drive. During the mid-1960s, proposals were raised to bypass the majority of the new extension, including both the current route south of Lake Dore, as well as a new route from there to Highway 17 that was ultimately never built. The unbuilt bypass would have travelled northeast from Lake Dore, passing near Micksburg and ending mid-way between Cobden and Pembroke. The bypass around Lake Dore was completed between 1978 and 1980.
Within Pembroke, Highway 41 entered the town as it does today, but curved northwest onto Boundary Road to avoid crossing the Muskrat River. It followed Boundary Road to end at Highway 62 (Bruham Avenue). In 1962, the route was redirected to downtown Pembroke via Eganville Road and Christie Street to end at Highway 17/62 (Pembroke Street West). This routing remained in place until the Highway 17 Pembroke Bypass opened on September 10, 1982, after which the current path of Highway 41 along Paul Martin Drive, River Road and Mackay Street was established. The former route of Highway 17 along Pembroke Street was subsequently renumbered as Highway 148.
### Downloading
As part of a series of budget cuts initiated by premier Mike Harris under his Common Sense Revolution platform in 1995, numerous highways deemed to no longer be of significance to the provincial network were decommissioned and responsibility for the routes transferred to a lower level of government, a process referred to as downloading. On January 1, 1998, the section of Highway 41 between Highway 2 in Napanee and Highway 7 in Kaladar was transferred to the county of Lennox and Addington, truncating the highway by 48.9 km
| 676 |
Ontario Highway 41
| 2 |
11,012,123 |
# Ecnomidae
The **Ecnomidae** are a family of caddisflies comprising 9 genera with a total of 375 species.
## Distribution
The Ecnomidae have a Gondwanan distribution, except one genus, which also is present in Oriental and Palearctic regions.
## Morphology
The adult is a mostly small to medium-sized caddisfly with a wingspan of 6 -, with dull grayish-brown mottled wings. Ocelli are absent. The maxillary palp is five-segmented. The apical segment is flexible. The antennae are, at most, as long as the forewing. Forewing R1 is usually forked at the apex; the discoidal and median cells present and closed. The female abdomen terminates either flat out or with an elongated ovipositor.
The larva is small to medium-sized 5 - long. The head and all thoracic nota are sclerotised. The prolegs on the abdomen are highly formed with large anal claws terminal.
## Behavior and ecology {#behavior_and_ecology}
The Ecnomidae larval stage, like most trichoptera larvae, is spent completely in fresh water. They are predatory, but some genera feed also on algae and detritus. They construct fixed tubes, retreats of silk, on logs or rocks. Permanent ponds and lakes or slower-flowing waters is suitable habitat for Ecnomidae larvae.
## Taxonomy and systematics {#taxonomy_and_systematics}
The Ecnomidae taxonomy has been problematic, Ecnomidae was first described (Ulmer 1903) as a subfamily of Hydropsychidae, and later as a subfamily within Psychomiidae. The family Ecnomidae is now accepted as monophyletic beside its sister-group Polycentropodidae. The Ecnomidae contain at least 9 genera with the most diversity found in the genus *Ecnomus*. Currently, a total of 375 species are described. In recent years, several new species has been discovered, mainly from the Oceania region. Other phylogenetically distinct genera exist which have not been scientifically described yet.
### Genera
- †*Archaeotinodes* Baltic amber, Eocene
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- *Absensomina*
- *Agmina*: 20 species endemic to New Caledonia
- *Austrotinodes*: 37 named species distributed in South and Central America, forms a sister group to 11 *Austrotinodes* species found in Australia
- *Caledomina*: 4 species from New Caledonia
- *Daternomina*: 10--20 species found in Australia, especially Tasmania, was formerly described as *Ecnomina*, but is now regarded as genus since they possess modified wing venation and female genitalia characters
- *Ecnomus*: more than 260 described species widespread in the Palearctic, Oriental and Afrotropical regions. *Psychomyiellodes*, is a monophyletic group within *Ecnomus*, with eight species endemic to the Afrotropical region.
- *Ecnomina*: 23 named species found primarily in Australia, with one in New Zealand
- *Neboissomina*: seven species described
- *Parecnomina*: seven described species endemic to the Afrotropical region, is easily distinguished from *Ecnomus* based on wing and genitalia characters, and is regarded as a sister group to *Ecnomus*.
- *Wellsomina*: Twelve species
All Ecnomidae genera are restricted to the Southern Hemisphere except the genus *Ecnomus*, which is widely distributed. This means the group may have had a Gondwanan origin. The genus *Ecnomus* is also known from the Barremian aged Lebanese amber
| 489 |
Ecnomidae
| 0 |
11,012,162 |
# Bernard Kilgore
**Bernard (Barney) Kilgore** was a managing editor of *The Wall Street Journal* from 1941 to 1965 and head of the Dow Jones company.
In 1961 Kilgore received the Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award as well as an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Colby College. He was a graduate of DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana.
In 1966, Kilgore received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.
Kilgore is the subject of the book \"Restless Genius\" by Richard J. Tofel
| 84 |
Bernard Kilgore
| 0 |
11,012,200 |
# Polycentropodidae
The **Polycentropodidae** are a family of trumpet-net and tube-making caddisflies. There are at least 30 genera and 720 described species in Polycentropodidae. The type genus for Polycentropodidae is *Polycentropus* J. Curtis, 1835.
The larvae of this family construct complex silken tubes in which to live. These are short and flattened, and built in hollows in rocks or other submerged objects. They are surrounded by silken threads stretched across nearby surfaces. The larvae are carnivorous, remaining in the retreat until alerted by a small animal encountering a thread, and then rushing out to attack the prey. Members of the genus *Polycentropus* make slender, tubular structures among the tangled stems of aquatic plants, being alerted to the presence of prey that encounters the associated silken threads among the plants.
## Genera
These 33 genera belong to the family Polycentropodidae: `{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Adectophylax* Neboiss, 1982^i\ c\ g^
- *Antillopsyche* Banks, 1941^i\ c\ g^
- *Archaeoneureclipsis* Ulmer, 1912^g^
- *Archaeopolycentra* Botosaneanu & Wichard, 1983^g^
- *Cernotina* Ross, 1938^i\ c\ g\ b^
- *Cyrnellus* Banks, 1913^i\ c\ g^
- *Cyrnodes* Ulmer, 1910^i\ c\ g^
- *Cyrnopsis* Martynov, 1935^i\ c\ g^
- *Cyrnus* Stephens, 1836^i\ c\ g^
- *Derobrochus* Scudder, 1885^g^
- *Electrocyrnus* Melnitsky & Ivanov, 2010^g^
- *Eoclipsis* Sukacheva, 1994^g^
- *Eodipseudopsis* Marlier, 1959^i\ c\ g^
- *Eoneureclipsis* Kimmins, 1955^i\ c\ g^
- *Holocentropus* McLachlan, 1878^i\ c\ g\ b^
- *Kambaitipsyche* Malicky, 1992^i\ c\ g^
- *Leptobrochus* Scudder, 1890^g^
- *Litobrochus* Scudder, 1890^g^
- *Mesobrochus* Scudder, 1890^g^
- *Neucentropus* Martynov, 1907^i\ c\ g^
- *Neureclipsis* McLachlan, 1864^i\ c\ g\ b^
- *Neurocentropus* Navas, 1918^i\ c\ g^
- *Nyctiophylacodes* Ulmer, 1912^g^
- *Nyctiophylax* Brauer, 1865^i\ c\ g\ b^ (dinky light summer sedges)
- *Pahamunaya* Schmid, 1958^i\ c\ g^
- *Paladicella* Scudder, 1890^g^
- *Plectrocentropus* Sukacheva, 1994^g^
- *Plectrocnemia* Stephens, 1836^i\ c\ g\ b^
- *Plectrocnemiella* Mosely, 1934^i\ c\ g^
- *Polycentropus* Curtis, 1835^i\ c\ g\ b^
- *Polyplectropus* Ulmer, 1905^i\ c\ g^
- *Pseudoneureclipsis* Ulmer, 1913^i\ c\ g^
- *Tasmanoplegas* Neboiss, 1977^i\ c\ g^
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide
| 347 |
Polycentropodidae
| 0 |
11,012,203 |
# A Walking Song
\"**A Walking Song**\" is a poem in *The Lord of the Rings*. It appears in the third chapter, entitled \"Three is Company\". It is given its title in the work\'s index to songs and poems. There is a companion poem near the end of the novel.
The poem has been set to music by the Danish group The Tolkien Ensemble.
While the poem itself does not appear in *The Lord of the Rings* film trilogy, parts of it are featured throughout, including in the song \"The Edge of Night\" sung by Billy Boyd in *The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King* which has lyrics from the last verse.
## Context
The hobbit Frodo Baggins is travelling to Bucklebury in the Shire, accompanied by his gardener and friend Sam Gamgee and his kinsman Pippin Took. Frodo is ostensibly moving to a newly purchased house, having sold his hobbit-hole to his relatives, the Sackville-Bagginses. However, he and Sam have secretly planned to journey beyond, to Bree where he will meet again with Gandalf, so that they can travel to Rivendell; Frodo has the Ring of the Dark Lord Sauron in his possession, and he believes it will be safe there. They journey into the night, and at this point
> They began to hum softly, as hobbits have a way of doing as they walk along, especially when they are drawing near to home at night. With most hobbits it is a supper-song or a bed-song; but these hobbits hummed a walking-song (though not, of course, without any mention of supper and bed).
Frodo\'s uncle Bilbo Baggins, who had adopted him, had made up the words \"to a tune that was as old as the hills, and taught it to Frodo as they walked in the lanes of the Water-valley and talked about Adventure\". After the song ends, the hobbits encounter a Black Rider for the second time.
A different walking song, \"The Road Goes Ever On\", appears in different versions in *The Hobbit*, in two places in *The Fellowship of the Ring* -- the first two by Bilbo, the third instance spoken by Frodo, alongside \"A Walking Song\"; and again in *The Return of the King*, where again it is voiced by Bilbo.
\"A Walking Song\" is mirrored at the end of the novel, in the chapter \"The Grey Havens\". Frodo sings part of the song with slightly changed words, as he is leaving for the Undying Lands.
