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}
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CircuitCo:CircuitCo/BeagleBone WiFi
From eLinux.org
(Redirected from CircuitCo/BeagleBone WiFi)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Descriptions
The BeagleBone WiFi cape provides WiFi and Bluetooth solutions for BeagleBone boards. This Cape supports WLAN 802.11 b/g/n and Bluetooth 1.1, 1.2, 2.0+EDR and 2.1+EDR.
Specifications
Electrical Specifications
Power 3.3V via expansion header
5V via expansion header
Indicators Two 1.8V power indicator LEDs
Two 3.6V power indicator LEDs
One Bluetooth indicator LED
One WiFi indicator LED
Connectors Two 46-position headers
Mechanical Specifications
Size 3.175"x2.025"
Layers 4
PCB Thickness .062"
RoHS Compliant Yes
EEPROM
EEPROM Suport Yes
Board Name BeagleBone WiFi Cape
Version 00A0
Manufacturer BeagleBoardToys
Part Number BB-BONE-WIFI-01
Pins Used TBD
Documentations
Open Source Yes
System Reference Manual Yes
Schematics PDF, OrCAD
PCB Files Allegro
Gerber Files Yes
Bills of Materials Yes
Vendors
Vendor list is coming soon.
Manufacturer's Link
Manufacturer's link for this Cape is coming soon.
To go back to the cape list, please click here
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Difference between revisions of "Evas"
From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
(add doc refs)
m (Add category)
Line 46: Line 46:
Some engines are deprecated, broken or need some work, they include Cairo, GLEW, Qtopia and possible more.
Some engines are deprecated, broken or need some work, they include Cairo, GLEW, Qtopia and possible more.
+
+
[[Category:enlightenment]]
Latest revision as of 22:45, 27 October 2011
Evas is an object-oriented 2D canvas that uses retained renderer mode. It's part of Enlightenment Foundation Libraries. It's written in C but bindings for Python and Ruby exists.
Evas main goals are to be easy to use and optimized. The latter is one of its strongest points: it's very light on memory, blit functions are optimized in C and MMX, SSE or Altivec where possible. It can use rendering threads, splitting independent work among threads, reaching about sqrt(N-cores) improvements. Since it can know what changed from one frame to another, it can do employ dirty-rectangle optimizations to avoid repainting unchanged areas and will also merge dirty rectangles to avoid painting the same area twice (NP problem, solved with a good heuristic). There are also engines that use hardware acceleration, like OpenGL, DirectFB and XRender/X11. Evas ships with native 16bpp engines targeted at embedded systems.
Documentation
• API (Doxygen)
• Evas is base of Edje, so its documentations can serve as guide as well.
Features
• Optimized for raster and bitmaps
• Basic Primitives:
• Rectangles, Lines and Polygons
• Gradients: includes different modes like linear, radial and more, with different configurations, stop points and even semi-transparent colors.
• Images: includes different scaling methods, like nearest or smooth super and super-sampled. It can do image tiling and handles border properties so scale will scale them properly. Can load images from PNG, JPEG, TIFF, PPM, SVG and more.
• Text: include effects as shadow (hard and soft), outline and glow. Can use fontconfig for font discovery, uses freetype rendering by default. Supports UTF-8.
• Text Block: handles wrapping and tags to change properties. Supports edit and password mode.
• Advanced Primivies:
• Smart Objects: objects without visual, they are used to hold other objects (like groups) and its methods are user-defined, so on resize you can rearrange its children, for example.
• Box: smart object that can layout a sequence of children in some way. It's extensible, but by default lots of layouts are provided like vertical, horizontal, stack, flow.
• Table: smart object that layout children in a table, supports row and column spanning.
• Operations include stacking, rectangular clipping, moving and resizing.
• It's not tied to any main loop, you must call its render routines and feed events. Ecore_Evas is a helper to ease that process with Ecore main loop and its engines (X11, Xcb, DirectFB...)
Engines
Working engines:
• 32 bits per pixel native engines (can downscale to 1bpp, with optional dithering):
• Software Buffer
• Software X11 and XCB
• XRender X11 and XCB
• OpenGL X11
• Software Linux Framebuffer
• DirectFB
• Software SDL
• Software Win32 GDI
• Software WindowsCE
• Software DirectDraw (Windows)
• Direct3d (Windows)
• Quartz (MacOS X)
• 16 bits per pixel:
• Software 16-X11
• Software 16-DirectDraw
• Software 16-WindowsCE
• Software 16-SDL
Some engines are deprecated, broken or need some work, they include Cairo, GLEW, Qtopia and possible more.
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{
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"url": "elinux.org/index.php?oldid=57493&title=Flameman%2Feltek",
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"warc_url": "http://elinux.org/index.php?title=Flameman/eltek&oldid=57493"
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Flameman/eltek
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 08:54, 16 July 2011 by Flameman (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
For more interesting projects done by Flameman, be sure to checkout his project index
EUROCOM 27???
doc???
• CPU: dual 33 MHz 68060 processors
• ram: 64 Mbytes, DRAM
• lan: Ethernet
• interface: Graphics, SCSI-2, VME 32/64?
• OS: comes with OS-9, LynxOS, pSOS+, PDOS, VxWorks
• Memory is provided on a piggyback module allowing it to be easily upgraded
• Up to 4 Mbytes of FLASH
• Supports ELTEC's LEB mezzanine bus
is this system (hw-2x68060/vxworks)smp or amp ?
[Flameman/numa]
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District of Columbia Vital RecordsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 23:37, 2 September 2012 by Lotje2 (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
United States District of Columbia Vital Records
District of Columbia Birth, Marriage and Death Records
Introduction to Vital Records
Vital Records consist of births, adoptions, marriages, divorces, and deaths recorded on registers, certificates, and documents. United States Vital Records has additional research guidance on researching and using vital records.
Contents
Vital Records Reference Dates
The District of Columbia's civil records start the following years:
Birth Marriage Death
Earliest 1872 1811 1855
Statewide Registration 1874 1811 1855*
• Death records do not exist for the Civil War years 1861-1865.
District of Columbia Birth, Marriage and Death Records Online
The following is a list of online resources useful for locating District of Columbia Vital Records which consist of births, adoptions, marriages, divorces, and deaths. Most online resources for District of Columbia Vital Records are indexes. After locating a person in an index always consult the original record to confirm the information in the index.
Courtesy of the Gallaudet University Library Deaf Collections and Archives: 19 indexes of birth, marriage, and death records derived from various Deaf publications:
Birth and Death Records
Registration of vital statistics began in 1874 for the District of Columbia and was generally complied with by 1915 for births and 1880 for deaths. You can obtain copies of these records by writing to:
Department of Human Services
Vital Records Division
800 9th Street S.W.
Washington, DC 20024
Telephone: 202-645-5962
Internet: Department of Health
Birth records more than 100 years old and death records more than 50 years old are considered public record and no approval is needed for requested records. The current fees for obtaining copies of the District's birth and death records are found at the DC Dept. of Health online.
Some earlier records of deaths exist from 1855-1860, and 1865-1949. They can be obtained from the above address. The Family History Library has copies of some of the District's births, 1874-1897 starting on (FHL Collection Film 2020343). Deaths for 1855-1949 begin on ( FHL Collection Film 1994618).
Wiki articles describing online collections are found at:
Marriage Records
District of Columbia Marriage Records (10-0099) Example 3 DGS 4258975 534.jpg
Registration of marriages began in 1811. Some of the early marriages for the years 1811 to 1858 have been transcribed by the DAR and are on microfilm at the Family History Library, see: FHL Film 845766. Easier-to-use versions of these records include:
• DC marriage records 1811-1950; indexes, 1811-1986 FHL Film 2079252.
• Alexandria (DC) marriage certificates returned 1801-1850 FHL Film 1902941 item 3.
