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# Fred Fanning
**Fred Fanning** (5 November 1921 -- 23 May 1993) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) who holds the record for most goals in a VFL/AFL match, with 18.
## VFL career {#vfl_career}
Hailing from the Victorian Football Association (VFA) club Coburg, Fanning was a strongly built forward standing at 193 cm and weighing 102 kg. In September 1939, playing for Melbourne Seconds against Richmond in the Seconds\' Grand Final, Fanning kicked 12 goals in a 29-point victory.
Fanning made his senior debut in 1940 and played in that year\'s Grand Final victory over Richmond. He topped the VFL\'s goalkicking charts in 1943 (62 goals), 1944 (87) and 1945 (67), a year in which he also won Melbourne\'s best and fairest award.
In Round 19, 1947, he kicked 18 goals, 1 behind, in a game against St Kilda, which remains the record for most goals in a VFL/AFL match to this day; this was coincidentally Fanning\'s final appearance in a VFL match. He kicked 97 goals for the 1947 VFL season, the highest in his VFL career.
## Post-VFL {#post_vfl}
Fanning joined the Hamilton Football Club in the Western District Football League as captain-coach in 1948, after being offered 3 to 6 times the salary he was receiving at Melbourne (accounts vary). This appointment caused a split in the club, and the Hamilton Imperials were founded.
Fanning held the Western District record for most goals in a game by kicking 22 against Heywood in 1949. The following year he kicked 20 goals against Penshurst. He kicked a Western District record of 151 goals in a season in 1952. He finished his football career at Coleraine in 1953
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# KO One (soundtrack)
***KO One Original Soundtrack*** (`{{zh|t=終極一班 電視原聲帶|p=''zhōngjí yībān diànshì yuánshēngdài''}}`{=mediawiki}) is the soundtrack for the 2005/2006 Taiwanese drama, *KO One*, starring Aaron Yan, Calvin Chen, and Jiro Wang of Taiwanese boy band, Fahrenheit and Danson Tang. It was released by HIM International Music on 27 December 2005. The album included song by the then newly formed Taiwanese boy band Fahrenheit and also brought fame to Taiwanese artist, Tank who wrote and sang the opening and ending theme songs. The album was the best selling soundtrack in 2006, selling more than 60,000 copies in Taiwan within the first month.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"終極一班\" (KO One aka \"The Extreme Class) - Tank (opening theme)
2. \"一個人流浪\" (Wandering Alone) - Fahrenheit
3. \"給我你的愛\" (Give Me Your Love) - Tank (ending theme)
4. \"孺子可教\" (Teachable Child) - Fahrenheit
5. \"保護色\" (Protective Color) - Su Yi Cheng
6. \"終極\" (The Extreme) - J. Wu
7. \"孤單心事\" (A Worried Loneliness) - Lan You Shi
8. \"從今以後\" (From Now On) - Tank
9. \"母親妳真偉大 演奏曲\" (Mother, You Are Great - instrumental)
10. \"保護色 温柔之章演奏曲\" (Protective Color Gentle Romantic Version - instrumental)
11. \"終極一班 風暴之章演奏曲\" (KO One Revolutionary Version - instrumental)
12. \"給我你的愛 心動之章演奏曲\" (Give Me Your Love Romantic Version - instrumental)
13. \"孺子可教 舞動之章演奏曲\" (Teachable Child Dance Version - instrumental)
14. \"給我你的愛 淘氣之章演奏曲\" (Give Me Your Love Naughty Version - instrumental)
15. \"保護色 擁抱之章演奏曲\" (Protective Color Romantic Piano Version - instrumental)
VCD
1. \"終極一班\" (KO One aka \"The Extreme Class) MV
2. \"給我你的愛\" (Give Me Your Love) MV
3. \"給我你的愛\" (Give Me Your Love) MV Behind-the-scene
4
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# Boniface, Count of Bologna
**Boniface (III)** was the Count of Bologna and Margrave of Tuscany from about 1004 to his death, probably in 1011.
He was the son of Adalbert, Count of Bologna, and his wife Bertila. He succeeded his father in Bologna and was created margrave of Tuscany sometime before 1004. By 1007, he had founded the abbey of Fonte Taona. His son Hugh, Count of Bologna was made Duke of Spoleto
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# Flame of the forest
**Flame of the forest** is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
- *Butea monosperma*
- *Delonix regia*, native to Madagascar
- *Mucuna bennettii*, native to Papua New Guinea
- *Pieris floribunda*, native to North America
- *Spathodea*
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# Middletown High School (California)
**Middletown High School** (MHS) is a small public high school located in Middletown, California, United States. It is the only comprehensive high school in the Middletown Unified School District.
## Academics
MHS offers AP courses in English literature, calculus, environmental science, U.S. history, and Spanish language. It has an agriculture department, as well as nine ROP (vocational) courses.
MHS\'s graduation rate is 94.59%. 37.9% of the class of 2011 completed the college prep UC/CSU (a)-(g) requirements.
## Extracurricular activities {#extracurricular_activities}
Student groups and organizations include student government, Interact Club, Drama Club,Future Farmers of America, United States Academic Decathlon, Mock Trial
Athletic activities include football, volleyball, cross country, cheerleading, soccer, basketball, wrestling, baseball, softball, track, tennis,golf. and E-sports
## Demographics
Middletown High\'s student body is 72.8% white, 19.5% Hispanic or Latino, 2.5% of two or more races, 1.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 1.4% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 1.0% black or African American, 0.8% Asian, and 0.6% Filipino. 37.0% of students are socioeconomically disadvantaged, while 5.6% are English learners
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# Anthony Daniher
**Anthony Joseph Daniher** (born 21 January 1963) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the South Melbourne/Sydney and Essendon football clubs in the Australian Football League (AFL). Daniher\'s brothers, Terry, Neale and Chris, also played for Essendon in the AFL. He is the father of former Essendon and Brisbane Lions player Joe Daniher, who won a premiership at the latter club in his final game.
## Early life and childhood {#early_life_and_childhood}
Anthony Daniher was born the fourth child of James \"Jim\" Daniher and Edna Daniher (née Erwin) on 21 January 1963 at West Wyalong Base Hospital, in New South Wales. Daniher attended St Joseph\'s Catholic School in Ungarie for his primary education before going to Ungarie Central School until he finished year ten, after which he went to TAFE in Wagga Wagga.
It was during his childhood that Daniher showed his love for sport, namely Australian rules football, playing in the Northern Riverina Football League (NRFL) on Saturdays while playing rugby league at school carnivals. It was during his time in the NRFL that Daniher won several \'best and fairest\' awards before he moved to Wagga Wagga for TAFE, where he would play for Turvey Park in the South West Football League. It was in 1980 that both the South Melbourne and Essendon football clubs approached Daniher for his signature. He eventually decided to play for South Melbourne, who were in the process of relocating to Sydney at the time.
## VFL/AFL career {#vflafl_career}
From 1981 to 1994 Daniher played for South Melbourne/Sydney and Essendon in the VFL/AFL, playing 233 games and playing in the 1990 Grand Final with Essendon, which they lost to Collingwood. He also made history alongside his brothers when they became the first quartet of brothers to play for the same team in a State of Origin match and in a home-and-away game. It was after the 1994 season that Daniher retired as the last remaining player in the AFL to have played for South Melbourne.
## Retirement and beyond {#retirement_and_beyond}
Daniher\'s son, Darcy, was picked up by Essendon in 2007 under the father-son rule and made his debut for the Bombers on 4 May 2008. He played six games before retiring in 2011 due to persistent injuries. Another son, Joe, was picked up by Essendon in 2012 under the father-son rule and made his debut for the Bombers on Friday 7 June 2013. He would later make the All-Australian team in 2017, before moving to the Brisbane Lions and winning a Premiership in his final year in 2024
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# Wallace E. Pierce
**Wallace Edgar Pierce** (December 9, 1881 -- January 3, 1940) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from New York.
## Biography
Pierce was born in Black Brook, New York. He graduated from Plattsburgh Normal School in 1903. He served as a secretary to Congressman George R. Malby from 1909 until 1912 and Congressman Edwin A. Merritt from 1912 until 1914.
Pierce was a member of the New York State Assembly (Clinton Co.) in 1917, 1918 and 1919. He was chairman of the Clinton County Republican committee from 1926 until 1940. He was elected to Congress in 1938 and served from January 3, 1939, until his death in Washington, D.C., on January 3, 1940. Pierce was interred in Riverside Cemetery, Plattsburgh, New York
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# Suzie Frankfurt
**Suzie Frankfurt** (August 21, 1931 -- January 7, 2005) was a prominent American interior decorator. Her popularity began in the 1950s when she designed the Young & Rubicam\'s lobby and when she became part of Andy Warhol\'s inner circle. Together she and Warhol produced a spoof of a haute cuisine cookbook. Her own decorating style, in contrast to Warhol\'s pop art, was traditional. Her connection with Warhol brought about client types that were both wealthy and well known in society.
## Life
After graduating with honors from Stanford University, Frankfurt moved to New York to work in the research department of the advertising agency Young & Rubicam in 1955. Here, she met her husband, Stephen Frankfurt, who was the company's art director. Stephen also worked as a film title designer, whose most famous project was doing the titles for the film *To Kill a Mockingbird*. The two wed the next year and conceived two boys, later divorcing in 1968.
## Work
While at Young & Rubicam, Frankfurt was moved from the research department to the responsibility of redecorating the Young & Rubicam's lobby and executive conference rooms. She became well known for decorating, and thirty years later she became one of the world's most admired interior decorators. Frankfurt popularized 18th and 19th-century Russian furniture among corporate raiders of the \'70s and \'80s. Her client list included Robert Redford, Robert Mapplethorpe, and David L. Paul, a Florida bank chairman convicted of paying Frankfurt some \$389,000 in bank funds to decorate his home. She was known for her use of Biedermeier and Russian antiques and styles, and she claims to have "made Russian chic." Frankfurt was also known for hosting celebrity-filled cocktail parties inside her five-story, 16-room Manhattan townhouse and whose interior designs appeared frequently in Architectural Digest and the New York Times.
## House
According to Frankfurt, her own five-story Georgian town house on Seventy-third Street off Park Avenue, was her greatest creation. Decorated with 19th-century Russian pieces, her living room included early 19th-century Austrian chairs, an 18th-century Russian sewing table, a stark needlepoint rug, and Brunschwig and Fils sofa silk. Her house was sold to Edgar Bronfman Jr. after Frankfurt came to believe that her time in New York was up. She then relocated to Massachusetts where she bought a 1780s farmhouse. The farmhouse had original pine floors, a wooden paneled living room, five bedrooms, and six fireplaces. Her style is shown throughout the interior with warm colors, large furniture pieces, and unique elements such as her self-portrait displayed above the fireplace along with a bulky hand statue placed on her coffee table, while the exterior depicts a white, southern style house with stone walls surrounding the property.
## Andy Warhol {#andy_warhol}
In addition for being known for her decorating, Frankfurt is known for her friendship and collaboration Andy Warhol. Their friendship illustrated that not all of Warhol\'s circle of friends were decidedly avant-garde. The two met in 1959 at the New York Plaza Hotel after one of Warhol's art expositions in the restaurant Serendipity. They were friends for life and even collaborated in writing the book *Wild Raspberries*. It was a hand-written, brightly colored cookbook spoof accompanied with abstracted watercolor illustrations by Warhol.
## Death
Suzie Frankfurt died on January 7, 2005, after arising complications from a brain tumor in the Hebrew Home for the Aged (Bronx/NYC). Frankfurt is remembered for her Russian-inspired designs paired with her sophisticated and chic flair. She will also be remembered, through her relationship with Warhol, as an important individual of American history
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# Colt Paterson
The **Colt Paterson** revolver was the first commercial repeating firearm employing a revolving cylinder with multiple chambers aligned with a single, stationary barrel. Its design was patented by Samuel Colt on February 25, 1836, in the United States, England and France, and it derived its name from being produced in Paterson, New Jersey. Initially this 5 shot revolver was produced in .28 caliber, with a .36 caliber model following a year later. As originally designed and produced, no loading lever was included with the revolver; a user had to partially disassemble the revolver to re-load it. Starting in 1839, however, a reloading lever and a capping window were incorporated into the design, allowing reloading without disassembly. This loading lever and capping window design change was also incorporated after the fact into most Colt Paterson revolvers that had been produced from 1836 until 1839. Unlike later revolvers, a folding trigger was incorporated into the Colt Paterson. The trigger became visible only upon cocking the hammer.
A subsequent patent renewal in 1849, and aggressive litigation against infringements, gave Colt a domestic monopoly on revolver development until the mid 1850s.
## History
Early Colt literature and later publications insist that Colt was inspired to design the revolver in 1830 by viewing the windlass mechanisms aboard the brig *Corvo* while bound from Boston to Calcutta. However, some believe he saw examples of the Collier Flintlock Revolver while touring the Tower of London after the *Corvo* docked on the River Thames. In any event, sometime while aboard the *Corvo* he produced a wooden model (the model is exhibited at the Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut) and further developed the concept during the early 1830s.
Samuel Colt\'s first factory, the **Patent Arms Company** (Plant ruins site at 40 55 01.04 N 74 10 44.48 W display=inline) of Paterson, New Jersey, manufactured 1,450 revolving rifles and carbines, 462 revolving shotguns and 2,350 revolving pistols between 1836 and 1842, when the business failed. A creditor and business associate, John Ehlers, continued manufacture and sale of (approximately 500 of the total 2,850) pistols through 1847. Revolving pistols held five shots and varied from \"pocket\" to \"belt\" and \"holster\" designations based upon size and intended mode of carry. Calibers ranged from .28 through .36 inches. The model most identified with the \"Paterson Colt\" designation is the **Number 5 Holster or Texas Paterson** (1,000 units), which was manufactured in .36 caliber.
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# Colt Paterson
## Operation
The early Colt revolvers were of *single-action* design, meaning that the trigger functioned when the hammer was cocked back. It was necessary to manually cock the hammer prior to firing. The close clearances, folding trigger and multiplicity of small parts and springs seemed more appropriate to a fine timepiece than a tool destined for field service and fouling from black powder residue.
The first Paterson Models (1836--1838) required partial disassembly for loading and had no definitive provision for safely carrying the revolver with all chambers loaded. To load the revolver, the shooter would:
1. Draw the hammer to half-cock to free the cylinder for removal and rotation,
2. Push the barrel wedge from right to left until it stops against a retaining screw,
3. Pull the barrel and then the cylinder off the central arbor,
4. Fill the individual chambers with powder leaving enough room to seat a lead ball,
5. Using a special lever tool or the arbor, seat balls beneath the chamber mouths.
6. Replace the barrel, cylinder and wedge and with the hammer at half cock, place percussion caps on each tube using the Colt designed capping tool. The revolvers came with spare cylinders, and the practice of the day was to carry spare cylinders loaded and capped for fast reloading. Period users had few qualms about this practice even though it presented a real hazard of accidental discharge if the caps were struck or the cylinder dropped.
Routine carry modes included leaving the hammer in the half-cock position, lowering the hammer to rest on a capped chamber, downloading by one cylinder, or lowering the hammer between the chambers of the cylinder. The first two options were (and are) extremely dangerous. Later Colt revolvers had a notched hammer that would fit over an intermediate safety pin located between chambers of the cylinder on the back of the chamber when all cylinders were loaded, thereby obviating contact of the hammer with the percussion caps until the single-action hammer was intentionally cocked.
In 1839, a hinged loading lever and capping window became standard for new revolvers and was retrofitted to the older designs. So modified, the revolvers could be loaded without disassembly. When the Paterson revolvers with loading levers finally reached Texas in 1842, Texas Ranger Captain John Coffee Hays was very pleased that his ranging companies could now reload from horseback.
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# Colt Paterson
## Handling and shooting characteristics {#handling_and_shooting_characteristics}
To fire the Paterson, the shooter thumbed the hammer back and the action rotated a chamber in line with the barrel and locked the cylinder in place. This also caused the folding trigger to drop down from the frame into firing position. The sight picture consists of a front blade and a notch in the tip of the hammer. This sequence is repeated for each of the five shots in the cylinder (although the safety-conscious shooter will load only four, leaving the hammer down on an empty chamber for routine handling and carry.)
Compared to the later Colt Percussion Revolver designs, the Paterson is ergonomically flawed, but, even with the odd bell-shaped grip and jutting trigger, the revolver points reasonably well and delivers useful accuracy. That Samuel Colt intended the revolver to be accurate is evident because of the rifled barrel and the extra long accessory barrels present in some cased sets. Using modern-day Uberti replicas, the usual expectation is that careful, one-handed shooting will produce groups of 2 - at 60 ft.
The Number 5 Belt Revolver would be an effective weapon to 50 yd with ideal shooting conditions; however, from a moving horse, the useful range would be measured in feet.
The available power is comparable to a modern .380 pistol cartridge. The .375--.380-inch round ball weighs a near-identical 83 gr and the velocity is also essentially the same.
The cylinder is somewhat shorter than that found on the later Colt Navy .36 revolvers but will hold 22 gr of FFFg black powder while allowing full seating of the ball.
Gunpowder Velocity Deviation
---------------------------------- ---------- ----------------
Goex Brand FFFg extreme spread
90-year-old FFFg from cartridges extreme spread
: Paterson With Loading Lever
## Military acceptance {#military_acceptance}
Colt sold the Paterson revolver and carbine to the United States Army and they saw limited use in the Second Seminole War in Florida. The firepower advantage that they offered was initially praised by the troops, but the United States government considered the arms to be excessively fragile and prone to malfunction.
The Republic of Texas purchased 180 of the revolving shotguns and rifles and a like number of handguns for the Texas Navy in 1839.
When Samuel Houston disbanded the Texas Navy in 1843, Captain Jack Hays armed his company of Texas Rangers with surplus stocks of the pistols. The repeating handguns became very popular with the Rangers, providing them with sustained firepower against their Comanche adversaries.
The Paterson revolver was especially decisive in the Battle of Bandera Pass, where each Ranger had 10 shots at his disposal when armed with two pistols as opposed to one. Captains Jack Hays and Samuel Walker of the Texas Rangers became major proponents of the Colt revolvers and were successful in advocating military contracts for later models such as the Walker Colt.
Zachary Taylor, as a general in command of the border with Mexico, sent Captain Walker to New York in 1846 to meet with Colt and discuss improvements to the Paterson to make it more appropriate for use in battle. Walker at the time was serving in the U.S. Mounted Rifles and not the Rangers.
## Gallery
<File:Paterson60ft.jpg%7CSlow-fire> off-hand group from 60 ft <File:Patersontoolsml.jpg%7CCombination> tool including seating stem/lever, nipple pick, nipple wrench, screwdriver <File:Colt> Paterson Belt 2nd Model.jpg\|Colt Paterson 2nd Belt Model <File:Patersonbdsml.jpg%7CExploded> diagram of the Paterson Colt revolver showing internal mechanisms with cylinder reversed <File:Colt> Paterson.jpg\|Patent illustrations of the Colt Paterson \"Holster Model\" <File:Colt> Paterson Gewehr.jpg\|Colt Paterson 1838 rifle <File:Model> 1839 Carbine Patent
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# Richard MacNeish
**Richard Stockton MacNeish** (April 29, 1918 -- January 16, 2001), known to many as \"Scotty\", was an American archaeologist. His fieldwork revolutionized the understanding of the development of agriculture in the New World and the prehistory of several regions of Canada, the United States and Central and South America. He pioneered new methods in fieldwork and materials analysis and brought attention to the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration. His legacy has influenced generations of archaeologists.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Richard Stockton MacNeish was born April 29, 1918, in New York City. His interest in archaeology started at a young age, sparked by a hastily created report on the Maya for an art history class when he was twelve. A year later he wrote to prominent Maya archaeologist Dr. A.V. Kidder asking for a job at his dig at Chichen Itza. Although his request was gently refused, Kidder encouraged MacNeish to study hard and become an archaeologist.
In 1936, MacNeish started his university career at Colgate College (now Colgate University) and participated in several archaeological field schools in New York and Arizona where he learned important excavation skills that he would later modify to create his own excavation techniques. Of this time, MacNeish writes: \"My energy was boundless: I dug, I hiked, I climbed cliffs, I learned, I went to dances, I mixed cement by hand, I caught rattlesnakes, I packed mules. Most important, I did and talked archaeology morning, noon, and night -- and loved every moment of it\". He continued to be influenced by Dr. Kidder, and refined his field archaeology methods under George Brainerd, eventually forming his personal excavation technique La Perre.
At the urging of several Southwestern archaeologists, MacNeish prepared to transfer to the University of Chicago to study under Fay-Cooper Cole. Before doing so, however, he had an unrelated feat to achieve. As a child, his mother enrolled him in boxing lessons and he had become quite accomplished. Now, he wanted to win a Golden Gloves championship. He did so in New York in 1938, wearing a kilt in the final bout as a tribute to his Scottish ancestry. This skill continued to provide him with spending money during his student years.
At the University of Chicago, he participated in field schools that exposed him to the methods and theories of James A. Ford, William Haag, Jesse D. Jennings, John Cotter, Glen Black, Tom Lewis, and Madeline Kneberg. In addition, he was heavily influenced by Julian Steward\'s *Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups* (1938). He earned his B.A. in 1940, his M.A. in 1944 and his Ph.D. in 1949. That same year, while working in the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Mexico, MacNeish discovered primitive teosinte corncobs in context with human habitations dating back several thousand years. This achievement spurred his lifelong interest in the origins of agriculture and society that would take him throughout Central and South America, eventually to China and, nearly, to Turkey. This last trip was put on hold when doctors ordered him to rest after a mild heart attack. After a long, varied and influential career, Richard MacNeish at age 83 died on January 16, 2001, in a car accident while touring Pre-Columbian Maya sites in Belize.
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# Richard MacNeish
## Academic career {#academic_career}
Shortly before his transfer to Chicago, during continued fieldwork in Arizona, MacNeish set out his future goals. \"First I would learn to dig well and skillfully, then I would become able to analyze archaeological findings, and finally I would become a theoretician\". It was during his fieldwork as an undergraduate and graduate student that he worked on his first goal. At field schools across the United States, MacNeish absorbed the knowledge and techniques of anyone he worked with. Synthesis of this knowledge came to fruition during fieldwork in the state of Tamaulipas in Mexico. Here MacNeish made one of his important contributions to the field methods of archaeologists, fulfilling his first goal. He pioneered a method of excavating caves that involved the stripping the strata off alternate squares from a vertical profile. This allowed for greater detail and more meaningful divisions of an excavation. Where many previous methods involved digging by arbitrary levels, the new method --- dubbed the La Perre technique after the cave in which it was first developed --- dug each distinct strata, or floor, separately.
His discovery in these caves of very early maize domestication evidence also brought home to him the importance of interdisciplinary studies as he struggled to get dating and identification information on his samples. He realized that in getting an education archaeologists, \"\... spend much of their time learning phonemics, personality and culture, esoteric kinship systems, strange customs of primitive peoples, and so forth and do not have time for fields like botany, zoology, pollen analysis, soils, and geology -- all disciplines they will have to use\". In order to rectify this, MacNeish began to involve experts outside of archaeology in many of his field studies. This policy was very well demonstrated in his excavations in the Tehuacan Valley and Ayacucho, Peru which resulted in multi-volume publications which analyzed the sites \"utilizing the skills of all appropriate scientific fields\".
In 1949, MacNeish went to work for the National Museum of Canada. With this he began a system of spending his summers surveying and excavating in Northern and Western Canada and his winters searching for evidence of the origins of agriculture across Central America. \"MacNeish enjoyed saying \'I have as much sense as a duck -- I fly south in the winter\'\". Realizing that a random search for sites over these huge swathes of territory would be difficult and inefficient, he pioneered a five-step process that was based on making and then testing hypotheses about ancient environments and human behavior in them. These steps were:
> 1. Initial background preparation on area to be surveyed
> 2. Preliminary hypothesis \... based on background materials and cultural sequential generalizations \...
> 3. Testing hypothesis in the field, modifying and setting up new hypotheses, testing them, and so on.
> 4. Field analysis of artifacts from sites to establish preliminary chronology \... and to determine potential stratified sites or sites with special features.
> 5. Resurvey for contextual data and special problems.
Using this process, he discovered hundreds of new sites and gained a reputation for \"lucky\" finds, while actually advancing the scientific foundation of archaeology.
