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# Yves Parlier
**Yves Parlier** (born 14 November 1960) is a French sailor. He is very well known in the offshore sailing world and generally in France, where he was [elected](http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/sailing/03/13/parlier.ppl/index.html) France\'s top sports personality in 2002.
Nicknamed \"The extra-terrestrial\" for his amazing exploits and capabilities, Parlier currently holds two offshore 24-hour distance sailing [records](http://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120430131103/http://www.sailing.org/20023.php), set in April and May 2006.
## Career
Yves Parlier won (or participate in) the following events:
- 1985: Mini Transat 6
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# Ted Childs
**Ted Childs** is a British television producer, screenwriter, and director.
## Career
Childs commenced training as a programme director with ABC Weekend TV in 1962. He went on to produce and direct a wide variety of factual programmes and documentary films, including episodes of *This Week*, the then ITV current affairs flagship, and also contributed to the acclaimed series *The World at War*.
He was one of the founders of Euston Films, the film production company established by Thames Television in the early 1970s. Whilst there he produced *The Sweeney*, *Special Branch* and the *Quatermass* series, together with a number of theatrical and television films, as well as writing and/or directing films and series episodes for both ITV and the BBC.
In 1984, Childs was appointed Controller of Drama at Central Independent Television and, subsequently, Managing Director of Central Films. In this dual role, he acted as executive producer on an extensive range of films and series for ITV. These included *Inspector Morse*, *Boon*, *Soldier Soldier*, *Peak Practice*, *Sharpe*, *Cadfael*, *Chancer*, *Gone to The Dogs*, *Kavanagh QC* and *Thief Takers*.
Following the acquisition of Central Television by Carlton Communications, Childs opted to assume a freelance role. He continued to write and develop new television drama and films as an executive producer. As such, he was responsible for the series *Heat of the Sun*, the *Inspector Morse* episode *The Wench Is Dead*, the television films *Into the Blue*, *Goodnight Mister Tom* and *The Waiting Time*, together with a *Kavanagh QC* film special, the *Monsignor Renard* series, and *The Remorseful Day*, the final episode of *Inspector Morse*. From 2004 to 2005 he was responsible for developing *The Brief*, a legal series, on which he acted as executive producer on two series. He also acted as executive producer on *Lewis*, a spin-off series from *Inspector Morse*.
In October 2012 Ted Childs was the very special guest at a 43tv Retro TV Sweeney Meet in Twickenham, where he gave a lunchtime talk about his career in TV & Film and also answered questions from members of 43tv.
## Awards
In 1991, The Production Guild honoured Childs with its annual Award of Merit, and he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Television Society. He was Chairman of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) in 1994 and 1995. He received the RTS Award for outstanding creative contribution to British Television in 1995. In the same year he was awarded the RTS Baird Medal for outstanding contribution to British regional television. In the 1997 New Year\'s Honours List, he was made an OBE for services to broadcast television. Also, in 1997, he was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Moving Image Society (formerly the British Kinematograph and Television Society.) In May 1998, he received BAFTA\'s Alan Clarke award for outstanding creative contribution to television. In 2000, he received the Broadcasting Press Guild\'s Harvey Lee Award for outstanding contribution to broadcasting.
In July 2015, the University of Nottingham awarded him the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters
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# Vicki Anderson
**Vicki Anderson** (born **Myra Barnes**; November 21, 1939 -- July 3, 2023) was an American soul singer best known for her performances with the James Brown Revue. She recorded a number of singles under both her birth and stage names. She was the widow of Bobby Byrd and mother of musician Carleen Anderson.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Myra Barnes was born in Houston, Texas. She joined Brown in 1965, replacing Anna King, and stayed for three years as his main female singer, until she was replaced by Marva Whitney in 1968. She rejoined in 1969 after Marva departed, staying for a further three years until 1972, after which Lyn Collins took over from her. Brown claimed in his autobiography that Anderson was the best singer he ever had in his revue.
In 1970, she released the funk song \"The Message from the Soul Sisters\". A single on James\' I-Dentify label by Momie-O appeared in 1975 featuring a cover of Rufus\' hit \"Once You Get Started\" and Bobby Womack\'s \"Stop On By\". Anderson toured the UK with the James Brown Funky People Revue in the late 1980s and again with husband Bobby Byrd, the founder of The Famous Flames, in the mid-1990s.
Anderson married Byrd in the mid-1960s, and was the mother of UK-based Carleen, who released albums from the 1990s.
Anderson died on July 3, 2023, at the age of 83
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# Tommaso Tamburini
**Tommaso Tamburini** (6 March 1591 -- 10 October 1675) was an Italian Jesuit moral theologian.
## Life
Also known under the name of **R. P. Thoma Tamburino**.
He was born at Caltanisetta in Sicily, and entered the Society of Jesus when fifteen years old; there he became distinguished for a talent for teaching. After a successful course of studies he held the professorship of philosophy four years, of dogmatic theology seven years, of moral theology seventeen years, and during thirteen years was rector of various colleges. He died at Palermo.
## Works
His writings are:
- *Theologia moralis* by Tommaso Tamburini (Book)
10 editions published between 1734 and 1979 in Latin and Undetermined and held by 23 libraries worldwide
- *Methodus expeditae confessionis, tum pro confessariis tum pro poenitentibus complectens libros quator* by Tommaso Tamburini (Book)
2 editions published between 1728 and 1761 in Latin and held by 18 libraries worldwide
- *R.P. Thomae Tamburini Societate Iesu Siculi Caltanisettensis, in celebri vniuersitate nobilis ciuitatis Messanae, theologiae primarij professoris, Explicatio decalogi, duabus distincta partibus : in qua omnes fere conscientiae casus ad decem praecepta pertinentes, mira breuitate, claritate, & quantum licet, benignitate declarantur* by Tommaso Tamburini (Book)
15 editions published between 1659 and 1702 in Latin and Undetermined and held by 13 libraries worldwide
- *Methodus expeditae confessionis, tum pro consessariis \[sic\] tum pro poenitentibus : complectens libros quatuor* by Tommaso Tamburini (Book)
5 editions published between 1653 and 1761 in Latin and held by 11 libraries worldwide and one private collector
- *De sacrificio message expedite celebrando, libri III* by Tommaso Tamburini (Book)
4 editions published between 1657 and 1699 in Latin and held by 10 libraries worldwide
- *Methodus expeditae communionis tum pro sacerdotibus, tum pro omnibus fidelibus communicaturis. : Liber unicus in quo omnes fere conscientiae casus ad eucharistiae sacramentum qua ministrandum, qua suscipiendum spectantes \... deciduntur* by Thomas Tamburinus (Book)
3 editions published between 1656 and 1666 in Latin and held by 9 libraries worldwide
- *Methodus expeditae confessionis tum pro confessariis, tum pro poenitentibus, : complectens libros quinque : in qui omnes fere conscientiae casus ad poenitentiae sacramentum qua ministrandum, qua suscipients pertinentes \... enodantur* by Thomas Tamburinus (Book)
1 edition published in 1656 in Latin and held by 9 libraries worldwide
- *Opera omnia* by Tommaso Tamburini (Book)
5 editions published between 1673 and 1792 in Latin and Undetermined and held by 6 libraries worldwide
- *R. P. Thomæ Tamburini \... Explicatio decalogi, duabus distincta partibus; : in qua omnes fere conscientiæ casus, ad decem præcepta pertinentes, mira brevitate \... declarantur* by Tommaso Tamburini (Book)
4 editions published between 1659 and 1719 in Latin and held by 6 libraries worldwide
- *De sacrificio missae expedite celebrando libri tres* by Tommaso Tamburini (Book)
3 editions published between 1556 and 1666 in Latin and Undetermined and held by 5 libraries worldwide
- *Methodus expeditae confessionis, tum pro confessariis tum pro poenitentibus : complectens libros quatuor* by Tommaso Tamburini (Book)
3 editions published between 1650 and 1728 in Latin and held by 4 libraries worldwide and one private collector
- *Theologia moralis R. P. Thomæ Tamburini* by Thomas Tamburini (Book)
1 edition published in 1755 in Latin and held by 4 libraries worldwide
- *R.P. Thomæ Tamburini Caltanisettensis Societatis Jesu Juris divini, naturalis, et ecclesiastici expedita moralis explicatio : complectens tractatus tres, De sacramentis, quæ sunt de jure divino. De contractibus, quos dirigit jus naturale. De censuris, et irregularitate, quæ sunt de jure ecclesiastico. Accedit tractatus Bullæ cruciatæ, in theologorum, aliorumque animarum curam habentium commodum* by Tommaso Tamburini (Book)
2 editions published between 1726 and 1734 in Latin and held by 2 libraries worldwide\
1 rare edition was published around 1660-1670, in Latin, unknown holder (possible a private collector)
- *.P. Thomæ Tamburini \... explicatio decalogi : duabus distincta partibus* by Tommaso Tamburini (Book)
2 editions published between 1678 and 1707 in Latin and held by 3 libraries worldwide
- *R.P. Thomæ Tamburini Caltanisettensis Societatis Jesu \... Theologia moralis : in qua declarantur sequentes tractatus, nempè: De decalogi præceptis. De sacramentis. De contractibus. De censuris & irregularitate. De bulla cruciatæ. De confessione. De communione. De sacrificio missæ. De quinque ecclesiæ præceptis* by Tommaso Tamburini (Book)
1 edition published in 1734 in Latin and held by 3 libraries worldwide
- *Methodvs expeditæ confessionis, tvm pro confessariis tum pro pœnitentibus : complectens libros quinque* by Tommaso Tamburini (Book)
1 edition published in 1656 in Latin and held by 3 libraries worldwide
- *Methodus expeditae confessionis* by Tommaso Tamburini (Book)
5 editions published between 1653 and 1658 in Undetermined and Latin and held by 2 libraries worldwide
- *Methodus expeditae communionis* by Tommaso Tamburini (Book)
5 editions published between 1656 and 1678 in Undetermined and Latin and held by 2 libraries worldwide and one private collector
His works are unique, representing the new standards of jurisprudencia.
Though severe towards himself, Tamburini, when deciding cases of conscience for others, was inclined to follow the milder views which he found reputable authors declaring probable. This is the basis of the accusation of laxity frequently brought against him, and led to his controversy with Vincent Baron. Tamburini published a rejection of the attacks of his adversary under the title, \"Germana doctrina R.P. Th. Tamburini, S.J.\"
Alphonsus Liguori in his \"Theologia Moralis\" wrote: \"Let us add a word about this author \[Tamburino\], who is not estimated by many at his full value. It cannot be denied that he was apt to consider some opinions probable which do not deserve that note; hence he must be used with caution. But when Tamburini establishes his own opinions, he shows that he is a thorough theologian and solves the questions by reducing them to their last principles. Competent judges will find that the opinions which he then sets down as the more tenable are in the majority of cases the more correct\"
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# Caralluma adscendens
***Caralluma adscendens*** is a succulent plant in the family Apocynaceae. Its distribution ranges from India and Sri Lanka through the Arabian peninsula to North Africa and the Sahel.
## In home gardens {#in_home_gardens}
*Caralluma adscendens* Some people in Pakistan have started to grow it in earthen plastic Containers and are producing fresh vegetables for their consumption.
## Use
*Caralluma adscendens* (Chong) has been eaten in rural India for centuries, raw, as a vegetable with spices, or preserved in chutneys and pickles, and is often found as a roadside shrub or boundary marker.
## Consumer issues {#consumer_issues}
Various diet pills claiming to contain *Caralluma fimbriata* extracts are marketed for weight loss. A study published in 2015 showed the supplement to be well tolerated, but to have no clinical effect compared to a placebo at the supposedly therapeutic dose of 1g daily.
## Chemistry
The key phytochemical constituents of the herb are pregnane glycosides, flavone glycosides, megastigmane glycosides, and saponins
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# Andreas Blunck
**Max Andreas Blunck** (20 December 1871 -- 12 April 1933) was a German politician of the liberal German Democratic Party (DDP). He served as Minister of Justice in the government of Hermann Müller from March to June 1920.
## Biography
Blunck was born on 20 December 1871 in Krempe in the Prussian Province of Schleswig-Holstein.
After attending the *Gymnasium* in Glückstadt, Blunck studied law and the Chinese language in Berlin. In 1894, he started working as a public servant in Hamburg. After being awarded a Dr.jur. in Jena in 1898, he began working as a lawyer in Hamburg. From 1904 to 1918, Blunck was a member of the Hamburg *Bürgerschaft* (the local parliament) for a rural area.
In 1912, he was elected as the Reichstag delegate for the Tondern--Husum--Eiderstedt constituency for the *Freisinnige Volkspartei*.
In the German Revolution, he was arrested by the local radical Workers\' council on 8 December 1918.
He was a DDP member of the Weimar National Assembly in 1919 to 1920 and a DDP member of the Reichstag from 1920 to 1924.
After the Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch of March 1920, Blunck became justice minister in the government of Hermann Müller (SPD). The government resigned in June 1920 after the Reichstag elections.
He died in Aumühle on 12 April 1933
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# Alexander Gordon Smith
**Alexander Gordon Smith** (27 February 1979, Norwich, England) is an author of children and Young Adult fiction.
## Early life {#early_life}
During his teenage years, Smith went through what he calls a \"rough patch\". He said he would hang out with people that had a negative influence on him. He had once lost a tooth in a brawl. After he stopped being around his \"friends\", and these experiences, along with wondering what would have happened if he kept being around this group of people, are what partly inspired the Furnace series.
## Profile
Between 2000 and 2003 he studied English literature at the University of East Anglia, where he set up a small poetry press called Egg Box Publishing. Egg Box published a number of new poets, including Richard Evans, Ramona Herdman and poetry collective Aisle16, and continues to add to its list of books.
In October 2004, Smith published a creative writing guide, \"Inspired Creative Writing\", for Infinite Ideas Ltd. A follow-up guide, \"Writing Bestselling Children\'s Books\" was published in July 2007.
## Novels for children {#novels_for_children}
In Summer 2005, Smith and his nine-year-old brother Jamie Webb began writing *The Inventors*, a children\'s novel. The book was shortlisted for the Wow Factor, a national competition run by Waterstones and Faber and Faber publishers, and although it lost out to Sarah Wray\'s *The Forbidden Room* it was taken on by Faber and published in April 2007. The sequel, *The Inventors and the City of Stolen Souls* was published in June 2008
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# Pascal Parisot
**Pascal Parisot** (born 20 November 1963), is a French songwriter and singer.
## Discography
### Rumba (2000) {#rumba_2000}
1. *Ca alors* 03:49
2. *Qui m\'aime ne me suive pas* 03:46
3. *Diplômé de toi* 03:41
4. *Qui s\'ignore* 03:47
5. *Suzanne* 04:49
6. *Je t\'aime* 03:27
7. *Inutile de me faire les yeux d\...* 04:23
8. *Ah ! Si j\'avais du pognon* 03:46
9. *Je reste au lit* 03:53
10. *Tralala pas toi* 04:05
11. *Rumba* 03:00
### Wonderful (2003) {#wonderful_2003}
1. Wonderful 02:47
2. Que je sache 03:02
3. Tout va bien 03:54
4. Je = toi 03:35
5. Victime de l\'amour 03:00
6. Les gens sont méchants 02:51
7. Moi scorpion, toi balance 03:29
8. La salle de bain 03:32
9. Sombre héros 03:11
10. Je veux être extraordinaire 03:47
11. Les gondoles à Denise 03:08
12. Lapin ! 02:34
### Bêtes en stock (2010) {#bêtes_en_stock_2010}
1. Fantaisie animale 00:27
2. On est des betes 02:41
3. Le cri de l\'homme 02:29
4. Requiem pour un pou 03:37
5. J\'mange de l\'herbe 02:22
6. La petite souris 02:46
7. Ca sent le poney 02:36
8. Pauvre homme de cro-magnon 02:11
9. Tsé Tsé la mouche 03:05
10. Ça commence par pi 02:04
11. Like a spanish cow 02:47
12. Caniche sauvage 01:55
13. Pas de chat, pas de chien 03:31
14
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# Fantasy Interactive Scenarios by Telephone
***Fantasy Interactive Scenarios by Telephone*** (***F.I.S.T.***) were a series of single-player telephone-based roleplaying games launched by UK games designer Steve Jackson in 1988 through the company Computerdial, who until then had used their service to provide astrology services. The product was a radio drama version of Jackson\'s popular *Fighting Fantasy* novels, and the outcome of the story could be affected by choices the user made, using a touch-tone telephone. A free starter pack could be ordered by sending a self-addressed stamped envelope to the game creators.
Two scenarios were produced for the *F.I.S.T.* game. The first of these was released under the title *F.I.S.T. 1 -- Castle Mammon: Lair of the Demon Prince* in September 1988, and the second was a direct sequel titled *F.I.S.T. 2 -- The Rings of Allion* in March 1989.
Players could register over the phone and create a character, which would be saved and restored the next time the player called. Both games were dungeon crawls, depicting the player\'s unnamed character progressing through the titular Castle Mammon in an attempt to slay the Demon Prince Kaddis Ra. The games featured sound effects and voice-overs illustrating the adventures of the character. Combat consisted of the player being read a description of what their opponent was doing, and pushing a key combination to take action or cast a spell in response. The last message could be repeated at any time by pushing 0, and the player could access their \'character status report\' by pushing 9. From here the game could also be saved and quit (called \'sending character to limbo\'). By noting down a numerical code, the player could then call in at a later point to continue the game from where they left off. Although a solo-game, players could hear the high scores of other players, and physical gold coins were awarded monthly to the highest scoring players. There was also \'The Black Claw Tavern\', a group discussion line which connected with other adventurers calling at the same time.
## 2024 remake
On December 2, 2023, Swedish games publisher Sound Realms announced the return of Steve Jackson\'s F.I.S.T. The new version of F.I.S.T. would feature the original audio recordings and gameplay mechanics, but now published as part of the Sound Realms app, a \"platform for audio adventures\". The Sound Realms version of F.I.S.T. was released on September 7, 2024.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
The sketch comedy *Limmy\'s Show!* features a *F.I.S.T.*-esque parody called \"Adventure Call\", using the same formula with fantasy scenarios hosted by a costumed narrator, \"Falconhoof\" (played by Brian Limond)
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# Paolo Segneri
**Paolo Segneri** (21 March 1624 -- 9 December 1694) was an Italian Jesuit preacher, missionary, and ascetical writer.
## Life
Segneri was born at Nettuno. He studied at the Roman College, and in 1637 entered the Society of Jesus, not without opposition from his father. Oliva was his first master in the religious life; Sforza Pallavicino taught him theology. Under such guides, his virtues and talents developed to maturity.
He lectured on humanities for several years, and was ordained priest in 1653. By a careful study of Scripture, the Fathers, and the Orations of Cicero, he had prepared himself for the pulpit. He volunteered for the foreign missions, but Tuscany, the Papal States, and the chief cities of Italy were to be the scene of his labours. He preached at first in the great cathedrals, and then for twenty-seven years (1665--92) gave popular missions with an eloquence surpassed only by his holiness. His \"Quaresimale\" (Florence, 1679, tr. New York, 1874) was read and admired by Antonio Pignatelli, who as Pope Innocent XII summoned the missionary to preach before him, and made him theologian of the *Paenitentiaria*. Segneri\'s biographer, Massei, states that \"Le Prediche dette nei palazzo apostolico\" (Rome, 1694) won the admiration of the pontiff and his Court. He died in Rome.
After St. Bernadine of Siena and Savonarola, Segneri was Italy\'s greatest orator. He reformed the Italian pulpit. Segneri at times stumbles into the defects of the \"Seicentisti\" (Marinisti). The \"Quaresimale\", \"the Prediche\", the \"Panegyrici Sacri\" (Florence, 1684, translated by Father Humphrey, London, 1877), stamp him as a great orator.
Entire districts flocked to hear him; extraordinary graces and favours marked his career. His triumphs left him simple as a child.
## Works
In his theological discussion with his superior-general, Thyrsus Gonzalez, who was a firm champion of Probabiliorism, he combined the respect and obedience of the subject with the independence of the trained thinker (cf. Lettere sulla Materia del Probabile\" in vol. IV of \"Opere\", Venice, 1748).
Segneri wrote also \"Il penitente istruito (Bologna, 1669); \"Il confessore istruito\" (Brescia, 1672); \"La Manna dell anima\" (Milan, 1683, tr. London, New York, 1892); \"Il Cristiano istruito\" (Florence, 1690). His complete works (cf. Somervogel) have been frequently edited: at Parma, 1701; Venice, 1712--58; Turin, 1855, etc. The \"Quaresimale\" has been printed at least thirty times. Some of Segneri\'s works have been translated into Arabic. Hallam criticizes Segneri; Ford is more just in his appreciation.
His book \"La concordia tra la fatica e la quiete\" speaks about meditation, its techniques and its aims, and is one of the best works on this subject
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# Hypertranscendental number
A complex number is said to be **hypertranscendental** if it is not the value at an algebraic point of a function which is the solution of an algebraic differential equation with coefficients in $\mathbb{Z}[r]$ and with algebraic initial conditions.
The term was introduced by D. D. Morduhai-Boltovskoi in \"Hypertranscendental numbers and hypertranscendental functions\" (1949).
The term is related to transcendental numbers, which are numbers which are not a solution of a non-zero polynomial equation with rational coefficients. The number $e$ is transcendental but not hypertranscendental, as it can be generated from the solution to the differential equation $y' = y$.
Any hypertranscendental number is also a transcendental number
| 111 |
Hypertranscendental number
| 0 |
11,016,980 |
# Tiraboschi
**Tiraboschi** is a surname
| 6 |
Tiraboschi
| 0 |
11,017,008 |
# Alagoas foliage-gleaner
The **Alagoas foliage-gleaner** (***Philydor novaesi***) is an extinct passerine bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It was endemic to Brazil.
## Taxonomy and systematics {#taxonomy_and_systematics}
The Alagoas foliage-gleaner was first collected in 1979 at Murici in Alagoas and was formally described in 1983. Based on its morphology and observed behavior it was placed in genus *Philydor*. It and the very similar black-capped foliage-gleaner (*P. atricapillus*) are treated as a superspecies.
The Alagoas foliage-gleaner\'s specific epithet commemorates the Brazilian ornithologist Fernando da Costa Novaes.
## Observational history {#observational_history}
The Alagoas foliage-gleaner was discovered in 1979 in Murici, Alagoas. Between then and 2009 at least five further sightings came from that site; one was of four individuals and the others of one each. In 2003 up to four were seen at a second site, the private preserve RPPN Frei Caneca in Pernambuco, about 50 km north of Murici. There was one undocumented sighting at a private preserve adjoining Frei Caneca in 2004. Sightings, some accompanied by photographs and sound recordings, continued at Frei Caneca until 2011. The last documented sighting of the species was there on September 13, 2011, when the bird was video recorded. The last apparent sighting was also at Frei Caneca, in April 2012, but it was not documented.
## Description
The Alagoas foliage-gleaner\'s dimensions and weights were recorded from three male and one female specimens, all adults. The four ranged from 19.3 to long. The males weighed 32 to and the female 30 g. The species\' plumage was described from the specimens, photographs, and sight records. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a pale buff eyering and supercilium, a blackish-brown band behind the eye, dull buffy rufous lores, and pale buff ear coverts with a blackish-brown band below them. Their crown is dark brown with faint spots on the forehead and faint streaks in its center. Their back is dull rufous-brown, their rump slightly more rufous, and their uppertail coverts an even brighter rufous. Their tail is bright rufous. Their wings are dark rufous-brown with darker coverts and dark fuscous tips on the flight feathers. Their chin, throat, and most of their underparts are dull rufescent; their flanks are slightly duller and their undertail coverts more rufous. Their iris is brown, their maxilla blackish, their mandible ivory, and their legs and feet greenish horn. Juveniles are undescribed.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
The Alagoas foliage-gleaner is positively known only from Murici and Frei Caneca, with an undocumented sight record from a site adjacent to Frei Caneca. The habitat at these sites is somewhat hilly tropical evergreen forest and secondary forest. The forests are characterized by many vine tangles, bromeliads, mosses, and orchids. In elevation they range between 400 and.
## Behavior
### Movement
As far as is known, the Alagoas foliage-gleaner was non-migratory.
### Feeding
The Alagoas foliage-gleaner was most often observed as single or paired birds within mixed-species foraging flocks. It was documented feeding on adult and larval insects of several orders. It moved actively and acrobatically between branches and among vine tangles. It captured prey by gleaning from live and dead leaves, bark, and debris. It often vigorously pulled apart clusters of dead leaves and was observed hammering at branches with its bill and pulling larvae from dead wood. It fed at all levels of the forest from the understory to the crown.
### Breeding
Almost nothing is known about the Alagoas foliage-gleaners breeding biology. An immature bird was collected in January.
### Vocalization
The Alagoas foliage-gleaner\'s song is \"a high-pitched rattle descending slightly in pitch and lasting 3--5 sec\". \"One call is described as a *thürr*, *thoor*, or *theer*, another as a descending *uüarrr, uüarr* \".
## Status
The IUCN initially assessed the Alagoas foliage-gleaner in 1988 as Threatened. In 1994 it was uplisted to Critically Endangered. Following the recommendation of a 2018 study, in 2019 the IUCN declared it Extinct as of 2011. Brazilian authorities had declared it extinct in 2014. The two sites where the species was known are small fragments of the formerly extensive Atlantic Forest, which has been almost totally cleared for timber, charcoal, grazing, and sugar cane production. What is left is threatened by illegal clearing, fire, and the warming effects of climate change
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| 0 |
11,017,016 |
# Damien Luce
**Damien Luce** (born 1978) is a French pianist, actor, and writer. He studied with Billy Eidi at the Conservatoire Supérieur de Paris and with Herbert Stessin at the Juilliard School of Music in New York. He also studied chamber music with Bruce Brubaker, Harvey Shapiro and Andre Emilianov, conducting with Laurent Petitgirard and orchestration with Alain Louvier. In 2001, he was chosen to perform for Murray Perahia\'s Master Class at the Juilliard School. In June 2000, he was an alternate at the Aspen Music Festival concerto competition.
His first album, ***The Story of Babar - Impressions of Childhood*** was released in January 2010 (Accord/Universal Classics), followed ***by Mozart & Haydn - Piano Music***, ***Johann-Sebastian*** (2012), ***Bach violin and piano Sonatas**\'\' (2012, with violinist Gaétan Biron), and***Hidden Marvels Of Piano Music**\'\' (2013).
As a performer, Mr. Luce has given recitals all over the world. Mr. Luce likes to explore unknown works of the piano repertoire and to share his discoveries : his programs include Séverac, Liadov, Kirchner, Mompou as well as more well-known composers such as Chopin, Mozart or Schumann. His passion for literature often leads him to use a poetical theme (Nature, Childhood, Mythology\...), in order to combine works from various eras and styles, and to emphasize the links between different forms of art. Damien Luce is also a composer (piano music, melodies).