## Interpretation
The road in *A Walking Song* has been seen as a metaphor for destiny and experience for both Bilbo and Frodo that begins at their home Bag End. According to Shippey, the name Bag End is a direct translation of French *cul-de-sac* meaning a dead end or a road with only one outlet. The journeys of Bilbo and Frodo have been interpreted as such a confined road as they both start and end their respective adventures in Bag End. According to Don D. Elgin, *A Walking Song* is \"a song about the roads that go ever on until they return to at last to the familiar things they have always known.\"
Tom Shippey writes that especially in the second version of the song, the wording subtly changed to be more definite, even final, when Frodo knows he will soon leave Middle-earth, he sings of taking
The verse alludes to his coming journey on the Old Straight Road, the Elvish path normally barred to mortals that departs from Arda at a tangent, going directly to Valinor, somewhere far away in the Uttermost West. This version of the song has been likened to Nick Bottom\'s dream in William Shakespeare\'s *A Midsummer Night\'s Dream*, which speaks of something that \"the eye of man hath not heard, the eye of man hath not seen\".
Ralph C. Wood writes that from a Christian point of view, the song references the inevitable journey towards death and beyond.
| 657 |
A Walking Song
| 0 |
11,012,203 |
# A Walking Song
## Adaptations
### In film {#in_film}
Part of \"A Walking Song\" is featured in Peter Jackson\'s 2003 *The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King*. Some lines from the poem are part of a larger montage entitled \"The Steward of Gondor\", written by Howard Shore and arranged by Philippa Boyens. The song is called \"The Edge of Night\" after a phrase in the lyrics. Its melody was composed by Billy Boyd, who plays Pippin. The lyrics sung in the film are:
In the film version, Denethor, the Steward of Gondor residing in its capital Minas Tirith, asks Pippin to sing for him while he eats. At the same time, Denethor\'s son Faramir makes a futile attempt to retake the city of Osgiliath, as requested by his father. Pippin\'s song is cut down from Tolkien\'s poem, the lines being a rewrite of part of the last stanza. According to Jackson, the song was devised while shooting the film. Boyd envisioned the song to be one that Pippin had \"probably heard his grandfather sing, you know, from when the hobbits were looking for the Shire.\" The song was recorded in Abbey Road Studios in London. Boyd called it \"a huge highlight\" of his career. Paul Broucek, executive music producer at New Line Cinema, comments: \"Instead of a noisy battle scene, you have the juxtaposition of the beautiful, haunting melody that Billy created and sings, and that Howard supports with very simple underpinnings of orchestra growing out of it.\" The scenes featuring \"The Edge of Night\" were largely invented by the film\'s writers; in the book, although Denethor asks Pippin if he can sing, no song is ever requested.
Shore wrote the orchestral section of \"The Sacrifice of Faramir\", which frames Boyd\'s song. The melody echoes Shore\'s Gondor theme/ Frodo\'s variation of the song was used for the film soundtrack, at the point when Frodo and company are at the Grey Havens, but with the lyrics translated into Sindarin by David Salo. The phrase \"home is behind, the world ahead\" is uttered by Gandalf near the beginning of the 2012 film *The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey*, as Bilbo and the dwarves leave the Shire for the first time.
### Musical settings {#musical_settings}
Both versions of the poem have been set to music by the Danish group The Tolkien Ensemble, with melodies composed by one of its members, Peter Hall. They appear on the group\'s album *At Dawn in Rivendell* (2002). A cover of the \"Edge of Night\" song as used in the film appears on the eponymous final album of a former Tolkien Ensemble member, Nick Keir
| 440 |
A Walking Song
| 1 |
11,012,291 |
# Psychomyiidae
The **Psychomyiidae** are a family of tube-making caddisflies. Members of this family are typically very similar to polycentropodids, most of them can be differentiated by the spur formula is 2-4-4, thyridial cell short, absence of the forewing fork I, and hindwing forks I and IV (except in *Eoneureclipsis*). Male genitalia has elongate preanal appendages, and reduced tergum IX. The larvae differ by the submental sclerites separated, foretrochantin broad, and the pupal mandible apex whip-like. Larvae construct long silken galleries.
The type genus for Psychomyiidae is *Psychomyia* P.A. Latreille, 1829.
Psychomyiella Ulmer, 1908 is considered a junior synonym of Psychomyiia. Phylogenetic analysis of Johanson & Espeland (2010) found the genus *Zelandoptila* Tillyard, 1924 placed within the family Ecnomidae although the genus was previously placed in Psychomyiidae.
## Genera
These 10 genera belong to the family Psychomyiidae:
- *Eoneureclipsis* Kimmins, 1955
- *Lype* McLachlan, 1878^i\ c\ g\ b^
- *Metalype* Klapalek, 1898^i\ c\ g^
- *Padangpsyche* Malicky, 1993^i\ c\ g^
- *Paduniella* Ulmer, 1913^i\ c\ g^
- †*Palerasnitsynus* Wichard, Ross & Ross, 2011^g^
- *Psychomyia* Latreille in Cuvier, 1829^i\ c\ g^
- *Tinodes* Curtis, 1834^i\ c\ g\ b^
- *Trawaspsyche* Malicky, 2004
- †*Trichopterodomus* Erickson, 1983^g^
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide
| 212 |
Psychomyiidae
| 0 |
11,012,294 |
# Latin American Studies Association
The **Latin American Studies Association** (LASA) is the largest association for scholars of Latin American studies. Founded in 1966, it has over 12,000 members, 45 percent of whom reside outside the United States (36 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean), LASA brings together experts on Latin America from all disciplines and diverse occupational endeavors, across the globe.
## History
LASA was founded in 1966 following a meeting sponsored by the Joint Committee on Latin American Studies (composed of the Social Science Research Council (SSRC) and the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS), held at the Hispanic Foundation (now the Hispanic Division) of the Library of Congress, May 7, 1966. LASA\'s constitution and bylaws were drafted and on May 12, 1966 it was incorporated in Washington, D.C., as a legal, tax exempt organization, \"non-profit professional body created by scholarly area specialists to meet their particular and growing needs.\" The incorporation of the LASA was the culmination of a long process to create such an organization after the failure of a previous attempt. In April 1958, Howard F. Cline, Director of the Hispanic Foundation of the Library of Congress (1952--71) and the ACLS organized a conference to explore the creation of a coordinating body for Latin American area studies. In 1959, the ACLS and the SSRC formed the Joint Committee on Latin American Studies, which ultimately led to the founding of LASA as an organization. The Constitution and Bylaws of the Latin American Studies Association were published in the *Latin American Research Review* in 1966. LASA\'s first President after its 1966 incorporation was political scientist Kalman Silvert, who published extensively on Latin American political systems and conflict. LASA honors Silvert\'s memory with a major prize.
## Mission
LASA\'s mission is \"to foster intellectual discussion, research, and teaching on Latin America, the Caribbean, and its people throughout the Americas, promote the interests of its diverse membership, and encourage civic engagement through network building and public debate.\"
## LASA Congresses {#lasa_congresses}
Every year, specialists on Latin America gather at the LASA International Congress. Featuring over 900 sessions, including plenary sessions and informal meetings, the Congress is the world\'s premier forum for expert discussion on Latin America and the Caribbean.
- The theme of the 2019 Boston LASA Congress was "Justice and Inclusion\".
- The theme of the 2024 Bogotá, Colombia LASA Congress was \"Reaction and Resistance: imagining possible futures in the Americas\"
## Regional Subgroups {#regional_subgroups}
At the 1992 LASA Congress in Los Angeles, scholars specializing in Brazil founded the Brazilian Studies Association (BRASA). BRASA now holds independent biennial meetings.
| 432 |
Latin American Studies Association
| 0 |
11,012,294 |
# Latin American Studies Association
## LASA Presidents {#lasa_presidents}
- Gerardo Otero (Simon Fraser University), 2021-2022
- Gioconda Herrera (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO) Ecuador), 2020-2021
- Mara Viveros-Vigoya (Universidad Nacional de Colombia), 2019-2020
- Lynn M. Stephen (University of Oregon), 2018-2019
- [Aldo Panfichi](http://www.pucp.edu.pe/profesor/aldo-panfichi-huaman/) (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú) 2017-2018
- Joanne Rappaport Georgetown University 2016-2017
- Gilbert Joseph (Yale University) 2015-2016
- Debra Castillo (Cornell University) 2014-2015
- Merilee Grindle (Harvard University), 2013-2014
- Evelyne Huber (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill), 2012-2013
- Maria Hermínia Tavares de Almeida (Universidade de São Paulo), 2010-2012
- John Coatsworth (Columbia University), (historian) 2009-2010
- Eric Hershberg (American University), 2007-2009
- Charles R. Hale (University of Texas, Austin), 2006-2007
- Sonia E. Alvarez (University of Massachusetts, Amherst), 2004-2006
- Marysa Navarro (Dartmouth College), 2003-2004
- Arturo Arias (University of Redlands), 2001-2003
- Thomas Holloway (University of California, Davis), 2000-2001
- Franklin W. Knight (Johns Hopkins University), (historian) 1998-2000
- Susan Eckstein (Boston University), 1997-1998
- Jane Jaquette (Occidental College), 1995-1997
- Cynthia McClintock (George Washington University), (political scientist) 1994-1995
- Carmen Diana Deere (University of Massachusetts, Amherst), 1992-1994
- Lars Schoultz (University of North Carolina), 1991-1992
- Jean Franco (Columbia University), 1989-1991
- Paul Drake (University of California, San Diego), 1988-1989
- Cole Blasier (University of Pittsburgh), 1986-1988
- Wayne Cornelius (University of California, San Diego), (political scientist) 1985-1986
- Helen M. Safa (University of Florida), 1983-1985
- Jorge I. Domínguez 1982-1983. Stripped of his LASA membership January 2020.
- Peter H. Smith (University of California, San Diego), 1981-1982
- Carmelo Mesa-Lago (University of Pittsburgh), 1980-1981
- William P. Glade 1979-1980
- Riordan Roett 1978-1979
- Evelyn P. Stevens 1976-1978
- Richard R. Fagen 1975-1976
- Paul L. Doughty 1974-1975
- Henry A. Landsberger 1973-1974
- Thomas Skidmore 1972-1973
- Federico G. Gil 1971-1972
- John J. Johnson 1970-1971
- John P. Augelli 1969-1970
- Richard Newbold Adams 1968-1969
- Kalman H. Silvert (political scientist) 1967-1968
## Awards
- LASA/OXFAM Martin Diskin Dissertation Award
- Bryce Wood Book Award
- LASA/Oxfam America Martin Diskin Memorial Lectureship
- Premio Iberoamericano Book Award
- LASA Media Award
- Kalman H. Silvert Award - named for the first president of LASA
- Luciano Tomassini Award
- Charles A. Hale Fellowship for Mexican History - named for University of Iowa historian of Mexican liberalism
- Guillermo O\'Donnell Democracy Award and Lectureship
- Howard F. Cline Book Prize in Mexican History, named for a founder of LASA
## Publishing
LASA publishes an interdisciplinary scholarly journal, the *Latin American Research Review* (LARR) founded in 1965 by a consortium of U.S. universities. *LARR* is an interdisciplinary journal that publishes original research and surveys of current research on Latin America and the Caribbean.