MacNeish added to the understanding and analysis of archaeological materials through the championing of the interdisciplinary approach. In addition, his work on the standardization and computerization of lithic-attribute terminology enabled more sophisticated statistical analysis and generalization of the results. His ceramic analysis helped to reevaluate the prehistory of the Iroquois, disputing the idea that they had developed elsewhere and then migrated into their historic territory. His method of analysis demonstrated continuity between historic period groups and prehistoric complexes in the same areas.
In addition to the field and lab work MacNeish has been a professor at Boston University and the University of Calgary, where he helped to found their Department of Archaeology. He was the Whidden Lecturer at McMaster University, Senior Archaeologist at the National Museum of Canada, and was the director of the Robert S. Peabody Museum of Archaeology in Andover, Massachusetts. When he left the museum in 1983, instead of retiring, he established the Andover Foundation for Archaeological Research (AFAR), named himself Director of Research and continued his work in the American Southwest and China.
### Coxcatlan Cave {#coxcatlan_cave}
In the 1960s, MacNeish discovered the Coxcatlan Cave in Puebla, Mexico. This was a very important site of early maize domestication.
It is due to his extensive study that much of the historical and cultural record there was established, especially from the Archaic period when the cave was most active. The cave produced domesticated plants dated between 5,000 and 3,400 BC, including maize. At that time, the people and animals living in Tehuacan Valley divided their time between small hunting encampments and large temporary villages.
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# Richard MacNeish
## Pendejo Cave {#pendejo_cave}
In 1990, while digging at Pendejo Cave in southern New Mexico, MacNeish discovered the remains of a prehistoric horse, which were found above several other cultural layers in the cave.
The cave, and its significance, occupied the rest of his career. There was considerable controversy in regard to the very early dates of human presence there that he reported.
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
MacNeish was awarded honorary degrees from the Universidad de San Cristobal de Huamanga in Ayacucho, Peru and Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, Canada. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, British Academy of Science and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. He served as president of the Society for American Archaeology and has received numerous awards, including the Kidder Medal from the American Anthropological Association, the Spinden Medal for Archaeology from the Smithsonian Institution, and the Fiftieth Anniversary Award for Outstanding Contributions to American Archaeology from the Society for American Archaeology. In 1977 he was awarded the Cornplanter Medal for his work in Iroquois research. In addition he has been honored by institutions for his work in Mexico and China.
## Legacy
MacNeish\'s ultimate goal was to make archaeology more of a science. He was a processual archaeologist who championed the necessity of experimental archaeology and hypothesis testing in the exploration of human cultural ecology. By adopting, creating or championing methods that made archaeological results more generalizable and amenable to hypothesis testing MacNeish was attempting to learn, and teach, about the broader patterns of social change that can inform our choices in the future; he wished to use archaeology to improve the human condition. \"\... laws of cultural change may be of use not only in explaining the past, but more important, in predicting the future or at least indicating the steps in cultural change we might take in the future\". His ultimate legacy, the sum total of all of his individual accomplishments in methodology and theory, was his commitment to archaeology as a science that could produce laws and theories to aid humanity in the future. In his autobiographical discussion of American archaeology (1978), MacNeish writes, \"We are still fumbling along, perfecting techniques as well as improving methodology, and our field -- as well as I -- have a long way to go\".
MacNeish was constantly calling for others to question his conclusions and improve his methods to further advance the science of archeology and its ability to speak to society\'s needs. As a result, his greatest legacy is probably his influence on and encouragement of students, other archaeologists and professionals he worked with. One of these students, Barry Rolett, recalls how \"MacNeish encouraged and invested his time in students like me because he loved to share the excitement of archaeology\" and \"led by example and he used his considerable influence more to help others than for his own personal gain\".
## Published works {#published_works}
By his own accounting, Richard MacNeish \"spent 8,071 days in the field and wrote more than 9 million words\". His many publications include:
- For information on his life and on *American archaeology: The Science of Archaeology?*, 1978
- For his theories on agriculture and civilization worldwide: *The Origins of Agriculture and Settled Life*, 1992 (`{{ISBN|0806123648}}`{=mediawiki})
- For reports on his big field projects: *The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley* Vol. 1-5, 1967--1972, or *Prehistory of the Ayacucho Basin*, Peru Vol. 1-4, 1980-83 (Ed. by MacNeish)
- On the Iroquois: Iroquois pottery types: A technique for the study of Iroquois prehistory, 1952 (in the *Bulletin of the National Museum of Canada*)
- On Chinese agriculture: *Origins of Rice Agriculture: The Preliminary Report of the Sino-American Jiangxi (PRC) Project: SAJOR*, 1995 (with J.G. Libby, in *Publications in Anthropology*, No
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# América Futebol Clube (Propriá)
**América Futebol Clube**, usually known simply as **América** or as **América-SE**, **América (SE)** or **América do Sergipe**, is a Brazilian football club from Propriá, Sergipe state.
## History
Unhappy members of Esporte Clube Propriá founded América Futebol Clube on August 8, 1942. The members were Durval Feitosa, Pedro Cardoso, Gerdiel Graça, José Rodrigues de Nelo, Miguel Apolônio, José Graça Leite, Eugênio Amaral, Normando Rogério Lima, and José Coutinho.
In 1960, the club professionalized its football section, following the changes made by the Federação Sergipana de Desportos (*Sergipe Sports Federation*).
In 1965, América was Sergipe State Championship runner-up. The club was defeated by Confiança in the final.
In 1966, the club won tis first title, the Sergipe State Championship, after beating Confiança in the final. América\'s players were França, Henário, Nadinho, Cabo Jorge, Periquito and Simas; Vilson, Dequinha, Tiquinho, Bobô and Geraldo. Also played for the club Pereirinha, Romero, Carlos Alberto, and the goalkeeper Tenisson. Pereirinha was the club\'s top goalscorer.
In 1967, was the only time that América competed in the Brazil Trophy. The team was in the same group of Treze, CSA and ABC, and finished in the last position.
The club won again the Sergipe State Championship in 2007, after defeating Itabaiana in the last match of the final four group stage. In the same year, América competed in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C, but was eliminated in the first stage.
## Honours
- **Campeonato Sergipano**
- **Winners (2):** 1966, 2007
- Runners-up (1): 1965
- **Campeonato Sergipano Série A2**
- **Winners (2):** 2006, 2012
- **Torneio Início do Sergipe**
- **Winners (1):** 1965
## Stadium
América\'s home matches are usually played at its own stadium, José Neto, which has a maximum capacity of 3,000 people. However, the club also plays at João Alves Filho, which also has a maximum capacity of 3,000 people.
## Club colors, mascot and nickname {#club_colors_mascot_and_nickname}
The club\'s colors are green, red and white.
América\'s mascot is a winged horse.
Tricolor da Ribeirinha, meaning *Little River Tricolor*, is the club\'s nickname
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# FK Omladinac Banja Luka
**FK Omladinac** (Serbian Cyrillic: ФК Oмлaдинaц Бaњa Лукa) is a football club from the neighborhood Lazarevo in the city of Banja Luka, in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The club used to compete in the First League of the Republika Srpska
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# Saturday Morning (album)
***Saturday Morning*** is a slow bluesy jazz album by alto saxophonist Sonny Criss, recorded on March 1, 1975 for Xanadu Records.
## Reception
AllMusic awarded the album 4½ stars with its review by Scott Yanow stating \"Criss, an underrated altoist who was instantly recognizable within three notes, was neglected during long portions of his career but he did leave behind several memorable recordings, such as this one. Recommended.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
*All compositions by Sonny Criss except as indicated*
1. \"Angel Eyes\" (Earl Brent, Matt Dennis) -- 5:29
2. \"Tin Tin Deo\" (Gil Fuller, Chano Pozo) -- 6:44
3. \"Jeannie\'s Knees\" -- 5:08
4. \"Saturday Morning\" -- 5:01
5. \"My Heart Stood Still\" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) -- 6:46
6. \"Until the Real Thing Comes Along\" (Sammy Cahn, Saul Chaplin, L.E. Freeman) -- 5:44
7
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# Illidge's ant blue
**Illidge\'s ant-blue butterfly** (*Acrodipsas illidgei*), is an endangered species of butterfly endemic to Australia. This species can be found at six confirmed sites: Mary River Heads, Beaver Rock and Maaroom in the Fraser Coast Region (Queensland); Redland Bay and Point Halloran in the City of Redland (Queensland), and Brunswick Heads (New South Wales).
## Characteristics
The eggs of the Illidge\'s ant-blue butterfly are white and have an average diameter of 0.7 mm. In its caterpillar stage it is white. The pupa of the butterfly is approximately 1 cm lengthwise and is brown. As adults they are brown and the females of the species contain blue coloured regions on the surface of their wings that change shades depending on the angle from which the surface is being viewed. The ventral side of both genders of the butterfly are fawn in colour and contain small dark spots. The wingspan of the butterfly is approximately 2 cm.
## Ecology
The life cycle of the Illidge\'s ant-blue butterfly, from when the eggs are laid to when the butterfly finally emerges, is highly complex. It is also one of the best illustrations of the symbiotic relationship between organisms within mangrove systems. The eggs are laid by the females of the species in stubs on grey mangrove trees where there is a presence of *Crematogaster* ant colonies. The larvae are transported to the ants\' nests by the ants where they feed on excretions from the larvae, while a larva on the other hand feeds on developing ants (perhaps its regurgitations). There have been no recorded natural enemies of the Illidge\'s ant-blue, except for the exposed immature stage as an egg to hunting spiders. The largest cause of mortality of the larvae has been the host ants turning hostile towards it. Fluffy scales cover the body of an emerging butterfly so as to protect it from such hostile attacks.
## Conservation
The essential threat to the existence of Illidge\'s ant-blue butterfly arises as a result of the destruction of mangrove habitats. Since numerous plants and animals are so heavily reliant on each other within the mangrove systems, its destruction also endangers the existence of other organisms such as crustaceans and molluscs. To prevent the extinction of the Illidge\'s ant-blue butterfly the state government of Queensland granted the species permanently protected status in 1990. This necessitated all collected samples of the species to be registered and made it illegal to collect the species without prior consent from relevant state officials
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# FK Drina HE Višegrad
**Fudbalski klub Drina HE Višegrad** (Serbian Cyrillic: Фудбалски клуб Дpинa XE Bишeгpaд) is a Bosnian Serb football club from the town of Višegrad, in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The club competed for more than ten years in the First League of the Republika Srpska, finishing in an all-time high 5th place in the 2013-14 season. However, due to poor results Drina was relegated to the Second League of RS -- East, a third-tier competition in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Season 23/24 was successful for the club, and after a 8 year in 2nd division, they won title and they were promoted to the First League of the Republika Srpska again from 24/25 season
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# Edwin Albert Merritt
**Edwin Albert Merritt** (July 25, 1860 -- December 4, 1914) was an American politician from New York who served as a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1912 to 1914.
## Biography
He was born on July 25, 1860, in Pierrepont, St. Lawrence County, New York, the son of Edwin Atkins Merritt (1828--1916), and was known all his life as **Edwin A. Merritt Jr.** although father and son had different middle names.
### Education
Merritt Jr. graduated from Yale University in 1884. While at Yale, he was prominent among the undergraduate founders of the Wolf\'s Head Society, established in 1883 as *The Third Society* by the Phelps Trust Association. The society was founded with the aid of over 300 Yale alumni, including James Smith Bush, Charles Phelps Taft, Charles W. Harkness and William L. Harkness.
### Political career {#political_career}
Merritt was a member of the New York State Assembly (St. Lawrence Co., 2nd D.), serving in each consecutive legislative session from 1902 through 1912. He was Majority Leader from 1908 to 1910, Minority Leader in 1911, and Speaker in 1912.
He was an alternate delegate to the 1908 Republican National Convention, and a delegate to the 1912 Republican National Convention.
He was elected to the 62nd United States Congress, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of George R. Malby, and was elected at the same time to the 63rd United States Congress, holding office from November 5, 1912, until his death on December 4, 1914, in Potsdam, New York.
He was buried at Pierrepont Hill Cemetery in Pierrepont, N.Y
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# Ajiyoshi Station (Meitetsu)
right\|270px\|thumb\|The bicycle lot of Ajiyoshi Station in winter `{{Nihongo|'''Ajiyoshi Station'''|味美駅|Ajiyoshi-eki}}`{=mediawiki} is a railway station in the city of Kasugai, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, operated by Meitetsu. It is close to Ajiyoshi Station of the same name, but which is on the Jōhoku Line, operated by a different company, the Tōkai Transport Service Company.
## Lines
Ajiyoshi Station is served by the Meitetsu Komaki Line, and is located 3.7 kilometers from the starting point of the line at `{{STN|Kamiiida|x}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Station layout {#station_layout}
The station has one island platform connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station has automated ticket machines, Manaca automated turnstiles and is unattended..
### Platforms
## Station history {#station_history}
Ajiyoshi Station was opened on February 11, 1931.
## Passenger statistics {#passenger_statistics}
In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 4894 passengers daily
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# Our Textbook
is a Japanese television drama that began airing on April 12, 2007, on Fuji TV. The series stars Miho Kanno and Atsushi Itoh. In the United States, it aired on AZN Television.
## Plot
Kohei Kaji is a new substitute teacher at a school where he meets a troubled girl whom he tries to help. The girl asks him if he could \'change the world\'.
The very next day after a few days of lessons Kaji had with his class, the troubled girl \'fell\' from her classroom window to the ground floor, engendering in her demise. Teachers tried to console students and \'lessen\' the psychological harm by \'quickly getting over the whole matter\'. The troubled girl left Kaji a key the night before, and Kaji went to open up the locker. He showed what was inside to the Vice Principal and the bag of items disappeared after the Vice Principal took it and said that she would \'take good care of\' and \'use it properly\' as evidence.
However, the textbook was nowhere to be found. The lawyer, Tsumuki, was still getting remorseful about the step daughter she had abandoned and how she had treated the now-dead girl when she was still alive. Being resolute on finding out the truth, she went through many things with Kaji during the investigation and came to an interesting ending. Mostly was done by her though. A twisted and deformed pinkie finger, a policeman soliciting high school girls, a cosplayer, a zealous teacher and, lastly, a psychopathic son are all the ingredients of this interesting television drama. Emotional.
## Main characters {#main_characters}
### Tamako Tsumiki {#tamako_tsumiki}
Tamako Tsumiki, is a lawyer investigating various ongoings in schools, especially those concerning the methods people will go to hide what is considered \"dirty laundry\". After Aizawa\'s accident, she attempts to visit her in the hospital but is told that Aizawa can not currently see anyone. Later on she and Kachi find a locker with Aizawa\'s books in them. To both of their surprise, Kaji and Tsumiki see the word \"die\" written all over her books, leading to think that she may have been pushed from the window and not fallen as an accident. When the two go to the school to show the books to the vice principal, they are told that Aizawa has died.
Tsumiki\'s boyfriend is Seri Naoyuki who is also a lawyer. He proposes to her in the first episode and she is unable to give an answer right away due to being somewhat distraught by Aizawa\'s death. She is 30 years old.
### Kohei Kaji {#kohei_kaji}
Kohei Kaji is a new substitute teacher in the school, he often tries to get his students into learning and has a generally positive attitude towards them
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# Rufus Early Clement
**Rufus Early Clement** (June 26, 1900 -- November 7, 1967) was an American academic administrator and university president. He served as the sixth and longest-serving president of the historically black Atlanta University (now Clark Atlanta University) in Atlanta, Georgia.
## Career
A native of Salisbury, North Carolina, Clement started out as a professor and then dean of Livingstone College in Salisbury. Clement then served as the first dean of Louisville Municipal College, a segregated college for Negros of University of Louisville. In 1937, he was named president of Atlanta University, position which he held until his death some thirty years later.
W. E. B. Du Bois suspected Clement of being behind Du Bois\' forced retirement from Atlanta University in 1944. At least one author supports this theory, arguing that Du Bois\' confrontational approach to civil rights for African Americans clashed with Clement\'s more accommodationist inclination.
In 1953, Clement was elected to the Atlanta School Board, having become the first black since Reconstruction to hold public office in Atlanta.
In the 1966 gubernatorial election, Clement endorsed the Republican nominee, U.S. Representative Howard \"Bo\" Callaway, who challenged the Democrat Lester Maddox, a businessman and staunch segregationist who had closed his Pickrick Restaurant to avoid integration. Clement and the Negro Baptist Convention argued that the only way to prevent Maddox\'s election was for blacks to support Callaway though many in the minority group opposed Callaway\'s conservative voting record in Congress. Ultimately as a result of an election impasse, the Georgia General Assembly elected Maddox as governor, 182 to 66.
## Family
Clement\'s nephew George Clement Bond is an anthropologist at Columbia University in New York City. Another nephew is J. Max Bond Jr., architect. Clement is also related to Horace Mann Bond. Clement\'s son-in-law, Robert Joseph Pershing Foster, was Ray Charles\' personal physician
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# Seth Padelford
**Seth Padelford** (October 3, 1807 -- August 26, 1878) was the 31st Governor of Rhode Island from 1869 to 1873.
## Biography
Padelford was born in Taunton, Massachusetts. He worked as a grocer, as well as serving on the City Council of Providence, Rhode Island, the Providence School Committee and in the Rhode Island House of Representatives.
Padelford was a Unitarian and an ardent abolitionist with ties to the New England Emigrant Aid Company, which armed and organized settlers who took part in the \"Bleeding Kansas\" conflict. In 1860, he was nominated as the Republican Party candidate for Governor of Rhode Island. Anti-war Republicans and textile interests joined Democrats to back the young William Sprague IV, the nephew of former Rhode Island Governor and Senator William Sprague III. Sprague, running as a \"Conservative\" against Padelford\'s \"Radical\" candidacy, won the election by a margin of 12,278 to 10,740 votes, with twice the customary turnout at the polls.
After the American Civil War began in 1861, Padelford won two consecutive elections for Lieutenant Governor, serving from 1863 to 1865. He was elected Governor in 1869, serving four terms before stepping down.
Padelford died in 1878 in Providence, and is buried in Swan Point Cemetery.
## Family
- John Peirce, step-son - participated in the development of the telephone
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# Arthur A. Cohen
**Arthur Allen Cohen** (June 25, 1928 -- September 30, 1986) was an American scholar, art critic, theologian, publisher, and author.
Scholar David M. Stern has written of Cohen: \"Though he was best known as a novelist and theologian, he also pursued successful careers as a highly regarded editor and publisher, as an expert collector and dealer in rare books and documents \[of\] twentieth-century art, and as a man of letters and cultural critic who wrote with equal authority on modern European literature, medieval Jewish mysticism, the history of Dada and surrealism, and modern typography and design.\"
## Biography
### Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Born in New York City in 1928, Arthur Allen Cohen was the son of Isidore Meyer and Bess Junger Cohen, both second-generation Americans. Though he would not publish his first novel until the age of 39, he told Thomas Lask in 1980, \"I\'ve actually been writing fiction since I was very young. \[\...\] I always wrote stories.\" Cohen entered University of Chicago at the age of 16, where he received his B.A. in 1946. It was during his undergraduate years at Chicago that Cohen had an intellectual crisis, which he would later describe in the widely anthologized essay, \"Why I Choose to be Jewish\" (1959), and that marked the rest of his life. Confronted with the thoroughgoing Christianity of Western culture, and reading highly influential Christian literature, Cohen considered becoming a Christian. However, he was soon put in contact with Milton Steinberg, a leading Jewish thinker, who set him on a course of Jewish education which brought him to a deeper relationship with his heritage and ended his interest in converting.
In 1949 Cohen earned his M.A. in philosophy at University of Chicago with a thesis on Kierkegaard and Nietzsche. He then briefly studied at both Hebrew University and Union Theological Seminary, before beginning doctoral work at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, where he studied medieval Jewish philosophy. In 1951, however, Cohen, \"who found it insulated and unexciting compared to Chicago,\" left the seminary without completing his PhD. Overall, during his university years Cohen was taught by many intellectual luminaries of the mid-century, including Joachim Wach, Paul Tillich, E. K. Brown, and Richard McKeon.
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# Arthur A. Cohen
## Biography
### Publisher, editor, bookseller {#publisher_editor_bookseller}
Though his intellectual legacy rests on his books, Cohen never earned his livelihood in academic settings, nor did he support himself on his writings alone. In 1951, after leaving the Jewish Theological Seminary, he and his friend Cecil Hemley co-founded Noonday Press. (It was later asserted by Hemley\'s wife that Cohen \"was there for his money, not his talent.\") Small as it was, Noonday Press soon had a backlist of world-class authors, such as Karl Jaspers, Louise Bogan, Machado de Assis, Sholom Aleichem, and Isaac Bashevis Singer. Then in 1955, Cohen established Meridian Press, \"a quality-paperback list,\" which, notably, published Hannah Arendt\'s revised edition of *Origins of Totalitarianism*. Mainly focusing on reprints, books like Jacques Maritain\'s *Creative Intuition in Art and Poetry* and Constantin Stanislavski\'s *My Life in Art* sold especially well. Yet the 1950s were the heyday of quality paperback presses, and Meridian competed fiercely with larger presses in the field, notably Doubleday and New American Library of World Literature. In 1960, Cohen sold Meridian Press to World Publishing, where he was also, briefly, an editor.
In the early 1950s, Cohen met the woman he would later marry, Elaine Lustig (née Firstenberg). She and her husband, the graphic designer Alvin Lustig, had moved to New York in 1951. During this time Alvin taught at Yale University and designed covers for New Directions. Following Alvin\'s death in 1955, Cohen, a close friend of the couple, \"suggested that \[Elaine\] design the book covers Alvin had originally been hired to produce\" for Meridian. It was through this working relationship that they became more involved. In 1956, Elaine and Cohen married; they remained married until his death in 1986. The couple lived in Manhattan during these years.
Cohen served as an editor for several publishers over the years, including his own. After working as an editor for World Publishing, he was hired by Holt, Rinehart & Winston in 1961 as \"religious-books editor,\" and then became editor-in-chief in 1964. In addition to his publishing and editing work, Cohen collected rare books. He and his wife founded an antiquarian bookstore named Ex Libris in 1973, which \"specialized in books and documents of twentieth-century art, particularly Dada, Surrealism, and early Russian Constructivism.\" The business was initially run from their home, but by 1978 Ex Libris had been \"moved to the ground floor of the Upper East Side Manhattan townhouse where the couple lived.\" Elaine finally closed Ex Libris in 1998.
The combination of Cohen\'s multiple lines of work and Elaine Lustig\'s extensive connections in the art world resulted in their home in New York being a gathering place for influential artists, critics, scholars, and writers of the era. Among the pair\'s frequent guests were Robert Motherwell, Richard Meier, Michael Graves, Cynthia Ozick, and Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi.
In 1968, he signed the \"Writers and Editors War Tax Protest\" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.
On September 30, 1986, Cohen died from leukemia at the age of 58.
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# Arthur A. Cohen
## Writings
### Fiction
Cohen wrote six works of fiction, including *The Carpenter Years* (1967), *Acts of Theft* (1980), and *An Admirable Woman* (1983), the last of which won the National Jewish Book Award. Many consider *In the Days of Simon Stern* (1973) to be Cohen\'s flawed masterpiece. For this novel Cohen was awarded the Edward Lewis Wallant Award in 1973. The screen rights to his third novel, *A Hero in His Time*, were purchased in 1976 by Jalor Productions, the production company behind *Santa Claus Conquers the Martians* (1964), widely regarded as one of the worst films ever made. However, the film was never made. Cohen\'s final work of fiction was *Artists & Enemies* (1987), a collection of three novellas published posthumously.