As an actor, Damien Luce studied at the Alain De Bock drama studio, where he worked on authors such as Racine (Pyrrhus and Oreste in *Andromaque*), Antiochus in *Bérénice*), Claudel (Mesa in *Le Partage de midi*), Marivaux (Arlequin in *Arlequin poli par l\'amour*), Anouilh (The King in *Becket*) Romains (*Knock*), Albee (George in *Who\'s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?*), Ribes (George in *Les Cent Pas*). He has experience in musical theater, improvisation and clown (Fabrice Salé). Damien Luce also receives training from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts (New York), where he studies with Steven Ditmyer (Meisner technic), John Baylis (vocal production), Sheila Bandyopadhyay (movement), Lester Shane (voice & speech), Larry Collis (camera acting), Mary Workman (Improvisation). Damien Luce also graduated from the Michael Howard Studios summer conservatory. He studied with David Wells (Voice), Angela Pietropinto (Scene Study), Fay Simpson (Lucid Body), Virginia Scott (Clown), Polina Klimovitskaya (Kinetics), Andrew Shaifer, Gabrielle Berberich (TV and movie acting) and Patsy Rotenburg. Damien Luce is the founder of the [Parpadou Theater Company](http://www.parpadou.com)`{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}`{=mediawiki} (based in Paris).
Damien Luce is a Novelist. His first Novel, ***Le Chambrioleur***, is published in January 2010 by Heloise d\'Ormesson Editions, followed by a second novel in 2012 (***Cyrano de Boudou**\'\'), and a third in 2014 (***La Fille de Debussy**\'\').
## Discography
- *La Fontaine*, Music for 2 harps
- *Johann-Sebastian Bach*, sonates pour violon et piano (duo avec Gaétan Biron).
- *Mozart & Haydn*, piano.
- *Histoire de Babar*, piano (trio avec Gaétan Biron et Renan Luce).
- *Hidden Marvels Of Piano Music*, piano.
## Shows
- *Presque trop sérieux.*
- *La Fontaine ou les animaux pestiférés*.
- *Cyrano de Bergerac*.
- *Monsieur Debussy*
- *Touches Impressionnistes* (de et avec Martial Leroux).
- *Bobines* (avec Renan Luce)
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11,017,023 |
# Herbort of Fritzlar
**Herbort von Fritzlar** was a cleric and writer. He wrote the German-language epic *Song of Troy*, comprising 18,458 verses in Middle High German, probably around 1190 to 1200
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Herbort of Fritzlar
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11,017,038 |
# Changing Faces – The Best of Louise
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{{album chart|Scotland|11|date=20010922|rowheader=true}}
^
``
| 23 |
Changing Faces – The Best of Louise
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# 2002 FIA Sportscar Championship Estoril
The **2002 FIA Sportscar Championship Estoril** was the second race for the 2002 FIA Sportscar Championship season held at the Autódromo do Estoril and ran a distance of two hours, thirty minutes. It took place on April 14, 2002. The winner was Team Oreca which completed 95 laps around the circuit and for Sports Racing 2 class the winner was Lucchini Engineering with 89 laps.
## Official results {#official_results}
Class winners in **bold**. Cars failing to complete 75% of winner\'s distance marked as Not Classified (NC).
### Qualifying results {#qualifying_results}
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| Pos | Class | No | Team | Drivers | Chassis | Time |
+========+=========+========+=========================================================+=======================================================+===========================+==============+
| Engine | | | | | | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| 1 | SR1 | 14 | Team Oreca | Olivier Beretta\ | Dallara SP1 | 1:29.401 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Nicolas Minassian | | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| | | | | | Judd GV4 4.0L V10 | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| 2 | SR1 | 8 | Racing for Holland | Jan Lammers\ | Dome S101 | 1:29.936 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|NED}}`{=mediawiki} Val Hillebrand | | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| | | | | | Judd GV4 4.0L V10 | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| 3 | SR1 | 13 | Courage Competition | Didier Cottaz\ | Courage C60 | 1:31.568 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Boris Derichebourg | | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| | | | | | Judd GV4 4.0L V10 | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| 4 | SR1 | 16 | Pescarolo Sport | Jean-Christophe Boullion\ | Courage C60 | 1:32.753 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Franck Lagorce | | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| | | | | | Peugeot A32 3.2L Turbo V6 | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| 5 | SR1 | 21 | Durango Corse | Mirko Venturi\ | GMS Durango LMP1 | 1:34.203 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Alessandro Battaglin | | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| | | | | | Peugeot A32 3.2L Turbo V6 | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| 6 | SR1 | 6 | R & M | Alex Caffi\ | R & M SR01 | 1:35.260 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Mauro Baldi | | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| | | | | | Judd GV4 4.0L V10 | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| **7** | **SR2** | **52** | **`{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Lucchini Engineering** | **`{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Piergiuseppe Peroni\ | **Lucchini SR2001** | **1:35.862** |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Mirko Savoldi** | | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| | | | | | **Alfa Romeo 3.0L V6** | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| 8 | SR2 | 50 | Lucchini Engineering | Gianni Collini\ | Lucchini SR2001 | 1:35.895 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Fabio Mancini | | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| | | | | | Alfa Romeo 3.0L V6 | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| 9 | SR2 | 76 | SportsRacing Team Sweden | Niklas Lovén\ | Lola B2K/40 | 1:37.616 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|SWE}}`{=mediawiki} Mattias Andersson | | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| | | | | | Nissan (AER) VQL 3.0L V6 | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| 10 | SR2 | 61 | Team Jota | John Stack\ | Pilbeam MP84 | 1:38.502 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Sam Hignett | | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| | | | | | Nissan (AER) VQL 3.0L V6 | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| 11 | SR2 | 99 | PiR Competition | Pedro Couceiro\ | Debora LMP299 | 1:39.997 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|POR}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Gião | | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| | | | | | Nissan (AER) VQL 3.0L V6 | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| 12 | SR2 | 72 | S.C.I. | Leonardo Maddalena\ | Lucchini SR2000 | 1:40.225 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Ranieri Randaccio | | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| | | | | | Alfa Romeo 3.0L V6 | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| 13 | SR2 | 98 | Pierre Bruneau | Marc Rostan\ | Pilbeam MP84 | 1:41.254 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Pierre Bruneau\ | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Paul Daniels | | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| | | | | | Nissan 3.0L V6 | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| DNS | SR2 | 60 | Team Sovereign | Mike Millard\ | Rapier 6 | DNS |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Ian Flux | | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| | | | | | Nissan (AER) VQL 3.0L V6 | |
+--------+---------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| 748 |
2002 FIA Sportscar Championship Estoril
| 0 |
11,017,045 |
# 2002 FIA Sportscar Championship Estoril
## Official results {#official_results}
### Race results {#race_results}
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| Pos | Class | No | Team | Drivers | Chassis | Tyre | Laps | Time |
+========+=======+====+==========================+=====================================================+===========================+======+======+=============+
| Engine | | | | | | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SR1 | 14 | Team Oreca | Olivier Beretta\ | Dallara SP1 | | 95 | 2:30:57.807 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Nicolas Minassian | | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| | | | | | Judd GV4 4.0L V10 | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| 2 | SR1 | 13 | Courage Competition | Didier Cottaz\ | Courage C60 | | 95 | 2:32:25.584 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Boris Derichebourg | | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| | | | | | Judd GV4 4.0L V10 | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| 3 | SR1 | 8 | Racing for Holland | Jan Lammers\ | Dome S101 | | 94 | 2:31:34.856 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|NED}}`{=mediawiki} Val Hillebrand | | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| | | | | | Judd GV4 4.0L V10 | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| 4 | SR1 | 16 | Pescarolo Sport | Jean-Christophe Boullion\ | Courage C60 | | 94 | 2:31:56.873 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Franck Lagorce | | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| | | | | | Peugeot A32 3.2L Turbo V6 | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| 5 | SR1 | 6 | R & M | Alex Caffi\ | R & M SR01 | | 90 | 2:31:36.709 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Mauro Baldi | | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| | | | | | Judd GV4 4.0L V10 | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| 6 | SR2 | 52 | Lucchini Engineering | Piergiuseppe Peroni\ | Lucchini SR2001 | | 89 | 2:32:12.218 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Mirko Savoldi | | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| | | | | | Alfa Romeo 3.0L V6 | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| 7 | SR2 | 50 | Lucchini Engineering | Gianni Collini\ | Lucchini SR2001 | | 88 | 2:31:24.905 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Fabio Mancini | | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| | | | | | Alfa Romeo 3.0L V6 | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| 8 | SR2 | 76 | SportsRacing Team Sweden | Niklas Lovén\ | Lola B2K/40 | | 88 | 2:32:35.835 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|SWE}}`{=mediawiki} Mattias Andersson | | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| | | | | | Nissan (AER) VQL 3.0L V6 | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| 9 | SR2 | 61 | Team Jota | John Stack\ | Pilbeam MP84 | | 87 | 2:32:35.463 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Sam Hignett | | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| | | | | | Nissan (AER) VQL 3.0L V6 | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| 10 | SR2 | 72 | S.C.I. | Leonardo Maddalena\ | Lucchini SR2000 | | 86 | 2:31:12.730 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Ranieri Randaccio | | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| | | | | | Alfa Romeo 3.0L V6 | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| 11 | SR2 | 99 | PiR Competition | Pedro Couceiro\ | Debora LMP299 | | 85 | 2:31:00.255 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|POR}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Gião | | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| | | | | | Nissan (AER) VQL 3.0L V6 | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| DNF | SR1 | 21 | Durango Corse | Mirko Venturi\ | GMS Durango LMP1 | | 35 | 1:00:55.380 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Alessandro Battaglin | | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| | | | | | Judd GV4 4.0L V10 | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| DNF | SR2 | 98 | Pierre Bruneau | Marc Rostan\ | Pilbeam MP84 | | 13 | 41:20.977 |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Pierre Bruneau\ | | | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Paul Daniels | | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| | | | | | Nissan 3.0L V6 | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| DNS | SR2 | 60 | Team Sovereign | Mike Millard\ | Rapier 6 | | 0 | DNS |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|GBR}}`{=mediawiki} Ian Flux | | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
| | | | | | Nissan (AER) VQL 3.0L V6 | | | |
+--------+-------+----+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+------+------+-------------+
## Statistics
- Pole Position - #14 Team Oreca - 1:29.401
- Fastest Lap - #14 Team Oreca - 1:31
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| 1 |
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# Gu Wenda
**Gu Wenda** (`{{zh|t=谷文達|s=谷文达|p=Gǔ Wéndá}}`{=mediawiki}) (born 1955, Shanghai) is a contemporary artist from China who lives and works in New York City. Much of his works are themed around traditional Chinese calligraphy and poetry. His works also often use human hair.
Gu lives in Brooklyn Heights with his wife, interior designer Kathryn Scott, though he also maintains studios in Shanghai and Xi\'an in China.
## Early life {#early_life}
Gu Wenda was born in Shanghai in 1955; his parents were bank employees, his grandparents on his mother\'s side worked in wool. His paternal grandfather, an actor, was one of the few to appear in Chinese films at the time, and the first to introduce the spoken word into the traditionally sung Chinese theatre. As a result of the Cultural Revolution, Gu\'s grandparents were taken away for \"reeducation\", and much of the artistic documents and objects in the house were seized or destroyed by the authorities.
Nevertheless, like many young Chinese of the time, Gu aspired to grow up to become one of the Red Guards, and eventually succeeded. As one of the Guards, he worked to simplify the Chinese language, and to encourage people to embrace new attitudes towards their old language; this was the time when he became educated in, and interested in, the traditional calligraphy which would later play a major role in his artworks. He was also taught woodcarving at this time, but relates it as being a strictly practical exercise, devoid of real creativity and art. He devoted much of his free time to dreams of art and fame, and to ink painting in private.
Though he was meant to later be sent off to a further wood-carving school, he was instead sent to design school, where he continued his pursuits in painting. Teachers at this school encouraged and aided him, and saw the beginning of his career as an artist. He would later study at the China Academy of Art in Hangzhou, under Lu Yanshao. Though he originally resisted tradition, he has since come to appreciate that one must understand tradition in order to better rebel against it.
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# Gu Wenda
## Career
In the 1980s, he began the first of a series of projects centered on the invention of meaningless, false Chinese ideograms, depicted as if they were truly old and traditional. One exhibition of this type, held in Xi\'an in 1986, featuring paintings of fake ideograms on a massive scale, was shut down by the authorities who, being unable to read it, assumed it carried a subversive message. The exhibit was later allowed to re-open on the condition that only professional artists could attend.
After waiting for a student visa for five years, Gu came to the United States in 1987, at the age of 32, this journey being his first airplane experience. Asked if he left China for political reasons, he insists that, rather, he wanted to come to New York to seek a more international audience for his art, and to live and work in the contemporary art center of the world. After spending some time in San Francisco, he moved to New York, and put his art work aside for a year while he learned English, and served as artist-in-residence at the University of Minnesota for a few months.
Turning from his work on language, Gu developed an interest in bodily materials, and in understanding humanity, across ethnic and national boundaries, through hair and other bodily substances. One exhibit he produced, organized around sanitary napkins sent to him by women from sixty countries, was attacked by feminist movements and refused to be shown at every venue he approached. Some of his other works included the use of semen and a placenta, which are supposedly far less shocking materials in China than in the West, as they are sometimes used as part of traditional Chinese medicine. However, most of his creations in this vein focus on hair. These are known collectively as the *United Nations Project*. The United Nations Project was exhibited in the Baker-Berry Library at Dartmouth College for four months in 2007.
In some places, such as Łódź, Poland, where his exhibition of piles of human hair were first seen, they have brought powerful resistance from those who see it as a reminder of the piles of hair generated at the Nazi concentration camps where Jewish prisoners had their heads shaved. The exhibition was closed in Poland after only twenty-four hours, and despite attempts to play up the international message and theme of his work, and to deny any intentional reference to The Holocaust or other such tragedies, the exhibit received a similar response in parts of Sweden, Russia, and Israel.
Gu\'s work today focuses extensively on ideas of culture, and his identity. He tends not to discuss or compare himself to other Chinese artists, and much of his work does not seek to embrace nor rebel against Chinese traditions. His work with human hair, including paintings created with a brush made from human hair, painted in public, continues the theme of the United Nations and seeks to evoke thoughts of human identity and unity.
## Pseudo-languages {#pseudo_languages}
Gu is most well known for his use of pseudo-languages in most of his works. Ever since the exhibition of *Chinese Painting Invitational* in Wuhan City in 1984, Gu\'s large scale ink paintings have been increasingly exhibited. His first personal exhibition was closed by the authorities to public audiences before the opening because of the invented, fake, miswritten Chinese characters, and printing style calligraphy. After investigation it reopened only to the professional art circuit. The works from this show are regarded as the beginning of conceptual ink art in china.
In his work Temple of Heaven, he covers the room with ancient Chinese seal script: the oldest written form of the Chinese language, which most people can no longer speak. In other works he develops various unreadable texts based on language influences in the area in which he is creating an installment. Gu states that the unreadable texts are used to evoke the limitations of human knowledge. In his poster for the Cultural Revolution, Gu\'s use of miswritten, deformed, or crossed letters signifies the meaninglessness of the written word and the futility of human endeavor in a communist society.
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# Gu Wenda
## United Nations Project {#united_nations_project}
Gu Wenda began his fifteen-year ongoing global art project in 1993. The United Nations Project is a series of installations that involves the use of human hair and cryptic calligraphy to convey a meaning of \"Internationalism.\" He has completed 21 total projects and sub-projects and more than one million people have contributed their hair to this art project. Gu Wenda refers to his installations as national monuments and human hair was collected from people of many different races and glued together to symbolize the diversity of races coming together and fusing humanity into "a brave new racial identity." The characters that Gu uses are often old characters from an ancient Chinese dialect or a fusion of the native language in which the installation resides with Chinese characters. Gu\'s use of these symbols are meant to symbolize fragmentation of communication and human disconnect caused by language and culture. The use of hair from all different races either glued together to fashion a curtain or braided symbolizes the biological interconnectedness of human kind and Gu\'s optimism towards achieving true \"Internationalism.\"
On his website Gu states: \'During its more than ten year length, United Nations art project will travel throughout five continents, in approximately twenty different countries which I have selected due to their historical, civilization and political importance. By utilizing the real hair of the local living population, i\'m strongly relating to their historical and cultural contexts, to create monumental installations and land arts to capture each country\'s identity, building on profound events in each country\'s history. These individual installations are national monuments to the whole art project of United Nations. The notions such as transculturalism, transnationalism, hybridization are goals of the final ceremony of the project. In a few years into twenty-first century, a giant wall will be composed solely from the pure human hair from the integration of the national monument events. The human hair woven world pseudo-languages co-existing on the wall.\'
**Timeline of *United Nations***
**1993**
- United Nations-Poland Monument: Hospitalized History Museum (History Museum of Lodz & the Artists Museum, Lodz, Poland)
**1994**
- United Nations-Holland Monument: V.O.C.-W.I.C. (The Kroller-Muller Museum, The Netherlands)
- United Nations-Italy Monument: God & Children (Enrico Gariboldi Arte Contemporanea, Milan, Italy)
**1995**
- United Nations-Usa Monument 2: Dreamerica (Steinbaum Krass Gallery, New York City, USA)
- United Nations-Israel Monument: The Holy Land (Israeli Cultural Minister & The Artists Museum Tel-Aviv Center, Israel)
- United Nations-USA Monument 1: Post-Cmoellotniinaglpiostm (Space Untitled Gallery, New York City, USA)
**1996**
- United Nations-Britain Monument: The Maze (Angel Row Gallery in Nottingham, London, England)
- United Nations-Sweden & Russia Monument: Interpol (Center For Contemporary Art & Architecture, Stockholm, Sweden)
**1997**
- United Nations-Africa Monument: The World Praying Wall (Institute of Contemporary Art, Johannesburg, South Africa)
- United Nations-Hong Kong Monument: The Historical Clash (Collection of Hanart Gallery, Hong Kong, China)
- United Nations-Taiwan Monument: The Mythos of Lost Dynasties (Hanart Gallery, Taipei, Taiwan)
**1998**
- United Nations- China Monument: Temple of Heaven (PS1 Contemporary Art Center, New York City, USA)
- United Nations-Canadian Monument: The Metamorphosis (The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada)
**1999**
- United Nations: The Wall of the Millennium Script (Collection of Hanart Gallery, Hong Kong, China)
- United Nations: Babble of the Millennium (San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, USA)
**2000**
- United Nations: Temple of Exoticisms (5th Lyon Diennale, Lyon, France)
- United Nations: Man & Space (South Korea and Hispid Company, Japan)
- United Nations: Great Wall of the Millennium (The Art Gallery of New York State University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA)
**2001**
- United Nations- Australia Monument: Epnagcliifsihc (National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, Australia)
**2002**
- United Nations: United 7561 Kilometers (The National Endowment for the Arts, The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, The Texas Commission on the Arts)
**2004**
- United Nations- China Monument: The Great Wall of People (Albright Knox Gallery, Buffalo)
- United Nations: United Hexagon (The Art Gallery of the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA)
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# Gu Wenda
## Papers
Some papers concerning Gu Wenda are housed at the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives. Gu\'s correspondence with Dr. Marcus Jacobson, an original catalogue of Gu\'s first exhibition in North America, and some photographs of Gu are included.
## Other notable works {#other_notable_works}
In 1993, Gu began another ongoing project entitled \"Forest of Stone Steles - Retranslation & Rewriting Tang Poetry\". In this project, Gu carved 50 stone steles with a unique interpretation of Tang poems formed from a literal translation of the poems from Chinese to English and then a sound translation from English back to Chinese. Gu states that the \'forest of stone steles reflects the changing world of cultural import and export, cultural assimilation and alienation from each other, and consummation of one culture by another.\' The texts on the stones are supposed to be representative of contemporary culture\'s influence through intercultural misunderstandings. With these texts the artist aims to suggest the possibility of a new culture that thrives from the recognition of this misunderstanding and exchange from each other.
From 1999 to 2001, Gu worked on *Ink Alchemy*, a project originating from the famous Shanghai Cao Sugong ink factory. It uses a genetic product made of powdered hair for an installation as well as for ink painting. About the concept behind \"Ink Alchemy\" Gu states: \'Traditionally, the Shanghai Medical Factory produces hair powder for medicinal purposes. Powdered human hair is used as a medical treatment for anxiety. In traditional ink fabrication, charcoal powder is used as the black pigment material. The medical factory has invented a hair powder especially formulated to be the fundamental pigment for my liquid ink and ink stick following the original Chinese prescription of powdered human hair, ironically and symbolically, the human hair-made ink is now given a conceptual function to cure cultural anxiety.\'
He also worked on *Tea Alchemy*, which was created in a rice paper factory in Jing County in China that has made traditional rice paper for over a thousand years. *Tea Alchemy* uses green tea and traditional rice paper making methods to create green tea paper. Those national treasures of china are given a completely new meaning and life. GU states that \'this project will combine authentic green tea leaves with the historical method of making rice paper. The result is the "new way of tea" - the painting and writing on tea paper will create "new way of tea culture" or "cultured tea", altering our experience from the enjoyment of drinking to the enjoyment of art
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# Sachin Bhowmick
**Sachin Bhowmick** (17 July 1930 -- 12 April 2011) was an Indian Hindi film writer and director. Writing was his main work and he wrote stories or screenplays for over 94 films. He is best remembered for directing the light romantic black comedy classic *Raja Rani* (1973). He was also a regular contributor to *Ultorath*, a Bengali magazine on cinema. Due to the Bengali pronunciation of his surname Bhaumick we will find his surname spelled as Bhowmick in numerous sites.
His name served as the inspiration for an eponymous character played by Kharaj Mukherjee in the 2018 romance *Dhadak*.
## Writing highlights {#writing_highlights}
He started his writing career with the screenplay for Mohan Segal\'s Nargis starrer *Lajwanti* in 1958.
### 1960s
In the 1960s he was associated with several hits such as *Anuradha* (1960), which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film, *Ayee Milan Ki Bela*, *Jaanwar* (1965), *Love in Tokyo* (1966), *Aaye Din Bahar Ke* (1966), *An Evening in Paris* (1967), *Brahmachari* (1968), *Aya Sawan Jhoom Ke* (1969) and *Aradhana*.
### 1970s {#s_1}
In the 1970s he had successes including *Pehchan* (1970), *Aan Milo Sajna* (1970), *Caravan* (1971), *Be-Imaan* (1972) *Dost* (1974), *Khel Khel Mein* (1975), *Hum Kisise Kum Naheen* (1977), *Gol Maal* (1979).
### 1980s {#s_2}
His films in the 1980s include *Karz* (1980), *Do Aur Do Paanch* (1980), *Bemisal* (1982), *Zamaane Ko Dikhana Hai* (1981), *Nastik\]\]* (1983), *\[\[Andar Baahar\]\]* (1984), *Saaheb* (1985) and *Karma* (1986). He also co-wrote the Tamil comedy movie *Thillu Mullu* (1981), a remake of his own film Gol Maal.
### 1990s {#s_3}
He continued in the 1990s with hits including *Main Khiladi Tu Anari* (1994), *Yeh Dillagi* (1994), *Karan Arjun* (1995), *Koyla* (1997), *Soldier* (1998), *Aa Ab Laut Chalen* (1999) and *Taal* (1999) and Keemat -They are back (1998).
### 2000s {#s_4}
In the 2000s, he has continued with the hits *Koi Mil Gaya*, *Kisna* and *Krrish* (2006).
## Direction
He directed only one film, starring Rajesh Khanna and Sharmila Tagore *Raja Rani* in 1973, which was also written by him. The film was box office hit and adjusting for inflation as of 2014, its business in 1973 would be equivalent to 100 crores in 2014.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He married and later divorced actress Kalpana. In 1971 he married again. He was married to the daughter of the musician DM Tagore, her name being Bansari Bhaumick and soon after they had a son Sandeep Bhaumick.
In 2003 Bhaumick filed a defamation case against Barbara Taylor Bradford after she had sued him for copyright infringement regarding a TV soap opera.
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# Sachin Bhowmick
## Filmography
ZalZala (1984) `{{colbegin}}`{=mediawiki}
director
- *Raja Rani* (1973)
writer
- *Lajwanti* (1958)
- *Anuradha* (1960)
- *Chhaya* (1961)
- *Ayee Milan Ki Bela* (1964)
- *Ziddi* (1964)
- *Jaanwar* (1965)
- *Love in Tokyo* (1966)
- *Aaye Din Bahar Ke* (1966)
- *An Evening in Paris* (1967)
- *Bhramachari* (1968)
- *Aya Sawan Jhoom Ke* (1969)
- *Aradhana* (1969)
- *Ek Shrimaan Ek Shrimati* (1969)
- *Enga Mama* (1970) - story only; Tamil language feature film remake of *Bhramachari* (1968)
- *Aan Milo Sajna* (1970)
- *Pehchaan* (1970)
- *Caravan* (1971)
- *Be-Imaan* (1972)
- *Dost* (1974)
- *En Magan* (1974) - story only; Tamil language feature film remake of *Be-Imaan*
- *Khel Khel Mein* (1975)
- *Warrant* (1975)
- *Zindagi* (1976)
- *Hum Kisise Kum Naheen* (1977)
- *Azaad* (1978)
- *Trishna* (1978)
- *Gol Maal* (1979)
- *Karz* (1980)
- *Do Aur Do Paanch* (1980)
- *Bemisal* (1982)
- *Zamaane Ko Dikhana Hai* (1981)
- *Bemisal* (1982)
- \(1983\)
- \(1983\)
- \(1984\)
- *Manzil Manzil* (1984)
- *Saaheb* (1985)
- *Faasle* (1985)
- *Jhoothi* (1985)
- *Zabardast* (1985)
- *Karma* (1986)
- *Vijay* (1988)
- *Kanoon Apna Apna* (1989)
- *Aag Se Khelenge* (1989)
- *Saudagar* (1991)
- \(1991\)
- *Bewafa Sanam* (1993)
- *Khal-Naaikaa* (1993)
- *Ikke Pe Ikka* (1994)
- *Main Khiladi Tu Anari* (1994)
- *Amaanat* (1994)
- *Yeh Dillagi* (1994)
- *Karan Arjun* (1995)
- *Daraar* (1996)
- *Dastak* (1996; script doctoring)
- *Koyla* (1997)
- *Soldier* (1998)
- *Achanak* (1998)
- *Dushman* (1998)
- *Aunty No. 1* (1998)
- *Aa Ab Laut Chalen* (1999)
- *Taal* (1999)
- *Karobaar: The Business of Love* (2000)
- *Koi Mil Gaya* (2003)
- *Krrish* (2006)
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
- 1968 Filmfare Best Story Award for *Brahmachari*
- 1969 Filmfare Nomination for Best Story for *Aradhana*
- 1970 Filmfare Nomination for Best Story for Pehchan
## Associations
Has worked for several films for each of the following producers/directors:
- J
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# Vue Weekly
***Vue Weekly*** was an alternative weekly newspaper published in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, with issues released every Thursday. It covered topics on artists and events that are often ignored, marginalized, or misrepresented by the mainstream media, and aimed to bring balance to Edmonton\'s media mosaic.
## History
*Vue* was founded in 1995 by former employees and owners of *See Magazine*, who were upset over losing control of *See* to its publisher, Great West Newspaper. *Vue* was partly owned by *The Georgia Straight* for a brief time, then was 100% independently owned by Ronald Garth for several years. *Vue* had a long-standing rivalry with its competitor *See Magazine.* In 2005 *Vue* *Weekly* publisher, Ron Garth filed a lawsuit against the Canadian Revenue Agency for giving tax breaks, which were designed for Canadian-owned newspapers, to its rival *See* because *See*\'s parent company was ultimately owned by US-based Hollinger Publishing. In 2011, *Vue* was purchased by Bob Doull and merged with *See Magazine* and consolidated under Postvue Publishing Inc. The new publication continued as *Vue Weekly*.