LASA has established a publishing house, the Latin American Research Commons, that publishes *LARR* and other books and journals
| 474 |
Latin American Studies Association
| 1 |
11,012,306 |
# Bobkin
**Bobkin** is a surname. East Slavic feminine form: **Bobkina**
| 11 |
Bobkin
| 0 |
11,012,314 |
# Cathartes
The genus ***Cathartes*** includes medium-sized to large carrion-feeding birds in the New World vulture (Cathartidae) family. The three extant species currently classified in this genus occur widely in the Americas. There is one extinct species known from the Quaternary of Cuba.
*Cathartes* is the Greek word καθαρτής, for \"purifier,\" referring to these vultures\' role as \"cleansers\" that \"tidy up\" decomposing corpses in nature.
## Taxonomy
### Description
The first member of this genus to be formally described, the turkey vulture, was named by Linnaeus as *Vultur aura* in his *Systema Naturae* in 1758, but was eventually moved to the current genus which had been created by German zoologist Johann Illiger in 1811. The yellow-headed birds first described in 1845 by John Cassin were not split into two species until 1964.
### Systematics
*Cathartes* is one of the five genera of New World vultures. The taxonomic placement of these vultures remains unclear. It is the only genus in its family that is not monotypic. The New World and Old World vultures are similar in appearance and have similar ecological roles, but evolved from different ancestors in widely separated parts of the world. The relationships between the two vulture groups is a matter of debate, with some earlier authorities suggesting that the New World vultures are more closely related to storks.
In 2007 the American Ornithologists\' Union\'s North American checklist moved Cathartidae back into the lead position in Falconiformes, but with an asterisk that indicates it is a taxon \"that is probably misplaced in the current phylogenetic listing but for which data indicating proper placement are not yet available\". The AOU\'s draft South American checklist places the Cathartidae in their own order, Cathartiformes. However, recent DNA study on the evolutionary relationships between bird groups also suggests that they are related to the other birds of prey and should be part of a new order Accipitriformes instead, a position adopted in 2010 by the AOU\'s North American check-list, and shared with the International Ornithological Congress.
### Species
The genus *Cathartes* has three recognized extant species: `{{Species table |genus=Cathartes |authority-name= [[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]] |authority-year= 1811 |species-count=three|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}`{=mediawiki}
One extinct species, Emslie\'s vulture (*C. emsliei*) is known from Late Quaternary fossil remains from Cuba, and it likely went extinct following the extinction of the megafauna whose carrion it would have fed on during the Quaternary extinction event, coupled with the subsequent loss of the savanna habitats it would have favored.
## Description {#description_1}
thumb\|thumbtime=82\|Turkey vultures coming in to the same roost they use for the season.
All *Cathartes* species have featherless heads with brightly colored skin, yellow to orange in the yellow-headed vultures, bright red in the turkey vulture. All three species share a well-developed sense of smell, which is rare in birds, that enables them to locate carrion under the canopy.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
The vultures of *Cathartes* mostly occupy forests of the Americas, especially Mexico, Central America, and South America.
## Ecology and behaviour {#ecology_and_behaviour}
While all species obtain most of their diet by scavenging, the lesser yellow-headed vulture is known to hunt live prey in wetland environments
| 519 |
Cathartes
| 0 |
11,012,318 |
# Adaptations of Anna Karenina
This is a list of adaptations of *Anna Karenina*, the 1877 novel by Leo Tolstoy.
## Theatre
- 1992: Helen Edmundson\'s adaptation was produced by Shared Experience for a touring production. Edmundson won a *Time Out* Award for Outstanding Theatrical Event of 1992, and a TMA Award.
## Film
- 1911: *Anna Karenina* (1911 film), a French/Russian adaptation directed by Maurice André Maître.
- 1914: *Anna Karenina* (1914 film), a Russian adaptation directed by Vladimir Gardin.
- 1915: *Anna Karenina* (1915 film), an American version starring Danish actress Betty Nansen.
- 1917: \"Daughter of Anna Karenina\" (Дочь Анны Карениной), by screenwriter, director Alexander Arkatov.
- 1918: *Anna Karenina* (1918 film), a Hungarian adaptation directed by Márton Garas.
- 1920: *Anna Karenina* (1920 film), a German silent historical film directed by Frederic Zelnik and starring Lya Mara, Johannes Riemann, and Heinrich Peer.
- 1927: *Love* (1927 film), an American version, starring Greta Garbo and directed by Edmund Goulding. This version featured significant changes from the novel and had two different endings, with a happy one for American audiences.
- 1935: *Anna Karenina* (1935 film), an American version starring Greta Garbo and Fredric March and directed by Clarence Brown.
- 1948: *Anna Karenina* (1948 film) starring Vivien Leigh, Ralph Richardson and directed by Julien Duvivier.
- 1953: *Anna Karenina* (1953 film), a Russian version directed by Tatyana Lukashevich.
- 1954: *Panakkaari*, a Tamil language adaptation directed by K. S. Gopalakrishnan
- 1960: *Nahr al-Hob* (*River of Love*), an Egyptian movie directed by Ezzel Dine Zulficar
- 1967: *Anna Karenina* (1967 film), a Russian version directed by Alexander Zarkhi with music by Rodion Shchedrin.
- 1976: *Anna Karenina*, a Russian ballet version directed by Margarita Pilikhina.
- 1985: *Anna Karenina* (1985 film), a U.S. TV movie starring Jacqueline Bisset and Christopher Reeve, directed by Simon Langton.
- 1997: *Anna Karenina* (1997 film), the first American version to be filmed entirely on locations in Russia, directed by Bernard Rose and starring Sophie Marceau and Sean Bean.
- 2012: *Anna Karenina* (2012 film), a British version directed by Joe Wright, starring Keira Knightley.
- see also *Anna Karenina* (2012 soundtrack), the soundtrack of the 2012 film
## Television
- 1961: *Anna Karenina*, a BBC Television adaptation directed by Rudolph Cartier, starring Claire Bloom and Sean Connery.
- 1977: *Anna Karenina*, a ten-episode BBC series, directed by Basil Coleman and starred Nicola Pagett, Eric Porter and Stuart Wilson.
- 2000: *Anna Karenina*, a four-part British Channel 4 TV adaptation directed by David Blair and starring Helen McCrory. Aired in America on PBS Masterpiece Theatre in 2001.
- 2013: *Anna KareNina*, a Filipino drama series directed by Gina Alajar
- 2013: *Anna Karenina*, an Italian version for the Rai 1 network, directed by Christian Duguay and starring Vittoria Puccini
- 2015: *The Beautiful Lie*, an Australian mini-series aired on the ABC.
- Upcoming Netflix miniseries is set in 21st century in Russia with Svetlana Khodchenkova in lead role
## Ballet
- 1972: *Anna Karenina*, a ballet with original music by Rodion Shchedrin, choreographed by Maya Plisetskaya (solo scenes) together with Natalya Ryzhenko and Viktor Smirnov-Golovanov (mass scenes). The music draws upon the composer\'s own score for the 1967 film and uses a fragment from Bellini\'s I Capuleti e i Montecchi.
- 2005: *Anna Karenina*, a Russian ballet choreographed by Boris Eifman, with music by Tchaikovsky.
- 2018: *Anna Karenina*, a ballet by John Neumeier inspired by Leo Tolstoy; music by Tchaikovsky, Alfred Schnittke and Cat Stevens/Yusuf Islam
- 2019: *Anna Karenina*, choreography by Yuri Possokhov, music by Ilya Demutsky
## Musical theatre {#musical_theatre}
- 1992: *Anna Karenina*, an ill-fated Broadway musical adaptation.
- 1994: *Anna Karenina*, musical by Hungarian authors Tibor Kocsák (music) and Tibor Miklós (book and lyrics)
- 2016: *Anna Karenina*, an original Russian-language musical produced by the Moscow Operetta Theatre (live-recording filmed in 2018).
| 645 |
Adaptations of Anna Karenina
| 0 |
11,012,318 |
# Adaptations of Anna Karenina
## Opera
- 1914: *Karenina Anna* by Hungarian composer Jenő Hubay, premièred in 1923, to a libretto by Sándor Góth and Andor Gábor based on Edmond Guiraud\'s play drawn from Tolstoy\'s novel.
- 1962: *Anna Kareninová* by Czech composer Emil Hlobil on his own libretto, premièred in České Budějovice in 1963.
- 1970: *Anna Karenina* by Ukrainian composer Yuly Sergeyevich Meytus.
- 1978: *Anna Karenina* by Scottish composer Iain Hamilton on his own libretto, premièred by ENO at the London Coliseum in 1981.
- 2007: *Anna Karenina*, an American opera with music by David Carlson on a libretto by Colin Graham which premiered in 2007 at Florida Grand Opera. Second version with an added scene on text by Mark Streshinsky was premièred in 2010 by Opera San Jose.
## Literature
- *Android Karenina*, a mashup novel by Ben H. Winters.
- *Anna K**,* a contemporary novel by Jenny Lee
| 154 |
Adaptations of Anna Karenina
| 1 |
11,012,354 |
# Mike Gillian
**Mike Gillian** is an American basketball coach, and formerly served as the head men\'s basketball coach at Longwood University from 2003 to 2013. Resigning from Longwood on March 14, 2013, he had guided the team in their transition to NCAA Division I play, and into their first season as members of the Big South Conference. Prior to his time at Longwood, he was an assistant coach for seven years under Jim Larrañaga at Bowling Green and George Mason.
On November 7, 2013, Gillian was announced as an assistant coach at Florida International University. Gillian was not retained after FIU hired Jeremy Ballard as head coach in April 2018. As of the 2018--19 season, he is providing color commentary for broadcasts on ESPN platforms
| 126 |
Mike Gillian
| 0 |
11,012,394 |
# Up on Cripple Creek
\"**Up on Cripple Creek**\" is the fifth song on The Band\'s eponymous second album, *The Band*. It was released as an (edited) single on Capitol 2635 in November 1969 and reached No. 25 on the *Billboard* Hot 100. \"Up on Cripple Creek\" was written by Band guitarist Robbie Robertson, with drummer Levon Helm singing lead vocal.