### Non-fiction {#non_fiction}
Cohen\'s non-fiction, in addition to his study of Buber, included *The Natural and the Supernatural Jew* (1962), a book which traces the history of Jewish theology from the late 15th century, through the German Jewish renaissance, and into what he saw as a hopeful yet troubled American Jewish scene. Cohen also edited a popular reader on Jewish thought, *Arguments and Doctrines*. One of his posthumous publications, the immense anthology *Contemporary Jewish Religious Thought* (1987), which he co-edited with Paul Mendes-Flohr, was very well received when it was initially published. The anthology was even reissued in paperback by the Jewish Publication Society in 2009 with a new title, *20th Century Jewish Religious Thought*. In his review for the *Journal for the Study of Religion*, Bernard Steinberg wrote, \"Cohen and Mendes-Flohr have succeeded admirably in gathering and collating a series of challenging and provocative viewpoints which in sum depict the condition of contemporary Judaism and Jewry in a most vivid manner. The daunting and ambitious task that they undertook has surely paid off.\" In *The New York Times*, Alfred Gottschalk wrote, \"The publication of this scintillating book is a major achievement and deserves commendation.\"
Of all his writings, it is perhaps Cohen\'s theological work which remains the most influential. His theological reflections were expressed through both his fiction and his non-fiction, his essays on Judaism and those on literature and the arts. However, his most definitive theological statements may be found in texts like *The Natural and the Supernatural Jew*, *If Not Now, When?*, *The Tremendum*, and his essays in *Contemporary Jewish Religious Thought*. \"Death of God\" theologian and friend Thomas Altizer has said of his theology, \"Cohen is a pure expression of the solitary theologian, and he is certainly one of our most important theologians; indeed, there are those in the Jewish world who think that he simply created Jewish theology, or if not Jewish theology, then an American or postmodern Jewish theology.\" More concretely, Geoffrey Hartman comments in his memoir *A Scholar\'s Tale*: \"At that time \[in 1957\] I also met Arthur \[A.\] Cohen and envied his commitment to have German Jewish thought inspire (perhaps even create) a modern Jewish theology.\"
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# Arthur A. Cohen
## Major works {#major_works}
### *In the Days of Simon Stern* {#in_the_days_of_simon_stern}
As with all of Cohen\'s novels, the initial reception of *In the Days of Simon Stern* (1973) was mixed. However, in subsequent years there has emerged a consensus that it is Cohen\'s most significant work of fiction.
Cynthia Ozick wrote in *The New York Times* in 1973, \"For a small mountain of reasons, this book ensnares one of the most extraordinarily daring ideas to inhabit an American novel in a number of years.\" Referring to the novel\'s eponymous main character, Melvin Maddocks wrote in *Time*, \"It is one of the most venerable axioms of writing---certainly as old as *Moll Flanders* (1722)---that novels should be about sinners. Saints are difficult enough to deal with in real life, let alone in fiction. \[\...\] Yet \[Cohen\] has taken on a saint and a fable in fiction, and won---apparently by sheer moral passion.\" The novel deals with Jewish life in the United States before the Second World War as well as the ramifications of the Holocaust.
Scholar Ruth Wisse has deemed *In the Days of Simon Stern* an example of a \"midrashic mode of writing\" in Jewish American literature, \"one in which a familiar story or theme is given a new reading.\" Thomas Altizer said in his memoir, \"I believe that \[Cohen\'s\] novel, *In the Days of Simon Stern*, is our richest Jewish theological novel, and one of our most profound responses to the Holocaust
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# Discrete exterior calculus
In mathematics, the **discrete exterior calculus** (**DEC**) is the extension of the exterior calculus to discrete spaces including graphs, finite element meshes, and lately also general polygonal meshes (non-flat and non-convex). DEC methods have proved to be very powerful in improving and analyzing finite element methods: for instance, DEC-based methods allow the use of highly non-uniform meshes to obtain accurate results. Non-uniform meshes are advantageous because they allow the use of large elements where the process to be simulated is relatively simple, as opposed to a fine resolution where the process may be complicated (e.g., near an obstruction to a fluid flow), while using less computational power than if a uniformly fine mesh were used.
## The discrete exterior derivative {#the_discrete_exterior_derivative}
Stokes\' theorem relates the integral of a differential (*n* − 1)-form *ω* over the boundary ∂*M* of an *n*-dimensional manifold *M* to the integral of d*ω* (the exterior derivative of *ω*, and a differential *n*-form on *M*) over *M* itself:
$$\int_{M} \mathrm{d} \omega = \int_{\partial M} \omega.$$
One could think of differential *k*-forms as linear operators that act on *k*-dimensional \"bits\" of space, in which case one might prefer to use the bracket notation for a dual pairing. In this notation, Stokes\' theorem reads as
$$\langle \mathrm{d} \omega \mid M \rangle = \langle \omega \mid \partial M \rangle.$$
In finite element analysis, the first stage is often the approximation of the domain of interest by a triangulation, *T*. For example, a curve would be approximated as a union of straight line segments; a surface would be approximated by a union of triangles, whose edges are straight line segments, which themselves terminate in points. Topologists would refer to such a construction as a simplicial complex. The boundary operator on this triangulation/simplicial complex *T* is defined in the usual way: for example, if *L* is a directed line segment from one point, *a*, to another, *b*, then the boundary ∂*L* of *L* is the formal difference *b* − *a*.
A *k*-form on *T* is a linear operator acting on *k*-dimensional subcomplexes of *T*; e.g., a 0-form assigns values to points, and extends linearly to linear combinations of points; a 1-form assigns values to line segments in a similarly linear way. If *ω* is a *k*-form on *T*, then the **discrete exterior derivative** d*ω* of *ω* is the unique (*k* + 1)-form defined so that Stokes\' theorem holds:
$$\langle \mathrm{d} \omega \mid S \rangle = \langle \omega \mid \partial S \rangle.$$
For every (*k* + 1)-dimensional subcomplex of *T*, *S*.
Other operators and operations such as the discrete wedge product, Hodge star, or Lie derivative can also be defined
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# Timothy Vogel
**Timothy Grant Vogel** (born 11 July 1960) is a former New Zealand cricketer who played four first-class and three List A cricket matches for Wellington in the 1980s. He also played for Hutt Valley in the Hawke Cup. He was born in Upper Hutt
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# Farber's Nerve
***Farber\'s Nerve*** is a short animated film by Morgan Miller. The film centers on a retiring dentist in New York City.
Dr. Farber, who had a practice on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, reflects on his career, mistakes, frustrations, and greatest challenges. It is a charming film, poignant and funny, showing Dr. Farber\'s unassuming nature and ability to laugh at himself. He makes some remarks about changes in Health Insurance and Dental coverage that have occurred in the United States over the course of his career. The film is in black and white, animated in a unique style.
Farber\'s Nerve was programmed alongside Who I Am And What I Want by David Shrigley and Chris Shepherd in the 2006 Manhattan Short Film Festival world tour, which spanned 137 screenings across the United States, Canada, the UK, and Europe
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# Philippine Human Development Network
The **Human Development Network Foundation Inc.** (HDN) is a non-stock, non-profit organization whose mission is to propagate and mainstream the concept of sustainable human development through research and advocacy.
The HDN is a group of development practitioners who first got together in 1992 through the initiative of Professor Solita Collas-Monsod, past HDN President, and the previous Resident Representative of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Kevin McGrath. The group met in a series of \"brainstorming\" sessions to discuss how best to apply the major findings and conclusions of the Human Development Report in the Philippine setting. From an informal group in 1992, the HDN became a registered organization in 1997.
There are now about 150 HDN members from national government agencies, international organizations, non-governmental organizations and research institutions. In terms of discipline and background, the group is composed of political scientists, sociologists, and specialists in public administration, education and social work. The UNDP has been providing financial and technical assistance to the HDN for the preparation of the Philippine Human Development Reports and advocacy activities since 1994.
## Mission
HDN\'s mission is to build knowledge that will help strengthen institutional capacity in achieving human development outcomes primarily through research and advocacy. Projects and programs are conducted while in constant consultation and engagement with stakeholders from civil society, research and academic institutions around the country, and the Philippine government.
## Vision
HDN\'s vision is to build an environment for Filipinos where they can develop their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests. Human development is about enabling people to have wider choices and expanding capabilities that will allow them to live a full life as human beings.
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# Philippine Human Development Network
## Our Work {#our_work}
To promote the sustainable human development concept, the HDN spearheads the following projects and activities: (1) preparation of a Philippine Human Development Report on a regular basis; (2) conduct and publication of policy researches on human development issues; (3) monitoring of the achievements, breakthroughs, deficiencies and gaps regarding human development in the work of both government and non-government organizations, (4) organization of and participation in fora, dialogues and symposia on human development concerns; (5) provision of briefings, workshops, lectures and training sessions relating to human development concepts and measures to different audiences.
### Philippine Human Development Report {#philippine_human_development_report}
The Philippine Human Development Report (PHDR) is the HDN\'s main vehicle for advocating people-centered development, and generating discussion and consensus on human development issues. It is the national counterpart of the United Nations Development Programme\'s Global Human Development Report. To date, the HDN has produced seven PHDRs---1994, 1997, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2008/2009, and 2012/2013 in partnership with the UNDP. It is currently preparing the eighth report to be published sometime 2015-2016.
### Other Publications and Research Papers {#other_publications_and_research_papers}
Aside from the PHDR, the HDN has come out with publications and research papers that tackled specific human development concerns.
### Sustainable Human Development (SHD) Fora {#sustainable_human_development_shd_fora}
The HDN organizes dialogues and fora with the aim of institutionalizing and broadening the partnership between civil society and government in mainstreaming the human development framework in policy-making and programming.
### Lectures, Workshops & Training Sessions {#lectures_workshops_training_sessions}
The HDN developed a training package on the concept of human development and the estimation of the Human Development Index for HDN Members and those engaged in policy decisions and in assessment of improvements in the quality of life using the Minimum Basic Needs approach and other summary measures.
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# Philippine Human Development Network
## Philippine Human Development Reports {#philippine_human_development_reports}
The Philippines has published seven national human development reports since 1994. These reports have acquired a reputation for factually based, insightful and well written analyses of human development issues in the Philippines. The PHDR is today a highly respected publication not just in the Philippines but also in the community of nations. In October 2000, at the conclusion of the Second General Forum on Human Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, when the first annual National Human Development Report Awards Programme was launched, the PHDR 2000 was among the awardees. PHDR 2000 won awards in three categories: Excellence in the Innovative Use of Human Development Measurement Tools, Excellence in Presentation and Design, and Excellence in Participation and Policy Impact.
The issue of the Philippine Human Development Report in 1994 introduced to Philippine readers the concept of Human Development, explaining its difference from the more traditional measure of development like per capita income and the significance of measures of life expectation and literacy and education in the promotion of human development. For the first time, it computed the Human Development Index (HDI) for each of the country\'s regions and drew out policy implications of the index for action of national and regional authorities.
Succeeding issues dwelt on specific themes, defining and analyzing these and deriving policy suggestions from them. The 1997 issue highlighted the theme of Gender focusing on the enhancement of women\'s capabilities and opportunities to make choices. This report noted the significant gains attained by the Philippines in increasing women\'s access to education and jobs in certain sectors, and participation in elections as voters and candidates. The report of 2000 focused on Education. After documenting what is called an alarming decline in the quality of Philippine education it outlined a general framework for dealing with the problem. PHDR 2002 focused on Employment, more specifically on the nature of unemployment in the Philippines, the profile of the unemployed and quality of employment, and recommended ways and means of generating employment opportunities\' to enable people to live in prosperity and dignity. PHDR 2005 probed into Peace and Human Security and examined the causes and costs of ideology-based armed conflicts, the shortcomings of the government's policies and institutions and recommended ways to recast or reinforce the government's peace efforts. PHDR 2008/2009 looked into Institutions and Politics by digging into some critical institutions such as the Civil Service Commission, the Department of Budget and the Department of Education (DepEd), and key judicial and quasi-judicial agencies.
The latest issue, PHDR 2012/2013 tackled the HDN's most challenging issue to date, Geography and Human Development. The Report was launched on July 29, 2013. Each of these issues also came up with the latest computations of provincial HDI\'s
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# MacKenna
**MacKenna** is usually a surname, and may refer to
- Sir James MacKenna (1872--1940), British-Indian civil servant
- John MacKenna (born 1952), Irish playwright and novelist
- Juan Mackenna (1771--1814), military officer
- Kenneth MacKenna (1899--1962), American actor and director
- Stephen MacKenna (1872--1934), Irish linguist, journalist, translator and author
- Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (1831--1886), Chilean politician and writer, grandson of the above Juan
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# John Nimmo (cricketer)
**John Robert Nimmo** (12 June 1910 -- 2 November 1994) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played two first-class matches for Otago, one in each of the 1933--34 and 1936--37 seasons.
Nimmo was born at Dunedin in 1910 and worked as a clerk in the city. A fast bowler who played club cricket for Carisbrook and, for a time, Balclutha, he made his representative debut for Otago in a December 1933 match against Canterbury at Lancaster Park in Christchurch. Considered a young player with a \"good reputation\", he opened the bowling, taking two wickets in the Canterbury first innings and scoring five runs during the match. His other first-class match came against the same opposition in February 1937 at Carisbrook. Called back into the side after having bowled \"exceedingly well\" for Carisbrook, he took another three wickets in the match and made scores of four in his first innings and 42 not out in his second, part of a ninth wicket partnership of 73 runs with Jack Dunning.
Although he did not make any further first-class appearances for the side, Nimmo played for Otago against an English touring team organised by Julien Cahn in the 1938--39 season and in matches against Southland in the following two seasons.
Nimmo died at Dunedin in 1994 at the age of 84. An obituary was published in the 1995 edition of the *New Zealand Cricket Almanack*
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# Sandra Hester
**Sandra Wheeler Hester** is an activist and former television host from New Orleans.
Prior to Hurricane Katrina, she hosted the Hester Report on Public-access television in New Orleans. Her programs were generally critical of local government, particularly the Orleans Parish School Board. After the storm, she settled in Glasgow, Missouri. She continues to be active in New Orleans social issues, frequently disrupting public meetings
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# Demographics of Alaska
`{{US Census population
|1880=33426
|1890=32052
|1900=63592
|1910=64356
|1920=55036
|1930=59278
|1940=72524
|1950=128643
|1960=226167
|1970=300382
|1980=401851
|1990=550043
|2000=626932
|2010=710231
|2020=733391
|footnote = 1930 and 1940 censuses taken in preceding autumn<br />Sources: 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki} As of 2020, Alaska has a population of 733,391.
In 2005, the population of Alaska was 663,661, which is an increase of 5,906, or 0.9%, from the prior year and an increase of 36,730, or 5.9%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 36,590 people (53,132 births minus 16,542 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 1,181 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 5,800 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 4,619 people. More than half of the state\'s population lives in Anchorage, Juneau and Fairbanks, with two-fifths in Anchorage alone. The Matanuska-Susistna Borough is one of the nation\'s fastest growing areas, with an estimated population of 100,000 and projections of 130,000 by 2027. The last census of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough in 2019 showed a population of 108,317. The Matanuska-Susitna Borough contains the incorporated townships of Wasilla and Palmer and is home to an indigenous population, The Dena\'ina people have been in the area for 10,000 years. Knik Tribal Council is a federally recognized tribe in the MAT-SU and a non-profit social service organization for Natives in the MAT-SU region. This area contains the cities of Meadow Lakes, Big Lake, Houston, Talkeetna, Willow. There is 1 city, townships and other populated areas in the Matanuska-Susistna Borough.
With a population of 733,391, according to the 2023 U.S. census, Alaska is the 49th most populous and least densely populated state.
For purposes of the federal census, the state is divided into artificial divisions defined geographically by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes only.
The center of population of Alaska is located approximately 64.37 km east of Anchorage at 61.399882 N. latitude, 148.873973 W. longitude. In 2006, Alaska had a larger percentage of tobacco smokers than the national average, with 24% of Alaskan adults smoking.
## History
The 1870 Census in Alaska was conducted by U.S. Army personnel under the command of Major General Henry W. Halleck. This count showed 82,400 people. But because of duplication of tribes listed under different names, the inclusion of a tribe that did not exist, and exaggerated estimates, the number was not considered reliable.
## Ancestry
According to the 2020 United States census, the racial composition of Alaska was the following:
- White: 64.1% (Non-Hispanic White: 58.8%)
- American Indian or Alaskan Native 15.7%
- Asian 6.7% (4.4% Filipino, 0.3% Chinese, 0.2% Laotian, 0.2% Japanese, 0.1% Indian, 0.1% Vietnamese, 0.1% Thai)
- Black 3.7%
- Pacific Islander: 1.7% (0.7% Samoan, 0.1% Hawaiian, 0.1% Tongan)
- Two or more races: 8.2%
- Other races: 1.7%
The population was 7.7% of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race). See Hispanics and Latinos in Alaska to learn more.
The largest ancestry groups (which the Census defines as not including racial terms) in the state are:
- 18.3% German
- 11.0% Irish
- 8.5% English
- 6.5% Norwegian
- 4.4% Filipino
- 3.8% French
- 3.7% Native American
- 3.3% Italian
- 3.0% Mexican
- 2.9% Scottish
- 2.7% Polish
- 2.5% Swedish
- 1.9% Dutch
- 1.4% Russian
The vast and sparsely populated regions of northern and western Alaska are primarily inhabited by Alaska Natives, who are also numerous in the southeast. Anchorage, Fairbanks, and other parts of south-central and southeast Alaska have many White Americans of northern and western European ancestry. The Wrangell-Petersburg area has many residents of Scandinavian ancestry and the Aleutian Islands contain a large Filipino population. The vast majority of the state\'s Black population lives in Anchorage and Fairbanks. Also, Alaska has the largest percentage of American Indians of any state. Some of the Alaska Natives absorbed the small 1700s Russian-era settlement. There are some Creole people of natives and Russians mixture. `{{US Demographics|state=Alaska}}`{=mediawiki}
## Birth data {#birth_data}
*Note: Births in table don\'t add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.*
Race 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
----------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------
White 6,622 (57.8%) 6,541 (57.4%) 6,543 (58.0%) 5,787 (51.6%) 5,259 (50.3%) 5,057 (50.1%) 4,859 (49.5%) 4,770 (50.4%) 4,695 (50.1%) 4,639 (49.6%) 4,353 (48.3%)
American Indian 2,462 (21.5%) 2,450 (21.5%) 2,415 (21.4%) 2,110 (18.8%) 1,903 (18.2%) 1,873 (18.6%) 1,885 (19.2%) 1,797 (19.0%) 1,730 (18.5%) 1,727 (18.5%) 1,706 (18.9%)
Asian 1,053 (9.2%) 1,106 (9.7%) 1,114 (9.9%) 691 (6.2%) 686 (6.6%) 641 (6.4%) 581 (5.9%) 524 (5.5%) 505 (5.4%) 563 (6.0%) 487 (5.4%)
Pacific Islander \... \... \... 289 (2.6%) 308 (2.9%) 299 (3.0%) 302 (3.1%) 325 (3.4%) 295 (3.1%) 311 (3.3%) 310 (3.4%)
Black 524 (4.6%) 548 (4.8%) 509 (4.5%) 319 (2.8%) 329 (3.1%) 280 (2.8%) 290 (3.0%) 281 (3.0%) 243 (2.6%) 249 (2.7%) 212 (2.4%)
*Hispanic* (any race) *848 (7.4%)* *841 (7.4%)* *810 (7.2%)* *811 (7.2%)* *799 (7.6%)* *807 (8.0%)* *787 (8.0%)* *734 (7.8%)* *798 (8.5%)* *794 (8.5%)* *793 (8.8%)*
**Total** **11,446** (100%) **11,392** (100%) **11,282** (100%) **11,209** (100%) **10,445** (100%) **10,086** (100%) **9,822** (100%) **9,469** (100%) **9,367** (100%) **9,359** (100%) **9,015** (100%)
: Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother
- Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one *Hispanic* group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
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# Demographics of Alaska
## Languages
According to the 2005-2007 American Community Survey, 84.7% of people over the age of five speak only English at home. About 3.5% speak Spanish at home. About 2.2% speak an Indo-European language other than Spanish or English at home, about 4.3% speak an Asian language at home and about 5.3% speak other languages at home.
A total of 5.2% of Alaskans speak one of the state\'s 22 indigenous languages, known locally as \"native languages\". These languages belong to two major language families: Eskimo--Aleut and Na-Dené. As the homeland of these two major language families of North America, Alaska has been described as the crossroads of the continent, providing evidence for the recent settlement of North America via the Bering land bridge. `{{div col|colwidth=22em}}`{=mediawiki}
- Eskimo--Aleut family
- Aleut
- Eskimo family
- Central Alaskan Yup\'ik
- Central Siberian Yupik (Yuit)
- Alutiiq (Pacific Gulf Yupik)
- Inuit family
- Iñupiaq
- Na-Dene family
- Tlingit
- Eyak
- Athabaskan family (spec. Northern Athabaskan)
- Ahtna
- Dena'ina (Tanaina)
- Deg Xinag (Deg Hit\'an)
- Gwich'in (Kutchin)
- Hän
- Holikachuk (Innoko)
- Koyukon
- Upper Kuskokwim (Kolchan)
- Lower Tanana (Tanana)
- Tanacross
- Upper Tanana
- Haida language
- Tsimshianic
- Coast Tsimshian
## Religion
- Christian -- 62%
- Evangelical Protestant -- 22%
- Mainline Protestant -- 12%
- Historically Black Protestant -- 3%
- Roman Catholic -- 16%
- Orthodoxy -- 5%
- Latter-day Saint -- 5%
- Jehovah\'s Witnesses -- \<0.5%
- Other Christian -- \<0.5%
Other religions
- Jewish -- \<1%
- Buddhist- 1%
- Islam -- \<1%
- Hindu -- \<1%
- Other world religions -- 1%
- Other faiths -- 4%
- Unaffiliated -- 31%
- Refused to answer -- 1%
Alaska\'s relatively large Orthodox Christian population is notable. The large Eastern Orthodox population (with 49 parishes and up to 50,000 followers) stems from early Russian colonization of the Americas (which centered on Alaska), and from missionary work among Alaska Natives. In 1794 the first Russian Orthodox church was built in Kodiak by monks who had arrived from the Valaam Monastery. Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives helped Russian immigrants integrate into Alaskan societies. As a result, a number of Russian Orthodox parishes gradually became established in Alaska. `{{As of | 2021}}`{=mediawiki} many are affiliated with the Orthodox Church in America, while others are members of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia.
The first Sitka Lutheran Church was built for Finnish people in New Archangel (present-day Sitka) in 1843.
Alaska has the largest Quaker population (by percentage) of any U.S. state.
, 3,060 Jews lived in Alaska. The number of Jehovah\'s Witnesses stands at a little less than 2,400. Estimates for the number of Alaskan Muslims range from 1,000 to 5,000
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# Confused (song)
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{{Singlechart|Billboardrandbhiphop|33|artist=Tevin Campbell|rowheader=true|refname="Billboardrandbhiphop"}}
^
``
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# Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan
The **Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan** (**CERP**) is the plan enacted by the U.S. Congress for the restoration of the Everglades ecosystem in southern Florida.
When originally authorized by the U.S. Congress in 2000, it was estimated that CERP would cost a total of \$8.2 billion and take approximately 30 years to complete. More recent estimates (2014) indicate that the plan would take approximately 50 years to implement, and would cost approximately \$1.63 billion more than originally thought, plus additional adjustments for inflation.
## Overview
The **Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP)** provides a framework and guide to restore, protect and preserve the water resources of central and southern Florida, including the Everglades. It covers 16 counties over an 18000 sqmi area and centers on an update of the Central & Southern Florida (C&SF) Project also known as the Restudy. The State of Florida (via the South Florida Water Management District) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers are undertaking various projects under CERP to help ensure the proper quantity, quality, timing, and distribution of waters to the Everglades and all of South Florida.
The goal of CERP is to recapture the fresh water that is currently pumped out to the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico in order to reduce water levels in Lake Okeechobee and redirect it south to the Everglades National Park that has been receiving greatly reduced inflows since the 20th century drainage of the landscape.
The majority of the water will be devoted to environmental restoration, reviving the degrading Everglades terrestrial, wetland and marine ecosystems . The remaining water will benefit cities and farmers by enhancing water supplies for the South Florida economy.
## Historical
The Central and Southern Florida (C&SF) Project, which was first authorized by the U.S. Congress in 1948, is a multi-purpose project that provides flood control, water supply for municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses, prevention of saltwater intrusion, water supply for Everglades National Park, and protection of fish and wildlife resources. The primary system includes about 1000 mi of levees, 720 mi of canals, and almost 200 water control structures. The C&SF Project has performed its authorized functions well, however, the project has had unintended adverse effects on the unique and diverse environment that constitutes south Florida ecosystems, including the Everglades and Florida Bay.
## Legal
The Plan was enacted into law by the U.S. Congress in the Water Resources Development Act (WRDA) of 2000. It includes more than 60 elements, will take more than 30 years to construct, and was originally estimated to cost \$7.8 billion.