• DC marriage registers 1811-1870 FHL Book 975.3 V28p. Early registers only contain the name of the bride and groom and the date of marriage.
• DC marriage returns, 1874-1902, 1907-1923; consents, 1896-Dec. 1950 FHL Film 2070925. These records may provide the name of the bride and groom, and their age, residence, color, occupation, birthplace and number of marriages.
• DC newspaper marriage notices 1800-1850 FHL Film 929472.
• Fay Marriage Index (Marriages of the Deaf) courtesy of the Gallaudet University Library of Deaf Collections and Archives
You can obtain marriage records from 1811 to the present by writing to:
Superior Court of the District of Columbia
Marriage License Bureau
500 Indiana Avenue N.W.
Washington, DC 20001
Telephone: 202-879-4840
Marriages more than 50 years old are considered public record and no approval is needed to apply for a record copy.
Wiki articles describing online collections are found at:
Divorce Records
An index to divorce proceedings prior to September 1956 are available from:
Clerk of the U.S. District Court
3rd and Constitution Avenue N.W.
Washington, DC 20001
Telephone: 202-273-0555
Old divorce records 1803-1863 are housed at the National Archived in Record Group 21 (Entries 16 and 23). Records after 1863 and previous to September 16, 1956 are maintained at the Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland. Reseachers must know the divorce case number found in the index housed at the U.S. District Court as listed above. To access divorce cases, an appointment must be made with the Washington National Records Center at least 24 hours prior to the review appointment. Personal identification is required to enter the Washington National Records Center. Please see Researching and Accessing Court Records at the Washington National Records Center.
Divorce documents filed since September 16, 1956 are at:
Clerk of the Superior Court
Family Division
500 Indiana Avenue, N.W.
Washington, DC 20001
Telephone: 202-879-1418
The Family History Library has no District of Columbia divorce records.
Adoption Records
There are no provisions for receiving information, whether identifying or non-identifying from adoption files. All adoption records are sealed and cannot be opened without petitioning the court for "good cause." An adopted adult must petition the court in which the adoption was finalized.[1]
Additional Helps
Tips
• Information listed on vital records is given by an informant. Learn the relationship of the informant to the subject(s) of the record. The closer the relationship of the informant to the subject(s) and whether or not the informant was present at the time of the event can help determine the accuracy of the information found on the record.
• If you are unable to locate vital records recorded by governments, search for church records of christening, marriage, death or burial. A family Bible may have been used to record births, marriages and deaths.
• Search for Vital Records in the Family History Library Catalog by using a Place Search and then choosing Vital Records. Search for District of Columbia to locate records filed by the State and then search the name of the county to locate records kept by the county.
Research Guides
Washington National Records Center, Suitland, MD Services for the Public
Fire.png
Lost and Missing Records
Death records 1861-1865, the Civil War years, are missing.
Substitute Records
These links will take you to wiki pages describing alternate sources for birth, marriage and death records.
• Church Records: Depending on the denomination, church records may contain information about birth, marriage and death.
• Cemetery Records: Cemetery records are a rich source of birth and death information. These records may also reveal family relationships.
• Census: Census records are a valuable source for birth and marriage information. You may also determine approximate time of death when the individual disappear from the census. This is a good place to begin a search.
• Newspapers: Besides obituaries, local newspapers may contain birth and marriage announcements and death notices. Also check newspaper social columns for additional information.
• Periodicals: Local genealogical and historical societies often publish periodicals which may contain abstracted early birth, marriage and death information.
• Military Records: Military pension records can give birth, marriage and death information, In addtion, soldiers' homes records can included this same information.
• Probate Records: If no death record exists, probate records may be helpful in estimating when an individual has died. Probate records in the 20th Century often contain the exact death date.
• History: Local histories, family histories and biographies can all be sources of birth, marriage and death information. Often this information is found in county-level records or in surname searches of the Family History Library catalog.
More District of Columbia Vital Records Online Links
• USGenweb.org site for Washington D.C. or District of Columbia - Free
• Progenealogists Links for the United States. Press Ctrl + F on the keyboard to search for District of Columbia or DC - Free/ ($)
References
1. Adoption.com District of Columbia Laws
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
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Home | Partners | Help us build GEO | About Us | Contact Us
Login to submit data
Quick Access Tools
Abstract
Powertex Panglima (TGPS 2) CCGT Power Plant Malaysia is located at Telok Gong, Melaka,Malaysia. Location coordinates are: Latitude= 2.3466, Longitude= 102.0504. This infrastructure is of TYPE Gas Power Plant with a design capacity of 720 MWe. It has 3 unit(s). The first unit was commissioned in 2002 and the last in 2003. It is operated by Panglima Power Sdn Bhd.
Identifiers for Gas
Name
Status of Plant
Plant Efficiency and Impact
Plant Overall Rating State-of-the-artWorth DuplicatingEnvironmentally Responsible
Country Assigned Identification Number
GEO Assigned Identification Number
Select Currency for data in this page
Location
Draw Lines:
Draw Polygons:
pxpx
Description
Design Capacity
Firm Capacity
Heat Supply Capacity (MWth/hour)
Type of Plant Short Description
Power Plant Used For
Type of Fuel Primary Secondary
Gas Supply (MMSCMD) Required for 90% PLF Linkage
Location
Configuration of Boiler/Turbine/Gen
Electric Power Grid Connected To Name/Operator PPA(years)
Name of SubStation Connected To
Source of Fuel Name of Pipeline
Source of Water
Water Withdrawal Rate at Full Power (cum/hour)
Cogen Mode: Steam Supplied To (Tonnes/hour) Description
Environmental Issues
Capital Cost of Plant and/or In US Dollars In Year (YYYY)
SOx Control Device Type
If other, specify:
NOx Control Device Type
If other, specify:
Particulates(PM) Control Device Type
If other, specify:
Unit Information
Unit # Capacity (MWe) Date Commissioned (yyyy-mm-dd) Decommission Date (yyyy-mm-dd) Turbine Manufacturer Turbine Model/Type Generator Manufacturer Generator Model/Type Boiler/HRSG Manufacturer Boiler/HRSG Model/Type Chimney Height Unit Efficiency (%)
1
2
3
Year Emission Control Devices Installed (YYYY) Year Emission Monitoring Devices Installed (YYYY)
NOx SOx Hg CO2 N2O PM NOx SOx Hg CO2 N2O PM
1
2
3
Environmental Issues
Issue 1 Description
Past and Future Major Upgrades
Upgrade 1 Cost Year -
Owner and Operator Information
Owner 1 % Share
Type of Ownership
Construction/EPC Contractor
Operating Company
Regulatory Authority
Project Financed By
Annual Performance
References
Reference 1
Reference 2
Reference 3
Notes
* cum = cubic meters; MWe = Megawatts electric; 1 KWhr = 3412.3 Btu = 859.85 kilocalories; 1 Tonne = 2205 pounds, MM=million
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Neha Viswanathan
Contributor profile · 3627 posts · joined 24 July 2005
RSS feed for Neha Viswanathan
View all contributors »
City-hopping, trivia-gathering, identity-hunting. Obsessions include culture, social software, cities, literature, internet, music, history, marketplace and anything that doesn't twinkle.
I blog at Within / Without
and can be found at other CollaBlogs such as DesiPundit, Indicubed and The Sea-Eat Blog.
Email Neha Viswanathan
Latest posts by Neha Viswanathan
23 July 2010
India: Fair, Lovely and Facebooked
A new Facebook app has been creating some controversy in India. The app lets users lighten the skin colour on their profile pictures. Bloggers discuss the complexity of the issue especially the fact that the app is targeting men instead of women.
28 November 2008
Mumbai and Terror: The Day After
An attack of this scale has surprised the entire country. While India is no stranger to bomb blasts and attacks by terrorists, a prolonged hostage situation at prominent landmarks is...
