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# 1990 Federation Cup (tennis)
The **1990 Federation Cup** was the 28th edition of the most important competition between national teams in women\'s tennis. The tournament was held at the Peachtree World of Tennis in Peachtree Corners (then unincorporated Gwinnett County), GA, United States, from 21 to 29 July. The United States defeated the Soviet Union in the final, giving the USA their 14th and 2nd consecutive title.
## Qualifying rounds {#qualifying_rounds}
All ties were played at the Peachtree World of Tennis in Peachtree Corners, GA, United States, on hard courts.
### Pre-qualifying {#pre_qualifying}
Winning Team Score Losing Team
------------------------------------ ------- -------------
3--0
**`{{fed|MLT}}`{=mediawiki}** 3--0
**`{{fed|PHI|1986}}`{=mediawiki}** 2--1
Winning nations advance to Main Qualifying, losing nations play in Consolation Qualifying round.
#### Chinese Taipei vs. Bahamas {#chinese_taipei_vs._bahamas}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Wang Shi-ting \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Kim Cartwright \|2 \|1 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Lai Su-lin \|T1P2=Wang Shi-ting \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Robyn Farrington \|T2P2=Kim Cartwright \|2 \|3 \| }} }}
#### Malta vs. Sri Lanka {#malta_vs._sri_lanka}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Carol Cassar-Torreggiani \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Lihini Weerasuriya \|1 \|4 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Katherine Camilleri \|T1P2=Carol Cassar-Torreggiani \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Sobhini De Silva \|T2P2=Vajira Premaratne \|1 \|0 \| }} }}
#### Philippines vs. Trinidad and Tobago {#philippines_vs._trinidad_and_tobago}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Sarah Castillejo \|4 \|3 \| \|T2P1=Beverly Corbie \|6 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Dyan Castillejo \|T1P2=Yvette Castillejo \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Beverly Corbie \|T2P2=Donna Millington \|1 \|3 \| }} }}
### Main Qualifying {#main_qualifying}
+--------------------------------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| Winning Team Score Losing Team | | Winning Team Score Losing Team |
| ------------------------------------ ------- ------------- | | ------------------------------------ ------- ------------- |
| **`{{fed|TPE}}`{=mediawiki}** 2--1 | | 2--1 |
| **`{{fed|KOR}}`{=mediawiki}** 2--1 | | **`{{fed|FIN}}`{=mediawiki}** 3--0 |
| 2--0 | | **`{{fed|DEN}}`{=mediawiki}** 2--0 |
| **`{{fed|CHN}}`{=mediawiki}** 2--1 | | **`{{fed|POL}}`{=mediawiki}** 2--1 |
| **`{{fed|HKG|1959}}`{=mediawiki}** 3--0 | | **`{{fed|GRE}}`{=mediawiki}** 3--0 |
| **`{{fed|ISR}}`{=mediawiki}** 2--0 | | **`{{fed|BUL|1971}}`{=mediawiki}** 3--0 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------------------+
Winning nations advance to Main Draw, losing nations play in Consolation Qualifying round.
#### Chinese Taipei vs. Venezuela {#chinese_taipei_vs._venezuela}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Wang Shi-ting \|7 \|6 \| \|T2P1=María Vento \|5 \|3 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Lai Su-lin \|T1P2=Wang Shi-ting \|5 \|6 \|6 \|T2P1=Emily Leonardi \|T2P2=María Vento \|7 \|2 \|4 }} }}
#### South Korea vs. Luxembourg {#south_korea_vs._luxembourg}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Kim Il-soon \|2 \|2 \| \|T2P1=Karin Kschwendt \|6 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Kim Il-soon \|T1P2=Lee Jeong-myung \|7 \|6.015 \|6 \|T2P1=Marie-Christine Goy \|T2P2=Karin Kschwendt \|5 \|7 \|4 }} }}
#### Dominican Republic vs. Thailand {#dominican_republic_vs._thailand}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Madeleine Sánchez \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Orawan Thampensri \|3 \|3 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1= \| \| \| \|T2P1= \| \| \| np=}} }}
#### China vs. Mexico {#china_vs._mexico}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Tang Min \|1 \|4 \| \|T2P1=Angélica Gavaldón \|6 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Li Fang \|T1P2=Tang Min \|6 \|4 \|6 \|T2P1=Angélica Gavaldón \|T2P2=Lupita Novelo \|4 \|6 \|4 }} }}
#### Hong Kong vs. Malaysia {#hong_kong_vs._malaysia}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Paulette Moreno \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Ng Su-peng \|2 \|0 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Ellinore Lightbody \|T1P2=Pang Sheung \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Kerry Anne Lim \|T2P2=Leena Singarajah \|1 \|1 \| }} }}
#### Israel vs. Ireland {#israel_vs._ireland}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Yael Segal \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Lesley O\'Halloran \|1 \|3 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1= \| \| \| \|T2P1= \| \| \| np=}} }}
#### Indonesia vs. Yugoslavia {#indonesia_vs._yugoslavia}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Yayuk Basuki \|6 \|6.025 \|8 \|T2P1=Nadin Ercegović \|0 \|7 \|6 }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Irawati Moerid \|T1P2=Suzanna Anggarkusuma \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Sabrina Goleš \|T2P2=Gorana Matić \|4 \|3 \| }} }}
#### Finland vs. Jamaica {#finland_vs._jamaica}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Nanne Dahlman \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Joni Van Ryck De Groot \|1 \|1 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Nanne Dahlman \|T1P2=Petra Thorén \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Henrietta Harris \|T2P2=Joni Van Ryck De Groot \|1 \|2 \| }} }}
#### Denmark vs. Norway {#denmark_vs._norway}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Tine Scheuer-Larsen \|3 \|6 \|6 \|T2P1=Amy Jönsson Raaholt \|6 \|4 \|3 }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1= \| \| \| \|T2P1= \| \| \| np=}} }}
#### Poland vs. Uruguay {#poland_vs._uruguay}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Katarzyna Nowak \|6 \|4 \|0 \|T2P1=Patricia Miller \|2 \|6 \|2 \|re1=3}} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Magdalena Feistel \|T1P2=Renata Skrzypczyńska \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Claudia Brause \|T2P2=Patricia Miller \|2 \|4 \| }} }}
#### Greece vs. Malta {#greece_vs._malta}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Angeliki Kanellopoulou \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Carol Cassar-Torreggiani \|3 \|3 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Angeliki Kanellopoulou \|T1P2=Olga Tsarbopoulou \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Katherine Camilleri \|T2P2=Carol Cassar-Torreggiani \|4 \|0 \| }} }}
#### Bulgaria vs. Philippines {#bulgaria_vs._philippines}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Elena Pampoulova \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Sarah Castillejo \|2 \|0 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Galia Angelova \|T1P2=Dora Rangelova \|3 \|6 \|7 \|T2P1=Dyan Castillejo \|T2P2=Yvette Castillejo \|6 \|1 \|5 }} }}
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# 1990 Federation Cup (tennis)
## Main draw {#main_draw}
**Participating Teams**
-------------------------
1st Round losing teams play in Consolation Rounds
### First round {#first_round}
#### United States vs. Poland {#united_states_vs._poland}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Zina Garrison-Jackson \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Katarzyna Nowak \|0 \|1 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Gigi Fernández \|T1P2=Zina Garrison-Jackson \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Magdalena Feistel \|T2P2=Renata Skrzypczyńska \|0 \|0 \| }} }}
#### Sweden vs. Belgium {#sweden_vs._belgium}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Catarina Lindqvist \|7 \|7 \| \|T2P1=Sabine Appelmans \|5 \|5 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Catarina Lindqvist \|T1P2=Maria Strandlund \|2 \|2 \| \|T2P1=Sabine Appelmans \|T2P2=Sandra Wasserman \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
#### Australia vs. Indonesia {#australia_vs._indonesia}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Rachel McQuillan \|6 \|3 \|6 \|T2P1=Yayuk Basuki \|3 \|6 \|3 }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1= \| \| \| \|T2P1= \| \| \| np=}} }}
#### South Korea vs. Czechoslovakia {#south_korea_vs._czechoslovakia}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Im Sook-ja \|1 \|0 \| \|T2P1=Jana Novotná \|6 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Kim Il-soon \|T1P2=Lee Jeong-myung \|2 \|3 \| \|T2P1=Regina Rajchrtová \|T2P2=Eva Švíglerová \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
#### Italy vs. Finland {#italy_vs._finland}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Raffaella Reggi \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Nanne Dahlman \|2 \|2 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Laura Golarsa \|T1P2=Raffaella Reggi \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Anne Aallonen \|T2P2=Petra Thorén \|2 \|3 \| }} }}
#### Dominican Republic vs. Great Britain {#dominican_republic_vs._great_britain}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Madeleine Sánchez \|2 \|1 \| \|T2P1=Sarah Loosemore \|6 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Madeleine Sánchez \|T1P2=Joelle Schad \|2 \|0 \| \|T2P1=Jo Durie \|T2P2=Clare Wood \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
#### Japan vs. China {#japan_vs._china}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Naoko Sawamatsu \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Tang Min \|2 \|0 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Maya Kidowaki \|T1P2=Nana Miyagi \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Li Fang \|T2P2=Tang Min \|1 \|1 \| }} }}
#### Bulgaria vs. Austria {#bulgaria_vs._austria}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Elena Pampoulova \|0 \|0 \| \|T2P1=Judith Wiesner \|6 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Galia Angelova \|T1P2=Dora Rangelova \|0 \|2 \| \|T2P1=Barbara Paulus \|T2P2=Judith Wiesner \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
#### Germany vs. Argentina {#germany_vs._argentina}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Claudia Porwik \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Florencia Labat \|0 \|3 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Isabel Cueto \|T1P2=Wiltrud Probst \|4 \|2 \| \|T2P1=Bettina Fulco \|T2P2=Florencia Labat \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
#### Netherlands vs. Switzerland {#netherlands_vs._switzerland}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Manon Bollegraf \|7 \|5 \|2 \|T2P1=Emanuela Zardo \|6.045 \|7 \|6 }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Manon Bollegraf \|T1P2=Brenda Schultz \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Céline Cohen \|T2P2=Eva Krapl \|0 \|1 \| }} }}
#### Hong Kong vs. Hungary {#hong_kong_vs._hungary}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Paulette Moreno \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Andrea Temesvári \|0 \|1 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Ellinore Lightbody \|T1P2=Pang Sheung \|2 \|4 \| \|T2P1=Andrea Noszály \|T2P2=Réka Szikszay \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
#### Brazil vs. Soviet Union {#brazil_vs._soviet_union}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Cláudia Chabalgoity \|0 \|1 \| \|T2P1=Natasha Zvereva \|6 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Cláudia Chabalgoity \|T1P2=Luciana Corsato \|2 \|1 \| \|T2P1=Larisa Neiland \|T2P2=Natasha Zvereva \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
#### New Zealand vs. Greece {#new_zealand_vs._greece}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Belinda Cordwell \|7 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Angeliki Kanellopoulou \|5 \|3 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Belinda Cordwell \|T1P2=Julie Richardson \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Angeliki Kanellopoulou \|T2P2=Olga Tsarbopoulou \|1 \|0 \| }} }}
#### France vs. Chinese Taipei {#france_vs._chinese_taipei}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Nathalie Tauziat \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Wang Shi-ting \|3 \|2 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Isabelle Demongeot \|T1P2=Mary Pierce \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Lai Su-lin \|T2P2=Lin Ya-hui \|2 \|2 \| }} }}
#### Israel vs. Denmark {#israel_vs._denmark}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Yael Segal \|2 \|6 \|5 \|T2P1=Tine Scheuer-Larsen \|6 \|4 \|7 }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Ilana Berger \|T1P2=Limor Zaltz \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Sofie Albinus \|T2P2=Tine Scheuer-Larsen \|3 \|2 \| }} }}
#### Canada vs. Spain {#canada_vs._spain}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Helen Kelesi \|3 \|2 \| \|T2P1=Arantxa Sánchez Vicario \|6 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Jill Hetherington \|T1P2=Rene Simpson \|5 \|6 \|6 \|T2P1=Conchita Martínez \|T2P2=Pilar Pérez \|7 \|2 \|2 }} }}
### Second round {#second_round}
#### United States vs. Belgium {#united_states_vs._belgium}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Zina Garrison-Jackson \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Sabine Appelmans \|4 \|1 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Gigi Fernández \|T1P2=Zina Garrison-Jackson \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Sabine Appelmans \|T2P2=Sandra Wasserman \|1 \|3 \| }} }}
#### Australia vs. Czechoslovakia {#australia_vs._czechoslovakia}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Rachel McQuillan \|4 \|4 \| \|T2P1=Jana Novotná \|6 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Kristin Godridge \|T1P2=Janine Tremelling \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Regina Rajchrtová \|T2P2=Eva Švíglerová \|2 \|3 \| }} }}
#### Italy vs. Great Britain {#italy_vs._great_britain}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Raffaella Reggi \|6 \|5 \|5 \|T2P1=Sarah Loosemore \|2 \|7 \|7 }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Laura Golarsa \|T1P2=Raffaella Reggi \|4 \|1 \| \|T2P1=Jo Durie \|T2P2=Clare Wood \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
#### Japan vs. Austria {#japan_vs._austria}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Naoko Sawamatsu \|2 \|6.015 \| \|T2P1=Judith Wiesner \|6 \|7 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Maya Kidowaki \|T1P2=Nana Miyagi \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Barbara Paulus \|T2P2=Beate Reinstadler \|0 \|0 \| }} }}
#### Germany vs. Netherlands {#germany_vs._netherlands}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Claudia Porwik \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Manon Bollegraf \|2 \|4 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Claudia Porwik \|T1P2=Wiltrud Probst \|6.045 \|6.015 \| \|T2P1=Manon Bollegraf \|T2P2=Brenda Schultz \|7 \|7 \| }} }}
#### Hong Kong vs. Soviet Union {#hong_kong_vs._soviet_union}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Paulette Moreno \|3 \|6.005 \| \|T2P1=Natasha Zvereva \|6 \|7 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Paulette Moreno \|T1P2=Pang Sheung \|3 \|0 \| \|T2P1=Larisa Neiland \|T2P2=Natasha Zvereva \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
#### New Zealand vs. France {#new_zealand_vs._france}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Belinda Cordwell \|1 \|2 \| \|T2P1=Nathalie Tauziat \|6 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Belinda Cordwell \|T1P2=Julie Richardson \|3 \|4 \| \|T2P1=Isabelle Demongeot \|T2P2=Mary Pierce \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
#### Israel vs. Spain {#israel_vs._spain}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Yael Segal \|0 \|0 \| \|T2P1=Arantxa Sánchez Vicario \|6 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Ilana Berger \|T1P2=Limor Zaltz \|3 \|4 \| \|T2P1=Conchita Martínez \|T2P2=Arantxa Sánchez Vicario \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
### Quarterfinals
#### United States vs. Czechoslovakia {#united_states_vs._czechoslovakia}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Zina Garrison-Jackson \|3 \|3 \| \|T2P1=Jana Novotná \|6 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Gigi Fernández \|T1P2=Zina Garrison-Jackson \|7 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Jana Novotná \|T2P2=Regina Rajchrtová \|6.075 \|4 \| }} }}
#### Great Britain vs. Austria {#great_britain_vs._austria}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Sarah Loosemore \|6.035 \|6 \|6 \|T2P1=Judith Wiesner \|7 \|2 \|8 }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Jo Durie \|T1P2=Clare Wood \|5 \| \| \|T2P1=Barbara Paulus \|T2P2=Beate Reinstadler \|2 \| \| re2=1}} }}
#### Netherlands vs. Soviet Union {#netherlands_vs._soviet_union}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Manon Bollegraf \|1 \|3 \| \|T2P1=Natasha Zvereva \|6 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Manon Bollegraf \|T1P2=Brenda Schultz \|6.065 \|3 \| \|T2P1=Larisa Neiland \|T2P2=Natasha Zvereva \|7 \|6 \| }} }}
#### France vs. Spain {#france_vs._spain}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Nathalie Tauziat \|6.085 \|1 \| \|T2P1=Arantxa Sánchez Vicario \|7 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Isabelle Demongeot \|T1P2=Mary Pierce \|4 \|4 \| \|T2P1=Conchita Martínez \|T2P2=Arantxa Sánchez Vicario \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
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# 1990 Federation Cup (tennis)
## Main draw {#main_draw}
### Semifinals
#### United States vs. Austria {#united_states_vs._austria}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Zina Garrison-Jackson \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Judith Wiesner \|3 \|4 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Patty Fendick \|T1P2=Zina Garrison-Jackson \|6 \|7 \| \|T2P1=Barbara Paulus \|T2P2=Judith Wiesner \|1 \|6.045 \| }} }}
#### Soviet Union vs. Spain {#soviet_union_vs._spain}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Natasha Zvereva \|6 \|2 \| \|T2P1=Arantxa Sánchez Vicario \|4 \|0 \| re2=2}} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Larisa Neiland \|T1P2=Natasha Zvereva \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Conchita Martínez \|T2P2=Pilar Pérez \|2 \|3 \| }} }}
### Final
#### United States vs. Soviet Union {#united_states_vs._soviet_union}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Zina Garrison-Jackson \|6 \|3 \|3 \|T2P1=Natasha Zvereva \|4 \|6 \|6 }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Gigi Fernández \|T1P2=Zina Garrison-Jackson \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Larisa Neiland \|T2P2=Natasha Zvereva \|4 \|3 \| }} }} `{{winners-other|1990 Federation Cup Champions|United States|United States|Fourteenth}}`{=mediawiki}
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# 1990 Federation Cup (tennis)
## Consolation
### Qualifying round {#qualifying_round}
Winning Team Score Losing Team
------------------------------------ ------- -------------
**`{{fed|URU}}`{=mediawiki}** 2--1
**`{{fed|PHI|1986}}`{=mediawiki}** 3--0
**`{{fed|NOR}}`{=mediawiki}** 3--0
3--0
**`{{fed|MEX}}`{=mediawiki}** 3--0
**`{{fed|IRL}}`{=mediawiki}** 2--0
**`{{fed|YUG}}`{=mediawiki}** 3--0
Winning teams advance to Consolation Main Draw
#### Uruguay vs. Thailand {#uruguay_vs._thailand}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Patricia Miller \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Chanrisa Rareang \|3 \|3 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Claudia Brause \|T1P2=Helga Grille \|6 \|4 \|1 \|T2P1=Tossaporn Summa \|T2P2=Orawan Thampensri \|3 \|6 \|6 }} }}
#### Philippines vs. Jamaica {#philippines_vs._jamaica}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Sarah Castillejo \|7 \|1 \|6 \|T2P1=Joni Van Ryck De Groot \|5 \|6 \|2 }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Dyan Castillejo \|T1P2=Jennifer Saret \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Henrietta Harris \|T2P2=Joni Van Ryck De Groot \|1 \|1 \| }} }}
#### Norway vs. Malta {#norway_vs._malta}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Amy Jönsson Raaholt \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Carol Cassar-Torreggiani \|0 \|2 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Amy Jönsson Raaholt \|T1P2=Astrid Sunde \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Katherine Camilleri \|T2P2=Carol Cassar-Torreggiani \|2 \|3 \| }} }}
#### Luxembourg vs. Sri Lanka {#luxembourg_vs._sri_lanka}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Karin Kschwendt \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Lihini Weerasuriya \|0 \|0 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Marie-Christine Goy \|T1P2=Pascale Welter \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Sobhini De Silva \|T2P2=Lihini Weerasuriya \|1 \|4 \| }} }}
#### Mexico vs. Trinidad and Tobago {#mexico_vs._trinidad_and_tobago}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Angélica Gavaldón \|4 \|3 \| \|T2P1=Beverly Corbie \|1 \|1 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Angélica Gavaldón \|T1P2=Lupita Novelo \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Beverly Corbie \|T2P2=Donna Millington \|0 \|1 \| }} }}
#### Ireland vs. Malaysia {#ireland_vs._malaysia}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Lesley O\'Halloran \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Kerry Anne Lim \|0 \|2 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1= \| \| \| \|T2P1= \| \| \|np= }} }}
#### Yugoslavia vs. Bahamas {#yugoslavia_vs._bahamas}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Nadin Ercegović \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Kim Cartwright \|2 \|2 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Nadin Ercegović \|T1P2=Gorana Matić \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Robyn Farrington \|T2P2=Kim Cartwright \|2 \|1 \| }} }}
### Main draw {#main_draw_1}
### First round {#first_round_1}
#### South Korea vs. Indonesia {#south_korea_vs._indonesia}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Kim Il-soon \|2 \|6.025 \| \|T2P1=Yayuk Basuki \|6 \|7 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Kim Il-soon \|T1P2=Lee Jeong-myung \|7 \|3 \|0 \|T2P1=Yayuk Basuki \|T2P2=Suzanna Anggarkusuma \|5 \|6 \|6 }} }}
#### Philippines vs. Venezuela {#philippines_vs._venezuela}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Sarah Castillejo \|2 \|4 \| \|T2P1=Eleonora Vegliante \|6 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Dyan Castillejo \|T1P2=Jennifer Saret \|4 \|3 \| \|T2P1=Emily Leonardi \|T2P2=María Vento \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
#### Greece vs. Yugoslavia {#greece_vs._yugoslavia}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Olga Tsarbopoulou \|1 \|5 \| \|T2P1=Nadin Ercegović \|6 \|7 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1= \| \| \| \|T2P1= \| \| \|np= }} }}
#### Norway vs. Bulgaria {#norway_vs._bulgaria}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Amy Jönsson Raaholt \|4 \|3 \| \|T2P1=Elena Pampoulova \|6 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Amy Jönsson Raaholt \|T1P2=Astrid Sunde \|6 \|2 \|3 \|T2P1=Elena Pampoulova \|T2P2=Dora Rangelova \|4 \|6 \|6 }} }}
#### Ireland vs. Chinese Taipei {#ireland_vs._chinese_taipei}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Siobhán Nicholson \|5 \|4 \| \|T2P1=Wang Shi-ting \|7 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Siobhán Nicholson \|T1P2=Lesley O\'Halloran \|2 \|0 \| \|T2P1=Lai Su-lin \|T2P2=Wang Shi-ting \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
#### Dominican Republic vs. Poland {#dominican_republic_vs._poland}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Madeleine Sánchez \|2 \|5 \| \|T2P1=Katarzyna Nowak \|6 \|7 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Madeleine Sánchez \|T1P2=Joelle Schad \|3 \|4 \| \|T2P1=Magdalena Feistel \|T2P2=Renata Skrzypczyńska \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
#### Uruguay vs. China {#uruguay_vs._china}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Patricia Miller \|6.065 \|0 \| \|T2P1=Tang Min \|7 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1= \| \| \| \|T2P1= \| \| \|np= }} }}
#### Denmark vs. Luxembourg {#denmark_vs._luxembourg}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Tine Scheuer-Larsen \|2 \|0 \| \|T2P1=Karin Kschwendt \|6 \|1 \|re1=2 }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Sofie Albinus \|T1P2=Merete Balling-Stockmann \|1 \|3 \| \|T2P1=Marie-Christine Goy \|T2P2=Karin Kschwendt \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
### Second round {#second_round_1}
#### Canada vs. Indonesia {#canada_vs._indonesia}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Rene Simpson \|7 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Yayuk Basuki \|5 \|1 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Jill Hetherington \|T1P2=Rene Simpson \|4 \|2 \| \|T2P1=Yayuk Basuki \|T2P2=Suzanna Anggarkusuma \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
#### Mexico vs. Venezuela {#mexico_vs._venezuela}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Angélica Gavaldón \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Eleonora Vegliante \|1 \|1 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Angélica Gavaldón \|T1P2=Claudia Hernández \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Eleonora Vegliante \|T2P2=María Vento \|3 \|3 \| }} }}
#### Switzerland vs. Yugoslavia {#switzerland_vs._yugoslavia}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Emanuela Zardo \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Nadin Ercegović \|0 \|0 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Eva Krapl \|T1P2=Emanuela Zardo \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Nadin Ercegović \|T2P2=Gorana Matić \|0 \|4 \| }} }}
#### Brazil vs. Bulgaria {#brazil_vs._bulgaria}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Cláudia Chabalgoity \|6 \|2 \|6 \|T2P1=Elena Pampoulova \|2 \|6 \|4 }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Luciana Corsato \|T1P2=Andrea Vieira \|5 \|4 \| \|T2P1=Galia Angelova \|T2P2=Dora Rangelova \|7 \|6 \| }} }}
#### Chinese Taipei vs. Finland {#chinese_taipei_vs._finland}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Wang Shi-ting \|6 \|7 \| \|T2P1=Nanne Dahlman \|2 \|5 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Lai Su-lin \|T1P2=Wang Shi-ting \|5 \|1 \| \|T2P1=Anne Aallonen \|T2P2=Nanne Dahlman \|7 \|6 \| }} }}
#### Poland vs. Argentina {#poland_vs._argentina}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Katarzyna Nowak \|2 \|7 \|0 \|T2P1=Florencia Labat \|6 \|5 \|6 }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Magdalena Feistel \|T1P2=Renata Skrzypczyńska \|3 \|2 \| \|T2P1=Bettina Fulco \|T2P2=Inés Gorrochategui \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
#### China vs. Hungary {#china_vs._hungary}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Tang Min \|4 \|2 \| \|T2P1=Andrea Temesvári \|6 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Li Fang \|T1P2=Tang Min \|2 \|7 \|1 \|T2P1=Réka Szikszay \|T2P2=Andrea Temesvári \|6 \|5 \|6 }} }}
#### Luxembourg vs. Sweden {#luxembourg_vs._sweden}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Karin Kschwendt \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Catarina Lindqvist \|4 \|4 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Marie-Christine Goy \|T1P2=Karin Kschwendt \|6 \|1 \|6 \|T2P1=Cecilia Dahlman \|T2P2=Maria Strandlund \|2 \|6 \|3 }} }}
### Quarterfinals {#quarterfinals_1}
#### Indonesia vs. Mexico {#indonesia_vs._mexico}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Yayuk Basuki \|6 \|7 \| \|T2P1=Angélica Gavaldón \|4 \|6.045 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Irawati Moerid \|T1P2=Lukky Tedjamukti \|3 \|4 \| \|T2P1=Aránzazu Gallardo \|T2P2=Lupita Novelo \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
#### Switzerland vs. Brazil {#switzerland_vs._brazil}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Emanuela Zardo \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Cláudia Chabalgoity \|1 \|0 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Eva Krapl \|T1P2=Emanuela Zardo \|5 \|7 \|6 \|T2P1=Cláudia Chabalgoity \|T2P2=Luciana Corsato \|7 \|5 \|2 }} }}
#### Finland vs. Argentina {#finland_vs._argentina}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Anne Aallonen \|6 \|1 \|4 \|T2P1=Florencia Labat \|4 \|6 \|6 }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Nanne Dahlman \|T1P2=Katja Kokko \|5 \|4 \| \|T2P1=Inés Gorrochategui \|T2P2=Florencia Labat \|7 \|6 \| }} }}
#### Hungary vs. Luxembourg {#hungary_vs._luxembourg}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Andrea Temesvári \|3 \|2 \| \|T2P1=Karin Kschwendt \|6 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Réka Szikszay \|T1P2=Andrea Temesvári \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Marie-Christine Goy \|T2P2=Karin Kschwendt \|3 \|2 \| }} }}
| 1,027 |
1990 Federation Cup (tennis)
| 3 |
11,012,542 |
# 1990 Federation Cup (tennis)
## Consolation
### Semifinals {#semifinals_1}
#### Indonesia vs. Switzerland {#indonesia_vs._switzerland}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Yayuk Basuki \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Emanuela Zardo \|2 \|4 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Yayuk Basuki \|T1P2=Suzanna Anggarkusuma \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Csilla Cserépy \|T2P2=Eva Krapl \|3 \|2 \| }} }}
#### Argentina vs. Hungary {#argentina_vs._hungary}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Florencia Labat \|7 \|2 \|3 \|T2P1=Andrea Temesvári \|6.055 \|6 \|6 }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Bettina Fulco \|T1P2=Inés Gorrochategui \|4 \|1 \| \|T2P1=Réka Szikszay \|T2P2=Andrea Temesvári \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
### Final {#final_1}
#### Indonesia vs. Hungary {#indonesia_vs._hungary}
\|R2={{ TennisMatch3 \|T1P1=Yayuk Basuki \|6 \|7 \| \|T2P1=Andrea Temesvári \|3 \|6
| 101 |
1990 Federation Cup (tennis)
| 4 |
11,012,549 |
# George Beachcroft
**George Richard Peckham Beachcroft** (1871 -- 24 June 1941) was an influential early administrator of the Richmond Football Club.
He served as club secretary from 1900 until 1905, when Richmond was in the Victorian Football Association (VFA). During his tenure the club won the VFA premierships of 1902 and 1905. With the club then in the Victorian Football League (VFL), the election of Jack Archer\'s reform group saw Beachcroft return to Richmond, once again as club secretary, for one season in 1912. He was also secretary of the Melbourne Football Club for one season, in 1907.
He was made a life member of the Richmond Football Club in 1906.
Beachcroft was also a founding member of the Richmond Rowing Club and a general secretary of the Victorian Junior Cricket Association
| 133 |
George Beachcroft
| 0 |
11,012,579 |
# Alberto Árias
**Alberto A. Arias** (born October 14, 1983) is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher.
In `{{By|2006}}`{=mediawiki}, Arias played in Minor League Baseball with the Tulsa Drillers. Arias made his MLB debut with the Colorado Rockies in `{{By|2007}}`{=mediawiki} and made 6 relief appearances, going 1--0 with a 4.91 ERA. On July 31, 2008, the Houston Astros claimed him off waivers from the Rockies and assigned him to Triple-A Round Rock.