Numerous lawsuits affecting Everglades restoration are pending before the courts.
## Water Storage {#water_storage}
CERP called for eighteen above ground reservoirs for water storage, totaling 180,000 acres. Of these, 60,000 acres of water storage was called for in the Everglades Agricultural Area.
## U.S. National Research Council reviews {#u.s._national_research_council_reviews}
A series of biennial reports from the U.S. National Research Council have reviewed the progress of CERP. The fourth report in the series, released in 2012, found that little progress has been made in restoring the core of the remaining Everglades ecosystem; instead, most project construction so far has occurred along its periphery. The report noted that to reverse ongoing ecosystem declines, it will be necessary to expedite restoration projects that target the central Everglades and to improve both the quality and quantity of the water in the ecosystem.
To better understand the potential implications of the current slow pace of progress, the report assessed the current status of ten Everglades ecosystem attributes, including phosphorus loads, peat depth, and populations of snail kites, birds of prey that are endangered in South Florida. Most attributes received grades ranging from C (degraded) to D (significantly degraded), but the snail kite received a grade of F (near irreversible damage). The report also assessed the future trajectory of each ecosystem attribute under three restoration scenarios: improved water quality, improved hydrology, and improvements to both water quality and hydrology, which helped highlight the urgency of restoration actions to benefit a wide range of ecosystem attributes and demonstrate the cost of inaction.
Overall, the report concluded that substantial near-term progress to address both water quality and hydrology in the central Everglades is needed to reverse ongoing degradation before it's too late
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# Malagasy giant rat
The **Malagasy giant rat** (***Hypogeomys antimena***), also known as the **votsotsa** or **votsovotsa**, is a nesomyid rodent found only in the Menabe region of Madagascar. It is an endangered species due to habitat loss, slow reproduction, and limited range (200 square kilometres north of Morondava, between the rivers Tomitsy and Tsiribihina) Pairs are monogamous and females bear only one or two young per year. It is the only extant species in the genus *Hypogeomys*; another species, *Hypogeomys australis*, is known from subfossil remains a few thousand years old.
## Physical description {#physical_description}
Malagasy giant rats have an appearance somewhat similar to rabbits, though maintaining many rat-like features especially in the face. Males and females both grow to roughly rabbit-size, around 1.2 kg and 33 cm, though with an additional 20 -- of dark tail. They have a coarse coat which varies from gray to brown to reddish, darkening around the head and fading to white on the belly. They also have prominent, pointed ears and long, muscular back legs, used for jumping to avoid predators. They can leap almost 3 ft in the air, for which reason they are sometimes called **giant jumping rats**.
## Reproduction and maturation {#reproduction_and_maturation}
The male Malagasy giant rat reaches sexual maturity within one year, but will not mate until reaching 1.5 to two years of age. The female Malagasy giant rat reaches sexual maturity in two years. These rats are one of the few rodent species to practice sexual monogamy. Once mated, a pair will stay together until one of them dies. On the death of a mate, females tend to remain in the burrow until a new male is found. While males usually wait for a new mate as well, they do occasionally move to live with a widowed female. Females give birth to a single offspring after a gestation of 102--138 days (number observed in captivity) once or twice during the mating season, which coincides with the Madagascar rainy season from December to April. The young are raised by both parents, remaining in the family burrow for the first 4--6 weeks, then increasingly exploring and foraging outside. Young males stay with the family unit for one year before achieving sexual maturity and leaving to find their own burrow. Females do not mature for two years and remain with their parents for the extra year. Males are extremely protective of their young. They are known to increase their own predation risk to follow or defend their offspring.
## Lifestyle and behavior {#lifestyle_and_behavior}
Completely nocturnal, the giant rats live in burrows up to 5 m across with as many as six entrances which, even those in regular use, are kept blocked by dirt and leaves to discourage predation by the Malagasy ground boa. The other main traditional predatory threat is the puma-like fossa but increasingly feral dogs and cats introduced to the island are hunting them as well. When foraging, the rats move on all fours, searching the forest floor for fallen fruit, nuts, seeds, and leaves. They have also been known to strip bark from trees and dig for roots and invertebrates. Pairs are highly territorial and the male and female will both defend their territory from other rats. They mark their territory with urine, feces, and scent gland secretions.
## Conservation and efforts {#conservation_and_efforts}
The Malagasy giant rat is listed as critically endangered. Limited range, habitat destruction, increased predation by non-native feral dogs and cats, and disease have all led to the decline. Many feral cats also carry a parasite called toxoplasmosis which causes rodents to lose their fear of cats, to the point of almost being attracted to cats, resulting in their being caught and killed more easily. Hantavirus is another rodent disease ravaging the population, which causes kidney failure.
The Madagascan Government has enacted laws to protect the giant rat. Much of their territory is now the Kirindy Forest Reserve where sustainable forestry is practiced. The government has also introduced policies that help the inhabitants of the island coexist with the animals that live there. Gerald Durrell was the first scientist to breed the rats in captivity. In 1990, he brought five specimens to Jersey. Since then, 16 breeding programs have been set up and 12 have been successful
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# Octavio Getino
**Octavio Getino** (August 6, 1935 in León, Spain -- October 1, 2012 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) was an Argentine film director and writer who is best known for co-founding, along with Fernando Solanas, the *Grupo Cine Liberación* and the school of Third Cinema.
Getino was born in Spain and migrated to Argentina in the 1950s.
In 1964 he was awarded the *Premio Casa de las Américas* for his short-stories book *Chulleca*. Getino also left a number of essays on cinema and sociology.
From 1989 to 1990, Getino led the Instituto Nacional de Cinematografía (INCAA).
He died of cancer at 77, on October 1, 2012
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# Khaled: A Tale of Arabia
***Khaled: A Tale of Arabia*** is a fantasy novel by F. Marion Crawford. It was first published in hardcover by Macmillan and Co. in 1891; its first paperback edition was issued by Ballantine Books as the thirty-ninth volume of the Ballantine Adult Fantasy series in December, 1971. The Ballantine edition includes an introduction by Lin Carter.
The novel is an oriental romance written in the style of the *Arabian Nights*.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
Khaled has no soul -- but he is offered one chance: if his wife comes to love him, despite his lack of a soul, he will become fully human
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# Republic Protests
The **Republic Protests** (*Cumhuriyet Mitingleri}}*) were a series of peaceful mass rallies that took place in Turkey in 2007 in support of a strict principle of state secularism.
The first rally took place in Ankara on 14 April 2007, just two days before the start of the presidential election process. The second one took place in Istanbul on 29 April. The third and fourth rallies took place consecutively in Manisa and Çanakkale on 5 May. The fifth rally took place in İzmir on 13 May.
The number of people gathering for the first protest in front of Anıtkabir, the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Ankara, was cited as ranging from \"hundreds of thousands\" to 1.5 million people. In the second protest, more than one million people gathered for the protests in Çağlayan square, Istanbul according to AFP and Reuters. The BBC reported hundreds of thousands of people. Over one million people reportedly participated in the fifth rally.
## Antecedent
Turkey\'s preservation and maintenance of its secular identity has been an issue and source of tension long before the demonstration. In the past, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has spoken out against the active restrictions on wearing the Islamic-style head scarves in government offices and schools, and taken steps to bolster religious institutions. According to the Guardian Unlimited, Erdoğan showed his Islamist nature when he initiated a move in 2004 to criminalize adultery, which eventually failed under intense pressure from the secularist forces in the country and the European Union, which Turkey has been trying to join.
General Yaşar Büyükanıt, Chief of the Turkish General Staff, warned against Islamic fundamentalism in October 2006. Prime Minister Erdoğan replied that there was no such threat. In a press conference two days prior to the demonstration, Büyükanıt stated: \"We hope that someone is elected president who is loyal to the principles of the republic --- not just in words but in essence.\" This statement was widely interpreted as a hint from the General urging Erdoğan not to run.
The serving president, Ahmet Necdet Sezer, aimed a clear swipe at Erdoğan the day before the demonstrations by stating, \"The threat which Islamic fundamentalism poses to the country is higher than ever.\" Although the post is mainly ceremonial, the Turkish president has the power to veto laws if he holds them to be in violation of the Constitution of Turkey, as well as to veto appointments to the highest positions of the state administration, such as the presidencies of universities and many public institutions. Sezer, a former chief of the Constitutional Court, did so many times during his years in office. In a recent poll by Hürriyet, a majority of the participants agreed with the president\'s assessment.
On April 24, foreign minister Abdullah Gül was announced as the official candidate of Justice and Development Party, by Erdoğan. His candidacy was controversial from the beginning due to his background of two proscribed Islamic political parties, and his statement \"We want to change the secular system\", in an interview published by the Guardian in 1995. Nevertheless, additional concerns were also present, including the effect of the hijab-style clothing of his spouse on Turkey\'s image, who previously filed a case against Turkey for the ban in the public buildings.
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# Republic Protests
## First rally (Tandoğan, Ankara) {#first_rally_tandoğan_ankara}
On 14 April the first protest took place in Tandoğan square in Ankara. The number of people gathering in front of Anıtkabir, the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Ankara, was cited as ranging from \"hundreds of thousands\" to 1.5 million people. The first protest was one of the largest that Turkey had seen in years until then. The target of the first protest was the possible presidential candidacy of the then Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (the outcome of which will be determined by the Turkish Grand National Assembly (unless the recent modifications on the constitution become ratified on time), in which Erdoğan\'s Justice and Development Party (AKP) has a healthy majority). Erdoğan decided not to run for president after the rally.
The slogan of the protest was **Claim Your Republic** (*Cumhuriyetine Sahip Çık*). According to the Ministry of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces, who administer Anıtkabir, 370,000 people visited the monument on that day, but eyewitness accounts from those who participated say that at least twice that amount was not able to enter the crowded grounds (see photo). Police announcements gave conflicting numbers ranging from about 70,000 to 150,000 participants which was criticized among police officials themselves stating \"such announcements hurt the credibility of the department.\" CNN Türk spoke of more than 650,000 at the meeting.
The demonstrators had different motives, including the suspicion that Erdoğan, who is thought to be attached to political Islam, will alter the secular state. Erdoğan\'s government denies having an Islamic agenda, but according to CNN, some critics argue that the government is inching the country towards increased religious rule. Erdoğan has had run-ins with the law in the past: He was tried and convicted for \"inciting religious hatred\" and had consequently served a four-month jail term in 2000 while he was the Mayor of Istanbul, Turkey\'s most populous city. According to the Guardian Unlimited, the pro-Islamic prime minister\'s party has been eroding secularists\' longtime grip on power.
The protest was initiated by the \"Atatürk Thought Association\" (*Atatürkçü Düşünce Derneği*) and supported by around 300 non-governmental organizations in Turkey. First some 60,000 people who travelled from all over Turkey by bus arrived to the protest in the early hours of Saturday, 14 April. People travelled by train and the residents of Ankara joined the protest overfilling Tandoğan Square and the nearby streets two hours before the official beginning. Among the protesters were also leaders of the opposition parties, Deniz Baykal (CHP), Zeki Sezer (DSP) and some professors of various universities wearing academic regalia. Protesters, waving the Turkish flag and carrying banners depicting Atatürk, chanted \"Turkey is secular and will remain secular\" (*Türkiye laiktir laik kalacak*) and \"We don\'t want an imam as president!\" (*İmam cumhurbaşkanı istemiyoruz*). The demonstration in downtown Ankara ended at 13:00 local time (10:00 GMT). Afterwards, the crowd marched to the Anıtkabir to pay their respect to the founder of the republic.
During the demonstrations, flight above Tandoğan Square and Anıtkabir was banned. Twelve ambulances and eleven police APCs were kept at standby in the surrounding streets. A contingent of 10,000 police officers watched over the crowd, but the demonstration ended peacefully.
Although the demonstrations received international media attention, all but one (Kanal Türk) of the local networks gave the demonstrations very little coverage. Habertürk director Melih Meriç said the lack of local coverage is because of political pressure.
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# Republic Protests
## First rally (Tandoğan, Ankara) {#first_rally_tandoğan_ankara}
### Aftermath
On 16 April in an interview en route to Germany on board the prime minister\'s jet, Erdoğan said that the demonstration would not affect his decisions (at the time he had not yet decided whether to run). Bülent Arınç, Speaker of the Turkish Parliament, commented that \"they will elect a civilian, democratic and religious president\". He also said that \"not the regime but the power of the backers of status quo was in danger\". In response to the protests Eyüp Fatsa, AKP group chief representative, stated that \"if they \[AKP\] decided to hold such a demonstration they could gather ten times as many people\" and that the parliament does not decide based on crowd gatherings. A Reuters article that appeared in the French newspaper Le Monde stated that if Erdoğan became president, Turkey would face its greatest political crisis since the creation of the Turkish Republic in 1923, noting the intricate connections between the secular elites and the army, and that the Chief of the Turkish Armed Forces had warned people of the danger threatening Turkish secularism. The article also reported that the Republican People\'s Party, the main opposition party, have declared their intention to leave the parliament and ask the Constitutional Court to cancel Erdoğan\'s running in the elections.
On 18 April Arzuhan Doğan Yalçındağ, the president of the Association of Turkish Businessman and Industrialists (TÜSİAD), stated that she felt Erdoğan would not stand as a candidate in the presidential election.
On 24 April after these weeks of debate over who would run for the presidency, foreign minister Abdullah Gül was put forward as the only candidate. Jonathan Rugman, a British reporter in Turkey for the Guardian, had published an article on 27 November 1995 following an interview with Abdullah Gül, who was then a member of the Welfare Party and made remarks such as \"the Republican Era is over\" *Cumhuriyet döneminin sonu gelmiştir*. Immediately following the announcement, a group of 14 people was arrested for gathering to protest his candidacy in front of the Çankaya Palace (the presidential complex). After the arrest, smaller groups also gathered, chanting \"if carrying the Turkish flag is a crime, take us too\" (*Türk Bayrağı\'nı taşımak suçsa bizi de alın*). Drivers passing by reportedly showed support by waving flags from their cars. A similar protest took place in Kuğulu park. When asked about this at a reception, General Ergin Saygun responded by quoting the 12 April speech of Yaşar Büyükanıt. When further inquired what he thought about the new commander-in-chief\'s wife having an Islamic headscarf, Saygun replied by saying that the answer to the question was inside it.
On 25 April when inquired about his wife\'s Islamic headscarf, Gül responded by saying his wife\'s decision should be respected and treated as a personal right. The same day there was an assassination attempt on the YÖK president Dr. Erdoğan Teziç who is known for his secularist remarks. Three rounds were fired by a 30-year-old man identified as Nurullah İlgün. İlgün was arrested the same day.
On 27 April, with only 353 parliamentarians present, the AKP failed to achieve a quorum of 367, and Gül\'s candidacy failed at the first round despite a majority of those present voting in favour. Due to the lack of necessary participation and several alleged violations of the constitution, the vote was taken to the constitutional court to be discussed over the weekend. Later the same day the Turkish Armed Forces released a statement warning that they are a party to this debate and the absolute defender of secularism, and that when necessary they would display their attitudes and actions very clearly. This led to an increase in tensions between the AKP and the Turkish Armed Forces.
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# Republic Protests
## Second rally (Çağlayan, Istanbul) {#second_rally_çağlayan_istanbul}
On 29 April a second rally was organized to start at 13:00 local time. Hundreds of thousands to more than one million gathered for the second protest at Abide-i Hürriyet (Monument of Liberty) in Çağlayan square in Istanbul in support of secularism in Turkey and against the candidacy of Abdullah Gül in the 2007 presidential election.
The rally was organised by *Çağdaş Yaşamı Destekleme Derneği* (Association in Support of Contemporary Living), *Cumhuriyet Kadınları Derneği* (Association of Republic\'s Women), and other women\'s NGO\'s.
At 15:22, mobile phone base stations were overloaded. Mobile phones in and around Çağlayan became inoperable.
At 15:30, Tuncay Özkan, owner of Kanaltürk, displayed a video of several statements by the then prime minister Erdoğan to the square full of protesters. These statements were:
- 1993 - One can\'t be a secular and a Muslim at the same time! (*\"Hem laik hem Müslüman olunmaz!\"*)
- 1997 - Will this democracy be the goal or the tool? (*\"Bu demokrasi amaç mı olacak, araç mı olacak?\"*)
- 2000 - Mr. Öcalan is paying the price for the heads he had taken, not for his ideas. (*\"Sayın Öcalan şu an düşüncelerinin değil aldığı kellelerin hesabını veriyor.\"*)
: Abdullah Öcalan is the leader of the armed militant group Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) which is considered a terrorist organization by Turkey, the European Union, and the NATO.
- 2005 - The thing that unites us is the \"upper identity.\" (*\"Bizi bir arada tutan şey üst kimliktir.\"*)
- 2006 - I vouch for Yassin al-Qadi. (*Yasin el-Kadı\]\]\'ya kefilim.\"*)
: Yassin al-Qadi was allegedly`{{by whom|date=April 2014}}`{=mediawiki} among the people who financially supported September 11, 2001 attacks
- 2006 - Go and take your mother with you! (*\"Ananı da al git!\"*)
: Comment was directed at a farmer in Mersin asking for government assistance
- 2006 - Your child can also be unemployed, why do we care?! (*\"Senin çocuğun da işsiz kalsın n\'apalım!\"*)
: Comment was directed at an unemployed individual asking for government assistance
- 2007 - Embarked forces of eighty-one provinces\... (*\"Seksen bir vilayetten bindirilmiş kıtalar\...\"*)
: Referring to the previous protest in Tandoğan
At 16:00 the speeches ended and the crowds began to disperse. At 16:30 the protests officially ended without incident.
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# Republic Protests
## Second rally (Çağlayan, Istanbul) {#second_rally_çağlayan_istanbul}
### Aftermath {#aftermath_1}
On April 30, the Turkish Prime Minister Tayyip Erdoğan told he would address the country amid the crisis over the presidential election that has pitted secularists, including the army, against his Islamist-rooted government.
On May 1 in his public address Prime Minister Erdoğan called for unity. He said: \"Unity, togetherness, solidarity, these are the things we need most. We can overcome many problems so long as we treat each other with love,¨ he also said: \"Turkey is growing and developing very fast \... We must protect this atmosphere of stability and tranquility,¨
On May 2 the Constitutional Court of Turkey ruled (9-2) that the first round of the presidential elections as void due to insufficient participation. Haşim Kılıç and Sacit Adalı were the only two Constitutional court members who voted against this. Former presidential candidate Abdullah Gül stated that an election should be held as soon as possible and the people should elect the president directly. Erdoğan announced that there would be an early election on 24 June or 1 July. Erdoğan said that the constitutional court decision was a bullet to democracy. Late that night Sabih Kanadoğlu, a former justice in Turkish High Court of Appeals, objected the early vote and argued that it was unconstitutional. He also claimed that these attempts to maneuver around the law would lead to further crisis. Kanadoğlu was also the person who pointed out the \"367 parliamentarian requirement\" law. A new controversy arose with the approaching end of term of the current president Sezer on 16 May. Speaker of the Parliament Bülent Arınç stated that the current president \"would have to unfortunately retire\" which would make Arınç the proxy president until a president is elected. However lawmakers argue that the current president would continue to serve until a replacement is elected.
On May 3 Turkey\'s Parliament moved up elections to July 22, 2007, after the Islamic-rooted ruling party and its secular opposition agreed that an early ballot was the only way out of their standoff over political Islam.
On May 4 the election calendar for the early election has been put forward. A total of 21 political parties have registered to run for the election. A CNN International QuickVote resulted in 24% Yes vs 76% No on a question whether or not the Turkish democracy was hurt by the warning of the Turkish military.
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# Republic Protests
## Third (Sultan, Manisa) and Fourth (Cumhuriyet, Çanakkale) rallies {#third_sultan_manisa_and_fourth_cumhuriyet_çanakkale_rallies}
On May 5 two rallies took place consecutively in Manisa and in Çanakkale with tens of thousands of participants reported at each event.
The rally in Manisa started at 10:00 local time in Sultan square. Manisa is the hometown of Bülent Arınç member of AKP and current speaker of the Turkish parliament.
The rally in Çanakkale started at 13:30 with an estimated participation of 25,000 people. A contingent of 400 police officers watched over the crowd.
### Aftermath {#aftermath_2}
On 6 May Gül announced that he was withdrawing his candidacy right after a second vote which also failed because the parliamentary session did not achieve the 367-member quorum.
On 7 May an amendment to the Turkish constitution, allowing the president to be elected directly by the people rather than by a parliamentary vote, was passed by 350 votes to 56. Founder of Borusan Holding Asım Kocabıyık stated that if the AKP gained 50% popular support in the upcoming general elections the country would be lost.
On 8 May a request by the Young Party (*Genç Parti*) to move the date for the early election to an earlier date of 22 June was declined.
On 9 May president Sezer implied that he would veto amendments to the Turkish constitution, stating that the amendments had been passed at a very heated time. The European Union raised a similar objection. Foreign (non-Turkish) press also reported the expectation of a presidential veto on the AKP\'s recent amendments to the Turkish constitution.
On 10 May further amendments to the Turkish constitution were officially passed by parliament, 376 to 1. According to the amendments, general elections will be carried out every four years rather than five. The president will now serve a maximum of two five-year terms instead of an unrestricted number of seven-year terms. The president will now be elected by the people rather than the parliament. President Sezer has 15 days to review the amendments and decide whether or not to veto and return the amendments to the parliament.
On 11 May when asked about the amendments to the Turkish constitution, which now allow the president to be elected directly by the people rather than by a parliamentary vote, Gül announced that his candidacy is ongoing, despite stating on 6 May that he had withdrawn his candidacy. YÖK president Dr. Erdoğan Teziç, who survived an assassination attempt on 25 April 2007 criticized the AKP heavily, stating that they do not just seek political power but also increased government power and also are trying to use YÖK to this end.
On 12 May a bomb placed on a bicycle was detonated in a market in İzmir wounding fifteen people just a day before the scheduled \"republic protest\" in the city. One of the wounded was in a critical condition and later died in the hospital while most of the others were lightly wounded and were released from the hospital the same day. No one claimed responsibility for the bombing. A second abandoned bicycle caused some panic but it was later determined that it was harmless.
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# Republic Protests
## Fifth rally (Gündoğdu, İzmir) {#fifth_rally_gündoğdu_izmir}
On May 13 a fifth rally took place in Gündoğdu square, İzmir. Reportedly over one million people gathered in İzmir for the rally to demand their country remain a secular state, stepping up pressure on the Islamist-rooted Justice and Development Party (AKP) government before July elections. The municipal harbor officials confirmed that just the number of citizens traveling by public ferry to the event site numbered over 350,000.
Leaders of the three leftist parties, namely Deniz Baykal of the CHP, Zeki Sezer of DSP, and Murat Karayalçın of SHP were also among the demonstrators.
Security for the event was tightened with 5,000 police officers watching over the rally.
## Slogans from the rallies {#slogans_from_the_rallies}
- \[We demand\] neither sharia, nor a coup, but a totally independent Turkey. (*Ne şeriat ne darbe, tam bağımsız Türkiye.*)
: Referring to the statement by the Turkish Armed Forces with \"coup\" reference.
: Referring to the roots of Erdoğan and Gül with \"sharia\" reference
- Turkey is secular, and it will remain secular! (*Türkiye laiktir, laik kalacak!*)
- We want no ABD-ullah as president! (*ABD-ullah\'ı cumhurbaşkanı istemiyoruz!*)
: ABD (*\'\'\'A\'\'\'merika \'\'\'B\'\'\'irleşık \'\'\'D\'\'\'evletleri*) is Turkish abbreviation of the United States and hence a pun: USA-ullah
- Cabinet, resign! (*Hükümet istifa!*)
- Neither the USA, nor the EU. Totally independent Turkey! (*Ne ABD, ne AB. Tam bağımsız Türkiye!*)
: ABD (*\'\'\'A\'\'\'merika \'\'\'B\'\'\'irleşık \'\'\'D\'\'\'evletleri*) is Turkish abbreviation of the United States
: AB (*\'\'\'A\'\'\'vrupa \'\'\'B\'\'\'irliği*) is Turkish abbreviation of the European Union
: The phrase \"Totally independent Turkey\" was a frequently used slogan by leftist student groups during the turmoil between 1968 and 1980.