India: Who are they, and what is the Media saying?
Smoke Signals slams the mainstream media coverage of the event, as the television screens are filled with almost panic inducing sequences, and hurried question and answer sessions. At the time...
27 November 2008
Mumbai: The Taj Hotel Burns
Photographs are appearing on flickr and elsewhere, allowing us a glimpse beyond the visuals provided by mainstream media. Arun Shanbhag has a post full of photographs – from blood pools,...
Terror in Mumbai: Theories, strategies and more Media
An online list of people who are injured, in hospitals or reported dead has been put up on a google spreadsheet. The spreadsheet has details of people's names and which...
India: Political will, terrorism and Mumbai
Even as the unfolding hostage situation in Mumbai escalates, more reactions on the blogosphere – from India and other places. Desipundit has pulled in links from various blogs – highlighting...
India: Media, Mumbai and Terror Attacks
This post is part of the Global Voices coverage on the terror attacks in Mumbai, India on November 26, 2008. Anger at the media for their coverage of the terror...
26 November 2008
India: First photographs of Mumbai blasts on flickr
The first photographs from Mumbai on flickr are coming up. Vinu from Vinu's Online Cloud has uploaded a lot of photographs from the streets of Mumbai. MumbaiHelp is back online...
India: Terror attacks continue in Mumbai
In what appears to be a surreal sense of reality, television channels are airing footage from the various places in Southern Mumbai that are being attacked. Ultrabrown writes – A...
India: Blasts, Gunfire and Terror in Mumbai
In a series of blasts and shoot outs, the city of Mumbai appears to have come under attack. According to the news, there appear to be at least seven different...
World regions
Countries
Languages
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
October 2, 2008
Google Homepage Time-lapse
You can go back and see how Google's homepage evolved in the past 10 years. The video uses cached versions of Google's homepage from Internet Archive.
Google's special site for the 10th birthday shows 17 of the most interesting homepage interfaces and Philipp Lenssen analyzes some of them. My favorite Google homepage is the one from April 1999 which only included a search box, two buttons and a link to "More Google!". If you like it, there's a slightly different version at google.com/ie_rsearch.html.
Google linked to many pages that no longer exist, but they're still available at Internet Archive:
* some credits from 1998
* press coverage from 1998-1999
* older versions of Google's logo
* Google's affiliate program
* an old Google tour
* the special Katrina page.
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Jaymuda is on Jalan Pelanduk Putih; is on Jalan Gajah Berang; is near Jalan Tan Yee Biew; is near Jalan Ong Kim Wee; is near Jalan Kg Empat; is near Jalan Ong Kim Hoon; is near Jalan Tengkera; is near Jalan Kenanga 3/29; Jaymuda is geographically located at latitude(2.2027 degrees) 2° 12' 9" North of the Equator and longitude (102.2415 degrees) 102° 14' 29" East of the Prime Meridian on the Map of Malacca - Melaka.
The locations related to Jaymuda are represented by the shortest distances between two points on Earth and may not be nearest by road. For example, Jaymuda is located 47 metres from Kampung Lima. Jaymuda is located 59 metres from Sm Gajah Berang. Jaymuda is located 66 metres from Kampung Chetti. Jaymuda is located 192 metres from Hlb, J Ong Kim Wee. Jaymuda is located 266 metres from Satay Celup.
Featured Places Of Interest Located Nearby
Tamil Methodist Church is located 0.6 Kilometres away from Jaymuda. Tamil Methodist Church - 1 Photo(s) Featured.
SJK Pay Fong 1 is located 0.6 Kilometres away from Jaymuda. SJK Pay Fong 1 - 1 Photo(s) Featured.
SJK Pay Teck is located 0.7 Kilometres away from Jaymuda. SJK Pay Teck - 1 Photo(s) Featured.
Golden Legacy 0.6km, Selectstar Hotel 0.6km, Hotel Hallmark 0.7km, are places to stay (hotel, service apartment, inn) located near Jaymuda.
Malacca KMA Digital Mall 0.5km, Plaza Hang Tuah 0.7km, Tong Hup Store 0.9km, are places to shop (shopping mall, shop houses) located near Jaymuda.
Kota Laksamana 0.9km, Cheng Ho Cultural Museum 1.1km, Maritime Museum 1.4km, are places of interest (attraction) located near Jaymuda.
Sm Gajah Berang 0.1km, Catholic High School 0.4km, Kubu Tamil School 0.4km, are places of learning (school, college, university) located near Jaymuda.
Sungei Melaka Peta Lokasi 1.1km, Rempah Park 1.3km, Historic City Memorial Garden 1.5km, are parks, playgrounds, open fields or commons located near Jaymuda.
Jaymuda
Kampung Lima
Sm Gajah Berang
Kampung Chetti
Hlb, J Ong Kim Wee
Satay Celup
Police Station Tengkera
Public B, J Ong Kim Wee
Kubu Stadium
Kampung Empat
Catholic High School
Flat Tengkera
Kubu Tamil School
St Theresa Church
Chinese Methodist Church
Malacca KMA Digital Mall
Tm Point Plaza Melaka
Popular Book Store
Notre Dame School
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You are here
Friday, February 6th, 2009 (face-to-face)
OSI Board Face to Face Meeting
Brussels, Belgium
Day 2: February 6, 2009
Meeting start time: 09:00 local time. Meeting called to order at 09:30 local time. Quorum at 09:30 local time.
Meeting Venue
Scotland House
Rond Point Schuman 6 - 8th floor
Brussels 1040 BE
Attendees
Board Members
1. Mr. Michael Tiemann, President
2. Ms. Danese Cooper, Secretary and Treasurer
3. Mr. Rishab Aiyer Ghosh, Director
4. Mr. Harshad Gune, Director
5. Mr. Russell Nelson, Director
6. Ms. Nnenna Nwakanma, Director
7. Mr. Martin Michlmayr, Director
8. Ms. Alolita Sharma, Director
9. Mr. Bruno Souza, Director
Board Observers and Guests
1. Mr. Andrew Oliver, Board Observer
2. Mr. Simon Phipps, Invited Guest
Expected, but Not Present
None.
Sent regrets
1. Mr. Ken Coar, Director
2. Mr. Bdale Garbee, Board Observer
3. Mr. Zak Greant, Board Observer
4. Mr. Ernest Prabhakar, Board Observer
5. Mr. Mark Radcliffe, General Counsel
6. Mr. Merrill Freund (Schwartz Communications)
7. Mr. Karl Fogel, Invited Guest
Agenda
0900: Meeting starts
0900 - 1000: OSI Goals (Mr. Tiemann)
1000 - 1100: OSI Goals contd.
1100 - 1200: Outreach initiatives for 2009 (Education, Press, Conferences)
1200 - 1300: Affiliate Program Discussion (with Mr. Phipps)
1300 - 1400: Lunch - ED discussion (Ms. Cooper)
1400 - 1430: Bridging the Gap: How to promote discussions between FSF & OSI to create a public perception of merging the two concepts (Mr. Souza)
1430 - 1500: Walk to EC meeting
1500 - 1600: Meeting with EC
1600 - 1630: Walk back to Scotland House
1630 - 1730: Discussion/Preparation for Public Meetings at FOSDEM
Detail
1. OSI Goals (Mr. Tiemann)
Mr. Tiemann started the discussion on OSI's goals for 2009. These goals include:
1. Open Source Policy and economic development
2. Education
3. Licensing (including proliferation control)
4. Community outreach
5. Governance of organization
Open Source Policy and economic development: Governments across the world are evaluating and using open source software and techniques. The OSI works with governments on policy helping develop opportunities on the ground for open source. An healthy affiliate program would also help promote this mandate.