A 1976 live performance of \"Up on Cripple Creek\" appears in The Band\'s concert film *The Last Waltz*, as well as on the accompanying soundtrack album. In addition, live performances of the song appear on *Before the Flood*, which records The Band\'s 1974 tour with Bob Dylan, as well as on the 2001 expanded edition of *Rock of Ages*, originally released in 1972.
The Band performed the song on *The Ed Sullivan Show* in November 1969.
## Writing and recording {#writing_and_recording}
Robertson said of writing the song:
> I had some ideas for \'Up On Cripple Creek\' when we were still based in Woodstock making Music From Big Pink. Then after Woodstock, I went to Montreal and my daughter Alexandra was born. We had been snowed in at Woodstock and in Montreal it was freezing, so we went to Hawaii, really as some kind of a way to get some warmth, and to begin preparing for making our second album. I think it was really pieces and ideas coming on during that travelling process that sparked the idea about a man who just drives these trucks across the whole country. I don't remember where I sat down and finished the song, though.
\"Up on Cripple Creek\" is notable as it is one of the first instances of a Hohner clavinet being played with a wah-wah pedal. The riff can be heard after each chorus of the song. The clavinet, especially in tandem with a wah-wah pedal, was a sound that became famous in the early to mid-1970s, especially in funk music.
| 322 |
Up on Cripple Creek
| 0 |
11,012,394 |
# Up on Cripple Creek
## Lyrics and music {#lyrics_and_music}
Drawing upon The Band\'s musical roots---the American South, American rock and roll, and bluegrass/country---the song is sung from the point of view of a truck driver who goes to Lake Charles, Louisiana, to stay with a local girl, Bessie, with whom he has a history. In the song, he gambles, drinks, listens to music, and spends time with \"little Bessie,\" who takes an active role in the goings-on, while expressing her opinions, further endearing herself to the narrator. At the end of the song, after exhausting himself on the road, he talks about going home to his woman, \"big mama,\" but is tempted to return to Bessie again. He may or may not be cheating. Truckers also use the term \"Big Mama\" to refer to their dispatcher over CB radio. Concerns about the weather in other parts of the country and the line \"this life of living on the road\" suggest over-the-road trucking. At the start of the song he\'s hauling logs off a mountain and at the end he may be weighing options: \"rolling in\" to home base for a new cargo or seeing his Bessie again.
One verse has the singer and Bessie listening to and commenting on the music of 1940s and 1950s bandleader Spike Jones. Robertson said of Jones, \"I was a Spike Jones admirer. I thought the way that he treated music was a healthy thing. He could take a song and do his own impression of it that was so odd and outside the box -- and in many cases hilarious. I liked him a lot."
Robertson has said of the song:`{{quote|We're not dealing with people at the top of the ladder, we're saying what about that house out there in the middle of that field? What does this guy think, with that one light on upstairs, and that truck parked out there? That's who I'm curious about. What is going on in there? And just following the story of this person, and he just drives these trucks across the whole country, and he knows these characters that he drops in on, on his travels. Just following him with a camera is really what this song's all about.<ref name=allmusic>{{cite web|title=Up on Cripple Creek|author=Janovitz, B.|url=http://www.allmusic.com/song/up-on-cripple-creek-mt0011252707|publisher=[[Allmusic]]|access-date=2014-02-26}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
Upon the single release, *Record World* called it a \"great track.\"
*AllMusic* critic Bill Janovitz describes the melody as \"light and catchy,\" also stating that the song has a \"New Orleans groove.\" Janovitz also regards the \"non-traditional, funky style\" of Garth Hudson\'s clavinet playing a precursor of Stevie Wonder\'s similar keyboard playing on \"Superstition\".
## Chart performance {#chart_performance}
+------------------------------+----------+
| Chart (1969--1970) | Peak\ |
| | position |
+:=============================+:========:+
| Canadian *RPM* Singles Chart | 10 |
+------------------------------+----------+
| U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 | 25 |
+------------------------------+----------+
## Personnel
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of *A Musical History*.
- Levon Helm -- lead vocals, drums
- Rick Danko -- bass guitar, backing vocals
- Garth Hudson -- clavinet with wah-wah pedal, Lowrey organ
- Richard Manuel -- piano, backing vocals
- Robbie Robertson -- electric guitar
## Recorded covers {#recorded_covers}
- The Oak Ridge Boys, on their 1982 album *Bobbie Sue*.
- Tom Wopat, on the 1979 *The Dukes of Hazzard* TV show soundtrack
- Gomez, on the 2007 Band tribute album *Endless Highway: The Music of The Band*
- Farmboy, on the 2003 album *Farmboy*
- Apollo Sunshine, on the 2005 album *Live at the Paradise*
- Chadwick Stokes Urmston, on the 2011 album *Live at the Armory*
- Blackberry Smoke with Bob Weir, on the 2017 DVD *An Evening At TRI*
- Jack DeJohnette\'s quartet, on their 2017 album *Hudson*
- Jason Manns feat. Jensen Ackles, Mark Pellegrino, Rob Benedict & Richard Speight Jr. on Jason Manns\' album Recovering with Friends 2018.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
- The hip hop duo Gang Starr sampled the rhythm track on their own song \"Beyond Comprehension.\"
- The song played into the credits of episode 11 of the second season of *The Last Man on Earth*
| 679 |
Up on Cripple Creek
| 1 |
11,012,435 |
# Phryma leptostachya
***Phryma leptostachya***, or **lopseed**, is a perennial herb of the genus *Phryma*. When distinguished from *Phryma oblongifolia* and *Phryma nana*, it is native to eastern North America.
The plant stands about 0.3 to 1.0 meters tall, and the inflorescences bear a number of small (4 mm) tube-shaped white to pink flowers.
## Taxonomy
*Phryma leptostachya* was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It was the only species he placed in his genus *Phryma*. Two further species were later described by the Japanese botanist Gen-ichi Koidzumi, *Phryma oblongifolia* and *Phryma nana*. However, these species were generally not accepted, and populations in Asia and North America were usually treated as the single species *Phryma leptostachya*, being distinguished only at the rank of subspecies and variety. In 2017, treating all three as full species was supported by morphological and earlier molecular phylogenetic evidence, and all three are accepted by Plants of the World Online, `{{As of|2022|April|lc=yes}}`{=mediawiki}, although other sources may continue to use a single species with only intraspecific divisions
| 171 |
Phryma leptostachya
| 0 |
11,012,456 |
# Estimated number of civilian guns per capita by country
This is a list of countries by **estimated number of privately owned guns per 100 people.** The *Small Arms Survey 2017* provides estimates of the total number of civilian-owned guns in a country. It then calculates the number per 100 people. This number for a country does not indicate the percentage of the population that owns guns, because single individuals can own multiple guns.
See also Percent of households with guns by country.
## List of countries by estimated number of guns per 100 people {#list_of_countries_by_estimated_number_of_guns_per_100_people}
All the numbers in the main column of the table below are from the annex table of *Small Arms Survey 2017*. The survey\'s methodology is based on firearms registries, surveys, expert estimates, and comparison to similar countries. The estimates include both licit and illicit firearms. The annex table where all the numbers in the main column come from also includes some sub-national areas and territories such as Northern Ireland, Puerto Rico, Scotland, etc. Region information is based on the United Nations geoscheme.
Location Firearms per 100 Region Subregion Population 2017 Civilian firearms Computation method data-sort-type=number \|Registered firearms data-sort-type=number \|Unregistered firearms Notes
---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------- ----------------- ----------------- ------------------- -------------------- --------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- -------