- The roads to Çankaya are closed to sharia. (*Çankaya\'nın yolları, şeriata kapalı.*)
: Referring to where the presidential palace is located in Çankaya, Ankara
- Father, rest in peace, we are here. (*Atam, rahat uyu, biz buradayız.*)
: Referring to Atatürk as \"Father\"
- We don\'t want an imam in Çankaya. (*Çankaya\'da imam istemiyoruz.*)
: Referring to the background of Erdoğan
- Tayyip take a look at us, count how many of us there are! (*Tayyip baksana, kaç kişiyiz saysana!*)\'\'
: Referring to the disdainful statements of Erdoğan after the first protest \"Goodness gracious, they\'re talking about millions\" (*Aman yarabbi, milyonlar falan*)
- Turkey sobered up and the imam passed out! (*Türkiye ayıldı, imam bayıldı!*)
: Seemingly referring to Erdoğan, and as a pun to imam bayıldı.
- Even Edison regrets it! (*Edison bile pişman!*)
: Referring to the emblem of the Justice and Development Party, which is an image of a lightbulb
- As the sun rises, lightbulbs dim. (*Güneş doğunca, ampüller söner.*)
: Referring to the emblem of the Justice and Development Party, which is an image of a lightbulb
- Buy Tayyip, get Aydın Doğan for free! (*Tayyip\'i alana, Aydın Doğan bedava!*)
: Referring to the Turkish media\'s lack of coverage of the Tandoğan rally. Media magnate Aydın Doğan\'s holding company owns 3 major news channels, including CNN Türk, and 5 major newspapers
- The Islamic call to prayer, the peal of church bells, and the ceremony of the synagogue are all listened to with respect in this city. (*Ezan seslerinin, kilise çanlarının, sinagog ayinlerinin saygıyla dinlendiği şehir*)
: Referring to the implied \'infidel İzmir\' slur by Erdoğan.
- We came with our mother, where are you? (*Annemizle geldik, neredesin?*)
: Referring to both the fact that İzmir\'s Gündoğdu rally was held on Mother\'s Day and also the derogatory comment made by Erdoğan to a farmer in Mersin seeking government aid. (*\"Ananı da al git\"*) A particular message in that context was addressed by demonstrators from İzmir district of Karşıyaka brandishing a photograph of Atatürk\'s mother Zübeyde Hanım, who is buried in Karşıyaka
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# Mladen Pelaić
**Mladen Pelaić** (born 20 August 1983) is a Croatian retired football player who last played for NK Rudeš.
## Club career {#club_career}
He joined Standard Liège from NK Zagreb in summer 2006, signed 3-year deal`{{ref|uefa1}}`{=mediawiki}, but 6 months later he was back to Croatia to join Hajduk Split, again signed 3-year deal. `{{ref|uefa2}}`{=mediawiki}
## International career {#international_career}
He has been capped for the Croatian national youth team and has participated in UEFA U-19 and U-21 tournaments
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# Water brake
A **water brake** is a type of fluid coupling used to absorb mechanical energy and usually consists of a turbine or propeller mounted in an enclosure filled with water.
As the turbine or propeller turns, mechanical energy is transferred to the water due to turbulence and friction. The shock caused by the acceleration of the water as it passes from pockets in the stator to the pockets in the spinning rotor requires energy. That energy heats the water due to the friction as the water moves through the water brake. Almost all of the horsepower of the system turning the rotor (usually an internal combustion engine) is converted into a temperature change of the water. A very small amount of energy is taken by the bearings and seals within the unit. Therefore, water must constantly move through the device at a rate proportional to the horse power that is being absorbed. Water temperature exiting the unit must be kept under 120 -- to prevent scale formation and cavitation. The water enters in the center of the device and after passing through the pockets in the stator and rotor exits the outside of the housing through a controlled orifice. The amount of loading is dependent on the level of water inside the housing. Some water brakes vary the load by controlling the inlet water volume only and have a set outlet orifice size depending on the desired hp to be absorbed and some control both input and output orifices at the same time which allows greater control over outlet water temperatures. The housing is vented to the outside to allow air to displace the water as the water level in the unit rises and falls.
The amount of torque that can be absorbed is defined by the equation T=kN^2^D^5^ where T = torque, N = RPM, D = the diameter of the rotor and k = a constant dependent on the size and shape and angle of the rotor/stator pockets.
Systems that require the torque of the system under test to be measured typically use a strain gauge mounted on a torque arm that is attached to the housing perpendicular to the input shaft. The housing/stator is mounted on roller bearings and the rotor is mounted on roller bearings within the housing/stator so that it can turn independently of the rotor and frame. The strain gauge connects the torque arm to the frame assembly and keeps the housing from spinning as housing tries to turn in the same direction of the turbine. (Newton\'s third law).
The amount of resistance can be varied by changing the amount of water in the enclosure at any one time. This is accomplished through manual or electronically controlled water valves. The higher the water levels within the brake the greater the loading. Water brakes are commonly used on some forms of dynamometer but have also been used on railways vehicles such as the British Advanced Passenger Train.
## Hydrokinetic construction (torque absorption) {#hydrokinetic_construction_torque_absorption}
The Froude waterbrake is based on hydrokinetic construction or (torque absorption).
The machine consists of an impeller (rotor) which accelerates water outwards by its rotation. The water has its velocity changed by a stator which causes the water to be returned to the inner diameter of the rotor. For a given mass of water, this velocity change yields a corresponding momentum change -- and the rate of change of momentum is proportional to a force. This force acting at some point within the rotor and stator is a distance from the shaft centerline, and a force multiplied by a distance produces torque
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# 1992 Federation Cup Europe/Africa Zone
The **Europe/Africa Zone** was one of three zones of regional Federation Cup qualifying competition in 1992. All ties were played at the Olympic T.C. in Athens, Greece on clay courts.
The sixteen teams were divided into four pools of four to compete in round-robin matches. After each of the ties had been played, the teams that finished first and second in each of the respective pools would then move on to the three-round knockout stage of the competition. The team that won the knockout stage would go on to advance to the World Group.
## Pool Stage {#pool_stage}
Date: 13--15 April `{{col-float-begin|width=35em}}`{=mediawiki} `{{4TeamRR
| title=[[1992 Federation Cup Europe/Africa Zone – Pool A|Pool A]]
| team-1-abbrev=RSA
| team-1={{fed|RSA|1928}} (3–0)
| team-2-abbrev=IRL
| team-2={{fed|IRL}} (2–1)
| team-3-abbrev=EST
| team-3={{fed|EST}} (1–2)
| team-4-abbrev=LUX
| team-4={{fed|LUX}} (0–3)
| 1v2=3–0 |1v3=3–0 |1v4=3–0
|2v1=0–3 | 2v3=3–0 |2v4=3–0
|3v1=0–3 |3v2=0–3 | 3v4=2–1
|4v1=0–3 |4v2=0–3 |4v3=1–2
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{col-float-break|width=35em}}`{=mediawiki} `{{4TeamRR
| title=[[1992 Federation Cup Europe/Africa Zone – Pool B|Pool B]]
| team-1-abbrev=CRO
| team-1={{fed|CRO}} (3–0)
| team-2-abbrev=GRE
| team-2={{fed|GRE}} (2–1)
| team-3-abbrev=POR
| team-3={{fed|POR}} (1–2)
| team-4-abbrev=TUR
| team-4={{fed|TUR}} (0–3)
| 1v2=2–1 |1v3=2–0 |1v4=3–0
|2v1=1–2 | 2v3=2–1 |2v4=3–0
|3v1=0–2 |3v2=1–2 | 3v4=3–0
|4v1=0–3 |4v2=0–3 |4v3=0–3
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{col-float-end}}`{=mediawiki}
## Knockout stage {#knockout_stage}
- **`{{fed|RSA|1928}}`{=mediawiki}** advanced to the World Group
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# 1992 Federation Cup Americas Zone
The **Americas Zone** was one of three zones of regional Federation Cup qualifying competition in 1992. All ties were played at the Atlas Colomos T.C. in Guadalajara, Mexico on clay courts.
The sixteen teams were divided into four pools of four to compete in round-robin matches. After each of the ties had been played, the eight teams that finished first and second in each of the respective pools would then move on to the two-round knockout stage of the competition. The two teams that won two matches of the knockout stage would go on to advance to the World Group.
## Pool Stage {#pool_stage}
Date: 21--23 April `{{col-float-begin|width=35em}}`{=mediawiki} `{{4TeamRR
| title=[[1992 Federation Cup Americas Zone – Pool A|Pool A]]
| team-1-abbrev=MEX
| team-1={{fed|MEX}} (3–0)
| team-2-abbrev=URU
| team-2={{fed|URU}} (2–1)
| team-3-abbrev=TRI
| team-3={{nowrap|{{fed|TRI}} (1–2)}}
| team-4-abbrev=ESA
| team-4={{fed|ESA}} (0–3)
| 1v2=3–0 |1v3=3–0 |1v4=3–0
|2v1=0–3 | 2v3=3–0 |2v4=3–0
|3v1=0–3 |3v2=0–3 | 3v4=3–0
|4v1=0–3 |4v2=0–3 |4v3=0–3
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{col-float-break|width=35em}}`{=mediawiki} `{{4TeamRR
| title=[[1992 Federation Cup Americas Zone – Pool B|Pool B]]
| team-1-abbrev=BRA
| team-1={{fed|BRA}} (3–0)
| team-2-abbrev=ECU
| team-2={{fed|ECU}} (2–1)
| team-3-abbrev=PUR
| team-3={{fed|PUR}} (1–2)
| team-4-abbrev=GUA
| team-4={{fed|GUA}} (0–3)
| 1v2=3–0 |1v3=3–0 |1v4=3–0
|2v1=0–3 | 2v3=2–1 |2v4=3–0
|3v1=0–3 |3v2=1–2 | 3v4=3–0
|4v1=0–3 |4v2=0–3 |4v3=0–3
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{col-float-end}}`{=mediawiki}
## Knockout stage {#knockout_stage}
- **`{{fed|CHI}}`{=mediawiki}** and **`{{fed|MEX}}`{=mediawiki}** advanced to World Group
| 222 |
1992 Federation Cup Americas Zone
| 0 |
11,015,927 |
# 1992 Federation Cup Asia/Oceania Zone
The **Asia/Oceania Zone** was one of three zones of regional Federation Cup qualifying competition in 1992. All ties were played at the National Tennis Centre in Colombo, Sri Lanka on clay courts.
The eight teams were divided into two pools of four to compete in round-robin matches. After each of the ties had been played, the four teams that finished first and second in each of the respective pools would then move on to the two-round knockout stage of the competition. The team that won the knockout stage would go on to advance to the World Group.
## Pool Stage {#pool_stage}
Date: 4--6 May `{{col-float-begin|width=35em}}`{=mediawiki} `{{4TeamRR
| title=[[1992 Federation Cup Asia/Oceania Zone – Pool A|Pool A]]
| team-1-abbrev=KOR
| team-1={{fed|KOR}} (3–0)
| team-2-abbrev=PHI
| team-2={{fed|PHI|1986}} (2–1)
| team-3-abbrev=IND
| team-3={{fed|IND}} (1–2)
| team-4-abbrev=MAS
| team-4={{fed|MAS}} (0–3)
| 1v2=3–0 |1v3=3–0 |1v4=3–0
|2v1=0–3 | 2v3=3–0 |2v4=2–0
|3v1=0–3 |3v2=0–3 | 3v4=3–0
|4v1=0–3 |4v2=0–2 |4v3=0–3
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{col-float-break|width=35em}}`{=mediawiki} `{{4TeamRR
| title=[[1992 Federation Cup Asia/Oceania Zone – Pool B|Pool B]]
| team-1-abbrev=SRI
| team-1={{fed|SRI}} (3–0)
| team-2-abbrev=TPE
| team-2={{fed|TPE}} (2–1)
| team-3-abbrev=THA
| team-3={{fed|THA}} (1–2)
| team-4-abbrev=HKG
| team-4={{fed|HKG|1959}} (0–3)
| 1v2=3–0 |1v3=2–1 |1v4=3–0
|2v1=0–3 | 2v3=3–0 |2v4=2–1
|3v1=1–2 |3v2=0–3 | 3v4=2–1
|4v1=0–3 |4v2=1–2 |4v3=1–2
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{col-float-end}}`{=mediawiki}
## Knockout stage {#knockout_stage}
- **`{{fed|KOR}}`{=mediawiki}** advanced to World Group
| 217 |
1992 Federation Cup Asia/Oceania Zone
| 0 |
11,015,981 |
# Els Dottermans
**Els Dottermans** is a Belgian actress of stage, film, and television.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Els Dottermans was born in Leuven, Belgium.
She trained at Studio Herman Teirlinck in Antwerp.`{{better source|date=March 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
## Career
Dottermans was one of a permanent ensemble of actors retained by NTGent before its structure changed in 2018 under the new artistic director Milo Rau.
## Awards
Dottermans has been the recipient of several film awards, including two Best Actress wins at the Joseph Plateau Awards,`{{better source|date=March 2024}}`{=mediawiki} a Golden Calf award for Best Actress at the Nederlands Film Festival, and a Golden Goblet award for Best Actress at the Shanghai International Film Festival
| 113 |
Els Dottermans
| 0 |
11,016,049 |
# 1992 Federation Cup (tennis)
The **1992 Federation Cup** was the 30th edition of the most important competition between national teams in women\'s tennis. Qualifying rounds were split among three regional zones for the first time, each sending teams to the main World Group tournament. Germany defeated Spain in the final, held on 19 July, giving Germany their second title and first since the German reunification.
## Qualifying rounds {#qualifying_rounds}
- Nations in **bold** qualified for the World Group.
### Americas Zone {#americas_zone}
Venue: Atlas Colomos T.C, Guadalajara, Mexico (outdoor clay)
Dates: April 21--25
Participating Teams
-
-
- **`{{fed|CHI}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- **`{{fed|MEX}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
-
-
-
### Asia/Oceania Zone {#asiaoceania_zone}
Venue: National Tennis Centre, Colombo, Sri Lanka (outdoor clay)
Dates: May 4--8
Participating Teams
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
### Europe/Africa Zone {#europeafrica_zone}
Venue: Olympic T.C., Athens, Greece (outdoor clay)
Dates: April 13--18
Participating Teams
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
## World Group {#world_group}
Venue: Waldstadion T.C., Frankfurt, Germany (outdoor clay)
Dates: July 13--19
**Participating Teams**
-------------------------
### Draw
## World Group play-offs {#world_group_play_offs}
Venue: Waldstadion T.C., Frankfurt, Germany (outdoor clay)
Dates: July 16--17
The sixteen teams that lost in the World Group first round ties played off in the first round, with the eight winning moving through to the play-off round. The four nations that won their play-off tie would remain in the World Group in 1993
| 250 |
1992 Federation Cup (tennis)
| 0 |
11,016,056 |
# Shimpling
**Shimpling** is a village and civil parish in south Suffolk, England. About 7 mi from Bury St Edmunds, it is part of Babergh district. The village is formed from two halves, the newer Shimpling Street and about 2 mi away the old village of Shimpling. The village has a Church of England parish church, where supermodel Claudia Schiffer and film producer Matthew Vaughn were married on 25 May 2002.
## History
Shimpling is in Suffolk countryside surrounded by arable farmland. It is between Sudbury and Bury St Edmunds and historically its residents have made their living from farming although other occupations included those of blacksmith, miller, carpenter, shopkeeper, beer seller, teacher and so on. Now there is no shop nor smithy, the school was closed along with the post office and police station. However the parish retains the three staples of life in their thriving community - the church, the pub and the village hall.
Thomas Hallifax, a London banker, and his family were great benefactors of Shimpling and the surrounding area. They arrived in the early 19th century and purchased many Shimpling properties and farms and lived in Chadacre Hall (built in 1835). Over time they built houses, the school, the schoolhouse, the coal house and made extensive renovations to the church.
The Chadacre Hall estate of 2,300 acres, including 22 farms and 54 houses, was finally sold in 1918. The hall later became an agricultural institute which closed in 1989 and was eventually purchased by David Hart.
The Shimpling sub post office was opened in 1852 and was eventually closed in the early 1970s. However, the service was at one time moved to a different house in The Street.
The village is depicted in Thomas Gainsborough\'s 1752 work, showing John Plampin in Chadacre Park looking towards Lawshall. The oil painting is on display at the National Gallery.
## Governance
Shimpling lies in the Babergh district of the shire county of Suffolk. The three tiers of local government are administered by Suffolk County Council, Babergh District Council, and Shimpling Parish Council, which comprises 7 elected members.
## Community Facilities {#community_facilities}
St George\'s parish church is approached by an avenue of lime trees from Rectory Lane. The church is 12th-century, with a round tower and late 13th-century chancel. There is a canonical sundial on the south wall. The nave has Perpendicular Gothic windows that were inserted in the 15th century. The building was restored in the 1860s. The windows have some 14th- and 15th-century stained glass, and a window by Henry Holliday (1839--1927) depicts the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple.
Shimpling contains one pub, The Bush, a 16th-century timbered building which has been a public house since at least 1840. It used to have a thatched roof until the first world war when it was replaced with tiles. Shimpling Village Hall hosts Parish Council and Women\'s Institute meetings, plus a range of other events which are managed by the Village Hall committee.
In October 2010 a children\'s play park was opened adjacent to Hallifax Place. There is also a recreation ground at Shimpling Road, Lawshall, in fairly close proximity.
## Planning
In the adopted [Babergh Local Plan Alteration No. 2 (2006)](https://web.archive.org/web/20120320194533/http://www.south-suffolk.gov.uk/Babergh/Home/Planning+and+Building+Control/Local+Plan/Babergh+Local+Plan+Alteration+No.+2+(2006)+-+Document.htm) the Built-up area boundary is defined for Shimpling Street with no sites allocated for new residential development. Areas of Visual and/or Recreational Amenity are also defined which protect important open space, visually important gaps in the street scene and recreational facilities.
Much of the parish south of Shimpling Street is within an area defined as Special Landscape Area. In addition parts of the Sites of Special Scientific Interest detailed below are defined within the parish.
## Environment
Within the Suffolk Landscape Character Assessment the parish of Shimpling is within an area defined as U**ndulating ancient farmlands,** A**ncient rolling farmlands,** and **Rolling valley farmlands**. The parish contains parts of two SSSIs which are defined as ancient woodlands, Frithy and Chadacre Woods and Kentwell Woods.
| 657 |
Shimpling
| 0 |
11,016,056 |
# Shimpling
## Economy
Giffords Hall Vineyard & Wines is located in the parish of Shimpling near the village of Hartest between Bury St Edmunds and Sudbury. They currently have 12 Acres of vines under cultivation with five grape varieties. They also produce wine for retail.
## Transport
Shimpling is served by a bus service on Wednesdays operated by Chambers (Sponsored by Suffolk County Council).
Service 375 - Alpheton-Bridge Street-Shimpling-Shimpling Street-Cockfield-Lawshall-Hawstead-Nowton-Bury St Edmunds
<http://www.suffolkonboard.com/buses/bus-timetables-by-service-number>
## Education
Thomas Hallifax built Shimpling Girls\' School in 1841 and in 1871 his daughter added the boys section. The school was in use for almost 150 years until it was finally closed in 1989 when the remaining 29 pupils were moved to Lawshall. Children in Shimpling have to travel outside the village for school, typically to Lawshall, Hardwick, and Bury St Edmunds.
## Demography
According to the Office for National Statistics, at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001, Shimpling had a population of 395 with 162 households.
### Population change {#population_change}
Population growth in Shimpling from 1801 to 1891
--------------------------------------------------
Year
Population
**Source: *A Vision of Britain Through Time***
Population growth in Shimpling from 1901 to 2001
--------------------------------------------------
Year
Population
**Source: *A Vision of Britain Through Time***
## Notable former residents {#notable_former_residents}
- Sir Robert Gardiner (Chief Justice) who was Lord Chief Justice of Ireland from 1586 to 1604, was born in Shimpling in 1540.
- David Hart (4 February 1944 --- 5 January 2011) - was an adviser to Margaret Thatcher, a British writer and businessman who lived at Chadacre Hall
| 259 |
Shimpling
| 1 |
11,016,059 |
# Narrow Gauge and Shortline Gazette
***Narrow Gauge and Shortline Gazette***, subtitled *Accurate Information for Fine Modelbuilding*, is a magazine published bimonthly (every two months) in the United States. It was published by Benchmark Publications, Ltd. of Mountain View, California, until the title was acquired by White River Productions in 2017. The editor and publisher is Robert W. Brown. `{{As of|2007}}`{=mediawiki}, the listed regular columnists include Gene Deimling, Mallory Hope Ferrell, Charlie Getz, Boone Morrison, Lane Stewart, and Jim Vail. The magazine is distributed to hobby shops by Kalmbach Publishing. The first issue of the magazine was March/April 1975, and the magazine has been published continuously since then.
The magazine specialises in, as the title says, narrow gauge and short-line railroads from both a prototype and modeling perspective. The vast majority of articles are on North American subjects, but the magazine regularly publishes articles with a more international perspective, especially on modeling matters.
On January 10, 2017, White River Productions announced their acquisition of the magazine title from Benchmark Publications. Bob Brown remains as editor
| 175 |
Narrow Gauge and Shortline Gazette
| 0 |
11,016,074 |
# Paul Dunn (rugby league)
**Paul Dunn** (born 7 August 1963) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s. A New South Wales State of Origin and Australian international representative forward, he played club football in Sydney for Eastern Suburbs, Canterbury-Bankstown, Parramatta and Penrith.
## Background
Dunn was born in the small town of Molong in central-west New South Wales. He later grew up in both Orange and Bathurst. Dunn moved to Sydney at the age of 19, where he played one season with Bondi United.
## Professional playing career {#professional_playing_career}
In 1983, Dunn began his first-grade career in the NSWRL premiership with Sydney\'s Eastern Suburbs club, where he played for two years before moving to the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, playing 100 games for the club over five seasons. At the end of the 1986 NSWRL season, he was selected to represent his country on the Kangaroo tour. A major player and staff change at Canterbury prompted a move to the Penrith Panthers in 1991, where Dunn spent two years before moving to the Parramatta Eels. He retired at the end of 1995 before returning for one year to his first club, the newly re-branded Sydney City Roosters.
In 1988, Dunn was the recipient of the Clive Churchill Medal for his man-of-the-match performance at `{{rlp|pr}}`{=mediawiki} in the Grand Final-winning Canterbury team. Dunn also won another premiership with Penrith in 1991. Following this grand final victory, he travelled with the Panthers to England for the 1991 World Club Challenge which was lost to Wigan.
Dunn also played in the City Firsts side in 1985 and 1986, and the City Origin side in 1987 and 1990, due to having played his last year of junior football for Bondi United, a Sydney-based club. He also played in the Country Origin sides of 1988, 1989 and 1991 because of his country roots. Dunn played one State of Origin game for New South Wales in 1988, and two games in 1989, along with seven Tests and five World Cup matches for Australia between 1986 and 1988, but found it hard to press for further representative honours in an era dominated by powerful forwards including Steve Roach, David Gillespie, Paul Harragon, Paul Sironen and John Cartwright.
## Post-playing career {#post_playing_career}
In 2000, Dunn was awarded the Australian Sports Medal for his contribution to Australia\'s international standing in rugby league. Appointed the chief executive of the newly re-instituted South Sydney Rabbitohs, Dunn departed the club after its disappointing return season of 2002 due to unrest within the organisation. In 2008, Dunn was appointed to the club board of Canterbury-Bankstown. The following year, the Bulldogs reached the preliminary final after narrowly missing the minor premiership. In 2010, he was made deputy chairman of the club
| 463 |
Paul Dunn (rugby league)
| 0 |
11,016,120 |
# Michael Mansfield (footballer)
**Michael Mansfield** (born 8 August 1971) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Geelong Football Club and the Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
A left footed half back flanker, Mansfield was recruited from St Joseph\'s and debuted for Geelong in 1990. He played 181 games for the Cats before moving to Carlton in 1999 where he brought up his 200th game of AFL. During his time with Geelong, Mansfield was twice named an All-Australian, in 1994 and 1995. Mansfield is now a stockbroker in Melbourne.
In 2020 he was named in the St Joseph's College team of champions, recognising the best VFL/AFL players to have attended the school.