*Vue Weekly* ceased publishing at the end of November 2018, with Postvue Publishing stating that the demand for an alternative weekly in the Edmonton market had been declining for several years.
As of October 2019, the vueweekly.com website was no longer active but archived versions dating back to 2002 can be viewed on the Internet Archive Wayback Machine at <https://web.archive.org/web/*/vueweekly.com>.
*Vue* was a member of the Association of Alternative Newsweeklies
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# Chris Langford
**Chris Langford** (born 2 January 1963) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who has been an AFL Commissioner since 1999.
## Player
Langford is best known for his 303-game career for the Hawthorn Football Club between 1983 and 1997.
Langford played his early games for Hawthorn on the wing or as the second ruckman. He had a good leap, which compensated for his lack of height. It was after the retirement of Peter Knights and David O\'Halloran that he switched to full-back. It was that position in which he won his first All-Australian selection in 1987.
A defender, Langford won four premierships with Hawthorn, in 1986, 1988, 1989 and 1991. He captained the club in the 1994 season and earned a second All-Australian selection.
He holds a place on the interchange bench in Hawthorn\'s Team of the Century.
Late in his career, Langford moved to Sydney where he \"did a Minton\", working as an accountant and commuting to Melbourne to train and play with his club. In 2012, he moved back to Melbourne.
### Merger game {#merger_game}
Langford\'s antics at the end of the merger game against Melbourne in 1996 inspired many Hawthorn members to vote against the merger proposal. Langford (Hawthorn\'s full-back) took off his Hawthorn jumper and proudly held it above his head while leaving the field. Langford was only one of the active playing list to display his disapproval of the plan.
## Statistics
:
\|- \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1983 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Haw}}`{=mediawiki} \| 28 \|\| 11 \|\| 3 \|\| 9 \|\| 105 \|\| 66 \|\| 171 \|\| 39 \|\| `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 9.5 \|\| 6.0 \|\| 15.5 \|\| 3.5 \|\| `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| 0 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1984 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Haw}}`{=mediawiki} \| 28 \|\| 22 \|\| 17 \|\| 19 \|\| 185 \|\| 62 \|\| 247 \|\| 54 \|\| `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| 0.8 \|\| 0.9 \|\| 8.4 \|\| 2.8 \|\| 11.2 \|\| 2.5 \|\| `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| 1 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1985 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Haw}}`{=mediawiki} \| 28 \|\| 22 \|\| 2 \|\| 7 \|\| 190 \|\| 74 \|\| 264 \|\| 62 \|\| `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| 0.1 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 8.6 \|\| 3.4 \|\| 12.0 \|\| 2.8 \|\| `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| 0 \|- \|style=\"text-align:center;background:#afe6ba;\"\|1986† \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Haw}}`{=mediawiki} \| 28 \|\| 23 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 216 \|\| 96 \|\| 312 \|\| 64 \|\| `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 9.4 \|\| 4.2 \|\| 13.6 \|\| 2.8 \|\| `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| 5 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1987 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Haw}}`{=mediawiki} \| 24 \|\| 26 \|\| 1 \|\| 2 \|\| 265 \|\| 114 \|\| 379 \|\| 98 \|\| 26 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 10.2 \|\| 4.4 \|\| 14.6 \|\| 3.8 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 0 \|- \|style=\"text-align:center;background:#afe6ba;\"\|1988† \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Haw}}`{=mediawiki} \| 24 \|\| 22 \|\| 2 \|\| 1 \|\| 223 \|\| 77 \|\| 300 \|\| 75 \|\| 16 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 10.1 \|\| 3.5 \|\| 13.6 \|\| 3.4 \|\| 0.7 \|\| 5 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" \|style=\"text-align:center;background:#afe6ba;\"\|1989† \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Haw}}`{=mediawiki} \| 24 \|\| 23 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 216 \|\| 96 \|\| 312 \|\| 82 \|\| 19 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 9.4 \|\| 4.2 \|\| 13.6 \|\| 3.6 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 2 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1990 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Haw}}`{=mediawiki} \| 24 \|\| 20 \|\| 2 \|\| 0 \|\| 164 \|\| 68 \|\| 232 \|\| 62 \|\| 13 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 8.2 \|\| 3.4 \|\| 11.6 \|\| 3.1 \|\| 0.7 \|\| 3 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" \|style=\"text-align:center;background:#afe6ba;\"\|1991† \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Haw}}`{=mediawiki} \| 24 \|\| 25 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 231 \|\| 86 \|\| 317 \|\| 72 \|\| 29 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 9.2 \|\| 3.4 \|\| 12.7 \|\| 2.9 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 2 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1992 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Haw}}`{=mediawiki} \| 24 \|\| 23 \|\| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 185 \|\| 79 \|\| 264 \|\| 49 \|\| 20 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 8.0 \|\| 3.4 \|\| 11.5 \|\| 2.1 \|\| 0.9 \|\| 0 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1993 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Haw}}`{=mediawiki} \| 24 \|\| 21 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 192 \|\| 85 \|\| 277 \|\| 50 \|\| 38 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 9.1 \|\| 4.0 \|\| 13.2 \|\| 2.4 \|\| 1.8 \|\| 4 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1994 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Haw}}`{=mediawiki} \| 24 \|\| 18 \|\| 0 \|\| 3 \|\| 132 \|\| 87 \|\| 219 \|\| 64 \|\| 22 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 7.3 \|\| 4.8 \|\| 12.2 \|\| 3.6 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 11 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1995 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Haw}}`{=mediawiki} \| 24 \|\| 18 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 160 \|\| 79 \|\| 239 \|\| 54 \|\| 21 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 8.9 \|\| 4.4 \|\| 13.3 \|\| 3.0 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 2 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1996 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Haw}}`{=mediawiki} \| 24 \|\| 21 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 248 \|\| 58 \|\| 306 \|\| 97 \|\| 30 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 11.8 \|\| 2.8 \|\| 14.6 \|\| 4.6 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 3 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1997 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Haw}}`{=mediawiki} \| 24 \|\| 8 \|\| 1 \|\| 2 \|\| 77 \|\| 21 \|\| 98 \|\| 32 \|\| 6 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 9.6 \|\| 2.6 \|\| 12.3 \|\| 4.0 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 0 \|- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3\| Career ! 303 ! 33 ! 45 ! 2789 ! 1148 ! 3937 ! 954 ! 240 ! 0.1 ! 0.1 ! 9.2 ! 3.8 ! 13.0 ! 3.1 ! 1.1 ! 38 \|}
## Career
After his career, he moved into game administration and was appointed to the AFL Commission in 1999.
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# Chris Langford
## Family
Chris\' son Will was recruited to Hawthorn in the 2011 Rookie draft, and was upgraded to the Hawthorn senior list in June 2013. Will played in the 2014 premiership with the Hawks, with the Langfords becoming the second father--son premiership players at the club after Peter and Paul Hudson in 1971 and 1991, respectively. His son Lachlan was selected in the 2014 rookie draft but never played a game; he played four games for Box Hill in 2016
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# Kingdoms of Sunda
`{{History of Indonesia}}`{=mediawiki}
**Kingdoms of Sunda** refers to the monarchies of the Sundanese region prior to the establishment of Indonesia in 1945 AD. The history includes several eras:
1. Salakanagara
2. Tarumanagara (Capital at Chandrabhaga/Bekasi & Sundapura)
3. The Sunda Kingdom and Galuh Kingdom (or Sunda-Galuh with capital at Pakuan Pajajaran; Saunggalah and Kawali)
4. Kingdom of Sumedang Larang, The Sultanate of Banten & The Sultanate of Cirebon
## Salakanagara
According to the manuscript "Pustaka Rayja-rayja I Bhumi Nusantara", the first kingdom in Javadwipa (Java island) is Salakanagara (lit: country of silver). Salakanagara was established in Year 52 Saka (130/131 AD). The location of the kingdom is believed to be in Teluk Lada, Pandeglang city, the city which is famous for metal works. (Pandeglang, or pande gelang is Sundanese words for the maker of metal bracelets or armlets). Dr. Edi S. Ekajati, Sundanese historian, conjectured that the location of the capital city of the kingdom was in current Merak City (lit: silvery city). Some people also conjectured that the kingdom was situated around Mount Salak, based on the pronunciation of the words Salaka and Salak which are almost the same.
It is very probable that Argyre or Argyros at the west end of Iabadiou mentioned by Claudius Ptolemaeus Pelusiniensis (Ptolemy) of Alexandria (87-150 AD), in his work "Geographike Hypergesis" is Salakanagara.
A report from China in 132 said that Pien, the king of Ye-tiau, lent gold stamp and violet ribbon to Tiao-Pien. The word Ye-tiau is interpreted by G. Ferrand, a French historian, as Javadwipa and Tiao-pien referred to Dewawarman.
The Salakanagara Kingdom was then replaced by the Tarumanagara Kingdom.
## Tarumanagara
The heyday of the Tarumanagara Kingdom was between the fourth and seventh centuries. The historical record of the kingdom is a sketchy account by a Chinese traveler and several rock inscriptions discovered in the western part of Java island. These sources agree that the most powerful king of Tarumanegara was Purnavarman, who conquered neighbouring countries.
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# Kingdoms of Sunda
## Sunda Kingdom (United Kingdom of Sunda and Galuh) {#sunda_kingdom_united_kingdom_of_sunda_and_galuh}
The **United Kingdom of Sunda and Galuh** was a kingdom in West Java and western part of Central Java territory which emerged as a unification of the Sunda kingdom and the Galuh kingdom. The two kingdoms themselves were a result of the division of the former Tarumanagara kingdom. This kingdom was often just called the Sunda Kingdom based on historical primary resources such as stone inscriptions and old literature.
**The area covered by the Sunda kingdom until early in the 16th century**
Based on the travel records of Prince Bujangga Manik, a Hindu Sundanese monk who visited all of the holy Hindu sites in Java and Bali islands at the beginning of the sixteenth century AD, in his lontar manuscripts (which have been saved in the Bodleian Library of Oxford University of England since the 16th century), the border of the Sunda kingdom in the west is the Sunda Strait; in the east is the Cipamali River (present day Brebes River); and Serayu River in Central Java Province.
**Historical record**
The earliest time of a reference to the name Sunda being used to identify a kingdom, is written on the Prasasti Kebon Kopi II stone inscription of 458 Saka (536 AD) and copperplate letters of the fifteenth century with royal instructions telling the existence of the Sunda kingdom. Another reference to the kingdom is the Sanghiyang Tapak inscriptions. There are also certain Chinese sources concerning the Sunda kingdom; the first source is a report from Chu-fan-chi from 1225 AD and the second source is the Chinese book \"*shun-feng hsiang-sung*\" from about 1430 AD. European explorers also report the existence of the Sunda kingdom. One of the explorers was Tomé Pires from Portugal. Tomé Pires, in his report "Summa Oriental (1513--1515)", wrote about his journey to the Sunda kingdom. Diogo do Couto also wrote that the Sunda kingdom is thriving and abundant; it lies between Java and Sumatra, having between it and the latter the Straits of Sunda. Besides that, the Portuguese made a peace treaty with the Sunda kingdom in 1522 AD. This treaty is better known as the Luso Sundanese Treaty of Sunda Kalapa. Henrique Leme erected a padrão to memorialize the treaty.
In the early sixteenth century AD, the kingdom was divided into three smaller kingdoms, including the Sultanate of Banten and the Sultanate of Cirebon. But many historical resources tell the existence of the third kingdom in south east of West Java, i.e. the Sumedanglarang Kingdom.
## Sultanate of Banten {#sultanate_of_banten}
In 1524/1525, Sunan Gunung Jati from Cirebon together with Demak Sultanate armies seized the port of Banten from the control of the Sunda kingdom, and established The Sultanate of Banten affiliating with the Demak Sultanate. Islam preachers have penetrated and introduced people to the peaceful way of life of Islam, and as a result many people in the region embraced Islam as their belief.
During 1552-1570, Maulana Hasanudin ruled as the first Sultan of Banten.
Reaching its golden age during the first half of the seventeenth century, the Sultanate of Banten lasted for 300 years (1526--1813 AD). The grandeur of this Sultanate has left us with a plethora of archaeological remains and historical records, allowing for numerous sources in retracing the history of the Sultanate of Banten.
## Sultanate of Cirebon {#sultanate_of_cirebon}
Sultanate of Cirebon (Indonesian: *Kesultanan Cirebon*, Sundanese: *Kasultanan Cirebon*) was a sultanate in Sunda land, founded in the sixteenth century. It is said to have been founded by Sunan Gunungjati, who also established the Sultanate of Banten
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# Environmental impact of fishing
The **environmental impact of fishing** includes issues such as the availability of fish, overfishing, fisheries, and fisheries management; as well as the impact of industrial fishing on other elements of the environment, such as bycatch. These issues are part of marine conservation, and are addressed in fisheries science programs. According to a 2019 FAO report, global production of fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic animals has continued to grow and reached 172.6 million tonnes in 2017, with an increase of 4.1 percent compared with 2016. There is a growing gap between the supply of fish and demand, due in part to world population growth.
Fishing and pollution from fishing are the largest contributors to the decline in ocean health and water quality. Ghost nets, or nets abandoned in the ocean, are made of plastic and nylon and do not decompose, wreaking extreme havoc on the wildlife and ecosystems they interrupt. Overfishing and destruction of marine ecosystems may have a significant impact on other aspects of the environment such as seabird populations. On top of the overfishing, there is a seafood shortage resulting from the mass amounts of seafood waste, as well as the microplastics that are polluting the seafood consumed by the public. The latter is largely caused by plastic-made fishing gear like drift nets and longlining equipment that are wearing down by use, lost or thrown away.
The journal *Science* published a four-year study in November 2006, which predicted that, at prevailing trends, the world would run out of wild-caught seafood in 2048. The scientists stated that the decline was a result of overfishing, pollution and other environmental factors that were reducing the population of fisheries at the same time as their ecosystems were being annihilated. Many countries, such as Tonga, the United States, Australia and Bahamas, and international management bodies have taken steps to appropriately manage marine resources.
Reefs are also being destroyed by overfishing because of the huge nets that are dragged along the ocean floor while trawling. Many corals are being destroyed and, as a consequence, the ecological niche of many species is at stake. `{{Bar chart|title=Mean [[greenhouse gas emissions]] for different food types<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Michael Clark|last2=Tilman|first2=David|date=November 2014|title=Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health|journal=Nature|volume=515|issue=7528|pages=518–522|doi=10.1038/nature13959|pmid=25383533|issn=1476-4687|bibcode=2014Natur.515..518T|s2cid=4453972}}</ref>|float=right|label_type=Food types|data_type=Greenhouse gas emissions (g CO<sub>2</sub>-C<sub>eq</sub> per g protein)|bar_width=20|width_units=em|data_max=62|label1=[[Beef]]|data1=62|label2=[[Recirculating aquaculture system|Recirculating aquaculture]]|data2=30|label3=[[Trawling|Trawling fishery]]|data3=26|label4=[[Aquaculture|Non-recirculating aquaculture]]|data4=12|label5=[[Pork]]|data5=10|label6=[[Poultry]]|data6=10|label7=[[Dairy]]|data7=9.1|label8=[[Fishery|Non-trawling fishery]]|data8=8.6|label9=[[Egg as food|Eggs]]|data9=6.8|label10=[[List of root vegetables|Starchy roots]]|data10=1.7|label11=[[Wheat]]|data11=1.2|label12=[[Maize]]|data12=1.2|label13=[[Legumes]]|data13=0.25}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Environmental impact of fishing
## Effects on marine habitat {#effects_on_marine_habitat}
Some fishing techniques cause habitat destruction. Blast fishing and cyanide fishing, which are illegal in many places, harm surrounding habitats. Blast fishing refers to the practice of using explosives to capture fish. Cyanide fishing refers to the practice of using cyanide to stun fish for collection. These two practices are commonly used for the aquarium trade and the live fish food trade. These practices are destructive because they impact the habitat that the reef fish live on after the fish have been removed. Bottom trawling, the practice of pulling a fishing net along the sea bottom behind trawlers, removes around 5 to 25% of an area\'s seabed life on a single run. This method of fishing tends to cause a lot of bycatch. A study of La Fonera Canyon compared trawled versus non-trawled areas. The results show that areas at 500 to 2000 meters depth that is non-trawled have more biodiversity, biomass, and variation of meiofauna than trawled areas at 500 meters depth. Most of the impacts are due to commercial fishing practices. A 2005 report of the UN Millennium Project, commissioned by UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, recommended the elimination of bottom trawling on the high seas by 2006 to protect seamounts and other ecologically sensitive habitats. This was not done.
In mid-October 2006, United States President George W. Bush joined other world leaders calling for a moratorium on deep-sea trawling. The practice has shown to often have harmful effects on sea habitat and, hence, on fish populations, yet no further action was taken (Vivek). The sea animal\'s aquatic ecosystem may also collapse due to the destruction of the food chain.
Additionally, ghost fishing is a major threat due to capture fisheries. Ghost fishing occurs when a net, such as a gill net or trawl, is lost or discarded at sea and drifts within the oceans, and can still act to capture marine organisms. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization\'s 1995 *Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries*, member states should act to minimize the amount of lost and abandoned gear and work to minimize ghost fishing.
## Overfishing
## Ecological disruption {#ecological_disruption}
Overfishing can result in the over-exploitation of marine ecosystem services. Fishing can cause several negative physiological and psychological effects for fish populations including increased stress levels and bodily injuries resulting from lodged fish hooks. Often, when this threshold is crossed, hysteresis may occur within the environment. More specifically, some ecological disturbances observed within the Black Sea marine ecosystem resulted from a combination of overfishing and various other related human activities which adversely affected the marine environment and ecosystem. Ecological disruption can also occur due to the overfishing of critical fish species such as the tilefish and grouper fish, which can be referred to as ecosystem-engineers.
Fishing may disrupt food webs by targeting specific, in-demand species. There might be too much fishing of prey species such as sardines and anchovies, thus reducing the food supply for the predators. Disrupting these types of wasp-waist species may have effects throughout the ecosystem. It may also cause the increase of prey species when the target fishes are predator species, such as salmon and tuna.
Overfishing and pollution of the oceans also affect their carbon storage ability and thus contribute to the climate crisis. Carbon stored in seafloor sediments risk release by bottom-trawling fishing.
## Fisheries-induced evolution {#fisheries_induced_evolution}
Fisheries-induced evolution or evolutionary impact of fishing is the various evolutionary effects of the fishing pressure, such as on size or growth. It is manly caused by selective fishing on size, bigger fish being more frequently caught. Moreover, policy of minimum landing size, based on the idea that it spares young fishes, have many negative impacts on a population by selecting slow growth individuals.
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# Environmental impact of fishing
## Bycatch
Bycatch is the portion of the catch that is not the target species. Unintentional bycatch occurs when fishing gear with poor selectivity is used. These are either kept to be sold or discarded. In some instances the discarded portion is known as discards. Even sports fisherman discard a lot of non-target and target fish on the bank while fishing. For every pound of the target species caught, up to 5 pounds of unintended marine species are caught and discarded as bycatch. As many as 40% (63 billion pounds) of fish caught globally every year are discarded, and as many as 650,000 whales, dolphins and seals are killed every year by fishing vessels.
## Shark finning and culling {#shark_finning_and_culling}
### Shark finning {#shark_finning}
Shark finning is the act of removing fins from sharks and discarding the rest of the shark. The sharks are often still alive when discarded, but without their fins. Unable to swim effectively, they sink to the bottom of the ocean and die of suffocation or are eaten by other predators. Though studies suggest that 73 million sharks are finned each year, scientists have noted that the numbers may actually be higher, with roughly 100 million sharks being killed by finning each year. The deaths of millions of sharks has caused catastrophic damage to the marine ecosystem.
### Shark culling {#shark_culling}
Shark culling is the killing of sharks in government-run \"shark control\" programs. These programs exist to reduce the risk of shark attacks --- however, environmentalists say that they do not reduce the risk of shark attacks; they also say that shark culling harms the marine ecosystem. Shark culling currently occurs in New South Wales, Queensland, KwaZulu-Natal and Réunion. Queensland\'s \"shark control\" program killed roughly 50,000 sharks between 1962 and 2018 --- Queensland\'s program uses lethal devices such as shark nets and drum lines. Thousands of other animals, such as turtles and dolphins, have been killed in Queensland as bycatch. Queensland\'s shark culling program has been called \"outdated, cruel and ineffective\". The shark culling program in New South Wales (which uses nets) has killed thousands of sharks, turtles, dolphins and whales. KwaZulu-Natal\'s shark culling program killed more than 33,000 sharks in a 30-year period.
## Marine debris {#marine_debris}
Recent research has shown that, by mass, fishing debris, such as buoys, lines, and nets, account for more than two-thirds of large plastic debris found in the oceans. In the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, fishing nets alone comprise at least 46% of the debris. Similarly, fishing debris has been shown to be a major source of plastic debris found on the shores of Korea. Marine life interacts with debris in two ways: either through entanglement (where debris entangles or entraps animals), or ingestion of the debris (either intentionally or accidentally). Both are harmful to the animal. Marine debris consisting of old fishing nets or trawls can often be linked to phenomena such as ghost fishing, wherein the netting debris, referred to as ghost nets, continues to entangle and capture fish. A study performed in southern Japan on octopuses noted that there was an estimated mortality rate of 212,000--505,000 octopuses per year within the area\'s fishing grounds, due in large part to ghost fishing. Tracking garbage and monitoring the logistics of human waste disposal, especially waste materials primarily associated with fishing, is one method to reduce marine debris. Using technological or mechanical innovations such as marine debris-clearing drones can further serve to reduce the amount of debris within oceans.
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# Environmental impact of fishing
## Recreational fishing impacts {#recreational_fishing_impacts}
Recreational fishing is fishing done for sport or competition, whereas commercial fishing is catching seafood, often in mass quantities, for profit. Both can have different environmental impacts when it comes to fishing.
Though many assume recreational fishing does not have a large impact on fish, it actually accounts for almost a quarter of the fish caught in the United States, many of those being commercially valuable fish. Recreational fishing has its biggest impact on marine debris, overfishing, and fish mortality. Release mortality in recreational fisheries is the same as the impacts of bycatch in commercial fisheries. Studies have suggested that improving recreational fisheries management on a global scale could generate substantial social benefits of the same scale as reforming commercial fisheries.
### Catch and Release {#catch_and_release}
Catch and release fishing involves several practices that aim to reduce the negative environmental impacts of fishing. This refers to the duration, timing, and type of hook used during angling. To increase the effectiveness of catch and release fishing and mitigate its negative impacts, species-specific guidelines are required. These guidelines help tailor specific rules and regulations to specific species of fish in relation to their locations and mating and migration cycles. A metastudy in 2005 found that the average catch and release mortality rate was 18%, but varied greatly by species. While catch-and-release fishing has been wildly used in recreational fishing, it is also beneficial for maintaining fish populations at a stable level for commercial fisheries to receive social and economic benefits. Combining catch and release fishing with biotelemetry data collection methods allows for researchers to study the biological effects of catch and release fishing on fish in order to better suit future conservation efforts and remedies.
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# Environmental impact of fishing
## Countermeasures
### Fisheries management {#fisheries_management}
Much of the scientific community blames the mismanagement of fisheries for global collapses of fish populations. One method for increasing fish population numbers and reduce the severity of adverse environmental impacts and ecological disturbances is the use of fisheries management systems. Traditional fisheries management techniques can signify restricting certain types of fishing gear, reducing the total allowable catch, decreasing fishing efforts as a whole, implementing catch shares, involving communities with conservation efforts and defining areas closed to fishing. In order to implement any of these tactics on a fishery, ample data collection and statistical analysis are necessary.
Whether or not traditional fisheries management techniques are effective at restoring fish populations is often seen as a debate in the fisheries science community. However, there are a few factors to consider when evaluating the efficiency of fisheries management techniques. For example, large fisheries are more likely to be managed whereas small fisheries are commonly left unassessed and unmanaged. Unassessed fisheries are thought to represent about 80% of all fisheries. Some researchers believe that the stability and health of these unassessed fisheries are worse than the assessed fisheries, justifying the premise that traditional fisheries management techniques are ineffective. However, many scientists highlight that those fish populations are declining due to the fact that they have not been assessed and therefore adequate fisheries management techniques have not been applied. Further, most of the assessed fisheries (and hence managed fisheries) are biased towards large populations and commercially lucrative species. Assessments are often performed by nations that are able to afford the assessment process and implementation of fisheries management tools.
Determining sustainable harvest quotas are another example of a traditional fisheries management technique. However, the intention behind harvest quotas are often not a big enough incentive for fishermen to adhere to them. This is because limiting individual harvests often leads to a smaller profit for the fleet. Since these fishermen are not guaranteed compensation for part of the quota, they tend to resolve to the method of harvesting as many fish as possible. This competitiveness among fishermen and their fleets leads to the increased use of harmful fishing practices, extremely large harvests, periods of reduced stocks and the eventual collapse of the fishery. To eliminate the need for such competitiveness among fishermen, many scientists suggest the implementation of rights-based fisheries reforms. This can be done by granting Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs) or catch shares, a set portion of a scientifically calculated total allowable catch, to individual fishermen, communities and cooperatives. ITQs incentivize fishermen because the value of catch shares grows as the stability of the fishery improves.
It is estimated that around 27% of global fisheries were classified as collapsed in 2003 and that by 2048, 100% of global fisheries would be considered collapsed. In a study compiling data from 11,135 fisheries around the world (some ITQ-managed, some non-ITQ managed), the potential impact of ITQs on fisheries if they all implemented a rights-based management approach since 1970 was estimated. In that case, the percentage of collapsed fisheries in 2003 was projected as 9%, which remained fairly stable for the rest of the experiment\'s time period. Despite the projected success of the ITQ-managed fisheries, the results of this study may not be a completely accurate representation of the true impact of right-based management. This is due to the fact that the data used to create these results was limited to one type of catch share and that the true effects of ITQs can only be assessed if social, ecological and economic factors were also considered.
In some cases, changing fishing gear can have an impact on habitat destruction. In an experiment with three different types of gears used for oyster harvesting, compared to dredging and tonging, hand-harvesting by divers resulted in the collection of 25-32% more oysters within the same amount of time. In terms of habitat conservation, the reef habitat sustained damage to its height during the use of all three gear types. Specifically, dredging cut the height of the reef by 34%, tonging by 23% and diver hand-harvesting by 6%. Opting for a different hook design or bait type can make fishing practices less dangerous and lead to less bycatch. Using 18/0 circle hooks and mackerel for bait has been shown to greatly reduce the amount of leatherback sea turtles and loggerheads caught as bycatch. The use of circle hooks was shown to decrease the amount of hooks ingested by loggerheads. Further, with the target species being swordfish, the use of both circle hooks and mackerel for bait had no negative impact on the amount of swordfish caught.
Ecosystem-based management of fisheries is another method used for fish conservation and impact remediation. Instead of solely focusing conservation efforts on a single species of marine life, ecosystem-based management is used across various species of fish within an environment. To improve the adoption of these types of fisheries management, it is important to reduce barriers to entry for management scenarios in order to make these methods more accessible to fisheries globally.