Education: Sub projects on open source in education in colleges and universities, K-12, business and best practices, as well as developing curricula are areas where the OSI can help.
Licensing: The OSI is most active in this area today. To promote the open source effect in this area of licensing, the licensing committee could:
1. Renew licenses every year
2. Publish and enforce a license retirement policy
3. Publish guidelines for users to select an open source license for their source code.
4. Provide literal language translations of approved licenses
Community outreach: This is another area where the OSI can be very effective. Ms. Nwakanma felt that the OSI could represent the global community. Open Source and Linux usergroups could easily be represented under the umbrella of the OSI.
Governance of organization: Fundraising, Press, Communications, Infrastructure are functions under this mandate of the OSI. Membership is also part of this governance function. Funding can be raised for projects in education, legal advice for licensing and proliferation control. Other projects that could be candidates for funding include promotion of open data in collaboration with Creative Commons and Mozilla. Membership is key to the OSI. Representation and authority can only be executed through a membership and affiliate program.
2. Outreach initiatives for 2009 (Education, Press, Conferences)
Education is a key area where a lot can be done in 2009. Ideally, it should be organized as an open source project where various sub-projects such as sharing of best practices with industry, K-12 curricula development, undergraduate curricula and content development, can be carried out.
OSI board members and observers attend and present at conferences globally as well as conduct interviews with the press.
3. ED Discussion (Ms. Cooper)
Informal lunch discussion.
4. Bridging the Gap: How to promote discussions between FSF & OSI to create a public perception of merging the two concepts (Mr. Souza)
The OSI and FSF both believe and promote freedom and open source/free software. Everyone understands what freedom represents but it also means that they need to understand that it also means open. How do we educate our global audience and make adoption easier. Mr. Souza would like to see adoption of FOSS not FLOSS which neither represents open nor free.
5. OSI Meeting with European Commission
Time: February 6, 2009 1500-1600
Coordinator: Rishab Ghosh
Attendees: Michael Tiemann, Danese Cooper, Rishab Ghosh, Harshad Gune, Martin Michlmayr, Russ Nelson, Nnenna Nwakanma, Bruno Souza, Alolita Sharma, Andrew Oliver
Agenda: The discussion covered the following topics - explanation of OSI history and current role, OSI activities in Europe, background on OSOR, IDABC and EC w.r.t open source, licensing issues, EUPL, and potential involvement of OSI in European Public Sector activities.
6. Discussion and preparation for OSI public meetings at FOSDEM on Saturday, February 7, 2009
Meeting 1: OSI Recent Activities and Future Directions
Day Saturday
Room Ferrer
Time 13:00 - 14:00
Duration 01:00
Info http://fosdem.org/2009/schedule/events/osi
Agenda: The Board of Directors of the Open Source Initiative (OSI) will cover recent activities of the organization in this presentation, talk about the adoption of open source throughout the whole world and discuss the future direction of the OSI, such as the introduction of a membership program.
Meeting 2: Public Meeting of the Open Source Initiative (OSI)
Room AW1.105
Time 14:00 - 16:00
Duration 02:00
Info: http://fosdem.org/2009/schedule/events/osi_public_meeting
Agenda: The Open Source Initiative (OSI) will hold its public meeting at FOSDEM.
This meeting is open to everyone and the agenda is very flexible. Topics include recent activities of the OSI, the future direction of OSI, and other topics of importance to the open source community.
Meeting adjourned at 17:45 local time.
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1 normal acid or base (1N)
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 12:24, 8 December 2010 by Jakob Suckale (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Biologists are sometimes confused by the non-standard[1] chemical unit of normality N. N refers in general to salts while it's most commonly used in the context of acid and bases.
• 1 M (mol/l) = 1 N for an acid that releases 1 proton* when dissolved in water, e.g. HCL (*monoprotic)
• 1 M (mol/l) = 2 N for an acid that releases 2 protons*, e.g. H2SO4 (*diprotic)
By the way, molarity M is also a non-standard unit[2]. Expressing this explicitly as mol/L or mol/m3 is clearer to reader less used to biological customs.
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Obedience is the fruit of faith. Rossetti, Christina
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A bit about Rossetti, Christina ...
Christina Georgina Rossetti (December 5, 1830 December 29, 1894) was an English poet and the sister of artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti as well as William Michael Rossetti and Maria Francesca Rossetti. Their father, Gabriele Rossetti, was a political asylum seeker from Naples, and their mother, Frances Polidori, was the sister of Lord Byron's friend and physician, John William Polidori.
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In the name of Hippocrates, doctors have invented the most exquisite form of torture ever known to man: survival. Bunuel, Luis
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A bit about Bunuel, Luis ...
Luis Bunuel Portoles (February 22, 1900-July 29, 1983) was a Spanish-born filmmaker. He was a surrealist and a lifelong antagonist of the bourgeoisie. His many films encompass art as well as social criticism. His friends in Madrid included Salvador Dali (with whom he collaborated on "Un chien andalou") and
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I know, indeed, of nothing more subtle satisfying and cheering than a knowledge of the real good will and appreciation of others. Such happiness does not come with money, nor does it flow from a fine physical state. It cannot be bought. But it is the keenest joy, after all; and the toiler's truest and best reward. Howells, William Dean
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
He was so learned that he could name a horse in nine languages; so ignorant that he bought a cow to ride on. Franklin, Benjamin
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Quotes by Duncan, Isadora
Isadora Duncan (May 27, 1878 - September 14, 1927) was an American dancer..
"It seems to me monstrous that anyone should believe that the jazz rhythm expresses America. Jazz rhythm expresses the primitive savage."
Duncan, Isadora on jazz
"We may not all break the Ten Commandments, but we are certainly all capable of it. Within us lurks the breaker of all laws, ready to spring out at the first real opportunity."
Duncan, Isadora on law and lawyers
"People do not live nowadays. They get about 10% out of life."
Duncan, Isadora on life
3 fans of this quote
"Art is not necessary at all. All that is necessary to make this world a better place to live in is to love --to love as Christ loved, as Buddha loved."
Duncan, Isadora on love
5 fans of this quote
"Perhaps he was a bit different from other people, but what really sympathetic person is not a little mad?"
Duncan, Isadora on madness
4 fans of this quote
"So that ends my first experience of matrimony, which I always thought a highly over-rated performance."
Duncan, Isadora on marriage
"Any intelligent woman who reads the marriage contract and then goes into it, deserves all the consequences."
Duncan, Isadora on marriage
"I had learned to have a perfect nausea for the theatre: the continual repetition of the same words and the same gestures, night after night, and the caprices, the way of looking at life, and the entire rigmarole disgusted me."
Duncan, Isadora on theater
"Virtuous people are simply those who have not been tempted sufficiently, because they live in a vegetative state, or because their purposes are so concentrated in one direction that they have not had the leisure to glance around them."
Duncan, Isadora on virtue
"The first essential in writing about anything is that the writer should have no experience of the matter."
Duncan, Isadora on writers and writing
"So long as little children are allowed to suffer, there is no true love in this world."
Duncan, Isadora on children
"The finest inheritance you can give to a child is to allow it to make its own way, completely on its own feet."
Duncan, Isadora on children
"The only dance masters I could have were Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Walt Whitman and Nietzsche."
Duncan, Isadora on dance and dancing
"The real American type can never be a ballet dancer. The legs are too long, the body too supple and the spirit too free for this school of affected grace and toe walking."
Duncan, Isadora on dance and dancing
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Nuweiba
From Wikitravel
Africa : North Africa : Egypt : Sinai : Nuweiba
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Tarabin beach, Nuweiba
Nuweiba is on the eastern coast of Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, 70 km south of Taba and 180 km north of Sharm el Sheikh, and only 120 km from St. Catherine.