## Statistics
:
\|- \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1990 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Gee}}`{=mediawiki} \| 49 \|\| 5 \|\| 2 \|\| 2 \|\| 69 \|\| 33 \|\| 102 \|\| 19 \|\| 4 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 13.8 \|\| 6.6 \|\| 20.4 \|\| 3.8 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 3 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1991 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Gee}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 16 \|\| 24 \|\| 15 \|\| 158 \|\| 94 \|\| 252 \|\| 62 \|\| 11 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 0.9 \|\| 9.9 \|\| 5.9 \|\| 15.8 \|\| 3.9 \|\| 0.7 \|\| 0 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1992 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Gee}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 19 \|\| 9 \|\| 5 \|\| 197 \|\| 102 \|\| 299 \|\| 77 \|\| 22 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 10.4 \|\| 5.4 \|\| 15.7 \|\| 4.1 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 3 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1993 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Gee}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 9 \|\| 4 \|\| 6 \|\| 69 \|\| 32 \|\| 101 \|\| 22 \|\| 12 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 0.7 \|\| 7.7 \|\| 3.6 \|\| 11.2 \|\| 2.4 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 0 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1994 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Gee}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 25 \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|\| 244 \|\| 151 \|\| 395 \|\| 129 \|\| 40 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 9.8 \|\| 6.0 \|\| 15.8 \|\| 5.2 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 11 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1995 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Gee}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 23 \|\| 5 \|\| 3 \|\| 221 \|\| 138 \|\| 359 \|\| 103 \|\| 29 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 9.6 \|\| 6.0 \|\| 15.6 \|\| 4.5 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 3 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1996 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Gee}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 21 \|\| 20 \|\| 13 \|\| 195 \|\| 137 \|\| 332 \|\| 106 \|\| 25 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 9.3 \|\| 6.5 \|\| 15.8 \|\| 5.0 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 2 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1997 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Gee}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 23 \|\| 14 \|\| 9 \|\| 189 \|\| 139 \|\| 328 \|\| 116 \|\| 22 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 8.2 \|\| 6.0 \|\| 14.3 \|\| 5.0 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 5 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1998 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Gee}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 22 \|\| 5 \|\| 13 \|\| 208 \|\| 119 \|\| 327 \|\| 119 \|\| 24 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 9.5 \|\| 5.4 \|\| 14.9 \|\| 5.4 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 1 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1999 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Gee}}`{=mediawiki} \| 21 \|\| 18 \|\| 14 \|\| 8 \|\| 142 \|\| 74 \|\| 216 \|\| 77 \|\| 15 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 7.9 \|\| 4.1 \|\| 12.0 \|\| 4.3 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 0 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2000 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Car}}`{=mediawiki} \| 10 \|\| 18 \|\| 6 \|\| 2 \|\| 116 \|\| 72 \|\| 188 \|\| 46 \|\| 31 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 6.4 \|\| 4.0 \|\| 10.4 \|\| 2.6 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 0 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2001 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Car}}`{=mediawiki} \| 10 \|\| 20 \|\| 7 \|\| 10 \|\| 155 \|\| 89 \|\| 244 \|\| 71 \|\| 29 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 7.8 \|\| 4.5 \|\| 12.2 \|\| 3.5 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 0 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2002 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Car}}`{=mediawiki} \| 10 \|\| 16 \|\| 5 \|\| 4 \|\| 79 \|\| 49 \|\| 128 \|\| 45 \|\| 19 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 4.9 \|\| 3.1 \|\| 8.0 \|\| 2.8 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 0 \|- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3\| Career ! 235 ! 118 ! 93 ! 2042 ! 1229 ! 3271 ! 992 ! 283 ! 0.5 ! 0.4 ! 8.7 ! 5.2 ! 13.9 ! 4.2 ! 1
| 718 |
Michael Mansfield (footballer)
| 0 |
11,016,135 |
# Journal of Research Practice
The ***Journal of Research Practice*** was a biannual peer-reviewed open access academic journal covering the philosophy of research. It was published by Athabasca University Press. Free access was made possible through institutional sponsorships and optional processing fees paid by authors. The editors-in-chief were D. P. Dash (Swinburne University of Technology and Xavier Institute of Management) and Werner Ulrich (University of Fribourg and Open University). After the retirement of both editors submissions to the journal were no longer accepted, although past volumes are available at the journal link (below). The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus
| 101 |
Journal of Research Practice
| 0 |
11,016,148 |
# Martin measure
In descriptive set theory, the **Martin measure** is a filter on the set of Turing degrees of sets of natural numbers, named after Donald A. Martin. Under the axiom of determinacy it can be shown to be an ultrafilter.
## Definition
Let $D$ be the set of Turing degrees of sets of natural numbers. Given some equivalence class $[X]\in D$, we may define the *cone* (or *upward cone*) of $[X]$ as the set of all Turing degrees $[Y]$ such that $X\le_T Y$; that is, the set of Turing degrees that are \"at least as complex\" as $X$ under Turing reduction. In order-theoretic terms, the cone of $[X]$ is the upper set of $[X]$.
Assuming the axiom of determinacy, the **cone lemma** states that if *A* is a set of Turing degrees, either *A* includes a cone or the complement of *A* contains a cone. It is similar to Wadge\'s lemma for Wadge degrees, and is important for the following result.
We say that a set $A$ of Turing degrees has measure 1 under the Martin measure exactly when $A$ contains some cone. Since it is possible, for any $A$, to construct a game in which player I has a winning strategy exactly when $A$ contains a cone and in which player II has a winning strategy exactly when the complement of $A$ contains a cone, the axiom of determinacy implies that the measure-1 sets of Turing degrees form an ultrafilter.
## Consequences
It is easy to show that a countable intersection of cones is itself a cone; the Martin measure is therefore a countably complete filter. This fact, combined with the fact that the Martin measure may be transferred to $\omega_1$ by a simple mapping, tells us that $\omega_1$ is measurable under the axiom of determinacy. This result shows part of the important connection between determinacy and large cardinals
| 312 |
Martin measure
| 0 |
11,016,164 |
# Lothkunta
**Lothkunta** is a suburb in the Secunderabad cantonment on the northern border of Hyderabad city, Telangana, India.
It is situated at a distance of around 7 km from Secunderabad and approximately 14 km from Hyderabad. It lies on the national highway 7.
## Economy
Lothkunta is located in the commercial district within the cantonment area where restaurants, theatres, and other establishments can be found. This place is connected to Bollaram and Rashtrapati Nilayam.
## Transport
Lothkunta is 7 km away from Secunderabad Railway station, 12 km away from the Old Hyderabad Airport in Begumpet Begumpet Airport, and about 40 km from New International Airport in Shamshabad Rajiv Gandhi International Airport.
TSRTC runs buses here connecting Lothkunta to all parts of the city.
In 2021, the local residents opposed the construction of a wall by the defence authorities which has blocked the access roads to many local areas including Lothkunta, Bolarum and Alwal. For many others areas too, they have to go via Lothkunta, making the journey much longer. For example, Ammuguda to Lakdawala it used to be 2.5 km but now they have to travel over 5 km via Lothkunta. The Federation of North-Eastern Colonies of Secunderabad have written to the military authorities
| 205 |
Lothkunta
| 0 |
11,016,187 |
# Music of La Femme Nikita
This is a list of the music featured in the television series *La Femme Nikita*. Each song listed appears under its relevant episode according to air date.
## Songs featured in each episode {#songs_featured_in_each_episode}
### Season 1 {#season_1}
**Episode 1: \"Nikita\"**
- Chainsuck -- Big Mistake
- Philosopher Kings -- All To Myself
- Thrive -- Revenge
- Rose Chronicles -- Blood Red
- Tristan Psionic -- 3AM
**Episode 2: \"Friend\"**
- Huevos Rancheros -- Night of the Iguana
- Merlin -- Last Playboy Interview
**Episode 3: \"Simone\"**
- Kat Rocket -- Slacker Boy Blue
- Mark Stewart -- Red Zone
- Christoph von Gluck -- Chi Mai Dell\'Erebo (from the opera *Orfeo ed Euridice*, Act 2, Scene 1)
- Christoph von Gluck -- O You Shades Whom I Implore (from the opera *Orfeo ed Euridice*, Act 2, Scene 4)
- Christoph von Gluck -- Recitative (from the opera *Orfeo ed Euridice*)
**Episode 4: \"Charity\"**
- Philosopher Kings -- All Dressed Up in San Francisco
- Holly Cole Trio -- Jersey Girl
- Clove -- In Your Life
- SIANspheric -- Watch Me Fall
- Tristan Psionic -- All Of The Important Things I\'ve Done
**Episode 5: \"Mother\"**
- Original music composed by Sean Callery: New Life
**Episode 6: \"Love\"**
- Big Sugar -- Standing Around Crying
- Big Rude Jake -- Night of the King Snake
- Big Sugar -- Still Waiting
- Filter -- Hey Man Nice Shot
- Clove -- News
- Moonsocket -- Expressions of Loneliness
**Episode 7: \"Treason\"**
- Diego Marulanda -- La Cumbia, La Cumbia
- Diego Marulanda -- La Noche
- Sister Machine Gun -- Red
**Episode 8: \"Escape\"**
- Beverly Klass -- Temple
- Rhea\'s Obsession -- Cun Lacoudhir (The Breaking Ice)
- Rose Chronicles -- Torn
- Tara MacLean -- Evidence
**Episode 9: \"Gray\"**
- Guru Stefan -- Tsunami
- Morcheeba -- Howling
**Episode 10: \"Choice\"**
- Rhea\'s Obsession -- Death by Moonlight
- Vibrolux -- Drown
**Episode 11: \"Rescue\"**
- Enigma -- Beyond the Invisible
**Episode 12: \"Innocent\"**
- In the Nursery -- Precedent
**Episode 13: \"Recruit\"**
- SIANspheric -- Broken Man
**Episode 14: \"Gambit\"**
- Original music composed by Sean Callery: Get Over It
**Episode 15: \"Obsessed\"**
- Garbage -- #1 Crush
- In the Nursery -- Woman
**Episode 16: \"Noise\"**
- Afro-Celt Sound System -- Inion
- Morcheeba -- Tape Loop
**Episode 17: \"War\"**
- DJ Keoki -- Majick
- Original music composed by Sean Callery: Swinging Cages
**Episode 18 Missing\"**
- Morphine -- Hanging on a Curtain
**Episode 19: \"Voices\"**
- In the Nursery -- Mandra
- SIANspheric -- The Stars Above
- Vibrolux -- Ground
**Episode 20: \"Brainwash\"**
- Gang Chen, He Zhan Hao -- The Butterfly Lovers Violin Concerto
**Episode 21: \"Verdict\"**
- PJ Harvey -- Working for the Man
**Episode 22: \"Mercy\"**
- Depeche Mode -- The Love Thieves
- Rodgers and Hart -- My Romance -- Jazz version
### Season 2 {#season_2}
**Episode 1: \"Hard Landing\"**
- Depeche Mode -- The Love Thieves
- Original music composed by Sean Callery: Reunited
**Episode 2: \"Spec Ops\"**
- Orbital -- Satan
- Prodigy -- Smack My Bitch Up
**Episode 3: \"Third Person\"**
- Headrillaz -- Weird Planet
**Episode 4: \"Approaching Zero\"**
- Les Jumeaux -- Carrousella
- Sweetback -- Gaze
- Sister Machine Gun -- Burn
**Episode 5: \"New Regime\"**
- Sarah McLachlan -- Do What You Have To Do
- Pilgrimage -- Path to the Invisible
**Episode 6: \"Mandatory Refusal\"**
- Curve -- Chinese Burn \[Flood Mix version\]
- DJ Krush (featuring Deborah Anderson) -- Skin Against Skin
**Episode 7: \"Half Life\"**
- Beth Orton -- Tangent
- Jacques Brel -- Les Bourgeois (sang by Denis Forest)
**Episode 8: \"Darkness Visible\"**
- Original music composed by Sean Callery
**Episode 9: \"Open Heart\"**
- Original music composed by Sean Callery
**Episode 10: \"First Mission\"**
- Original music composed by Sean Callery
**Episode 11: \"Psychic Pilgrim\"**
- Original music composed by Sean Callery: Nikita Contacting the Spirit World
**Episode 12: \"Soul Sacrifice\"**
- Adam F -- Dirty Harry (Grooverider remix)
- Juno Reactor -- Komit
**Episode 13: \"Not Was\"**
- Jerusalem Salsa Band -- Oye Me Israel
- Mimi Goese -- Fire and Roses
**Episode 14: \"Double Date\"**
- Fluke -- Absurd
- Garbage -- #1 Crush
- Mono -- Life in Mono
- Propellerheads -- Take California
**Episode 15: \"Fuzzy Logic\"**
**Episode 16: \"Old Habits\"**
- DJ Keoki -- Space
- The Crystal Method -- (Can\'t You) Trip Like I Do
**Episode 17: \"Inside Out\"**
**Episode 18: \"Off Profile\"**
- Hednoize -- Loaded Gun
- Morcheeba -- Fear and Love
- Massive Attack -- Angel
**Episode 19: \"Last Night\"**
- Diana Krall -- Gentle Rain
- Mono -- Silicone
**Episode 20: \"In Between\"**
- Esthero -- Superheroes
- Stereolab -- Refractions In The Plastic Pulse
**Episode 21: \"Adrian\'s Garden\"**
- Gus Gus -- Gun
**Episode 22: \"End Game\"**
### Season 3 {#season_3}
**Episode 1: \"Looking For Michael\"**
- Gearwhore -- 11-11
- Mickey Hart -- Temple Caves
- Original music composed by Sean Callery: Searching for Michael
**Episode 2: \"Someone Else\'s Shadow\"**
- Mandalay -- Please
**Episode 3: \"Opening Night Jitters\"**
- Autour de Lucie -- Chanson Sans Issue (Ne Vois-Tu Pas) Remix (Bonus Track)
- Gus Gus -- Is Jesus Your Pal
**Episode 4: \"Gates Of Hell\"**
- Gabriel Fauré -- Élégie, Op. 24
- Gus Gus -- Is Jesus Your Pal
**Episode 5: \"Imitation Of Death\"**
- Love Spirals Downwards -- Sunset Bell
**Episode 6: \"Love And Country\"**
**Episode 7: \"Cat And Mouse\"**
- Lamb -- Gorecki
**Episode 8: \"Outside The Box\"**
- Thrive -- Revenge
- Vibrolux -- Superstar
- Sixty Channels -- Ride with the Flow
**Episode 9: \"Slipping Into Darkness\"**
**Episode 10: \"Under The Influence\"**
- Hooverphonic -- Eden
**Episode 11: \"Walk On By\"**
**Episode 12: \"Threshold Of Pain\"**
- Moa -- Can\'t Forget You
- Original music composed by Sean Callery: Saying good-bye
**Episode 13: \"Beyond The Pale\"**
- Françoise Hardy -- Ma Jeunesse Fout Le Camp
**Episode 14: \"Hand To Hand\"**
- Makyo -- The Third Gate of Dreams
- Rhea\'s Obsession -- Death by Moonlight
**Episode 15: \"Before I Sleep\"**
- Cream -- I Feel Free
**Episode 16: \"I Remember Paris\"**
- Christoph von Gluck -- Recitative
- Original music composed by Sean Callery: Leaving Paris
**Episode 17: \"All Good Things\"**
- Craig Armstrong (featuring Elizabeth Fraser) -- This Love
- Original music composed by Sean Callery: Waterfront Shootout
**Episode 18: \"Third Party Ripoff\"**
- Afro-Celt Sound System (featuring Sinéad O\'Connor; Iarla O¨Liomaird) -- Release
- Original music composed by Sean Callery: Bathtub for Two
**Episode 19: \"Any Means Necessary\"**
**Episode 20: \"Three Eyed Turtle\"**
**Episode 21: \"Playing With Fire\"**
- David Sylvian -- Thalheim
**Episode 22: \"On Borrowed Time\"**
- Hooverphonic -- This Strange Effect
- Original music composed by Sean Callery: Push the button, Nikita
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# Music of La Femme Nikita
## Songs featured in each episode {#songs_featured_in_each_episode}
### Season 4 {#season_4}
**Episode 1: \"Getting Out Of Reverse\"**
- Lamb -- Lullaby
- Lunatic Calm -- Leave You Far Behind
**Episode 2: \"There Are No Missions\"**
- Everything But The Girl -- No Difference
- Kill Transmission -- Despair
**Episode 3: \"View Of The Garden\"**
- Original music composed by Sean Callery
**Episode 4: \"Into The Looking Glass\"**
- Makyo -- Chandan
**Episode 5: \"Man In The Middle\"**
- Death in Vegas -- Death Threat
- Gus Gus -- Teenage Sensation
- Sofa Surfers -- Sofa Rockers Richard Dorfmeister Remix
**Episode 6: \"Love, Honor and Cherish\"**
- Original music composed by Sean Callery
**Episode 7: \"Sympathy For The Devil\"**
- Iron Butterfly -- In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida
**Episode 8: \"No One Lives Forever\"**
- Jennifer Meller aka Jen Beast (written by Bob Mair & Joel Wachbrit) -- Unglued
**Episode 9: \"Down A Crooken Path\"**
- Original music composed by Sean Callery
**Episode 10: \"He Came From Four\"**
- DJ Keoki (Dimension 23) -- I.M.O.K.R.U.O.K. (Remixed)
**Episode 11 Time To Be Heroes\"**
- Hardknox -- Attitude
- Kill Transmission -- Dying Wish
- Rob Zombie -- Subliminal Seduction -- Living Dead Girl (remix)
- Original music composed by Sean Callery: Everything Happened So Fast
**Episode 12: \"Hell Hath No Fury\"**
- Original music composed by Sean Callery
**Episode 13: \"Kiss The Past Good-bye\"**
- Original music composed by Sean Callery
**Episode 14: \"Line In The Sand\"**
- Frédéric Chopin -- Nocturn Op. 15 No. 3 in G Minor
**Episode 15: \"Abort, Fail, Retry, Terminate\"**
**Episode 16: \"Catch A Falling Star\"**
- Ernest Tubb -- I Ain\'t Been Right Since You Went Wrong
- Ernest Tubb -- Give Me an Old Fashion Love
- Neko Case and Her Boyfriends -- Guided Wire
- Neko Case and Her Boyfriends -- No Need To Cry
- Neko Case and Her Boyfriends -- Thrice All American
- Patsy Cline -- Crazy
**Episode 17: \"Sleeping With The Enemy\"**
- Enigma -- Modern Crusaders
- Rob Zombie -- Dragula
**Episode 18: \"Toys In The Basement\"**
- Tom Tykwer/J. Klimek/R. Heil -- Supermarket
**Episode 19: \"Time Out Of Mind\"**
**Episode 20: \"Face In The Mirror\"**
**Episode 21: \"Up The Rabbit Hole\"**
- Sarah McLachlan -- I Love You
- Original music composed by Sean Callery: Reunited
- Original music composed by Sean Callery: Defection
**Episode 22: \"Four Light Years Farther\"**
- Dot Allison -- Tomorrow Never Comes
### Season 5 {#season_5}
**Episode 1: \"Déjà Vu All Over Again\"**
- PJ Harvey -- Big Exit
**Episode 2: \"A Girl Who Wasn\'t There\"**
- Nancy Wilson and Cannonball Adderley -- Save Your Love For Me
**Episode 3: \"In Through The Out Door\"**
- The Experiment -- The Cost of Freedom
- Juno Reactor -- Badimo
**Episode 4: \"All The World\'s A Stage\"**
- Euphoria (featuring G. Webster) -- Powerdrive
- Hardrive 2000 (featuring Lynae) -- Never Forget (When You Touch Me)
- Ingrid Kertesi -- Bist Du Bei Mir, attributed to JS Bach, but of Stölzel
- W
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# Arena of Stars
**Arena of Stars** is a 45000 sqft musical amphitheater in Genting Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia, built in 1998. The hall has a capacity of about 5,132 seats. It is also known for its famous national and international lion dance and dragon dance competitions. Singers and groups that have performed at Arena of Stars include Deep Purple, 3P, Boyz II Men, Michael Learns to Rock, Cliff Richard, Elton John, Lionel Richie, Guang Liang, Cyndi Wang, Jolin Tsai, Rainie Yang, Angela Zhang, Olivia Newton-John, Penny Tai, S.H.E, Joey Yung, Stefanie Sun, Vanness Wu, Wang Leehom, G.E.M, and Twins.
## History
During its initial development, the amphitheater was built without a roof. However, due to the severe weather of Genting Highlands it was later decided that a roof was required. The first show at the amphitheater in January 1998 featured Sally Yeh and George Lam. The 2007 Zee Cine Award show was held at the amphitheater, necessitating an upgrade to the venue\'s make-up rooms.
In 2002, the amphitheater hosted the 3rd IIFA Awards, which honour artistic and technical excellence of professionals in Bollywood.
## Technical parameters {#technical_parameters}
All of the events in Arena of Stars are managed by the Promotions and Entertainment Department of Genting Highlands Resort.
The amphitheater\'s sound system was upgraded in July 2011 at a cost of US\$3 million, including new speakers for the entire amphitheater. Seating in the amphitheater is divided into five categories according to cost, with white as the most expensive followed by red, green, yellow and blue
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# Bartolomeo Costantini
**Bartolomeo \"Meo\" Costantini** (14 February 1889 in Vittorio Veneto -- 19 July 1941 in Milan) was an Italian aviator and racing car driver, known for being the sporting manager of the Bugatti car manufacturer.
## Military service {#military_service}
He joined the Italo-Turkish War (1911), and later became well known in World War I, where *capitano* Costantini became a flying ace with six victories flying a Spad in the *Squadriglia degli Assi*, part of the Corpo Aeronautico Militare.
Costantini used a Spad VII to score his first aerial victory in conjunction with Prince Fulco Ruffo di Calabria, on 25 October 1917. The next day, Costantini shot down another Aviatik reconnaissance plane over Castelmonte. A month later, on 23 November, he shared his third victory over a two-seater with Cesare Magistrini. A week later, he had another shared win. He did not score again for nine months. In August 1918, he acquired a newer Spad XIII that he used to round off his career. On the 12th, he singlehandedly defeated an Albatros D.III near Lucia di Piave. Ten days later, he flamed a two-seater over Marano di Piave and watched its observer parachute away.
## Motor racing career {#motor_racing_career}
Costantini was a racing driver in the Aquila Italiana team (1914--17). He joined Bugatti (1923) and won two Targa Florio in a Bugatti Type 35 (1925--26), won the Circuito Lasarte (1926), and in chassis #4802 of Type 39, got second in French GP (1926). He remained racing team manager until 1935, replaced by Jean Bugatti
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# Imaginary Worlds: The Art of Fantasy
***Imaginary Worlds: the Art of Fantasy*** is a study of the modern literary fantasy genre written by Lin Carter. It was first published in paperback by Ballantine Books in June, 1973 as the fifty-eighth volume of its *Ballantine Adult Fantasy series*; it was the only nonfiction entry in the series. The book was among the earliest full-length critical works devoted to fantasy writers and the history of fantasy. It was the third of three such studies by Carter, being preceded by *Tolkien: A Look Behind \"The Lord of the Rings\"* (1969) and *Lovecraft: A Look Behind the \"Cthulhu Mythos\"* (1972). These works, together with his editorial guidance of the *Ballantine Adult Fantasy series*, established Carter as an authority on the genre.
## Summary
Carter\'s study was intended to serve as an introduction to fantasy. The first eight chapters detail the history of the modern genre from the late nineteenth century through the early 1970s, when Carter was writing, a subject he had previously covered more briefly in *Tolkien: A Look Behind \"The Lord of the Rings\"*. Its origins are discovered in the novels of William Morris, and followed through the writings of Lord Dunsany, E. R. Eddison and James Branch Cabell. Separate attention is then devoted to the subsequent development of fantasy in America and Britain, focusing on the pulp magazine tradition in the former and the continuing dominance of the more literary tradition in the latter. The work of contemporary fantasists is then detailed. Three additional chapters form a sort of \"how to\" course on the writing of fantasy, illustrated with examples from Carter\'s own writings. (Some of these, like *The White Throne* and *Khymyrium*, bear the peculiar interest of being works in progress or projected that in the event were never published in complete form.) Bibliographies of general references and the *Ballantine Adult Fantasy series* complete the study.
## Contents
- Introduction: The Empire of Imagination...