Many governments and intergovernmental bodies have implemented fisheries management policies designed to curb the environmental impact of fishing. Fishing conservation aims to control the human activities that may completely decrease a fish stock or washout an entire aquatic environment. These laws include the quotas on the total catch of particular species in a fishery, effort quotas (e.g., number of days at sea), the limits on the number of vessels allowed in specific areas, and the imposition of seasonal restrictions on fishing.
### Fish farming {#fish_farming}
Fish farming, aquaculture, or pisciculture, has been proposed as a more sustainable alternative or as a supplement to the traditional capture of wild fish. Fish farms are usually located in coastal waters and can involve netpens or cages that are anchored to the sediment at the bottom. As many fisheries have been heavily depleted, farming profitable and commonly consumed fish species is a method used to supply larger quantities of seafood for human consumption. This is especially the case for marine aquatic species such as salmon and shrimp and freshwater species such as carp and tilapia. In fact, approximately 40% of seafood consumed by humans is produced in fish farms.
Even though fish farming does not require a lot of space, they can have significant ecological impacts on the fish around them and marine resources. For instance, low trophic level, wild caught fish like anchovies, capelin and sardines are used to feed marine and freshwater farmed fish. Farmed marine fish species, usually carnivores, tend require more fishmeal and fish oil to thrive. On the opposite end, farmed freshwater fish, usually herbivores and omnivores, are not as dependent on them. This can be problematic because the small fish used for the production of fishmeal also serve as food for predators living outside the enclosures.
It is not uncommon for farmed fish to escape their enclosures. This can lead to the introduction of non-native species to a new environment. Farmed species breeding with wild fish species of the same type, called interbreeding, can cause offspring to have reduced fitness.
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# Environmental impact of fishing
## Countermeasures
### Marine reserves {#marine_reserves}
Marine reserves serve to foster both environmental protection and marine wildlife safety. The reserves themselves are established via environmental protection plans or policies which designate a specific marine environment as protected. Coral reefs are one of the many examples which involve the application of marine reserves in establishing marine protected areas. There have also been marine reserve initiatives located in the United States, Caribbean, Philippines and Egypt. To mitigate the negative environmental impacts of fishing within marine environments, marine reserves are intended to create, enhance and re-introduce biodiversity within the area. As a result, the primary benefits arising from the implementation of this type of management effort include positive impacts towards habitat protection and species conservation
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# List of people called by the Colombian Supreme court in the parapolitics scandal
The following is a **List of people called by the Colombian Supreme Court in the Colombian parapolitics scandal**. Going to court doesn\'t mean being indicted
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# Fourteen Hills
***Fourteen Hills*** is the San Francisco State University literary magazine associated with the MFA degree program. Founded in 1994, it publishes poetry, fiction, short plays, and literary nonfiction. The semiannual journal includes experimental and progressive work by emerging and cross-genre writers, as well as by award-winning and established authors.
## History
Fourteen Hills publishes one issue every year of the *Fourteen Hills: the SFSU review*, as well as the manuscript of the annual winner of the *Michael Rubin Book Award.*
*Fourteen Hills* Vol. 6, No. 1 sold out within a few months, and Kate Small\'s award-winning chapbook, also published by Fourteen Hills, is now in its second printing. Pieces first published in *Fourteen Hills* have won the following literary awards:
- 2020 Best American Short Stories: Anna Reeser\'s \"Octopus VII\"
- 2019 Nicolás Guillén Outstanding Book Award from the Caribbean Philosophical Association: Phillip Barron\'s *What Comes from a Thing*.
- 2009 Best New Poets Anthology: Joshua Robbins\' \"The Man in Hooper\'s *Office in a Small City*\"
- 2006 Pushcart Prize Special Mention: Eugene Martin\'s excerpt of \"Waste\"
- 2000 Flannery O\'Connor Award for Fiction: Bill Roorbach\'s \"Thanksgiving\"
- 1998 O\'Henry Prize Anthology: Peter Weltner\'s \"Movietone: Detour\"
- 100 Distinguished Stories of 1997: Sonia Gernes\' \"Ye Watchers\"
- 1997 Best American Gay Fiction Prize Anthology: Stephen Beachy\'s \"Shapes\"
- 1997 O\'Henry Prize Anthology: Mary Gaitskill\'s \"Comfort\"
- 1997 Best American Gay Fiction Prize Anthology: Kolin Ohi\'s \"A Backward Glance\"
- 1996 Best American Poetry Prize Anthology: Alice Notley\'s \"The Longest Times\"
## Events
*Fourteen Hills* also hosts a number of literary events each year. The most awaited is the *Fourteen Hills* release party. Authors who have appeared at the events have included Stephen Elliott, Peter Orner, Nona Caspers, Eireene Nealand and John Cleary.
*Fourteen Hills* and SFSU administer the *Stacy Doris Memorial Poetry Award*, named after late writing professor Stacy Doris. The prize, which was first awarded in 2014, awards the winning poet with a \$500 prize and publication in the Spring issue of *Fourteen Hills*
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# John Waters (politician)
**John Waters** (July 4, 1829 -- December 7, 1910) was a Canadian Liberal legislator who, from June 1879 to May 1894, represented the Ontario riding of Middlesex North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario where, in 1893, he introduced a bill which would have given women the vote in provincial elections. He was born in Scotland in 1829.
From 1868 to 1875, prior to his service in the Legislative Assembly, Waters held the title of reeve, as the elected administrator for rural municipality of East Williams Township and, in 1875, served as warden for Middlesex County. He died at his London, Ontario home on December 7, 1910
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# Matthew Larkin
**Matthew Larkin** (born 19 August 1964) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the North Melbourne Football Club.
A midfielder, Larkin appeared 172 times for the Kangaroos in the VFL/AFL between 1984 and 1993. He captained the club for three seasons in the early 1990s.
From 1985 until 1988 he won three of the four North Melbourne best and fairest awards. He had been recruited from Boronia
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# Guruvannapeta
**Guruvannapeta** is a village situated in Komuravelli mandal and an MLA (Member of Legislative Assembly) constituency in the Siddipet district in the state of Telangana, India.
## Size and population {#size_and_population}
Guruvannapeta is spread across 5659 acre of land. There are approximately 600 houses. As per 1991 census, Guruvannapeta consists of 5,320 population.
- Electores ( 2006 ):
: Male : 579
: Female : 605
: Total : 1184
## Economy
Agriculture is the primary source of income. There are no special minerals found in this region.
## Education
Guruvannapeta has 1 primary school and 1 high school
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# Ogataea polymorpha
***Ogataea polymorpha*** is a methylotrophic yeast with unusual characteristics. It is used as a protein factory for pharmaceuticals.
*Ogataea polymorpha* belongs to a limited number of methylotrophic yeast species -- yeasts that can grow on methanol. The range of methylotrophic yeasts includes *Candida boidinii*, *Pichia methanolica*, *Pichia pastoris* and *Ogataea polymorpha*. *O. polymorpha* is taxonomically a species of the family Saccharomycetaceae.
## Strains
Three *O. polymorpha* strains, identified in the 1950s, are known. They have unclear relationships and are of independent origins. They are found in soil samples, the gut of insects or in spoiled concentrated orange juice. They exhibit different features and are used in basic research and to recombinant protein production:
- strain CBS4732 (CCY38-22-2; ATCC34438, NRRL-Y-5445)
- strain DL-1 (NRRL-Y-7560; ATCC26012)
- strain NCYC495 (CBS1976; ATAA14754, NRLL-Y-1798)
Strains CBS4732 and NCYY495 can be mated whereas strain DL-1 cannot be mated with the other two. Strains CBS4732 and DL-1 are employed for recombinant protein production, strain NCYC495 is mainly used for the study of nitrate assimilation. The entire genome of strain CBS4732 has completely been sequenced.
*Ogataea polymorpha* is a thermo-tolerant microorganism with some strains growing at temperatures above 50 C. The organism is able to assimilate nitrate and can grow on a range of carbon sources in addition to methanol. Cells grown under conditions of elevated temperature accumulate a sugar named trehalose (this sugar is usually found in insects) as thermo-protective compound. It was shown that trehalose synthesis is not required for growth under these conditions, but for acquisition of thermotolerance. The synthetic steps for trehalose synthesis have been detailed for *O. polymorpha*, and *TPS1*, the key enzyme gene of this pathway, has been isolated and characterized.
All methylotrophic yeasts share an identical methanol utilization pathway (Fig. 1). Growth on methanol is accompanied by a massive proliferation of cell organelles named peroxisomes in which the initial enzymatic steps of this pathway take place. *O. polymorpha* is model organism to study all aspects of peroxisomal functions and the underlying molecular biology. During growth on methanol key enzymes of the methanol metabolism are present in high amounts. An especially high abundance can be observed for enzymes called MOX (methanol oxidase), FMDH (formate dehydrogenase), and DHAS (dihydroxyacetone synthase). Their presence is regulated at the transcriptional level of the respective genes. In the related species *C. boidinii*, *P. methanolica*, and *P. pastoris* this gene expression strictly depends on the presence of methanol or methanol derivatives, whereas in *O. polymorpha* strong expression is elicited by appropriate levels of glycerol or under conditions of glucose starvation. *O. polymorpha* produces glycoproteins with two types of sugar chains, N- and O-linked glycans are attached to protein. Studies on the structure of N-linked chains have revealed a certain average length (Man8-12GlcNAc2) with terminal alpha-1,2-linked mannose residues, and not with allergenic terminal alpha-1,3-linked mannose residues as found in other yeasts, especially in the baker's yeast *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*.
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# Ogataea polymorpha
## Biotechnological applications {#biotechnological_applications}
*Ogataea polymorpha* with its unusual characteristics provides an excellent platform for the gene technological production of proteins, especially of pharmaceuticals like insulin for treatment of diabetes, hepatitis B vaccines or IFNalpha-2a for the treatment of hepatitis C. Derivatives of both CBS4732 and DL-1 are employed in the production of such recombinant compounds. Further yeasts employed for this application are *Pichia pastoris*, *Arxula adeninivorans* and *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* and others.
Like other yeasts, *O. polymorpha* is a microorganism that can be cultured in large fermenters to high cell densities within a short time. It is a safe organism in not containing pyrogens, pathogens or viral inclusions. It can release compounds into a culture medium as it has all the components required for secretion (this is for instance not the case with bacteria like *Escherichia coli*). It can provide attractive genetic components for an efficient production of proteins.
In Fig. 2 the general design of a vector (a genetic vehicle to transform a yeast strain into a genetically engineered protein producer). It must contain several genetic elements: 1. A selection marker, required to select a transformed strain from an untransformed background --this can be done if for instance such an element enables a deficient strain to grow under culturing conditions void of a certain compound like a particular amino acid that cannot be produced by the deficient strain). 2. Certain elements to propagate and to target the foreign DNA to the chromosome of the yeast (ARS and/or rDNA sequence). 3. A segment responsible for the production of the desired protein compound a so-called expression cassette. Such a cassette is made up by a sequence of regulatory elements, a promoter that controls, how much and under which circumstances a following gene sequence is transcribed and as a consequence how much protein is eventually made. This means that the segment following the promoter is variable depending on the desired product -- it could be a sequence determining the amino acids for insulin, for hepatitis B vaccine or for interferon. The expression cassette is terminated by a following terminator sequence that provides a proper stop of the transcription. The promoter elements of the *O. polymorpha* system are derived from genes that are highly expressed, from instance from the MOX gene, the *FMD* gene or the *TPS1* gene mentioned before. They are not only very strong, but can also be regulated by certain addition of carbon sources like sugar, methanol or glycerol.
In 2000 an informal society of scientists was founded named HPWN (*Hansenula polymorpha* worldwide network) founded by Marten Veenhuis, Groningen, and Gerd Gellissen, Düsseldorf. Every two years meetings are held.
The attractiveness of the *O. polymorpha* platform is commercially exploited by several biotech companies for the development of production processes, among others by PharmedArtis, located in Aachen, Germany and the Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK)
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# Mark Mahon (director)
**Mark Mahon** (born 1 April 1973) is an Irish film director, writer and producer from Cork city, Ireland.
At the age of 22, Mahon was severely injured in an accident and spent several months in hospital recovering. During this time, he started writing. He wrote several screenplays, one novel and one graphic novel called *Freedom Within the Heart*, which as an unproduced screenplay, won Best Screenplay at the 2005 Action on Film International Film Festival. He subsequently set up a film production company, Maron Pictures.
In 2007, Mahon directed his first feature-length film *Strength and Honour* starring Michael Madsen and Vinnie Jones. It was released on 20 November 2007 in Ireland and was tested on a limited capacity in the United States on 7 December 2007. As a producer on the film, Mahon was nominated for a \"Rising Star Award\" at the 2008 Irish Film and Television Awards.
In May 2013, Mahon was reportedly launching a graphic novel about Brian Boru, *Freedom Within The Heart*. At the same time, Mahon expressed plans to make a movie of the same title.`{{Update inline|reason=Despite the claims in this 2013 article (and other 2014 gossip magazine articles) it doesn't seem like this film project ever went ahead. Ideally the status would be clarified for the reader
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# A Bad Spell in Yurt
***A Bad Spell in Yurt*** is a fantasy novel by C. Dale Brittain first published in 1991. It takes place in the fictional kingdom of Yurt where Daimbert, a wizard who has just graduated from the wizards\' school, takes up his post as the new Royal Wizard.
Daimbert\'s story is continued in *The Wood Nymph and the Cranky Saint*, *Mage Quest*, *The Witch and the Cathedral*, *Daughter of Magic*, and *Is This Apocalypse Necessary?*
## Synopsis
This story takes place in the tiny kingdom of Yurt. It reads like a charming, light-hearted story at first, but darker forces soon reveal themselves.
Amongst themselves, the characters refer to the \"three that rule the world\", the aristocracy, the church, and wizardry. Though the aristocracy do the actual ruling, organized wizardry generally considers itself to be the superior of the three, in part because they put an end to the \"Black Wars,\" wars between kingdoms so violent and bloody that individual wizards were forced to band together to stop them. Churchmen considers themselves superior to wizards, and they are traditional rivals in this semi-medieval world.
The first-person narrator is Daimbert, who has just barely graduated from the wizards\' school. He takes up his first post as Royal Wizard of Yurt. Daimbert barely graduated, owing to all that embarrassment with the frogs, yet he has amazing improvisational skills that manage to get him by.
Daimbert soon befriends Joachim, the castle chaplain, attempts to make magical telephones from scratch, learns old herbal magic from his predecessor, fights a dragon from the northern land of wild magic, searches for the source of an evil spell on the king, and is forced to bargain with a demon.
Here, magic is a wild force of four dimensions that is shaped by a wizard\'s spells or potions, and (usually) is spoken aloud using the Hidden Language, needed to channel magic for the means of a spell. However, wizards can also choose to sell their soul to a demon in return for supernatural powers. The book reads somewhat like a mystery, where Daimbert follows up on many clues throughout the story, eventually suspecting everyone in the castle. The caster of the evil spell is not revealed until the end of the book
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# DXRV-FM
**DXRV** (103.5 FM), broadcasting as **Barangay FM 103.5**, is a radio station owned and operated by GMA Network. The station\'s studio and transmitter are located at GMA Complex, Broadcast Ave., Shrine Hills, Matina, Davao City.
## History
### 1996-2014: Campus Radio/Wow FM {#campus_radiowow_fm}
The station, along with sister station DXGM, was inaugurated on March 9, 1996, as **Campus Radio 103.5** with the slogan \"Forever\". It aired a Top 40 format. Its first home was at Amesco Bldg. along Magsaysay St.
In late 1998, the station switched to a mass-based format and changed its slogan to \"Nindota Ah!\", adapted from its Cebu station. On July 29, 2002, it rebranded as **103.5 Wow FM** and changed its slogan to \"Wow! Nindota Ah!\".
### 2014-present: Barangay FM {#present_barangay_fm}
On February 17, 2014, as part of RGMA\'s brand unification, the station relaunched under the **Barangay FM** network and carried-over the slogan \"Isang Bansa, Isang Barangay\". Following the launch, it began simulcasting a handful of programs from its flagship station in Manila. In 2020, the station re-adapted its original slogan \"Forever!\".
On 2025, it added news and talk to its programming under the **Super Radyo** branding via simulcast of its sister station DXGM Super Radyo\'s program *Super Radyo Super Balita* every weekdays 6:00 am to 7:00 am
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# Sacco (river)
The **Sacco** is a river of central Italy, a right tributary of the Liri. It flows between the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital and the province of Frosinone in Lazio.
## Territory
The river originates from the Prenestini Mountains, formed by the confluence of two streams of the Monti Simbruini in the Apennines of Abruzzo in Lazio, and flows south-east for a total length of 87 km, crossing the Middle Latin valley between the Ernici Mountains to the northeast and the Lepini Mountains to the southwest; at the height of Ceprano it flows into the Liri River from the right.
The Sacco\'s main tributaries are the Cosa and the Alabro.
In old sources, it is known also the **Tolero**, from its ancient name *Tolerus* or *Trerus*.
## Environmental issues {#environmental_issues}
The Sacco river valley is a vast territory between the provinces of Rome and Frosinone in the central-southern Italy. The intensive exploitation that for decades affected of this valley due to no-scruple companies and crooked public administration offices, produced an unprecedented environmental and social disaster
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# Bernard Zénier
**Bernard Zénier** (born 21 August 1957) is a French former professional footballer
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# Eliot family (United States)
The **Eliot family** is a formerly prominent American family hailing from Massachusetts. Long associated with Boston and Harvard University, the family are members of the Boston Brahmin class that historically formed the economic and political elite of New England until the mid-20th century.
The family\'s membership has included several influential college presidents, writers, professors, bankers, and leaders of American professional associations. The writer T. S. Eliot, considered one of the 20th century\'s greatest poets, was a member of the family, as was Charles W. Eliot, the Harvard president credited with transforming the institution from a provincial college to a renowned research university.
## Family history {#family_history}
### Origins
The family\'s paternal ancestors emigrated from East Coker, Somerset, England. All family members descend from two men, both named Andrew Eliot, father and son, who emigrated from England to Beverly, Massachusetts between 1668 and 1670. The elder Andrew (1627 -- March 1, 1704) served the town and colony in a number of positions and in 1692 was chosen as a juror in the Salem witch trials. His son Andrew (1651 -- September 12, 1688) married Mercy Shattuck in 1680 in Beverly and died by drowning after falling off a ship.
The poet T. S. Eliot, who spent much of his life in England, titled the poem *East Coker* after the village of the family\'s origin. Upon his death, his ashes were interred in St Michael and All Angels\' Church in East Coker, the birthplace of his Eliot ancestors.
### Rise to prominence {#rise_to_prominence}
Members of the Eliot family achieved success in myriad fields, including banking, politics, academia, and the arts. Samuel Eliot, born to modest circumstances, built one of the largest fortunes in Boston. His granddaughter, Mary Elizabeth Bray, married Johann Heinrich Gossler III, whose family owned Berenberg Bank; their descendants would be barons, senators, and consuls in Europe.
Charles W. Eliot\'s tenure as President of Harvard was monumental, leading Theodore Roosevelt to refer to him as \"the only man in the world I envy.\" Branches of the family migrated westward, and were instrumental in the founding of Washington University in St. Louis and Reed College.
Thomas Stearns Eliot, better known as T. S. Eliot, was awarded the 1948 Nobel Prize in Literature.
Throughout the 20th century, Martha May Eliot, Abigail Adams Eliot, and Clara Eliot achieved prominence in the fields of public health, early childhood education, and economics, respectively.
### Other families with the surname Eliot {#other_families_with_the_surname_eliot}
A number of Americans who share the last name Eliot descend from Reverend John Eliot of Roxbury, Massachusetts, a Puritan missionary known as the \"Apostle to the Indians.\" These include the Reverend John Eliot\'s son John Eliot, Jr., who served as the first pastor of the First Church of Christ in Newton, Massachusetts, Joseph Eliot, a pastor in Guilford, Connecticut, and Joseph\'s son Jared Eliot, a pastor and agricultural writer. As Henry James noted in his biography of Charles W. Eliot, no connection has been traced between the two families.
| 501 |
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| 0 |
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# Eliot family (United States)
## Notable members {#notable_members}
### Arts, architecture, and literature {#arts_architecture_and_literature}
- Charles Eliot, landscape architect
- Charles Eliot Norton, scholar and man of letters
- Samuel Atkins Eliot, Jr., novelist, son of Samuel Atkins Eliot II
- Theodore Lyman Eliot I, president of San Francisco Art Institute and brother-in-law of Navy Commander Albert Bigelow, the peace activist
- Thomas Stearns Eliot (better known as T. S. Eliot), Nobel laureate, poet, playwright, literary critic and publisher
### Business and banking {#business_and_banking}
- Henry Ware Eliot, businessman and President of the Academy of Science, St. Louis
- Samuel Eliot, Boston banker and merchant, President of Massachusetts Bank, one of the richest men in Boston
### Education and academia {#education_and_academia}
- Charles William Eliot, President of Harvard University
- Clara Eliot, economist at Barnard College
- Charles Eliot Pierce, Jr., Director Morgan Library & Museum
- Ida M. Eliot, writer, educator, philosopher, and entomologist
- John Eliot, co-founder of the Massachusetts Historical Society with Jeremy Belknap, the first such historical society of its kind
- Samuel Eliot, historian, educator, trustee of Massachusetts General Hospital, Museum of Fine Arts (Boston), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Massachusetts Historical Society
- Samuel Eliot Morison, historian, Rear Admiral, United States Naval Reserve
- Rev. Thomas Lamb Eliot, seminal in the founding of Reed College where he served as Regent and Trustee
- William Greenleaf Eliot, co-founder and third Chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis
### Politics and diplomacy {#politics_and_diplomacy}
- Andrew Eliot Rice, key force behind the creation of the Peace Corps and founder of the Society for International Development
- Samuel Atkins Eliot, Senator, Mayor of Boston, Treasurer of Harvard University, served in the United States House of Representatives, Massachusetts House of Representatives, and Massachusetts Senate
- Thomas Dawes Eliot, U.S. Congressman from Massachusetts, brother of William Greenleaf Eliot
- Thomas H. Eliot, Chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis (1962 -- 1971), U.S. Congressman (1941 -- 1943)
- Theodore Lyman Eliot II, diplomat, United States Ambassador to Afghanistan (1973 -- 1978), Executive Secretary of the United States Department of State (1969 -- 1973)
### Religion
- Andrew Eliot, prominent Boston Congregational Minister during the Siege of Boston
- Christopher Rhodes Eliot, Unitarian minister and author
- Frederick May Eliot, President of the American Unitarian Association (1937 -- 1958)
- Samuel Atkins Eliot II, President of the American Unitarian Association (1900 -- 1927)
### Science and medicine {#science_and_medicine}
- Edward Samuel Ritchie, inventor and physicist, great-grandson of Andrew Eliot, the Boston minister
- Joan R. Rosenblatt (née Joan Eliot Raup), statistician at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, daughter of Clara Eliot
- Martha May Eliot, a pediatrician and expert in public health; she served as director of the Children's Bureau's Division of Child and Maternal Health in the 1920s and 1930s, and is credited with drafting language on women and children in the Social Security Act. Martha May Eliot lived a quiet but public life as a lesbian with her lifelong domestic partner, Ethel Collins Dunham
### Other notable figures {#other_notable_figures}
- Edward Cranch Eliot President of the American Bar Association
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| 1 |
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# Eliot family (United States)
## Family tree {#family_tree}
Descendants of Andrew Eliot (1627 -- 1704) and his son Andrew Eliot (1651 -- 1688) include:
- Andrew Eliot (c. 1683 -- 1749)
- Samuel Eliot (1713 -- 1745) m. Elizabeth Marshall (1714 -- 1767)
- Samuel Eliot (1739 -- 1820)
- Francis Eliot (1776 -- 1820) m. Joseph Bray
- Mary Elizabeth Bray (1810 -- 1886) m. Johann Heinrich Gossler III (1805 -- 1879)
- Baron Johann von Berenberg-Gossler (1839 -- 1913) m. Juliane Amalie Donner (1843 -- 1916)
- John von Berenberg-Gossler (1866 -- 1943)
- Frances von Berenberg-Gossler (1868 -- 1951) m. Baron Hans von Berlepsch
- Baron Cornelius von Berenberg-Gossler (1874 -- 1953) m. Nadia Clara von Oesterreich
- Clara Nadia von Berenberg-Gossler (1899 -- ) m. Emmo von Specht
- Cornelius Johann Constantin von Berenberg-Gossler (1901 -- 1942)
- Cornelia Nadia Julie von Berenberg-Gossler (1905 -- )
- Baron Heinrich von Berenberg-Gossler (1907 -- 1997)
- Baron Cornelius von Berenberg-Gossler
- Heinrich von Berenberg-Gossler
- Cornelius Johann Heinrich Hellmuth von Berenberg-Gossler (1909 -- ) m. Irmgard Else Meyer
- Cornelius Johann Heinrich Gerhard von Berenberg-Gossler
- Clarita Irmela Nadia von Berenberg-Gossler m. Count Hartwig (Rabe) Joachim Cornelius Alexander von Bernstorff
- Cornelius Paul Hellmuth von Berenberg-Gossler (1911 -- ) m. Maria Luise Francke
- Johann David Rudolf Cornelius von Berenberg-Gossler
- Alexander John von Berenberg-Gossler
- Nadia von Berenberg-Gossler
- Andreas von Berenberg-Gossler (1880 -- 1938) m. Agnes Victorina von Francois
- Maria Nadia von Berenberg-Gossler (1908 -- )
- Herbert von Berenberg-Gossler (1883 -- 1918) m. Anna Jutta Sara Elisabeth von Mallinckrodt\*\*\*\*Catherine Eliot (1793 -- 1879) m. Andrews Norton (1786 -- 1853)
- Charles Eliot Norton (1827 -- 1908)
- William Havard Eliot (1796 -- 1831)
- Samuel Eliot (Historian) (1821 -- 1898)
- Emily Marshall (Eliot) Morison (1857 -- 1925) m. John Holmes Morison (1856 -- 1911)
- Samuel Eliot Morison (1887 -- 1976) m. Elizabeth S. Greene
- Emily Morison Beck (1915 -- 2004) m. Brooks Beck
- Samuel Atkins Eliot (1798 -- 1862)
- Charles William Eliot (1834 -- 1926) m. Ellen Derby Peabody (1836 -- 1869)
- Charles Eliot (1859 -- 1897)
- Samuel A. Eliot II (1862 -- 1950) m. Frances Stone Hopkinson
- Samuel Atkins Eliot Jr. (1893 -- 1984)
- Rosamond (Eliot) Rice (1895 -- 1970) m. William Gorham Rice, Jr. (1891 -- 1964)
- Andrew Eliot Rice (1922 -- 2010)
- Theodore Lyman Eliot I (1903 -- 1996) m. Martha Bigelow
- Theodore Lyman Eliot Jr. (1928 -- 2019)
- Thomas Hopkinson Eliot (1907 -- 1991) m. Lois Jameson
- Andrew Eliot (1718 -- 1778)
- Samuel Eliot (1748 -- 1784) m. Elizabeth Greenleaf (1750 -- 1841)
- Elizabeth Eliot (1774 -- 1847) m. John Ritchie (1768 -- 1838)
- Edward Samuel Ritchie (1814 -- 1895)
- William Greenleaf Eliot (1781 -- 1853) m. Margaret Greenleaf (Dawes) (1789 -- c. 1875)
- Thomas Dawes Eliot (1808 -- 1870)
- Ida M. Eliot (1839 -- 1923)
- William Greenleaf Eliot (1811 -- 1887) m. Abigail Adams (Cranch) Eliot (1817 -- 1908)
- Mary Rhodes Eliot (1838 -- 1855) namesake of Mary Institute
- Thomas Lamb Eliot (1841 -- 1936)
- William Greenleaf Eliot Jr (1866 -- 1956)
- Clara Eliot (1896 -- 1976) m. Robert Bruce Raup (1888 -- 1976)
- Joan Raup Rosenblatt (1926 -- 2018)
- Henry Ware Eliot (1843 -- 1919) m. Charlotte Champe Stearns (1843 -- 1929)
- Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888 -- 1965) better known as T.S. Eliot
- Christopher Rhodes Eliot (1856 -- 1945) m. Mary Jackson May
- Frederick May Eliot (1889 -- 1958)
- Dr
| 605 |
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# Hypertranscendental function
A **hypertranscendental function** or **transcendentally transcendental function** is a transcendental analytic function which is not the solution of an algebraic differential equation with coefficients in $\mathbb{Z}$ (the integers) and with algebraic initial conditions.