120.5 Americas North America 326,474,000 393,347,000 1 1,073,743 392,273,257 Est.
62.1 Americas South America 3,000 2,000 2 1,705 295
52.8 Asia Western Asia 28,120,000 14,859,000 2 N/A N/A
42.5 Oceania Melanesia 270,000 115,000 2 55,000 60,000
39.1 Europe Southern Europe 6,946,000 2,719,000 2 1,186,086 1,532,914
39.1 Europe Southern Europe 626,000 245,000 3 103,536 141,464
34.7 Americas North America 36,626,000 12,708,000 2 2,081,442 10,626,558
34.7 Americas South America 3,457,000 1,198,000 2 605,313 592,687
34.0 Europe Eastern Europe 839,000 285,000 2 154,327 130,673
32.4 Europe Northern Europe 5,541,000 1,793,000 1 1,542,396 250,604
31.9 Asia Western Asia 6,039,000 1,927,000 2 N/A N/A
31.7 Europe Northern Europe 334,000 106,000 2 73,000 33,000
31.2 Europe Southern Europe 3,793,000 1,185,000 2 353,000 832,000
30.0 Europe Western Europe 8,592,000 2,577,000 1 837,000 1,740,000
29.8 Europe Southern Europe 2,083,000 621,000 2 169,687 451,313
28.8 Europe Western Europe 38,000 11,000 3 N/A N/A
28.8 Europe Northern Europe 5,331,000 1,537,000 2 1,254,638 282,362
28.3 Europe Southern Europe 421,000 119,000 2 96,425 22,575
27.6 Europe Western Europe 8,454,000 2,332,000 2 791,719 1,540,281
26.3 Oceania Australasia 4,605,000 1,212,000 2 1,200,000 12,000
23.8 Europe Southern Europe 1,831,000 436,000 2 43,206 392,794
23.1 Europe Northern Europe 9,921,000 2,296,000 1 1,955,478 340,522
22.3 Americas North America 56,000 13,000 3 N/A N/A
22.3 Asia South Asia 196,744,000 43,917,000 2 6,000,000 37,917,000
21.3 Europe Southern Europe 10,265,000 2,186,000 1 1,400,000 786,000
19.6 Europe Western Europe 64,939,000 12,732,000 1 4,501,235 8,230,765
19.6 Americas South America 283,000 55,000 3 N/A N/A
19.6 Europe Western Europe 80,636,000 15,822,000 1 5,830,000 9,992,000
19.6 Asia Western Asia 38,654,000 7,588,000 2 N/A N/A
19.6 Europe Western Europe 38,000 7,000 3 N/A N/A
19.6 Africa East Africa 873,000 171,000 3 N/A N/A
18.9 Europe Western Europe 584,000 110,000 1 86,000 24,000
18.8 Americas Caribbean 397,000 74,000 2 17,110 56,890
18.7 Asia Western Asia 7,877,000 1,473,000 2 120,000 1,353,000
18.5 Americas South America 31,926,000 5,895,000 2 N/A N/A
17.6 Europe Southern Europe 10,893,000 1,920,000 1 1,010,000 910,000
17.4 Asia Western Asia 349,000 61,000 2 49,142 11,858
16.7 Asia Western Asia 4,100,000 685,000 3 39,000 646,000
16.7 Asia Western Asia 5,312,100 792,000 3 N/A N/A
16.7 Americas South America 6,812,000 1,140,000 2 392,000 748,000
16.7 Asia Western Asia 2,338,000 390,000 3 N/A N/A
16.7 Asia Western Asia 32,743,000 5,468,000 3 N/A N/A
16.7 Asia Western Asia 9,398,000 1,569,000 3 N/A N/A
16.6 Americas Caribbean 107,000 18,000 2 N/A N/A
16.5 Asia Western Asia 80,418,000 13,249,000 2 2,500,000 10,749,000
15.9 Americas South America 552,000 88,000 2 30,000 58,000
15.8 Americas South America 774,000 122,000 2 4,000 118,000
15.6 Europe Southern Europe 2,071,000 324,000 1 127,094 196,906
15.4 Africa Southern Africa 2,569,000 396,000 2 200,010 195,990
15.1 Asia South-East Asia 68,298,000 10,342,000 2 6,221,180 4,120,820
14.5 Oceania Australasia 24,642,000 3,573,000 2 3,158,795 414,205
14.4 Europe Southern Europe 59,798,000 8,609,000 1 2,000,000 6,609,000
14.4 Europe Southern Europe 32,000 5,000 3 N/A N/A
14.1 Europe Southern Europe 69,000 10,000 3 7,599 2,401
14.1 Americas Central America 8,305,000 1,171,000 2 475,000 696,000
Channel Islands 14.0 Europe Western Europe 165,000 23,000 2 14,550 8,450
13.7 Europe Southern Europe 3,899,000 576,000 2 390,000 186,000
13.6 Europe Northern Europe 2,831,000 385,000 2 127,984 257,016
13.3 Africa North Africa 6,409,000 851,000 2 N/A N/A
12.9 Americas Central America 130,223,000 16,809,000 2 3,118,592 13,690,408
12.8 Asia Western Asia 1,419,000 181,000 3 N/A N/A
12.7 Europe Western Europe 11,444,000 1,451,000 1 426,939 1,024,061
12.5 Asia South Asia 34,169,000 4,270,000 2 N/A N/A
12.5 Europe Central Europe 10,555,000 1,323,000 2 806,895 516,105
12.5 Africa Central Africa 894,000 112,000 2 N/A N/A
(South Central) 12.4 Africa East Africa 7,282,000 903,000 2 N/A N/A
12.3 Africa East Africa 2,750,000 338,250 2 N/A N/A
12.3 Europe Eastern Europe 143,375,000 17,620,000 2 6,600,000 11,020,000
12.1 Americas South America 18,313,000 2,220,000 2 763,182 1,456,818
12.1 Americas Central America 17,005,000 2,062,000 2 520,792 1,541,208
12.0 Europe Southern Europe 2,911,000 350,000 2 65,747 284,253
12.0 Americas Central America 6,167,000 737,000 2 344,587 392,413
11.9 Africa East Africa 3,823,000 456,000 2 N/A N/A
11.5 Oceania Melanesia 174,000 20,000 3 N/A N/A
11.5 Americas Caribbean 3,679,000 422,000 2 N/A N/A
11.2 Africa Central Africa 26,656,000 2,982,000 2 N/A N/A
11.0 Europe Western Europe 1,873,000 206,000 1 153,000 53,000
10.8 Americas Central America 4,051,000 436,000 2 180,000 256,000
10.5 Europe Eastern Europe 9,788,000 1,023,000 1 211,300 811,700
10.5 Europe Northern Europe 1,945,000 205,000 2 70,000 135,000
10.1 Americas South America 49,068,000 4,971,000 2 706,210 4,264,790
10.1 Asia Western Asia 3,973,000 402,000 2 159,000 243,000
10.1 Oceania Polynesia 196,000 20,000 2 4,000 16,000
10.0 Americas Central America 375,000 37,000 2 10,755 26,245
10.0 Americas Central America 4,906,000 493,000 2 235,631 257,369
9.9 Europe Northern Europe 5,712,000 567,000 1 340,000 227,000
9.9 Europe Northern Europe 49,000 5,000 3 N/A N/A
9.9 Europe Eastern Europe 44,405,000 4,396,000 2 800,000 3,596,000
9.7 Africa Southern Africa 55,436,000 5,351,000 2 3,000,000 2,351,000
9.6 Africa East Africa 13,096,000 1,255,000 2 N/A N/A
9.2 Americas Caribbean 62,000 6,000 3 1,556 4,444
8.8 Americas Caribbean 2,813,000 246,000 2 45,915 200,085
8.5 Americas Caribbean 472,000 40,000 2 5,500 34,500
8.5 Americas Caribbean 396,000 34,000 3 N/A N/A
8.5 Americas Caribbean 32,000 3,000 3 N/A N/A
8.4 Europe Eastern Europe 7,045,000 590,000 1 345,733 244,267
8.3 Americas South America 211,243,000 17,510,000 2 8,080,295 9,429,705
8.3 Africa East Africa 1,281,000 106,000 2 N/A N/A
8.2 Asia Western Asia 18,907,000 1,547,000 2 N/A N/A
8.0 Africa West Africa 28,657,000 2,280,000 2 1,236,128 1,043,872
8.0 Oceania Polynesia 108,000 9,000 2 N/A N/A
7.9 Asia East Asia 3,052,000 242,000 3 46,982 195,018
7.5 Europe Southern Europe 46,070,000 3,464,000 1 2,683,542 780,458
7.4 Americas South America 44,272,000 3,256,000 2 1,562,332 1,693,668
7.4 Americas Caribbean 10,767,000 795,000 2 333,426 461,574
7.3 Asia South Asia 80,946,000 5,890,000 2 N/A N/A
7.2 Europe Western Europe 4,749,000 342,000 2 200,000 142,000
6.7 Asia Western Asia 8,323,000 557,000 2 290,000 267,000
6.6 Africa North Africa 42,166,000 2,768,000 2 6,724 2,761,276
6.5 Africa West Africa 2,120,000 137,000 2 N/A N/A
6.5 Europe Central Europe 5,432,000 355,000 2 280,000 75,000
6.2 Americas Caribbean 73,000 5,000 3 N/A N/A
6.2 Asia South Asia 376,000 23,000 2 N/A N/A
6.1 Asia Western Asia 3,032,000 186,000 3 45,822 140,178
6.1 Europe Eastern Europe 9,459,000 581,000 3 130,000 451,000
5.7 Africa West Africa 533,000 31,000 2 N/A N/A
5.6 Europe Western Europe 5,436,000 305,000 1 187,000 118,000
5.4 Americas Caribbean 94,000 5,000 2 1,449 3,551
5.4 Americas Caribbean 5,000 300 3 N/A N/A
5.3 Asia South Asia 1,342,513,000 71,101,000 2 9,700,000 61,401,000
5.2 Americas Central America 6,218,000 323,000 2 142,260 180,740
5.0 Europe Northern Europe 1,306,000 65,000 1 47,000 18,000
4.8 Africa Southern Africa 2,185,000 105,000 3 N/A N/A
4.8 Africa North Africa 35,241,000 1,690,000 2 N/A N/A
4.8 Africa Southern Africa 1,320,000 64,000 3 10,000 54,000
4.6 Americas North America 61,000 3,000 3 N/A N/A
& `{{flagcountry| Wales}}`{=mediawiki} 4.6 Europe Western Europe 58,877,000 2,731,000 1 1,870,735 860,265
4.6 Americas Caribbean 108,000 5,000 3 N/A N/A
4.5 Asia South-East Asia 16,076,000 717,000 2 N/A N/A
4.5 Africa East Africa 29,538,000 1,337,000 2 7,000 1,330,000
4.4 Africa West Africa 23,816,000 1,049,000 3 2,500 1,046,500
4.2 Americas Caribbean 40,000 2,000 3 N/A N/A
4.1 Africa Southern Africa 2,344,000 97,000 2 32,901 64,099
4.1 Africa North Africa 95,215,000 3,931,000 2 250,000 3,681,000
4.1 Europe Southern Europe 32,000 1,000 1 N/A N/A
4.1 Africa East Africa 98,000 4,000 2 N/A N/A
3.9 Oceania Melanesia 276,000 11,000 2 4,700 6,300
3.6 Asia Western Asia 9,974,000 362,000 2 N/A N/A
3.6 Asia East Asia 1,388,233,000 49,735,000 2 680,000 49,055,000
3.6 Asia East Asia 606,000 22,000 3 N/A N/A
3.6 Asia East Asia 7,402,000 265,000 3 N/A N/A
3.6 Asia South-East Asia 103,797,000 3,776,000 2 1,739,000 2,037,000
3.5 Americas Caribbean 286,000 10,000 3 3,000 7,000
3.4 Africa Central Africa 1,801,000 61,000 2 N/A N/A
3.4 Americas Caribbean 57,000 2,000 3 N/A N/A
3.4 Americas Caribbean 188,000 6,000 3 N/A N/A
3.4 Americas Caribbean 110,000 4,000 3 2,865 1,135
3.4 Africa Central Africa 198,000 7,000 3 N/A N/A
3.3 Americas Caribbean 35,000 1,000 2 300 700
3.2 Africa West Africa 191,836,000 6,154,000 2 N/A N/A
3.2 Americas Caribbean 1,369,000 43,000 2 10,550 32,450
3.1 Africa East Africa 911,000 28,000 2 N/A N/A
3.0 Asia South-East Asia 7,038,000 215,000 3 N/A N/A
3.0 Europe Eastern Europe 4,055,000 121,000 2 54,663 66,337
2.8 Asia Central Asia 18,064,000 504,000 2 284,000 220,000
2.8 Asia Central Asia 6,125,000 171,000 3 29,237 141,763
2.8 Africa West Africa 4,266,000 120,000 2 N/A N/A
2.8 Africa East Africa 16,338,000 455,000 2 190,685 264,315
2.6 Americas Caribbean 105,000 3,000 3 N/A N/A
2.6 Americas Caribbean 160,000 4,000 3 N/A N/A
2.6 Americas Caribbean 10,983,000 291,000 2 20,379 270,621
2.6 Europe Western Europe 17,033,000 442,000 1 205,347 236,653