[edit] Understand
Nuweiba means, “bubbling springs” in Arabic. The 7-km long stretched settlement developed from a barren isolated place with no infrastructure into a promising and attractive tourist destination. Nuweiba was recently discovered by tourist investors establishing hotels along the coastline connecting it with Taba in the north and Dahab in the south.
The city is divided into three parts. From southward you'll find the port, the city, and Tarabin, the Beduin camp and beach strip where most backpackers stay. Nuweiba city lacks a center, but has a small strip of cheap restaurants, an internet cafe, and some souvenir shops. Along the beach in the city some resorts and more upscale camps are located.
To the north, between Tarabin and Taba, you'll find even more basic camps than you'll get in Tarabin. All these camps were struck hard by the lack of Israeli tourism after the Taba/Ras Shaitan bombings in 2004 and the later Sharm and Dahab bombs. The places that used to rely on Israeli visitors can seem almost dead and you have a high chance of solitude by the beach in this area.
[edit] Get in
[edit] By Boat
Ferries run regularly from Nuweiba across to Aqaba in Jordan, bypassing Israel and the sometimes complicated border arrangements. Generally there is no visa fee for entering Jordan through Aqaba since it is a part of the free trade zone. The line to Aqaba is operated by ABMaritime, see their website for the 'official' timetable and current prices.
There is more information about the boat crossing in the itinerary Ferries in The Red Sea
[edit] By Bus
Buses are operated by East Delta coaches. This is basically a shabby bus that goes to many places including Cairo, Dahab and Sharm el Sheikh. The prices are very cheap (about 50p) but the buses are really not that good. They are ok if you are going to sleep a lot of the way. It is not just a bus for tourists it is also a local bus service so ladies be sure to cover up to a certain amount.
The bus trip from Cairo to Nuweiba takes at least 7 hours. Don't believe the information about 5 hours - it's 670 km, two stops for toilets and tea, several stops for taking up and dropping passengers and at least two military checkpoints at the coastline where they check the passports and visas. So don't forget to bring it with you, identity cards will bring you into a short police interview (the bus will wait for you fortunately).
Tickets form Cairo should be booked in advance, the central bus terminal is called Turgoman and is located near the Ramsis Railwaystation. Unfortunately you can only book one-way. Tickets from Nuweiba are sold at the East Delta Company bus terminal. No reservation is possible. If you stay at a camp between Nuweiba and Taba, you can simply wait by the roadside and wink the driver to stop. You will then be able to purchase your ticket during the short stop in Taba.
By bus to St. Catherine: as of the end of October 2011, there is a regular, twice weekly, minibus service to and from St. Catherine. The Bedouin Bus runs on Wednesday and Sunday and costs 50LE each way. Check the website for details on pick-up and drop-off points in Nuweiba and St. Catherine.
[edit] Get around
The majority of travellers arrive by ferry or bus to the port. If you are coming from Taba/Cairo you could ask the bus driver to let you off by the hospital. From the port you'll have to find a taxi to the city or Tarabin. It should not be more than 5-10 LE, but as taxis are often scarce, prices will be inflated. Negotiate hard.
Between the city and Tarabin distances are coverable by foot. If you're let off by the hospital it's a twenty minute walk to the beginning of Tarabin.
There are only a few ways that you can get around in Nuweiba. One is the blue and white taxis. Although you can get just white taxis, stick only to the blue and white and also try and make a mental note of the drivers taxi license, which should be on clear display, and his taxi number, which should be on the drivers side of the taxi. If the driver is good and charges a good price then try and take his number as taxis can sometimes be hard to come by in a small place such as Nuweiba.
[edit][add listing] See
The sunrise in the east, rising over the hijaz mountain-range of Saudi Arabia and the aqaba gulf is probably the most spectacular sight in this area. Otherwise, the area is low on historic sights, but offers plenty of interesting mountain landscapes. Trekking with camels can be organised from the beach in Tarabin, otherwise, an early morning walk northwards to Red Rock (small red mountain clips by the sea) is possible (about 1 hr).
The city of Nuweiba is new and built in concrete. The Bedouin village in Tarabin holds little of interest except seeing how settled Bedouins live in modern Egypt. Apart from this, you might enjoy ship-spotting from the beach.
[edit][add listing] Do
Apart from hanging out at the beach, Nuweiba offers diving and snorkeling from the camps and hotels. A small reef is located south of Tarabin, otherwise better snorkeling and diving is found at Ras Shaitan (Devils Head), a short car ride north of Tarabin. Other great scuba diving sites just a short drive from Nuweiba include South Cove a few kilometers to the north.
Short or longer camel treks can be arranged from the Bedouins at Tarabin. You can just ride along the beach or go into the mountain interior. A fair price would be 25 LE per hour.
Most of the camps and hotels also organize treks to the Colored Canyon and a smaller Canyon trek closer to Nuweiba. If you are in a group the price should be about 50-100 LE per person, maybe 400-500 LE for a 4WD to the Colored Canyon. This is considerably much cheaper than Dahab and Sharm.
Reserve at least a few days before you arrive if you want to spend a day at Castle Zaman. On a hill just north of town, it serves as an oasis for trekkers and campers in the area. You can spend a relaxing day on a bean bag seeing an amazing view of the gulf and 4 countries. Some of the features are a sauna, a good bar with cocktails, lunch/dinner, and a swimming pool that blends nicely in the nature of the area. http://www.castlezaman.com/
[edit][add listing] Buy
There is a a cluster of small shops along Tarabin beach selling souvenirs and artifacts. Items of special interest are handmade Bedouin rugs and silver, which are cheaper here than in the tourist shops in the larger cities.
[edit][add listing] Eat
The camps and hotels runs their own restaurants, and mostly serve the standard travellers diet of pasta, pizza, pancakes and some kebab and burger varieties. Fresh fish from the Red Sea are also served in most of these places.
• Dr. Shishkebab. A kebab restaurant with a large menu offering small dishes and meat. It is a welcome alternative to the camping diet.
• Little Prince Coffee Shop, near the central telephone, 0124718011, [1]. Owner Fuad of Little Prince Coffee Shop has delicious ice cream in many flavours, including mandarin, lemon, mango, vanilla, chocolate, guava, strawberry and pistachio. A nice place to drink turkish coffee, tea, natural fresh juice, sahlab and karkade. On a quiet terrace, you can smoke shisha, listen to music from so many countries. A large choice of books is available in different languages. edit
[edit][add listing] Drink
Nuweiba is a bad place for discos and bars, but you'll find beer and Egyptian wine and liquors at a licensed store by the port. Otherwise, the resorts and some of the camps have alcohol.
[edit][add listing] Sleep
Travelers can choose from the resorts and upscale camps in Nuweiba Port, City and Tarabin or the more basic camps at the "hippie beaches" north of Nuweiba. Some cheap, dirty hotels are located by the port.
[edit] Tarabin
Camps at Tarabin, Nuweiba
The places at the Tarabin beach strip all offer more or less the same concept: relaxed atmosphere, huts and beach access. Most camps are within a range of 500m of each other. If you're tight on budget start comparing and bargaining, it's worth the hassle.