## History
The term \'transcendentally transcendental\' was introduced by E. H. Moore in 1896; the term \'hypertranscendental\' was introduced by D. D. Morduhai-Boltovskoi in 1914.
## Definition
One standard definition (there are slight variants) defines solutions of differential equations of the form
$$F\left(x, y, y', \cdots, y^{(n)} \right) = 0$$, where $F$ is a polynomial with constant coefficients, as *algebraically transcendental* or *differentially algebraic*. Transcendental functions which are not *algebraically transcendental* are *transcendentally transcendental*. Hölder\'s theorem shows that the gamma function is in this category.
Hypertranscendental functions usually arise as the solutions to functional equations, for example the gamma function.
## Examples
### Hypertranscendental functions {#hypertranscendental_functions}
- The zeta functions of algebraic number fields, in particular, the Riemann zeta function
- The gamma function (*cf.* Hölder\'s theorem)
### Transcendental but not hypertranscendental functions {#transcendental_but_not_hypertranscendental_functions}
- The exponential function, logarithm, and the trigonometric and hyperbolic functions.
- The generalized hypergeometric functions, including special cases such as Bessel functions (except some special cases which are algebraic).
### Non-transcendental (algebraic) functions {#non_transcendental_algebraic_functions}
- All algebraic functions, in particular polynomials
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| 0 |
11,017,381 |
# Vsya Rossiya
***Vsya Rossiya*** (literally translated \"*All Russia*\" or \"*The whole Russia*\") was the title of a series of directories of the Russian Empire published by Aleksei Sergeevich Suvorin (and his heirs; Suvorin died in 1912) on a yearly basis from 1895 to 1923 and was continued under the name ***Ves SSSR*** (Literally translated *All of the USSR* or *The whole USSR*) from 1924 to 1931. Each volume was anywhere between 500 and 1500 pages long. The directories contained detailed lists of government offices, public services and medium and large businesses present in major cities across the Russian Empire. These directories are often used by genealogists today to trace family members who were living in pre-revolutionary Russia and the early Soviet period when vital records are missing or prove difficult to find. Historians use them to research the social histories of late 19th century and early 20th century Russia.
## Contents
The following information can be found in most editions:
- a surname index of over 100,000 names and thousands of companies
- a directory of prominent landowners
- lists members of the Imperial House of Russia and government officials
- statistical information about the Russian Empire
- population figures
- information and guidelines about trade and industry in Russia
- lists of joint-stock companies
- sub-sections detailing a directory of each district of each province, listing administrative officials, merchants, industrial and commercial manufacturers
- original advertising
## Availability
Many original directories in the series (or microfiche copies thereof) can be found in libraries across the U.S., Europe (including the Baltic countries, Finland the United Kingdom and Germany) however most only have an incomplete collection.
## Other city directories in Russia {#other_city_directories_in_russia}
Suvorin also published city directories for Saint Petersburg under the title *Ves Petersburg* (Literally translated *All Petersburg* or *The Whole Saint Petersburg*) for the years 1894 to 1940 and for Moscow under the title *Vsia Moskva* (Literally translated *All Moscow* or *The Whole Moscow*) for the years 1875 to 1936
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# IABM
The **International Trade Association for Broadcast & Media Technology** (**IABM**) is a non-profit trade organization, formerly known as International Association of Broadcasting Manufacturers, is the International Association for Broadcast & Media Technology Suppliers whose members represent over 80% of the broadcast and entertainment technology market\'s revenues. IABM facilitates the important networking and interaction between suppliers that shape and define the unique ecosystem of the broadcast and media technology industry
| 71 |
IABM
| 0 |
11,017,429 |
# Live at the L.A. Troubadour
***Live at the L.A. Troubadour*** along with its reissued counterpart *House Full* are the only live Fairport Convention albums recorded while Richard Thompson was a full-time band member. It was recorded in 1970 on the Full House tour and was reissued in 1986 and again in 2007, with modifications. Seven of the eight tracks are available on the *House Full* album with one (\"Poor Will and the Jolly Hangman\") being found only on this album.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
Side 1
1. \"Toss the Feathers\" (traditional; arranged by Fairport Convention) 3\'49\" (The Lark in the Morning Medley)
2. \"Matty Groves\" (traditional; arranged by Fairport Convention) 8\'42\"
3. \"Bonnie Kate\" (traditional; arranged by Fairport Convention and Dave Swarbrick) 4\'52\" (as a medley with \"Sir B. McKenzies\")
4. \"Poor Will and the Jolly Hangman\" (Richard Thompson, Dave Swarbrick) 5\'23\"
Side 2
1. \"Sloth\" (Richard Thompson, Dave Swarbrick) 11\'43\"
2. \"Banks of the Sweet Primroses\" (traditional; arranged by Fairport Convention) 3\'58\"
3. \"Mason\'s Apron\" (traditional; arranged by Fairport Convention) 6\'14\" (a medley of \"Jenny\'s Chickens / Mason\'s Apron\" )
4. \"Yellow Bird\" (Marilyn Keith, Alan Bergman, Norman Luboff) 2\'11\"
## Personnel
- Richard Thompson - vocals, electric guitar
- Dave Swarbrick - vocals, fiddle, mandolin
- Simon Nicol - rhythm guitar, mandolin
- Dave Pegg - bass guitar, mandolin, backing vocals
- Dave Mattacks - drums
with
- Linda Thompson - vocals (side 1 track 4 only)
## Recording
- All except Track 4 recorded 4--6 September 1970 at the L.A. Troubadour, Los Angeles.
- Track 4 is an outtake from the \"Full House\" sessions with new vocals by Richard & Linda Thompson overdubbed in March 1975
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# Jin Long Si Temple
**Jin Long Si Temple** (`{{zh|s=金龙寺|t=金龍寺|p=Jīnlóng Sì|first=t}}`{=mediawiki}) is a temple located at 32 Tai Seng Avenue, Singapore.
## History
Jin Long Si Temple, originally known as *Jin Long Miao*, was constituted under a trust and established as a religious and charity mission in 1941, with funds and donations from philanthropic Chinese merchants. The temple started off as an attap hut on a land around Bartley donated by a grateful devotee. It was later rebuilt by Wan Guan Lin into a zinc-roof and wooden structure, while devotees had constructed a huge statue of the Laughing Buddha out of saw dust, a pagoda and also a pavilion with the life-size figure of their patron deity, *Nan Wu Wu Ji Sheng Mu*.
While the temple at Lorong How Sun was basically a Chinese Mahayana Buddhist temple, its teachings was a fusion of the \"san-jiao\" (three religion) derived mainly from Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. The temple also had many Taoist deities like *Nan Wu Wu Ji Sheng Mu* and Pan Gu. Occupying an area of 1,840 square metres, the temple had approximately 4,000 regular worshippers and more than 300 registered members.
### Relocation
On 20 January 2003, the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) issued a compulsory land acquisition order to acquire the plot of land belonging to the temple as part of URA\'s redevelopment plan for a nearby Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) construction of the Circle Line Project (Phase III). During this period, several community measures including blogs and online petitions were started to save the temple and the Bodhi tree; the temple remained active in contributing to the grassroots organisations in Braddell Heights with funds and manpower despite modest resources. It was reported in *The Straits Times*, the local broadsheet newspaper, that the temple regularly sponsors functions for its next door neighbour, the Ramakrishna Mission Home for orphans and wayward boys. Ramakrishna Mission Home, in reciprocating the temple\'s kindness, allowed the devotees to take a short cut through its premises for those walking uphill to the temple.
In January 2008, a legal suit, denoted Eng Foong Ho v. Attorney-General, was filed by three devotees to save the temple site from government acquisition, alleging that it was in violation of the Constitution. The case was dismissed by the High Court on 25 February on the grounds that \"the devotees had no standing to make the application\". The temple was given two months to relocate to a temporary site, and subsequently to a permanent home in Tai Seng Avenue. The temple\'s land is to be merged with state land next to it, for sale in the second half of 2008, while the Bodhi tree will be retained by imposing for its preservation as part of the tender conditions for the redevelopment of the site.
Jing Long Si relocated its premises on a plot of land at 32 Tai Seng Ave, Singapore.
## Bodhi Tree {#bodhi_tree}
The Bodhi tree at the Lorong How Sun Site was one of the twelve seeds that were brought by monks from Sri Lanka in the nineteenth century. It has an age of approximately 120 years (as of 2007), is over 30 metres tall and has a girth of 8.5 metres, which is considered to be the most ancient and largest Bodhi tree in Singapore according to verifications made by the Nature Society Singapore (NSS) and National Parks Board (Nparks) separately.
Its roots are deeply embedded into the slope of the hill where the temple is located and even extended to the inner recesses of the temple premises; any land development at the tree\'s location has a high likelihood of causing soil movement and undue stress to the tree roots. Due to its ancient age and its symbiotic relationship with the temple, both the NSS and Nparks have recommended the Bodhi tree to be preserved as a \'Heritage Tree\' after their findings. Trees that are classified as \'Heritage Tree\' cannot be cut down and are protected with lightning conductors with money from the Heritage Trees Fund. A panel of officials and nature-loving volunteers decide if a tree should be placed on the register, based on its appearance, height and girth, as well as its social, historical and educational significance
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11,017,535 |
# House Full: Live at the L.A. Troubadour
***House Full: Live at the L.A. Troubadour*** not to be confused with its earlier counterpart *Live at the L.A. Troubadour* is the only currently available live Fairport Convention album to feature Richard Thompson as a band member.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
Side 1
1. \"Sir Patrick Spens\" (trad. arr. Fairport Convention) 3\'06\"
2. \"Banks of the Sweet Primroses\" (trad. arr. Fairport Convention) 4\'28\"
3. \"The Lark in the Morning Medley\" (trad. arr. Fairport Convention) 3\'46\"
4. \"Sloth\" (Richard Thompson / Dave Swarbrick) 11\'56\"
Side 2
1. \"Staines Morris\" (trad. arr. Fairport Convention) 3\'42\"
2. \"Matty Groves\" (trad. arr. Fairport Convention) 8\'42\"
3. \"Jenny\'s Chickens / The Mason\'s Apron\" (trad. arr. Fairport Convention) 4\'36\"
4. \"Battle of the Somme\" (Pipe Major Robertson) 5\'02\"
<Notes:->
This LP contains some tracks recorded at the same time as those issued on \" Live at the L.A. Troubadour\" and some that were actually released on that LP.
- Track 2 is re-edited and remixed and is longer than the original version
- Tracks 3 is re-mastered and listed wrongly as \" Toss the Feathers\"
- Track 4 is a different take from that released on the earlier LP
- Track 6 is re-mastered
- Track 7 is re-edited and remixed and is shorter than the original version and is just listed as \" Mason\'s Apron\"
### 2001 reissue
1. \"Sir Patrick Spens\" (trad. arr. Fairport Convention) 3\'28\"
2. \"Banks of the Sweet Primroses\" (trad. arr. Fairport Convention) 4\'37\"
3. \"The Lark in the Morning Medley\" (trad. arr. Fairport Convention) 3\'53\"
4. \"Sloth\" (Richard Thompson / Dave Swarbrick) 12\'18\"
5. \"Staines Morris\" (trad. arr. Fairport Convention) 3\'44\"
6. \"Matty Groves\" (trad. arr. Fairport Convention) 8\'43\"
7. \"Jenny\'s Chickens / The Mason\'s Apron\" (trad. arr. Fairport Convention) 4\'41\"
8. \"Battle of the Somme\" (Pipe Major Robertson) 5\'01\"
9. \"Bonnie Kate / Sir B. McKenzies\" (trad. arr. Fairport Convention / Dave Swarbrick) 4\'56\"
10. \"Yellow Bird\" (Marilyn Keith / Alan Bergman / Norman Luboff) 2\'17\"
- Tracks, 1-8 are from \" House Full\" (Hannibal Records HNBL 1319)
- Tracks 9-10 are from \" Live at the L.A. Troubadour\" (Island Records HELP 28)
## Personnel
- Richard Thompson - electric guitar, vocals
- Dave Swarbrick - vocals, fiddle, viola
- Simon Nicol - rhythm guitar, vocals, mandolin (5), electric dulcimer (8)
- Dave Pegg - bass guitar, vocals
- Dave Mattacks - drums, percussion
## Recording
- All tracks recorded 4--6 September 1970 at the L.A. Troubadour, Los Angeles
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| 0 |
11,017,564 |
# Tony Secunda
**Anthony Michael Secunda** (24 August 1940 -- 12 February 1995) was an English manager of rock groups in the 1960s and 1970s, including the Moody Blues, Procol Harum, the Move, and T. Rex, Motörhead, Steeleye Span, Marianne Faithfull and the Pretenders.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Secunda was born in Epsom, Surrey. According to Carl Wayne, the Move\'s vocalist, Secunda\'s business acumen and flair for publicity were a major factor in the group\'s success. \"He dreamed up all the ideas, the stunts and the clothing -- sending Blackberry pies with bottles of champagne for \"Blackberry Way\", doing a photo session at the fire station in Birmingham for \"Fire Brigade\" -- and of course the Harold Wilson affair!\"
The latter referred to Secunda\'s most controversial stunt, in which a cartoon postcard promoting the band\'s 1967 single, \"Flowers in the Rain\", featured a libellous drawing of Wilson, who was the Prime Minister at the time. Wilson sued the band and management. Wilson won the case and as part of the settlement the band had to relinquish all royalties in respect of the record to a charity of Wilson\'s choice -- a ruling which they tried unsuccessfully to overturn after Wilson\'s death in 1995. The Move were unnerved by the experience, and fired Secunda as their manager shortly afterwards.
In 1969 Secunda helped organize and finance the band Balls with Trevor Burton (formerly of the Move) and singer Denny Laine from the Moody Blues. The group was not successful.
In 1971, he became manager of T. Rex and helped Marc Bolan to set up his own record label, T. Rex Wax Co, through EMI. After parting company with Bolan, he managed Steve Peregrin Took, Bolan\'s former musical partner, Steeleye Span, Motörhead, and Marianne Faithfull; the latter a short run experience which ended with a cash payoff, after Faithfull decided his management style was not suited to her needs. Secunda discovered Chrissie Hynde and placed her on a retainer, so she could leave her day job and concentrate on writing music.
In the mid 1980s, Secunda moved to San Anselmo, California, where he remained active in music publishing and promotion, and developed an interest in the ecology and green issues. He started a literary agency in Tiburon, California, publishing the biographies of bands and musicians, where he died of a heart attack on 12 February 1995, at the age of 54
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| 0 |
11,017,584 |
# Greenslade (album)
***Greenslade*** is an eponymous studio album by British progressive rock band Greenslade, released on the Warner Bros. label in 1973, and their first album. The artwork for the album cover is by Roger Dean. The album has seven tracks comprising six songs and one instrumental with a vocal track.
## Background
The song \"Feathered Friends\" was issued as a promotional single, with \"An English Western\" and \"Temple Song\" on the B-side. A second single, on general release was issued in May 1973 with \"Temple Song\" on the A-side and \"An English Western\" on the B-side.
## Reception
Reviewing the album, planetmellotron.com said, \"The album is pretty laid-back, with big themes rather than particularly strong melodies, but they made a good noise, and really didn\'t sound much like anyone else.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All music written by Dave Greenslade and lyrics written by Dave Lawson, except where noted. `{{Track listing
|headline = Side one
|title1 = Feathered Friends
|length1 = 6:42
|title2 = An English Western
|length2 = 3:25
|title3 = Drowning Man
|length3 = 5:48
|writer3 = lyrics: Greenslade
|title4 = Temple Song
|length4 = 3:32
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Track listing
|headline = Side two
|title1 = Mélange
|length1 = 7:27
|writer1 = music: [[Tony Reeves|Reeves]], Greenslade, Lawson
|title2 = What Are You Doin' to Me
|length2 = 4:40
|writer2 = music: Lawson
|title3 = Sundance
|length3 = 8:45
}}`{=mediawiki}
Note: The timing for \"Drowning Man\" is incorrectly given as 6:40 on the sleeve of the original release.
## Personnel
### Greenslade
- Dave Lawson -- keyboards, vocals
- Dave Greenslade -- keyboards, co-producer
- Tony Reeves -- bass guitar, double bass, co-producer
- Andrew McCulloch -- drums, percussion
### Technical
- Stuart Taylor -- co-producer
- Mike Bobak -- engineer
- Roger Dean -- cover artwork
## Release history {#release_history}
+------+-------------+----------------------+----------+-------------+
| Date | Format | Label | Region | Catalog |
+======+=============+======================+==========+=============+
| 1973 | LP\ | Brain Records\ | Germany\ | BRAIN 1027\ |
| | Cass\ | Warner Bros.\ | UK\ | K 446 207\ |
| | LP\ | Warner Bros.\ | UK\ | K 46207\ |
| | LP\ | Warner Bros
| 360 |
Greenslade (album)
| 0 |
11,017,591 |
# Congregational Board of Education
The **Congregational Board of Education** was set up in 1843 \"to promote popular education, partaking of a religious character and under no circumstances receiving aid from public money administered by Government\" (extract from original rules).
## The earlier Congregational Fund Board {#the_earlier_congregational_fund_board}
An earlier organisation -- the Independent or Congregational Fund Board -- was established in 1695 to assist poor ministers and to give young men who had already received a classical education, the theological and other training preparatory to the Christian ministry.
Until 1826, when what is now University College, London opened, English Dissenters were largely excluded from higher education, as only practising Anglicans could graduate from Oxford and Cambridge universities. A system of dissenting academies developed, including Homerton Academy and Hoxton Academy in London.
## The 1843 organisation {#the_1843_organisation}
With liberalisation, the Congregationalists adapted their focus, and the Board reorganised the former Homerton Academy as New College, London and what became Homerton College, Cambridge. Morley Memorial Primary School in Cambridge was also set up as a training institution for students at Homerton College.
In 1868, the poet Matthew Arnold -- who was a school inspector by profession -- was commissioned to report on the eligibility of the Homerton schools for public funding
| 209 |
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| 0 |
11,017,605 |
# Monti Simbruini
The **Monti Simbruini** are a mountain range in central Italy, a part of Apennines mountain system.
The \'Simbruini\' name derives from *Simbruvium*, a lake formed by the river Anio, situated in the territory of the Aequi; it may derive from Latin *sub imbribus* (\"under the rain\"). They are also popularly known as \"Rome\'s Alps\".
## Geography
The Monti Simbruini mark a part of the border between Abruzzo and Lazio. The Monti Simbruini border with the Monti Cantari and the Carseolani Mountains. The range\'s highest peak is Monte Cotento, at 2015 m in elevation.
The headwaters of the River Aniene are in the range. The Liri river, one of the main Italian rivers, also originates in the mountains (Petrella Liri).
On the Lazio side of the mountain range, between the provinces of Rome and Frosinone, a natural park has been established, the Parco naturale regionale Monti Simbruini.
## Regional Park of the Monti Simbruini {#regional_park_of_the_monti_simbruini}
The **Regional Park of the Monti Simbruini**, which also includes the Monti Cantari range, was established in 1983. It has an area of 300 km2.
The regional park and mountains include the *comuni* (villages) of: Camerata Nuova, Cervara di Roma (Campaegli), Filettino, Jenne, Subiaco (Monte Livata), Trevi nel Lazio and Vallepietra.
## Natural history {#natural_history}
### Habitats
Habitats in the Monti Simbruini include: the Apennine deciduous montane forests ecoregion, in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome; and the Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests ecoregion, in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome
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# Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg
**Adolf Heinrich Graf von Arnim-Boitzenburg** (10 April 1803 -- 8 January 1868) was a German statesman. He served as the first Minister-President of Prussia for ten days during the Revolution of 1848.
## Early life {#early_life}
Arnim was born in the Prussian capital Berlin, the son of envoy Friedrich Abraham Wilhelm von Arnim (1767--1812) and his wife Georgine von Wallmoden-Grimborn (1770--1859), a daughter of the Hanoverian field marshal and art collector Johann Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn and thereby presumably a granddaughter of King George II of Great Britain. His parents divorced when he was three years old.
Having finished his studies in Berlin and Göttingen in 1825, he joined the Prussian Guards Uhlans regiment as a One-year volunteer and afterwards entered civil service at the Kammergericht.
## Career
In 1830, he was appointed *Landrat* official in the Uckermark district. In 1833, he became Vice-president of the Pomeranian Stralsund government region. One year later, he assumed the position of President in the Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) region, from 1838 in Merseburg, Saxony. In 1840 he became governor (*Oberpräsident*) of the Grand Duchy of Posen.
In 1842 Arnim was called back to Berlin to be appointed Prussian State Minister of the Interior. Nevertheless, he resigned in 1845 because his plans for a constitution for Prussia were at odds with King Frederick William IV\'s romantic ideals. When the March Revolution broke out in 1848, his services were again in demand. From 19 March 1848, he acted as the first Prussian Minister-President and Foreign Minister. However, he again resigned within a few days after the king chose to place himself at the head of the national movement.
A member of the Provincial Brandenburg *Landtag* assembly since 1839, Arnim from 18 May to 10 June 1848 was a representative for Prenzlau in the Frankfurt Parliament and also was a member of the short-lived Erfurt Union Parliament in 1850. He belonged to the newly established Prussian House of Representatives from 1849 and later joined the House of Lords chamber of the Prussian Parliament.
Arnim is known to this day for his remarks as Prussian Interior Minister during the *Vormärz* era concerning Heinrich Heine\'s poem *The Silesian Weavers*. The verses were published in the *Vorwärts!* weekly newspaper after an 1844 riot in the Province of Silesia, which later also inspired the drama *The Weavers* by Gerhart Hauptmann. In a report to King Frederick William IV he described Heine\'s poetry as \"an address to the poor amongst the populace, held in an inflammatory tone and filled with criminal utterances\" (\"*eine in aufrührerischem Ton gehaltene und mit verbrecherischen Äußerungen angefüllte Ansprache an die Armen im Volke*\"). Subsequently, the Royal Prussian Kammergericht banned the poem, which in 1846 led to a prison sentence for a person who had dared to publicly recite it.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He married Countess Anna Caroline von der Schulenburg (1804--1886), a daughter of Count Hans Günther Werner von der Schulenburg. One of his children was politician Adolf von Arnim-Boitzenburg, who was in 1880 for a short time president of German Reichstag.
Arnim died on 8 January 1868 at his Boitzenburg estate
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# RAF Winkton
**Royal Air Force Winkton**, or more simply **RAF Winkton**, is a former Royal Air Force Advanced Landing Ground previously in Hampshire but now, due to County boundary changes, in Dorset, England. The airfield is located approximately 3 mi north of Christchurch; and is named after the nearby hamlet of Winkton.
Although complete by September 1943 Winkton opened in March 1944 with Sommerfeld Mesh runways and pierced steel planking perimeter tracks, and was the prototype for the type of temporary Advanced Landing Ground type airfield that would be built in France after D-Day, when the need for advanced landing fields would become urgent as the Allied forces moved east across France and Germany. It was used by British and the United States Army Air Forces. It was closed in July 1944, when the mesh runways were lifted for use on the Continent, and immediately returned to agriculture.
Today the airfield is a mixture of agricultural fields with no recognizable remains.
## History
### USAAF use {#usaaf_use}
While under USAAF control, Winkton was known as **USAAF Station AAF-414** for security reasons, and by which it was referred to instead of location. Its Station-ID was \"WT\", Radio-Callsign \"Drainsink\"
#### 404th Fighter Group {#th_fighter_group}
RAF Winkton saw the arrival of the USAAF **404th Fighter Group** on 4 April 1944, the group arriving from Myrtle Beach AAF, South Carolina. The 404th had the following operational squadrons:
- 506th Fighter Squadron (4K)
- 507th Fighter Squadron (Y8)
- 508th Fighter Squadron (7J)
The 404th was a group of Ninth Air Force\'s 84th Fighter Wing, IX Tactical Air Command. It flew the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt. On 6 July the 404th moved across the Channel to its Advanced Landing Ground at Chippelle (ALG A-5), France.
## Current use {#current_use}
With the Americans moving to France, Winkton airfield was closed down and returned to agricultural use in July 1944. In January 1945, the airfield was officially closed. Today, the land is unrecognizable as a former airfield, and can only be located by comparing the road network on aerial photographs taken when the airfield was active to the current network.
In 2009, there exists a private grass runway owned by Mr.I.C.Reid, who hangars his Tiger Moth biplane there
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# James Hill Hunter
**James Hill Hunter** (July 26, 1839 -- February 2, 1891) was an Ontario merchant and political figure. He represented Grey South in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Liberal from 1875 to 1883 and from 1890 to 1891.
He was born in Kilbarchan, Renfrewshire, Scotland in 1839, the son of Archibald Hunter and Elizabeth Hill, came to Canada West with his family in 1842 and was educated at Goderich and Upper Canada College. He became a merchant at Durham and also served as reeve for Glenelg Township. In 1863, he married Kate McDonald. Hunter died in office in 1891
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# Michael Hogan (Canadian politician)
**Michael Hogan** (August 16, 1872 -- June 30, 1943) was a businessman, politician, and longest-serving mayor of St. Albert, Alberta.
## Early life {#early_life}
Michael Hogan was born August 16, 1872, in Park Hill, Ontario, to Irish immigrants. He was a teacher and farmer in Ontario before immigrating to Alberta in 1900. He taught in Strathcona (which was amalgamated with Edmonton in 1912) before moving to St. Albert. In 1910 he entered the insurance and real estate businesses with Lucien Boudreau; he would eventually buy Boudreau out.
## Public service {#public_service}
Hogan became the secretary of the Municipal District of Ray (which was incorporated into the new Municipal District of Morinville in 1943) in 1905, and held the position until shortly before his death. He also served as Ray\'s police magistrate between 1917 and 1921, and was involved with the St. Albert Board of Trade and served on the St. Albert Town Council.
In 1919, Hogan was elected Mayor of St. Albert, a position that he would hold for twenty-four years, which is still a St. Albert record. At the time he took office, the town\'s finances were in poor shape. To cope with this situation, Hogan eliminated the town\'s policeman (who was responsible, in addition to the preservation of law and order, for such diverse tasks as sidewalk maintenance). In 1924, the town also reluctantly cut its teachers\' salaries. In 1925, the policeman was restored and was ordered to \"rid the town of idle men and `{{sic|?|men}}`{=mediawiki} and to keep children, particularly young girls, off the street at night.\"`{{quote without source|date=November 2013}}`{=mediawiki}
These measures were not sufficient to turn St. Albert\'s finances around. In 1927, the report of the municipal inspector noted debts totalling \$16,500 and commented that the town\'s \"financial situation is not at all good.\" The same year, the policeman was eliminated once more - in favour of a Police Committee that would be responsible for hiring police on an ad hoc basis as needed - and just as quickly restored.