In 2009, Arias took a big step forward in his career, setting career-best marks in games played (42), innings pitched (45.2), WHIP (1.489) and ERA (3.35).
Arias missed the 2010 and 2011 seasons due to injury. On October 24, 2011, he re-signed a minor league contract with the Astros
| 121 |
Alberto Árias
| 0 |
11,012,628 |
# Dennis Dove
**Dennis Anthony Dove** (born August 31, 1981), is a former pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals.
Dove graduated from Irwin County High School in Ocilla, Georgia in 2000. He went on to Georgia Southern University and was drafted by the St. Louis Cardinals in the third round of the 2003 amateur draft and was signed on June 30, 2003
| 62 |
Dennis Dove
| 0 |
11,012,636 |
# Timm Peddie
**Timm Peddie** is a retired professional track and road bicycle racer from the United States. He won the collegiate national track championships (1991) and the U.S. Olympic Road Trials (1992). He represented the United States in the Olympic Games Road Race, in Barcelona, Spain and competed from 1991 through 1996, winning over 20 professional and international races.
He was selected by his peers to the United States Olympic Committee (USOC), in 1996, where he served for four years (1996-2000). He re-ignited and led the debate on externalizing drug testing from the USOC, leading to the creation of the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), which he helped found at the end of his term, in 2000
| 118 |
Timm Peddie
| 0 |
11,012,673 |
# List of Major Vegetation Groups in Australia
This is a **list of Major Vegetations Groups and Subgroups in Australia**. Major Vegetation Groups and Major Vegetation Subgroups are categories used by the Department of the Environment and Energy as part of its National Vegetation Information System.
The Major Vegetation Groups are broadly defined as representative of distinct vegetative environments; they may extend over large areas and often contain more than one vegetation association or community. They were originally defined as part of the National Vegetation Information System framework for the Australian Native Vegetation Assessment 2001. As of 2022, the most recent update was version 6.0, in 2020.
## Major Vegetation Groups {#major_vegetation_groups}
In version 6.0 there are 33 Major Vegetation Groups, including some groups representing absence of knowledge or absence of vegetation:
- Rainforests and Vine Thickets
- Eucalypt Tall Open Forests
- Eucalypt Open Forests
- Eucalypt Low Open Forests
- Eucalypt Woodlands
- Acacia Forests and Woodlands
- Callitris Forests and Woodlands
- Casuarina Forests and Woodlands
- Melaleuca Forests and Woodlands
- Other Forests and Woodlands
- Eucalypt Open Woodlands
- Tropical Eucalypt Woodlands/Grasslands
- Acacia Open Woodlands
- Mallee Woodlands and Shrublands
- Low Closed Forests and Tall Closed Shrublands
- Acacia Shrublands
- Other Shrublands
- Heathlands
- Tussock Grasslands
- Hummock Grasslands
- Other Grasslands, Herblands, Sedgelands and Rushlands
- Chenopod Shrublands, Samphire Shrublands and Forblands
- Mangroves
- Inland Aquatic - freshwater, salt lakes, lagoons
- Cleared, non-native vegetation, buildings
- Unclassified native vegetation
- Naturally bare - sand, rock, claypan, mudflat
- Sea and estuaries
- Regrowth, modified native vegetation
- Unclassified forest
- Other Open Woodlands
- Mallee Open Woodlands and Sparse Mallee Shrublands
- Unknown data
## Major Vegetation Subgroups {#major_vegetation_subgroups}
The Major Vegetation Subgroups were defined for the purposes of finer scale mapping and regional analyses.
Version 6.0 contains 85 subgroups. In version 3
| 315 |
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| 0 |
11,012,688 |
# Deep River (song)
\"**Deep River**\" is an anonymous African-American spiritual, popularized by Henry Burleigh in his 1916 collection *Jubilee Songs of the USA*.
## Overview
The song was first mentioned in print in 1876, when it was published in the first edition of *The Story of the Jubilee Singers: With Their Songs*, by J. B. T. Marsh. By 1917, when Harry Burleigh completed the last of his several influential arrangements, the song had become very popular in recitals. It has been called \"perhaps the best known and best-loved spiritual\".
## Adaptations
The melody was adopted in 1921 for the song *Dear Old Southland* by Henry Creamer and Turner Layton, which enjoyed popular success the next year in versions by Paul Whiteman and by Vernon Dalhart.
Samuel Coleridge-Taylor arranged the melody in the tenth of his 24 Negro Melodies Op. 24 (1905).
Daniel Gregory Mason quotes the melody in his String Quartet on Negro Themes Op. 19 (1919).
\"Deep River\" has been sung in several films. The 1929 film *Show Boat* featured it mouthed by Laura La Plante to the singing of Eva Olivetti. Paul Robeson famously sang it accompanied by a male chorus in the 1940 movie *The Proud Valley*, and Chevy Chase sang it in the 1983 blockbuster hit *National Lampoon\'s Vacation*.
\"Deep River\" is also one of five spirituals written into the 1941 oratorio *A Child of Our Time* by Michael Tippett.
## Recordings
- Marian Anderson recorded a version in November 1923 for the Victor label (catalog No. 19227).
- Paul Robeson recorded the song on May 10, 1927, for the Montgomery Ward label (catalog No. 6054).
- Tommy Dorsey recorded a version on February 17, 1941, for the Victor label (catalog No. 36396B).
- Deep River Boys featuring Harry Douglas with Pete Brown\'s Orchestra recorded the song in Oslo on August 23, 1956, and released it on the 78 rpm record by His Master\'s Voice AL 6039).
- Odetta recorded a version for her 1957 album *At the Gate of Horn*.
- Johnny Mathis\'s third album, *Good Night, Dear Lord*, released 1958.
- The Roger Wagner Chorale recorded Roger Wagner\'s arrangement, first released on the album *The Negro Spiritual* for Capitol Records (SP 8600) in 1964.
- Mahalia Jackson recorded a version for her 1964 album, *Let\'s Pray Together* on the Columbia Records label.
- St. Jacob\'s Chamber Choir and Anders Paulsson recorded a version on the choir\'s 1997 album, *Spirituals* (BIS Records AB)
- Bobby Womack recorded the song for the 2012 album *The Bravest Man in the Universe*
- Beverly Glenn-Copeland included a live recording of the song on his 2020 album Transmissions
| 440 |
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| 0 |
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# Temptation (2007 American game show)
***Temptation: The New Sale of the Century*** is an American syndicated television game show loosely based on both the original Australian and American *Sale of the Century* versions, and modeled after the 2005 Australian version, also titled *Temptation*. The show began airing in syndication on September 10, 2007, with the last first-run episode airing on May 23, 2008. Reruns continued until September 5, 2008.
The series was hosted by Rossi Morreale with former talk show host Rolonda Watts as announcer. *Temptation* was produced by FremantleMedia North America (logoed as FremantleMedia) and 20th Century Fox Television but was syndicated by 20th Television.
As with other syndicated half-hour programs, *Temptation* aired two episodes in some markets, with the second episode with a later production date. In July 2008, *Temptation* was canceled due to low ratings (it was the lowest among game shows during the 2007--2008 season) and replaced by *Trivial Pursuit: America Plays* on most stations.
## Front Game {#front_game}
The game was played in two rounds, each containing several parts. Three contestants, one a returning champion, each started the game with 20 \"Temptation dollars\".
### Round 1 {#round_1}
This round was broken down into three parts: a \"Speed Round\", an \"Instant Bargain\", and a \"Fame Game\":
- **Speed Round:** Morreale asked a series of rapid-fire pop culture questions over 30 seconds (instead of 60 as in the \'80s series); correct answers were worth \$5 while incorrect responses lost \$5.
- **Instant Bargain:** The leader after the initial speed round was offered a chance to spend some of his/her \"Temptation dollars\" to purchase a prize at a discount. Played just like the original *Sale of the Century* Instant Bargains, the host often offered extra incentives (e.g., reducing the price, offering extra cash, or offering additional tickets if the offer includes a trip) to entice the contestant. However, if two or all three contestants were tied, a Dutch auction was frequently conducted. The only stylistic difference was that instead of the host saying \"Going once\... going twice\...\", the player was placed on a five-second \"Shop Clock\".
- **Fame Game:** The host read clues pertaining to a famous person, place, thing, etc. from a first-person perspective. Unlike the 1980s version, letters filled in a puzzle one at a time on the monitor behind the host. The contestant who answered correctly won \$15.
| 394 |
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| 0 |
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# Temptation (2007 American game show)
## Front Game {#front_game}
### Round 2 {#round_2}
After the first commercial break, the second round consisted of \"Knock-Off\", a second Instant Bargain, a second speed round, \"Instant Cash\", and one final speed round.
- **Knock-Off:** A category was announced and 12 possible answers were shown; nine answers were correct while three were wrong. Each contestant, in turn, selected one of the answers. A correct answer turned gold and was worth cash (four \$2 answers, three \$5 answers, a \$10 answer, and a \$15 answer; Some boards had two \$3 answers replacing two worth \$2). An incorrect answer turned red and eliminated that contestant for the remainder of that round. Play continued until the last correct answer was found or all three players had been eliminated. In general, the less obvious an answer was, the more it was worth.
- **Instant Bargain:** Played as before but for a slightly more expensive prize.
- **Speed Round #2:** Two answers were given before the start of the round, both usually with a similar theme (e.g., \"Winger or Gunslinger\" and contestants had to identify films as starring Debra Winger or Westerns, which were sometimes called Gunslingers). Once again, the speed round lasted for 30 seconds, and questions were worth \$5 up or down.
- **Instant Cash:** Based on the *Sale of the Century* round of the same name. The leader at that point was offered a chance at a cash jackpot which began at \$500 and rose by that amount until it was claimed or reached \$5,000, at which point the pot was frozen until someone won it. To play, the contestant had to give up his/her entire lead over the second-place opponent. If two or more contestants were tied, a Dutch auction was conducted (it usually started at the difference between the tied players and third place). If a contestant opted to play, they were shown three wallets (one white, one brown, one red) and asked to choose one and open it. Inside two of the wallets was a slip that said \"\$100\" on it, with the other having a slip with the amount of money in the Instant Cash jackpot inside. Regardless of whether or not the leader chose to play, Morreale revealed the location of the jackpot.
- **Speed Round #3:** After a second commercial break, a final 30-second round of questions was played, however each answer was worth +/- \$10.
The contestant with the highest score was the champion and advanced to Shopper\'s Paradise for the \"Shopping Spree of a Lifetime\". If two or more contestants were tied, a tiebreaker question was played. The contestant who had the right answer earned \$10 and became the champion (or remained if s/he was the defending champion). If not, the opponent won \$10 and became the champion (or remained)
The losers kept any cash and prizes won during the main game; unlike earlier incarnations of *Sale of the Century*, no contestants received their score in cash. Any player who had not won anything up to the end of the game received unacknowledged parting gifts.
| 518 |
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| 1 |
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# Temptation (2007 American game show)
## Shopper\'s Paradise {#shoppers_paradise}
*Temptation* used a similar shopping endgame to its predecessor series, but was slightly different.
After the champion entered Shopper\'s Paradise, he/she was shown each of the five prizes that could be purchased that week and how much it cost in \"Temptation dollars\" to buy. Each new prize increased in value as the champion went along, with the most expensive/valuable prize usually being a car. Unlike the Australian version of *Temptation*, on which this series was based, and the 1980s *Sale of the Century*, there was no opportunity to buy all on-stage prizes nor receive a cash jackpot for accumulating a high amount of money. Contestants were also not permitted to buy more than one prize in Shopper\'s Paradise, a rule that carried over from the 1980s *Sale* series.
Once the entire gallery of prizes was revealed to the champion, he/she attempted to build up his/her bankroll by playing a round of \"Super Knock-Off\". Like the version played in the front game, twelve answers were shown. This time, only six were right and the round was played for higher stakes. Four of the answers were worth \$25 each, one was worth \$50, and one worth \$100 for a total of \$250 added to the bankroll for finding all six answers. The champion could stop choosing answers whenever he/she desired, as choosing one of the wrong answers wiped out the bank and ended the round.
After Super Knock-Off was completed, any money from the correct answers was added to the champion\'s already-accumulated bankroll and he/she was given a choice to buy a prize or return on the next show and try to add more money to the bank. If the total bank was not enough to buy the lowest level prize in Shopper\'s Paradise, a Croton diamond watch was offered as a consolation prize.
Champions played until they either decided to buy a prize, were defeated, banked enough to buy the highest level prize, or won a fifth match. If that happened and a champion had not banked enough money for the highest level prize, he/she was forced to buy any prize that he/she could afford and retire undefeated.
| 367 |
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| 2 |
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# Temptation (2007 American game show)
## Tournaments
From November 19--21, 2007, and again from November 26--28, *Temptation* aired two 3-day tournaments where three former contestants returned and played for the entire tournament. The contestants were different for each of the two tournaments. Rules remained similar for each tournament, except that contestants started each game with \$30. The winner of each game played Super Knock Off. The winner of day 1 and 2 played Super Knock Off, but did not go to \"Shopper\'s Paradise\". In day 3, a special 10% off coupon to be used in Shopper\'s Paradise was presented for the contestant in the lead for the second Instant Bargain if the contestant accepted the bargain. Only the winner of day 3 went to \"Shopper\'s Paradise\".
## Shop-at-home offers {#shop_at_home_offers}
Before commercial breaks, offers for products at discounted prices were advertised under a deal of the day format. These items were purchased online at the show\'s official site. The offers were originally separate items, but later became generic \"60% off retail\" plug offers.
## Broadcast history {#broadcast_history}
*Temptation* was based on the Australian series of the same name, itself a revival of *Sale of the Century*. The two pilots were filmed on the Australian set with the show\'s eventual mini-games in place; unlike the series, the pilots used the Australian sound effects and theme (the former based on the 1980s *Sale* sounds).
Unlike the 2005 Australian revival, this new American iteration only allowed female contestants for the majority of the run as they were attempting to target the female demographic in tandem with the shopping elements of the show and specifically the retail merchandise offered from the *Temptation* website. Toward the middle of the second and final season, a small selection of male contestants were finally allowed to compete on Temptation; however, this was occasional and the contestant ratio was always two female contestants to one male contestant in such instances. The American version of *Temptation* was also notable for not making use of a studio audience, opting instead for a stock applause track in its place.
Owned-and-operated stations of MyNetworkTV were among the stations carrying the show, as was the former WTBS Atlanta (currently known as Peachtree TV). MyNetworkTV aired two sneak preview episodes featuring *American Idol* alumni Mikalah Gordon, Justin Guarini, and Kimberly Caldwell on September 5, 2007 in prime time. These episodes were aired again on March 13 and 14, 2008.
Before the series premiered, writers went on strike because FremantleMedia refused to recognize the Writers Guild of America as the writers\' chosen labor representative.
BUZZR aired reruns of *Temptation* as part of their Friday Night block from February 9 to April 20, 2018, and brought them back as a weeknight entry that fall.
### First taped week {#first_taped_week}
The first *taped* week of the series did not air until March 3--7, 2008 and featured a slightly different game structure. The show began with Speed Round #1 followed by Instant Bargain #1, the Fame Game, and Speed Round #2.
After the first commercial break, Knock-Off was played followed by Instant Bargain #2, a second Fame Game worth \$25, Instant Cash, and Speed Round #3.
In addition, the price tags at Shopper\'s Paradise were white instead of orange, and Morreale showed the winning contestant around while Watts described the prizes.
### Cancellation
With the exception of the preview episodes, which rated 0.8, *Temptation* never rose above 0.5 in the Nielsen rating system, making it the least-watched game show on broadcast television that year; the next lowest-rated game, *Merv Griffin\'s Crosswords*, maintained a 0.8--1.0 share.
Although the final first-run episode of *Temptation* aired on May 23, 2008, the show\'s official cancellation was not announced until July 29. The final episode was later broadcast as the last repeat on September 5, making it one of only a handful of programs to do so. The series was replaced with *Trivial Pursuit: America Plays* on most stations that carried it; however, the program experienced similar low ratings as its predecessor and was canceled in April 2009
| 675 |
Temptation (2007 American game show)
| 3 |
11,012,752 |
# José António Tavares dos Anjos
**José António Tavares dos Anjos** is a journalist, historian, genealogist and former National Park Service employee at Lowell National Historical Park and the St. Gaudens National Historic Site
| 34 |
José António Tavares dos Anjos
| 0 |
11,012,762 |
# Peter Johnston (BBC)
**Peter Johnston** (born Ballymena, 1965) is a former Controller of BBC Northern Ireland. He was educated at Ballymena Academy and Imperial College London, where he graduated in Chemical Engineering and Management. Prior to joining the BBC, he worked for Shell International in London and Price Waterhouse Coopers in Belfast. He joined BBC Northern Ireland in 1994 as a research executive, later becoming head of marketing and development, then Head of New Media for BBC Nations and Regions, before taking up post as Head of Broadcasting in 2003. He was appointed Controller on 27 October 2006, the youngest person ever to hold that position.
In 2009 he was appointed as the chairman of Skillset\'s Northern Ireland national board
| 121 |
Peter Johnston (BBC)
| 0 |
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# Melbourne Park, Kingston
**Melbourne Park** was a cricket ground in Kingston, Jamaica. It was the home of Melbourne Cricket Club, the third-oldest cricket club in Jamaica. The ground hosted first-class cricket on 23 occasions between 1908--09 and 1961-62. Melbourne Park\'s opening first-class match, in February 1909, saw Ranji Hordern, playing for the Philadelphians on their final overseas tour, take 8-44 in the Jamaican first innings and 13-113 in the match; both remain records for the ground.
George Headley performed some notable batting feats on this ground. Playing for Jamaica against Lord Tennyson\'s XI in February 1932, he struck 344 not out, at the time the highest innings made in the West Indies and a ground record. Headley and Clarence Passailaigue (261\*) put on an unbroken stand of 487 for the sixth wicket: this remains (as of 2007) a world record for that wicket. The other two first-class double hundreds scored at Melbourne Park were both Headley\'s: 211 against Lord Tennyson\'s XI in 1927--28 and 203\* against Barbados in 1946--47.
In the 1960s, the Melbourne Cricket Club ceased using Melbourne Park, and moved to a new ground---Melbourne Oval---about 2 miles away in New Kingston. Melbourne Park is now owned Kingston College
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# Bioenergetic systems
**Bioenergetic systems** are metabolic processes that relate to the flow of energy in living organisms. Those processes convert energy into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the form suitable for muscular activity. There are two main forms of synthesis of ATP: *aerobic*, which uses oxygen from the bloodstream, and *anaerobic*, which does not. Bioenergetics is the field of biology that studies bioenergetic systems.
## Overview
The process that converts the chemical energy of food into ATP (which can release energy) is not dependent on oxygen availability. During exercise, the supply and demand of oxygen available to muscle cells is affected by duration and intensity and by the individual\'s cardio respiratory fitness level. It is also affected by the type of activity, for instance, during isometric activity the contracted muscles restricts blood flow (leaving oxygen and blood borne fuels unable to be delivered to muscle cells adequately for oxidative phosphorylation). Three systems can be selectively recruited, depending on the amount of oxygen available, as part of the cellular respiration process to generate ATP for the muscles. They are ATP, the anaerobic system and the aerobic system.
## Adenosine triphosphate {#adenosine_triphosphate}
ATP is the only type of usable form of chemical energy for musculoskeletal activity. It is stored in most cells, particularly in muscle cells. Other forms of chemical energy, such as those available from oxygen and food, must be transformed into ATP before they can be utilized by the muscle cells.
## Coupled reactions {#coupled_reactions}
Since energy is released when ATP is broken down, energy is required to rebuild or resynthesize it. The building blocks of ATP synthesis are the by-products of its breakdown; adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (P~i~). The energy for ATP resynthesis comes from three different series of chemical reactions that take place within the body. Two of the three depend upon the food eaten, whereas the other depends upon a chemical compound called phosphocreatine. The energy released from any of these three series of reactions is utilized in reactions that resynthesize ATP. The separate reactions are functionally linked in such a way that the energy released by one is used by the other.
Three processes can synthesize ATP:
- ATP--CP system (phosphagen system) -- At maximum intensity, this system is used for up to 10--15 seconds. The ATP--CP system neither uses oxygen nor produces lactic acid if oxygen is unavailable and is thus called alactic anaerobic. This is the primary system behind very short, powerful movements like a golf swing, a 100 m sprint or powerlifting.
- Anaerobic system -- This system predominates in supplying energy for intense exercise lasting less than two minutes. It is also known as the glycolytic system. An example of an activity of the intensity and duration that this system works under would be a 400 m sprint.
- Aerobic system -- This is the long-duration energy system. After five minutes of exercise, the O~2~ system is dominant. In a 1 km run, this system is already providing approximately half the energy; in a marathon run it provides 98% or more. Around mile 20 of a marathon, runners typically \"hit the wall,\" having depleted their glycogen reserves they then attain \"second wind\" which is entirely aerobic metabolism primarily by free fatty acids.
Aerobic and anaerobic systems usually work concurrently. When describing activity, it is not a question of which energy system is working, but which predominates.
--------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent of substrate contribution to total energy expenditure **Plasma glucose**
**Muscle glycogen**
**Plasma free fatty acids**
**Other fat sources** **(intramuscular and** **lipoprotein-derived triglycerides)**
Total
Total energy expenditure (kJ min^−1^)
--------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: Exercise intensity (%W~max~) and substrate use in muscle during aerobic activity (cycling)
## Anaerobic and aerobic metabolism {#anaerobic_and_aerobic_metabolism}
The term metabolism refers to the various series of chemical reactions that take place within the body. Aerobic refers to the presence of oxygen, whereas anaerobic means with a series of chemical reactions that does not require the presence of oxygen. The ATP-CP series and the lactic acid series are anaerobic, whereas the oxygen series is aerobic.
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# Bioenergetic systems
## Anaerobic metabolism {#anaerobic_metabolism}
### ATP--CP: the phosphagen system {#atpcp_the_phosphagen_system}
Creatine phosphate (CP), like ATP, is stored in muscle cells. When it is broken down, a considerable amount of energy is released. The energy released is coupled to the energy requirement necessary for the resynthesis of ATP.
The total muscular stores of both ATP and CP are small. Thus, the amount of energy obtainable through this system is limited. The phosphagen stored in the working muscles is typically exhausted in seconds of vigorous activity. However, *the usefulness of the ATP-CP system lies in the rapid availability of energy rather than quantity*. This is important with respect to the kinds of physical activities that humans are capable of performing.
The phosphagen system (ATP-PCr) occurs in the cytosol (a gel-like substance) of the sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle, and in the myocyte\'s cytosolic compartment of the cytoplasm of cardiac and smooth muscle.
During muscle contraction:
: H~2~O + ATP → H^+^ + ADP + P~i~ (Mg^2+^ assisted, utilization of ATP for muscle contraction by ATPase)
: H^+^ + ADP + CP → ATP + Creatine (Mg^2+^ assisted, catalyzed by creatine kinase, ATP is used again in the above reaction for continued muscle contraction)
: 2 ADP → ATP + AMP (catalyzed by adenylate kinase/myokinase when CP is depleted, ATP is again used for muscle contraction)
Muscle at rest:
: ATP + Creatine → H^+^ + ADP + CP (Mg^2+^ assisted, catalyzed by creatine kinase)
: ADP + P~i~ → ATP (during anaerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation)
When the phosphagen system has been depleted of phosphocreatine (creatine phosphate), the resulting AMP produced from the adenylate kinase (myokinase) reaction is primarily regulated by the purine nucleotide cycle.
### Anaerobic glycolysis {#anaerobic_glycolysis}
`{{anchor|Anaerobic}}`{=mediawiki} This system is known as anaerobic glycolysis. \"Glycolysis\" refers to the breakdown of sugar. In this system, the breakdown of sugar supplies the necessary energy from which ATP is manufactured. When sugar is metabolized anaerobically, it is only partially broken down and one of the byproducts is lactic acid. This process creates enough energy to couple with the energy requirements to resynthesize ATP. When H^+^ ions accumulate in the muscles causing the blood pH level to reach low levels, temporary muscle fatigue results. Another limitation of the lactic acid system that relates to its anaerobic quality is that only a few moles of ATP can be resynthesized from the breakdown of sugar. This system cannot be relied on for extended periods of time.
The lactic acid system, like the ATP-CP system, is important primarily because it provides a rapid supply of ATP energy. For example, exercises that are performed at maximum rates for between 1 and 3 minutes depend heavily upon the lactic acid system. In activities such as running 1500 meters or a mile, the lactic acid system is used predominantly for the \"kick\" at the end of the race.
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# Bioenergetic systems
## Aerobic metabolism {#aerobic_metabolism}
### Aerobic glycolysis {#aerobic_glycolysis}
- Glycolysis -- The first stage is known as glycolysis, which produces 2 ATP molecules, 2 reduced molecules of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and 2 pyruvate molecules that move on to the next stage -- the Krebs cycle. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of normal body cells, or the sarcoplasm of muscle cells.
- The Krebs cycle -- This is the second stage, and the products of this stage of the aerobic system are a net production of one ATP, one carbon dioxide molecule, three reduced NAD^+^ molecules, and one reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) molecule. (The molecules of NAD^+^ and FAD mentioned here are electron carriers, and if they are reduced, they have had one or two H^+^ ions and two electrons added to them.) The metabolites are for each turn of the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle turns twice for each six-carbon molecule of glucose that passes through the aerobic system -- as two three-carbon pyruvate molecules enter the Krebs cycle. Before pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle it must be converted to acetyl coenzyme A. During this link reaction, for each molecule of pyruvate converted to acetyl coenzyme A, a NAD^+^ is also reduced. This stage of the aerobic system takes place in the matrix of the cells\' mitochondria.
- Oxidative phosphorylation -- The last stage of the aerobic system produces the largest yield of ATP -- a total of 34 ATP molecules. It is called oxidative phosphorylation because oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions (hence oxidative) and an extra phosphate is added to ADP to form ATP (hence phosphorylation).
This stage of the aerobic system occurs on the cristae (infoldings of the membrane of the mitochondria). The reaction of each NADH in this electron transport chain provides enough energy for 3 molecules of ATP, while reaction of FADH~2~ yields 2 molecules of ATP. This means that 10 total NADH molecules allow the regeneration of 30 ATP, and 2 FADH~2~ molecules allow for 4 ATP molecules to be regenerated (in total 34 ATP from oxidative phosphorylation, plus 4 from the previous two stages, producing a total of 38 ATP in the aerobic system). NADH and FADH~2~ are oxidized to allow the NAD^+^ and FAD to be reused in the aerobic system, while electrons and hydrogen ions are accepted by oxygen to produce water, a harmless byproduct.
### Fatty acid oxidation {#fatty_acid_oxidation}
Triglycerides stored in adipose tissue and in other tissues, such as muscle and liver, release fatty acids and glycerol in a process known as lipolysis. Fatty acids are slower than glucose to convert into acetyl-CoA, as first it has to go through beta oxidation. It takes about 10 minutes for fatty acids to sufficiently produce ATP. Fatty acids are the primary fuel source at rest and in low to moderate intensity exercise. Though slower than glucose, its yield is much higher. One molecule of glucose produces through aerobic glycolysis a net of 30-32 ATP; whereas a fatty acid can produce through beta oxidation a net of approximately 100 ATP depending on the type of fatty acid. For example, palmitic acid can produce a net of 106 ATP.
### Amino acid degradation {#amino_acid_degradation}
Normally, amino acids do not provide the bulk of fuel substrates. However, in times of glycolytic or ATP crisis, amino acids can convert into pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, and citric acid cycle intermediates. This is useful during strenuous exercise or starvation as it provides faster ATP than fatty acids; however, it comes at the expense of risking protein catabolism (such as the breakdown of muscle tissue) to maintain the free amino acid pool.
### Purine nucleotide cycle {#purine_nucleotide_cycle}
The purine nucleotide cycle is used in times of glycolytic or ATP crisis, such as strenuous exercise or starvation. It produces fumarate, a citric acid cycle intermediate, which enters the mitochondrion through the malate-aspartate shuttle, and from there produces ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.
### Ketolysis
During starvation or while consuming a low-carb/ketogenic diet, the liver produces ketones. Ketones are needed as fatty acids cannot pass the blood-brain barrier, blood glucose levels are low and glycogen reserves depleted. Ketones also convert to acetyl-CoA faster than fatty acids. After the ketones convert to acetyl-CoA in a process known as ketolysis, it enters the citric acid cycle to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.
The longer that the person\'s glycogen reserves have been depleted, the higher the blood concentration of ketones, typically due to starvation or a low carb diet (βHB 3 - 5 mM). Prolonged high-intensity aerobic exercise, such as running 20 miles, where individuals \"hit the wall\" can create post-exercise ketosis; however, the level of ketones produced are smaller (βHB 0.3 - 2 mM).
### Ethanol metabolism {#ethanol_metabolism}
Ethanol (alcohol) is first converted into acetaldehyde, consuming NAD^+^ twice, before being converted into acetate. The acetate is then converted into acetyl-CoA. When alcohol is consumed in small quantities, the NADH/NAD^+^ ratio remains in balance enough for the acetyl-CoA to be used by the Krebs cycle for oxidative phosphorylation. However, even moderate amounts of alcohol (1-2 drinks) results in more NADH than NAD^+^, which inhibits oxidative phosphorylation.