1. From Uruk to Utterbol: William Morris and the First Fantasy Novels
2. The World's Edge, and Beyond: The Fiction of Dunsany, Eddison, and Cabell
3. Lost Cities, Forgotten Ages: The Rise of Fantasy in the American Pulp Magazines
4. The Mathematics of magic: Imaginary Worlds Fantasy in *Unknown*
5. From The Night Land to Narnia: The Road to *The Lord of the Rings*
6. The Inklings Produce a Classic: The Achievement of Tolkien and His Influence
7. Post-Howardian Heroica: The Swordsman and Sorcerers' Guild of America, Ltd
8. The Young Magicians: Some Modern Masters of Fantasy
9. Of World-Making: Some Problems of the Invented Milieu
10. A Local Habitation and a Name: Some Observations on Neocogomina
11. The Tricks of the Trade: Some Advanced Techniques of World-Making
- Bibliography I: General References
- Bibliography II: The Adult Fantasy Series
- Index
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# Imaginary Worlds: The Art of Fantasy
## Reception
The fanzine *Amra* praises the work as \"a comprehensive how-to-do-it book on the writing of fantasy with \... intensive coverage of \... Heroic Fantasy. Well worth reading, even though you may disagree with some of \[Carter\'s\] opinions. Includes an extensive but incomplete (*all* such lists are incomplete) reading list.\"
In a comprehensive discussion of the book, Fritz Leiber focuses on it as a pioneering study of the whole fantasy fiction genre, observing \"\[a\]t last other critics \[will\] have something to add to or disagree with.\" He writes \"\[i\]t doesn\'t have to be more than a reasonably adequate job and cover most of the territory, though this book is and does.\" While conceding that \"\[i\]t can\'t be the *Last* word, if only because it\'s the *first*,\" he asserts \"\[p\]eople \[will\] wonder how they ever got along without it.\" Of the style, he states \"Carter writes in a free and easy, bumptious way, discussing his own fiction, written and unwritten, casually scoring points against Tolkien as well as for \[him\], thumbnail-sketching plots and doing other breezy things calculated to make more portentous critics register shock. Myself, I like it.\"
Cy Chauvin in *Amazing Science Fiction* calls the book \"a fairly in-depth survey,\" and its final three chapters on tricks of the trade \"especially important to the fantasy writer.\" He notes \"it\'s a very easy and enjoyable book to read,\" though \"not an academic \[or\] critical work,\" and criticizes the \"excessive (and wholly unnecessary \...) number of footnotes, which might make \[it\] look very scholarly \... to the casual newsstand browser.\" While feeling \"Carter does have his faults and idiosyncrasies,\" Chauvin states that \"\[s\]till, within its limits *Imaginary Worlds* is an excellent book, and I can\'t imagine any reader who pours over de Camp\'s *Literary Swordsmen & Sorcerers* in *Fantastic*, or the various introductions Carter writes to the other books in Ballantine\'s Adult Fantasy Series, not enjoying it.\"
The book was also reviewed in *Aurora*, March 1974, as well as by Damon Knight in *Orbit 14*, 1974, Richard Lupoff in *Algol* no. 22, May 1974, and James R. Thrane in *The Baum Bugle*, Autumn 1977
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# Maras Taun
**Maras Taun** is a thanksgiving festival and harvest festival celebrated by Malays in Belitung Island and its surrounding smaller islands.
*Maras* in Malay Belitung dialect means \"cutting\" and *taun* means \"year.\" Maras Taun occurs once a year after the harvest of rice from dry-field paddy fields (**padi ladang** or Oryza montana).
## Maras Taun in Mendanau {#maras_taun_in_mendanau}
For the Mendanau islanders, rice is the main foodstuff. Rice trading connects people from island to island. The festival is celebrated by fishermen in addition to farmers. The farmers celebrate their harvest; the fishermen celebrate their successful fish hauling.
## Rites
The festival is opened with a farmer dance. They sing a Maras Taun song together to accompany the dance. After the dance ends, a village chief (a Muslim leader) appears and leads the people in prayer. The chief burns a piece of agarwood which causes a fragrant smell; then, he says the prayers and blesses two pieces of sacred leaves called *daun hati-hati* or *daun kesalan*, a variety of medicinal mint also known as Asian oregano. Afterward, the sacred leaves are given to the people. The islanders spread the leaves around their homes and boats because they believe that the sacred leaves bring luck.
## Lepat
Before the harvest festival, people gather pounded rice that will be cooked as lepat. Lepat is a variety of steamed cake made from red rice, which is filled with a piece of fish or meat and wrapped with young coconut leaves. Hundreds of lepats will be distributed to the villagers at the end of the festival
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# Wong Ah Kiu
**Wong Ah Kiu** (1918 -- 19 January 2006), legally known as **Nyonya binti Tahir**, was a Malaysian woman born to a Muslim family but raised Buddhist. The court case which arose after her death over whether she should receive an Islamic funeral or a Buddhist one brought up various issues regarding freedom of religion in Malaysia.
## Marriage and family {#marriage_and_family}
Wong was born in Simpang Ampat, Malacca. Of mixed Chinese and ethnic Malay descent, she was taken in by her grandmother, a Malay Muslim married to a Chinese of Hainan origin who had converted to Islam; however, she was later adopted by a Chinese family and raised as a Buddhist. In 1936, Wong married Chiang Meng, a Chinese man sixteen years her senior; he did not convert to Islam, and Wong herself continued to practise Buddhism. According to her children, she adopted the Chinese way of life and ate pork. Her children were also raised as Chinese, and their ethnicity was recorded as such on their identity cards. However, her own identity card recorded her ethnicity as Malay. In 1986, she made an application to have her change of name and religion recorded on her own identity card; in response to this application, she was investigated by the Alor Gajah Islamic Affairs office, who issued a report on 7 May 1986 on the basis of which her application was denied. Her husband died in 1989 at the age of 87; knowing that she would be unable to be buried next to him without legal recognition of her status as a Buddhist, she filed two further applications for recognition of her change of religion in 1991 and 1998; these too were rejected. She left behind a written declaration that she was a Buddhist and wanted to be given a Buddhist rather than an Islamic funeral.
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# Wong Ah Kiu
## Death and court case {#death_and_court_case}
Wong died on 19 January 2006, a Thursday, at the age of 88 at her home in Taman Indah. When her family went to the local police office to file a notice of death, the officer on duty was reportedly confused by the fact that the identity card of the deceased identified her as a Malay and a Muslim, while her family were Chinese and Buddhist. He later informed his superior, who contacted the Negeri Sembilan Religious Affairs Department. The Religious Affairs Department had the Tampin Syariah Court issue an injunction to put her burial on hold when they found out she was Malay; the Negeri Sembilan Islamic Affairs Council and Negeri Sembilan Islamic Affairs Department then filed an ex parte application with the Syariah High Court in Seremban the next day regarding her burial. The head of the Negeri Sembilan Religious Affairs Department came to her family\'s house in person to present the order that she be buried in the Muslim fashion. However, the court, having heard testimony from her children that she lived and died as a Buddhist, ruled on the following Monday that Wong was a non-Muslim when she died, and permitted her family to proceed with Buddhist funeral rites. Wong was buried next to her husband in the Chinese cemetery in her birthplace of Simpang Ampat, Alor Gajah.
The case marked the first time that non-Muslims had testified in a Syariah court in Malaysia; though non-Muslims are not permitted to initiate cases in Syariah courts, there had never been any official bar to their offering testimony. Religious minorities were reportedly relieved by the decision, but one advocacy group stated that the decision showed that the courts were \"inconsistent in \[their\] protection\" of non-Muslims. Furthermore, although the Syariah Court ruled in favour of Wong\'s family, Honey Tan, a spokeswoman for civil society group Article 11, criticised the decision, stating that \"the court has not provided just remedies to the grievances raised by the plaintiffs on constitutional grounds\". Her case marked the beginning of a trend in which religious authorities would ask family members of deceased individuals who had allegedly converted away from Islam to go to the courts to obtain a ruling on whether the deceased was a Muslim or not. Later commentators attributed the favourable outcome to the family\'s attitude of co-operation with the court, contrasting the ruling with that given on M. Moorthy, a member of the first Malaysian team to scale Mount Everest. Moorthy, who was raised Hindu but allegedly converted to Islam without the knowledge of his family, was buried as a Muslim; his family reportedly ignored a subpoena issued by their local Syariah Court
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# Mark Bayes
**Mark Bayes** (born 15 March 1967) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Sydney Swans in the Victorian/Australian Football League.
Originally from Noble Park, Bayes played 246 games and kicked 174 goals for the Swans. He was named on the interchange bench in the Sydney Swan\'s official \'Team of the Century,\' and in 1989 was voted Sydney\'s best and fairest player.
Bayes usually played in defence but was capable of going forward and had an accurate left foot kick. He played in the 1996 AFL Grand Final
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# Sploofus
**Sploofus** was a website from 2004 to 2017 that featured trivia quizzes and other online games. Its basic content was free, with two paying levels were available as well.
Trivia quizzes would be submitted by site members and checked by one of 28 site editors before going live. WordPuzzles (similar to the game hangman) were written by both editors and paying players. Trivia Question(s) of the Day would be randomly selected for each player from a large database of questions created by the editorial staff and submitted by the editors. WordRounds and WordMatches designed to test vocabulary knowledge and dexterity were created by an independent third party for the webmaster.
Base play was free or players could upgrade to one of two paying levels: Gold, which stopped pop-ups and outside advertising and allowed for twice-daily play of the WordPuzzles; and Platinum, which allowed players to write WordPuzzles and submit trivia questions/quizzes.
Players could challenge members who were directly above them in the (total point) ranking to a Showdown. If the challenger won, (s)he would win points and the member challenged would break even. If the challenger lost, (s)he would lose points while the member challenged would break even. Additionally, wagers allowed every player to bet any number of points up to a predetermined maximum based on 25% of that player\'s point total. Players would gain or forfeit that wager depending on whether they won or lost.
The Sploofus site was created by Justin Morton in 2004 and grew to a membership of more than 67,000 members by November 2009. Morton formed Sploofus, Corp LLC in November 2006 in Michigan. Sploofus.com went offline in June 2010 without notice, but a new version of the site, called \"Sploofus Island\", began to appear in November 2010. This version allowed no interaction and had no game play capability. It went down in March 2011 when the original Sploofus announced that it was returning in April 2011 under new management. The site returned in its original (pre-Island) state on April 20, 2011. Sploofus.com was worth an estimated \$34,800 in 2012. The website\'s quality began declining in 2014 with the site going down with increasing frequency (once because management accidentally allowed the domain registration to expire), features not being maintained, and players experiencing connection errors. Sploofus shutdown for good in May 2017
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# Norillag
**Norillag**, **Norilsk Corrective Labor Camp** (*Норильлаг, Норильский ИТЛ*) was a gulag labor camp set by Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia and headquartered there. It existed from June 25, 1935 to August 22, 1956.
## History
Initially, the Norillag labor force was responsible for the construction of the Norilsk mining-metallurgic complex and for mining copper and nickel. Its activities gradually expanded into virtually all economical functions of the region, from fishing to \"reconstruction of the house where lived Comrade I.V. Stalin in exile\".
Starting from 1,200 inmates in 1935, its numbers jumped to 9,000 in 1937 (the onset of the Great Purge) and peaked in 1951 at 72,500, housed in 30 camp sections. *Memorial* estimates the total number of its inmates over the history of the camp at 400,000, with about 300,000 being political prisoners. The geography of this camp system included the Norilsk area, including Dudinka and Kayerkan, as well as more remote places, including Krasnoyarsk and some agricultural camps in Kureika (village), Atamanovo and Shushenskoye.
Initially the construction activities were handled by the **Norilstroy** (Норильстрой), while Norillag supplied the workforce and some infrastructure.
In 1953, shortly after the death of Joseph Stalin, the Gorlag camp of Norillag system was the place of the major Gulag revolt, known as the Norilsk uprising.
It was closed in 1957, together with most of the Gulag system
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# Pine Tree High School
**Pine Tree High School** is a suburban public high school located in the city of Longview, Texas, in Gregg County, United States and classified as a 4A school by the University Interscholastic League (UIL). It is a part of the Pine Tree Independent School District located in west central Gregg County. In 2013, the school was rated \"Met Standard\" by the Texas Education Agency.
## History
The Pine Tree ISD was established in 1847. Pine Tree High School was originally a boarding school for the region, and people came for miles to attend. It was a part of Pine Tree, Texas which was incorporated into Longview in the 1870s. Being founded in 1847, it is the 57th oldest public high school in America. Growth was slow but stable, with agriculture being the primary source of income through the turn of the century. The oil boom in 1931 brought thousands of people to East Texas and caused rapid growth for Pine Tree Schools.
**Alma Mater**
Pirates fight for old Pine Tree High\
For our Alma Mater dear\
Pirates fight for Old Pine Tree High,\
For Victory is near.\
\
To Pine Tree we'll be loyal\
'Til the sun drops from the sky\
Remembering until the end,\
Pirates fight, never die!\
\
**Fight Song**\
*written by Mickey Wright*\
*to the tune of \"You\'re a Grand Old Flag\"*
Pirates fight, fight, fight\
Give \'em all of your might\
Pirates fight for the old\
blue and gold.\
The Pirates are\
The best by far,\
Daring, Courageous, and Bold.\
Hey! Hey!\
\
Pirates go, go, go\
Till you conquer your foe\
Pirates fight and they never die\
So now we fight for victory,\
\
For that good old Pine Tree High.
## Student demographics {#student_demographics}
As of the 2009-2010 school year, Pine Tree High had a total of 1,324 students (58.9% White, 19.2% Hispanic, 19.1% African American, 1.7% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 1.1% Native American). 39% of the students are considered economically disadvantaged. 44% of students are considered at risk and 3.4% are considered to have limited English proficiency. Pine Tree High School is 27.5% freshmen, 24.2% sophomores, 22.4% juniors, and 25.8% seniors.
The drop-out rate as of 2010 was 3.1 for grades 9-12. 92.8% of students completed high school.
## Academics
As of the 2011-2012 school year, Pine Tree High School performed similarly to other Texas schools regarding their TAKS scores. 94% passed Reading ELA, 87% passed Math, 88% passed Science, 97% passed Social Studies, and overall 80% passed each test. The passing rate by race/ethnicity in 2012 was 85% White, 79% Hispanic, 60% African American, 99.9% Asian and no information on Pacific Islander/Native American. Regarding Commended TAKS Scores, 26% were commended in Reading ELA, 22% were commended in Math, 21% were commended in Science, 49% were commended in Social Studies, and overall 10% were commended in each test. The commended rate by race/ethnicity in 2012 was 14% White, 3% Hispanic, 2% African American, 40% Asian and no information on Pacific Islander/Native American with 10% of all students being commended.
African Americans attended 92.6% of classes, Hispanics attended 92.5% of classes, Native Americans attended 95.7% of classes, Caucasians attended 93.2% of classes and, overall, students attended 93% of classes. 30.4% of students graduated on the minimum plan, 69.6% of students graduated on the recommended plan, and 14% of students graduated on the special education plan, including the distinguished plan. 15.4% of students took AP tests with 70.8% of students being at or above AP criteria. 26% of students engaged in advanced courses or dual enrollment. The average ACT score of a Pine Tree student is 22.1, compared to the state average of 20.5. The average SAT score out on a 1600 scale is 1089, compared to the state average of 985.
**State Titles**
- Academic Champions
- 1996-97(4A)
## Athletics
The Pine Tree Pirates compete in these sports: Volleyball, Cross Country, Football, Basketball, Swimming, Powerlifting, Soccer, Golf, Tennis, Track, Baseball & Softball. As of 2014, with the addition of a 6A, Pine Tree moved up to 5A in UIL.\
\
The Pine Tree Pirates were so named by their first coach, as he was a fan of the Pittsburgh Pirates.\
**State Titles**
- Boys Basketball
- 1973(3A)
- Boys Golf
- 1951(B), 1952(B), 1953(B), 1955(1A)
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# Pine Tree High School
## Facilities
As one of four public school districts serving Longview, Texas, Pine Tree High School is located in Gregg County, on Interstate 20 between Shreveport, LA and Dallas, TX. The High School has seen additions and major renovation to house grades 9-12 in the year 2008, and The Pirate Center: a Multi-Purpose Building which opened in the Spring of 2008. A new stadium located near campuses off Loop 281 near Pine Tree Parkway, opened in the fall of 2013.
## Theater
- One Act Play
- 1952(B), 1975(3A), 2005(4A)
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Chris Johnson, professional football player in the NFL, plays for the Baltimore Ravens
- Clint Ford, voice actor and novelist, class of 1994
- Rodney Carrington, comedian and musician
- Robert Morris, founding pastor of Gateway Church (Texas)
## Awards
Pine Tree High School is a two-time National Blue Ribbon School award winner, in 1988-89 and again in 1992-93
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# Norm Pattiz
**Norman Joel Pattiz** (January 18, 1943 -- December 4, 2022) was an American broadcasting entrepreneur who founded radio network Westwood One. Pattiz was a member of the National Radio Hall of Fame.
## Career
Pattiz worked in the sales dept at KCOP TV 13 in Hollywood from 1970 to 1974. He founded Westwood One, a radio syndication company, in 1976. It became America\'s largest radio network and one of the world\'s leading media companies.
In 2001, Pattiz joined the board of regents of the University of California and served as chair of the board of the Regents Oversight Committee of the Department of Energy Laboratories. In January 2014, Governor of California Jerry Brown reappointed Pattiz to a second twelve year term on the board of regents. In November 2016, he was accused of workplace sexual harassment. The University of California Student Association called for dismissal of Pattiz from the board of regents in 2017 following an allegation by a podcast host. Pattiz apologized and claimed it was a joke. In December 2017, Pattiz resigned from the board of regents.
Pattiz was also chairman of the board of Lawrence Livermore and Los Alamos National Security LLC and on the board of the USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism. He was president of the Broadcast Education Association and was on the Council of Foreign Relations and the Pacific Council on International Policy. He was appointed by President Clinton for the United States Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), which oversees all U.S. non-military international broadcast services, in 2000, and reappointed by President Bush in 2002. He was chairman of BBG\'s Middle East Committee, where he helped create the U.S. government\'s Arabic-language radio and TV services broadcast to the 22 Middle East countries, including Radio Sawa and Alhurra Television.
In 2009, Pattiz was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame. Pattiz also received the Giants of Broadcasting Award from the Library of American Broadcasting.
Pattiz founded Courtside Entertainment Group in 2010 and was the company's CEO. In October 2012, Pattiz founded Launchpad, which became PodcastOne in February 2013. Pattiz worked with the Los Angeles Lakers and Jay Mohr to develop the \"America\'s Lakers Podcast With Jay Mohr\" in 2017. Pattiz was inspired by his support of the Lakers, including his 35 years with courtside seats.
## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death}
Pattiz is Jewish and was married to Mary Turner, former radio personality and chairman of the board of the Betty Ford Center. They resided in both Beverly Hills, California, and Santa Barbara, California. He was a reserve deputy in the Los Angeles County Sheriff\'s Department and a member of the Region 1 Homeland Security Advisory Council. He was the benefactor of the Academy of Music at Hamilton High School and on the board of the Sheriff\'s Youth Foundation. The Norman J. Pattiz Concert Hall on the Hamilton campus is named in his honor.
Pattiz died on December 4, 2022, at the age of 79
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# Scaphium scaphigerum
***Scaphium scaphigerum*** is a deciduous tropical nut-bearing tree of genus *Scaphium*.
## Uses
Seeds of this plant are known as *pang da hai* in Chinese-speaking countries and are used as herbal remedies in Indonesian and Chinese medicine. Beverages brewed from *S. scaphigerum* seeds have the consistency of weak tea or higher, and are often drunk together with the boiled pulp of the seed. They are traditionally taken as a restorative to treat loss of the voice from the common cold, flu, laryngitis, and for this reason are a popular refreshment served at Karaoke
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# Richard Burgess (murderer)
**Richard S. Burgess** (14 February 1829 -- 5 October 1866) was a notorious murderer known for the \"Maungatapu murders\" which occurred on the Maungatapu track, south-east of Nelson, New Zealand.
Born Richard Hill in west London in 1829, reputedly the illegitimate son of a guards officer and a lady\'s companion, he became involved in petty street crime at age 14 and was soon jailed and flogged for pickpocketing. Two years later he was sentenced to 15 years\' transportation for burglary. After 20 months of solitary confinement he was shipped to Melbourne, Australia, arriving in September 1847.
In 1852, he was sentenced to 10 years of imprisonment for armed highway robbery, and he was released in October 1861. He was calling himself Burgess, the name of a New South Wales runholder he had attempted to steal from. He left Australia in January 1862 for New Zealand and the Otago gold rush. On 12 June 1866, James Battle was murdered on the Maungatapu track by Burgess and four others, known as the \'Burgess gang\'. The following day four other men were killed nearby. In court Burgess boasted of committing nine murders; he wrote his memoirs while awaiting trial. He was executed in Nelson Gaol at around 8:30 a.m. on 5 October 1866
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# American Association of Neuropathologists
**American Association of Neuropathologists, Inc.** was established in the 1930s as a professional and educational organization representing American neuropathologists. It was incorporated in the State of Pennsylvania in May 1960. Currently, the membership consists of 800 scientists and physicians, many of whom are international members. The AANP\'s expressed purpose is to advance the science and practice of neuropathology. Its official journal is the *Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology*
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# Information needs
The term **information need** is often understood as an individual or group\'s desire to locate and obtain information to satisfy a conscious or unconscious need. Rarely mentioned in general literature about needs, it is a common term in information science. According to Hjørland (1997) it is closely related to the concept of relevance: If something is relevant for a person in relation to a given task, we might say that the person needs the information for that task.
Information needs are related to, but distinct from information requirements. They are studied for:
1. The explanation of observed phenomena of information use or expressed need;
2. The prediction of instances of information uses;
3. The control and thereby improvement of the utilization of information manipulation of essential conditions.
## Background
The concept of information needs was coined by an American information journalist [Robert S. Taylor](http://www.libsci.sc.edu/BOB/ISP/taylor2.htm) in his 1962 article [\"The Process of Asking Questions\"](http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/asi.5090130405) published in *American Documentation* (renamed *Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology*).
In this paper, Taylor attempted to describe how an inquirer obtains an answer from an information system, by performing the process consciously or unconsciously; also he studied the reciprocal influence between the inquirer and a given system.
According to Taylor, information need has four levels:
1. The conscious and unconscious need for information not existing in the remembered experience of the investigator. In terms of the query range, this level might be called the \"ideal question\" --- the question which would bring from the ideal system exactly what the inquirer, if he could state his need. It is the actual, but unexpressed, need for information
2. The conscious mental description of an ill-defined question. In this level, the inquirer has a conscious information need in the mind and might talk to someone else in the field to get an answer.
3. A researcher forms a rational statement of his question. This statement is a rational and unambiguous description of the inquirer\'s doubts.
4. The question as presented to the information system.
There are variables within a system that influence the question and its formation. Taylor divided them into five groups: general aspects (physical and geographical factors); system input (What type of material is put into the system, and what is the unit item?); internal organization (classification, indexing, subject heading, and similar access schemes); question input (what part do human operators play in the total system?); output (interim feedback).
Herbert Menzel preferred demand studies to preference studies. Requests for information or documents that were actually made by scientists in the course of their activities form the data for demand studies. Data may be in the form of records of orders placed for bibliographics, calls for books from an interlibrary loan system, or inquires addressed to an information center or service. Menzel also investigated user study and defined information seeking behaviour from three angles:
1. When approached from the point of view of the scientist or technologists, these are studies of scientists\' communication behaviour;
2. When approached from the point of view of any communication medium, they are use studies;
3. When approached from the science communication system, they are studies in the flow of information among scientists and technologists.
William J. Paisley moved from information needs/uses toward strong guidelines for information system. He studied the theories of information-processing behavior that will generate propositions concerning channel selection; amount of seeking; effects on productivity of information quality, quantity, currency, and diversity; the role of motivational and personality factors, etc. He investigated a concentric conceptual framework for user research. In the framework, he places the information users at the centre of ten systems, which are:
1. The scientist within his culture.
2. The scientist within a political system.
3. The scientist within a membership group.
4. The scientist within a reference group.
5. The scientist within an invisible college.
6. The scientist within a formal organization.
7. The scientist within a work team.
8. The scientist within his own head.
9. The scientist within a legal/economical system.
10. The scientist within a formal.
## Critical Information Needs (CIN) {#critical_information_needs_cin}
\"In 2012, the University of Southern California was funded by the Federal Communications Commission to examine a wide range of social sciences from multiple disciplines to propose a set of critical information needs,\" according to Friedland. He continued, \"USC reached out to a team of scholars collectively identified as the Communications Policy Research Network (CPRN). \... CPRN found that communities need access to eight categories of critical information \...:
1. Emergencies and risks, both immediate and long-term;
2. Health and welfare, including specifically local health information as well as group-specific health information where it exists.