• Petra Camp, 20-60 EP per person, is located on Tarabine's beach, on the edge of the Red sea, at the foot of Sinai mountains. [2] In a Bedouin-style camp, Petra is arguably the nicest camp you'll find around (well known for its restaurant). You also won't have any surprise as all prices are available at the desk and on the website (which is appreciable). Petra has a very tasty and beautiful restaurant run by Shabaan, built with wood recycled from a Cairo antique theatre (designed by the owner, a famous architect in Cairo). Petra camp offers rooms with two simple beds with and without AC. Mahmoud Sokar, the manager, also organizes trips in the area (Mount Catherine, the Colored Canyon). You can rent snorkeling material to discover the rich corals of the Red Sea right in front of the Camp. Contacts : Mahmoud Sokar +20-69-35-00-086 / +20-10-47-22-001
• Blue Bus, 30 EP per hut (1 or 2 persons, without breakfast). Blue Bus has excellent fresh food (take the fish), its cheap and the toilets/showers are clean. [3] Contact the owners at info@blue-bus.de, or +20-10-98-838584
• New Soft Beach, 40-80 EP per person, breakfast included. Kamal Al-Deep: +20-10-35 47 586, Christina Lehmkühler: +20-12-63 44 756, +49-163-99 23 499, [4] (german). New Soft beach is run by Kammal and Christina from Germany. It has its own strip of beach, hammocks and small huts by the beach for relaxing in the shade. Has a painfully slow WIFI so DO use the local internet cafe. * Soft Beach's management seemed to be in flux recently, and basic facilities were in disrepair. The cabin hotel has one bathroom of around 4 stalls each per gender for up to 50 guests, which were in a major state of decrepitude in April 2009. Likewise, the cabins had rodents, uncomfortable and short sleeping mats, and large un-mended holes in the mosquito nets.
• Elsibaay Village, 40 (50 w/continental breakfast) per 2-person room. elsibaay1@hotmail.com; mobile (002)0125968908 The hotel has comfortable beds, private baths, ceiling fans, an attached internet cafe, and excellent food for the price. The management are also very nice people, with a pet pelican and and fin-less para-sail board, which is free of charge to take out. The seating area is comfortable and management allows you to hook up mp3 devices with speakers. They also staged impromptu Egyptian drumming sessions at night with their friends. A great place to stay if you want to relax and not people watch, but if you're there for the tourist social scene, then perhaps other places would be better.
• Nakhil Inn Tel: +20-69-3500879 Fax: +20-69-3500878 mob: +20-12-2105906, Email: info@nakhil-inn.com [5]. $ 60 per night for double room with breakfast. At the northern end of the beach, this is the only resort along the Tarabin strip. Seems pretty empty these days. Has its own diving center and several packages are on offer on their website.
• Ali Salam Atwa Tel: +20 10 614 3583 Cheap grass huts on the water about half-way along the beach. Nice areas to lounge around. 10 EGP per person. Blankets might be 5 EGP more, but is negotiable. The two men running the place are deaf, but understanding the sign language isn't much more difficult than understanding Arabic; perhaps easier, and a lot more fun!
[edit] Nuweiba City
The camps and resorts in the city are all located along the beach.
• Habiba Village, [6]. Tel: +20-69-3500770 / Fax: +20-69-3500565. 10-45 USD, Hotline: 012-2176624, Email: habiba@sinai4you.com. If you want camp life, but with more comfort than Tarabin, this popular place offers bungalows and rooms with A/C.
• Swisscare Nuweiba Resort Hotel, [7]. With 48 suites on the beach in a central location between the port area and the town.
• Helnan Nuweiba Bay Resort, [8]. A standard four stars hotel, Located at the city center with a 1500 M overlooking the sandy beach of Nuweiba 130 rooms well furnished, ready to make you feel the sharming life of Nuweiba.
• Nuweiba Coral Hilton Resort, [9]. A charming, calming resort with friendly staff and a private beach area. easy acsses to the Port and the City.
[edit] North of Nuweiba
• Sawa Camp, 20 km north of Nuweiba, +2 011-322-7554, [10]. Backed by the starkly beautiful red-tinged cliffs of the Sinai and occupying a prime piece of white-sand beach along the Red Sea’s shore, laidback Sawa Camp is the perfect antidote to modern life. The huts here sit directly on the beach. All come with a shady porch and hammock and have electricity available from 0800-1400 and again from 1600-midnight. The bathrooms are communal and are kept super-clean with hot water supplied by solar-power. The large and shady restaurant area is a great place to hang out and serves up an extensive menu of local and international dishes with lots of fresh seafood options and nearly all of the ingredients sourced locally. There is excellent snorkelling (equipment provided) just off the beach and a whole host of activities (diving and desert-trips etc) can be arranged onsite. A wonderful option for those who want a peaceful and relaxing beach holiday. See the website, www.sawacamp.com, for further details. edit
• Harby's Place, Wadi Mahash (20 KM north of Nuweiba, 40 KM south of Taba), [11]. Beach hut ecolodge. Restaurant serves local organic vegetables and seafood. Bedouin owned and managed. From €10. edit
• Barracuda camp, Taba-Road (5 KM north of Nuweiba, 60 KM south of Taba), 0020107790067, [12]. Beach hut ecolodge. Restaurant serves local organic vegetables and seafood. Bedouin-owned and managed, very friendly and helpful staff, laidback atmosphere and a nice coral reef for snorkeling starting 20 m from the beach. Simple huts, electricity from 6 to 01 pm, basic but clean toilets and showers. 50 egy pound per person per night. edit
• Bakraj 3, 5 km north of Nuweiba (big yellow teapot marks the entrance of the campsite), +20177450081, [13]. Beach huts. Established 1982. 4$ (20LE) per person per night. edit
• Al Tarek, Beer Sweer (10 km north of Nuweiba), +20121081189, [14]. In Al Tarek Camp you find roomy huts, fresh food, cold drinks,and a lot of love. From LE 40 per person per night. edit
[edit] Stay safe
Drugs, particularly marijuana, are widely available in Nuweiba and famously cheap. This does not make them legal, so consider very carefully if you want to risk at best large fines and at worst lengthy prison terms in Egypt's notoriously squalid prisons before indulging.
Women travellers are pretty safe in Nuweiba. As a matter of courtesy to the local customs, even though you will see quite a few girls with short skirts and tight t-shirts, please respect the fact that Egypt is a conservative country, and dress appropriately in the city (at the beach a bikini is no problem).
[edit] Get out
• Aqaba — Jordan's window on the sea
• Dahab — the backpacker mecca of the Sinai
• St.Catherine — high mountains of the Sinai
• Eilat — gateway to Israel
• Taba — airport and border crossing to Eilat, Israel
• Taba Heights — purpose built resort with golf course and water sports center
• Wadi Rum | Jordan | The Bedouin Meditation Camp [15] Just take the fast or slow ferry to Aqaba then take a taxi to Wadi Rum where you will be able to explore the world heritage listed Wadi Rum for a day or 2.
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Navi Mumbai
From Wikitravel
Asia : South Asia : India : Western India : Maharashtra : Konkan : Thane : Navi Mumbai
Revision as of 06:22, 16 November 2011 by 59.181.117.15 (Talk)
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Navi Mumbai (or New Bombay) [1] is a beautiful city in Thane district to the Northeast of Mumbai. It was founded in 1971 as a satellite township to take the pressure off Mumbai city. In that, it has been only partially successful. Though many residents moved into Navi Mumbai, businesses did not. As a result, most people continue to commute to Mumbai. This has been changing in the past few years, with many IT and ITES industries setting up shop here.
Navi Mumbai is separated from the island of Mumbai by the Arabian sea and from Thane city by the Thane creek.
Get in
By plane
The city does not have an airport yet, though that will change in a few years when the new international airport to serve Mumbai will be built in Navi Mumbai. Work on City & Industrial Development Corporation of Maharashtra's airport project in Navi Mumbai has already started (as of June 2008), after some issues relating to land acquisition are sorted out and clearance of the Union Cabinet is obtained. The closest airport is in Mumbai. Once you get off, you can take a train, bus or cab to get here.
By train
There are two train lines running through the city. These suburban railway stations are quite neater than those in mainland Mumbai. Navi Mumbai's Railway Stations are one of the very few stations in India which boast of beautiful infrastructure. The trains really are the best transportation option for Navi Mumbai, considering the region's high traffic and pollution.