When the NADH/NAD^+^ ratio is disrupted (far more NADH than NAD^+^), this is called pseudohypoxia. The Krebs cycle needs NAD^+^ as well as oxygen, for oxidative phosphorylation. Without sufficient NAD^+^, the impaired aerobic metabolism mimics hypoxia (insufficient oxygen), resulting in excessive use of anaerobic glycolysis and a disrupted pyruvate/lactate ratio (low pyruvate, high lactate). The conversion of pyruvate into lactate produces NAD^+^, but only enough to maintain anaerobic glycolysis. In chronic excessive alcohol consumption (alcoholism), the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) is used in addition to alcohol dehydrogenase
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# Brad Salmon
**Bradley Keith Salmon** (born January 3, 1980) is an American former professional baseball pitcher.
## Career
He played in Minor League Baseball in `{{By|2006}}`{=mediawiki} with the Double-A Chattanooga Lookouts and Triple-A Louisville Bats. On March 19, `{{mlby|2008}}`{=mediawiki}, the Cincinnati Reds traded Salmon to the Kansas City Royals for a player to be named later (Henry Arias).
He became a free agent at the end of the 2008 season and signed a minor league contract with the Chicago White Sox. He was released by the White Sox during spring training. On April 22, 2009, Salmon signed a minor league deal with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. He spent the season with the Salt Lake Bees, the Angels\' Triple-A affiliate.
After becoming a free agent after the 2009 season, Salmon signed with the Acereros de Monclova for `{{by|2010}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Bob Mionske
**Robert (\"Bob\") Charles Mionske** (born August 26, 1962) is a two-time U.S. Olympic racing cyclist (1988 and 1992) and U.S. National Champion (1990). In the 1988 Summer Olympics, held in Seoul, South Korea, he placed fourth in the Individual Road Race. He retired from professional cycling in 1993 and is now an attorney based in Portland, Oregon, with a practice in bicycle law. He wrote *Legally Speaking*, a national column on bicycle law, between 2002 and 2009, and has also written *Bicycling & the Law: Your Rights as a Cyclist*, a book on bicycle law published in August 2007. Mionske has written his *Legally Speaking* column on bicycle law for VeloNews and his *Road Rights* column on bicycle law for *Bicycling Magazine*. In February 2015, Mionske returned to writing his *Legally Speaking* column at VeloNews.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Bob Mionske was born on August 26, 1962, in Evanston, Illinois. During Mionske\'s childhood, his family moved to Wisconsin. When Mionske was seventeen, he spent the summer working for his father; at the end of the summer, he bought a new touring bike with his earnings. Mionske subsequently spent countless hours in the saddle of his touring bike, exploring the forests and lakes of Wisconsin. After graduating from Wilmot high school, Mionske enrolled at the University of Wisconsin--Madison, where he continued to ride a bike---an old cruiser---for transportation around campus.
Bob\'s entry into competitive sports began during his university years, with ski racing. Mionske reports that one day in his Latin class at the university, he noticed that one of his classmates had the shaved legs typical of a bicycle racer. Mionske struck up a conversation about bicycle racing with his classmate, who was an amateur bike racer and worked for Andy Muzi at Yellow Jersey, a bike shop in town. The classmate---Colin O\'Brien, who later went on to set the national hour record in 1981, before joining the national team---gave Mionske advice about bicycles and racing.
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# Bob Mionske
## Cycling career {#cycling_career}
Mionske began bicycle racing as a means to improve his fitness training for ski racing. However, he soon discovered that he was better at bicycle racing, and directed his energies towards bike racing from that point on. He began racing for amateur teams beginning in 1986. Mionske won 8 races during the 1993 racing season. By 1987, Mionske was racing for Andy Muzi\'s Yellow Jersey team. In 1988, he tried out for the U.S. Olympic cycling team; his third-place finish in the road racing trials garnered Mionske a spot on the U.S. team. Racing for the United States in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Korea, Mionske came in a close 4th, achieving the same time as the 3rd-place winner, but losing the bronze medal by a tire\'s length. His performance at the 1988 Olympics was the best performance by an American cyclist at a \"full-participation\" Olympics (that is, an Olympics that had not been subject to a boycott) since 1912. In recognition of his achievement, the United States Cycling Federation honored Mionske by designating him as the U.S. Amateur Cyclist of the Year.
Following the 1988 Olympics, Mionske continued to race as an amateur. In 1990, he was the National Road Race Champion, after winning the U.S. National Championships in Albany, New York. On the heels of that victory, Mionske competed as a member of the United States World Championship Team in the UCI Amateur Road World Championships in Utsonomiya, Japan. In 1991, Mionske competed in the Pan-American Games, held in Havana, Cuba, where he placed 6th in the Men\'s Individual Road Race as a member of the United States Pan-American Championship Team.
The following year, Mionske again tried out for the Olympic team, once more winning a spot on the U.S. Olympic Cycling Team. However, competing at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, Mionske was unable to repeat his 1988 performance. Nevertheless, he and teammate Timm Peddie were able to assist their teammate Lance Armstrong to a 14th-place finish.
In 1993, Mionske became a professional racer when the team he was riding for, the Saturn Cycling Team, transitioned from an amateur to a professional team. Mionske won 8 races during the 1993 racing season. At the end of the 1993 season, Mionske retired from racing, but continued with Team Saturn as Team Director for the 1994 racing season. Mionske then left racing behind, entering law school at Willamette University College of Law.
## Legal career {#legal_career}
In 1999, Mionske opened his own law practice, [Bicycle Law](https://www.bicyclelaw.com/), focused exclusively on representing cyclists. Although bicycle law is now an established field within the practice of law, and continues to grow as the popularity of bicycling grows, Mionske pioneered the way as the world\'s first bike lawyer. With his extensive background in bicycle racing, Mionske has represented amateur racers, bicycle commuters, messengers, and recreational cyclists. In describing the cyclist-centered focus of his practice, Mionske coined the term \"bicycle law\".
In 2001, Mionske authored the legal analysis section in *Bicycle Accident Reconstruction for the Forensic Engineer.*
From 2002 to 2009 Mionske wrote the column *Legally Speaking* for *VeloNews* on bicycle law. In 2007, Mionske authored the book *Bicycling & the Law: Your Rights As A Cyclist*. In 2009 Mionske began writing *Road Rights*, a \"Bicycling Magazine\" column on bicycle law, and the social and political issues involved. Mionske returned to writing his *Legally Speaking* column for *VeloNews* in 2015.
Mionske is a co-founder of the [Bike Law Network](http://www.bikelaw.com/), a national network of bicycle accident attorneys.
Since 2021, Mionske has been a partner at [Coopers LLP](https://www.coopers.law/).
## *Bicycling & the Law: Your Rights as a Cyclist* {#bicycling_the_law_your_rights_as_a_cyclist}
Mionske\'s 2007 book *Bicycling & the Law* is a primer on all facets of U.S. bicycle law as it pertains to the average cyclist, and the first book on the topic written for the average cyclist since *The Road Rights and Liabilities of Wheelmen*, published in 1895. In *The Road Rights and Liabilities of Wheelmen*, cyclists were advised of their right to the road, which had been secured in a series of court cases and legislation in the 1880s and 1890s.
Mionske\'s book advises cyclists on their legal rights developed in the following century. In \"Bicycling & the Law,\" Mionske advanced the argument that cyclists have a legal right to travel (that is, bicycling is protected under Freedom of Movement jurisprudence, in contrast to licensed forms of transportation, such as driving, which are not by right, but by permission only), a theme he first explored in his \"Legally Speaking\" column. Mionske was the first advocate of cyclists\' rights to advance and explore this theory, which has now gained wide acceptance by cyclists and bicycling advocates.
Mionske\'s book also covers the legal rights and duties of cyclists, as well as how to handle traffic tickets; common bicycle accidents and how to avoid them; what to do if the cyclist is involved in an accident; how cyclists can insure themselves; legal responses to harassment of cyclists; lemon laws and warranties; how to protect against bicycle theft, and contractual issues commonly faced by cyclists.
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# Bob Mionske
## Palmarès
**1988 - United States Olympic Cycling Team**
- 4th, Men\'s Individual Road Race, 1988 Summer Olympics, Seoul, Korea
: **- United States Cycling Federation**
- U.S. Amateur Cyclist of the Year
**1990 - Yellow Jersey**
- National Road Race Champion, U. S. National Championships, Albany, New York
: **- United States World Championship Team**
- UCI Amateur Road World Championships, Utsonomiya, Japan
**1991 - Shaklee**
- 1st, Alpine Valley Road Race, Wisconsin Superweek, Wisconsin
: **- United States Pan-American Championship Team**
- 6th, Men\'s Individual Road Race, Pan-American Games, Havana, Cuba
**1992 - Saturn**
- 3rd, U. S. National Championships, Road Race, Altoona, Pennsylvania
: **- United States Olympic Cycling Team**
- 75th, Men\'s Individual Road Race, 1992 Summer Olympics, Barcelona, Spain
## Quotes
- **Lance Armstrong**: \"He\'ll do anything to get your attention off the race.\"
- **Roy Knickman**: \"He was just a fighter on the bike. Very strong, very powerful. He could fight on the climbs and sprint with the best. Very few people have done that in American cycling.\"
- **Robert Egger**: \"I loved racing criteriums and time trials; I was Wisconsin state time trial champion a couple times, and raced with another Wisconsinite, Bob Mionske, who competed at the 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics. He\'s now a lawyer in Portland. When I first met him he was riding a custom bike built by Mike Appel. He came from a skiing background - crazy, no fear. He didn\'t know jack about bikes, though. One time we were riding and he didn\'t realize the gooey stuff on his wheels was from the tubular glue. Another time he complained about his brakes making too much noise; I checked out his calipers and he had worn the pads down to the metal! He was crazy; physically not the strongest, but mentally, the toughest guy I\'ve seen on a bike.\"
- **John Loehner, M.D.**: \"I had the pleasure (and pain) of racing with and against some incredibly talented people. Armstrong (pre-cancer of course), Julich, Grewal, Steve Larson, Darren Baker, Bart Bowen, the McCormack Brothers, and some big name euro pros - all of which deserve respect in their own right and most for more than one reason. Choosing one is difficult and unfair to many. However, if I have to pin down one rider my vote would have to go to Bob Mionske. We were teammates for a year and we were roommates for a number of the trips as well. His racing career speaks for itself regarding his talent and ability to win in pressure situations. He used psychology as well as his legs to win races and riled up a lot of people doing that. However, his sense of self - knowing who he was, weaknesses and strengths, tenacity, willingness to fulfill any role to succeed, and no BS attitude was among the highest I have come across
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# Alex Trlica
**Alex Trlica** (born August 11, 1984) is a former American football placekicker for the Texas Tech Red Raiders football team.
As of January 9, 2007, Trlica held the NCAA record for successful point after tries. During his college career, he made 233 consecutive PATs without a miss. This, along with his field goals, put him among the nation\'s top all-time leading scorers for kickers and number two on Tech\'s all-time scoring list.
## Bowl wins {#bowl_wins}
A Trlica 52-yard field goal tied the 2006 Insight Bowl sending it into overtime and resulting in an eventual record-setting victory for the Red Raiders. The following season, it was Trlica\'s 41-yard field goal that capped-off a come-from-behind win in the 2008 Gator Bowl
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# Helen Gwynne-Vaughan
**Dame Helen Charlotte Isabella Gwynne-Vaughan**, `{{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GBE}}`{=mediawiki} (née **Fraser**; 21 January 1879 -- 26 August 1967) was a prominent English botanist and mycologist. During the First World War, she served in the Women\'s Army Auxiliary Corps and then as Commandant of the Women\'s Royal Air Force (WRAF) from 1918 to 1919. During the Second World War, from 1939 to 1941, she served as Chief Controller of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS).
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Helen Charlotte Isabella Fraser was born on 21 January 1879 in Westminster, London, England. She was the elder daughter of Army Captain the Honourable Arthur Hay David Fraser (1852-1884; son of Alexander Fraser, 18th Lord Saltoun), and Lucy Jane (died 1939), daughter of Major Robert Duncan Fergusson, of the Rifle Brigade and the Royal Ayrshire and Wigton Rifle militia. Lucy Fraser was a novelist and extra lady-in-waiting to HRH Princess Beatrice; in 1887, having been widowed, she remarried, to diplomat Francis Hay-Newton.
Due to her stepfather\'s career, Fraser spent a large amount of her youth living abroad and was educated mainly by governesses. From 1895 to 1896, she was educated at Cheltenham Ladies\' College, an all-girls private boarding school in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.
In 1899, she attended the ladies\' department of King\'s College, London to study for the University of Oxford entrance exams. However, she stayed on at King\'s College as one of its first female students to study botany and zoology. She was awarded the Carter Medal in 1902, and graduated from the University of London with a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree in 1904. She also studied under Margaret Jane Benson, head of the Department of Botany at Royal Holloway College. She was awarded a Doctor of Science (DSc) degree in 1907.
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# Helen Gwynne-Vaughan
## Career
### Academic career {#academic_career}
Having completed her bachelor\'s degree, she spent 1904 working as a demonstrator for mycologist V. H. Blackman at University College, London. She moved to Royal Holloway College in 1905 as a demonstrator to botanist Margaret Jane Benson. She was promoted to assistant lecturer in 1906. In 1907, she was awarded a D.Sc. degree for her research into fungal reproduction, and she was appointed a lecturer in botany at University College, Nottingham. In 1909, she was named head of the botany department at Birkbeck College, London. From 1917 to 1919, she took a break from academia to serve during the First World War.
In 1920 she applied for the Regius Professor of Botany at the University of Aberdeen; she was not successful. Instead, she returned to Birkbeck College and was appointed Professor of Botany in 1921. She continued her studies on fungal genetics. She was Head of Department from 1921 to 1939 and again from 1941 to 1944. She retired from full-time academia in 1944 and was appointed Professor Emeritus by the University of London.
### Military service {#military_service}
In 1917, she was appointed Controller of the Women\'s Army Auxiliary Corps in France, alongside Mona Chalmers Watson, Chief Controller of the WAAC in London For her service she was the first woman to be awarded a military DBE in January 1918. She served reluctantly as Commandant of the Women\'s Royal Air Force (WRAF) from September 1918 until December 1919.
Gwynne-Vaughan was first made Chief Controller of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) in 1939. This was a role that Mary Baxter Ellis had turned down as she preferred to lead the volunteer First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANYs). Ellis agreed however to supply 1500 women to serve with the ATS as long as the rest of the FANY could be independent. This was agreed but Gwynne-Vaughan broke the agreement and forced the FANY to be absorbed. Gwynne-Vaughan held the role to 1941.
### Other work {#other_work}
Gwynne-Vaughan was interested in politics. While she was at Royal Holloway College she and Louisa Garrett Anderson co-founded the University of London Suffrage Society. In 1926 she spoke as part of a National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship meeting.
She stood in the 1922 London County Council election as a Municipal Reform Party councillor for Camberwell North; she was not elected. She stood as the Unionist parliamentary candidate for Camberwell North in the 1922, 1923, and 1924 General Elections. She lost by 254 votes in 1922, by 4686 in 1923, and by 3736 in 1924.
She was also active in Girl Guides and was honoured with the Silver Fish. In 1930, Gwynne-Vaughan chaired the Guides\' Sixth World Conference. At this conference, the constitution of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts was agreed and Olave Baden-Powell was unanimously voted World Chief Guide.
After her retirement in 1944 she was the full-time honorary secretary of the London branch of the Soldiers\', Sailors\' and Air Force Association until 1962.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 1911, she married David Thomas Gwynne-Vaughan FRSE FLS (1871--1915), whom she had succeeded as head of the botany department at Birkbeck College, London. Her husband died from tuberculosis after four years of marriage, and they did not have any children. She died at her home in Storrington, Sussex, in 1967, aged 88.
## Honours and distinctions {#honours_and_distinctions}
In the 1919 King\'s Birthday Honours, Gwynne-Vaughan was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) \"in recognition of distinguished services rendered during the War\", and was therefore granted the title *Dame*. In the 1929 King\'s Birthday Honours, she was promoted to Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) \"for public and scientific services\".
She was elected to the Linnean Society in 1905 and awarded its Trail Medal in 1920.
She was the president of the British Mycological Society in 1928.
Fungal species named in her honour include *Palaeoendogone gwynne-vaughaniae* and *Pleurage gwynne-vaughaniae*.
English Heritage unveiled a blue plaque in Gwynne-Vaughan\'s honour in March 2020, placed on the house on Bedford Avenue in Bloomsbury London, where she lived for nearly 50 years
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# Gros Ventre River
The **Gros Ventre River** (*pronounced GROW-VAUNT*) is a 74.6 mi tributary of the Snake River in the state of Wyoming, USA. During its short course, the river flows to the east, north, west, then southwest. It rises in the Gros Ventre Wilderness in western Wyoming, and joins the Snake River in the Jackson Hole valley. In 1925, the massive Gros Ventre landslide dammed the river and formed Lower Slide Lake. The natural dam collapsed in 1927, flooding the downstream town of Kelly, Wyoming. The river is noted for the excellent trout fishing along its length, where native Snake River Fine-spotted Cutthroat Trout average 12 to, with some to 20 in
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# Matthew (bishop of Aberdeen)
**Matthew** (died 1199) was a 12th-century churchman residing in Scotland. He is the first man known to have held the position of Archdeacon of St Andrews, his first known ecclesiastical post. He occurs in this office in a document which can be dated to some point between August 1147 and June 1152. Bishop Edward, Bishop of Aberdeen, died in 1172 and Archdeacon Matthew was elected as the successor. He was consecrated on 2 April 1172.
Matthew was the principal prelate in charge of the consecration of John the Scot at Holyrood Abbey on 15 June 1180. Matthew maintained his links with Fife, appearing in numerous charters relating to that province. He had a brother named Odo who was the *dapifer* (\"steward\") of Ernald, Bishop of St Andrews (1160--63). His family may have been the one that eventually took the locative surname \"de Kininmund\" (or variants). He died on 20 August 1199 and was succeeded by John, the prior of Kelso Abbey
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# Southern Lakes Conference
`{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
The **Southern Lakes Conference** is a high school athletic conference with its membership based in southeastern Wisconsin. Founded in 1953, the conference and its member schools are affiliated with the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association.
## History
### 1953-1997
The Southern Lakes Conference traces its origin to the break-up of the Southern Wisconsin and Northern Illinois (SWANI) Conference in 1952. The five Wisconsin-based schools in that conference (Burlington, Delavan, Elkhorn, Lake Geneva and Whitewater) entered into negotiations with three schools from the Southeastern Wisconsin Conference (East Troy, Mukwonago and Wilmot Union) to form a new eight-member league, which was eventually named the Southern Lakes Conference and began play in 1953. In 1958, Lake Geneva and Genoa City High Schools merged to form Badger High School, which took Lake Geneva\'s place in the conference. Big Foot High School in Walworth joined the Southern Lakes Conference in 1961, increasing membership to nine schools. A tenth school (Salem Central, now Westosha Central) joined in 1969, and the next year, membership increased to twelve with the addition of Union Grove and Waterford. All three of the new members previously played in the Southeastern Badger Conference, which was dissolved in 1970. To better facilitate scheduling and competition, the Southern Lakes Conference was split into Eastern and Western Divisions:
Eastern Division Western Division
------------------ ------------------
Burlington Badger
Mukwonago Big Foot
Salem Central Delavan-Darien
Union Grove East Troy
Waterford Elkhorn
Wilmot Whitewater
In 1980, Mukwonago left to join the Parkland Conference as part of a major realignment of southeastern Wisconsin high schools. Big Foot followed them out of the conference two years later, and they were replaced by Jefferson and Milton, with Badger moving to the Eastern Division to keep divisions at six members each, an alignment that would remain in place until 1997:
Eastern Division Western Division
------------------ ------------------
Badger Delavan-Darien
Burlington East Troy
Salem Central Elkhorn
Union Grove Jefferson
Waterford Milton
Wilmot Whitewater
### 1997-present
In 1997, all of the schools in the Eastern Division left the Southern Lakes Conference: Burlington joined the Southeast Conference, and the remaining schools formed the Lakeshore Conference along with St. Catherine\'s High School in Racine and St. Joseph High School in Kenosha. Fort Atkinson joined the Southern Lakes that same year to bring conference membership to seven schools in a single division. In 2008, the five public schools in the Lakeshore Conference (Badger, Union Grove, Waterford, Westosha Central and Wilmot) rejoined the Southern Lakes Conference. They replaced five schools that exited the conference: three joined the Rock Valley Conference (East Troy, Jefferson and Whitewater) and two joined the Badger Conference (Fort Atkinson and Milton). Burlington rejoined the Southern Lakes from the Southeast Conference the next year, and Beloit Memorial became the latest addition to the Southern Lakes when they joined in 2023 from the Big Eight Conference. They replaced Delavan-Darien, who left for the Rock Valley Conference that same year.
### Football-only alignment {#football_only_alignment}
In February 2019, in conjunction with the Wisconsin Football Coaches Association, the WIAA released a sweeping football-only realignment for Wisconsin to commence with the 2020 football season and run on a two-year cycle. The Southern Lakes Conference began the 2020-2021 cycle with the same eight-member group as its full membership roster for football. The 2022-2023 realignment cycle brought changes to the Southern Lakes that would predate its non-football realignment by a year. Delavan-Darien moved over to the Rock Valley Conference, and Beloit Memorial joined from the Big Eight Conference. This alignment will be maintained through the 2024-2025 cycle, In 2026, Westosha Central will shift to the Southeast Conference, which the Southern Lakes Conference will enter into a scheduling partnership with. As part of this partnership, there will be one crossover game per season per team that counts in the overall conference standings.
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# Southern Lakes Conference
## List of member schools {#list_of_member_schools}
### Current members {#current_members}
School Location Affiliation [Enrollment](https://www.wissports.net/news_article/show/1292447) Mascot Colors Joined
---------------------- ------------------ ------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- -------------------------------------------- ------------
**Badger** Lake Geneva, WI Public 1,320 Badgers `{{color box|white}}`{=mediawiki} 1958, 2008
**Beloit Memorial** Beloit, WI Public 1,578 Purple Knights `{{color box|white}}`{=mediawiki} 2023
**Burlington** Burlington, WI Public 1,001 Demons `{{Color box|black|border=}}`{=mediawiki} 1953, 2009
**Elkhorn** Elkhorn, WI Public 1,142 Elks `{{Color box|ffc72c|border=}}`{=mediawiki} 1953
**Union Grove** Union Grove, WI Public 1,049 Broncos `{{Color box|black|border=}}`{=mediawiki} 1970, 2008
**Waterford** Waterford, WI Public 958 Wolverines `{{Color box|white|border=}}`{=mediawiki} 1970, 2008
**Westosha Central** Paddock Lake, WI Public 1,220 Falcons `{{Color box|a2aaad|border=}}`{=mediawiki} 1969, 2008
**Wilmot Union** Wilmot, WI Public 951 Panthers `{{Color box|d50032|border=}}`{=mediawiki} 1953, 2008
### Notes
### Former members {#former_members}
School Location Affiliation [Enrollment](https://www.wissports.net/news_article/show/1292447) Mascot Colors Joined Left Conference Joined Current Conference
-------------------- ------------------- ------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ ------------------------------------ -------- ------ ------------------------------------ --------------------
**Delavan-Darien** Delavan, WI Public 628 Comets `{{color box|ffc72c}}`{=mediawiki} 1953 2023 Rock Valley
**East Troy** East Troy, WI Public 504 Trojans `{{color box|ffc72c}}`{=mediawiki} 1953 2008 Rock Valley
**Lake Geneva** Lake Geneva, WI Public N/A Resorters `{{color box|white}}`{=mediawiki} 1953 1958 Merged with Genoa City High School
**Mukwonago** Mukwonago, WI Public 1,619 Indians `{{color box|ffc72c}}`{=mediawiki} 1953 1980 Parkland Classic Eight
**Whitewater** Whitewater, WI Public 606 Whippets `{{color box|white}}`{=mediawiki} 1953 2008 Rock Valley Capitol (2025)
**Big Foot** Walworth, WI Public 449 Chiefs `{{color box|a2aaad}}`{=mediawiki} 1961 1982 Rock Valley
**Jefferson** Jefferson, WI Public 604 Eagles `{{color box|ffc72c}}`{=mediawiki} 1982 2008 Rock Valley
**Milton** Milton, WI Public 1,059 Redhawks `{{color box|black}}`{=mediawiki} 1982 2008 Badger
**Fort Atkinson** Fort Atkinson, WI Public 964 Blackhawks `{{color box|ba0c2f}}`{=mediawiki} 1997 2008 Badger
### Former football-only members {#former_football_only_members}
School Location Affiliation [Enrollment](https://www.wissports.net/news_article/show/1292447) Mascot Colors Seasons Conference Joined Primary Conference
--------------------- ------------ ------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ----------------------------------- --------- ------------------- --------------------
**Beloit Memorial** Beloit, WI Public 1,578 Purple Knights `{{color box|white}}`{=mediawiki} 2022 Southern Lakes Big Eight
### Notes {#notes_1}
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# Southern Lakes Conference
## Membership timeline {#membership_timeline}
### Full members {#full_members}
DateFormat = yyyy ImageSize = width:900 height:auto barincrement:20 Period = from:1953 till:2030 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal PlotArea = right:120 left:0 bottom:50 top:5
Colors = id:barcolor value:rgb(0.99,0.7,0.7)
` id:line value:black`\
` id:bg value:white`
PlotData=
` width:15 textcolor:black shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:m`
` bar:1 color:tan1 from:1953 till:1970 text:Burlington (1953-1997)`\
` bar:1 color:blue from:1970 till:1997 text:`\
` bar:1 color:tan1 from:2009 till:2030 text:(2009-present)`\
` bar:2 color:tan1 from:1953 till:1970 text:Delavan (1953-1957), Delavan-Darien (1957-2023)`\
` bar:2 color:skyblue from:1970 till:1997 text:`\
` bar:2 color:tan1 from:1997 till:2023 text:`\
` bar:3 color:tan1 from:1953 till:1970 text:East Troy (1953-2008)`\
` bar:3 color:skyblue from:1970 till:1997 text:`\
` bar:3 color:tan1 from:1997 till:2008 text:`\
` bar:4 color:tan1 from:1953 till:1970 text:Elkhorn (1953-present)`\
` bar:4 color:skyblue from:1970 till:1997 text:`\
` bar:4 color:tan1 from:1997 till:2030 text:`\
` bar:5 color:tan1 from:1953 till:1958 text:Lake Geneva (1953-1958)`\
` bar:6 color:tan1 from:1953 till:1970 text:Mukwonago (1953-1980)`\
` bar:6 color:blue from:1970 till:1980 text:`\
` bar:7 color:tan1 from:1953 till:1970 text:Whitewater (1953-2008)`\
` bar:7 color:skyblue from:1970 till:1997 text:`\
` bar:7 color:tan1 from:1997 till:2008 text:`\
` bar:8 color:tan1 from:1953 till:1970 text:Wilmot Union (1953-1997)`\
` bar:8 color:blue from:1970 till:1997 text:`\
` bar:8 color:tan1 from:2008 till:2030 text:(2008-present)`\
` bar:9 color:tan1 from:1958 till:1970 text:Badger (1958-1997)`\
` bar:9 color:skyblue from:1970 till:1982 text:`\
` bar:9 color:blue from:1982 till:1997 text:`\
` bar:9 color:tan1 from:2008 till:2030 text:(2008-present)`\
` bar:10 color:tan1 from:1961 till:1970 text:Big Foot (1961-1982)`\
` bar:10 color:skyblue from:1970 till:1982 text:`\
` bar:11 color:tan1 from:1969 till:1970 text:Salem Central (1969-1985)`\
` bar:11 color:blue from:1970 till:1985 text:`\
` bar:11 color:blue from:1985 till:1997 text:Westosha Central (1985-1997)`\
` bar:11 color:tan1 from:2008 till:2030 text:(2008-present)`\
` bar:12 color:blue from:1970 till:1997 text:Union Grove (1970-1997)`\
` bar:12 color:tan1 from:2008 till:2030 text:(2008-present)`\
` bar:13 color:blue from:1970 till:1997 text:Waterford (1970-1997)`\
` bar:13 color:tan1 from:2008 till:2030 text:(2008-present)`\
` bar:14 color:skyblue from:1982 till:1997 text:Jefferson (1982-2008)`\
` bar:14 color:tan1 from:1997 till:2008 text:`\
` bar:15 color:skyblue from:1982 till:1997 text:Milton (1982-2008)`\
` bar:15 color:tan1 from:1997 till:2008 text:`\
` bar:16 color:tan1 from:1997 till:2008 text:Fort Atkinson (1997-2008)`\
` bar:17 color:tan1 from:2023 till:2030 text:Beloit Memorial (2023-present)`\
` `
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:line unit:year increment:5 start:1953
`{{Font color||{{RGB|0|102|204}}| Eastern Division }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Font color||{{RGB|178|204|255}}| Western Division }}`{=mediawiki}
### Football members (since 2020) {#football_members_since_2020}
DateFormat = yyyy ImageSize = width:900 height:auto barincrement:20 Period = from:2020 till:2030 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal PlotArea = right:30 left:0 bottom:50 top:5
Colors = id:barcolor value:rgb(0.99,0.7,0.7)
` id:line value:black`\
` id:bg value:white`
PlotData=
` width:15 textcolor:black shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:m`
` bar:1 color:lavender from:2020 till:2030 text:Badger (2020-present)`\
` bar:2 color:lavender from:2020 till:2030 text:Burlington (2020-present)`\
` bar:3 color:lavender from:2020 till:2022 text:Delavan-Darien (2020-2021)`\
` bar:4 color:lavender from:2020 till:2030 text:Elkhorn (2020-present)`\
` bar:5 color:lavender from:2020 till:2030 text:Union Grove (2020-present)`\
` bar:6 color:lavender from:2020 till:2030 text:Waterford (2020-present)`\
` bar:7 color:lavender from:2020 till:2026 text:Westosha Central (2020-2025)`\
` bar:8 color:lavender from:2020 till:2030 text:Wilmot Union (2020-present)`\
` bar:9 color:lavender from:2022 till:2030 text:Beloit Memorial (2022-present)`
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:line unit:year increment:1 start:2020
## Membership map {#membership_map}
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# Southern Lakes Conference
## List of state champions {#list_of_state_champions}
### Fall sports {#fall_sports}
School Year Division
------------ ------ ---------------
Mukwonago 1964 Small Schools
Burlington 1965 Small Schools
Mukwonago 1966 Small Schools
Whitewater 1987 Class B
Whitewater 1993 Division 2
Whitewater 1994 Division 2
Whitewater 1995 Division 2
: [Boys Cross Country](https://www.wiaawi.org/Sports/Fall/Boys-Cross-Country/State-Results-Archive)
School Year Division
------------ ------ ------------
Whitewater 1980 Division 2
Milton 1986 Division 3
Milton 1989 Division 3
Jefferson 1991 Division 3
Badger 2023 Division 2
: [Football](https://www.wiaawi.org/Sports/Fall/Football/State-Results-Archive)
School Year Division
------------------ ------ ------------
Westosha Central 2021 Division 1
Westosha Central 2022 Division 1
: [Girls Golf](https://www.wiaawi.org/Sports/Fall/Girls-Golf/State-Results-Archive)
School Year Division
------------- ------ ------------
Union Grove 2023 Division 2
: [Boys Soccer](https://www.wiaawi.org/Sports/Fall/Boys-Soccer/State-Results-Archive)
School Year Division
------------------ ------ ------------
Westosha Central 1989 Class A
Westosha Central 1992 Division 2
: [Girls Volleyball](https://www.wiaawi.org/Sports/Fall/Girls-Volleyball/State-Results-Archive)
### Winter sports {#winter_sports}
School Year Division
-------------- ------ ------------
Elkhorn 1978 Class B
Elkhorn 1979 Class B
Wilmot Union 1984 Class B
Wilmot Union 1991 Division 2
: [Boys Basketball](https://www.wiaawi.org/Sports/Winter/Boys-Basketball/State-Results-Archive)
School Year Division
----------- ------ ------------
Waterford 1985 Class B
Elkhorn 1997 Division 2
: [Girls Basketball](https://www.wiaawi.org/Sports/Winter/Girls-Basketball/State-Results-Archive)
School Year Division
----------------------------------- ------ ------------
Waterford 1991 Division 2
Union Grove/ Williams Bay/ Wilmot 2021 Division 1
Elkhorn 2024 Division 2
: [Gymnastics](https://www.wiaawi.org/Sports/Winter/Gymnastics/State-Results-Archive)
School Year Division
----------- ------ ----------
East Troy 1986 Class B
East Troy 1987 Class B
East Troy 1988 Class B
: [Boys Wrestling](https://www.wiaawi.org/Sports/Winter/Boys-Wrestling/State-Results-Archive)
### Spring sports {#spring_sports}
School Year Division
-------------- ------ -----------------
Wilmot Union 1970 Single Division
Whitewater 1995 Division 2
Whitewater 1999 Division 2
: [Baseball](https://www.wiaawi.org/Sports/Spring/Baseball/State-Results-Archive)
School Year Division
-------- ------ ------------
Badger 1994 Division 1
: [Boys Golf](https://www.wiaawi.org/Sports/Spring/Boys-Golf/State-Results-Archive)
School Year Division
------------------ ------ ------------
Burlington 1984 Class A
Union Grove 2011 Division 2
Westosha Central 2013 Division 1
Westosha Central 2015 Division 1
: [Softball](https://www.wiaawi.org/Sports/Spring/Softball/State-Results-Archive)
School Year Division
------------ ------ ----------
Elkhorn 1958 Class B
Mukwonago 1962 Class B
Whitewater 1970 Class B
Whitewater 1971 Class B
Whitewater 1973 Class B
Whitewater 1978 Class B
: [Boys Track & Field](https://www.wiaawi
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# Rocky Biddle
**Lee Francis \"Rocky\" Biddle** (born May 21, 1976) is an American former relief pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played for the Chicago White Sox and Montreal Expos. He was drafted by the White Sox in the 1st round (51st pick) of the 1997 amateur draft
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# Jerry Gil
**Jerry Bienvenido Gil Manzanillo** (born October 14, 1982) is a Dominican professional baseball pitcher. Gil made his MLB debut in `{{mlby|2004}}`{=mediawiki} with the Arizona Diamondbacks.