2.6 Oceania Micronesia 56,000 1,000 2 N/A N/A
2.6 Europe Eastern Europe 19,238,000 506,000 2 210,000 296,000
2.5 Oceania Polynesia 289,000 7,000 2 N/A N/A
2.5 Europe Central Europe 38,564,000 968,000 1 380,000 588,000
2.4 Africa Central Africa 4,866,000 119,000 2 N/A N/A
2.4 Americas South America 16,626,000 402,000 2 167,102 234,898
2.4 Asia South Asia 20,905,000 494,000 2 35,000 459,000
2.1 Africa North Africa 41,064,000 877,000 2 200,000 677,000
2.1 Africa Central Africa 24,514,000 510,000 2 N/A N/A
2.1 Americas Caribbean 11,390,000 234,000 2 58,150 175,850
2.1 Africa West Africa 4,730,000 97,000 2 N/A N/A
2.0 Americas South America 11,053,000 218,000 3 10,982 207,018
2.0 Africa East Africa 11,936,000 238,000 2 N/A N/A
2.0 Americas South America 32,166,000 633,000 2 365,845 267,155
2.0 Africa West Africa 16,054,000 323,000 2 7,053 315,947
1.8 Africa Central Africa 5,099,000 94,000 2 N/A N/A
1.6 Asia South-East Asia 54,836,000 877,000 3 N/A N/A
1.6 Asia South-East Asia 95,415,000 1,562,000 2 N/A N/A
1.5 Africa East Africa 826,000 12,000 2 N/A N/A
1.5 Africa West Africa 1,933,000 29,000 2 N/A N/A
1.5 Africa East Africa 48,467,000 750,000 2 8,136 741,864
1.5 Asia South Asia 29,187,000 444,000 2 34,315 409,685
1.4 Asia South-East Asia 434,000 6,000 2 N/A N/A
1.2 Africa Central Africa 82,243,000 946,000 2 216 945,784
1.2 Oceania Polynesia 10,000 100 2 50 50
1.1 Africa West Africa 18,690,000 206,000 2 N/A N/A
1.1 Asia Western Asia 4,952,000 56,000 2 N/A N/A
1.1 Africa North Africa 11,495,000 123,000 3 3,408 119,592
1.0 Africa Central Africa 14,965,000 151,000 2 N/A N/A
1.0 Africa West Africa 13,291,000 130,000 2 N/A N/A
1.0 Oceania Melanesia 7,934,000 79,000 2 27,043 51,957
0.9 Africa West Africa 19,173,000 175,000 2 N/A N/A
0.9 Africa East Africa 17,238,000 158,000 2 86,642 71,358
0.8 Asia South Asia 793,000 6,000 3 4,309 1,691
0.8 Oceania Melanesia 116,000 900 2 N/A N/A
0.8 Africa East Africa 56,878,000 427,000 2 115,850 311,150
0.8 Africa West Africa 7,692,000 58,000 2 10,000 48,000
0.8 Africa East Africa 41,653,000 331,000 2 21,156 309,844
0.8 Americas Caribbean 31,000 300 2 48 252
0.7 Oceania Polynesia 56,000 400 2 250 150
0.7 Africa East Africa 25,613,000 168,000 2 N/A N/A
0.7 Asia South-East Asia 31,164,000 217,000 2 142,038 74,962
0.7 Oceania Micronesia 106,000 700 2 N/A N/A
0.5 Oceania Melanesia 903,000 5,000 2 1,538 3,462
0.5 Oceania Melanesia 53,000 300 2 N/A N/A
0.5 Africa West Africa 21,564,000 117,000 2 2,000 115,000
0.5 Oceania Melanesia 22,000 100 2 N/A N/A
0.5 Africa East Africa 12,160,000 66,000 2 N/A N/A
0.5 Africa West Africa 6,733,000 35,000 2 N/A N/A
0.4 Asia South Asia 164,828,000 659,000 2 185,000 474,000
0.4 Africa East Africa 5,482,000 23,000 2 N/A N/A
0.4 Africa East Africa 104,345,000 377,000 2 N/A N/A
0.4 Asia Central Asia 8,858,000 37,000 2 9,863 27,137
0.4 Asia Central Asia 5,503,000 23,000 3 N/A N/A
0.4 Asia Central Asia 30,691,000 127,000 3 N/A N/A
0.3 Africa West Africa 11,459,000 33,000 2 N/A N/A
0.3 Asia East Asia 126,045,000 377,000 2 175,221 201,779
0.3 Asia East Asia 25,405,000 76,000 3 N/A N/A
0.3 Africa East Africa 18,299,000 47,000 2 12,500 34,500
0.3 Asia South-East Asia 5,785,000 20,000 3 795 19,205
0.3 Asia South-East Asia 1,237,000 3,000 2 N/A N/A
0.2 Asia East Asia 50,705,000 79,000 2 39,530 39,470
0.2 Oceania Melanesia 606,000 1,000 2 N/A N/A
0.0 Asia South-East Asia 2,000 -- 2 N/A N/A
0.0 Europe Southern Europe 1,000 -- 2 N/A N/A
0.0 Asia South-East Asia 263,510,000 82,000 2 41,102 40,898
0.0 Oceania Melanesia 10,000 -- 2 N/A N/A
0.0 Asia East Asia 23,405,000 10,000 2 5,000 5,000
: Ranking by country for civilian-held firearms per 100 population. *Small Arms Survey 2017*.
| 2,255 |
Estimated number of civilian guns per capita by country
| 0 |
11,012,456 |
# Estimated number of civilian guns per capita by country
## List of countries by estimated number of guns per 100 people {#list_of_countries_by_estimated_number_of_guns_per_100_people}
### Notes
*Return to top of table
| 30 |
Estimated number of civilian guns per capita by country
| 1 |
11,012,481 |
# Stephen J. Mellor
**Stephen J. Mellor** (born 1952) is an American computer scientist, developer of the Ward--Mellor method for real-time computing, the Shlaer--Mellor method, and Executable UML, and signatory to the Agile Manifesto.
## Biography
Mellor received a BA in computer science from the University of Essex in 1974, and started working at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland as a programmer in BCPL. In 1977 he became software engineer at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and in 1982 consultant at Yourdon, Inc.
At Yourdon in cooperation with Paul Ward they developed the *Ward--Mellor method*, and published the book-series *Structured Development for Real Time Systems* in 1985.
Together with Sally Shlaer he founded *Project Technology* in 1985. That company was acquired by Mentor Graphics in 2004. Mellor stayed as chief scientist of the Embedded Systems Division at Mentor Graphics for another two years, and is self-employed since 2006.
Since 1998 Mellor has contributed to the Object Management Group, chairing the consortium that added executable actions to the UML, and the specification of model-driven architecture (MDA). He is also chairing the advisory board of the *IEEE Software* magazine. Since 2013, Mellor has served as CTO for the Industrial Internet Consortium.
## Publications
- 1985\. *Structured Development for Real-Time Systems: Essential Modeling Techniques*. With Paul T. Ward. Prentice Hall.
- 1986\. *Structured Development for Real-Time Systems: Implementation Modeling Techniques (Structured Development for Real-Time Systems Vol. 1)*. With Paul T. Ward. Prentice Hall.
- 1988\. *Object Oriented Systems Analysis: Modeling the World in Data*. With Sally Shlaer. Prentice Hall.
- 1992\. *Object Life Cycles: Modeling the World In States*. With Sally Shlaer. Prentice Hall.
- 2002\. *Executable UML: A Foundation for Model Driven Architecture*. With Marc J. Balcer. Addison-Wesley.
- 2004\. *MDA Distilled*. With Kendall Scott, Axel Uhl, Dirk Weise. Addison-Wesley.
Articles, a selection:
- 1989\. \"An object-oriented approach to domain analysis\" with S. Shlaer. In: *ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes*. Vol 14--5, July 1989. pp. 66--77.
- 1997\. \"Why explore object methods, patterns, and architectures?\" with Ralph Johnson. In: *IEEE Software*. Vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 27--29.
- 1999\. \"Softwareplatform-independent, precise action specifications for UML\". With S. Tockey, R. Arthaud, P. LeBlanc - The Unified Modeling \..., 1999.
- 2002\. \"Make models be assets\". In: *Commun. ACM* Vol 45--11. pp. 76--78.
- 2003\. \"[A framework for aspect-oriented modeling](http://www.cs.iit.edu/~oaldawud/AOM/AOM2003/Stephen-AOSD.pdf)\". Paper from 4th (AOSD) Modeling With (UML) Workshop, October 2003.
- 2004\. \"[Agile MDA](http://www.codegenie.se/files/resourcesmodule/@random456b0611d46a1/1164641907_Agile_MDA.pdf)\" White paper 2004
| 401 |
Stephen J. Mellor
| 0 |
11,012,491 |
# Noise Pop
**Noise Pop** is an independent music promoter founded in San Francisco in 1993. The Noise Pop Festival, organized by Noise Pop, has showcased a variety of artists including The White Stripes, Modest Mouse, Death Cab for Cutie, The Flaming Lips, The Shins, Fleet Foxes, Bright Eyes, and Yoko Ono.
Noise Pop collaborates in producing the Treasure Island Music Festival. Originating in 2007, this outdoor festival was initially located in the middle of the San Francisco Bay, and has featured artists such as Outkast, Beck, Atoms for Peace, LCD Soundsystem, Deadmau5, Public Enemy, and The National. It typically drew 18,000 attendees per day. In 2018, the festival relocated to Middle Harbor Shoreline Park in Oakland.
Noise Pop serves as the talent buyer for San Francisco venues Swedish American Hall and Cafe du Nord. They also organize the 20th Street Block Party.
Furthermore, Noise Pop partners with various organizations, venues, and institutions to host events, including the SFMOMA, California Sunday Magazine, and the California Academy of Sciences.
## Festivals
### Noise Pop Festival {#noise_pop_festival}
The Noise Pop Festival debuted in 1993 as a \"5 bands for 5 dollars show\" at the Kennel Club (now the Independent). Initially a one-day event, it has since evolved into a week-long festival across multiple Bay Area venues.
### Treasure Island Music Festival {#treasure_island_music_festival}
In 2007, Noise Pop collaborated with Bay Area promoter Another Planet Entertainment to launch the first annual Treasure Island Music Festival. The inaugural edition, headlined by Modest Mouse and Thievery Corporation, was held on Treasure Island off the coast of San Francisco until 2016. Since 2018, the festival has been situated at Middle Harbor Shoreline Park in Oakland.
The festival typically showcases indie and electronic music, with past headliners including Outkast, LCD Soundsystem, The National, Beck, and The xx. It features attractions such as a ferris wheel and art exhibits, with no overlapping sets.
## Subsidiaries and venues {#subsidiaries_and_venues}
### DoTheBay
Acquired by Noise Pop in 2012, DoTheBay is an entertainment website based in the San Francisco Bay Area that provides information about upcoming events. DoTheBay is part of the DoStuff Network, which consists of 14 culture and event guides across North America. DoStuff Media was founded in Austin, Texas, in 2006.