In 1928, an agreement was reached with Calgary Power to supply light, heat, and power to the town for the first time.
During the early part of the 1920s, an agreement was concluded between St. Albert and Edmonton for the latter\'s fire department to assist in putting out fires in St. Albert. This arrangement did not protect the town from a major fire in 1929 that gutted its downtown.
In 1930, Hogan presided over a meeting to found an Old Timers\' Association of St. Albert. The organization floundered and quickly vanished. More successful were his efforts to raise funds for a community hall - fundraising efforts began in 1939 and the building was constructed by 1941.
Provincially, Hogan started out as a supporter of the United Farmers of Alberta under John Edward Brownlee, but subsequently became disillusioned with the party and joined the Liberal Party of Alberta. During the 1926 provincial election, he sought election as an independent Liberal in the riding of St. Albert against his old business partner Boudreau, who had secured the nomination for the Liberal Party (the incumbent UFA MLA, Télesphore St. Arnaud, was not seeking re-election). Boudreau defeated Hogan in the second count.
Hogan was a devoted member of the Knights of Columbus and the Edmonton Exhibition Association.
Michael Hogan was still mayor when he died on June 30, 1943.
## Family and legacy {#family_and_legacy}
Michael Hogan married Vera Rheaume in 1912. Their marriage produced a daughter, Evelyn, before Vera died of a stroke in 1917. Evelyn would go on to marry Eugene Perron, daughter of Fleuri Perron, St. Albert\'s first mayor.
Hogan subsequently married Blanche Escallier in 1919. The couple had three sons: John, Frank, and Leo. All served overseas during the Second World War; Frank was killed in action with the Royal Canadian Air Force.
Hogan Road in St. Albert is named in his honour
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# Vsya Moskva
***Vsya Moskva*** (literally translated \"*All Moscow*\" or \"*The Entire Moscow*\") was a series of city directories of Moscow, Russia, published on a yearly basis from 1872 to 1936 by Aleksei Sergeevich Suvorin. The directories contained detailed lists of private residents, names of streets and squares across the city with the details of their occupants and owners, government offices, public services and medium and large businesses present in the city. Each volume was anywhere between 500 and 1500 pages long. They are often used by genealogists for family research in pre-revolutionary Russia and the early Soviet period when vital records are missing or prove difficult to find. Historians use them to research the social histories of the city.
## List of residents {#list_of_residents}
Each directory was written exclusively in Russian Cyrillic only, and contains various sections among which was an alphabetical list of residents in the city. Those listed usually were the head of their respective household and so spouses and minors are not listed.
The following information can be found:
- Person\'s surname and first name
- Patronymic
- Street address with apartment number
- Profession
- Telephone numbers (few private residents could afford a telephone before 1918)
## List of occupants of each building on every street and square {#list_of_occupants_of_each_building_on_every_street_and_square}
A section immediately preceding or following that listing residents in alphabetical order was a directory of all streets, houses and flats with the names of their owners and occupants. In this way readers could determine all those people who lived on a particular street of in a certain apartment block.
## Other sections {#other_sections}
The following information can also be found in each directory:
- Maps of the city
- Interior theater seating plan layouts
- Lists of personnel in state, public and private institutions
- Original Advertising
## Interruption in the series {#interruption_in_the_series}
No volumes were published in the following years:
- 1918
- 1919
- 1920
- 1921
This was due to the events of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent Russian Civil War.
## Termination of series {#termination_of_series}
Publication came to a halt after the edition of 1936, coinciding with the time of Joseph Stalin\'s great purges and Moscow Trials.
## Historical and genealogical value {#historical_and_genealogical_value}
Because numerous residents emigrated from Moscow after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and tens of thousands more were either arrested, shot, or sent to the gulag by the Cheka and the NKVD after 1918 the section detailing residents names is especially useful in determining until when a certain person was still living in the city, and under which address.
## Availability
Many original directories in the series (or microfiche copies thereof) can be found in libraries across the United States, Europe (including The Baltics, Finland the United Kingdom and Germany) however most only have an incomplete collection.
## Other city directories in Russia {#other_city_directories_in_russia}
Suvorin also published city directories for Saint Petersburg under the title *Ves Petersburg* (*All Petersburg*) for the years 1894 to 1940 and for the whole country under the titles *Vsya Rossiya* (*All Russia*) from 1895 to 1923 and continued under than name *Ves SSSR* (*All USSR*) from 1924 to 1931
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# Christchurch Airfield
: *For the World War II use of this facility, see RAF Christchurch*
**Christchurch Airfield** was located southeast of the A337/B3059 intersection in Somerford, Christchurch, Dorset, England.
It was a civil airfield starting from 1926, then it was used during World War II by the Royal Air Force and the United States Army Air Forces Ninth Air Force. After the war the airfield returned to civilian use and the airfield complex was then demolished in 1966.
## Before World War II {#before_world_war_ii}
Flying at Christchurch started in July 1926, when Surrey Flying Services began offering five-shilling pleasure flights from an area known as \"Burrysfield\". In May 1928, the Hampshire Aero Club operated from the area. The next step was when Francis C. Fisher leased some open fields where he operated a flying facility in the summers until his lease ran out in 1932 by which time Fisher had flown over 19,000 passengers. In 1933, Sir Alan Cobham\'s Air Circus put on a show there attended by around 8,000 spectators. In the same year, the Rambler Air Station was established and airline services commenced on 14 May 1934 with Western Airways operating a de Havilland Dragon Rapide and the airfield was known as Christchurch Airport. In February 1935, the airfield temporarily became known as Bournemouth Airport `{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki} not to be confused with nearby Bournemouth Airport at Hurn.
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
In World War II, the airfield became RAF Christchurch. The Air Defence Research and Development Establishment was built at the northeastern end of the airfield, and in May 1940, the RAF Special Duties Flight, operating an assortment of aircraft arrived to take part in the experiments with radar. The Airspeed factory was also built on part of the original airfield and began production of Horsa Mk I gliders, AS.10 Oxfords, and de Havilland Mosquitos for the RAF.
In 1943, the USAAF Ninth Air Force required several temporary advanced landing grounds along the southern English Channel coast prior to the Normandy invasion to provide tactical air support for the ground forces landing in France. Christchurch was provided to support this mission.
After the USAAF departure the airfield was returned to RAF control. In March 1945, control passed to RAF Transport Command. The main activities continued to be production (Mosquitos) by Airspeed, radar trials and glider pick-up training. In January 1946, control of the airfield passed to the Ministry of Aircraft Production.
## After World War II {#after_world_war_ii}
With the facility released from military control, civilian flying returned to Christchurch. The Christchurch Aero Club operated from the north side while on the southwestern tip of the field the RAF\'s 622 Gliding School operated for many years from a hangar just outside the airfield boundary.
In 1954, the Military Experimental Engineering Establishment from Christchurch laid a Tarmac runway on the site of the World War II wire and PSP (pierced steel planking) runway. The main beneficiaries of this exercise was the De Havilland factory which was producing Vampire, Venom, Sea Venom and Sea Vixen jet fighters and the Airspeed Ambassador twin piston-engined airliners.
Following the closure of De Havilland factory in 1962, the use of the airfield rapidly declined. The staffed air traffic control tower was closed in July 1963 and the Aero Club closed in 1964. The airfield officially closed at the end of 1964, although the occasional aircraft used the airfield until around 1974.
Today, the airfield site has been developed by the urban areas of Somerford/Mudeford. It is now a mix of housing and industry with nothing remaining of the airfield except some of the Airspeed buildings and streets named after aircraft
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# Dragan Simeunović
**Dragan Simeunović** (`{{Lang-sr-cyr|Драган Симеуновић}}`{=mediawiki}; born 17 September 1954) is a Yugoslav retired football goalkeeper.
## National team {#national_team}
He earned his only cap for SFR Yugoslavia on 30 March 1980 in their 2--0 win over Romania in a friendly match
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# Horatio Nelson Lay (admiral)
Rear-Admiral **Horatio Nelson Lay** `{{Post-nominals|country=UK|OBE}}`{=mediawiki} (23 January 1903 in Skagway, District of Alaska, United States -- 1988 in Perth, Ontario) was a naval officer of the Royal Canadian Navy.
## Career
### Early career {#early_career}
In 1918 he was a Naval Cadet at the Royal Naval College of Canada. In 1921 he was made a midshipman and assigned to the battleship `{{HMS|Resolution|09|6}}`{=mediawiki} for training. His next assignment was to `{{HMS|Cloud}}`{=mediawiki} in 1923 for more training.
In 1924 he was sent to the Royal Naval College, Greenwich and RN Barracks Portsmouth for sub-lieutenant courses. His next assignments were to the destroyer `{{HMCS|Patrician}}`{=mediawiki} in 1925. He transferred to the battlecruiser `{{HMS|Tiger|1913|6}}`{=mediawiki} for big ship experience prior to a torpedo course in 1927. Lay was assigned to the battlecruiser `{{HMS|Repulse|1916|6}}`{=mediawiki} for further experience in 1928. In 1929, Lay was sent to `{{HMS|Vernon|shore establishment|6}}`{=mediawiki} for the Long Torpedo Officers Course. He was then made Torpedo Officer Atlantic Coast in 1930. In 1931 Lay was assigned to the destroyer `{{HMCS|Skeena|D59|6}}`{=mediawiki}. In 1933, he was made Torpedo Officer Pacific Coast. Lay was assigned to the destroyer `{{HMCS|Vancouver|F6A|6}}`{=mediawiki} as first lieutenant in 1934. Lay was returned to Torpedo Officer Pacific Coast in 1937. He was then sent on a Royal Naval Staff course in 1938.
### Second World War {#second_world_war}
He became the first Commanding Officer of the minesweeper `{{HMCS|Gaspe|J94|6}}`{=mediawiki} from 12 January 1939 to 17 August 1939 and as Staff Officer Operations to Commanding Officer Atlantic Coast. His next command was as Commanding Officer of the destroyer `{{HMCS|Restigouche|H00|6}}`{=mediawiki} from 26 December 1939 to 23 June 1941. He was then made Director of Operations from June 1941 to October 1943.
He was the only Canadian Commanding Officer of the escort carrier `{{HMS|Nabob|D77|6}}`{=mediawiki} (a Royal Navy ship crewed by Canadians), from 15 October 1943 until severely damaged by the `{{GS|U-354}}`{=mediawiki} on 22 August 1944. Twenty-one crew were killed in the attack. *Nabob* was paid off on 30 September 1944, beached and finally scrapped in 1977.
He was next sent to Canadian Naval Mission Overseas London for negotiations with the Royal Navy for aircraft carriers in 1945. Lay was then sent to the US Army/US Navy Staff College and to Naval Service HQ as Director of Plans and Naval Intelligence.
### Cold War and civilian life {#cold_war_and_civilian_life}
In 1948 Lay became Acting Commodore and sent to Naval HQ as Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Plans and Air). The following year he was made Canadian Naval Attache Washington and Naval member of the Canadian Joint Liaison Staff. In 1952, Lay was assigned to Naval HQ as Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Warfare) and made a member of the Naval Board of Canada. He was promoted to rear admiral and assigned to Naval HQ as Vice-Chief of Naval Staff and as Chief of the Naval Staff in 1954, serving until his retirement in 1958.
After retirement, he was active in the Ottawa United Appeal from 1958 to 1972.
## Awards
- Order of the British Empire (OBE) - \"For gallantry and distinguished services before the enemy. This Officer was in command of one of HMC Destroyers engaged in convoy and other duties in United Kingdom waters in the early part of the war, and assisted in the evacuations from France. As Senior Officer of a convoy escort group in the Atlantic over a considerable period, his keenness and efficiency were an inspiration to those serving under his command.\"
- Mention in Despatches - \"For good service when his ship HMS Nabob was damaged.\" \"For courage, resolution and skill in Northern waters (London Gazette Citation)
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# Cécile Aubry
**Cécile Aubry** (born **Anne-José Madeleine Henriette Bénard**; 3 August 1928 -- 19 July 2010) was a French film actress, author, television screenwriter and director.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Born in 1928, Aubry began her career as a dancer. At age 20, she was signed to 20th Century Fox. She made her break as the star of Henri-Georges Clouzot\'s *Manon* (1949), which won the Golden Lion of Saint Mark at the Venice Film Festival. That brought her a leading role alongside Tyrone Power and Orson Welles in American director Henry Hathaway\'s feature *The Black Rose* (1950). Aubry also appeared in Christian-Jacque\'s *Bluebeard* (1952), one of the first French-produced films to be made in color. For a short time, she was a Hollywood success, signing a lucrative contract with Fox, employing her parents as a publicity team, and regularly appearing in French film magazines as an example of the perfect hybrid of Franco-American femininity.
Aubry had a short film career. It was interrupted by a secret six-year marriage to Si Brahim El Glaoui, the eldest son of Thami El Glaoui, the Pasha of Marrakesh, whom she met in 1950 while filming *The Black Rose*. They had one child together, son Mehdi El Glaoui (born 1956), before their divorce. She announced her retirement from film in 1959, saying that she had only enjoyed cinema for its travel opportunities. Aubry went on to write children\'s books and scenarios for children\'s television with considerable success.
Aubry became known in France for her television series for children, *Poly*, about a Shetland pony and a boy, and *Belle and Sebastian*, about a Pyrenean Mountain Dog and a boy, adapted for television from her books. The main character in each series was played by her son, Mehdi El Glaoui (credited as \"Mehdi\").
## Death
On 19 July 2010, Aubry died from lung cancer in Dourdan (Essonne), France, aged 81
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# Defence CBRN Centre
The **Defence Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Centre** (the **Defence CBRN Centre** or **DCBRNC** for short) is a United Kingdom military facility at Winterbourne Gunner in Wiltshire, south of Porton Down and about 4 mi north-east of Salisbury. It is a tri-service location, with the Army being the lead service. The centre is responsible for all training issues relating to chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) defence and warfare for the UK\'s armed forces.
It is also the home of the National Ambulance Resilience Unit\'s Training & Education Centre which, among other things, is responsible for training the NHS ambulance service\'s Hazardous Area Response Teams (HART).
## History
The site was established as an element of the Porton Down research facility in 1917. Known as Porton South Camp, it served as a trench mortar experimental site.
Reduced in scale immediately following the cessation of hostilities in 1918, research into chemical weapons and defence recommenced in 1921, with South Camp becoming the Chemical Warfare School in 1926. In 1931 the site became part of the Small Arms School as the Anti-Gas Wing. It would later become an independent entity, in 1939, as the Army Gas School, later the Army School of Chemical Warfare.
The site was operated by the Army until 1947, when it became a joint Army and Royal Air Force establishment. The emergence of a nuclear weapons threat led to the inclusion of radiological defence into the portfolio. In 1964 the biological threat was included in the scope of the centre and it became the Defence Nuclear, Biological and Chemical School. In 1999 the RAF took over the operation of the site, following the 1997 decision that they became the lead service for NBC training.
A full refurbishment of the site was completed in 2005, with the World War I accommodation replaced by a modernised training facility, used by all three services. Around this time the centre was the home of the Police National CBRN Centre, until it moved to NPIA facilities at Ryton, Warwickshire.
On 21 July 2005, the name of the site was changed from the Defence Nuclear Biological and Chemical Centre (DNBCC) to the Defence Chemical, Biological, Radiation and Nuclear Centre (DCBRNC).
In April 2019, the Army took over control of the centre from the RAF regiment.
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# Defence CBRN Centre
## DCBRNC courses {#dcbrnc_courses}
The Defence CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear) School is the instructional element of the centre. Its mission is to deliver the UK\'s CBRN Defence Training for Operations on land.
### CBRN Defence Advisors\' course {#cbrn_defence_advisors_course}
The 10-day CBRN Defence Advisors\' is aimed at military officers within a battlegroup or unit who have responsibility to assist/ advice the commander in the planning and execution of CBRN measures and unit CBRN training, or who fill CBRN staff appointments. The course trains CBRN Defence Advisors operating at battlegroup or deployed at an operating base at Staff Officer level.
### CBRN Defence Senior Officers\' symposium {#cbrn_defence_senior_officers_symposium}
The CBRN Defence Senior Officers\' Symposium has three parts: the UK\'s CBRN defence capabilities, the threat and countering the threat.
### CBRN Defence Cell Controller {#cbrn_defence_cell_controller}
This is a course for military personnel who manage and carry out the functions of CBRN Warning & Reporting and Collection Centres in line with Allied / NATO standards. This task includes dealing with CBRN data, interpreting that information and issuing subsequent reports on the threat. The emphasis of the course is on the automated plotting of threats.
### GSR Conversion course {#gsr_conversion_course}
This 5-day course trains CBRN defence instructors to fit, test and maintain the General Service Respirator and operate the Advanced Respirator Testing System.
### CBRN Defence Trainer course {#cbrn_defence_trainer_course}
This course provides the knowledge and skills to conduct and deliver instruction and testing on MATT 4 / CCS. It incorporates instruction on the GSR. Individuals can apply for the course alone or together with the Defence Operational Instructor course.
### CBRN Defence Operational Instructor course {#cbrn_defence_operational_instructor_course}
This course provides the knowledge and skills to conduct unit instruction in CBRN incident response.
### CBRN Defence Equipment Manager\'s course {#cbrn_defence_equipment_managers_course}
This course is intended for civilian and military stores staff who are responsible for storage, maintenance and management of CBRN defence equipment.
### CBRN Defence Casualty Decontamination Area course {#cbrn_defence_casualty_decontamination_area_course}
This course trains military band personnel (who in war are stretcher bearers) to perform casualty decontamination in a CBRN environment.
## CBRN Medical {#cbrn_medical}
The Defence CBRN Centre is the home of the Joint CBRN Medical Faculty. The centre provides CBRN medical training to all medical officers in the UK Armed forces and courses are available to NATO/Allied Nations. As well as military training, Defence CBRN Centre also supports civilian response in partnership with the Health Protection Agency.
The Joint CBRN Medical Faculty supports CBRN medical doctrine development, training and curriculum development and SME support to defence research programmes working closely with partners in the health sector.
## CBRN medical centre {#cbrn_medical_centre}
The Joint CBRN medical centre supports the medical response to a CBRN incident and the management of CBRN casualties. It is a cross-government group under the remit under the Surgeon-General to develop CBRN clinical guidance, medical training and research. The clinical training objectives are to:
\"manage any CBRN casualties including trauma, manage the medical aspects of a CBRN incident, treat chemical casualties, treat biological casualties including sepsis, treat radiological casualties including nuclear.
### CBRN Emergency Medical Treatment (Medical Officer) course {#cbrn_emergency_medical_treatment_medical_officer_course}
The Emergency Medical Treatment course is a 3-day course to provide military doctors with an awareness of the effects of CBRN agents and teach the competencies to provide Role 1 CBRN casualty management.
### CBRN Clinical course {#cbrn_clinical_course}
The CBRN Clinical course trains Role 1 (pre-hospital), 2 (hospital) and 3 (medical, nursing and allied health) professionals in the recognition and treatment of all casualties in a CBRN environment, through to Role 3 advanced medical care including critical care. This course supports the military competencies for emergency medicine, acute medicine, intensive care and specialist nurse training.
### Defence Medic CBRN course {#defence_medic_cbrn_course}
The Defence Medic CBRN course trains Role 1 (pre-hospital) medics in the recognition and treatment of all casualties in a CBRN environment. This course supports includes advanced first aid in the hot zone, emergency medical treatment and casualty decontamination.
## Technical Support Group {#technical_support_group}
The DCBRNC Technical Support Group provides an external training and trials function. The TSG External Training Team provides all three services with their CBRN defence training, inspecting the training at unit level. Secondly, the Trials part of TSG helps the development of Joint Service CBRN defence equipment and procedures, supporting the CBRN Delivery Team and DES. The team has contributed to Light Role Teams, G.S.R. and the ARTS system.
The Defence CBRN Centre assists with the military\'s annual chemical warfare exercise, Exercise TOXIC DAGGER, which in 2018 took place on Salisbury Plain and involved over 300 military personnel, including 40 Commando Royal Marine, the RAF Regiment and the Royal Marines Band Service for casualty treatment
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# Between My Ears There Is Nothing But Music
***Between My Ears There Is Nothing But Music*** is the fourth studio album by rock band Babybird released in 2006. It was the first album that they recorded after leaving Echo Records in 2000. It was released by Babybird Records.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Too Much\" (3:47)
2. \"Dive\" (3:32)
3. \"Snails\" (3:12)
4. \"Old Skin\" (4:00)
5. \"Little Things\" (3:40)
6. \"70\" (3:46)
7. \"Lighter \'N\' Spoon\" (3:21)
8. \"Divorce Song\" (3:55)
9. \"Shoutabout\" (3:53)
10. \"Better Than Love\" (3:23)
11. \"Beautiful Place\" (9:19)
Note: The last track is listed as \"Beautiful Place\" on the cover but as \"Lost in a Beautiful Place\" in the lyric booklet that comes with the CD. The song concludes at 5:11. A silence follows until 6:13 when an unlisted song, titled \'I\'m Gone\', ends the album
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# Mount Damper Falls
**Mount Damper Falls** is a waterfall in the North Island of New Zealand on a tributary, Mount Damper Stream, of the Tongapōrutu River.
## Location
The falls are located on a walking track about 1 km from the intersection of Okau and Mangapapa Roads on State Highway 43 in the Stratford District in Taranaki. At 74 metres, the falls are one of the highest in the North Island, although they rank behind Wairere, Ananui and Waitakere Falls. The falls form part of Highway 43\'s heritage trails.
The access track crosses privately owned land and is maintained by the Department of Conservation. Access is closed to hunters every year from 1 August to 31 October for the lambing season.
## Discovery
The falls are near the Tihi-Manuka trail, which was used by local Maori as the main route between the Taumaranui area and the north Taranaki coast. The first European to discover the falls was government surveyor, L C Sladden, in 1900 when surveying the Waro Survey District. They were rediscovered around 1909 when an early settler H W Wilkinson\'s prize sheep dog, Lassie, died when dragged over by a wild boar
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# Somervale School
**Somervale School** is situated in Midsomer Norton in Bath and North East Somerset in South West England. The school, which has academy status, is a specialist Arts College. It is one of two schools in the area, providing secondary education to local children and some pupils who live outside the catchment area. The number of pupils on the school roll is 538. A fall in the number of pupils prompted the school to propose a federation with nearby Norton Hill School in March 2009. This later became the foundation for the Multi Academy Trust, named Midsomer Norton Schools Partnership, with Alun Williams as chief executive officer In October 2010, Somervale School became an academy alongside Norton Hill. Somervale was named amongst the 100 top performing schools based on sustained improvement of results by Minister of State for Schools Nick Gibb in March 2012. Somervale School was awarded \'Good\' by Ofsted in June 2022. The school shares its sixth form with federated school Norton Hill. The sixth form is based across both sites and is called the Midsomer Norton Sixth Form.
In 2008, the school was the first in Bath and North East Somerset to win the Eco-Schools Silver Award.
The local community radio station, Somer Valley FM, broadcasts from the former caretaker\'s house on the school premises. It provides opportunities for pupils to gain radio work experience and training.
The school was built on land that was formerly part of the estate of the now-demolished mansion Norton House, built by coal mine investor Thomas Savage in 1789. A Crimean War memorial obelisk built by the Savage family survives in the school grounds to this day.
Award-winning playwright Chris Urch went to Somervale when he lived in Midsomer Norton before moving to London to study acting
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# History of New Plymouth
The city of New Plymouth, New Zealand, has a history that includes a lengthy occupation and residence by Maori, the arrival of white traders and settlers in the 19th century and warfare that resulted when the demands of the two cultures clashed.
European settlement began in the early 1840s at a time when many original Maori inhabitants were absent, either because they had been taken captive by northern Maori warriors or had migrated south to avoid war. The rapid growth of the colonist population, coupled with insatiable demands for land by the New Zealand Company and the dubious practices it employed in purchasing it, created friction with local Maori, leading to a war in the 1860s. New Plymouth became a fortified garrison town and its residents suffered hunger and disease. Farming was impeded and immigration and trade came to a halt.
In the aftermath of the war, as improved road and rail links with other towns resulted in a rapid growth of population and economic stability, the town became a major exporting port for dairy produce from the Taranaki district and the administrative centre for Taranaki\'s petro-chemical industry.
## Before 1838: Early contact and inter-tribal conflict {#before_1838_early_contact_and_inter_tribal_conflict}
The area where New Plymouth was founded had for centuries been the home for several Māori iwi (tribes). From about 1823 the Maori began having contact with European whalers as well as traders who arrived by schooner to buy flax. In March 1828 Richard \"Dicky\" Barrett (1807--47) set up a trading post at Ngamotu after arriving on the trading vessel *Adventure*. Barrett and his companions were welcomed by Te Āti Awa tribe, who realised that the Europeans, with their muskets and cannon, could assist in their continuing wars with Waikato Maori, as well as providing cloth, food and utensils. Following a bloody encounter at Ngamotu (Moturoa) in 1832, most of the 2000 Āti Awa living near Ngamotu migrated south to the Kāpiti region and Marlborough, leaving about 300 to live on the newly fortified Moturoa and Mikotahi, two of the Sugar Loaf Islands west of Ngamotu. Barrett also left the area. The Waikato Maori returned in 1833, laying siege to the Āti Awa remnant until their surrender almost a year later.
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# History of New Plymouth
## 1838--1840: New Zealand Company's first land purchases {#new_zealand_companys_first_land_purchases}
In 1838 the New Zealand Company was formed in England with the purpose of facilitating and encouraging migration from overcrowded cities to New Zealand, selling land to settlers who would work as farmers and labourers. A separate enterprise, the Plymouth Company, was established in Plymouth in February 1840, where it was run under the guidance of agent Thomas Woolcombe. (Many streets in New Plymouth bear the names of the company\'s directors, including Woolcombe, the Earl of Devon, Thomas Gill, Sir Anthony Buller, Lord Eliot, George Leach, Sir Charles Lemon, Edward St Aubyn, E.W.W. Pendarvis, Lord Courtenay and Hussey Vivian.) The company merged with the New Zealand Company in April 1841 after suffering financial losses through the collapse of its bank.
Barrett returned to Ngamotu in November 1839 aboard the *Tory*, a vessel carrying out an exploratory expedition for the New Zealand Company. With him was Colonel William Wakefield, a land purchasing agent for the company. A month earlier Wakefield had claimed to have bought 80,000 km^2^ (20 million acres), comprising one-third of New Zealand, from certain Taranaki and other Maori in Wellington. The area extended from Aotea Harbour near Waikato to Hurunui River in north Canterbury in the South Island.
Barrett, who could speak some Maori, acted as the sole agent for the New Zealand Company, negotiating the purchase of Taranaki land on behalf of the company and on 15 February 1840 -- the month the Treaty of Waitangi was signed -- a formal Deed of Sale was signed by 75 Maori individuals, with payment made with guns, blankets and other chattels. Many witnesses later testified that Barrett had not read out the deed or adequately explained it at the time of signing. Included in the purchases was a vast area in central Taranaki extending from Mokau to Cape Egmont, and inland to the upper reaches of the Whanganui River including Mt Taranaki; a second deed, the so-called Nga Motu deed, included New Plymouth and all the coastal lands of North Taranaki, including Waitara. The company had already begun on-selling the land to prospective settlers in England with the expectation of securing its title.