Gil played almost exclusively shortstop in the minor leagues until `{{Baseball year|2006}}`{=mediawiki} when he became a utility player mostly playing in the outfield. On October 13, 2006, Gil was traded from the Diamondbacks to the Cincinnati Reds for Abe Woody. He missed all of `{{Baseball year|2007}}`{=mediawiki} after having elbow ligament replacement surgery. In `{{Baseball year|2008}}`{=mediawiki} after batting below the Mendoza Line in both Triple-A and Double-A, Gil was converted to a pitcher. He has a strong throwing arm and can throw his fastball up to 95 MPH.
In November 2011, Gil signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays. According to the International League transactions page, Gil declared free agency on November 2, 2012.
On January 13, 2013, Gil signed a Minor League contract with the Cleveland Indians
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# Law enforcement in Hong Kong
The main duties of **law enforcement in Hong Kong** are taken up by the Hong Kong Police Force. Other major law enforcement agencies (LEAs) include the Customs and Excise Department, the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC), Hong Kong Correctional Services department, the Immigration Department. The Commissioner of the ICAC reports directly to the Chief Executive, and the heads of the other three agencies report to Secretary for Security.
Minor duties such as hawkers\' regulation and anti-smoking are nevertheless assumed by officers of other government departments, including the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, the Leisure and Cultural Services Department and the Housing Department. Compliance with fire safety requirements is overseen by the Fire Services Department.
Hong Kong criminal law is enforced through judgments of the courts.
## History
In 1844, the first Police Ordinance in Hong Kong was enacted and Royal Hong Kong Police Force was established. In 1997, following the Handover of Hong Kong, law enforcement fell under overall jurisdiction of China and the Royal Hong Kong Police Force became the Hong Kong Police Force.
The 2019--2020 Hong Kong protests and COVID-19 pandemic garnered global media attention on the role of law enforcement Hong Kong and highlighted issues with public trust of law enforcement.
In January 2024, a new regulation on *Arrangement on Reciprocal Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters* was enacted by the courts of mainland China and Hong Kong. The regulation establishes a mechanism for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of all elegal judgments in civil and commercial matters between mainland China and Hong Kong
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# Vaimalō
**Vaimalō**, is a village in the western district of Vavaʻu in Tonga. The population is 114.
## Naming
Vaimalō was named by one of the most revered and beloved chiefs in Vavaʻu\'s history the great Finau Fisi. The village became the sole estate of his only child and son Naufahu Mapilitoa. In 1781 right off the coast of Longomapu, it was Finau Fisi in his double hulled war canoe the Talito\'a who met the Spaniard explorer Don Francisco Antonio Mourelle the first European to discover Vavaʻu. With his supplies depleted and sailing the last three days without water it was by luck Don Francisco Antonio Mourelle and his crew found the inlet passage to the middle of the main island. In his journal Don Francisco Antonio Mourelle wrote of the great size of the 10 double hulled war canoes that encircled his ship as they anchored off the coast of Longomapu. The first thing the captain asked for when Finau Fisi met him was water, upon understanding his request Finau Fisi not only gave the explorer and his crew water but replenished their food supplies, took care and stayed with them the 2 weeks they spent in Vavaʻu. Don Francisco Antonio Mourelle being grateful for the initial water given to him by Finau Fisi kept thanking him in Spanish; \"Gracias aqua, gracias aqua\" (thank you water, thank you water), hence the Tongan translation and the name of the village \"Vai - Water\", \"Malō - Thank you\". Before the passage of the Vavaʻu Land Acts (V.L.A) of 1849 and 1914 that effectively placed Vaimalō under government control, the whole of Vaimalō belonged only to Naufahu Mapilitoa and his family. Vaimalō\'s current general population is made up mainly of Naufahu Mapilitoaʻs immediate descendants, relatives, and friends from Niue, Fiji, Samoa, and Solomon Islands.
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# Vaimalō
## Naufahu Māpilitoa {#naufahu_māpilitoa}
Naufahu Māpilitoa was the only child and son of Luseane ʻI-fanga-Hihifo and the great chief Fīnau Fisi. Fīnau Fisi was the younger brother and chief advisor to the most feared and powerful man in all of Tonga in the late 18th and early 19th century, the infamous Vavaʻu King or Tu'i Vava'u Finau ʻUlukalala II also known as Fangupō and Finau ʻUlukalala-'i-Feletoa. Naufahu Māpilitoa was a mighty warrior of Vavaʻu and was renowned for his independent disposition particularly his uncompromising and unrepentant opposition to the rule of his uncle and Vava'u King Finau ʻUlukalala II whom he hated due to the King\'s cruel treatment of the common people. In 1807, Tu'i Vava'u Finau ʻUlukalala II was in the early stage of rebuilding and stabilizing Vava'u politically and socially after the bloody civil war between his forces and those of opposing Vava'u chiefs which ended when he unwillingly accepted a compromise with demands that favored the opposition. In that bloody civil war, Naufahu Mapilitoa opposed, broke away and fought bravely against his father and the King 's forces to great effect in Feletoa and Mataika. At the Fort Fatungakoa in Feletoa, it was Naufahu and the warrior Pupunu who threw the double spears that killed the King\'s giant chief warrior Siu\'ulua. In the mound of Fekitetele in Mataika it was Naufahu and the warrior Fanafonua who slew his own father\'s twin Fijian chief warriors Koloiuluipuaka and Koloiloaloa fighting with his famous war clubs Pasivulangi and Pasitaukei.
After the war Naufahu Māpilitoa returned to the land he made his home Vaimalō. He started a family but even that didn\'t stop him from voicing and making his hatred of his uncle the King known. This made him very popular with the common people but viewed by his father Fīnau Fisi and his uncle the King as not only unforgivably and deeply disrespectful but hindering lasting peace. This made Naufahu a very dangerous enemy in the eyes of the ruling monarch as he was looked up to as a leader by other chiefs and warriors who felt the same way.
For these reasons and with the blessing of his brother and chief advisor Fīnau Fisi, in 1808, the King concocted and carried out the legendary and tragic sinking canoes incident off the coast of Makave. A very diabolical act that made Finau ʻUlukalala II infamous and stood out as not only a cruel ruler but the most brilliant and cunning strategist in the history of Tonga. With Finau Fisi inconspicuously absent, the highest ranked and most influential of opposing chiefs and warriors including Naufahu were invited to a great feast and royal kava ceremony hosted by the King in Makave. Sometimes during the royal kava ceremony the king\'s warriors in overwhelming numbers suddenly attacked and subdued the seated opposing chiefs and warriors. Most were killed immediately where they sat, some were executed in different areas of the village and the most highly ranked and mightiest of warriors of which there were six were held down with their hands bound. The six were Naufahu, twins Talia'uli and Mahe\'uli\'uli, Ngāngāehau, Pupunukaetau, Fanafonua and they were soon joined by another fearsome warrior the chief Kakahu who refused the King\'s invitation but was betrayed by a close relative and captured at his home which made it seven chiefs and warriors of the highest order. Of these seven only Fanafonua managed to break free and escaped, the remaining six were bound hands and feet, put into old dilapidated leaking canoes that sank right off the shore at Neiafutahi. Even this mass execution didn\'t bring the lasting peace the King sought for Vavaʻu but rather a wider division that lasted for another 12 years. In 1820, the King\'s youngest son and reigning Vavaʻu King, the Tu\'i Vavaʻu Finau ʻUlukalala IV or Tu\'apasi and Finau ʻUlukalala-\'i-Pouono finally achieved peace and brought the whole island together with many of his late father\'s old enemies as his advisors and members of his national council.
## A Family Estate {#a_family_estate}
Naufahu Māpilitoa married Tulukava Siliika of Talau and they had one child, a son they named \'Avala-ʻae-tau. Upon Naufahuʻs death in 1808, Vaimalō became the family estate of \'Avala-ʻae-tau, his immediate family and a few relatives. ʻAvala-ʻae-tau married 5 times which was normal in ancient times throughout Tonga especially within the nobility class, his 5 wives bore him 11 children;
His first wife \'Alilia Funakitoutai bore him 4 children;
1. Tevita Taʻofi-kae-tau Tapueluelu
2. Lesieli Afu Haʻapai
3. Lavinia Sialehaehae
4. Salesi Mataele-ʻo-Haʻamea
His second wife Paluleleva bore him 3 children;
1. Lutuipalelei
2. Paluleleva-he-\'i-moana
3. Tupouniua
His third wife \'Anaukihe\'ufimoho\'ota bore him 2 children;
1. Sepiuta Mounu\'umata
2. Penisimani Katavake
His fourth wife Nukutau\'opulotu bore him 1 child;
1. Talime\'alahi
His fifth wife Veisinia Moalalahi bore him 1 child;
1. Pikula Tahifisi\'itoto
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# Vaimalō
## Government took over the land {#government_took_over_the_land}
When His Majesty George Tupou I became Tu\'i Vava\'u, \"Vava\'u King\", in 1833 after the death of Fīnau ʻUlukālala IV (Tuapasi), he ushered in a new political and social era in Vavaʻu that became the historic road-map and foundation for change in all of Tonga forever.
1. He abolished serfdom in Vavaʻu in 1835
2. He published the Vava\'u Code the first written laws of Tonga in 1838
3. He dedicated and pledged Tonga to a Christian God and officially made Tonga a Christian kingdom in 1839
4. He established the Vavaʻu Land Act (V.L.A) of 1849 which empowered government to acquire land owned by chiefs and distribute them to commoners
When the V.L.A went into effect in 1849, His Majesty George Tupou I meticulously and cleverly persuaded countless Nobles or "ʻEiki" of Vavaʻu to accept the new V.L.A, especially those who stood to lose entire estates and land in accordance to the re-distribution ordinances of the new Vava\'u Code. In exchange for the Nobles\' acceptance and allegiance, His Majesty appointed the most influential of them to new governmental positions and bestowed upon some new aristocratic titles.
Such was His Majesty\'s appointment of a young Tevita Taʻofi-kae-tau Tapueluelu to become his Governor of Vavaʻu. This appointment is viewed by many as a very clever measure that appeased and formed an iron-fist alliance with a very influential, unpredictable and sometimes unruly Tapueluelu. The prestigious position and title with its implied significance did just that, Tapueluelu permanently moved out of Vaimalō and made Neiafu his new home, now the newly established and bustling capital city of Vavaʻu. Tapuelueluʻs new position and title came with a hereditary estate that Tapueluelu named Sailoame. Tapueluelu was not the only child of Avala-ʻae-tau that permanently moved out of Vaimalō, in 1878, Lesieli Afu Haʻapai married Siaosi ʻUlu-ki-vaiola who was the 6th Tuita, and made ʻUtungake, Vavaʻu her new home.
## Muileleu and Mohe-mo-langa {#muileleu_and_mohe_mo_langa}
When the two eldest children of \'Avala-ʻae-tau moved out of Vaimalō, the two remaining; Lavinia Sialehaehae and Salesi Matele-ʻo-Haʻamea decided to divide Vaimalō into two separate Estates. Lavinia Sialehaehae made the whole oceanfront part of Vaimalō her home and named it Muileleu or Mourelle after the Spanish explorer Francisco Antonio Mourelle the first European to discover Vavaʻu. Salesi Mataele-ʻo-Haʻamea took over the inland part of Vaimalō and named his home Mohe-mo-langa.
Lavinia Sialehaehae was barren and didn\'t have any children, so upon her death, Salesi Mataele-ʻo-Haʻamea became the sole "hereditary occupant" of Vaimalō. Soon thereafter, he gave his inland home of Mohe-mo-langa to Manase Manu\'okafoa a relative and moved into Laviniaʻs oceanfront home of Muileleu. Salesi had only one child a son named Salesi Kato-ki-moʻunga Tuʻipulotu whose great-grandchildren are the current occupants of Muileleu, Mohe-mo-langa, and most of Vaimalō today.
## Funga Mapitoa {#funga_mapitoa}
Vaimalōʻs nickname is *Funga Mapitoa*. Mapitoa is a massive rock that protrude out of the ocean and is only five meters or so away from the tail end of Vaimalōʻs landmass right in front of Muileleu. This rock was so named "Mapitoa", short for "Mapilitoa" by His Majesty George Tupou I, as a tribute to Vaimalōʻs original renowned resident Naufahu Mapilitoa
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# Charlot Byj
**Charlot Byj** (pronounced \"bye\"; September 28, 1920 -- August 7, 1983) was an artist known for her greeting card designs, posters and advertising artwork in the mid-1940s. She is most famous for the transformation of her artwork into a line of figurines created by Goebel.
Living in New York City after art school, Charlot ducked into the doorway of a greeting card store during a rainstorm. She admired the greeting card line, noted the name of the publisher, and called the company for an interview. She was hired by the publisher and began creating illustrations for greeting cards, featuring the impish, redheaded children that became her trademark, namely, Shabby O\'Hair, his sister Raggy Muffin, and their plump mother, M\'Lady O\'Hair.
Franz Goebel, of the W. Goebel Porzellanfabrik company, took a liking to her artwork and invited her to his German production facility. Working with master sculptor Arthur Moeller, they designed the first figurine, named \"Strike\", in 1957.
Between 1957 and 1988, when the series was discontinued, more than 100 different figurines had been created. The line included both redhead and blonde children. The redhead figurines, as they are known, are mischievous characters, whereas the blondes tend to portray more serene characteristics.
Charlot became ill in 1980 and began cutting back on her designing. On August 7, 1983, she died in New York City a few weeks short of her 63rd birthday
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# Bopath Ella Falls
**Bopath Ella** (Sinhala: බෝපත් ඇල්ල) is a waterfall situated in the Ratnapura District of Sri Lanka. It has a shape very similar to the leaf of the Sacred fig or \"Bo\" (බෝ) tree, which has earned it this name. The waterfall is a major tourist attraction in the country. Local myths say that it is haunted and that it hides a treasure trove.
## Location
Bopath Ella is located in a village named Agalwatte in Kuruwita in the Ratnapura District of Sri Lanka.
## Waterfall
The name \"Bopath Ella\" has been given to the waterfall because of its shape. The water flows through a narrow gap in the rocks and then widens, forming the shape of a leaf of a \"Bo\" tree which is the Sinhalese name for sacred fig (*Ficus religiosa*). \"Path\" means leaves of a tree and \"Ella\" means waterfall. Virgin forests with a rich biodiversity surround the waterfall.
Bopath Ella is 30 m high. It is formed from the Kuru Ganga, which is a tributary of the Kalu Ganga. Its mean rate of flow is 6 m2 per second, and its catchment area receives an average rainfall of 5080 mm annually. Water from the falls is used for paddy cultivation. Bopath Ella is also the most comprehensively studied waterfall in the country.
Bopath Ella is a major tourist attraction in Sri Lanka, since it is not far from the capital, Colombo, and is easily accessible. There have been unsuccessful attempts to use the waterfall to generate hydroelectricity. The path to the waterfall is lined with a number of shops and stalls, and it is somewhat polluted because of this commercialization.
## Stories and myths {#stories_and_myths}
The waterfall has been used for bathing by ancient rulers of the country when they visited the nearby Maha Saman Devale in Ratnapura. It is also believed that the deity Saman has appeared here.
There are several myths associated with Bopath Ella. One such belief is that a local village girl jumped into the waterfall and killed herself when her lover abandoned her. He was reputedly a pilgrim from Colombo who failed to return to the pregnant girl. The girl\'s ghost is said to haunt the waterfall, and appears as a blue light. Another popular belief among the locals is that there is an ancient treasure trove hidden in the waterfall, and that one thousand human sacrifices are required to get it
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# Chonolith
In geology, a **chonolith** is a type of igneous rock intrusion (also known as pluton). Igneous rock intrusions are bodies of igneous rock that are formed by the crystallization of cooled magma below the Earth's surface. These formations are termed intrusive rocks due the magma intruding rock layers but never reaching the surface. However, sometimes portions of plutons can become exposed at the Earth's surface and thus the minerals can be observed since they are large enough. The different plutonic formations are named based on the different shapes that the cooled crystallized magma takes. However, all plutonic formations that have irregular shapes and do not share the same characteristics as other plutonic structures are termed chonoliths. Other plutonic structures that have specific shapes include: dikes, sills, laccoliths and sheets. Another unique characteristic of chonoliths is that there is a floor or base present which is typically absent in other types of intrusions.
## Formation
The rocks on Earth's surface are continuously subject to different types of forces, including tensional, compressional and shear stress. When these rocks are under this kind of stress, they are forced to deform causing them to take on different types of shapes. For example, as tectonic plates are pushed together, rocks undergo compressional stress due to the shortening and thickening of the crust thus forming mountain formations. Whereas, tensional stress due to tectonic plates being pulled apart causes rock formations to become faulted creating rift valleys. In the occurrence of different types of rock deformations, there are oftentimes cavities left behind. The magma that rises out of the lithosphere, the rigid outermost shell of the Earth, fills these cavities up from either below, the side or from above. This magma then slowly cools down since the surrounding rocks act as an insulator. Once it completely cools down and crystallizes it turns into a large igneous body. This process can often take tens of thousands years to complete due to the slow cooling of the magma. Igneous rock bodies can be injected either passively by filling in spaces between rocks or actively by forcing apart rock formations and filling it in. The plutons are then classified based on the shape and characteristics it has. Any type of igneous rock intrusion that does not have a shape that can be classified as the other classifications, including dikes, sills and laccoliths, and are irregular in shape are said to be chonoliths.
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# Chonolith
## Examples
- Spring Gulch chonolith composed of aplite, in Elko County in Nevada, US.
The outcrops of the Spring Gulch reveal a complex shape and there is an exposure to Missipian shale. For this reason, this igneous rock intrusion is termed a chonolith. The Spring Gulch is composed of fine grained leucocratic granite. This is also known as aplite. Altogether, the Spring Gulch chonolith forms hypabyssal intrusive bodies which are mainly centered around the Spring Gulch. The granite found in the Spring Gulch chonolith is a two-mica granite, meaning that it is high in potassium and low in plagioclase. Due to its finely grained characteristic and its intense bleach, the Spring Gulch chonolith displays a prominent argillic alteration. The estimated age of the Spring Gulch chonolith is about 156.4±0.23 million years
- Chonolith of andesite near Shavano in Colorado, US
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- Nebo-Babel chonolith of gabbronorite in the West Musgrave area of Western Australia. Within the last 10 years, the Nebo-Babel chonolith became the largest nickel sulfide discovery in the West Musgrave Block, Western Australia. This pluton is a large Ni-Cu-platinum-group element (PGE) sulphide deposit and is mainly made up of gabbronorite. This specific chonolith has a tube-like shape and extends for about 5 km
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- Chonoliths in Norilsk, Russia
The Siberian continental flood basalt (CFB) province was formed at the Permo-Triassic boundary when a superplume was surrounded by subducting oceanic crust slabs. It is thought that the igneous rock intrusions and the flood basalt events lasted around 2 to 4 million years. There are substantial Cu-Ni-PGE sulfide deposits found within the mafic intrusive igneous rock formations located under the flood basalts. This specific pluton is 20km in length.
- Chonolith of dacite of Pleistocene age in Chinkuashih, Taiwan.
The chonolith found in Chinkuashih, Taiwan, dates back to the Pleistocene age. It is thought that this specific chonolith intruded the water-saturated Miocene sediments. This pluton is composed of dacite, a type of volcanic rock that is formed by lava. Ore can be found in the altered argillized dacite. As there is already a copper-gold producing mine located in this area, the chonolith provides a good source of arsenical copper-gold ores.
- Chonolith of Cretaceous age in the Cortez Mountains, near Carlin in Nevada, US
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# Brown-backed solitaire
The **brown-backed solitaire** (***Myadestes occidentalis***) is considered a thrush and is placed in the family Turdidae. It is a medium-sized bird about 21 centimeters (8 inches) long. It is a mostly grayish bird with brown flight feathers (hence the \"brown back\" when it is perched), a white eye ring and white rectrices (tail) feathers.
## Habitat and range {#habitat_and_range}
It is relatively common in the mountains of Mexico and northern Central America. It tends to be found in semi-deciduous mountain forests, including mixed pine-oak forests. It is often found near streams.
In the American Birding Association Area, it is Code 5. One singing bird was found in Miller Canyon, in the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona, and documented by the youth birding Victor Emanuel Nature Tours\' Camp Chiricahua in July 2009. This bird was the first accepted record of this species in the ABA area, notable since several other previous records had been rejected due to question of origin.
The bird was located, identified, and documented by Benjamin Van Doren, Philippa Tanford, James Warren, Fer Farias, Ted Stiritz, Erich Lehner, Benjamin Vizzachero, Ethan Gyllenhaal, Megan O\'Brien, Brian Magnier, Vincent Pellegrino, and leaders Robert Day, Dave Jasper, and Rebekah McIntyre.`{{Citation required|date=July 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
A heard-only bird in Morse Canyon, Chiricahuas, Arizona, was documented by John Yerger in May 2011, and is pending acceptance. A wildfire shut down the trail, and the bird was not refound.
## Voice
The brown-backed solitaire\'s song is a crescendo of accelerating, descending notes, often described as flute- or bell-like. This species also has a squealing, metallic call and a raspy alarm call.
## Taxonomy
Placed in the genus *Myadestes*, the brown-backed solitaire is closely related to other thrushes sharing the common name of \"solitaire
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# United States-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan
The **United States-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan** is a bilateral agreement designed to establish a framework for joint research and development in nuclear energy technology. The agreement was signed on April 18, 2007.
Japan also maintain nuclear energy agreements with countries such as Australia, Canada, China, France, and the United Kingdom and is in discussion with other nations.
Under the plan, the United States and Japancollaborate on research in several key areas:
Fast reactor technology
Fuel cycle technology
Advanced computer simulation and modeling, small and medium reactors
safeguards and physical protection, and nuclear waste management.
The activities are overseen and coordinated by a joint steering committee.
An initial progress report was scheduled for completion in April 2008
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# Graeham Goble
**Graeham George Goble**, `{{post-nominals|country=AUS|OAM}}`{=mediawiki} (born 15 May 1947) is an Australian musician, singer-songwriter and record producer, best known as a founding member of Australian rock group Little River Band and Birtles Shorrock Goble.
As a performer, Goble was responsible for the vocal arrangements and high harmonies on eleven studio albums and numerous Top 10 singles with LRB. As a songwriter he penned songs like \"Reminiscing\", \"Lady\", \"Take It Easy on Me\", \"The Other Guy\" and \"The Night Owls\", each played millions of times on radio. As a producer, Goble\'s credits include John Farnham\'s *Uncovered* album in 1980 and his own catalog of recordings.
Goble is a keen student of spirituality and changed his first name from Graham to Graeham as a consequence of his interest in numerology and feng shui.
Goble was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) in the 2021 Australia Day Honours \"for service to the performing arts as a singer, songwriter and producer.\"
## Biography
### 1947-1960s: Early Life {#s_early_life}
Goble was born in Adelaide, South Australia, and was drawn to music, in particular its harmonies, at an early age. \"My early influences were bands like The Beatles, The Hollies, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, Bread and I always wanted to be in a band with harmonies. \... From my very first band we had 3 part harmonies\"
### 1966-1974: Early groups *The Silence*, *Travis Wellington Hedge*, *Allison Gros* & *Drummond* {#early_groups_the_silence_travis_wellington_hedge_allison_gros_drummond}
Goble started his music career as a drummer but quickly progressed to the banjo. \"As soon as I had a stringed instrument in my hands I suddenly had all these melodies.\" Thereafter came the transition to guitar. A number of bands followed in quick succession: *The Silence* (1966--67), *Travis Wellington Hedge* (1968), *Allison Gros* (1969--71) and *Drummond* (1971). Each of these bands recorded singles and or albums.
The members of Allison Gros were recruited to record the song \"Daddy Cool\" but their Chipmunk version was so atypical that they recorded under the fictitious name *Drummond*. Drummond would provide Goble with his first Number 1 hit single with \"Daddy Cool\". \"Daddy Cool\" would remain on top of the charts for seven weeks from 6 September 1971.
The success of the hit song \"Daddy Cool\" brought about greater awareness of Allison Gros/Drummond and led to a recording contract with the new record label Bootleg. The band morphed yet again, this time adopting the name *Mississippi*. Still consisting of Goble, Russ Johnson and John Mower, the band was augmented by session musicians for the recording of their first, self-titled album.
The first single released by Mississippi would provide Goble with his first chart success as a songwriter, the song \"Kings of the World\" peaking within the Australian top 10. With a successful album and single behind them, Mississippi hit the road. To fill out their live sound, the band was enhanced by the addition of top musicians including Beeb Birtles (an ex-member of the band Zoot). The first appearance of the expanded Mississippi took place on 28 October 1972 at Corbould Hall, Ballarat. With various personnel changes, but always including Goble, Birtles and Pellicci, Mississippi would go on to notch up over 400 live performances in 1972--74. In 1974, Mississippi were disestablished.