### Swedish American Music Hall and Cafe du Nord {#swedish_american_music_hall_and_cafe_du_nord}
In December 2014, Noise Pop announced the reopening of the Swedish American Music Hall and assumed responsibility for live event curation. Since then, they have hosted artists such as Tokimonsta, The Mountain Goats, and Kero Kero Bonito.
In May 2017, Cafe du Nord reopened as a music venue, featuring an opening night performance by Rogue Wave on June 1, 2017
| 442 |
Noise Pop
| 0 |
11,012,499 |
# Card advantage
**Card advantage** (often abbreviated **CA**) is a term used in collectible card game strategy to describe the state of one player having access to more cards than another player, usually by drawing more cards through in-game effects to increase the size of their hand. Although it applies to several collectible card games, the concept was first described early in the evolution of *Magic: The Gathering* strategy, where many early decks relied on a player drawing more cards than their opponent, and then using this advantage to play more cards and advance their position faster than their opponent. By 2007 it was recognized as one of the most important indicators of who is ahead in a game and has been utilized in the development of strategy for nearly every collectible card game created.
## Terminology
The basic concept of card advantage is one player having more cards in hand and/or in play than their opponent. Card advantage is generally indicated in terms of a positive number: if a player plays a card or utilizes an effect that allows them to draw more cards, such as *Magic\'s* Ancestral Recall, that player is said to have gained +n card advantage, with n representing the amount of cards drawn minus however many were used to draw said cards. In the scenario of playing Ancestral Recall, a player has gained three cards (the ones that were drawn) and spent one card to do so (the Ancestral Recall itself), leading to a card advantage of +2.
Card advantage is often also the result of making a play where a player\'s own cards are used to neutralize or eliminate a greater number of the opponent\'s cards. This form of card advantage is often stated in terms of X-for-Y, where X and Y are the number of cards of the opponent and the player, respectively. If X is bigger it expresses card advantage, and if Y is bigger it expresses card disadvantage; i.e. a 3-for-1 is a positive advantage, a 1-for-2 is not. Example: If in a game of *Magic* a player plays `{{mtgcard|Day of Judgment}}`{=mediawiki}, a card which destroys all creatures in play, when they themselves have no creatures in play and their opponent has two creatures in play, they are said to have gotten a \"2-for-1\", where 2 indicates the number of opposing cards removed from play and 1 indicates the card spent in order to accomplish this outcome.
In general, it is seen as a baseline to spend one card to get rid of one opposing card; this is often referred to colloquially as **trading** (not to be confused with the actual trading of cards outside of a game). A player who \"trades\" one card of their own for two of their opponent\'s is often gaining a long-term advantage as their opponent will run out of cards before they do.
| 478 |
Card advantage
| 0 |
11,012,499 |
# Card advantage
## Forms of card advantage {#forms_of_card_advantage}
Card advantage is typically generated in four ways:
- **Draw effects** `{{mdash}}`{=mediawiki} These are effects which cause players to draw more cards from their decks. Cards in hand can be played, so drawing more cards gives players more options and more versatility by which to create an advantage for themselves. Card advantage is generated when a player plays a card that draws more than one card, trading the card itself for more resources.
- **Discard effects** `{{mdash}}`{=mediawiki} These are cards which cause a player to put cards from their hand into their discard pile, referred to in *Magic* as the graveyard. This term is also used to refer to cards which put the cards from the player\'s hand into other inaccessible zones, such as exiling a card (also known as removing it from the game) or putting them back into the player\'s deck. A player can generate card advantage this way by casting a spell that makes the opponent discard two or more cards; as above, playing a card which makes your opponent discard just one card creates a 1-for-1, which does not create card advantage.
- **\"Sweeper\" effects** `{{mdash}}`{=mediawiki} These are cards which put multiple cards the opposing player has put into play into their discard pile. These spells sometimes put cards into other inaccessible zones. Some of these cards, such as [Day of Judgment](https://gatherer.wizards.com/Pages/Card/Details.aspx?multiverseid=220139), will destroy all cards of a certain type, but often decks which include such cards will minimize the number of their own cards which will be affected by such cards and thus make the impact for their opponent much greater.
- **Unfavorable combat** `{{mdash}}`{=mediawiki} Many collectible card games involve some form of player interaction generally referred to as \"combat\"; generally a player pits some of their cards in play (often representing characters or creatures) against their opponent\'s cards. The result of the combat is often the removal of some cards from play and an advancement of one player\'s position toward victory. Sometimes a player will be in a situation where they will be forced to unfavorably \"trade\" their resources in combat to prevent losing the game. For example, a player at a low life total in *Magic* might find themselves essentially forced to block a large attacking creature with a smaller blocking creature so they do not lose the game. This is colloquially referred to as \"chump blocking\" (the smaller creature being the \"chump\"), and causes a loss of card advantage as the small creature will die and the large attacking creature will survive. This is often a desperate measure on the part of the defending player and indicates that player is losing or is playing for time in order to play a card which will improve their chances of winning. Sometimes the defending player will block a single large attacking creature with two or more defending creatures, losing several or all of their creatures in order to get rid of the attacking creature. Occasionally, an attacking player will intentionally engineer the opposite situation, where a defending creature will block and kill one of their creatures without itself dying. This is generally done with the intent of causing as much damage to the defending player as possible as quickly as possible, so as to end the game sooner in victory rather than let the other player play cards which will save them.
Other means of affecting combat can cause one player to gain card advantage. For instance, if one player attacks with a larger creature, and the other player blocks with a smaller creature, the smaller creature will die and the larger creature will survive. If the defending player then plays a card to destroy the larger creature (such as `{{mtgcard|Shock}}`{=mediawiki} in *Magic*), they will have traded two cards of their own (the smaller creature and the damage or removal card) for one card of their opponent\'s (the larger creature), putting their opponent ahead in terms of card advantage.
Another relatively common mode of card advantage generation in *Magic* is when one player plays an aura spell, an enchantment card which attaches to another card in play. If the card the aura is attached to is destroyed in some manner, then the aura will be placed into that player\'s discard pile because the aura no longer has anything to enchant. Because many auras are cast on creatures, and creatures are fairly easily destroyed, playing with aura spells often provides a player\'s opponent the chance to get a \"2-for-1\" by destroying the creature the aura was attached to with a single card. As such, auras are seldom seen in competitive play unless they have some way of overcoming this inherent weakness.
| 785 |
Card advantage
| 1 |
11,012,499 |
# Card advantage
## Virtual card advantage {#virtual_card_advantage}
Virtual card advantage can refer to a number of different situations and effects which, while not providing a direct advantage in the number of cards available, changes the value of the cards available to one or both players. There are four primary forms of virtual card advantage: card selection, recurring effects, tempo and playing such that the opponents cards are no longer as valuable to them.
When Eric "Dinosaur" Taylor originally pitched this concept, it was defined as "card advantage when no one loses cards." The classic example for this is playing a `{{mtgcard|Moat}}`{=mediawiki} against an opponent\'s large number of creatures. Although the cards have not been technically removed from play through a \"sweeper\" effect, the opponent no longer gains an advantage from the cards they have played because they cannot perform their function as intended.
- **Card Selection -** allows a player influence over which cards he or she will draw. For example, a card such as `{{mtgcard|Ponder}}`{=mediawiki} does not directly provide card advantage, as it costs one card to play, and draws one card, netting zero cards. However, as it allows the player to choose the order of the top three cards of their deck before they draw, the value of the drawn card will almost always be significantly higher than the value of a single random card in any given situation. Even in the event of not finding a valuable card, knowing that such a card is not going to be drawn still provides value in that the player can plan for the cards that are available. An extreme form of card selection is \'tutoring\', an effect that allows the player to search their entire deck for a specific card and put it into their hand. While this does not provide direct card advantage, as one card is drawn and one card is used, it is obviously extremely advantageous to have access to whatever card is needed.
- **Recurring effects -** Recurring effects come in many different forms, but all of them give the potential to obtain an effect multiple times for the cost of a single card, thus obtaining more than one card\'s worth of value. There are an exceptionally wide variety of these effects, ranging from single cards that can be cast multiple times, to cards that once in play can be repeatedly used. Similarly there are cards which allow for other cards to be recurred but provide no value themselves by returning a used card to its owners hand or resetting an ability so it can be used again. In all of these cases, more effects are available than the cards used. *Magic: The Gathering*s flashback mechanic, for example, allows for one card to be cast twice, obtaining two effects while only costing a single card. Recursive cards normally require the investment of resources other than cards to maintain balance, however some allow the player to trade unhelpful cards in their hand for a repetition of another cards effect. In this case when discarded card is worth less than the effect provided, additional value is gained.
- **Tempo -** Tempo describes a non-intuitive way to gain card advantage, achieved when a player uses cards faster than their opponent; if a player loses the game with cards in their hand, those cards are \"lost\", similar to losing them through other more conventional forms of card advantage like removal or discard. Therefore, if one spends their cards winning the game before the opponent can spend their own, they have gained virtual card advantage in the process. In *Magic*, this is typified by the \"Burn\" archetype, which uses cheap spells like `{{mtgcard|Lightning Bolt}}`{=mediawiki} to damage the other player directly, instead of affecting the board state. The burn player is effectively taking an 0-for-1 every time they do this, seemingly generating card disadvantage for themselves, but because they end the game before the other player\'s cards can affect the board state in a significant way, none of the card advantage their opponent may have had matters. Similarly, a spell like `{{mtgcard|Remand}}`{=mediawiki} does not generate card advantage one way or another; the tempo player and their opponent both spend a card and replace it. However, if the tempo player has a stronger board (perhaps because their creatures are small and aggressive), this enables them to retain the status quo for longer, shortening the game\'s length and indirectly gaining them card advantage.
- **Denying the opponents cards value** **-** A complex strategy which requires specific card choices to provide value. Value can be removed either through directly affecting the cards themselves, through effects that prevent certain cards being played, or by employing a strategy that the opponents deck cannot interact with. In each case, cards that the opponent has that cannot be used, effectively become \'dead\' even though they are still an available resource, thus depriving them of their value but not actually of their cards.