J. Houston, writing in *Maori Life in Old Taranaki* (1965), observed: \"Many of the true owners were absent, while others had not returned from slavery to the Waikatos in the north. Thus the 72 chiefs of Ngamotu cheerfully sold lands in which they themselves had no interest, as well as lands wherein they held only a part interest along with several others.\" The poor understanding by Maori of the nature and extent of the sale -- confusion that later led to tension and warfare over land -- was not aided by Barrett\'s translation skills: at subsequent Land Claims Commission hearings in Wellington he was invited to demonstrate his translation ability on a lengthy, legalistic document and was said to have \"turned a 1600-word document, written in English, into 115 meaningless Maori ones\".
The Waitangi Tribunal noted that Wakefield\'s purchase, and the company\'s subsequent sales, were patently invalid: on 14 January 1840 George Gipps, Governor of New South Wales, of which New Zealand was a dependency, had issued a proclamation that purchases of Maori land by private interests after that date would be null and void and not recognised by the Crown. In November the company renounced its initial large-scale \"purchases\" in a deal that provided it with four acres (1.6ha) for every pound it had spent on colonisation.
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# History of New Plymouth
## 1841: Selecting a site {#selecting_a_site}
Eleven months later, on 12 December 1840, Frederic Alonzo Carrington, the 32-year-old Chief Surveyor for the Plymouth Company, arrived in Wellington with the task of creating a 44 km^2^ (11,000 acre) settlement in New Zealand for people of the West Country. Wakefield had already been informed that the Plymouth Company was to take over some of the New Zealand Company land. He urged Carrington to select a site at Ngamotu.
The pressure on Carrington was intense: the first settlers\' ship had sailed from Plymouth on 19 November and was already en route to New Zealand. Carrington invited Barrett to join his team and about 9 January 1841, the pair arrived at Ngamotu with a party of assistant surveyors on the barque *Brougham*, ready to choose a site for the new town.
Carrington inspected the area around Moturoa, then set out by whaleboat to examine Waitara, rowing 5 km up the Waitara River. He returned to Wellington, determined to examine sites in the South Island before making a final decision. Barrett guided the *Brougham* around barren areas near Nelson, highlighting swampy areas that would be unsuited to settlement. Biographer Angela Caughey claimed Barrett\'s choice of locations to show Carrington was part of a strategy, motivated by self-interest, to discourage the surveyor from siting New Plymouth in that area instead of Taranaki. On 26 January Carrington informed Wakefield that despite his reservations, he had opted to site his town at Ngamotu.
He wrote to Woolcombe in Plymouth: \"I have selected a place where small harbours can be easily made and with trifling expense, close to an abundance of material being on the spot \... I have fixed the town between the rivers Huatoki and Henui \... two or three brooks run through the town and water is to be had in any part of it. The soil, I think, cannot be better. There is much open or fern country and an abundance of fine timber.\"
Carrington told Woolcombe he had wavered on the site of the town after making two forays up the Waitara River, where he discovered beautiful country. \"I once had made up my mind to have the town there,\" he wrote, \"but the almost constant surf upon the bar has caused me to prefer this place \... the New Plymouth Company has the garden of this country; all we want is labour and particularly working oxen.\"
New Plymouth was laid out over 550 acres (2.2 km^2^), with additional rural sections proposed along the coast beyond Waitara, covering a total of 68,500 acres (274 km^2^). By year\'s end his map of the town showed 2267 sections ready for selection by settlers, with streets, squares, hospitals, schools and parks surrounded by boulevards that separated the town from the suburban districts. For decades, however, Carrington would come under attack from settlers who thought the location of New Plymouth had been poorly chosen because of the lack of a natural harbour.
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# History of New Plymouth
## 1841: The first settlers {#the_first_settlers}
The first of the town\'s settlers arrived on the *William Bryan*, which anchored off the coast on 31 March 1841. In steerage were 21 married couples, 22 single adults and 70 children. George Cutfield, the head of the expedition, wrote a letter home, describing the settlement as \"a fine country with a large quantity of flat land, but every part is covered with vegetation, fern, scrub and forest. The fern, on good land, is generally from four to six feet high. There are thousands of acres of this land which will require but a trifling outlay to bring into cultivation.\"
Temporary housing sites had been provided on Mount Eliot (the present-day site of Puke Ariki museum), and frustrations mounted as settlers were forced to squat in homes built of rushes and sedges through winter, amid flourishing numbers of rats, dwindling food supplies and rising unease over the prospects of a repeat raid by Waikato Maori. The first suburban sections were not available until October, while those who had bought town sections were forced to wait until mid-November.
The second ship, *Amelia Thompson*, arrived off the Taranaki coast on 3 September and sat off shore for five weeks because its captain feared Ngamotu\'s reputation as a dangerous shipping area. Its 187 passengers were helped ashore by Barrett and his men over the course of two weeks, each small boatload taking five hours to row from the vessel to the shore. The ship\'s precious food cargo, including flour and salted meat, was finally brought ashore for New Plymouth\'s starving residents on 30 September. The loss of its baggage ship, the *Regina*, which was blown ashore on to a reef, contributed to New Plymouth\'s reputation as a dangerous area for shipping, discouraging other vessels from berthing.
By one account, settlers were by now \"moaning vociferously about having ever left England. Living was a continual battle to shield themselves against the elements and their food supplies against termites, insects and hungry animals. Drunkenness was rife among the labourers in a dreary existence with too little to do. Flour supplies had run out again and there was no likelihood of more until the next boatload of settlers arrived. Te Ati Awa, too were hungry. The co-operative ones had planted more crops than usual, to feed the coming Pakeha, but so many more Europeans had turned up than they expected, that they also were short of food.\"
As summer arrived, buildings began to be erected, gardens planted and wheat sown. Other ships soon arrived to provide more labour and food supplies: the *Oriental* (130 passengers) on 7 November 1841; the *Timandra* (202 passengers) on 23 February 1842; the *Blenheim* (138 passengers) on 19 November 1842; and the *Essex* (115 passengers) on 25 January 1843, by which time the town was described as a collection of raupo and pitsawn timber huts housing almost 1000 Europeans.
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# History of New Plymouth
## 1842--1866: Land disputes {#land_disputes}
As settlers arrived, they occupied allotments throughout the coast to beyond Waitara. Many had bought land from the New Zealand Company before the company had purchased the land itself. Tensions between Maori and settlers soon became evident: a party of settlers were driven from land north of the Waitara River in July 1842 and surveyors were obstructed by a group of 100 Maori in 1843. Yet the town continued to thrive: by 1844 it had two flour mills on the Huatoki River and by 1847 it was recorded there were 841 hectares of land in cultivation.
In May 1844 William Spain, who had been appointed Land Claims Commissioner to examine New Zealand Company land claims, began inquiries in Taranaki. The company withdrew its two large land claims of 1840, restricting its claim of \"legitimately purchased\" land to Nga Motu. Spain ruled in its favour, endorsing its claim to 24,000 ha extending north from the Sugar Loaf Islands, except for pas, burial places and land in cultivation (48ha), native reserves of 10 per cent of the land (2400ha), land for the Wesleyan Mission Station (40ha), and land for Barrett and his family (72ha).
On 2 July Spain wrote to Governor Robert FitzRoy advocating the imposition of a military force to persuade the Maori that everything was in their best interests, or as he put it, to demonstrate \"our power to enforce obedience to the laws, and of the utter hopelessness of any attempt on their part at resistance \...\" As Spain saw it, New Zealand had been colonised for philanthropic reasons, \"to benefit the Natives by teaching them the usefulness of habits of industry, and the advantages attendant upon civilisation.\"
The award, wrote J.S. Tullett in his history of the city, \"was received with great hostility by the Maoris\". They wrote letters of strong protest to FitzRoy, who responded with sympathy. After visiting New Plymouth in late 1844, FitzRoy formally set aside Spain\'s award, acknowledging that the land had been sold without the approval of the absentees. He substituted it for a 1400ha block that became known as the \"Fitzroy block\", which included the town site and only the immediate surrounding area. Many settlers who had taken up land outside the Fitzroy block were thus forced to move back within its boundaries, fostering widespread hostility towards FitzRoy.
According to the Waitangi Tribunal, the Fitzroy block deal was less a purchase than a \"political settlement based on the reality that there were already settlers on the land, who had to be either accepted or driven out \... (the sale was) more akin to a treaty, because Maori also imposed two significant conditions. The first was that settlers still outside the Fitzroy block would be brought back into it and the second was that the settlers would expand no further.\" A 12-metre high boundary mark, known as the FitzRoy Pole, was later erected on the banks of the Waiwakaiho River to indicate the limit of Pākehā settlement.
Still, however, migrants continued to arrive. In 1847 FitzRoy\'s bellicose successor, George Grey, responded to settler resentment by pressuring Te Āti Awa leaders to sell more land. Firmly rebuffed, he then turned to individual Maori who were prepared to accept payment. By means of these secret deals Grey bought 10,800ha in five blocks: two were at Tataraimaka and Omata to the south-west of New Plymouth and thus beyond the scope of FitzRoy\'s accord, but three were in Te Āti Awa territory -- the Mangorei or Grey block to the south of the Fitzroy block, plus Cooke\'s Farm and the Bell Block between New Plymouth and Waitara. The sales triggered fighting among Maori sellers and non-sellers, but the Government succeeded in its aim: by 1859 it claimed to have bought a total of 30,000ha. (The New Zealand Company had surrendered its charter in July 1850, with all its land holdings passing to the Crown).
Grey\'s determination to secure more land despite Maori opposition had been made clear from the outset: in an 1847 letter to his newly appointed Inspector of Police, the former Sub-Protector of Aborigines Donald McLean, he said that apart from reserves set aside for resident Māori and those returning from the south, \"the remaining portion \... should be resumed by the Crown for use by Europeans.\" In 1852, McLean negotiated with Karira the acquisition of Maori-owned land on the northern flank of Mt. Taranaki. By 1855, the 58th Regiment had been sent to New Plymouth to reassure the settlers.
On 22 February 1860 mounting tensions over the sale of a 600-acre (240 hectare) block of land at Waitara led to the declaration of martial law in Taranaki. Settlers in neighbouring areas of Omata, Bell Block and Waitara began to create stockades to protect their farms. Three weeks later on 17 March, Governor Thomas Gore Browne ordered a military assault on Te Āti Awa chief Wiremu Kīngi Te Rangitāke and his people at a defensive pā at Waitara.
## 1860--1866: Wartime crisis {#wartime_crisis}
*Main article: First Taranaki War, Waitara, New Zealand*
More than 3,500 troops poured into Taranaki, including the 65th, Suffolk, West Yorkshire, 40th and 57th Regiments, during which New Plymouth was transformed into a fortified garrison town. Most women and children were sent to Nelson while the men joined the military forces. For more than two years all farming was carried out under military protection, with farmers returning at nightfall to the security of the many military forts. More than 200 farms were burnt or plundered while the war raged. By July 1860 the town was reported to be in a state of siege. One soldier wrote: \"The natives have come close up to the town, murdering every soul who is fool enough to go half a mile outside the ramparts.\"
Disease, a result of extreme over-crowding, was rife (121 died from disease during the war, 10 times the annual average), food was scarce and the settlers were bordering on despair. There were widespread fears the town would be attacked by Maori warriors, especially when two strong pa were built within 3 km of the town. The wave of immigrants quickly evaporated. In October 1860 a settler wrote: \"Little remains of the settlement of Taranaki outside the 50 acre section to which the town is reduced.\"
The war ended with an uneasy truce after a year, although later skirmishes, described by some historians as a second Taranaki war, later took place
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# View of Venice: The Piazzetta Seen from the Riva degli Schiavoni
***View of Venice: The Piazzetta Seen from the Riva degli Schiavoni*** is an oil-on-canvas painting of Venice executed c. 1835--1845 by French artist Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot. The painting is at the Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, but as at 2019 not on display.
The painting depicts the Piazzetta (an extension of the Piazza San Marco) from the Riva degli Schiavoni waterfront. In the centre is a column carrying the Lion of Venice, a sculpture of a winged lion
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# Wild in the Country (festival)
**Wild in the Country** was a music festival organized by record label Renaissance and held from 2004 to 2007.
The first Wild in the Country event was held at Shugborough Hall in Staffordshire, England on 1 May 2004. Acts who appeared at the first event were Scissor Sisters, Sasha & John Digweed, Dave Seaman, James Zabiela, Derrick Carter, Yousef, Infusion, Neneh Cherry, Jon Carter, and Audio Bullies.
Gigwise.com describes Wild in the Country as \"the ideal festival for lovers of electronic music.\" and notes that the festival is part of a Renaissance tradition of holding gigs in picturesque settings like Allerton Castle and Shugborough Hall. The last festival was at Knebworth Park starting on 30 June 2007 with Underworld, Hot Chip, and Sasha and Digweed.
The 2008 festival scheduled to be held at Knebworth Park, Hertfordshire on 5 July was canceled two days prior to the event \"due to lower than expected ticket sales and a key investor withdrawing at the last minute, leaving the event in an unsustainable position.\" The decision came a week after headliner Björk canceled her appearance having failed to come to terms with the organizers over staging logistics
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# The Miller's Tale: A Tom Verlaine Anthology
***The Miller\'s Tale: A Tom Verlaine Anthology*** is a 1996 double-CD compilation album compiled by rock historian Clinton Heylin. It chronicles Verlaine\'s solo career and his career with Television on one CD (including several obscurities) and an edited live performance from London in 1982 on the other CD. The title refers to Verlaine\'s birth surname.
## Track overview {#track_overview}
The first CD is an edited release of a 1982 concert in London featuring Jimmy Ripp on guitar, Jay Dee Daugherty on drums, Fred Smith on bass, and Tom Verlaine on vocals and guitar. Lene Lovich, who sang backup vocals, was mixed out of the recording due to rights issues. The performance is notable for an extended jam in \"Always\" that differs considerably from the recorded version.
The second CD covers the period of the three Television albums and Verlaine\'s solo work, and also contains a selection of previously unreleased songs that were allegedly shelved after being submitted for release in 1986. These tracks were recorded in London, and include \"Anna,\" \"Sixteen Tulips,\" and \"Call Me The\". Additionally, it contains \"Lindi-Lu,\" which only appeared on the US edition of *Cover* in 1984, and \"Your Finest Hour,\" a b-side from the same album sessions. It also includes \"The Revolution\", an outtake from *Television* which had previously only appeared on a rare French promotional CD EP.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
**CD1** live at The Venue, Victoria, London, June 3, 1982
1. \"Kingdom Come\" (3:51)
2. \"Souvenir from a Dream\" (4:30)
3. \"Clear It Away\" (4:51)
4. \"Always\" (9:05)
5. \"Postcard from Waterloo\" (3:20)
6. \"Penetration\" (5:09)
7. \"Breakin\' in my Heart\" (8:14)
8. \"Marquee Moon\" (13:31)
9. \"Days on the Mountain\" (10:30)
10. \"Prove It\" (5:53)
**CD2** Compilation of Television and Verlaine solo tracks
1. \"Venus\" (3:49)
2. \"Glory\" (3:08)
3. \"The Grip of Love\" (3:55)
4. \"Without a Word\" (3:16)
5. \"Words from the Front\" (6:40)
6. \"Let Go The Mansion\" (3:10)
7. \"Lindi-Lu\" (3:43)
8. \"O Foolish Heart\" (4:28)
9. \"Five Miles of You\" (5:36)
10. \"Your Finest Hour\" (2:27)
11. \"Anna\" (5:07)
12. \"Sixteen Tulips\" (4:55)
13. \"Call Me The\" (3:35)
14. \"At 4 a.m.\" (3:29)
15. \"Stalingrad\" (3:32)
16. \"Call Mr. Lee\" (4:14)
17. \"No Glamour For Willi\" (4:56)
18
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# Friend function
In object-oriented programming, a **friend function**, that is a \"friend\" of a given class, is a function that is given the same access as methods to private and protected data.
A friend function is declared by the class that is granting access, so friend functions are part of the class interface, like methods. Friend functions allow alternative syntax to use objects, for instance `f(x)` instead of `x.f()`, or `g(x,y)` instead of `x.g(y)`. Friend functions have the same implications on encapsulation as methods.
A similar concept is that of friend class.
## Use cases {#use_cases}
This approach may be used in friendly function when a function needs to access private data in objects from two different classes. This may be accomplished in two similar ways:
- A function of global or namespace scope may be declared as friend of both classes.
- A method of one class may be declared as friend of another one.
``` cpp
// C++ implementation of friend functions.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Foo; // Forward declaration of class Foo in order for example to compile.
class Bar {
private:
int a = 0;
public:
void show(Bar& x, Foo& y);
friend void show(Bar& x, Foo& y); // declaration of global function as friend
};
class Foo {
private:
int b = 6;
public:
friend void show(Bar& x, Foo& y); // declaration of global function as friend
friend void Bar::show(Bar& x, Foo& y); // declaration of friend from other class
};
// Definition of a method of Bar; this is a friend of Foo
void Bar::show(Bar& x, Foo& y) {
cout << "Show via function member of Bar" << endl;
cout << "Bar::a = " << x.a << endl;
cout << "Foo::b = " << y.b << endl;
}
// Friend for Bar and Foo, definition of global function
void show(Bar& x, Foo& y) {
cout << "Show via global function" << endl;
cout << "Bar::a = " << x.a << endl;
cout << "Foo::b = " << y.b << endl;
}
int main() {
Bar a;
Foo b;
show(a,b);
a
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# Ghatkesar
**Ghatkesar** is a satellite town of Hyderabad in the Medchal-Malkajgiri district of Telangana, India. It is the mandal headquarters of Ghatkesar Mandal in the Keesara revenue division. Located in the outer suburbs of Hyderabad, it is a part of the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority.
## Geography
Ghatkesar is located at 17.4494 N 78.6853 e.
## Economy
The presence of Warangal highway, Outer ring road and The Metro in Uppal have led to a large-scale boom in real-estate activity in and adjoining areas of Rampally, Narapally, Boduppal and Peerzadiguda. Ghatkesar has primary health care. It also has plenty of electrical, automobile, electronics and cloth shops. It has a bus stop and a railway station with MMTS connectivity that provides easy connectivity between Ghatkesar and other places.
## Educational institutions {#educational_institutions}
Ghatkesar has many schools and colleges. There are about six engineering colleges and 11 high schools within a ten-kilometer radius.
**Engineering colleges (\<10 km)**
- Sreenidhi Institute of Technology and Science (SNIST), Yamnampet
- Anurag University, Venkatapur
- Anurag College of Engineering, Aushapur
- Princeton College of Engineering, Ankushapur
- Krishnamurthy Institute of Technology and Science, Edulabad
- Samskruthi College of Engineering, Ghatkesar
**High schools (\<10 km)**
- Government High School
- Holy Faith Grammer High School
- St. Anthony\'s High
- Ghatkesar Model High School
- Brilliant Grammer High School
- Rishi High School
- Vignan High School
- Rockwoods International School, Yamnampet
- Kendriya Vidyalaya, NFC Nagar
- Delhi Public School, Ghatkesar
- Rotterdam International School
## Demographics
Ghatkesar is the fastest growing mandal in population growth of whole Telangana, with a decadal population growth record of 112%.
### Administration
Ghatkesar is Mandal and Municipality also.
- Ghatkesar municipality has newly merged village\'s are <https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/45-villages-near-orr-merged-with-13-abutting-civic-bodies/articleshow/113044062
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# Alasmidonta atropurpurea
***Alasmidonta atropurpurea***, common name **Cumberland elktoe**, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels.
## Description
The Cumberland elktoe has a thin, but not fragile, shell. The outside surface of the shell (periostracum) is smooth, somewhat shiny, and covered with greenish rays. Young specimens have a yellowish brown periostracum, while specimens of adults are generally much darker. The inside surface of the shell (nacre) is shiny, with the color being white, bluish white, or sometimes peach or salmon.
## Distribution
The Cumberland elktoe is endemic to the upper Cumberland River system, and it still exists in 12 mostly small tributaries in southeast Kentucky and north-central Tennessee.
The Cumberland elktoe is limited in distribution to the upper Cumberland River system in southeast Kentucky and north-central Tennessee, occupying streams both above and below Cumberland Falls. This species appears to have occurred only in the main stem of the Cumberland River and primarily its southern tributaries upstream from the hypothesized original location of Cumberland Falls near Burnside, Pulaski County, Kentucky. The original type locality was simply \"river Cumberland,\" according to Clarke, who, upon ascertaining that the type specimen was lost, designated a neotype from the Clear Fork, a tributary to the Big South Fork, in Fentress County, Tennessee. All verified sites of occurrence are in the Cumberland Plateau Physiographic Province, giving it one of the most restricted ranges of any Cumberlandian species.
There has been confusion about the historical distribution of this species because of its similarity to a congener -- the elktoe (*Alasmidonta marginata*). Museum and literature records of *Alasmidonta marginata* from the Cumberland River drainage on the Cumberland Plateau should be verified because they may actually represent the Cumberland elktoe. Cicerello and Laudermilk maintains that these two species occur sympatrically in the Rockcastle River, contrary to the assertion by Gordon and Layzer that they are allopatric.
The Cumberland elktoe has apparently been extirpated from the main stem of the Cumberland River and Laurel River and its tributary, Lynn Camp Creek. The status of the Cumberland elktoe from the heavily coal-mined New River watershed, where there is a single known record, is unknown. Based on recent records, populations of the Cumberland elktoe persist in 12 tributaries:
- Laurel Fork, Claiborne County, Tennessee and Whitley County, Kentucky and Marsh Creek, McCreary County, Kentucky
- Sinking Creek, Laurel County, Kentucky
- Big South Fork, Scott County, Tennessee, and McCreary County, Kentucky
- Rock Creek, McCreary County, Kentucky
- North White Oak Creek, Fentress County, Tennessee
- Clear Fork, Fentress, Morgan, and Scott counties, Tennessee
- North Prong Clear Fork and Crooked Creek, Fentress County, Tennessee
- White Oak Creek, Scott County, Tennessee
- Bone Camp Creek, Morgan County, Tennessee
- New River, Scott County, Tennessee
The latter nine streams, which comprise the Big South Fork system, may represent a single metapopulation of the Cumberland elktoe; there may be suitable habitat for the species and/or its fish hosts in intervening stream reaches, potentially allowing for natural genetic interchange to occur.
Considered a \"rare species\", few sites continue to harbor the Cumberland elktoe. Marsh Creek harbors the largest population known in Kentucky, and the population in Rock Creek is also sizable. In both streams the Cumberland elktoe represented the second most abundant unionid species. The Marsh Creek population, with at least three-year classes present, is viable, but the viability of the Rock Creek population is questionable. The largest population in Tennessee is in the Big South Fork system in the headwaters of the Clear Fork system, where several hundred specimens were found in muskrat middens in the late 1980s. Several age classes of the Cumberland elktoe were represented in samples taken from throughout the larger tributaries of the Big South Fork system in Tennessee during a 1985-86 survey.
## Ecology
### Habitat
This species inhabits medium-sized rivers and may extend into headwater streams where it is often the only mussel present. Gordon and Layzer reported that the species appears to be most abundant in flats, which were described by Gordon as shallow pool areas lacking the bottom contour development of typical pools, with sand and scattered cobble/boulder material, relatively shallow depths, and slow (almost imperceptible) currents. They also report the species from swifter currents and in areas with mud, sand, and gravel substrates.
### Hosts
Gordon and Layzer summarized the reproductive biology and identified fish hosts of the Cumberland elktoe. This anodontine species was found gravid from October through May, but they observed no fish infested with its glochidia until March. They found Cumberland elktoe glochidia to develop equally well on both fin and gill surfaces.
Five native fish species were parasitized by Cumberland elktoe glochidia:
- whitetail shiner (*Cyprinella galactura*)
- northern hogsucker (*Hypentelium nigricans*)
- rock bass (*Ambloplites rupestris*)
- longear sunfish (*Lepomis megalotis*)
- rainbow darter (*Etheostoma caeruleum*).
However, under laboratory conditions, juvenile specimens transformed only on the northern hogsucker. The period of glochidial encystment (i.e., until transformation into free-living juveniles) took 24 days, at 66.2° ± 5.4 °F
| 838 |
Alasmidonta atropurpurea
| 0 |
11,017,946 |
# Matrix coefficient
In mathematics, a **matrix coefficient** (or **matrix element**) is a function on a group of a special form, which depends on a linear representation of the group and additional data. Precisely, it is a function on a compact topological group *G* obtained by composing a representation of *G* on a vector space *V* with a linear map from the endomorphisms of *V* into *V*{{\'s}} underlying field. It is also called a **representative function**. They arise naturally from finite-dimensional representations of *G* as the matrix-entry functions of the corresponding matrix representations. The Peter--Weyl theorem says that the matrix coefficients on *G* are dense in the Hilbert space of square-integrable functions on *G*.
Matrix coefficients of representations of Lie groups turned out to be intimately related with the theory of special functions, providing a unifying approach to large parts of this theory. Growth properties of matrix coefficients play a key role in the classification of irreducible representations of locally compact groups, in particular, reductive real and *p*-adic groups. The formalism of matrix coefficients leads to a generalization of the notion of a modular form. In a different direction, mixing properties of certain dynamical systems are controlled by the properties of suitable matrix coefficients.
## Definition
A **matrix coefficient** (or **matrix element**) of a linear representation `{{math|ρ}}`{=mediawiki} of a group `{{math|G}}`{=mediawiki} on a vector space `{{math|V}}`{=mediawiki} is a function `{{math|f<sub>v,η</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} on the group, of the type
$$f_{v,\eta}(g) = \eta(\rho(g)v)$$
where `{{math|v}}`{=mediawiki} is a vector in `{{math|V}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{math|η}}`{=mediawiki} is a continuous linear functional on `{{math|V}}`{=mediawiki}, and `{{math|g}}`{=mediawiki} is an element of `{{math|G}}`{=mediawiki}. This function takes scalar values on `{{math|G}}`{=mediawiki}. If `{{math|V}}`{=mediawiki} is a Hilbert space, then by the Riesz representation theorem, all matrix coefficients have the form
$$f_{v,w}(g) = \langle \rho(g)v, w \rangle$$
for some vectors `{{math|v}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{math|w}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{math|V}}`{=mediawiki}.
For `{{math|V}}`{=mediawiki} of finite dimension, and `{{math|v}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{math|w}}`{=mediawiki} taken from a standard basis, this is actually the function given by the matrix entry in a fixed place.
## Applications
### Finite groups {#finite_groups}
Matrix coefficients of irreducible representations of finite groups play a prominent role in representation theory of these groups, as developed by Burnside, Frobenius and Schur. They satisfy Schur orthogonality relations. The character of a representation ρ is a sum of the matrix coefficients *f*~*v*~i~,η~i~~, where {*v*~i~} form a basis in the representation space of ρ, and {η~i~} form the dual basis.