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# Graeham Goble
## Biography
### 1975-1992: Little River Band (LRB) {#little_river_band_lrb}
The nucleus of Goble, Birtles, Pellicci, new boy Glenn Shorrock and manager Wheatley kicked off the revitalised venture. Guitarists Ric Formosa and Roger McLachlan were recruited to complete the sound of the band. The new group performed in public for the first time in March 1975, still known as Mississippi. The new name *Little River Band* followed soon after, taken from a road sign to the town of Little River as the band travelled to a performance in Geelong. Goble was one of the band\'s composers (Goble, Birtles, Shorrock and later addition David Briggs all wrote for the group, usually individually), and also acted as vocal arranger and co-producer (with the entire band). Due to his strong interest in the band\'s on-stage performance and day-to-day administration, Goble would soon come to be known as the \"father figure\" of the band. Glenn Shorrock put it less kindly, stating that \"it\'s like having a policeman onstage with you every night\". The creative tension, competition and differing personalities within the band would also fuel its subsequent rise to international stardom. As George Martin would later remark, \"That\'s what makes these acts what they are. It\'s a matter of harnessing this energy they have.\"
> \"Graham was meticulous in every detail. He drove people crazy with his fanaticism but you had to respect and admire him for his absolute perseverance and his ability to write a good song. Without such songs we had nothing. Graham wrote some classics. He is also very intelligent, as I discovered in our many late-night discussions. Through all his quirks he is a very interesting human being.\" - Glenn Wheatley.
The group released five studio albums in the 1970s. In 1976, The little River Band\'s \"It\'s a Long Way There\" (written by Goble) became an international hit. This was followed in 1978 with \"Reminiscing\".
It was Goble who acted as spokesman in moving to have foundation lead vocalist Shorrock replaced by John Farnham`{{when|date=November 2020}}`{=mediawiki}.
According to Goble, \"that lineup \[Goble, Nelson, Housden, Farnham, Prestwich and Hirschfelder\] was the most talented LRB lineup that I had ever played in.\" \"The live performances were so inspiring that I enjoyed playing live as much as recording. I count myself privileged to have experienced playing and singing with this line-up.\" Additionally Goble summed up the LRB experience saying \"There\'s been six bands from Australia that have made an impact in America. How incredible was our destiny to be one of the very few out of all these incredible bands. Think about the thousands of acts that tried -- it\'s an extraordinary achievement.\"
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# Graeham Goble
## Biography
### 1978-present: Solo Career & Birtles Shorrock Goble {#present_solo_career_birtles_shorrock_goble}
In 1978, After the successful release of The LRB\'s *First Under the Wire*, Beeb Birtles and Graeham Goble had composed so many songs that had not been used by LRB and were very keen to be put out as a duo and released *The Last Romance*. LRB members David Briggs, George McArdle and Derek Pellicci joined the two in the studio, together with other session musicians.\"
> \"If *The Last Romance* album had been successful, I expect that Beeb and I would have left Little River Band and recorded as a duo, e.g. *Hall & Oates*. Our record company (Capitol) were concerned about this possibility and so our album received little support. It was a great experience to record *The Last Romance* and it remains one of my favorite recordings.\"
In 1980, Australian singer John Farnham chose Goble to produce his 1980 album *Uncovered*. Aside from production and vocal arrangement, Goble also wrote or co-wrote nine of the ten songs on the album.
In 1990, Goble released his debut solo album, *Broken Voices*, for which he was composer, producer, vocal arranger, harmony vocalist and acoustic guitarist.
This was followed in 1993 with *Nautilus* and in 1995 with *Stop*. In 1998, *The New Nautilus* was released - it\'s a limited edition album and a re-package of *Nautilus* with a slightly altered track listing.
A chance meeting between Goble and Glenn Shorrock in 2001 (and a subsequent telephone call to Beeb Birtles) would lead to these three original members of LRB reforming as a group and released a live album *Full Circle*, which was certified gold in Australia.
In 2006, Goble released *The Days Ahead*, in 2008, *Let It Rain*, which musicologist Ed Nimmervoll said \"Ultimately Graeham Goble\'s album *Let It Rain* is the journey of a lifetime. Listening to it takes us on an exceptional journey of our own.\" Of the eleven tracks on *Let It Rain*, two have been heard previously (albeit in different contexts). \"Heart & Soul\" appeared on the Birtles Shorrock Goble live DVD *Full Circle* while \"Let It Rain\" had been performed at the Farmhand Concert for Drought Relief in 2002.
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# Graeham Goble
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Goble has been seriously writing songs since he was 16:
> \"I still write my songs the same way as when I first began. Usually an idea comes while I\'m playing my acoustic guitar, but songs often come to me at any time of the day when I\'m not playing my guitar. I sometimes dream complete compositions.\" *Graham Goble* (1997)
> \"I hear everything at once -- melody, lyrics, it just comes in. There\'s a feeling that comes over me and I know that there\'s a song trying to come through. It\'s sort of like I\'m taken over or someone\'s trying to contact me; I really believe very much that I\'m in some ways channeling this thing. Because when I write a song it\'s always done very quickly, completed in 20 minutes or maybe half an hour. I never labour anything, or very rarely. The only labouring I\'ve ever done in songwriting might be when I\'ve completed a work, a song, and there might be a couple of lyrics I don\'t like, so sometimes I might sit with those and really put some brain power in how to fix up the lines. But for the most part it comes to me, it comes in and I can hear the whole thing finished with harmonies and everything.\" *Graeham Goble* (2001)
Graeham Goble has spent much of his adult life in the study of spirituality and related concepts:
> \"I believe very much in Spiritual Realms. I\'ve undertaken a lot of Spiritual study -- not religious study, but Spiritual study. There\'s a big difference. I believe in Guardian Angels and Higher Realms. My studies have taught me that when we sleep our soul leaves our body and has interaction with the Spiritual Realms. I\'ve moved through lots of different beliefs and arrived at Rudolf Steiner.\"
Goble currently lives in a suburb of Melbourne, Australia. \"I think the quality of what I\'m doing is very high and the songs are very meaningful because I\'ve lived a lot now. I\'ve written from the point of view of somebody who\'s been through the mill and come out the other side.\"
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# Graeham Goble
## Solo discography {#solo_discography}
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Title | Details |
+=====================+=============================================+
| *The Last Romance*\ | - Released: 1980 |
| (with Beeb Birtles) | - Label: Capitol Records (ST.12078) |
| | - Format: LP, Cassette |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| *Broken Voices* | - Released: 1990 |
| | - Label: |
| | - Format: CD, LP, Cassette |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| *Nautilus* | - Released: 1993 |
| | - Label: Castle Communications (CSC 7100) |
| | - Format: CD, Cassette |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| *Stop* | - Released: 1995 |
| | - Label: Words & Music |
| | - Format: CD, Cassette |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| *The New Nautilus* | - Released: 1999 |
| | - Label: |
| | - Format: CD |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| *The Days Ahead* | - Released: September 2006 |
| | - Label: ORIGiN (OR 081) |
| | - Format: CD, Digital download |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| *Let It Rain* | - Released: May 2008 |
| | - Label: ORIGiN |
| | - Format: CD, Digital download |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| *Life Love Song* | - Released: 2015 |
| | - Label: |
| | - Format: CD, Digital download |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
### Compilation albums {#compilation_albums}
+-------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| Title | Details |
+=================================================+============================+
| *Beginnings (Before Little River Band)*\ | - Released: 1978 |
| (with Glenn Shorrock & Beeb Birtles) | - Label: Capitol Records |
| | - Format: Vinyl |
+-------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| *Beginnings Vol. 2 (Before Little River Band)*\ | - Released: 1980 |
| (with Glenn Shorrock & Beeb Birtles) | - Label: Capitol Records |
| | - Format: Vinyl |
+-------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+
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# Graeham Goble
## Awards
### APRA Gold Award {#apra_gold_award}
The Australasian Performing Right Association gave Gold Awards to the best songs in Australia from 1982 to 1990. `{{awards table}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| 1982 \| himself (\"Reminiscing\") \| APRA Gold Award \| `{{won}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| 1985 \| himself (\"The Other Guy\") \| APRA Special Award \| `{{won}}`{=mediawiki} \|}
### ARIA Hall of Fame {#aria_hall_of_fame}
The ARIA Hall of Fame is to honour the growing number of legendary performers, producers, songwriters and others who have influenced music culture in Australia. `{{awards table}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| 2004 \| Little River Band \| ARIA Hall of Fame \| `{{yes2|inducted}}`{=mediawiki} \|}
### Australian Songwriters Hall of Fame {#australian_songwriters_hall_of_fame}
The Australian Songwriters Hall of Fame was established in 2004 to honour the lifetime achievements of some of Australia\'s greatest songwriters. `{{awards table}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| 2006 \| himself \| Australian Songwriters Hall of Fame \| `{{yes2|inducted}}`{=mediawiki} \|}
### BMI Special Citation of Achievement {#bmi_special_citation_of_achievement}
Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI), the performing rights organisation, awards a special citation of achievement for songs played more than one million times on US radio and television. Goble has won five such awards: `{{awards table}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| 2007 \| himself (\"Take It Easy on Me\") \| One Million-Air \| `{{yes2|awarded}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| 2007 \| himself (\"The Other Guy\") \| One Million-Air \| `{{yes2|awarded}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| 2014 \| himself (\"Reminiscing\") \| Five Million-Air \| `{{yes2|awarded}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| 2017 \| himself (\"Lady\") \| Four Million-Air \| `{{yes2|awarded}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| 2020 \| himself (\"The Night Owls\") \| One Million-Air \| `{{yes2|awarded}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|}
### Mo Awards {#mo_awards}
The Mo Awards, (technically The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards), are annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia. `{{awards table}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| 2004 \| Birtles Shorrock Goble \| Classical Rock Performers of the Year \| `{{won}}`{=mediawiki} \|}
### South Australian Music Awards {#south_australian_music_awards}
The South Australian Music Awards are an annual two-week celebration of live music, celebrating musical achievements of South Australia
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# Phil Dumatrait
**Phillip Anthony Dumatrait** (born July 12, 1981) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Minnesota Twins, and in the KBO League for the LG Twins.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in Bakersfield, California, Dumatrait played for Bakersfield College before he was drafted by the Boston Red Sox in the 2000 Major League Baseball Draft.
## Baseball career {#baseball_career}
### Cincinnati Reds {#cincinnati_reds}
On July 30, 2003, the Red Sox traded Dumatrait, left-hander Tyler Pelland and cash considerations to the Cincinnati Reds in exchange for right-handed relief pitcher Scott Williamson. Dumatrait spent a majority of his minor league career in the Reds organization with Double-A Chattanooga Lookouts and Triple-A Louisville Bats.
In 2004, Dumatrait suffered a season-ending elbow injury and underwent Tommy John surgery.
In 2007, Dumatrait made his major league debut with the Cincinnati Reds.
### Pittsburgh Pirates {#pittsburgh_pirates}
The Pittsburgh Pirates claimed him off waivers on October 26, 2007. He started the 2008 season as a reliever, but became a starter when Matt Morris was released. He gained his first major league victory on May 7, 2008, against the San Francisco Giants, pitching `{{frac|5|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} shutout innings in the 3--1 Pirates victory. Dumatrait missed the last several months of the season because of an arm injury and opted to have surgery performed.
On September 19, 2009, the Pirates announced their intention to option Dumatrait to their Triple-A affiliate, the Indianapolis Indians. Dumatrait was non-tendered after the 2009 season and became a free agent.
### LG Twins {#lg_twins}
On December 19, 2009, Dumatrait signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers that included an invitation to spring training.
On May 19, 2010, Dumatrait signed with LG Twins of the KBO League.
### Minnesota Twins {#minnesota_twins}
On November 17, 2010, Dumatrait signed a minor league deal with an invitation to spring training with the Minnesota Twins. He had his contract purchased by the Twins on May 15, 2011. He declared for free agency on October 21.
On November 16, 2011, Dumatrait re-signed with the Twins organization on a minor league contract. Dumatrait retired on May 29, 2012
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# Jill Dennett
**Jill Dennett** (May 26, 1913 -- March 14, 1969) was a motion picture actress in Hollywood movies for a decade, beginning in 1932. She appeared in more than twenty films, all of the appearances in uncredited roles. She was a talented dancer and singer. Born in New York and died in Los Angeles, California at the age of 56. under the name of Edythe Jill Barnes.
## Career
### Early years {#early_years}
Dennett was the daughter of comedy star Dave Kramer of the Kramer & Boyle act. She acted professionally at age 5 when she portrayed an Italian boy in a production of *Magic Melody*. She studied at New York\'s professional children\'s school.
### Stage to screen {#stage_to_screen}
Dennett began performing in vaudeville at age 14 and established herself as a favorite there before entering films. In 1931 her eyes were insured by Lloyd\'s of London for \$100,000. After a small part in *Union Station* (1932), Dennett appeared with her father on stage at the Hillstreet Theater in Los Angeles. In 1934, Dennett performed in Edinburgh, Scotland.
### Minor film actress {#minor_film_actress}
After playing Daisy, the girl of the pavements in *Union Depot*, she was given a contract for two additional films by Warner Bros. She next depicted an ingénue in *The Tinsel Girl* (1932), a film directed by Michael Curtiz. This was followed by her portrayal of *Tart* in *Two Seconds* (1932). This screen crime drama starred Edward G. Robinson and was directed by Mervyn LeRoy.
From the mid-1930s Dennett acted small parts in *The Merry Widow* (1934), *Men In White* (1934), *One More Spring* (1935), *The Devil Is A Woman* (1935), *Dramatic School* (1938), *Broadway Serenade* (1939), *Stardust* (1940), *Manhattan Heartbeat* (1940), *Street of Memories* (1940), and *The Cowboy and the Blonde* (1941).
### Variety show performer {#variety_show_performer}
In August 1934, Dennett was part of the musical-comedy stage production *Peggy Ann* at the Million Dollar Theater. The other entertainment was provided by the screening of the W. C. Fields movie, *Old-Fashioned Way* (1934). Dennett shared the bill with thirty other players including Frank Gallagher, Bobby Dale, Helen Wright, and Dorothy Castleman. The presentation of *Peggy-Ann* was enlivened by dancing and singing choruses. Audiences were pleased and the show was repeated four times a day on some days.
A production of *Alt Heidelberg* was presented at the Shrine Auditorium`{{where?|date=May 2013}}`{=mediawiki} in October 1937. Engel portrayed *Gretchen* in the theatrical production. Others contributing to the musical version of the play were Henry Mowbray, Paul Keast, Milton Tilly, and Manilla Powers. Engel performed at the Orpheum Theater in Los Angeles the same week, in March 1937, that Major Bowes headlined with his *All-Girl Revue*.
## Romance
Dennett was linked romantically with Jesse L. Lasky Jr. She became engaged to singer Geoffrey Gill in January 1933. She also was engaged to Phillip Christian St. Clair. In 1941, she was married to James L. Henderson Jr. She later married Evan Stephan Barnes in California. Stay married with until her death.
## Philanthropist
She donated some twenty pounds of her own red hair during a war scare about a year before the outbreak of World War II. Munitions employed the use of some fine human hair. The hair was received by the Max Factor studios. It cost \$17 an ounce in twenty-two inch lengths
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# Russians in Hong Kong
**Russians in Hong Kong** form one of the territory\'s smaller groups of expatriates and a minor portion of the worldwide Russian diaspora. Many Russians from China passed through Hong Kong in the 1950s through 1970s on their way to resettlement in Australia, Brazil, and Canada.
## Migration history {#migration_history}
In colonial Hong Kong, White Russians in the pre-World War II period were looked down upon by the British. American historian Gerald Horne states that their lifestyles, employment, and poverty were seen to \"undermine \'white privilege\'\", and other Europeans tried to avoid any interaction with them. Nevertheless, in 1930 a number were engaged by the Anti-Piracy Guard Contingent (established in 1914) which came under the auspices of the Hong Kong Police. They were not trained police officers with warrant cards, and accordingly were paid less. After WWII, some of the more capable Russians joined the HKP as inspectors in Water Police - one, Alex Zarembra, was killed in 1947 when his launch collided with a steamer off Tsim Sha Tsui.
After the establishment of the People\'s Republic of China, the White Russians remaining in China such as in Shanghai began to look to the exits. However, the government would only permit them to leave the country if they had secured visas for overseas destinations. There were further bureaucratic complications in obtaining such visas since at that early date, most countries in which Russians aimed to resettle did not yet recognize the PRC, but recognizing the Republic of China (Taiwan) instead. Similarly, Hong Kong only permitted entry to the refugees if they had those same visas, which in most cases could only be obtained from diplomatic missions in Hong Kong. As a result of these barriers, only 880 Russian refugees from China departed via Hong Kong for resettlement overseas in 1952; they also faced pressure from the PRC government to abandon their efforts to emigrate and instead return to the Soviet Union. However, by 1956, the divergence between the PRC and the Soviet Union which would eventually grow into a full-blown Sino-Soviet split had begun to grow, and the PRC\'s policy towards the White Russians softened: the government no longer repatriated them to the Soviet Union, and liberalised the issuance of exit permits.
The Hong Kong government had picked out a site to set up a camp for Russian refugees at Chi Ma Wan on Lantau Island, but in the end decided not to build it. Instead, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and private charities including the World Council of Churches provided the funds for the refugees to be sheltered in private boarding-houses and to receive money to cover their other medical expenses. Their major destinations included Australia, Brazil, and Canada. Some who faced a long wait for resettlement found work as domestic helpers or on construction sites, in addition to receiving living allowances from the UN; young children also enrolled in schools. By 1980, a total of twenty thousand White Russians from mainland China had passed through Hong Kong on their way to resettlement in overseas destinations.
## Organizations and community {#organizations_and_community}
The history of the Russian Orthodox Church in Hong Kong goes back to 1934, when Dmitry Ivanovich Uspensky of Vyazniki, Vladimir Oblast arrived in Southern China from his previous posting in Shanghai. The Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia was officially established in 1996. Hong Kong Cemetery in Happy Valley has 105 Russian Orthodox graves; in 2012, the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch and the Hong Kong Orthodox Church jointly led a project to restore 15 of them.
The Russian Club in Hong Kong was formally established in 1999 out of informal gatherings, which began as early as 1993; it celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2009 with a grand ball, which attracted roughly 150 participants. The Russian consul-general in Hong Kong estimated in 2007 that just 600 Russian citizens lived in Hong Kong. Another 2011 consular estimate suggested that there were only 400 Russian citizens living in Hong Kong, but that estimate doubled to 800 by 2013, while the Russian Club thought that the true number might be as high as two thousand due to the tendency of many Russian expatriates not to register with the consulate. Observers attribute the growth in the population to the expansion of business ties between Hong Kong and Russia. Former Russian Club\'s president Mark Zavadisky stated, \"Unlike other Western or European countries, Hong Kong is an exotic, upscale and trendy place for Russia\'s younger generation, people are setting their sights on Asia, particularly Hong Kong\".
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
Russians in Hong Kong have also been the subject of works of fiction; *The Back Door*, an 1897 war novel, imagined a naval invasion of Hong Kong by the Russians and the French. The autobiographical *Gweilo* by Martin Booth covering his childhood in 1950s Hong Kong reminisces of the Russian bakeries and discusses an elderly White Russian street woman who may have been Russian royalty
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# John Berrien Lindsley
**John Berrien Lindsley** (1822--1897) was an American Presbyterian minister and educator in Nashville, Tennessee.
Born in Princeton, New Jersey, and educated at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School, he married an heiress to the Carnton plantation and ministered to slaves and the poor. He was Professor of Medicine at the University of Nashville and co-founder of its Medical Department (a precursor to the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine). He served as the Dean of the Medical Department from 1850 to 1855, and as the Chancellor of the University of Nashville from 1855 to its demise in 1873.
During the American Civil War of 1861-1865, he protected its campus buildings, and he was in charge of Confederate hospitals in Nashville. After the war, he was a superintendent of Nashville schools and a co-founder of the Montgomery Bell Academy.
## Early life {#early_life}
Lindsley was born on October 24, 1822, in Princeton, New Jersey. His father, Dr. Philip Lindsley, was an acting president of Princeton University and resigned in 1824 to become president of the University of Nashville. His mother was Margaret Lawrence Lindsley. He had a brother, Adrian Van Sinderen Lindsley. Lindsley moved to Nashville, Tennessee, with his family when he was two years old.
Lindsley received a Bachelor of Arts degree from University of Nashville in 1839, and a Master of Arts degree in 1841. He received his M.D. degree in 1843 from the Medical School at the University of Pennsylvania.
Lindsley became a congregant at the First Presbyterian Church of Nashville in 1840. Four years later, on April 10, 1845, he was ordained as a Presbyterian minister. He received a Doctor of Sacred Theology from Princeton University in 1858.
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# John Berrien Lindsley
## Career
Lindsley became the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Smyrna, Tennessee, in 1846. He returned to Nashville in 1847, where he was appointed by the Presbyterian Board of Domestic Missions to preach to African slaves and poor whites. He was also the pastor of Tulip Grove, a plantation owned by Andrew Jackson Donelson next to The Hermitage, another plantation owned by President Andrew Jackson near Nashville.
Meanwhile, Lindsley had been a classmate and he was a good friend William Walker, who ruled Nicaragua between 1856 and 1857. He was Southern Presbyterian and believed in the mission of civilizing the world. His belief was shared and supported by his friend William Walker.
Lindsley was a lecturer in the Theological Department of Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee, in 1848-1850. By 1850, he joined his father at the University of Nashville and co-founded the Medical Department alongside Dr. William K. Bowling and others. He was a professor of chemistry at the University of Nashville and served in that position until 1873. He served as the first Dean of the medical faculty until 1855, when he was elected as a chancellor of University of Nashville. During those years, he oversaw the merger of the Western Military Institute with the University of Nashville, and he hired Prussian-born architect Adolphus Heiman to design Lindsley Hall, the main building on campus, which was completed in 1853. Additionally, he served on the Tennessee Board of Education from 1856 to 1860. Meanwhile, Lindsley took trips with Gerard Troost to look for fossils in the Tennessee countryside, and considered becoming a geologist himself. During the American Civil War, Lindsley was responsible for protecting the University of Nashville from the Union Army. He turned the university buildings into a hospital for the Confederate States Army. He was also in charge of all Confederate hospitals in Nashville.
Lindsley was appointed as superintendent of schools in Tennessee in 1866. A year later, in 1867, he established Montgomery Bell Academy in 1867. Three years later, in 1870, he was a co-founder of the Tennessee College of Pharmacy. Lindsley served as secretary of the Tennessee Board of Health from 1877 to 1897.
Lindsley was a co-founder of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was a member of the American Public Health Association, the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Medicine, the American Chemical Society, the American Historical Association, the Medical Society of Tennessee, and the Tennessee Historical Society.
Lindsley authored *The Confederate Military Annals of Tennessee*, published in 1886.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Lindsley married Sarah McGavock, the daughter of Jacob McGavock, on February 9, 1857. Sarah was the granddaughter of Randal McGavock, who was the owner of the Carnton plantation and served as Mayor of Nashville from 1824 to 1825, as well as Felix Grundy, who served as the Senator from Tennessee from 1829 to 1838 and as the 13th United States Attorney General from 1838 to 1840. She was also the sister of Randal William McGavock, who served as the mayor of Nashville from 1858 to 1859.
They had six children. Their daughter Margaret married Percy Warner, a prominent Nashville businessman and the namesake of the Percy Warner Park.
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
Lindsley died in 1897 in Nashville, Tennessee. He was buried in the Mount Olivet Cemetery. Two of his granddaughters, Mary and Pierce, were the first and second wives of Luke Lea, who served as the Senator from Tennessee from 1911 to 1917.
The University of Nashville Medical Department is a precursor to the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, founded in 1875. As a result, Lindsley\'s portrait is on display on the Vanderbilt campus. It is also on display on the second floor of the Nashville Public Library
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# East Troy High School
**East Troy High School** is a high school in East Troy, Wisconsin. Enrollment ranges between 500 and 650 students. The team mascot is the Trojan, adopted from the ancient city of Troy.
framed\|right\|East Troy
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Richard A. Flintrop, former Wisconsin state assembly member
- Isabella Hofmann, actress
- Mark Neumann, politician
- A. J
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# Virginio Ferrari (artist)
**Virginio Ferrari** is an Italian sculptor, born in Verona and based in Chicago from the middle of the 1960s. He has had more than 50 solo exhibitions and participated in more than 150 group shows. [1](http://www.sculpture.org/portfolio/sculptorPage?sculptor_id=1000578) Ferrari Studios, a site for both Virginio and his son Marco, is at 412 S. Wells, 3rd Floor, Chicago, Illinois 60607.
## Artistic Development {#artistic_development}
Ferrari was educated at the Istituto d\'Arte N. Nanni and the Accademia di Belle Arti di Verona.[2](http://www.undo.net/cgi-bin/undo/pressrelease/pressrelease.pl?id=1048257495) His father and grandfather were both stonecutters. [3](http://www.sculpture.org/portfolio/sculptorPage?sculptor_id=1000578) From 1966 until 1976, he was the artist in residence and professor of art at the University of Chicago. Chicago contains more than thirty of his public sculptures. [4](http://www.undo.net/cgi-bin/undo/pressrelease/pressrelease.pl?id=1048257495)
In his early works, Ferrari worked in an abstract and surrealist style but later began to produce monumental sculptures in bronze, steel, iron, marble and granite. His sculptures have been installed in many large US cities and often involve a dialogue between the interiority of the work and the exterior space. [5](http://www.undo.net/cgi-bin/undo/pressrelease/pressrelease.pl?id=1048257495)
Ferrari, in his own words, describes his idea about the role of the modern, urban artist: \"In an urban environment with its social problems, the individual can decide either to become involved or to remain indifferent, but he must make that choice again each day since the problem remains.\" [6](http://www.sculpture.org/portfolio/sculptorPage?sculptor_id=1000578)
## *Dialogo* at the University of Chicago {#dialogo_at_the_university_of_chicago}
His sculpture *Dialogo*, in front of Pick Hall at 5828 South University Avenue on the University of Chicago is famous on campus because of the shadow it casts at noon each May Day. The shadow clearly shows a sickle very similar to that found in the flag of the former Soviet Union. It also shows a second object which student legend claims is a hammer. The object is clearly in the proper position to be a hammer from the communist flag and intersects the sickle at the correct place. However, the shape of the head of the hammer differs somewhat from that of the flag.
Each year, a crowd of several dozen curious bystanders gathers to observe the formation of the shadow around noon. Ferrari himself has denied that he intended his sculpture to cast such a shadow. [7](http://phoenix.uchicago.edu/campusfeature/index.aspx?featureid=81)
## Exhibits
- 1967, Renaissance Society at the University of Chicago [8](http://renaissancesociety.org/site/Exhibitions/Intro.202.0.0.0.0.html)
- 2003, Galleria d\'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea Palazzo Forti di Verona, [9](http://www.undo.net/cgi-bin/undo/pressrelease/pressrelease.pl?id=1048257495)
## Awards
- 1977, Illinois State Service Award
- 1993, Cavaliere Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana for his contributions in the international field of art
## Important Public Art {#important_public_art}
- *Being Born* (1983) 600 N
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# Cindy A. Johnson
**Cindy A. Johnson** is a professional basketball player who has played for the University of Delaware and several European teams, as well as Guyana\'s national team.
She played for the University of Delaware from 1997--2001, and was inducted into the UD hall of fame in 2008. In the 2000--01 season, with Johnson on the team, Delaware won the America East title and advanced to the NCAA Tournament, which UD had not previously achieved. She was the UD Outstanding Female Athlete of the Year for 2001. She won all-league honors in three of the four seasons she played for UD.
As of 2008, she resided in Salt Lake City, Utah.
## Delaware statistics {#delaware_statistics}
Source
Year Team GP Points FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG
---------- ---------- -------- --------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ----------
1997--98 Delaware 27 285 39.3% **26.9%** **79.4%** 4.4 2.0 1.4 0.1 10.6
1998--99 Delaware 27 368 41.5% 25.0% 63.6% 4.8 2.4 1.3 0.1 13.6
1999-00 Delaware 29 502 **44.8%** 13.3% 69.1% **5.5** 2.5 **1.9** 0.2 **17.3**
2000--01 Delaware **30** **520** 42.8% 26.7% 75.1% 4.5 **2.5** 1.8 **0.2** 17.3
Career 113 1675 42.4% 92.0% 18.8% 3.5 2.3 1.6 0.2 14.8
## Pro Experience {#pro_experience}
- 2006 -- Washington Mystics (WNBA) Free Agent Camp- Invited by Washington Mystics to Free Agent Camp
- 2003 -- Ibiza, SPA
- 2002 -- Grindavik; Grindavik Iceland signed as replacement on 21 January 2002. Averaged: 22.3 points, .385 3pt %, 2.3 steals, 7.3 rebs per game
- 2001 -- Burgos; SPA
- 2001 -- WNBA Pre-Draft Camp Participant
- 2000 -- Caricom Championships (Barbados)- captain of Guyana Women's National Team. Averaged: 26.3 points, 4 steals, 6 rebs per game
- 1998 -- Caricom Championships (Belize)-co-captain of Guyana Women's National Team. Averaged: 15.5 points, 3 steals, 5.4 rebs per game
- 1997 -- Caricom Junior Nationals Championships (Jamaica)-Captain. Averaged: 20.1 points, 3 steals, 3.4 Assists, 6.2 rebs per game
- 1997 -- Centro American Basketball Championships (Honduras). Averaged: 11.3 points, 5 Assists, 8 rebs per game
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# Green highway
A **green highway** is a roadway constructed per a relatively new concept for roadway design that integrates transportation functionality and ecological sustainability. An environmental approach is used throughout the planning, design, and the construction. The result is a highway that will benefit transportation, the ecosystem, urban growth, public health and surrounding communities.