3. Education, including the quality of local schools and choices available to parents;
4. Transportation, including available alternatives, costs, and schedules;
5. Economic opportunities, including job information, job training, and small business assistance;
6. The environment, including information about air and water quality; environmental threats to health; and access to restoration and recreation;
7. Civic information, including information on civic institutions and opportunities to associate with others;
8. Political information, including information about candidates at all relevant levels of local governance, and about relevant public policy initiatives affecting communities and neighborhoods
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# Rob Mulders
**Rob Mulders** (7 April 1967 -- 29 January 1998) was a Dutch road racing cyclist, who was a professional from 1991 to 1996. He twice rode the Tour de France, in 1993 and 1994. Born in Well, Limburg, Mulders\' biggest success was winning Veenendaal--Veenendaal in 1993. Five years later he died in a car crash near Apeldoorn
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# Sustain (album)
***Sustain*** is the fifth studio album from Buck-O-Nine and was released in the United States on August 7, 2007 on Asian Man Records and in Canada on September 6, 2007 by Stomp Records.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. I\'m Not Dead
2. Cook Me Into The Bowl
3. Screamin\' From the Suburbs
4. Less Than Comfortable
5. Knocking Down the Door
6. I Am One
7. Slow me Down
8. Lie to Me
9. Nothing Left to Lose
10. Sailing Away
11. Silence
12
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# SS Cawarra
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# Logan, Nevada
**Logan, Nevada**, is a ghost town located in the hills about 9.5 mi west of Hiko and 2.5 mi south of Mount Irish Peak. Logan had its brief existence as a mining camp when silver ore was discovered in 1865 in the Mount Irish Range just to the north in Silver Canyon on the east flank of Mount Irish.
Variant names include Logan City, Logan Springs and Logans Springs.
The Logan Springs post office was in operation from July 1868 until August 1871.
A small spring of water called Logan Springs provided an essential resource for survival in such a harsh arid region
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# Gerrit de Vries (cyclist)
**Gerrit de Vries** (born 13 May 1967) is a retired road racing cyclist from the Netherlands, who was a professional from 1989 to 1997. As an amateur he won the world title in the 100 km team time trial, alongside Rob Harmeling, Tom Cordes and John Talen in 1986. His team finished in 11th place in this event at the 1988 Summer Olympics. De Vries rode in six editions of the Tour de France
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# Bloodred Massacre
***Bloodred Massacre*** is the fourth studio album by the German death metal band Fleshcrawl. It is their first release to feature vocalist Sven Gross, who performed with the band until his death in 2021.
This album, although somewhat different from the previous Fleshcrawl releases, is highly archetypal of the band\'s general 1990s sound. It is more rhythmic than its predecessors, helping to fortify the band\'s stake in the melodic death metal genre, and is strongly characterized by agile and smooth, yet sometimes dramatic, patterning transitions, medium-to-high tempo cyclic riffs that sometimes resemble speed metal, baritonic death growls, and rapid double bass drum rolls, typical of death metal. The general themes of the album remain consistent with earlier releases and cover such concepts as violent death, hell-born rebirth (\"Hellspawn\"), misanthropy (\"Bloodred Massacre\"), deception (\"The Messenger\"), and eternal damnation (\"Through the Veil of Dawn\").
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Hellspawn\" -- 3:51
2. \"Dark Dimension\" -- 4:39
3. \"Bloodred Massacre\" -- 3:43
4. \"Awaiting the End\" -- 5:21
5. \"The Messenger\" -- 3:04
6. \"Through the Veil of Dawn\" -- 2:58
7. \"Necrophiliac\" (Slayer cover) -- 3:41
8. \"Beyond Belief\" -- 5:08
9. \"Slaughter at Dawn\" -- 1:30
## Personnel
- Sven Gross -- vocals
- Mike Hanus -- guitar, bass
- Stefan Hanus -- guitar
- Bastian Herzog -- drums
### Production
- Produced by Fleshcrawl & Peter Tägtgren
- Recorded and mixed at The Abyss studio, Grangärde-Pärlby, Sweden, 11--23 August 1997
- Engineered by Peter Tägtgren and Mikael Hedlund
- Mixed by Fleshcrawl & Peter Tägtgren
- Mastered by Peter in de Betou at Cuttingroom, Solna, Sweden
- All music and lyrics by Fleshcrawl, except \"Necrophiliac\", originally by Slayer (Hanneman/King)
- Cover artwork by Juha Vuorma
- Layout by Stefan & Mike Hanus. Graphic work by Stefan Hanus (Orca Graphics)
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# Ursula Caberta
**Ursula Caberta y Diaz** (born 22 March 1950) is a German politician, former State of Hamburg government official and was the Commissioner for the Scientology Task Force of the Hamburg Interior Authority. She graduated in political economy. According to Deutsche Welle she is considered an expert on the subject of Scientology, and has been observing the organization since 1992. Her book *Schwarzbuch Scientology* (The Black Book of Scientology) was published in 2007. Caberta is also an official in Hamburg\'s authority for interior affairs.
The Hamburg Scientology Task Force (AGS) was founded in 1992, to monitor the activities of Scientology, and educate the public on the activities and objectives of Scientology. Furthermore, the AGS provided advice to people wishing to leave the organization. The Task Force was closed down in 2010 as a result of budget cuts, and its work was continued by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. Caberta continued as a consultant until her retirement in 2013.
## Critic of Scientology {#critic_of_scientology}
In 1995, Caberta took on an active role in controversies related to Scientology in schools in the Danish town of Bjerndrup near the German border. In 1996, Caberta stated in *The New York Times* that she saw similarities between Germany\'s prior history with the Third Reich, and the Church of Scientology. In 2000, Scientology filed a criminal complaint (*Strafanzeige*) against Caberta for alleged bribery after she was accused of receiving a private loan of 75,000 dollars from Bob Minton. The charges were dropped after Caberta paid a 7,500 Euro fine.
In 2007, Caberta was quoted in *Der Spiegel* as being worried that the Church of Scientology wanted to influence politics in Germany and throughout Europe. Caberta stated that the Church of Scientology aimed to undermine Germany\'s democracy with a \"cynical ideology\". In August 2007, along with Udo Nagel, the Hamburg State Interior Minister, Caberta called for a ban on the Scientology organization, but this was rejected by Federal politicians in Berlin. Wolfgang Bosbach, deputy parliamentary group leader of Chancellor Angela Merkel\'s CDU said that a bid to outlaw Scientology may fail because Germany\'s domestic intelligence service is unlikely to have gathered enough evidence against it to back court action against the sect. In 2007 Caberta called Tom Cruise an enemy of the constitution, saying that he was inseparable from his Scientology activity, and that to cast a member of a totalitarian organisation in the role of an enemy of the Nazis was inappropriate. When the Task Force was closed down in 2010 as a result of budget cuts, Caberta moved to a position within the Hamburg interior authority, where she continued her work on Scientology until she retired from the role in 2013, frustrated by lack of support from the local government. The Hamburg Office for the Protection of the Constitution continues to investigate and report on Scientology activity and to counsel people wishing to leave the organisation
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# George Leslie Montgomery
**George Leslie Montgomery** (c. 1727 -- March 1787) was an Irish politician.
Montgomery sat as Member of Parliament (MP) for Strabane from 1765 to 1768. He purchased the seat from John McCausland of Strabane for £2,000 after the death of the incumbent Robert Lowry when a new writ was issued for the borough on 22 October 1765. Subsequently, he represented County Cavan in the Irish House of Commons from 1768 until his death in 1787. The Cavan poll result on 2 August 1768 was Maxwell 727, Montgomery 648, Pratt 570, Newburgh 402; The poll finally closed on 11 November 1768 and the final poll was Maxwell 927, Montgomery 739, Pratt 668, Newburgh 451. When the new Parliament met in 1769, Mervyn Pratt, the defeated candidate, petitioned against the election of Montgomery on grounds of bribery, corruption and undue influence. This petition was not finally determined owing to the premature prorogation of Parliament in December 1769, so Montgomery survived and continued to represent the county until his death. He had previously stood as a candidate for Cavan in the 1761 general election but was defeated.
The youngest son of George Leslie D.D. (Rector of Clones & Kilmore) and Margaret Montgomery (sister of Colonel Alexander Montgomery (1686--1729) of Convoy House, County Donegal and Ballyconnell House, County Cavan) and first cousin of James Leslie, Bishop of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe. Alexander Montgomery (1686--1729) died in 1729 and left the Ballyconnell estate of about 4,000 statute acres to his nephew George Leslie who then assumed the name George Leslie Montgomery. He was in the inner circle of the Irish Parliament but his low-church Northern background clung to him and whilst he became a general of volunteers and supported Flood, he opposed any relaxation of the laws against Catholics. He was High Sheriff of Cavan in 1752 and in the same year he married Hannah Clements, the daughter of fellow Cavan MP Nathaniel Clements but his only son George was declared a lunatic. \"The Irish Parliament 1775\" states- *\"He obtained a Barrack Master\'s place @ £150 per annum, for his Friend. He is Son-in-Law to Mr. Clements. On some few Questions during Lord Townshend\'s Administration He voted with Government. In Lord Harcourt\'s Administration He has been constantly against, and hates all Government.\"*. Sketches of the Members of the Irish Parliament in 1782 stated- *\"George Montgomery Esq., member for County Cavan has a pretty good estate, but not a foot of land in the county he represents-is brother in law of Mr Clements-but acts independently and uniformly opposed Government till the Duke of Portland arrived-a dull and tiring speaker.\"*.
He lived in a leased house at 12 North Frederick Street, Dublin when attending parliament.
He was the head of the local militia in Ballyconnell
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# The Little Man on the Subway
\"**The Little Man on the Subway**\" is a fantasy short story by Isaac Asimov and Frederik Pohl, originally published in the 1950 issue of *Fantasy Book*, and included in the 1972 collection *The Early Asimov*. It was initially written in 1941 by Asimov\'s friend, the author/agent/writer Frederik Pohl, under the pen name of James MacCreigh. Unable to get it right, Pohl asked Asimov to rewrite it, which he did. It was rejected by John W. Campbell and Asimov forgot about it. The story was finally sold to *Fantasy Book* in 1950.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
Patrick Cullen, a conductor on the New York City subway, is astonished when no one gets off his train as it reaches Flatbush, the end of the line. He\'s even more astonished when the train starts moving again and travels on via various non-existent stations. He meets a man who introduces himself as Mr Crumley, who says he\'s practicing to be a god and forthwith converts Cullen to believe in him.
Cullen meets other believers and also gets involved in a conspiracy to depose Crumley. In the end, Crumley is deposed and the train, with Cullen on board, re-enters the Flatbush station
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# Dirty Projectors
**Dirty Projectors** is an American indie rock band from Brooklyn, New York, formed in 2002. The band is the project of singer-songwriter David Longstreth, who has served as the band\'s sole constant member throughout numerous line-up changes. The band\'s current line-up consists of Longstreth, alongside Maia Friedman (vocals, guitar, keyboards), Felicia Douglass (vocals, percussion, keyboards) and Olga Bell (vocals, keyboards).
Since its formation, Dirty Projectors has released eight full-length studio albums, with the project featuring major contributions from co-lead vocalist and guitarist Amber Coffman from 2006 to 2013. Following the release of *Rise Above* (2007), an album of Black Flag songs as re-imagined from memory, Dirty Projectors released their break-through album, *Bitte Orca* in 2009. Featuring lead vocals from Longstreth, Coffman, and Angel Deradoorian, the album received widespread critical acclaim and increased the band\'s exposure significantly. Its follow-up, *Swing Lo Magellan* (2012) was released to further acclaim.
Following the departure of Coffman in 2013, Longstreth focused Dirty Projectors into a mostly studio-based project, releasing the albums, *Dirty Projectors* and *Lamp Lit Prose*, in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Dirty Projectors became a full band once again in 2018 with the addition of co-lead vocalists Felicia Douglass, Maia Friedman and Kristin Slipp to tour in support of *Lamp Lit Prose*. Inspired by the chemistry and dynamic of the band\'s current line-up, the group recorded and released five EPs across 2020.
In 2024, former member Olga Bell returned to the band\'s line-up ahead of performances of an orchestral song cycle, named *Song of the Earth*, which was released as a studio album in April 2025 on Nonesuch Records.
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# Dirty Projectors
## History
### Early years and *Rise Above* (2002--07) {#early_years_and_rise_above_200207}
While studying at Yale, Longstreth spent part of the years 2001 and 2002 working on a number of musical ideas, together with his brother Jake. This resulted in the album, *The Graceful Fallen Mango*, that was released in 2002 under his own name and introduced his distinctive use of song arrangements and his combination of lo-fi and hi-fi production.
*Morning Better Last!*, released in September 2003, brought together three tapes recorded by Longstreth in the period 2001 to 2002. A year later they were compiled and released by States Rights Records on CD-R and as a digital download from iTunes.
With the help of Adam Forkner of Yume Bitsu, Longstreth recorded and released *The Glad Fact* on the Western Vinyl label under the name \"The Dirty Projectors\" in 2003. Two years later, the band released *The Getty Address*, a concept album about the musician Don Henley that features extensive orchestral and choral accompaniment. The stripped-down *New Attitude EP* followed in 2006 and featured inklings of the band\'s later vocal interplay and guitar work.
In 2007, the band released *Rise Above*, an album of Black Flag songs as re-imagined from memory. The album introduced the band\'s distinctive contrast between Longstreth\'s vocals and the hocketed harmonies of Amber Coffman and Susanna Waiche, who was later replaced by Angel Deradoorian.
### Domino Records, *Bitte Orca*, and *Mount Wittenberg Orca* (2008--11) {#domino_records_bitte_orca_and_mount_wittenberg_orca_200811}
In April 2008, Dirty Projectors signed with Domino Records, and the label announced the release of their fifth full-length album, *Bitte Orca*, for June 9, 2009. *Bitte Orca* introduced additional backing vocalist/auxiliary percussionist Haley Dekle as a new member and bassist Nat Baldwin returning to the band (he previously was a member of Dirty Projectors from 2005 to 2006). That year, the band also collaborated with David Byrne on the song \"Knotty Pine\" for the compilation album *Dark Was the Night* produced by the Red Hot Organization. Byrne joined the Dirty Projectors onstage to perform this song, along with \"Ambulance Man,\" another collaborative track not included on the compilation, at the \"Dark Was the Night Live\" concert at New York City\'s Radio City Music Hall on May 3, 2009.
"Stillness Is the Move\" was the first single released from *Bitte Orca*, a West African and alternative R&B-influenced hybrid, sung by Coffman and inspired by the Wim Wenders film *Wings of Desire*. *Bitte Orca* was met with positive reviews, including Rolling Stone magazine rating the album as number 6 on their best 25 albums of 2009.
Dirty Projectors were to release a new EP in September 2009 titled *Temecula Sunrise.* While the EP was never released, two of its tracks, \"Ascending Melody\" and \"Emblem of the World\", were instead offered for free download on the Dirty Projectors website in early 2010.
On May 8, 2009, members of Dirty Projectors collaborated with Björk to perform an original composition by Longstreth, written for five voices and acoustic guitar, as part of a charity concert to benefit Housing Works, a nonprofit organization dedicated to providing shelter for homeless men, women, and children suffering from AIDS. The concert was held at the Housing Works Bookstore & Café in downtown New York City. On June 30, 2010, Dirty Projectors announced the release of *Mount Wittenberg Orca*, a digital-only EP with Björk based on the artists\' collaboration. *Mount Wittenberg Orca* was released physically by Domino Records in 2011.
### *Swing Lo Magellan* (2012--2015) {#swing_lo_magellan_20122015}
On March 30, 2012, Dirty Projectors released the first single from their sixth album, *Swing Lo Magellan*, \"Gun Has No Trigger\". The album was released on July 10 in the United States and on July 9 internationally.
On September 7, 2012, Dirty Projectors released a short film, directed by Longstreth, called \"Hi Custodian\".
On November 6, 2012, Dirty Projectors released *About to Die EP*, a digital- and vinyl-release EP featuring several new tracks.
In 2015, members of Dirty Projectors made a cameo appearance as themselves in the Noah Baumbach film *Mistress America*.
### *Dirty Projectors*, *Lamp Lit Prose*, and new line-up (2016--2019) {#dirty_projectors_lamp_lit_prose_and_new_line_up_20162019}
On September 19, 2016, Dirty Projectors began releasing videos and images on social media teasing new music. After the release of tracks \"Keep Your Name\", \"Little Bubble\" and \"Up in Hudson\", it was announced that the seventh, self-titled album, would be released on February 24, 2017 via Domino. The album was ultimately released three days early, on February 21, 2017. It marked a return to the group\'s solo roots for Longstreth (who at this point relocated to Los Angeles, California to build a recording studio called \"Ivo Shandor\"), introduced a more electronic-based alternative R&B sound, and addressed his breakup with Coffman, his former bandmate and girlfriend.
The following year, on July 13, 2018, Dirty Projectors released their eighth album, *Lamp Lit Prose*, after teasing three singles, \"Break Thru\", \"That\'s a Lifestyle\", and \"I Feel Energy\". The touring of the album marked the revival of Dirty Projectors as a group project, with David Longstreth on lead vocals and guitar; returning members Nat Baldwin and Mike Daniel Johnson on bass/bass synth and drums, respectively; and introducing Maia Friedman on guitar, keyboards, and backing vocals, Felicia Douglass on percussion, keyboards, and backing vocals, and Kristin Slipp on keyboards and backing vocals.
In late 2018, the band recorded a live in-studio album at New York City\'s Power Station to capture road-tested live arrangements of songs they had been performing on the *Lamp Lit Prose* tour. The album, *Sing the Melody* was released on December 10, 2019 on Domino Documents.
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# Dirty Projectors
## History
### Five EPs (2020) {#five_eps_2020}
In 2020, the band announced that it would release five EPs throughout the year, with Longstreth noting: \"For me, this cycle of EPs is about growth, transition, liminal space, shifting identity. Allen Ginsberg had a phrase, \'first thought, best thought,\' to talk about a particular kind of writing --- not automatic writing exactly, but quick, spontaneous, trusting. For me, these songs are about rediscovering that place, after the stereo ouroboros of the Ivo Shandor \[Studio\] era (*Dirty Projectors* & *Lamp Lit Prose*). And I think for us --- Felicia, Maia, Kristin, Mike and me --- it's about finding it for the first time: playing, writing, learning together as a new band.\"
The first EP, *Windows Open* was released on March 27, 2020. The EP featured lead vocals and writing from Friedman with writing, production, and mixing handled by Longstreth. Oliver Hill from Vagabon added string arrangements to the release. The second EP, *Flight Tower*, appeared in May. It featured lead vocals from Douglass, and was preceded by the single, \"Lose Your Love\". Outlets like Pitchfork praised Douglass\' smooth, cool idiosyncratic vocal contributions. Early September the Bossa Nova inspired *Super João* appeared*.* This was followed by the *Earth Crisis* EP in October, which featured lead vocals from Slipp and arrangements for string quartet and wind quintet by Longstreth. The recordings of these arrangements, which provide the backbone of the EP\'s sound, were initially made with Chris Taylor in 2008 as orchestral reinterpretations of 2007\'s *Rise Above*, and then re-sampled by Longstreth in the production of *Earth Crisis*. The EP was accompanied by a short film directed by Isaiah Saxon. The final installment entitled *Ring Road*, featuring all five members, was released in November. The record company compiled all five as the 20-track album 5EPs.
## Musical style {#musical_style}
According to Wyndham Wyeth of *Paste Magazine**,* \"Dirty Projectors have a history of creating delightfully grandiose records full of complex, sprawling arrangements and bizarre concepts.\"
Dirty Projectors have been described musically as an indie rock, art pop, indie pop, prog pop and chamber pop group.
While often associated with the late 2000s New York indie rock scene, critics have linked Dirty Projectors to musicians from many genres, including new wave artists David Byrne and Squeeze, pop stars Beyoncé and Mariah Carey, and progressive rock musicians Frank Zappa and Yes. In a 2009 interview, Longstreth embraced some of these comparisons but expressed a dislike for several of those musicians, commenting, \"Steely Dan is a band I'm not that into,\" \"I'm not a huge Yes guy,\" and \"Frank Zappa I fucking hate
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# Cherepovets State University
**Cherepovets State University** is an educational institution in the Vologda region of Russia. It was founded in 1996 as the Cherepovets State Industrial Institute and Pedagogical Institute. It hosts more than 5,000 students.
The university has the following institutes:
- Humanities Institute,
- Institute of Pedagogics and Psychology,
- Institute of Metallurgy and Chemistry,
- Institute of Economics and Engineering,
- Institute of Extra-Mural Education.
Admission into the university is based on performance in the Unified State Exam. The UST measures the student\'s ability to perform in a university setting. In addition, an applicant submits a written application and a school-leaving certificate
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# Simon Magus (film)
***Simon Magus*** is a 1999 British historical mystery drama film directed by Ben Hopkins and starring Noah Taylor and Stuart Townsend. It was entered into the 49th Berlin International Film Festival.
## Background
The film is named for the village fool Simon (Noah Taylor), who is in turn named for the 1st century magician Simon Magus.
## Plot
In 19th century Poland, a Jew named Dovid Bendel (Stuart Townsend) tries to revive his dwindling shtetl village by building a railway station next to it. The squire (Rutger Hauer) agrees to provide the land, on the condition that Dovid will read his poetry. A cunning business man (Sean McGinley) is also interested in the land and he tries to compete using money and threats. Through this all wanders the outcast Simon (Noah Taylor), a man rumoured to have magical powers
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# HD 147506
**HD 147506**, also known as **HAT-P-2** and formally named **Hunor**, is a magnitude 8.7 F8 dwarf star that is somewhat larger and hotter than the Sun. The star is approximately 419 ly from Earth and is positioned near the keystone of Hercules. It is estimated to be 2 to 3 billion years old, towards the end of its main sequence life. There is one known transiting exoplanet, and a second planet not observed to transit.
## Nomenclature
The designation *HD 147506* comes from the Henry Draper Catalogue. When the star was found to have a planet by the HATNet Project, it was assigned the designation *HAT-P-2*, indicating that it was the second star found to have a planet by this project.
The star HAT-P-2 has the proper name *Hunor*. The name was selected in the NameExoWorlds campaign by Hungary, during the 100th anniversary of the IAU. Hunor was a legendary ancestor of the Huns and the Hungarian nation, and brother of Magor (name of the planet HAT-P-2b).
## Variability
In addition to being a planetary transit variable, there are also stellar pulsations induced by the planet. This is the first known instance of a planet inducing pulsations in its host star. The amplitude is very small at approximately 40 parts per million. These pulsations correspond to exact harmonics of the planet\'s orbital frequency, indicating they are of a tidal origin.
## Planetary system {#planetary_system}
Orbiting the star is HAT-P-2b, later named Magor, which was at the time of its discovery the most massive transiting exoplanet. At around 9 times the mass of Jupiter and an estimated surface temperature of \~900 kelvins, on a 5.6 day orbit, this planet is unlike any previously discovered transiting planet. The planet has a large mass (nine times the mass of Jupiter), and a surface gravity 25 times that exerted by the Earth. Its orbital eccentricity is very large (*e* = 0.5). Since tidal forces should have reduced the orbital eccentricity of this planet, it was speculated that another massive planet found outside the orbit of HAT-P-2b is in orbital resonance with HAT-P-2b.
The planet was discovered by the HATNet Project, and the researchers there found the planet to be 10-20% larger than Jupiter. This discovery is important as it provides further support for the existing theory of planetary structure.
Additional measurements taken over six years show a long-term linear trend in the radial velocity data consistent with a companion of 15 Jupiter masses or greater. Adaptive optics images were taken at the Keck telescope, and when combined with the radial velocity data show the maximum mass of the companion is that of an M dwarf star. In 2023 the presence of an outer companion, HAT-P-2c, was confirmed, and its mass found to be planetary at around 11 times that of Jupiter
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