Cards that provide virtual advantage, or that enable cards or effects to be recycled are typically some of the most powerful in any game because virtual advantage is often significantly more powerful than direct card advantage. While having access to a larger number of cards is certainly an advantage, having access to or denying the use of specific cards or effects can be even more so. As all games limit the number of cards of the same name that can be played, having access to any one card just by drawing can require a higher number of draws to achieve than is practical. Also, as cards are a finite resource, simply drawing a large number of them can be disadvantageous as many games force players to discard excess cards at the end of their turn, (and in *Magic*, running out of cards causes a player to lose the game). As a result, most decks which rely on card advantage to create a winning position (where an opponent runs out of cards in hand to play but the player still has many), use a mix of direct and virtual advantage to ensure that not only do they have cards available to them, but the cards that are available are those they require to win
| 1,037 |
Card advantage
| 2 |
11,012,507 |
# Alabama State Route 35
**State Route 35** (**SR 35**) is a 68.291 mi state highway in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Alabama. The southern terminus of the highway is at its intersection with SR 9 in rural Cherokee County northeast of Cedar Bluff and near the Georgia state line. The northern terminus of the highway is at Woodville in Jackson County where it has a second intersection with U.S. Route 72 (US 72).
## Route description {#route_description}
North of its southern terminus, SR 35 begins an ascent over Lookout Mountain as a two-lane road. The highway heads in a northwesterly direction as it travels through the Little River Canyon National Preserve along the county line dividing Cherokee County and DeKalb County leading into Fort Payne. As the highway descends Lookout Mountain, within the Fort Payne city limits, it makes a 90-degree right turn at the foot of the mountain. Numerous trucks descending this route have suffered brake failure and wrecked at this turn as a result, causing numerous fatalities. One resident living at this turn, Joe Faulkner, erected a reinforced concrete wall to protect his property. The wall assumed the popular name, \"Joe\'s Truck Stop.\"
From Fort Payne, SR 35 is routed along a four-lane divided highway as it heads towards Rainsville. The highway is a four-lane highway from its intersection with US 11 in Fort Payne to its intersection with US 72 in Scottsboro, except for a brief stretch from near its intersection with SR 71 in Section, to the foot of Sand Mountain and the east bank of the Tennessee River, where it intersects SR 40. The Alabama Department of Transportation plans to eventually four-lane this remaining section of the Fort Payne--Scottsboro route. The highway crosses the Tennessee River over the Comer Bridge (southbound) and the Bob Jones Bridge (northbound). A new bridge is under construction to replace the Comer Bridge, and was expected to open in 2012, but finally opened May 2016. In the early 1990s, a section of the highway was rerouted from a dogleg extending from Fort Payne through Pine Ridge to Rainsville along the natural slope of Sand Mountain, to the current four-lane route. The current route reaches the brow of Sand Mountain along a ramp through a manmade gap in the side of the mountain.
Until 1980, the northern terminus of SR 35 was at Scottsboro, where it intersected US 72. It was extended westward along the former alignment of US 72 after the U.S. Highway was relocated to a new four-lane highway between Scottsboro and Huntsville. Although SR 35 travels in a south by southwestward trajectory as it leaves Scottsboro, it is signed as "SR 35 north" until its terminus at a second intersection with US 72 at Woodville in western Jackson County
| 465 |
Alabama State Route 35
| 0 |
11,012,512 |
# Beltring
**Beltring** is a village in the local government district of Tonbridge and Malling in Kent, England. It is in the civil parish of East Peckham.
Beltring is known for the annual War and peace show which takes place at The Hop Farm Country Park. Until recently the farm was owned by the Whitbread brewery, but it is now a privately owned country park, and boasts the world\'s largest collection of Oast houses.
Beltring & Branbridges Halt railway station opened on 1 September 1909, on the Medway Valley Line
| 90 |
Beltring
| 0 |
11,012,514 |
# Offham, Kent
**Offham** is a village and civil parish in the local government district of Tonbridge and Malling in Kent, England, five miles to the west of Maidstone.
Offham has a quintain on the village green that was reported in medieval times for use in jousting. It is reputed to be the last English quintain in its original position, though it was removed for safekeeping during the Second World War.
The village gets its name from \"Offa\", the name of a Saxon landowner, and \"ham\", a village or homestead.
## History
The village has been occupied since Roman times, and the major Roman road from London to the Weald ran through the parish. Offham grew in prominence in the early ninth century under the Saxons.
The village has two entries in the Domesday Book. This shows that there were two separate estates. The first is: the second entry follows a little later:
Jack Straw, the rebel during the reign of Richard II, is said to have been born at Pepingstraw Manor in the parish.
## Quintain
The village is famed for its medieval quintain which stands on the green, believed to be the last remaining example in the country.
The quintain consists of a wooden post around eight feet in height with a freely rotating arm on the top. One end of the arm is flat (the \"eye\"), with the other used to attach heavy objects such as a leather pack. In a sport dating back to perhaps Roman times, a horseman would ride at the quintain at full pace with his lance extended to strike the flat end. Should the horseman not be riding sufficiently quickly, the arm would swing around and the heavy object knock him off his horse.
## Ragstone
The village\'s houses are predominantly constructed from ragstone, Kent\'s most celebrated building stone. The stone has been mined in the parish since Roman times, with its hardness and durability making it a popular choice for fortifications in London and the south-east.
## Church
The first church in the parish was founded by the Saxon lord of the manor who built a private chapel in the early ninth century. After the Norman Conquest it was replaced by a stone church and the lower stage of the tower of the present church dates from this time.
The present church is dedicated to St Michael.
## Village life {#village_life}
The village hosts annual May Day celebrations on the green; a May Queen parades through the village, accompanied by Morris Men, school children perform maypole dances, and occasionally local horseriders undertake the ancient sport of \"tilting at the quintain\", though a replica quintain is now used.
The King\'s Arms is the only remaining public house. Built-in the sixteenth century, the pub was originally two cottages, later owned by a saddler and harness maker who ran his business there until granted a licence in 1680. Offham also has its own primary school.
Offham Cricket Club plays at its ground in Church Road, with two teams in the Kent Cricket League as well as age-group sides
| 514 |
Offham, Kent
| 0 |
11,012,515 |
# Platt, Kent
**Platt**, or **St. Mary\'s Platt** is a village and civil parish in the local government district of Tonbridge and Malling in Kent, England.
## Geography, history and notable residents {#geography_history_and_notable_residents}
The hamlet of Crouch (pronounced Crooch) lies within the parish. The River Bourne flows through the western part of the parish. Basted paper mill was within the parish boundary.
The Anglican parish church of St Mary\'s dates from 1843 and stands on a hill overlooking the village centre. The architects were Whichcord and Walker of Maidstone.
BBC broadcaster Adam Curtis grew up in Platt. The broadcaster James Whale (radio presenter) is a current resident. The comedian Jo Brand attended Platt primary school. The actor Richard Hearne, who lived at the 15th-century Platt Farm on Long Mill Lane from the 1940s, is buried in the churchyard
| 138 |
Platt, Kent
| 0 |
11,012,518 |
# Ryarsh
**Ryarsh** is a village and civil parish in the local government district of Tonbridge and Malling in Kent, England. It is home to around 1,000 residents. Ryarsh is west of Maidstone and north of West Malling.
## History
Ryarsh is believed to be a Saxon village dating from around 1050. At the time of the Domesday Book (1086) it was in the possession of Odo of Bayeux, half-brother of William the Conqueror. It then passed, by grant of the Crown, to the Crecy and Mowbray families but was confiscated from John de Mowbray who rebelled against the King in 1322. The manor of Ryarsh was then given to the Neville family, Earls of Abergavenny.
St Martin\'s church, on the south side of the M20, is a Grade II\* listed building, with parts dating from the 12th century. Before the dissolution of the monasteries, it belonged to the Priors of Merton.
In December 2017, Kent County Council (KCC) received a proposal for a new 12-hectare quarry at Ryarsh that would extract 3.6 million tonnes of sand over a period of up to 24-years. It was strongly opposed by local residents, and in December 2018 KCC excluded the proposal from the county's Minerals and Waste Local Plan, thereby rejecting the quarry plan. While, as of 2021, the proposal remains blocked, it could be revived in the future.
## Ryarsh Circle {#ryarsh_circle}
The \"Ryarsh Circle\" are remains of a hill figure chalk circle. Little is known about it, but is believed to be manmade.
## Culture and community {#culture_and_community}
The village public house is the Duke of Wellington. The village also has a community village hall and accompanying village green which hosts the annual fete, primary school and children\'s play area.
## Transport
Ryarsh is located close to the A20, M20 and M25. The closest railway stations are at West Malling for the Maidstone East Line and Snodland for the Medway Valley Line.
## Education
Ryarsh Primary School is located on Birling Road. There is no secondary school in the village, with most pupils transferring to schools in Maidstone, Sevenoaks, Tonbridge or Tunbridge Wells.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
Celia Fremlin, novelist, was born in the village
| 365 |
Ryarsh
| 0 |
11,012,519 |
# West Peckham
**West Peckham** is a village and civil parish in the borough of Tonbridge and Malling in Kent, England. The River Bourne flows through the extreme west of the parish, and formerly powered a paper mill (Hamptons Mill) and corn mill (Oxenhoath Mill). The Wateringbury Stream rises in the parish. Oxon Hoath is the former manor house of West Peckham.
## History
At the time of the Domesday survey in 1096, about 29 households were in West Peckham, in the ancient hundred of Littlefield, Lathe of Aylesford, West Kent.
The Domesday entry for East and West Peckham reads:-
: *The Archbishop himself holds Pecheham, In the time of King Edward the Confessor it was taxed at six sulungs, and now six sulungs and one yoke. The arable land is ten carucates. In demesne there are two, and sixteen villeins, with fourteen borderers, having four carucates and a half. There is a church, and ten servants, and one mill, and six acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of six hogs.*
: *Of the land of this manor, one of the archbishop\'s tenants holds half a sulung, and was taxed with these six sulungs in the time of King Edward the Confessor, although it could not belong to the manor, except in the scotting, because it was free land.*
: *Richard de Tonebridge holds of the same favour two sulungs and one yoke, and has there twenty-seven villeins, having seven carucates, and wood for the pannage of ten hogs. The whole value being four pounds. In the time of King Edward the Confessor, the manor was worth twelve pounds, when the Archbishop received it eight pounds, and now what he has is worth eight pounds.*
## Amenities
The Saxon church of St. Dunstan\'s is open most days to visitors and the church is still actively used.
Dukes Place on Mereworth Road is a Grade I listed timbered hall house, originally built as Preceptory of the Knight\'s Hospitallers in 1408 by John Culpepper.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- John Culpeper (1366--1414) built Oxon Hoath and established West Peckham Preceptory c1408.
- Joyce Culpeper (c 1480--1531) was born at Oxon Hoath.
- Richard Watts (1529--1579), merchant and MP for Rochester, was probably born in West Peckham
| 375 |
West Peckham
| 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.