## Research
Green Highways Partnership (GHP) is an alliance of Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), other Federal agencies, State transportation and environmental agencies, industry, trade associations, members of academia, and contractors to encourage environmentally friendly road building.
Another effort to create greener highways is a research program named Asphalt Research Consortium (ACR) created by collaboration of FHWA, private institutions, and several universities. The program studies potential ways to make asphalt more environmentally sustainable, which will result in improved traffic safety and reduced life-cycle cost.
A 2019 research project from the Cooperative Research Program of the Transportation Research Board determined the state-of-practice in highway construction sustainability and produced a guidebook for practitioners as an aid in communicating, implementing, and evaluating sustainable highway construction.
## Benefits
When built to standards of the concept, green highways have invaluable benefits to environment. Since they are built with permeable materials that provide superior watershed-driven stormwater management, leaching of metals and toxins into streams and rivers is prevented. Landfill usage is favorably reduced as construction involves recycled materials. In addition, by using cutting-edge technologies in design, critical habitats and ecosystems are protected from the encroachment of highway infrastructure.
## Characteristics
To develop a green highway, a project can follow guidelines provided below by GHP:
- Provide a net increase in environmental functions and values of a watershed.
- Exceed minimum standards set by environmental laws and regulations.
- Identify and protect historic and cultural landmarks.
- Map all resources in the area in order to avoid, identify, and protect critical resource areas.
- Use innovative, natural methods to reduce imperviousness, and cleanse all runoff within the project area.
- Maximize use of existing transportation infrastructure, providing multi-modal transportation opportunities, and promoting ride-sharing/public transportation.
- Use recycled materials to eliminate waste and reduce the energy required to build the highway.
- Link regional transportation plans with local land use partnerships.
- Control populations of invasive species, and promoting the growth of native species.
- Incorporate post project monitoring to ensure environmental results.
- Protect the hydrology of wetlands and streams channels through restoration of natural drainage paths.
- Result in a suite of targeted environmental outcomes based upon local environmental needs.
- Reduce disruptions to ecological processes by promoting wildlife corridors and passages in areas identified through wildlife conservation plans.
- Encourage smart growth by integrating and guiding future growth and capacity building with ecological constraints.
Other parameters associated with green highways and green roads include:
- Trees saplings planted near the roads includes varied species and may follow methods of polyculture. Saplings are selected considering various reasons such as conservation need, aesthetics, maintenance costs, spiritual and religious association, mythological reasons, heritage value, medicinal value, tolerance capacity, nativity to the region, association with other species, canopy spread, safety to the drivers, benefit to the community, benefit to the natural environment, etc.
- Creating micro-forests and urban forests near the highways and roads.
- Preference for planting tree saplings in multiple rows or lines, towards developing tree-zones or tree groves near the roads.
- Creation, maintenance and protection of water-bodies near the roads (ponds, streams, rivers, wells etc.).
- Passenger waiting areas being environmentally-friendly (made from biodegradable, recycled, recyclable, renewable resources).
## Technology
Green highway construction can incorporate several technical elements including, but not limited to:
- Bioretention Swales
- Porous Pavements
- Environmentally Friendly concrete
- Forest Buffer
- Restored and Stormwater Wetlands
- Stream Restoration
- Wildlife crossing
- Soil amendments
- Stormwater Management with Pervious Concrete Pavement
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# Green highway
## Examples
U.S. Highway 301 Waldorf Transportation Improvements project is working towards becoming the nation's first truly green highway by incorporating the principles of the Green Highways Partnership and green infrastructure in its earliest planning stages. The project encompasses an area from MD 5 and US 301 interchange in Prince George\'s County to the US 301 intersection with Washington Avenue and Turkey Hill Road in Charles County. It aims to improve the local traffic operation along US 301 while promoting and securing environmental stewardship.
Anacostia Watershed Protection: This pilot competition is designed to support the protection and restoration of urban water resources through a holistic watershed approach to water quality management. Funding will be directed to environmentally sound, watershed projects that stress a wide range of water quality improvement strategies and targets
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# Edward of Aberdeen
**Edward** \[**Ēadweard**, **Eadward**, **Édouard**, **Étbard**\] was a 12th-century prelate based in Scotland. He occurs in the records for the first time as Bishop of Aberdeen in a document datable to some point between 1147 and 1151. His immediate predecessor, as far as the records are concerned, was Bishop Nechtán. The latter can be shown to have been active at least between 1131 and 1132, and possibly as late as 1137. Edward\'s accession must have occurred, then, sometime between 1131 and 1151, with a date after the 1130s more likely than not.
Edward witnessed charters of Kings David I, Máel Coluim IV and William the Lion. Bishop Edward was the recipient of a Bull, dated 10 August 1157, of Pope Adrian IV, confirming the possessions of the diocese of Aberdeen and authorising the bishop to appoint at his own discretion either monastic or secular canons to staff his cathedral. This to some extent marks Bishop Edward as a founding father figure for the bishopric, though he was not the first bishop. His name, Edward, may indicate an Anglo-Norman or even an Anglo-Saxon origin, though this cannot be taken with certainty, as the name was associated with the saintly and famous Normanised English King Edward the Confessor, and had been the name of a son of King Máel Coluim III mac Donnchada. Nevertheless, if the former is the case, he is the first non-native Scot to ascend the bishopric of Aberdeen.
It is possible, if not likely, that Edward was the Chancellor of that name who served King David I in the 1140s. Edward\'s death, recorded in the *Chronicle of Melrose*, occurred in 1171. He was succeeded by Matthew
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# Gustaf Ahlbert
**Gustaf Albert Ahlbert** (26 January 1884 -- 1943) was a Swedish missionary and linguist. He served with the Mission Union of Sweden in Chinese Turkestan (present day Xinjiang).
Ahlbert had a competent knowledge of Hebrew, Greek, Arabic and Uyghur.
He was one of the last three missionaries to be expelled from Kashgar in 1939. After he was expelled, he worked among Muslims in India, and worked together with Oskar Hermansson and Dr. Nur Luke on the Uyghur Bible translation, until his death in Bombay in 1943
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# Gabin (Italian band)
**Gabin** (`{{IPA|fr|ɡabɛ̃|lang}}`{=mediawiki}) is an Italian pop band consisting of Massimo Bottini and Filippo Clary. Their name is a reference to the most popular French actor of the 1930s and 1940s -- Jean Gabin.
## Releases
Gabin have collaborated with numerous jazz artists such as Dee Dee Bridgewater, Edwyn Collins and China Moses. Their first album, *Gabin* (2002), includes the singles \"Doo Uap, Doo Uap, Doo Uap\", \"Sweet Sadness\" and \"La Maison\". Their song \"Bang Bang To The Rock\'N\'Roll\" was used in the 2005 film *Fantastic Four* and in the 2008 film *Sex Drive*. They had a top ten hit in their home country and success around the globe, encompassing over 35 countries from the U.S. to New Zealand, Argentina and Russia. In 2004, Gabin next released a blues and blue note-influenced uptempo album entitled *Mr. Freedom*, which includes the title track \"Mr. Freedom\".
## Guest artists {#guest_artists}
Guest vocalists on *Mr. Freedom* include the two-time Grammy and Tony Award winning vocalist Dee Dee Bridgewater, the former Orange Juice vocalist Edwyn Collins and even Bridgewater\'s daughter, China Moses. This specially sequenced US version has the Italian Latin-dance maestro Nicola Conte. Conte caps the album with an extended live sextet version of \"Into My Soul\". Their 2010 album, *Third and double*, features guest vocals from the Soundgarden frontman Chris Cornell for the song \"Lies\".
## Other media {#other_media}
Gabin\'s music appears on the compilation CD *Hotel Costes*. It has been used in television shows like *Sex And The City* and *Six Feet Under*, in TV commercials for Polaroid and Cinemax, and in the video game *FIFA World Cup: Germany 2006*. The band remixed Peggy Lee\'s \"Fever\" for the *Pink Panther\'s Penthouse Party* CD.
## Discography
The cover of *The First Ten Years* is a collage of references to earlier albums and songs. `{{columns-list|
*''Gabin'' (2002)
*''Mr
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# Shakyasimha
**Shakyasimha** (Tib. Sakyasenge). is a symbol of a lion representing the king of all beasts. The \'Lion of the Sakya Clan\'. The lion in this aspect is used as a symbol of Buddhism itself. Like a Buddha, Padmasambhava as the Second Buddha, is also called Shakyasimha. Shakyasimha was also the name given to the guru Padmakara (Tib. Pema Jungne, also Padmasambhava), who was revered throughout the Himalayan world as Second Buddha and introduced the meditative practices of Mahayoga and Atiyoga from Oddiyana and India into Tibet and Bhutan during the eighth century
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# Larcom Theatre
The **Larcom Theatre** is a 600-seat auditorium located at 13 Wallis Street in Beverly, Massachusetts and offers live music, theatrical productions, ballet, and comedy.
From 1985 through 2012 the Larcom Theatre housed the two-hour Le Grand David production, *An Anthology of Stage Magic*.
Harris and Glover Ware, two brothers and former vaudeville musicians from Marblehead, Massachusetts built the Larcom in 1912 and named it for the Beverly-born poet Lucy Larcom. In 1984, the Le Grand David Spectacular Magic Company bought the Larcom and launched a restoration project that dwarfed their previous Cabot Street Cinema Theatre restoration. The Larcom Theatre was purchased in 1984 and received a balcony-to-boiler-room renovation. In October 1985 the Le Grand David troupe premiered a second resident production of conjuring, music, comedy and dance \"in the style and tradition of the turn of the 19th century.\"
In 1995, the Le Grand David Company opened an expanded wing adjoining the original Larcom structure at 9 Wallis Street. The new wing included: the Grand Salon lobby (appointed in oak, marble, and brass), a full kitchen, rehearsal place, three galleries of Le Grand David apparatus and poster artwork, a library, a meeting room, a guest suite, and a caretaker\'s apartment.
Le Grand David Magic show ended in May 2012 after founder, Cesareo Pelaez, died in March of that year
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# Philippine Institute for Development Studies
The **Philippine Institute for Development Studies** (**PIDS**) is a government-owned and controlled corporation of the Philippines. It was established by Presidential Decree No. 1201 in September 1977 to conduct research to help government planners. Its primary client is the Department of Economy, Planning, and Development (DEPDev).
## About the Institute {#about_the_institute}
### Roles and Goals {#roles_and_goals}
1. To develop and implement a comprehensive and integrated research program. The Institute will provide the research materials and studies required to formulate national development plans and policies;
2. To serve as a common link between the government and researching institutes;
3. To establish a repository for economic research information and other related activities.
### Programs and Activities {#programs_and_activities}
#### To carry out its mandate, the Institute has maintained three basic programs, namely {#to_carry_out_its_mandate_the_institute_has_maintained_three_basic_programs_namely}
1. Research Program
2. Outreach Program
3. Dissemination and Research Utilization Program.
#### The Policy Research Agenda for 2005-2009 include the following themes {#the_policy_research_agenda_for_2005_2009_include_the_following_themes}
1. Economic Policy Choices
2. Policies for Sustainable Human Development
3. Institutional Development and Good Governance
The Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) has developed various websites and online databases from socioeconomic indicators and agricultural statistics to economic-related bills.
### Publications
- Policy Notes: observations/analyses written by PIDS researchers on policy issues.
- Development Research News: a bimonthly publication of the Institute which highlights findings and recommendations culled from PIDS-sponsored research and fora. This newsletter also includes articles on key national and current issues as well as news on PIDS activities participated in by the staff.
- Discussion Papers: preliminary, unedited and unreviewed papers circulated on a limited basis for the purpose of eliciting critical comments and suggestions for refinement of the studies. They may eventually graduate into any of the Institute\'s regular publication series.
- Economic Issue of the Day: a two-page publication which deals with concepts behind economic issues. Aims to define and explain in simple terms basic economic concepts as they relate to current and everyday economics-related matters.
- *Philippine Journal of Development*: (formerly *Journal of Philippine Development*) is a professional journal published twice a year which focuses on Philippine development. This is particularly on economy, business, public administration, foreign relations, sociology, political dynamics and other topics which have policy implications for Philippine concerns.
- Research Paper Series: a formal publication meant to promote research, stimulate discussion and encourage the use of study results
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# The Man in Pyjamas
***The Man in Pyjamas**\'\' (German:***Der Mann im Pyjama**\'\') is a 1981 West German comedy film directed by Christian Rateuke and Hartmann Schmige, starring Otto Sander and Elke Sommer. The film won the Ernst Lubitsch Award for best actor (Sander).
The film\'s sets were designed by art director Werner Achmann.
## Plot
The story, set in Berlin in 1981, centres around a man in his pajamas and bathrobe who goes out to buy cigarettes and experiences a series of events that have him chased by inept police officers, an angry husband, a taxi driver, and various other characters
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# Paul Birch (actor)
**Paul Birch** (born **Paul Lowery Smith**; January 13, 1912 -- May 24, 1969) was an American actor. He was a film star of 39 movies, 50 stage dramas, and numerous television series, including the *Hallmark Hall of Fame* (1951).
## Early life {#early_life}
Birch was born Paul Lowery Smith in Atmore, Alabama. He attended Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
## Career
### Television
In the late 1950s, Birch starred along with William Campbell in the syndicated Canadian series *Cannonball* (1958), a half-hour drama/adventure show about truck drivers. He also was a regular in *The Court of Last Resort* on NBC (1957-58).
Birch appeared in "Torn Flag", a 1958 episode of the western series *The Restless Gun*. In the mid-1950s he appeared in magazine and TV ads as the first widely publicized \"Cowboy\" Marlboro Man.
In 1959, he was cast as Sergeant Major Carmody, with Doug McClure as Corporal Jenkins, in the episode \"The Face of Courage\" of the NBC western series, *Riverboat*, starring Darren McGavin and Burt Reynolds. In the story line, amid the threat of Sioux attack, Carmody commandeers the vessel the *Enterprise* while it is delivering military cargo to an Army outpost on the Missouri River. Joanna Moore appears in the episode as Kitty McGuire.
Birch also appeared as President Grant in the 1960 episode \"Mr. Simpson\" of ABC\'s *Black Saddle* western series starring Peter Breck. He portrayed President Grant in two episodes of *The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin*. Birch also had a recurring role as Captain Carpenter, the boss of Lt. Phillip Gerard (Barry Morse) in the first two seasons of ABC\'s adventure/drama series *The Fugitive*.
In 1961 Paul Birch appeared as Sgt. Bart Huntington in an episode of Wagon Train, "Path of the Serpent".
### Stage
Birch appeared on Broadway in a production of *The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial* (1954-55). He portrayed both Union Army General Ulysses S. Grant and Confederate General Robert E. Lee in several historical plays.
He was among the original members of the Pasadena Playhouse, the first actor to be one of that group\'s repertory players.
### Film
Birch appeared as the police captain with the megaphone in *Rebel Without A Cause* (1955), and was one of the first to be \"disintegrated\" in the original movie *The War of the Worlds* (1953).
He starred in some low-budget science-fiction films in the 1950s, including *The Beast with a Million Eyes* (1955), *Day the World Ended* (1955), *Not of This Earth* (1957), and the cult classic *Queen of Outer Space* (1958). Birch also had small roles in *It\'s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World* (1963) and *Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round* (1967).
### Teaching
While he acted at the Pasadena Playhouse, he also was \"employed full-time as an instructor and director working with students in the Playhouse College of Theatre Arts.\"
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Birch was married twice and was survived by his second wife, the former Betsy Ann Ross Smith, and their three children, Don, Jennifer, and Michael. By his first marriage, to Margaret Evelyn Farish, he had a daughter named Cindy, whose son is actor Ned Luke (born 1958).
## Death
Birch died of cancer at age 57 on May 24, 1969, at St. George\'s, the capital of the Caribbean island of Grenada. Survived by his widow and three children, he is buried in a cemetery outside the capital.
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# Paul Birch (actor)
## Selected filmography {#selected_filmography}
- *The Royal Mounted Rides Again* (1945) - Highwayman #2 (uncredited)
- *The Daltons Ride Again* (1945) - Wilkins Henchman (uncredited)
- *Adventure* (1945) - First Mate (uncredited)
- *The Fighting Guardsman* (1946) - Sergeant (uncredited)
- *The Scarlet Horseman* (1946) - Ace (uncredited)
- *Till the End of Time* (1946) - Marine Wanting Farm (uncredited)
- *Check Your Guns* (1948) - Member The Plainsmen (uncredited)
- *The Third Man* (1949) - Military Policeman (uncredited)
- *Bonzo Goes to College* (1952) - Coach Duff (uncredited)
- *Assignment -- Paris!* (1952) - Col. Mannix (uncredited)
- *The War of the Worlds* (1953) - Alonzo Hogue (uncredited)
- *The System* (1953) - Police Lt. Gordon (uncredited)
- *The Eddie Cantor Story* (1953) - (uncredited)
- *Ride Clear of Diablo* (1954) - Fred Kenyon
- *Cattle Queen of Montana* (1954) - Col. Carrington
- *Man Without a Star* (1955) - Mark Toliver
- *Strange Lady in Town* (1955) - Sheriff
- *Five Guns West* (1955) - J.C. Haggard
- *The Beast with a Million Eyes* (1955) - Allan Kelley
- *Apache Woman* (1955) - Sheriff
- *Rebel Without a Cause* (1955) - Police Chief (uncredited)
- *Day the World Ended* (1955) - Jim Maddison
- *The Fighting Chance* (1955) - Auctioneer
- *When Gangland Strikes* (1956) - Sheriff Mack McBride
- *The Fastest Gun Alive* (1956) - Yellowfork Sheriff Bill Toledo
- *The White Squaw* (1956) - Thad Arnold
- *Everything But the Truth* (1956) - Sen. Winter
- *Gun for a Coward* (1957) - Andy Niven
- *Not of This Earth* (1957) - Paul Johnson
- *The Tattered Dress* (1957) - Prosecutor Frank Mitchell
- *The Spirit of St. Louis* (1957) - Blythe (uncredited)
- *Cheyenne* (1957, TV series) - Col. Preston
- *The 27th Day* (1957) - Admiral
- *Joe Dakota* (1957) - Frank Weaver
- *The World Was His Jury* (1958) - Martin Ranker
- *Gunman\'s Walk* (1958) - Bob Selkirk
- *The Restless Gun* (1958) Episode \"The Torn Flag\"
- *Wild Heritage* (1958) - Jacob \'Jake\' Breslin
- *Queen of Outer Space* (1958) - Prof. Konrad
- *The Gun Runners* (1958) - Sy Phillips
- *Gunmen from Laredo* (1959) - Marshal Matt Crawford
- *Too Soon to Love* (1960)
- *Portrait in Black* (1960) - Detective Lieutenant
- *Pay or Die* (1960) - Mayor
- *The Dark at the Top of the Stairs* (1960) - Jonah Mills
- *Two Rode Together* (1961) - Judge Edward Purcell
- *Sea Hunt* (7th Jan 1961), Season 4, Episode 1, Point of No Return
- *A Public Affair* (1962) - Malcomb Hardy
- *The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance* (1962) - Mayor Winder
- *Gunsmoke* (1962, TV series) - Jesse Ott
- *It\'s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World* (1963) - Santa Rosita Police Department Officer at the intersection
- *The Raiders* (1963) - Paul King
- *The Glory Guys* (1965) - Commanding General
- *Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round* (1966) - Bill Simpson
- *A Covenant with Death* (1967) - Governor
- *Welcome to Hard Times* (1967) - Mr
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# 2nd/10th Field Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery
The **2nd/10th Field Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery** was an Australian Army Reserve artillery regiment, assigned to the 2nd Division. Formed in 1991, and based in Victoria, the regiment drew on the lineage of a number of disbanded units that had previously existed in that state. In 2013, the regiment was reduced to a single battery, designated the 2nd/10th Light Battery. It was assigned to the 5th/6th Battalion, Royal Victoria Regiment, and tasked with training artillery observers and organic fire support to the battalion. It was equipped with the L16 81mm Mortar as the primary armament, while M2A2 Howitzers were retained for ceremonial purposes.
In 2018, the battery became part of the newly raised 9th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery which was formed as the headquarters unit for a number of Army Reserve light batteries.
## History
**2nd Field Regiment** -- Arguably until 2013 the oldest artillery unit in Australia, being directly descended from the Royal Victoria Volunteer Artillery Regiment which was formed in the Melbourne metropolitan area on 1 January 1856 by redesignation of the Victoria Volunteer Rifle Regiment, raised on 30 November 1854. It became the Victorian Brigade, Australian Field Artillery, in 1903 and in 1921 formed II. Brigade, Australian Field Artillery, later the 2nd Field Artillery Brigade, perpetuating the unit of the same name that had served at Gallipoli and on the Western Front during the Great War. It became 2nd Field Regiment in early 1942, deploying operationally in New Guinea and Bougainville during 1943--1945, and disbanding in 1946. In 1948, the regiment was raised again as part of the CMF in the 3rd Division in Victoria. In 1952, the regiment was at full strength and located at Batman Avenue with S Battery at Warragul. This latter battery later transferred to 31st Medium Regiment RAA. The regiment was amalgamated with 15th Field Regiment in 1975 to become 2nd/15th Field Regiment with elements at Batman Avenue, Frankston and Dandenong. In 1988, the 3rd Division Royal Australian Artillery Band was incorporated into 2nd/15th Field Regiment.
**4th Medium Regiment** -- 2nd Medium Artillery Brigade, Australian Garrison Artillery, was raised at the Argyle St drill hall, St Kilda, in 1925, recruiting from Brighton and Melbourne\'s eastern suburbs. It was reorganized as 2nd Medium Regiment in 1941, serving in Western Australia and Queensland; one battery and part of Regimental Headquarters were deployed to Balikpapan in 1945 but arrived as the war ended in the Pacific and did not see action. It was reformed as 2nd Medium Regiment RAA at Chapel Street East St Kilda in 1948 and in 1955 was relocated to Brighton and renumbered 4th Medium Regiment RAA to perpetuate the pre-war 4th Field Regiment RAA(M) which had shared its recruiting area. In 1957 the regiment was disbanded, its personnel and those of the 22nd Field Regiment (Self-Propelled) RAA joining to form a battery of 10th Medium Regiment RAA at Brighton.
**8th Medium Regiment** -- descends from the oldest Victorian volunteer unit, first raised in September 1854 in Geelong as a Volunteer Rifle Corps and converted to artillery as the 2nd Brigade, Royal Victoria Volunteer Artillery Regiment in 1862. It formed two companies of the Australian Garrison Artillery in 1903 but these were relocated to Williamstown between 1925 and 1929. In 1938 the unit was reformed at Geelong as 4th Anti-Aircraft Battery RAA(M). In 1948 this unit was perpetuated as Regimental Headquarters and P Battery, 2nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment RAA, being converted to 2nd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment RAA in 1951 and having the title (City of Geelong) conferred in 1953. In 1955 it was renumbered 8th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment RAA (City of Geelong Regiment). In 1957 the Regiment absorbed elements of 38th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment RAA (City of Hamilton Regiment) to form 8th Medium Regiment with RHQ at Geelong and elements at Warrnambool and Colac. In 1960 the Regiment was absorbed into 10th Medium Regiment, forming P and R batteries of that regiment. 8th Medium Regiment was retained at nil strength on the Order of Battle for inclusion in the Combat Support Group, 3rd Division, and RHQ was reformed at Holsworthy, New South Wales, in 1969 as a sub-unit of the Australian Regular Army by redesignation of RHQ 19th Composite Regiment RAA. 8th Medium Regiment amalgamated with 12th Field Regiment in 1973 to form 8th/12th Medium Regiment RAA, currently 8th/12th Regiment RAA.
**15th Field Regiment** -- raised as XV. Brigade, Australian Field Artillery, at Williamstown in 1921 from the 7th Australian Garrison Artillery which had its origins in the Williamstown and Harbour Trust batteries of garrison artillery raised in 1856 and 1885 respectively. It perpetuated the 15th Field Artillery Brigade which served on the Western Front during the Great War. In 1922 the greater part of the brigade was relocated to the Albert Rd depot at South Melbourne and the whole brigade was concentrated at Batman Ave, Melbourne, by late 1935. It was redesignated 15th Field Regiment RAA in 1941, serving in Western Australia under command of the 4th Aust Division until its disbandment in 1943. In 1952 15th Light Regiment RAA was raised at Sale from a squadron of 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles, later expanding to Bairnsdale and Traralgon. In 1957 the Regiment was disbanded; elements at Sale, Bairnsdale and Traralgon were absorbed by 31st Medium Regiment which was redesignated 15th Field Regiment with Regimental Headquarters and one battery at Dandenong, and two batteries spread between Sale, Bairnsdale, Warragul and Traralgon. In 1962 the Regiment was granted the title (City of Dandenong and Gippsland) and by 1965 was located at Dandenong and Frankston. In 1975 it amalgamated with 2nd Field Regiment to form 2nd/15th Field Regiment.
**10th Medium Regiment** -- raised as X. Brigade, Australian Field Artillery, in 1921 at Albert Rd, South Melbourne, perpetuating the 10th Field Artillery Brigade that had served on the Western Front during the Great War. It was redesignated 10th Field Regiment in 1941, serving in Western Australia with the 4th Aust Division before being disbanded in late 1943. In 1948 it was reformed at Batman Ave, Melbourne, relocating to Railway Parade, Frankston, about 1954. In 1957 the Regiment was redesignated 10th Medium Regiment with RHQ and one battery at Frankston, the 19th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment (City of Caulfield) at Ripponlea was absorbed as a second battery, and the personnel of 4th Medium Regiment and 22nd Field Regiment (Self-Propelled) at Brighton formed the third battery. RHQ relocated to Brighton in 1958. In 1960 the Regiment absorbed 8th Medium Regiment to comprise RHQ at Brighton and batteries at Geelong, Frankston, and Warrnambool/Colac. In 1961 however, the Brighton and Frankston elements amalgamated as Q Battery, 2nd Field Regiment; RHQ and Q Battery, 10th Medium Regiment, were reformed in Geelong, with R Battery at Warrnambool. The Warrnambool element transferred to the Royal Australian Infantry in 1965 and the third battery was reformed in Geelong. In 1991 the Regiment amalgamated with 2nd/15th Field Regiment to form 2nd/10th Medium Regiment with 37th and 39th Medium batteries amalgamating to form 38th Medium Battery.
**2nd/10th Medium Regiment** -- In 1990 the 3rd Division disbanded. 2nd Division inherited the amalgamated 2nd/15th Field Regiment and 10th Medium Regiment to form 2nd/10th Medium Regiment in 1991, with RHQ and HQ Battery at Chapel St, St Kilda, 22nd Field Battery at Dandenong and Baxter, and 38th Medium Battery at Geelong and Colac. The RAA Band Melbourne was carried on the establishment of 2nd/10th Medium Regiment.
**2nd/10th Field Regiment** -- In 2002 the Regiment was renamed as 2nd/10th Field Regiment. Equipped with M2A2s, the Regiment consisted of 22nd Field Battery located at Doveton and 38th Field Battery located at Geelong and Colac. Regimental Headquarters, Headquarters Battery and the Regimental Band were located at Chapel Street, St Kilda.
**2nd/10th Light Battery, 5th/6th Battalion, Royal Victoria Regiment** -- On 1 January 2013, the Regiment was absorbed by the 5th/6th Battalion, Royal Victoria Regiment as the 2nd/10th Light Battery. 38th Field Battery became 38 Troop at Chapel Street, which trained the battalion\'s artillery observers, while 22nd Field Battery became 22 Troop in Doveton, which trained mortar crews and command post operators
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# All Hail Blue and Gold
**All Hail Blue and Gold** is the official campus alma mater for the University of California, Berkeley. It was composed in 1905 by Harold Bingham who also wrote the *California Indian Song* and a number of other Cal songs. The song rapidly became more popular as a number of a cappella groups on campus performed the song and the Cal Band began to play it at the conclusion of all university events and athletic contests.
## Lyrics
*All Hail, Blue and Gold*\
*Thy colors unfold*\
*O\'er loyal Californians,*\
*Whose hearts are strong and bold,*\
*All Hail, Blue and Gold*\
*Thy strength ne\'er shall fail;*\
*For thee we\'ll die,*\
*All Hail! All Hail!*
*All Hail, Blue and Gold*\
*To thee we shall cling;*\
*O\'er golden fields of poppies,*\
*Thy praises we shall sing
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# 941–955 Boylston Street
The building at **941--955 Boylston Street** in the Back Bay district of Boston, Massachusetts was designed by Arthur H. Vinal in 1886, while he was City Architect, as the city\'s first combined fire and police station. The building, constructed in 1887, is in the Richardsonian Romanesque style, as was Vinal\'s most notable other work, the Chestnut Hill Water Works pumping station, built at about the same time. It has been designated a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission.
The fire station at 941 Boylston, which is still active, houses Boston Fire Department Engine Company 33 and Ladder Company 15. The police station, 955 Boylston, was home to Boston Police Department Division 16 until 1976. From 1976 to 2007, the police station was home to the Institute of Contemporary Art; in 2007 it was acquired by Boston Architectural College for \$7.22 million.