Mumbai's Harbour Line has been extended to serve Navi Mumbai. The most important station is Vashi, but there are many stations within the city, including Sanpada, Juinagar, Nerul, Seawoods-Darave, CBD-Belapur, Kharghar, and Khandeshwar Mansarovar, & Panvel. The Panvel is last station on Harbour Line
There are two rail line that connects Thane railway station from Vashi and Nerul. Service on this line has improved a lot now because of more trains added.
There are 5 suburban trains daily between Belapur and Andheri (2 in the morning and 3 in the evening)
With respect to January 2011, the Central railways have also started 12 car coaches between Thane-Panvel, Thane-Nerul Harbour lines. There are also fast trains running on this route.
Panvel-CST bound trains are soon be increased in carrying capacity from 9 to 12 coaches. This will ease the rush in the wee hours of the day in this line.
By car
Navi Mumbai is well connected with Mumbai. There are two entry points from Mumbai, via Chembur/Mankhurd and via the Airoli exit on the Eastern Express Highway. It will cost you Rs. 30 in toll. From Thane, you can enter the city via the Thane-Belapur road, and in fact the Airoli exit joins the Thane-Belapur road. This road has numerous entry points into the city, so you need to confirm which one to take.
The Thane-Belapur road also links up to the Mumbai-Pune expressway.
By bus
Mumbai's BEST and Kalyan - Dombivli's KDMT bus services run a few buses into the city. BEST bus numbers in the 500 series are the ones to look for. Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport (NMMT) bus services run buses inside Navi Mumbai. NMMT has extended A/C bus service to Bandra & Borivali and is a very convenient way to travel to Mumbai as it has pressed latest Volvo buses in service. BEST has also started its A/C king Long buses from Navi Mumbai to Mumbai but the fares are higher and buses are not as comfortable as NMMT Volvo buses.
By taxi
Mumbai's taxis are allowed into Navi Mumbai. Hired cars are also a good way of getting into the city. If you are travelling from Mumbai to Navi Mumbai most taxis will expect the passengers to pay the toll on the bridges connecting the cities, in addition to the metered fare.
Here is an advice - Most taxi/rickshaw meters are doctored, at least in Navi Mumbai. So, better go by branded cab services - Mega Cab (022-42424242), Meru Cab (022-44224422), Gold Cab etc. You would get them at 30-60 minutes notice, they are sparkling clean, air-conditioned, punctual, honest, GPS-equipped-monitored and thus far secure at anytime. You get an SMS saying driver name, mobile number and car number 30 min before scheduled departure. 03-box cars only - Indigo Marina and Maruti Esteem only. Call center 24 hours, and not much difference in the day or night charges. Charge Rs.15 per km point-to-point, with just Rs.2 extra for first km in the night time. Infact, domestic airport has a dedicated areas in the common taxi stand for Mega and Meru cabs. e.g. You would shell out Rs.450-600 from airport to navi mumbai depending upon where you go, whereas other cabs may fleece you to the tune of 1000-1600 easily while giving poor service.
By auto-rickshaw
Mumbai's auto-rickshaws are not allowed into Navi Mumbai. However, you can catch one right up to the toll gate at Airoli, walk across and catch one on the Navi Mumbai side. Similarly you can catch one to Mankhurd and then change over to a taxi to get to Vashi. But sometime if you are lucky , you can get auto rickshaw to makhurd from vashi also to vashi from mankhurd. Since these auto rickshaw come to mankhurd for gas filling since there are still less number of GAS stations in Vashi.
Get around
By car
By car, you can go through the Vashi-Mankhurd Bridge built over tha sea, just by paying the over-valued toll tax. To welcome you in Navi Mumbai, there is a beautiful toll plaza at the end of the bridge to welcome you which acts as the entrance gate of Navi Mumbai.
Navi Mumbai's main arterial road - called the 'Palm Beach Road' will help link you to the various nodes of Navi Mumbai viz Vashi, Nerul, CBD Belapur, Khargar, Panvel. It also links Navi Mumbai to Mhape and Thane. Palm Beach Road is a beautiful 4-lane highway with smooth tar roads and several exits to the nodes of the city.
By bus
By auto-rickshaw
Auto-rickshaw is a popular mode of travel within the satellite city. You will see 'rickshaw stands' at several busy corners of residential and commercial areas. The minimum fare is Rs. 14/- and most rickshaw drivers abide by the meter reading. But in case of doubt, please request for a meter card to confirm if you are being charged the correct amount.
Advice - If you wish to travel to any of the nodes of the city (say from Vashi to Nerul), most rickshaw drivers will ask for half or full return fare upfront. It is NOT mandatory to pay them the return fare and is entirely the discretion of the passenger whether or not he/she wishes to pay the fare. The rule of the land: if you do not wish to pay the return fare (or what the driver asks), you should not board the vehicle. Boarding the vehicle indicates your consent to pay the stipulated fare. Lastly, always let the DRIVER specify the markup on the fare. DO NOT ASK HIM IF HE WANTS A MARKUP TO GO TO ANY OF THE NODES!
Travel within any of the Nodes is always by meter and without a markup. So please do not accept any other price quoted by the driver.
See
• Kharghar Hills, (Belapur). On the way to Kharghar, take a left on uphill as u leave the boundaries of CBD. A very cool place on hilltop. People prefer to come here for morning and evening walk. Youngsters come here to have fun and just chillout. It is closed most of the times in the rainy season because of the landslide. A must to visit this place in evening hours if you are around.
• Sarovar Vihar Garden, (attached to the creek at 15 minutes distance by rickshaw near Vashi Station). Like a second marine drive, provides a beautiful view of the sea, a drive from Vashi via the Palm Beach Road ends at Belapur
• Waterfalls, Sector-8 (On the way from Mumbai to Panvel). Pandav kada at kharghar and artist village dam in CBD Monsoon tourist attraction for people from far and wide
• Rajiv Gandhi Maidan. Lot's of temples for doing Pooja and meditiation, and a good trek
• Rain Tree Marg, (Belapur). Has beautiful views of Navi Mumbai
• minakshi, kharghar. Mango Garden,a must visit place for couples and children.It is a small garden for almost all age group people.Children can play on the slides, youngsters can chillout couples can cherish the beauty of the garden as well as each other and the older ones can have a walk. Situated in C.B.D,sec 3...
• Central Park, (Kharghar), [2]. London’s Hyde Park and New York’s central park are few of the best examples of huge amusing park that standout in the history. The project of Central Park is an attempt of CIDCO, not rival to these historical parks, however to make public park creating these park’s concepts, relay the park to current times, in specific-Navi Mumbai’s ethos and additional reflect into future.
Do
• Valley Park, Sector-9. A hot-spot for joggers of all ages
• Sagar Vihar, sector 6 vashi (near vashi depot, 10 minutes from vashi station). a cool place to chill out with friends, a must to visit during evening hours.
• Central Park, It is being developed by the CIDCO, a beautiful landscape. A ISCON temple is attached to this park. 40% work has been completed. There is no entry fee to this park. The west to this park is Pandav Kada waterfall and CIDCO developed Golf Course.
Buy
The shopping market throughout Sector-17 is a good place to buy a variety of things at reasonable rates.
• CenterOne, (near Vashi Station). This mall houses all kinds of outlets for apparel, clothes, shoes, Indian Art and handicrafts, food what have you.
• Raghuleela, outside vashi station (left). Absolutely opposite Vashi station, a regular spot for many on-the-go shoppers.awesome food court as well as fame cinemas here for watching movies.
• Inorbit Mall, (opposite Vashi station) (right). Wide variety of brands under a single shed, wonderful place to hangout with family while shopping. vareity of food here in food court. pub and bar at 3rd floor...must visit place. try kareem's here in ground floor...for varieties of chicken, mutton, fish...and other non-veg items.
• Sector 16+17, Vashi. About a small drive from Vashi Station, these sectors on the way you get into Vashi are one of the most happening spots of Navi Mumbai. Sector 16 as a general shopping zone, while sector 17 cropping as mini electronics marketplace.