### Finite-dimensional Lie groups and special functions {#finite_dimensional_lie_groups_and_special_functions}
Matrix coefficients of representations of Lie groups were first considered by Élie Cartan. Israel Gelfand realized that many classical special functions and orthogonal polynomials are expressible as the matrix coefficients of representation of Lie groups *G*. This description provides a uniform framework for proving many hitherto disparate properties of special functions, such as addition formulas, certain recurrence relations, orthogonality relations, integral representations, and eigenvalue properties with respect to differential operators. Special functions of mathematical physics, such as the trigonometric functions, the hypergeometric function and its generalizations, Legendre and Jacobi orthogonal polynomials and Bessel functions all arise as matrix coefficients of representations of Lie groups. Theta functions and real analytic Eisenstein series, important in algebraic geometry and number theory, also admit such realizations.
### Automorphic forms {#automorphic_forms}
A powerful approach to the theory of classical modular forms, initiated by Gelfand, Graev, and Piatetski-Shapiro, views them as matrix coefficients of certain infinite-dimensional unitary representations, automorphic representations of adelic groups. This approach was further developed by Langlands, for general reductive algebraic groups over global fields
| 575 |
Matrix coefficient
| 0 |
11,017,966 |
# Massachusetts Route 78
**Route 78** is a state highway in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. The highway runs 9.73 mi from Route 2A in Orange north to the New Hampshire state line in Warwick in northeastern Franklin County where it continues as New Hampshire Route 78.
## Route description {#route_description}
Route 78 begins at Route 2A (Orange Road) in the town of Orange just north of the Springfield Terminal railroad tracks and the Millers River. The two-lane highway heads north as Warwick Road into the town of the same name, where its name changes to Orange Road. Route 78 passes Wheelers Pond on its way to the town center of Warwick, where its name changes to Winchester Road. The highway passes through Mount Grace State Forest and by Mount Grace before reaching its northern terminus at the New Hampshire state line, where the highway continues as New Hampshire Route 78 into the town of Winchester
| 156 |
Massachusetts Route 78
| 0 |
11,017,999 |
# A Woman Reading
***A Woman Reading*** is an oil-on-canvas painting by French artist Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, created in 1869. The painting is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.
## History and description {#history_and_description}
The painting depicts a woman seatead in the countryside, in open air, reading a book. She seems to be immersed in the reading of the book that she has on her lap. In the distance to her left there is a river, where can be seen a man in a boat. The green field and the blue cloudy sky, divide the painting\'s background almost at half size. Corot, whose reputation was made as a landscape painter, painted many images of solitary, pensive women in his later years. *Femme Lisant*, which was shown at the Salon of 1869, is the only one of them that he exhibited in his lifetime.
When the 72-year-old painter exhibited the canvas at the Salon in 1869, Théophile Gautier praised the sincere naivete and palette of the painting, but criticized the heroine\'s clumsy drawing, noting the few figures in the artists work. After the Salon, Corot returned to the canvas, remodeling the landscape, but, ignoring criticism, left the figure unchanged.
## Provenance
The painting was donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1928 by Louise Senff Cameron, in memory of her uncle Charles H. Senff
| 227 |
A Woman Reading
| 0 |
11,018,045 |
# 249th Engineer Battalion (United States)
The **249th Engineer Battalion (United States)** is a versatile power generation battalion assigned to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers that provides commercial-level power to military units and federal relief organizations during full-spectrum operations. Additionally, the commander serves as the Commandant of the U.S. Army Prime Power School, the institution responsible for the development of Army and Navy power generation specialists.
## Motto
The battalion\'s motto is \"Build, Support, Sustain!\".
## Units
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company -- Fort Belvoir, Virginia
- Heavy Maintenance Section -- Fort Belvoir, Virginia
- A Company -- Schofield Barracks, Hawaii
- B Company -- Fort Bragg, North Carolina
- C Company -- Fort Belvoir, Virginia
- D Company -- (USAR) -- Providence, Rhode Island
- 1st Platoon -- Cranston, Rhode Island
- 2nd Platoon -- Cranston, Rhode Island
- 3rd Platoon -- Cranston, Rhode Island
- 4th Platoon -- Fort Belvoir, Virginia
- U.S. Army Prime Power School -- Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.
## Mission
On order, deploy worldwide to provide prime electrical power and electrical systems expertise in support of military operations and the National Response Framework.
The 249th Engineer Battalion also supports other missions:
- Operation Enduring Freedom
- Operation Iraqi Freedom
- THAAD Power Support
- JLENS Power Support
- Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) (Korea generator maintenance)
- Operation Bright Star (Egypt)
- Chinhae generator maintenance
- Limited Installation support missions
- [Task Force SAFE](http://www.wood.army.mil/ENGRMAG/PDFs%20for%20Jul-Dec%2008/Olsen.pdf) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101615/http://www.wood.army.mil/ENGRMAG/PDFs%20for%20Jul-Dec%2008/Olsen.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}`{=mediawiki}
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers support to presidentially declared disasters
## History
### As a combat engineer battalion {#as_a_combat_engineer_battalion}
#### World War II {#world_war_ii}
The 249th Engineer Combat Battalion was constituted on 5 May 1943 at Camp Bowie, Texas. The battalion was organized and under the command of only three captains. The other officers that were supplied to the unit were second lieutenants from the 1943 class of West Point. Shortly after, the battalion participated in two maneuvers in Louisiana, known as the \"Louisiana Maneuvers\"; there the battalion and its soldiers learned valuable lessons for war.
The 249th sailed from the United States to England in May 1944, after equipping and preparing for combat, the Unit landed on Utah Beach in August 1944 under the 1137th Engineer Combat Group commanded by Colonel George A. Morris. In October through November 1944, the soldiers were specially trained on using the Bailey bridge in Trier, France.
Later that year on 18 December 1944, the Black Lions were ordered to move from the Saar River, where the unit was building a bridge, to the Ardennes, commonly called the Battle of the Bulge. Upon arriving to the front, the 249th was assigned to the 26th Infantry Division, already engaged and in defensive positions along the southeast corner of the Bulge. The battalion was used in an effort to block the German advance by deploying landmines, obstacles and establishing roadblocks. On 24 December 1944, Brigadier General Harlan Harkness, the assistant division commander, ordered the battalion to advance and secure the towns of Arsdorf and Bigonville to the north of the 26th Infantry Division, near the area of operations of the 4th Armored Division, in order to relieve the occupied towns so the division could advance and attack the enemy line. Companies A and C were ordered into the town of Arsdorf where the battalion was engaged in fierce combat for two days. It was later learned that the town had never been secured by the 4th Armored Division.
In February 1945, the battalion was selected for the special task of crossing the Rhine River. On 19 March 1945, the unit was assigned to the engineer task force charged with crossing the Rhine at Oppenheim. The main thrust of the effort was to use assault boats to get troops from 5th Infantry Division across and later to construct a more stable pontoon bridge. The battalion met little resistance across the river and quickly began constructing the bridge. After an accident resulting in a raft being sunk, the Battalion moved downriver to Mainz. After this bridge site was secure, the 249th was detached from the 1137th Engineer Group and was given the mission to secure and maintain the bridges on the Rhine River. In May 1945, when the war ended in Europe, the battalion was moved to Plattling, Germany where they built a camp for displaced refugees. In November 1945, the 249th Engineers were sent on their final orders to Camp Lucky Strike, near Marseilles, France and then redeployed back to the United States. The division was inactivated at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia on 27 November 1945.
#### Post World War II {#post_world_war_ii}
In late 1954, the Black Lion Battalion was withdrawn from the Reserves and assigned to the Regular Army. In February 1955, it was activated and assigned to USAREUR and an Engineer Battalion (Combat Heavy). From 1955 until 1960, the 249th Engineer Battalion (Construction) was stationed at Kleber Kaserne, ((Kaiserslautern, Germany)). Then it was dispatched to Etain, France for a time. Then the battalion was stationed at Gerszewski Barracks, Knielingen, Karlsruhe, Germany, under the command of the 18th Engineer Brigade, where it provided construction support to USAREUR elements stationed in Germany for the Cold War.
| 866 |
249th Engineer Battalion (United States)
| 0 |
11,018,045 |
# 249th Engineer Battalion (United States)
## History
### As a prime power battalion {#as_a_prime_power_battalion}
In 1994, the battalion was reactivated and designated as the 249th Engineer Battalion (Prime Power), stationed at Fort Belvoir, VA.
#### 9/11
Immediately after the attacks on the World Trade Center on 11 September 2001, elements of the 249th were deployed to New York City and were instrumental in restoring power to Wall Street enabling the financial district to resume operations within a week of the attack.
#### Global War on Terrorism {#global_war_on_terrorism}
The 249th Engineer Battalion (Prime Power) provides oversight on all coalition operating base power projects in Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom) and Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom).
#### Hurricane Katrina {#hurricane_katrina}
The 249th deployed teams to the Gulf Region under Joint Task Force Katrina, working with contractors, and local and state entities to assess, they helped install and maintain emergency generators at critical facilities. By 5 September 2005, the 17th Street Canal breach was closed. Blackhawk and Chinook helicopters had dropped over 200 sand bags, with approximately 125 sandbags breaking the surface of the water. After the emergency was over, plans called for the canal to be drained and the wall repaired.
There were three 42\" mobile pumps staged and two 42\" and two 30\" pumps were placed at the sheet pile closure. Sewer & water board, electric utility and the 249th Engineer Battalion (Prime Power) were completing pump house inspection. When the pumps began operation, a 40-foot-wide opening was made in the sheet piling to allow water to flow out of the canal.
#### Worldwide
Through the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the 249th soldiers provide contracting officer technical representation on projects throughout the world.
## Lineage
- Constituted 25 February 1943 in the Army of the United States as the 249th Engineer Combat Battalion
- Activated 5 May 1943 at Camp Bowie, Texas
- Inactivated 28 November 1945 at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia
- Redesignated 23 March 1948 as the 442d Engineer Construction Battalion and allotted to the Organized Reserves
- Activated 8 April 1948 with headquarters at Ames, Iowa
- (Organized Reserves redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps; redesignated 9 July 1952 as the Army Reserve)
- Inactivated 22 May 1950 at Ames and Council Bluffs, Iowa
- Redesignated 25 June 1952 as the 249th Engineer Construction Battalion
- Redesignated 9 December 1954 as the 249th Engineer Battalion; concurrently withdrawn from the Army Reserve and allotted to the Regular Army
- Activated 9 February 1955 in Germany
- Inactivated 15 October 1991 in Germany
- Activated 16 November 1994 at Fort Belvoir, Virginia
| 436 |
249th Engineer Battalion (United States)
| 1 |
11,018,045 |
# 249th Engineer Battalion (United States)
## Honors
### Campaign participation credit {#campaign_participation_credit}
#### World War II {#world_war_ii_1}
1. Northern France
2. Rhineland
3. Ardennes-Alsace
4. Central Europe
#### Southwest Asia {#southwest_asia}
1. Defense of Saudi Arabia
2. Liberation and Defense of Kuwait
3
| 44 |
249th Engineer Battalion (United States)
| 2 |
11,018,071 |
# Paweł Frenkiel
**Paweł Frenkiel** (sometimes also **Frenkel**, *פאוול פרנקל*; 1920--1943) was a Polish Army officer and a Jewish youth leader in Warsaw and one of the senior commanders of the Jewish Military Union, or the ŻZW. Although one of the most important leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the Jewish resistance in the months preceding April 1943, Frenkiel is also one of the least well known to historians; both his early life and ultimate fate are a subject of some controversy.
## Biography
Paweł Frenkiel was born in Warsaw, Poland. At the age of 18 he joined the revisionist Zionist youth movement Betar.
Following the outbreak of World War II, German conquest of Poland and the start of German repressions against the Jewish population of Poland, he joined the Jewish Military Union and became one of its highest-ranking members. It is unclear what his exact capacity was. Earlier publications and accounts by Tadeusz Bednarczyk, Henryk Iwański and Kałmen Mendelson assert, that Paweł Frenkel was one of the deputies of JMU\'s commander Dawid Moryc Apfelbaum. However, other accounts, including those by Dawid Wdowiński and Cezary Szemley, suggest that Frenkiel was indeed the leader of the entire organisation. In recent years some historians have gone as far to suggest that Apfelbaum did not even exist at all.
In either case, it is probable that Frenkiel personally commanded one of the companies of armed fighters during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943. According to a widespread opinion he was killed in action while defending the headquarters of the Jewish Military Union at #7 Muranów Square. According to some other sources he was killed on 19 June 1943 in Grzybowska Street in Warsaw
| 281 |
Paweł Frenkiel
| 0 |
11,018,094 |
# Stars (shader effect)
**Stars** is a computer graphics effect used by computer games. The effect takes the bright parts of a rendered image of the scene, and then smears them outward in a number of directions. The result is that bright areas have streaks emanating from them. Stars can be used to enhance blooming. The effect is also sometimes known as *light streaks* or just as the *star effect*
| 70 |
Stars (shader effect)
| 0 |
11,018,103 |
# Thomas Pope (Canadian politician)
**Thomas Pope** (October 6, 1825 -- June 29, 1863) was a Canadian independent politician and served as the eleventh mayor of Quebec City. He was in power from January 22, 1861, to January 29, 1863 (a total of two years and seven days), before being replaced by Adolphe Guillet dit Tourangeau. He replaced Hector-Louis Langevin and was the city\'s last non-Francophone mayor.
## Early years {#early_years}
Pope was born on October 6, 1825, in Prescott, Upper Canada, to Scottish immigrants and was later educated in Scotland before moving to Canada East.
## Legal and political career {#legal_and_political_career}
After returning from his studies he became a lawyer after articling under Jean-François-Joseph Duval, whom later became Chief Justice of Quebec. Before becoming mayor Pope served on Quebec City Council from 1858 to 1861.
## Death
Pope died in office on June 29, 1863 and buried at Notre-Dame-de-Belmont Cemetery in Quebec City.
## Legacy
A short residential street, rue Thomas-Pope, in Quebec City is named for him
| 169 |
Thomas Pope (Canadian politician)
| 0 |
11,018,121 |
# Quaternion-Kähler symmetric space
In differential geometry, a **quaternion-Kähler symmetric space** or **Wolf space** is a quaternion-Kähler manifold which, as a Riemannian manifold, is a Riemannian symmetric space. Any quaternion-Kähler symmetric space with positive Ricci curvature is compact and simply connected, and is a Riemannian product of quaternion-Kähler symmetric spaces associated to compact simple Lie groups.
For any compact simple Lie group *G*, there is a unique *G*/*H* obtained as a quotient of *G* by a subgroup
$$H = K \cdot \mathrm{Sp}(1).\,$$
Here, Sp(1) is the compact form of the SL(2)-triple associated with the highest root of *G*, and *K* its centralizer in *G*. These are classified as follows.
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *G* | *H* | quaternionic dimension | geometric interpretation |
+======================+==================================================+========================+===========================================================================================================================+
| $\mathrm{SU}(p+2)\,$ | $\mathrm{S}(\mathrm{U}(p) \times \mathrm{U}(2))$ | *p* | Grassmannian of complex *2*-dimensional subspaces of $\mathbb{C}^{p+2}$ |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| $\mathrm{SO}(p+4)\,$ | $\mathrm{SO}(p) \cdot \mathrm{SO}(4)$ | *p* | Grassmannian of oriented real *4*-dimensional subspaces of $\mathbb{R}^{p+4}$ |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| $\mathrm{Sp}(p+1)\,$ | $\mathrm{Sp}(p) \cdot \mathrm{Sp}(1)$ | *p* | Grassmannian of quaternionic *1*-dimensional subspaces of $\mathbb{H}^{p+1}$ |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| $E_6\,$ | $\mathrm{SU}(6)\cdot\mathrm{SU}(2)$ | 10 | Space of symmetric subspaces of $(\mathbb C\otimes\mathbb O)P^2$ isometric to $(\mathbb C\otimes \mathbb H)P^2$ |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| $E_7\,$ | $\mathrm{Spin}(12)\cdot\mathrm{Sp}(1)$ | 16 | Rosenfeld projective plane $(\mathbb H\otimes\mathbb O)P^2$ over $\mathbb H\otimes\mathbb O$ |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| $E_8\,$ | $E_7\cdot\mathrm{Sp}(1)$ | 28 | Space of symmetric subspaces of $(\mathbb{O}\otimes\mathbb O)P^2$ isomorphic to $(\mathbb{H}\otimes\mathbb O)P^2$ |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| $F_4\,$ | $\mathrm{Sp}(3)\cdot\mathrm{Sp}(1)$ | 7 | Space of the symmetric subspaces of $\mathbb{OP}^2$ which are isomorphic to $\mathbb{HP}^2$ |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| $G_2\,$ | $\mathrm{SO}(4)\,$ | 2 | Space of the subalgebras of the octonion algebra $\mathbb{O}$ which are isomorphic to the quaternion algebra $\mathbb{H}$ |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
The twistor spaces of quaternion-Kähler symmetric spaces are the homogeneous holomorphic contact manifolds, classified by Boothby: they are the adjoint varieties of the complex semisimple Lie groups.
These spaces can be obtained by taking a projectivization of a minimal nilpotent orbit of the respective complex Lie group. The holomorphic contact structure is apparent, because the nilpotent orbits of semisimple Lie groups are equipped with the Kirillov-Kostant holomorphic symplectic form. This argument also explains how one can associate a unique Wolf space to each of the simple complex Lie groups
| 375 |
Quaternion-Kähler symmetric space
| 0 |
11,018,138 |
# Gardena Ronda Express
The **Gardena Ronda Express** is a funicular situated in the Val Gherdëina near Santa Cristina Gherdëina, connecting the Col Raiser lifts to the Sasslong/Ruacia and Ciampinoi lifts in northern Italy.
## Trains
Two funiculars operate on the system. Both were built by Gangloff, and the cable system was manufactured by Leitner Ropeways. The funicular trains each have four seating cabins capable of seating around 10 and standing around 25. The total capacity is 140 people per train. The trains are 15.5 m long and 2.3 m wide, and weigh 15,500 kg.
## Track
The whole line runs in a tunnel, which connects two gondola lifts and through them two ski resorts. The maximum speed is 36 km/h and the slope is 100‰ (10%). 2000 persons can be transported per hour from one terminus to the other.
## History
Planning started in 1990 and after some changes on the track to avoid buildings, construction started in 2003. With the line\'s opening in 2004, after nearly forty years without a railway (the Val Gardena Railway was closed in 1960), the valley has a train again
| 187 |
Gardena Ronda Express
| 0 |
11,018,158 |
# Renal dysplasia-limb defects syndrome
**Renal dysplasia-limb defects syndrome** (**RL syndrome**), also known as **Ulbright--Hodes syndrome**, is a very rare autosomal recessive congenital disorder. It has been described in three infants, all of whom died shortly after birth.
## Presentation
RL syndrome is characterized by renal dysplasia, growth retardation, phocomelia or mesomelia, radiohumeral fusion (joining of radius and humerus), rib abnormalities, anomalies of the external genitalia and potter-like facies among many others.
## Genetics
RL syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. This means the defective gene responsible for the disorder is located on an autosome, and two copies of the defective gene (one inherited from each parent) are required in order to be born with the disorder. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder both carry one copy of the defective gene, but usually do not experience any signs or symptoms of the disorder
| 149 |
Renal dysplasia-limb defects syndrome
| 0 |
11,018,161 |
# HMS Flycatcher
One ship and three shore establishments of the Royal Navy have borne the name **HMS *Flycatcher***:
- was an ex-Turkish motor patrol boat. Built in 1912 by Thornycroft, she was sunk on 9 November 1914 by HMS Espiegle in Shatt-al-Arab, salvaged, and returned to service late 1915, armed with 1 6-pounder gun and 1 machine gun. Sold c1923.
- HMS *Flycatcher* (shore establishment) was a stone frigate for the Royal Navy\'s headquarters for its Mobile Naval Air Bases which supported their Fleet Air Arm units. It was based first at RNAS Ludham, Norfolk, between 4 September 1944 and 16 February 1945. It then moved to RNAS Middle Wallop, Hampshire, on 16 February 1945 and remained until paying off on 10 April 1946.
- HMS *Flycatcher* (Hong Kong shore establishment) was recommissioned on 1 April 1947 for the Royal Navy presence located at RAF Kai Tak situated at Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong, decommissioning on New Year\'s Eve of 1947
| 163 |
HMS Flycatcher
| 0 |
11,018,201 |
# Shadow Star (novel)
***Shadow Star*** is the third book in the *Chronicles of the Shadow War* trilogy.
*Shadow Star* is preceded by *Shadow Moon* in 1995, and *Shadow Dawn* in 1996. It was written by Chris Claremont in collaboration with George Lucas. Published in 2000, it was the third book in the continuation of events from the 1988 motion picture *Willow*.
## Plot
Elora Danan has slain the dragons - who embody the soul of creation - to prevent their power being harnessed by The Deceiver, a maleficent version of herself from an alternate future . Thorn Drumheller wraps the last two dragon eggs in a spell that will prevent himself and Khory Bannefin from giving them up, even at the cost of their lives. While attempting to heal a wound inflicted by The Deceiver on Khory, Elora is transported to a vision of the latter\'s past. There, she reunites with Calan Dineer, learning that Khory was once a powerful weapon against The Malevoiy. During one battle, she came close to defeating them, only to be betrayed by her Commander. The world remembered this betrayal, eventually leading to The Malevoiy\'s banishment to the dragon realm.
As the trio leave the realm, they are pursued by The Malevoiy, who try to tempt Elora into joining them. This would enable them to once again rule the Twelve Realms, just as they did before the betrayal from Khory\'s Commander. Black Rose assassins arrive and mortally wound Elora with an arrow to the lung. Khory wards them off, bringing herself, Thorn and Elora to a worldgate that leads them back to the Sandeni fort of Tregare.
To heal herself from the attack, Elora forces herself into a coma where she once again faces temptation from The Malevoiy. She awakes to find herself being cared for in Tregare by Thorn, Rool and Franjean. The fort is soon attacked by the Chengwei, spurring Elora to help mount defences. The Chengwei go on to attack in four waves. Between the second and third, Elora sings a song to her troops that inspires and motivates them to fight against the coming slaughter. As the battles continue to rage, Elora hides at a scribe\'s library with Luc-Jon. There, she attempts to learn more about her purpose and how to rise against The Deceiver and The Caliban. The Chengwei take control of Tregare using a magic-disrupting device called \"The Resonator\". The Caliban also arrives and unsuccessfully attempts to seize Elora before escaping.
In the aftermath, Elora travels to the Chengwei city with Rool, Franjean and Luc-Jon in hope of finding Thorn, who is building another resonator, more powerful than the device that befell Tregare. The Deceiver arrives and the resonator is activated. Chengwei sorcerers attempt to control the device while trying to ward her off. The Caliban also enters the fray. One spell goes awry, and Elora is inadvertently killed by some dark magic The Deceiver intended for the sorcerers. Stuck between the realms of life and death, the Malevoiy once more tempt Elora to join them. This time, she accepts, seizing the chance for life by fusing herself with them, and becoming a Malevoiy. She fights The Deceiver as Thorn, Rool, Franjean and the Chengwei escape the collapsing palace. The Chengwei city is destroyed. Thorn decides to build a second resonator, sending word to other Nelwyns and Elves to rally an army of constructors.
The Deceiver pursues Elora to Angwyn, the city she grew up in. Elora notices the delegation who were frozen as they were about to witness her ascension to Queen of the twelve realms. This makes her pause despite being consumed by the Malevoiy, who she notes were not invited to the ceremony. Meanwhile, Thorn, Rool, Franjean, Khory and the constructors travel to Nockmaar. Thorn and the Nelywns activate their own resonator, which opens a portal between Nockmaar and Angwyn, the world\'s two strongest points of magic. Khory kills Elora, whose body is brought - along with The Deceiver - into Nockmaar. The resonator also allows the Malevoiy to re-enter the realm of flesh. As they attack, Elora is resurrected as herself, shedding her Malevoiy aspects. The Caliban arrives before being stripped of his magical disguise by the device. It is revealed that he is the Commander who betrayed Khory to the Malevoiy in her former life. Khory and him fight before the former gains the upper hand.
Elora learns that when Bavmorda attempted to banish her to the thirteenth night when she was an infant, the spell created two versions of the future and two Eloras - her and The Deceiver. Elora joins with the latter, who has given in to despair, and learns what drove her to evil. In The Deceiver\'s timeline, she had a happy upbringing, ascended to Queen, and tried to rule the realms. However, she saw deceit at every turn, leading her to exterminate the realms, including the Malevoiy and dragons. The resonator also reveals to Elora that Calan Dineer is her father. Elora shows her dark twin the way to hope, and they release the dragon egg, giving birth to a new generation of dreams. Elora realizes that she was never meant to rule the Twelve realms, but give them hope, persuade them to work together. The dragon fire reduces Nockmaar to molten rock, eliminating the Malevoiy threat and leaving flowers that resemble the triumphant heroes.
Six months later, the Shadow War is over. Elora leads a happy life trouping as singer and dancer, providing hope to those who need it. She reminisces on her experiences of all twelve realms with Thorn, Anakerie, Khory, Rool, Franjean, Anele and Bastian, whose stories \"have only just begun\"
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# The Narrows (film)
***The Narrows*** is an American 2008 independent film starring Kevin Zegers, Sophia Bush, Vincent D\'Onofrio, Eddie Cahill and Monica Keena.
## Plot
The movie is based on Tim McLoughlin\'s novel *Heart of the Old Country*, which has Mike Manadoro (Kevin Zegers) as a 19-year-old Brooklyn boy who is torn between two worlds. When Mike\'s photography portfolio wins him a partial scholarship to New York University, he must figure out how to balance his tight-knit Italian neighborhood roots in Bay Ridge with the opportunity to blend into the expansive, sophisticated world on the other side of the East River. Since his job at a local car service doesn\'t earn him enough to make up for the rest of the tuition, and his father, a retired sanitation worker on disability, refuses out of pride to support Mike\'s attempts for financial aid, Mike ultimately takes a job making deliveries for Tony, the local mob boss, to make up the difference.
Mike not only has to balance work with his academic assignments, he has to manage his personal relationships as well. This includes his attraction to a beautiful, cool, intellectual young woman, Kathy Popovich (Sophia Bush) he meets at NYU, with his responsibility to his longtime girlfriend Gina (Monica Keena) from the neighborhood whom he\'s promised to marry. The stakes grow higher as he faces consequential choices from turning his back on all he knows and pursuing a new life.
## Cast
- Kevin Zegers as Mike Manadoro
- Vincent D\'Onofrio as Vinny Manadoro
- Sophia Bush as Kathy Popovich
- Eddie Cahill as Nicky Shades
- Monica Keena as Gina
- Roger Rees as Professor Reyerson
- Michael Kelly as Danny
- Titus Welliver as Tony
## Production
*The Narrows* was filmed in New York City between April 24 and May 30, 2007. Filming took place in several locations of the city including Astoria in Queens and Medgar Evers College in Brooklyn. Sophia Bush was reported to have been flying back and forth from her home state of California to the filming destination in New York City.
*The Narrows* premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2008. On March 4, 2009, it was announced that *The Narrows* was picked up for distribution by the new partnership of Olympus Pictures Distribution LLC (a unit of Olympus Pictures) and Cinedigm\'s Content and Entertainment subsidiary. It was released in over 15 major markets in the US in June 2009. The DVD came out in the fall of 2009.
## Awards
Vincent D\'Onofrio received the Special Grand Jury Prize for Acting for his role at the 2009 Nashville Film Festival
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