A courtyard between the two buildings originally led to shared stables for fire department and police horses. Division 16 would later add a single-story building immediately to the west (out of frame in the photo above). By 1976, the advent of motorized patrols had led to a consolidation of Boston\'s smaller police divisions, including division 16, into larger police districts, resulting in the closure and redevelopment of the police station.
Plaques on the Boylston St. facade memorialize four Boston firefighters who died in the line of duty: Cornelius J. Noonan (d. 1938), Richard F. Concannon (d. 1961), Richard B. Magee (d. 1972), and Stephen F. Minehan (d. 1994)
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# FK Borac Šamac
**FK Borac Šamac** (Serbian Cyrillic: ФК Борац Шaмaц) is a football club from the town of Šamac, in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina. The club competes in the Second League of the Republika Srpska (Group West).
## Club records {#club_records}
Season League
---------- ----------- ---- ---- ---
Division P W D L
2006--07 1st RS 30 16 7
2007--08 1st RS 30 8 8
2008--09 1st RS 30 10 7
2009--10
2010--11
2011--12
2012--13 1st RS 26 7 7
2013--14 1st RS 26 5 5
2014--15 2nd RS, W 26 16 6
2015--16 1st RS 22 8 6
2016--17 1st RS 22 2 4
2017--18 2nd RS, W 30 11 3
2018--19 2nd RS, W 30 20 2
2019--20 2nd RS, W 15 5 2
2020--21 2nd RS, W 15 7 4
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| : **Key** |
| : League: **P** = Matches played; **W** = Matches won; **D** = Matches drawn; **L** = Matches lost; **F** = Goals for; **A** = Goals against; **Pts** = Points won; **Pos** = Final position; |
| : Cup: **PR** = Preliminary round; **QR** = Qualifying round; **R1** = Round of 32; **R2** = Round of 16; **QF** = Quarter-final; **SF** = Semi-final; **RU** = Runner-up; **W** = Competition won; |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Za Šamčane nastupaju Marijan Maslić, Dušan Bijelić, Perica Mićić, Dejan Limić, Boris Marinković, Zoran Perić, Janko Dujmušić, Gabrijel Blagojević, Perica Maksimović, Miloš Ilić, Jovan Sjenčić, Ognjen Nišić, Bernard Majić, Petar Marčeta, Bojan Jaćimović, Rajko Đurić, Darko Đurić, Stojan Stanković, Kristijan Vakić, Bojan Pupčević, Milan Ilić, Nikola Dakić i Sergej Bukva.
### Notable players {#notable_players}
*For the list of former and current players with Wikipedia article, please see :Category:FK Borac Šamac players
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# GioGio's Bizarre Adventure
***GioGio\'s Bizarre Adventure***, known in Japan as `{{nihongo foot|'''''JoJo no Kimyō na Bōken: Ōgon no Kaze''''',|ジョジョの奇妙な冒険 {{ruby|黄金|おうごん}}の{{ruby|旋風|かぜ}}|extra="JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Golden Wind"|lead=yes|group=lower-alpha}}`{=mediawiki} is an action-adventure video game developed and published by Capcom for the PlayStation 2 on July 25, 2002 in Japan. It is based on *Golden Wind*, the fifth part of Hirohiko Araki\'s manga series *JoJo\'s Bizarre Adventure*. The player controls characters from the manga, and fight enemies in 3D environments using both physical attacks, and special combination moves performed by spirit-like \"Stand\" characters released from the player character\'s body.
To recreate the art style used in the manga, Capcom developed a graphics technique called Artistoon, with which the game renders cel-shaded graphics; additionally, Araki\'s art was featured in the game. Capcom planned to release the game in North America and Europe, but after delays, it ended up not getting released outside Japan. Critics praised the game\'s visuals and presentation, commenting on how it recreated the look of the manga well, while the gameplay was met by mixed opinions. The game received a full English language fan translation in 2018.
## Gameplay
*GioGio\'s Bizarre Adventure* is an action-adventure game in which the player duels against enemies in 3D environments, controlling several characters who each have their own sets of moves: Giorno Giovanna, Bruno Bucciarati, Guido Mista, Narancia Ghirga, Pannacotta Fugo, Leone Abbacchio, and Trish Una. The battle system includes physical attacks such as kicking and punching, and the ability to dodge attacks by rolling; physical attacks are performed through a single-button input, and can be chained into a combination attack by pressing repeatedly.
Additionally, the player can release a spirit-like \"Stand\" character from the player character\'s body, through which they can perform special combination moves, which are more powerful. The Stands require energy to be used, which is drained whenever the Stand itself gets hit by an enemy, but recharges over time. Battles differ depending on the layout of the arena they are fought in, as well as the Stand abilities of the opponent: for instance, Bucciarati can use his Stand, Sticky Fingers, to create zippers in the walls, and enter holes within to avoid attacks. When the player wins a battle, they receive points and are graded based on their performance, which unlocks items in the game\'s art gallery mode. The game uses 3D and 2D cutscenes, which come in the form of exposition between battles, and slow-motion, mid-battle cutscenes, such as one showing the player\'s Stand punching out the enemy\'s teeth. In addition to fighting, the player has secondary objectives they can fulfill in the different levels.
## Development and release {#development_and_release}
thumb\|upright=.75\|Series creator Hirohiko Araki provided artwork for the game.
*GioGio\'s Bizarre Adventure* was developed by Capcom. It is based on *Golden Wind*, the fifth part of Hirohiko Araki\'s manga series *JoJo\'s Bizarre Adventure*, and features artwork by Araki. To recreate the art style of the manga, Capcom developed a technique called Artistoon, which is used to render cel-shaded graphics. Capcom published the game in Japan on July 25, 2002 for the PlayStation 2, with a budget-priced re-release following on September 20, 2007.
Capcom also announced North American and European releases of the game, and showcased it at the 2002 edition of the annual Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3). The North American version was to be titled *JoJo\'s Bizarre Adventure*, while the European version was announced to be titled *GioGio\'s Bizarre Adventure* in August 2002. This change in naming was on the request of Araki, who wanted an Italian spelling in order to stay true to the title character. The game was shown at Sony Computer Entertainment Europe\'s PlayStation Experience expo in August 2002, and was available for the public to play. At E3 2002, it was announced for an October 2002 release in the West, but was delayed to December 2002, and then again to February 14, 2003. By May 2003, it had not been released outside Japan, and was not listed as part of Capcom\'s game lineup for E3 2003, leading *Eurogamer* to speculate that the Western release had been cancelled.
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# GioGio's Bizarre Adventure
## Reception
George Walter from the *Official UK PlayStation 2 Magazine* thought the gameplay felt \"samey\", but said that the creative use of various kinds of Stands prevented the game from feeling repetitive. David Smith at *IGN* thought the game seemed like a \"rather basic action experience\", with a set of offensive moves that felt limited, and said that while it at first is fun to use Stand abilities, the novelty of it eventually fades. He still considered it a \"must-buy\" for people who like the manga, but otherwise not something one would want to import a Japanese copy of immediately.
Critics enjoyed the game\'s visuals. *Entertainment Weekly*{{\'s}} Adam B. Vary thought the game did a good job at recreating the look and feel of the original manga. Walter called the game\'s visuals \"gorgeous\" and \"striking\", and thought that they were what would get people from places where the manga had not yet become popular interested in the game. *Eurogamer*{{\'s}} Tom Bramwell described the visuals as distinctive, and at times reminiscent of *Jet Set Radio*. Smith called *GioGio\'s Bizarre Adventure* among the most faithful manga-to-video game adaptations he had seen, praising the 3D recreation of the manga\'s artwork, and said that its use of effects such as speed lines and visual katakana sound effects made it feel familiar. He noted that the environments looked \"a little crude\" and with blurry textures if one looked at details up close, but that they looked impressive from a distance. Reviewers at *Famitsu* also enjoyed how the game reproduced the look of the manga in 3D, but noted that the presentation of the story felt insufficient for people who have not read the *Golden Wind* manga, and that it seemed mostly targeted towards people who already were fans of *JoJo\'s Bizarre Adventure*
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# Face-ism
**Face-ism** or **facial prominence** is the relative proportion of the face compared to the body in the portrayal of men and women. The media tends to give higher proportion to men\'s faces and women\'s bodies.
## Origin and evidence {#origin_and_evidence}
The term \"face-ism\" or \"facial prominence\" was initially defined in a 1983 study in which facial prominence was measured by a \"Face-ism index\", which is the ratio of two linear measurements, with the distance (in millimeters or any other unit) from the top of the head to the lowest visible point of the chin being the numerator and the distance from the top of the head to the lowest visible part of the subject\'s body the denominator. It was found that across societies and time, facial prominence of men has been much higher than that of women.
Subsequent studies have generated consistent findings and thus helped confirm the pervasive presence of face-ism. For instance, a prevalent face-ism phenomenon was observed in news magazines and women\'s magazines of the 1970s and 1980s. Face-ism has been documented in prime-time television programs. Evidence has been shown that face-ism is still present in mainstream printed media from as recently as 2004, and showed that men in intellectually focused occupations tend to have higher face-to-body ratios than women in similar professions, while women in physical occupations tend to have higher face-to-body ratios than men in similar professions. A cross-cultural study on face-ism found that face-ism in photographs of politicians is more pronounced in gender-egalitarian societies compared to gender-unequal societies.
There is no relation between face-ism and the perception of intellect.
## Implications
It was found that regardless of gender difference, news photographs featuring high face prominence tend to generate more positive ratings with regard to intelligence, ambition and physical appearance than those with low face prominence.
Similarly, another study argued that as a series of mental life dimensions including intelligence, personality, and character, are closely associated with the face and head; higher face-ism of men may convey impressions of greater intelligence, dominance, and control. In contrast, the greater body-ism of women (analyzed in television beer commercials) serves to reinforce the stereotypical images of women as trophies or sex objects without personalities.
Face-ism may not be merely restricted to gender difference but can apply to racial difference as well. For instance, the study revealed that Caucasians have higher face-ism than blacks across different media types
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# James Ogilvie (bishop)
**James Ogilvie** (died 1518) was a late medieval Scottish prelate who served as Bishop of Aberdeen. After the death of William Elphinstone (died 24 October 1514), the bishopric of Aberdeen became vacant. Ogilvie was nominated for the vacancy by John Stewart, Duke of Albany. At Rome however, Pope Leo X provided Robert Forman to the vacant see, while the canons of Aberdeen elect Alexander Gordon, allegedly under pressure from the latter\'s cousin Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl of Huntly. It was because of this that Ogilvie resigned his rights to this bishopric, and in compensation, became Commendator-Abbot of Dryburgh. During the early days of his commendatorship, it was recorded that he was a canon of the diocese of Aberdeen and the parson of Kinkell, Aberdeenshire. Ogilvie held the commendatorship for merely three years, dying on 30 May 1518
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# FK BSK Banja Luka
**Fudbalski klub BSK Banja Luka** (`{{lang-sr-Cyrl|Фудбалски клуб БCK Бања Лука}}`{=mediawiki}) is a professional association football club from the city of Banja Luka that is situated in Bosnia and Herzegovina. They play in the First League of the Republika Srpska.
*BSK* stands for *Banjalučki sportski klub* meaning \"Sports Society of Banja Luka\".
## History
Since the formation of the Bosnia and Herzegovina leagues, the club has spent most seasons in the second and third tiers of the football pyramid. From 2003 through 2006 they were named *BSK Crni Đorđe* and from 2006 through 2008 they were named *BSK Nektar*
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# İste
***İste*** (*Ask for It*) is the second Maxi Single (EP/hybrid album) released in 2004 of the Turkish pop singer Mustafa Sandal.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Credits
- Music direction, arrangements: Mustafa Sandal, Özgür Yedievli, Emre Irmak, Bülent Aris
- Mixing: Serkan Kula, Bülent Aris, Serdar Ağırlı
- Publishing: Yada Music
- Photography: Zeynel Abidin
## Music videos {#music_videos}
- \"İsyankar\" (This song had two music videos, one for the original version and one for the Beathoavenz Cut version featuring Gentleman)
- \"Kavrulduk\"
- \"Gel Aşkım\"
- \"All My Life\"
## Controversy
- The song \"İsyankar\" was believed to plagiarize parts from an older Punjabi MC song
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# FK Drina Zvornik
**Fudbalski klub Drina Zvornik** (Serbian Cyrillic: Фудбалски клуб Дрина Зворник) is a professional association football club from the city of Zvornik that is situated Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The club competes in the First League of the Republika Srpska and plays its home matches on the Gradski Stadion (*City Stadium*) in Zvornik, which has a capacity of 3,000 seats.
## History
Football was first played in Zvornik a little bit after World War I. The first football match was played in 1924 between a team from Zvornik against visitors from Srebrenica. The first football club was formed in 1933 and named **Zmaj od Noćaja**. It represented the Serb community of the town. A year later, a Bosniak club named **Sloga** was formed so the city of Zvornik had two football clubs split between ethnic lines during the period of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in between the First World War and Second World War. Just before the start of the Second World War the two clubs were dismembered, and a new club named **Omladinac** was formed.
Just after the end of the Second World War a new club, during the period of SFR Yugoslavia, FK Drina was formed. The first club president was Mr. Nikola Mastilica. The first match recorded by the press and probably the first match in competition was played on 17 May 1946, in Tuzla against FK Sloboda Tuzla. During the period of SFR Yugoslavia the club played mostly in lower national leagues.
During the 1990s, another team from Živinice also represented Drina Zvornik, but played in the Prva Liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine. With the break-up of Yugoslavia, in 1992, the Football Association of Republika Srpska was formed. FK Drina Zvornik was a member of the first league season in 1995--96 to be organised by the FAoRS. The league was divided into two groups and the club played in the First League -- East. In this first season, the club was relegated, but after only one season the club became champions of the Second League -- group Bijeljina, and was promoted into the First League of Republika Srpska in the 1997--98 season. The club suffered a relegation once more but would return to the First League once again in the 2002--03 season, this time staying in the league all the way up until 2010. In the 2009--10 season, the club was league champions, and now being the First League of Republika Srpska part of the Bosnia and Herzegovina league system, the club achieved its greatest result ever and earned a promotion to the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. But soon after, it was relegated again to the First League of Republika Srpska, after finishing last in the 2010--11 season.
In 2013--14 Drina Zvornik finished first in the First League of Republika Srpska and was then again promoted to the Premier League.
## Club seasons {#club_seasons}
Season League
------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------ ---- ----
Division P W D
1995--96 First League of the Republika Srpska 20 5
1996--97 Second League of RS -- Bijeljina
1997--98 First League of the Republika Srpska 34 15
1998--99 First League of the Republika Srpska 34 15
1999--00 First League of the Republika Srpska 38 16
Current format of Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2000--01 First League of FBiH 15 2
2002--03 First League of the Republika Srpska 28 8
2003--04 First League of the Republika Srpska 30 11
2004--05 First League of the Republika Srpska 30 13
2005--06 First League of the Republika Srpska 30 15
2006--07 First League of the Republika Srpska 30 13
2007--08 First League of the Republika Srpska 30 12
2008--09 First League of the Republika Srpska 30 11
2009--10 First League of the Republika Srpska 26 12
2010--11 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina 30 7
2011--12 First League of the Republika Srpska 26 9
2012--13 First League of the Republika Srpska 26 9
2013--14 First League of the Republika Srpska 26 15
2014--15 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina 30 6
2015--16 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina 30 7
2016--17 First League of the Republika Srpska 22 9
2017--18 First League of the Republika Srpska 22 10
2018--19 First League of the Republika Srpska 22 5
2019--20 First League of the Republika Srpska 16 10
2020--21 First League of the Republika Srpska 30 10
## Honours
### Domestic
#### League
- **First League of the Republika Srpska:**
- **Winners (2):** 2009--10, 2013--14
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# FK Drina Zvornik
## Players
### Current squad {#current_squad}
`{{Fs start}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=1|nat=BIH|name=Branislav Ružić|pos=GK}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=2|nat=BIH|name=Savo Veljkić|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=3|nat=SRB|name=Pavle Lazić|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=4|nat=BIH|name=Filip Blagojević|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=5|nat=BIH|name=Boris Andrić|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=6|nat=SRB|name=Filip Kojić|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=7|nat=BIH|name=Pavle Sušić|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=8|nat=BIH|name=Radovan Vasić|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=9|nat=MKD|name=Hristijan Denkovski|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=10|nat=BIH|name=Sasa Perić|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=11|nat=SRB|name=Drago Maksimović|pos=FW}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs mid}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=12|nat=BIH|name=Nebojša Gajić|pos=GK}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=13|nat=SRB|name=Luka Samardzija|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=14|nat=BIH|name=Danijel Culum|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=14|nat=BIH|name=Aleksa Marić|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=15|nat=BIH|name=Nikola Stanišić|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=16|nat=BIH|name=Ibrahim Hidić|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=18|nat=BIH|name=Jovan Novak|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=20|nat=CAN|name=[[Taha Ilyass]]|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BIH|name=David Jevtić|pos=GK}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BIH|name=Vladan Jezdić|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=SRB|name=Jovo Beatović|pos=FW}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs end}}`{=mediawiki}
### Notable players {#notable_players}
\'\'For the list of former and current players with Wikipedia article, please see :Category:FK Drina Zvornik players.
## Coaching staff {#coaching_staff}
------------------- ---------------------
Manager Miroslav Milanović
Assistant manager Goran Skiljević
Goalkeeper coach Dragan Aleksić
Doctor Dr
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# Paul Birch (writer)
**Paul Birch** (25 May 1956 -- 4 July 2012) was a British author, engineer and scientist, who worked in radioastronomy and satellite communications, and latterly wrote full-time.
He was educated at Merchant Taylors\' School, Crosby and Trinity College, Cambridge and worked for Marconi Defence Systems and Plessey Radar.
He was a former Fellow of the British Interplanetary Society.
He also notably worked on orbital rings and supramundane planets.
He stood for the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) in an election taking 11.3% of the vote. He was a Town Councillor in Cowes, Isle of Wight at the time of his death.
In 1982, Birch published a series of papers in the *Journal of the British Interplanetary Society* which described orbital rings and described a form which he called Partial Orbital Ring System (PORS)
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# Adrianichthys kruyti
***Adrianichthys kruyti*** (the **duck-billed buntingi** or **duckbilled buntingi**) is a critically endangered species of ricefish that is endemic to Lake Poso, Sulawesi, Indonesia. It was discovered by Max Wilhelm Carl Weber on his *Siboga Expedition* to Indonesia.
## Description
The duck-billed buntingi is on average about 11 cm long but can grow as long as 16 cm in length. Despite their size they were sometimes caught by local fishermen and eaten. The duck-billed buntingi has 14--16 dorsal soft rays and 24--25 anal soft rays. Its defining characteristic, which separates *Adrianichthys* from all other members of the family, Adrianichthyidae, is its peculiar \"duck-bill,\" or overhanging upper jaw. It has eyes that protrude above the dorsal profile of its head and are visible from below. It also has 14--16 rays in dorsal fin and about 75 scales in lateral rows.
## Conservation
Some local fisherman living near Lake Poso attribute the duck-billed buntingi\'s dramatic decrease in population to the massive eruption of Colo Volcano on Una-Una Island in Tomini Bay in 1983. This is unlikely to be the case. Instead most scientists believe the human introduction of the predatory fishes including snakehead, *Channa striata*, and tilapia, *Oreochromis mossambicus*, most likely led to their present conservation status.
### Conservation status {#conservation_status}
The duck-billed buntingi\'s status on the IUCN Red List changed from critically endangered to possibly extinct in 2019. Historically the species was not closely monitored so it is unclear when the species population began to decrease. It was listed as endangered until 1996 when Harrison and Stiassny published an article claiming that the duck-billed buntingi could be extinct, which led to the World Conservation Union changing the status of that species from endangered to critically endangered species on the IUCN Red List. The matter has been referred to the relevant Specialist Group for a decision. Harrison and Stiassny believe that one of the possible causes for the extinction or decline in the *A. kruyti* population was an introduced disease or parasite.
### Conservation history {#conservation_history}
- 1988 Endangered (IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre 1988)
- 1990 Endangered (IUCN 1990)
- 1994 Endangered (Groombridge 1994)
- 1996 Critically Endangered (IUCN 1996)
- 2019 Critically Endangered (PE) (IUCN 2019)
## Ecology
The duck-billed buntingi only live in Lake Poso which is a freshwater body with a pH range: 7.5 -- 8.5. Although little is known about their reproductive tendencies, their predators, or who they prey on, one of their closest relatives, the *Xenopoecilus poptae*, may serve to give us some indication of the duck-billed buntingi\'s biology. *X. poptae* was said to have congregated in great shoals of 12--15 m deep from November to January. *X. poptae* reproductive systems are atypical they are believed to have voided eggs that hatched on contact with the lake water.
## Etymology
The specific name honours the Dutch medical missionary Albert Christian Kruyt (1889-1949) who obtained the type for Weber, and who was a colleague of Nicolaus Adriani after whom the genus Adrianichthys is named. *A. kuyti* is the type species of its genus
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# FK Famos Vojkovići
**Fudbalski klub Famos Vojkovići** (Serbian Cyrillic: Фудбалски клуб Фамос Војковићи) is a football club from the Vojkovići, part of the City of Istočno Sarajevo in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The club competes in the second tier-First League of the Republika Srpska. Their neighbors from the community of Hrasnica in Ilidža are only 3,5 kilometers away and called Famos Hrasnica
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| 0 |
11,013,977 |
# Defence Force Service Medal
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ The **Defence Force Service Medal** (DFSM) is an Australian Military award given for long service by permanent members of the Australian Defence Force. It is part of the suite of defence force service awards introduced in 1982, which also included the Reserve Force Decoration (RFD, for officers of the Australian Defence Force Reserves) and the Reserve Force Medal (RFM, for non-commissioned members of the Reserve forces).
All three medals were replaced with effect 20 April 1999 with a single medal, the Defence Long Service Medal, which is now awarded to all permanent and reserve members irrespective of rank.
Additional service clasps are issued for each further 5 years after the initial 15 year qualifying service period. On the ribbon, a rosette indicates the award of each clasp, although a small Federation Star indicates the fifth and subsequent clasps. With the introduction of the Defence Long Service Medal, the DFSM is now a closed award with only clasps to existing awards continuing to be issued.
## Description
- The DFSM is a cupro-nickel circular chamfered medal. The obverse has the Joint Service Emblem.
- The reverse is inscribed \"For Efficient Service in the Permanent Forces\" in capital letters around the circumference.
- The ribbon has three equal stripes of gold and azure-blue edged with azure-blue. The colours were the national colours of Australia at the time of introduction.
- The clasp is a cupro-nickel bar with the Royal Cypher flanked by sprigs of wattle in the centre. When the ribbon is worn alone a clasp is indicated by the addition of a cupro-nickel round rosette, or a silver miniature Federation Star.
## Other Australian long service awards {#other_australian_long_service_awards}
Other Australian long service awards include:
- Reserve Force Decoration
- Reserve Force Medal
- Defence Long Service Medal
- National Medal
- Australian Cadet Forces Service Medal
Australian Defence Medal
While not awarded for \"long service\" *per se*, the Australian Defence Medal is sometimes classified as a \"long service medal\" -- it is intended to recognise all those who completed an obligation to serve their country (whether voluntarily or conscripted)
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# Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated)
The **Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated)** (*Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland (vrijgemaakt)*) was an orthodox Calvinist federation of churches. This church body arose in 1944 out of the so-called Liberation (**Vrijmaking**) from the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, when many pastors and members refused to go along with the General Synod\'s demand to hold to \"presumed regeneration of infants\" at their baptism. Klaas Schilder played an important role in the Liberation. There were 270 affiliated local congregations with a total of about 120,000 members in 2016.
From 2017 onwards the denomination had been in the process of merging with the Netherlands Reformed Churches. On May 1, 2023 the two denominations officially merged into the Dutch Reformed Churches.
## Name
After the Liberation the church maintained that they were the legitimate continuation of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands and thus adopted that name (Dutch *Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland*). However, because the denomination from which they had separated continued using that name, the addition \"liberated\" was used colloquially, although never officially, to distinguish the new denomination. Members of the Liberated church referred to the denomination from which they separated as the *synodical* church, which signified the remaining members\' adherence to the rulings by the National Synod against which the Liberated churches protested. An older name for the Reformed Churches (Liberated) was *Article 31 Churches* in reference to one of the articles in the Church Order at the centre of the dispute between the two groups.
## Organisation and government {#organisation_and_government}
The Reformed Churches (Liberated) had a structure which combined congregational and presbyterian polity, with strong emphasis on the authority vested in each congregation. Local congregations were ruled by a church council or consistory, made up of the pastor(s) and the elders. The church council ruled and organised the congregation. Most meetings of the church council were open to the members, except when matters of church discipline were discussed. All congregations also had a number of deacons who assisted the church council with more practical matters. Elders and deacons were elected for limited terms.
Nationwide the Reformed Churches (Liberated) were organised as follows. A group of local congregations were organised in a *classis*. In 2018 there were 31 classes in the denomination. Decisions by the local church council could be appealed to classis. A number of classes were grouped together in a *regional synod* (Dutch *particuliere synode*). The highest body was the national or *general synod*, which convened every three years.
## Doctrine and practice {#doctrine_and_practice}
The Reformed Churches (Liberated) were an orthodox Neo-Calvinist Protestant denomination. They subscribed to the infallibity of the Bible, to the Nicene Creed, the Apostles\' Creed, the Athanasian Creed and the Three Forms of Unity (the Heidelberg Catechism, the Belgic Confession and the Canons of Dort).
As Calvinists, the Reformed Churches (Liberated) practised infant baptism for the children of believers (as well as adult baptism for adult converts). Children were taught the tenets of the faith and encouraged to publicly profess their faith (usually in late teens), by which they became professing (and voting) members of the church. The Lord\'s Supper was typically \"closed\", meaning that only professing members were permitted to participate, although many congregations would allow guests to participate if prior notice (through the use of so-called *communion letters* \[**avondmaalsbriefjes**\]) or satisfactory proof of a living faith was given. Children who had not professed their faith were excluded from participation in the Lord\'s Supper.
According to Ad de Bruijne, the denomination regarded homosexuality as sin, but \"hardly any local church really disciplines it when a couple comes to the church and wants to partake in the Holy Supper.\"
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# Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated)
## History
The Reformed Churches (Liberated) came out of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands. By the early 20th century, disputes were starting to arise within this denomination, especially about Abraham Kuyper\'s view of the covenant. These came to a head during World War II, when the general synod ruled in favour of Kuyper\'s view that essentially questioned the inclusion of children of believers into the covenant. A number of theologians and pastors disagreed with this ruling, arguing that it contradicted the plain facts of Scripture, and attempted to appeal the decision. The general synod enforced this view strictly, demanding among others that new licentiates (recent graduates from the theological seminary seeking a call) subscribe to the Kuyperian view. The protesters also objected that the general synod was abusing its authority by remaining functional for longer than the three years allowed under the rules of the Church Order. In 1944, when a number of protesting pastors and theologians were defrocked by the general synod, a large number of local congregations separated from the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, led by Klaas Schilder among others, to form their own denomination, an event referred to as the *Liberation* (**Vrijmaking**). No serious attempts at reconciliation were ever made by either side. The first decades after the Liberation were marked by a considerable inward turn. The Reformed Churches (Liberated) shunned outside contacts. They formed their own cultural, societal and political organisations. In these early years, there was a powerful radical wing that supported the view that the Liberated churches were the \"only true Church\" in the Netherlands. This view led in part to the schism of 1967, when a group that formed the Netherlands Reformed Churches broke away. The \"only true Church\" movement soon waned in influence, though it remained in existence until the start of the 21st century. By the 1990s, serious attempts to connect with like-minded orthodox churches were being made.
In 2003, a small number of members separated from the Reformed Churches (Liberated) to form the New Reformed Churches out of protest against recent rulings by the general synod. This schism was instigated largely by the *Reformanda* movement, a continuing element of the radical wing of the church, which still held to the \"only true church\" view. This movement objected to what it saw as liberalising tendencies within the denomination, in particular to the introduction of hymns (*Reformanda* approves only the Psalter) and the synod\'s decisions regarding the Fourth Commandment (keeping of the Sabbath) and remarriage after divorce. *Reformanda* alleged that in these areas the Liberated churches were violating Scripture and the movement urged local congregations to refuse to confirm the synod\'s Acts. The objectors decided to secede. They formed the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (restored), with 10 congegrations and 1,475 members (2022).
In 2009 yet another group of people separated from the Reformed Churches (Liberated). They formed the Reformed Churches Netherlands. In 2024 this group merged with the New Reformed Churches into the Reformed Churches.
Until 2004, the Reformed Churches (Liberated) enjoyed slow but steady growth. However, in the years since, the denomination has seen a reversal. In 2004, nearly 800 members left, in 2005, the church lost 340 members. Most departing members of 2007 joined the Protestant Church in the Netherlands, while others left for the Netherlands Reformed Churches, the Christian Reformed Churches and Evangelical churches.
In 2015, there were 120,688 members in 277 congregations.
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# Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated)
## Societal organisations {#societal_organisations}
After the *Liberation*, a number of church-related political and cultural institutions were founded. The daily newspaper *Nederlands Dagblad* originated within the Reformed Churches (Liberated) and, although it now serves a wider Christian and Reformed audience, still has strong ties to the denomination.
A political party, the Gereformeerd Politiek Verbond (GPV) was organised as well. Traditionally, this party was always a small conservative party with roughly 2 out of 150 seats in the House of Representatives. In the 1980s and 1990s, the party became more progressive. This party often collaborated with the RPF and the SGP, two similar political parties of comparable size, organised by other orthodox Reformed denominations. In 2001, GPV merged with RPF to form the ChristenUnie. In the 2006 elections this party gained 6 seats in parliament as well as a pivotal role in the resulting coalition government. Former GPV politician Eimert van Middelkoop became Minister of Defence.
### Educational institutes {#educational_institutes}
The church ran 129 schools: 124 elementary schools, four comprehensive high schools, and one college. These private schools enjoyed special protection by Royal Decree, which means that they could not be forced to accept pupils from backgrounds that were incompatible with their Reformed views. Partly as a result of this Royal Decree, they could only employ staff who are members of the Reformed Churches (Liberated), although they would enroll pupils from families willing to comply with the Reformed doctrines.
It had a theological institute in Kampen, the Theological University of the Reformed Churches. It offered the Bachelor of Theology and the Master of Divinity.
## International relations {#international_relations}
The Reformed Churches (Liberated) has been a member of the International Conference of Reformed Churches, until their membership was suspended in 2017 for having adopted women's ordination. They maintained strong relations with many foreign Reformed and Presbyterian churches, and sister church relations existed with dozens of churches around the world.
Their relationships with the Canadian Reformed Churches and Free Reformed Churches of Australia have been particularly strong in the past, seeing as these federations were founded shortly after World War II by Dutch immigrants who had come out of the Liberation. However, in 2012 the FRCA expressed concern at what they perceived to be a \"liberal way of interpreting Scripture\" present in the RCN, and in June 2015 decided to suspend the sister-church relationship, The Canadian Reformed Churches decided at Synod Dunnville 2016 that accepting RCN attestations and allowing RCN ministers on the pulpit would no longer be automatic. The FRCA completely terminated their relationship with the Reformed Churches (Liberated) at their Synod Bunbury 2018, and the Canadian Reformed Churches did the same at their Synod Edmonton 2019. The Reformed Church of the United States had made a similar decision in May 2018.
The Liberated Churches were active on the mission field and collaborated closely with other Calvinist churches
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# Stanserhorn
The **Stanserhorn** is a mountain in Switzerland, located in the canton of Nidwalden near the border with Obwalden, with the peak at 1898 m above sea level.
It is a popular tourist destination, which can be reached from the adjacent town of Stans by a funicular railway and cable car, or via walking routes from Stans or Dallenwil.
## History
The first public transport route to the peak was started in 1891 and completed in 1893, a three section funicular railway. The builders were the business partners Franz Josef Bucher-Durrer and Josef Durrer-Gasser.
The first section started from Stans town, through the low pastures above the town and over three level crossings, to an intermediate station at Kälti (also sometimes spelt Chälti). The second section continued through forest to another intermediate station at Bluematt (also sometimes spelled Blumatt), then the third section crossed the high pastures and the exposed slope leading up to the summit station and hotel. This third section included a 160 m long tunnel and a number of avalanche protection walls; the final section of it was carried on a stone embankment. Each section was electrically powered (making it one of the world\'s first electrically powered mountain railways), with the complete trip to the summit taking 45 minutes.
The railway ran a tourist service until 1970, when on the night of the 2/3 October the funicular cable was struck by lightning. This started a fire that destroyed the summit hotel and the driving engine for the third section in its basement. As a result of this, and also the imminent expiry of the concession, the second funicular section stopped operating in 1974. Part of the driving engine of this section can be seen today outside the summit buildings, while parts of two cars can still be seen at the former Bluematt station.
A new cable car was built to replace the two upper funicular sections, which started operation in May 1975. The first funicular section continued in operation, as it does to this day.
In 2001 a revolving restaurant was built at the summit station, and in 2003 an outside observation deck was added.
In 2010 construction work started on a new cable car to replace the 1975 installation. This was to be a new design, the world\'s first \"CabriO\" double deck open top cable car, built by Garaventa. Carrying 60 passengers per cabin with room for 30 on the open deck, passengers are able to observe the mountain scenery as well as the cable and engineering installations during the six-minute journey. While this new cable car was being built, the first funicular section and its original wooden cars were renovated. The final run of the former cable car was on 23 October 2011; the renovated funicular and new \"CabriO\" were opened on 29 June 2012.
## Visiting
The funicular railway and cable car normally run daily from mid-April to mid-November.
The journey to the top starts in Stans town at the original 1893 bottom station (450 m elevation), close to Stans railway station on the Luzern-Engelberg line. The journey, on the original wooden funicular wagons, takes 9 minutes to the Kälti intermediate station (714 m altitude). From here the \"CabriO\" cable car takes 6`{{frac|1|4}}`{=mediawiki} minutes to the summit station (1850 m altitude). The cable car closely follows the route of the original second and third stage funiculars, and the remains of the track and the Bluematt station can still be seen.
The summit buildings include a self-service restaurant, three meeting/dining rooms, a souvenir shop, and a sun terrace and observation deck.
From the summit buildings, a round trip walk is available around the summit (30 minutes), or to the peak at 1898 m altitude. From the peak, on a clear day, as well as the mountains around there are views as far as Alsace and the Black Forest in Germany. Ten lakes in total are visible: the Zugersee, Wichelsee, Vierwaldstättersee, Sempachersee, Sarnersee, Hallwilersee, Gerzensee, Bannalpsee, Baldeggersee and Alpnachersee.
A variety of hiking trail routes are available down to Bluematt-Kälti-Stans, Ahornhütte-Büren, Wiesenberg-Dallenwil, or Wirzweli-Wolfenschiessen. The routes to/from the summit are closed in winter or in bad weather.
## Gallery
<File:Stanserhorn> Aussicht.jpg\|View from Stanserhorn <File:Stanserhorn> - 01-D.jpg <File:Stanserhorn> - 02-D.jpg <File:Blick> von Stanserhorn über den Wolken 5.JPG <File:Cabriobahn.jpg%7CThe> *CabriO* cable car <File:Stanserhorn> Seilbahn Cabriogondel 2.JPG\|arriving at mountain station. <File:Stanserhorn> Standseilbahn Talfahrt Ausweichung.JPG\|lower section funicular tracks <File:Switzerland>; and the adjacent portions of Italy, Savoy and Tyrol; handbook for travellers (1913) (14597228197).jpg <File:Stanserhorn> beyond Alpancher See
| 748 |
Stanserhorn
| 0 |
11,014,005 |
# Reserve Force Medal
The **Reserve Force Medal** (RFM) is an Australian Military award given for long service by non-commissioned members of the Reserve Forces. It is part of the suite of defence force service awards introduced in 1982, which also included the Defence Force Service Medal (DFSM, for all members of the permanent forces) and the Reserve Force Decoration (RFD, for officers of the Reserve forces).
All three medals were replaced with effect 20 April 1999 with a single medal, the Defence Long Service Medal, which is now awarded to all permanent and reserve members irrespective of rank.
Additional service clasps, each indicating a further 5 years after the initial 15 year qualifying service, can still be issued to persons awarded the RFD, RFM or DFSM. The first four clasps to the medal are indicated by rosettes. These are replaced by a single silver Federation Star for the fifth clasp. Additional Federation Star emblems are added for subsequent clasps.
## Description
- The Reserve Force Medal is an oval cupro-nickel medal, ensigned with the Crown of Saint Edward. The obverse has the Joint Service Emblem on a rayed background.
- The reverse is inscribed \"For Efficient Service in the Reserve Forces\" in capital letters.
- The ribbon is azure blue with gold edges. The colours were the national colours of Australia at the time of introduction.
- The clasp is a cupro-nickel bar with the Royal Cypher flanked by sprigs of wattle in the centre. When the ribbon is worn alone a clasp is indicated by the addition of a cupro-nickel oval rosette or a silver Federation Star.
## Related medals {#related_medals}
Other Australian long service awards include:
- Defence Force Service Medal
- Defence Long Service Medal (currently awarded)
- National Medal (Australia)
- Australian Cadet Forces Service Medal
While the Australian Defence Medal is sometimes classified as a \"long service medal\", it is intended to recognise all those who completed an obligation to serve their country (whether voluntarily or conscripted), and is not awarded for \"long service\" per se
| 342 |
Reserve Force Medal
| 0 |
11,014,069 |
# Guadeloupe raccoon
The **Guadeloupe raccoon** (***Procyon lotor minor***) is a common raccoon subspecies endemic to the two main islands (Basse-Terre Island and Grande-Terre) of Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles.
## Classification
Thought in the past to be a distinct species, the Guadeloupe raccoon is a subspecies of the common raccoon (*Procyon lotor*), according to two studies in 1999 and 2003. The study of its morphological and genetic traits done in 2003 by Kristofer M. Helgen and Don E. Wilson indicated that the Guadeloupe raccoon was introduced by humans just a few centuries ago. This assumption is supported by the fact that the Guadeloupe raccoon seems to be closely related to the Bahamian raccoon (*Procyon lotor maynardi*), which is endemic on New Providence Island in the Bahamas, an archipelago nearly 2,000 km (1,243 mi) away, and that evidence exists of former raccoon populations on Cuba, Hispaniola and Jamaica. Therefore, the Guadeloupe raccoon is listed to be conspecific with the Bahaman raccoon in the third edition of Mammal Species of the World and its former scientific name *Procyon (lotor) minor* is listed as a synonym for *Procyon lotor maynardi.* According to Pons' haplotype comparisons done by his study, the genetic distance between the *lotor* subspecies and *P. l. minor* was shorter than between *P. l. hirtus*, *pallidus* and *lotor*. Raccoons of Arizona are the most divergent, as they are from separate branches, whereas Guadeloupe raccoons are most similar to raccoons from Virginia and Maryland.
## Description
Compared to an average sized raccoon, the Guadeloupe raccoon is small with a delicate skull, making it an example of insular dwarfism. The coat is dark gray, with a slight ocher tint on the neck and shoulders. On the underparts, only a few guard hairs cover the light brown ground hairs.
## Conservation
In 1996, the Guadeloupe raccoon was classified as endangered by the IUCN because its population number of less than 2,500 mature individuals has continued to decline. Considering its small range, the Guadeloupe raccoon was most likely never numerous, just as the four other island raccoons: the Cozumel raccoon, Tres Marias raccoon, Bahamian raccoon and the extinct Barbados raccoon.
The Guadeloupe raccoon suffers from the destruction of its habitat, mangrove forests and the rainforest, on Guadeloupe. Furthermore, it is threatened by the reported introduction of the crab-eating raccoon. The Guadeloupe raccoon has been chosen as emblematic species for the Guadeloupe National Park, but it may face extinction without additional conservation efforts.
On the other hand, Helgen and Wilson are of the opinion that the Guadeloupe raccoon itself could be considered to be an invasive species which poses a threat to the insular ecosystem
| 440 |
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| 0 |
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# Defence Long Service Medal
The **Defence Long Service Medal** is an Australian military award given for long service by permanent and reserve members of the Australian Defence Force (ADF), irrespective of rank. It was introduced in 1998, and replaced the suite of ADF service awards introduced in 1982, which comprised the Defence Force Service Medal, the Reserve Force Medal and the Reserve Force Decoration.
It is awarded to personnel who complete 15 years of Regular or Reserve service, or combinations thereof, on or after 14 February 1975. Additional service clasps, each indicating a further 5 years after the initial 15 year qualifying service, are issued. The first four clasps to the medal are indicated by rosettes on the ribbon. These are replaced by a single silver Federation Star for the fifth clasp. Additional Federation Star emblems are added for subsequent clasps.
## Description
According to the Australian Department of Defence, the medal is described as:
- The DLSM is a cupro-nickel medal. The obverse has the Joint Service Emblem surrounded by two sprays of wattle leaves and blossom.
- The reverse has a central horizontal panel surrounded by the inscription \"For Service in the Australian Defence Force\" in capital letters.
- The ribbon has a central panel of seven alternating blue and gold stripes flanked by blue stripes gold edges. The colours and design reflect those of the replaced medals.
- The clasp is a cupronickel bar with the Royal Cypher flanked by sprigs of wattle in the centre. When the ribbon is worn alone a clasp is indicated by the addition of a cupro-nickel round rosette or a silver miniature Federation Star.
## Related medals {#related_medals}
Other Australian long service awards include:
- Defence Force Service Medal
- Reserve Force Medal
- Reserve Force Decoration
- National Medal (Australia)
- Australian Cadet Forces Service Medal
While the Australian Defence Medal is sometimes classified as a \"long service medal\", it is intended to recognise all those who completed an obligation to serve their country (whether voluntarily or conscripted), and is not awarded for \"long service\" per se
| 348 |
Defence Long Service Medal
| 0 |
11,014,073 |
# FK Jedinstvo Brčko
**Fudbalski klub Jedinstvo Brčko** (Serbian Cyrillic: Фудбалски клуб Јединство Бpчкo) was a professional association football club, founded in 1919 in the city of Brčko that is situated in the Brčko District, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The club competed in the First League of the Republika Srpska, a second-tier competition in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The club played its home matches on the Gradski stadion (*City Stadium*) in Brčko, which has a capacity of 16,000 seats.
Jedinstvo used to compete in the Yugoslav Second League before the break-up of SFR Yugoslavia. They were promoted to the second league as champions of the third league in 2015.
As of 13 April 2022, Jedinstvo has been disbanded and is no longer competing in any football tournament, seemingly caused by a lack of funds and enthusiasm for the club.
## Honours
### Domestic
#### League
- **Second League of the Republika Srpska:**
- **Winners (2):** 2016--17 `{{small|''(east)''}}`{=mediawiki}, 2018--19 `{{small|''(east)''}}`{=mediawiki}
#### Cups
- **Republika Srpska Cup:**
- **Winners (2):** 2002--03, 2004--05
## Club seasons {#club_seasons}
Source:
Season League
------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Division P W D
1996--97 First League of the RS -- East 22 6
1997--98 Second League of RS -- Group \"Bijeljina\" 25 14
1998--99 First League of the BiH 34 11
1999--00 First League of the RS 38 14
Current format of Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2001--02 First League of the Republika Srpska 30 6
2002--03 First League of the Republika Srpska 28 12
2003--04 First League of the Republika Srpska 30 13
2004--05 First League of the Republika Srpska 30 14
2005--06 First League of the Republika Srpska 30 11
2006--07 First League of the Republika Srpska 30 11
2007--08 Second League of RS -- East
2008--09 First League of the Republika Srpska 30 10
2009--10 Second League of RS -- East
2010--11 Second League of RS -- East 26 16
2014--15 Regional League RS - East 26 21
2015--16 Second League of RS -- East 28 11
2016--17 Second League of RS -- East 30 19
2017--18 Second League of RS -- East 30 10
2018--19 Second League of RS -- East 27 24
2019--20 First League of the Republika Srpska 13 2
2020--21 First League of the Republika Srpska 30 4
## Players
### Current squad {#current_squad}
`{{Fs start}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no= 1|nat=BIH|name=[[Ibrahim Dagoja]]|pos=GK}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no= 2|nat=BIH|name=[[Slavko Aleksić (Bosnian footballer)|Slavko Aleksić]]|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no= 3|nat=BIH|name=[[Lazar Krošnjar]]|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no= 4|nat=BIH|name=[[Berlin Torlaković]]|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no= 5|nat=BIH|name=[[Strahinja Đurđić]]|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no= 6|nat=BIH|name=[[Davor Arnautović]]|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no= 7|nat=BIH|name=[[Mirzet Buljubašić]]|pos=FW}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no= 8|nat=BIH|name=[[Savo Đokić]]|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no= 9|nat=BIH|name=[[Željko Mitrović (Bosnian footballer)|Željko Mitrović]]|pos=FW}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=10|nat=SRB|name=[[Strahinja Macanović]]|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=11|nat=BIH|name=[[Stefan Božić]]|pos=FW}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=12|nat=BIH|name=[[Igor Vukadinović]]|pos=GK}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs mid}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=13|nat=BIH|name=[[Stefan Pajić]]|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=14|nat=BIH|name=[[Sanjin Subotić]]|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=15|nat=BIH|name=[[Viktor Draganić]]|pos=FW}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=16|nat=BIH|name=[[Danijel Ilić]]|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=17|nat=BIH|name=[[Branislav Šer]]|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=18|nat=BIH|name=[[Semin Šabanović]]|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=19|nat=BIH|name=[[Nikola Ivić]]|pos=FW}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BIH|name=[[Dragan Živanović]]|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BIH|name=[[Edin Kesić]]|pos=}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BIH|name=[[Vanja Zekić]]|pos=}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BIH|name=[[Amar H. Jusufović]]|pos=}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs end}}`{=mediawiki}
### Former players {#former_players}
For the list of former players with Wikipedia article, please see :Category:FK Jedinstvo Brčko players
| 492 |
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11,014,082 |
# From Here to Infinity
***From Here to Infinity**\'\' (rendered on the cover and label art as***From Here → Infinity**\'\') is the first solo album by the Sonic Youth guitarist/songwriter Lee Ranaldo. The album consists of several compositions performed by Ranaldo with guitar, amplifier feedback, and guitar stompbox effects recorded onto extended tape loops.
## Album history {#album_history}
The album was originally released by SST Records on lock groove vinyl, which allowed the listener to listen to the remaining few seconds of each composition for as long as they desired. On the original vinyl recording, Ranaldo created a few of the tracks directly in the mastering studio where the cutting of the original vinyl version took place. In addition to the locked grooves, the LP was mastered at 45 RPM (although the vinyl\'s record label also gave a \"varispeed\" designation, suggesting that the record could be enjoyed at any speed) and also contained on the album\'s second side an engraving of the serpent designed by Savage Pencil, which was given its own track number, title, and facetious \"infinity\" track length.
The spontaneous insertion of recordings during the vinyl cutting stage proved to be both a blessing and a minor setback when it came time for the compact disc edition of the album to be created, according to Ranaldo\'s sleeve note on the CD edition; Ranaldo utilized a combination of the original master tapes, and recordings taken directly from a vinyl copy of the album to reproduce the tracks that Ranaldo had done in the mastering studio. Ranaldo also extended the length of many of the tracks, and cut new tape loops based on the original recordings \"to replace certain lock grooves\" that the artist \"wasn\'t altogether happy with\" on the original record. The utilization of some transfers from a vinyl copy inspired Ranaldo to boast on the bottom of the sleeve note that the CD edition of *From Here to Infinity* was \"the only compact disc with surface noise\".
The album reached #20 in the UK Indie Chart, spending six weeks on the chart.
The title was taken out of print after a business dispute between Sonic Youth and SST led to the deletion of all Sonic Youth titles from the SST catalog, although the title did remain on SST catalog inserts for a few years afterward; as of the spring of 2007, no new edition of *From Here to Infinity* is planned, although used/leftover copies of the CD trade for an average of \$14 to \$28 on such sites as Half.com.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
### Original vinyl edition {#original_vinyl_edition}
#### Side one {#side_one}
1. \"Time Stands Still\" -- 2:40
2. \"Destruction Site\" -- 1:17
3. \"Ouroboron\" -- 0:46
4. \"Slo Drone\" -- 1:10
5. \"New Groove Loop\" -- 0:48
6. \"Florida Flower\" -- 0:40
7. \"Hard Left\" -- 0:18
#### Side two {#side_two}
1. \"Fuzz/Locusts\" -- 1:04
2. \"To Mary\" -- 0:40
3. \"Lathe Speaks\" -- 1:39
4. \"The Resolution\" -- 0:48
5. \"Sav X\" -- ∞
- This track is actually an etching of Savage Pencil\'s dragon from the front cover.
6. \"The Open End\" -- 0:24
### Compact disc edition {#compact_disc_edition}
1. \"Time Stands Still\" -- 3:51
2. \"Destruction Site\" -- 2:17
3. \"Ouroboron\" -- 1:41
4. \"Slo Drone\" -- 2:25
5. \"New Groove Loop\" -- 2:50
6. \"Florida Flower\" -- 1:05
7. \"Hard Left\" -- 1:43
8. \"Fuzz/Locusts\" -- 2:06
9. \"To Mary (X2)\" -- 3:26
10. \"Lathe Speaks\" -- 1:58
11. \"The Resolution\" -- 2:13
12. \"King\'s Ogg\" -- 4:15
- Savage Pencil\'s dragon etching (aka the \"track\" \"Sav X\" from side two of the vinyl) is reproduced on the CD\'s silkscreened label
| 609 |
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| 0 |
11,014,097 |
# Robert Selander
**Robert W. Selander** was the President and Chief Executive Officer of MasterCard until 1 July 2010 when he was succeeded by Ajay Banga. He had held this position since April 1997. Before that he spent 20 years with Citibank, where he developed their global branch network and managed Citibank's Diners Club International credit card business throughout the United States, Canada and Europe.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Selander earned his undergraduate degree in industrial engineering from Cornell University in 1972 and was a member of the Quill and Dagger society and the Sigma Chi Fraternity. He earned his MBA from the Harvard Business School. In 2005 Selander was presented with a Doctor of International Business Honoris Causa from Richmond The American International University in London.
Selander serves on the Board of Directors of Western Union Company, HealthEquity, Inc., and Fidelity Equity and High Income. He also served on the Board of Directors of MasterCard Incorporated, MasterCard International and Hartford Financial Services Group Inc.
In February 2006, Selander had surgery for prostate cancer, which delayed the initial public offering of MasterCard
| 184 |
Robert Selander
| 0 |
11,014,144 |
# Leonie Sandercock
**Leonie Sandercock** (born 1949) is an urban planner and academic focusing on community planning and multiculturalism. Her work spans the interdisciplinary fields of urban studies, urban policy and planning and elucidates issues of difference, social justice and possibility. She has been teaching at the School of Community & Regional Planning at University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, since 2001.
## Education and career {#education_and_career}
Sandercock received an MFA (screenwriting) from University of California at Los Angeles (1989), a PhD, Australian National University (1974) and a BA (Hons), University of Adelaide (1970). She has served as a senior academic in Australia at Macquarie University, RMIT University and the University of Melbourne, as well as UCLA. Sandercock is married to John Friedmann.
Leonie was professor and head of graduate Urban Studies at Macquarie University in Sydney from 1981- 1986 before moving to Los Angeles, where she had two careers, one in screenwriting, the other teaching in the Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Planning at UCLA. After moving to Canada and working on a documentary with two First Nations in north central British Columbia, Leonie\'s interest has shifted to Indigenous/non-Indigenous relations in Canada and other settler societies.
Her research now focuses on working with First Nations through collaborative community planning, using the medium of film as a catalyst for dialogue on the possibilities of healing, reconciliation, and partnership. She recently completed a documentary (with Giovanni Attili) entitled \"Finding Our Way.\" Her current project, in collaboration with the Council of the Haida Nation and the Nunavut Independent TV Network, is developing a feature film script about the Haida, in Haida language, through a community story harvesting process.
Other research interests include immigration, cultural diversity and integration; a more therapeutic model of planning; the importance of stories and storytelling in planning theory and practice; and the role of multimedia in planning.
Since 2010 Leonie has been working on a new curriculum, Indigenous Community Planning, within the master\'s degree in Planning at the School of Community & Regional Planning at UBC. This curriculum has been designed and is now being delivered in partnership with the Musqueam First Nation. In 2014 there are 12 students enrolled in the ICP program.
## Publications
Sandercock has published many books, the most influential of which is *Towards Cosmopolis: Planning for Multicultural Cities* (1997), and its sequel *Cosmopolis 2: Mongrel Cities of the 21st Century* which won the Paul Davidoff Award from the American Collegiate Schools of Planning in 2005. These books established Sandercock as one of the foremost urban planning theorists concerning issues of multiculturalism in contemporary cities, and she is widely in demand internationally as a speaker.
## Awards
In 2005 Sandercock was awarded the Dale Prize for Excellence in Urban and Regional Planning (community engagement), and in 2007 she received the BMW Group Award for Intercultural Learning for her writing on Cosmopolitan Urbanism and for her collaboration with Collingwood Neighbourhood House in Vancouver. Her film (with Giovanni Attili), *Where Strangers Become Neighbours* (National Film Board of Canada, 2007) has also won several awards.
She has also written books about sport (Australian football), and about the Australian labour movement, and had one of her screenplays (Captive) produced as an ABC TV Movie of the Week in 1992. Her most recent book (with Giovanni Attili, her research partner since 2005), is the edited collection, \"Multimedia Explorations in Urban Policy and Planning: beyond the flatlands\" (2010).
In September 2012 Sandercock was awarded an Honorary Doctorate for her lifetime contribution to planning scholarship by Roskilde University, Denmark.
## Selected publications {#selected_publications}
- Sandercock, L and Attili, G (2014) \'Changing the Lens: Film as Action Research and Therapeutic Planning Practice\', *Journal of Planning Education and Research*.
- Sandercock, L and Attili, G (2010) Multimedia Explorations in Urban Policy and Planning, Springer (`{{ISBN|9789048132089}}`{=mediawiki})
- Attili, G and Sandercock, L (2010) Finding Our Way, 90 minute documentary, Vancouver: Moving Images.
- Sandercock, L and Attili, G (2009) Where Strangers Become Neighbours: integrating immigrants in Vancouver, Canada, Springer, (`{{ISBN|9781402090349}}`{=mediawiki})
- Attili, G and Sandercock, L (2007) Where Strangers Become Neighbours, 50 minute documentary, Montreal: National Film Board of Canada
- Sandercock, L (2003) Cosmopolis II: Mongrel Cities in the 21st Century, London: Continuum (`{{ISBN|0826470459}}`{=mediawiki} and 0826464637 (pbk.))
- Sandercock, L (1998) Towards Cosmopolis: planning for multicultural cities, London: John Wiley (`{{ISBN|0471971979}}`{=mediawiki} and 0471971987 (pbk))
- Sandercock, L (Ed)(1998) Making the invisible visible : a multicultural planning history, Berkeley : University of California Press (`{{ISBN|0520207343}}`{=mediawiki} (alk. paper) 052020735 (pbk))
- Sandercock, L (1990) Property, Politics, and Urban Planning: a history of Australian city planning, 1890-1990, Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Press.
- Sandercock, L (1979) The Land Racket, Canberra: Silverfish.
- Sandercock, L (1975) Cities for sale : property, politics and urban planning in Australia, Carlton, Vic
| 793 |
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| 0 |
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# FK Ljubić Prnjavor
**Fudbalski klub Ljubić** (Serbian Cyrillic: Фудбалски клуб Љубић Пpњaвop) is a football club from the town of Prnjavor, in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The club competes in the First League of the Republika Srpska
| 39 |
FK Ljubić Prnjavor
| 0 |
11,014,153 |
# Aristotle's Masterpiece
***Aristotle\'s Masterpiece***, also known as ***The Works of Aristotle, the Famous Philosopher***, is a sex manual and a midwifery book that was popular in England from the early modern period through to the nineteenth century. It was first published in 1684 and written by an unknown author who falsely claimed to be Aristotle. As a consequence the author is now described as a Pseudo-Aristotle, the collective name for unidentified authors who masqueraded as Aristotle. Some claim that the book was banned in Britain until the 1960s, although there was no provision in the UK for \"banning\" books as such. However, reputable publishers and booksellers might have been cautious about selling *Aristotle\'s Masterpiece*, at least in the wake of the 1857 Obscene Publications Act.
## Content
Although many people in the twenty-first century might think of early modern readers as prudish, *Aristotle's Masterpiece* was not only a book on midwifery but also a sex manual. It therefore gave frank explanations of topics ranging from childbirth to \"the purpose, pleasures, and particulars of sex.\" Also, unlike many later texts, it acknowledged women's sexual pleasure -- something that people often downplayed in later centuries after male midwives rose in popularity and open conversations about sex became less common.
### Versions
Through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the work was published in three different versions in 9, 20 and 78 editions respectively. The first version borrowed most of its content from two earlier works, the *Secret Miracles of Nature* by Levinus Lemnius and the anonymous *Complete Midwives Practice Enlarged*. The latter had been a successful work by itself, coming second only to Nicholas Culpeper\'s *Directory for Midwives* in number of seventeenth century editions.
A second version was released by publisher Benjamin Harris in 1697. The first half contained most of the first version and the second half was borrowed from John Sadler\'s *A Sick Women\'s Private Looking-Glas* (published in 1636). The third version, published around 1710, was different from the previous versions, but again copied material from other works on the subject. These included the *Directory for Midwives*, John Pechey\'s 1698 version of the *Compleate Midwive\'s Practice Enlarged,* and other popular books on sex and reproduction available at the time.
The third version was still printed and sold to a general audience in the early twentieth century. It remained unchanged from the eighteenth century editions, because the modern theory on sexuality had not yet been conceived. Because the book was based on the ancient theory of humorism, it provided some outdated information, in particular on the home remedies it prescribed.
The third version is divided into two parts. The first part covers anatomy, sexual intercourse and marriage. The second part was intended for married women and explains pregnancy and midwifery.
The first part starts with a description of the male and female sex organs in the first chapter. The second chapter advocates sexual intercourse in monogamous relationships and warns against polygamy and adultery, because both are forbidden by Christian doctrine. It finishes with an explanation of when the reproductive age begins and ends. The third chapter explores virginity. It correctly states that a torn hymen does not necessarily mean a woman is not a virgin.
The second part continues with the process of fertilisation, pregnancy, and how the sex of the fetus can be determined. The second chapter provides advice on how women can become pregnant. The third chapter describes the progress of pregnancy. Failure of the pregnancy, infertility and its causes are the subject of the fourth chapter. The part ends with a chapter on things women should do and avoid during their pregnancy.
| 604 |
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| 0 |
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