Eat
The food caters to all kinds of palates which includes Pan Indian (South, North, Central and Western Indian), of course Pizza Hut, Smokin Joes, Dominos and McDonalds, Chinese and other oriental and lots more. Some Indian food you could try includes Dosas, Idlis, Bhel, Sev Puri, Samosas, Ragda patties, Pulavs, Rajma Chawal and more. Indian food is really what food should be. There are more varieties of Indian food than probably any other cuisine in the world. After all that hot stuff you can try out the Indian slush called the ice gola in Kalakhatta flavor, which beats Pepsi and Coke hollow. You'll get those two in manned fountains at the food counters.
• Flavours, Sanpada (opp. Sanpada railway station). Intercontinental cuisine. You can actually sit at the counter and enjoy your drinks (Don't forget the Bartender's Special)
• Hot Cross Cafe, Nerul, Palm Beach/Kharghar (opp. Hiranandani Towers, near Utsav Chowk). A very relaxing coffee shop where they serve a variety of hukka (sheesha) at a very minimal rate. One of the best places in Navi Mumbai for hukka and mouth watering and fresh pastries.
• Jaslok, (at Nerul/Station). All sorts of snacks and sweets. Pani Puri, Vada Pav and Rasmalai, Jamun are the delicious items
• Nanumal Bhojraj, Nerul-Sanpada Palm Beach Road. Damn good restaurant for Sindhi and Punjabi food...
• Bhagat Tarachand, (Turbhe-Sanpada & Inorbit Mall). Pure veg restaurant.
• Sri Krishna, Sector-11, CBD Belapur (Near K Stars Hotel), 022-6511162. Nice and good vegetarian food. Best Watermelon Juice! Home Delivery available.
• Tunga, Vashi. Good place to eat. Try ghee chapaties...they are awesome
• Vasundhara, (opposite Vashi station). Pure veg restaurant.
• Viscious circle, Sector 6, Vashi. Mouth watering kebabs and non veg dishes, good ambience, drinks and a large projector screen.
• Navaratna, Vashi, Sec-17. One of the oldest restaurants in Vashi. It serves great food in the traditional Udipi style. A must try!
• Hotel Ruchi, Koparkhairane. Possibly the best Keralite food you can find in the city. The restaurant itself is pretty small and unnoticable but if you notice it, don't miss it. Try the Kerala Parotha with Chicken Masala and the idiyaappam and appams for breakfast
• Royal Rasoi, Station Road, Kharghar. Excellent cuisine - Veg and Non veg. Good ambiance. Reasonably priced.
• Barbeque Nation, Nerul Palm Beach.
Drink
• Coral Lounge, Sector 17, Vashi (Above hotel Navratna). please help out with more info
• Dusk, (at The Park in C.B.D. Belapur), +91 (0) 22 2758 9000. please help out with more info
• Flames, CBD Belapur (Opposite to BEST Depot), 022-27573737. 12. please help out with more info 250 average.
• Indulge, C.B.D. Belapur (Its 5min frm CBD Rly station). Its a lounge bar
• Ice'n'Spice, Nerul (Opposite to Sea-Woods Station), [3]. The Biggest Lounge Bar cum Restaurant of Navi Mumbai.
• Rain Forest, Sector 11, Belapur. Great ambience, good music. It is literally a dark forest inside with huge trees. Expensive.
• Spices, Kopar Khairane (near Teen Tanki). Best non veg in KK
• Oven Hot, Near Gaondevi Mandir (The next stop after Gaondevi Mandir to the left). Lovely chicken and veg snacks, superb pastries, delicious frankies. They make any sort of birthday cakes you desire, any shape, any cartoon character. Ask them and you have it. I suppose they make 1/2 kg cakes within 15 minutes or something. Also they make different kinds of breads and sliced breads and egg/eggless cakes (200 gms each packaged ones. walnut brownie, fruit and nut, mawa, tutty-fruity, choco walnut, etc.). All in all, an awesome place for a small party.
• Rockville restaurant, hotel and bar, sector-15, CBD-Belapur (behind croma), 9320123881, [4]. It's a good restaurant/hotel/bar in cbd belapur.
• Celebrations, Plot L 1, Sector19, Vashi, Navi Mumbai (Palm Beach Road, Vashi.), 91 22 41023456, [5]. 7hrs to 15hrs 19hrs to 24hrs. Business Deluxe Hotel with Multi-cuisine Restaurant, Tycoon Bar, and modern amenities stay. Rs. 500 onwards.
Sleep
• Astute Acres Serviced Apartments, 23,Shree Nand Dham, Sector-11, CBD Belapur, Navi Mmbai 400614 (Opp. CBD Belapur Rly. Station.), 912267939257, [6]. checkin: 10.00am; checkout: 12.00. 4000.
Budget
Mid-range
• K-Star Hotels, Sector 11, C.B.D. Belapur (Opp. C.B.D. Belapur Rly. Station (E)). checkout: boob.
• Days Inn, L-1, Sector 19, Palm Beach Marg, Vashi. US$35 std rate..
• Hotel Heritage Dakshin, Sai Chambers, Sec 11, CBD Belapur, 91 22 2757 1812. Rp 1,200–2,000.
• Hotel Vishwa Sai, 1st Floor, Hemraj Bldg. Sector 11 (Opp. C.B.D. Belapur Rly. Station (E)), Tel: +9122 27574508. checkout: noon. Has Aircondition
• Pooja Heritage (Nerul), Near DY Patil college (Near DY Patil college). checkin: 1200; checkout: 1200. nice hotel at lowest budget Rp. 1200.
• Centr point, sector 11 CBD belapur.. pocket frndly and quiet decent..
• Hotel Three Star, Hiranandani, Kharghar. A good mid range hotel
Splurge
• Four Points by Sheraton - [8] - Plot 39/1, 6 To 15, Sector 30A,Vashi, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400701
• Royal Orchid Central Grazia - [9] - Plot # 67, L-3, Sector 19, Palm Beach Rd, Vashi, Navi Mumbai - 400705
Stay Safe
As the population and prosperity of the city rose through the years, it began to attract more criminal activity. Navi Mumbai's crime count jumped up from 2,763 in 2003 to 3,571 in 2004. One of the main reasons for the spurt in crime is continuous political meddling in police investigations and the grossly under-staffed police force.
There are very few police chowkies throughout Navi Mumbai with virtually non existent beat chowkies and traffic police. Criminal activities in Navi Mumbai include chain snatching, pickpocketing, cellphone snatching. These crimes are mainly confined to sparsely populated areas. Navi Mumbai has witnessed several vehicle thefts and burglaries involving unoccupied houses. Murder and armed robbery take place in significant numbers. Riots and community feuds take place, especially in the Ghansoli area. There have been several instances where mobs of frustrated native villagers have beaten innocent law abiding residents. Nerul is especially plagued by robbery. The number of accidents on the Palm Beach Road caused by are growing at an alarming pace due to non existent traffic police or security cameras. The absence of street lights on the highway between Belapur and Kharghar poses a continued danger to motorists. Shops and housing colonies often hire private security guards, as the police force is often overstretched.[18] Businesses are expected to shut shop by 10pm. The Mumbai underworld has begun to take notice of the city,[19] targeting the increasingly thriving businesses of cable operators, builders and real estate developers for extortion. On the whole, crime in Navi Mumbai is much less than in Mumbai.
Get out
• In Rainy season go to Pandavkada Waterfalls in Kharghar.
• Trek Karnala Fort, 13 km From Panvel
Mumbai (Bombay) is a short train ride away from Navi Mumbai, and many people travel to Mumbai for the day.
The beautiful hill stations of Lonavla and Khandala are less than an hour's drive from Navi Mumbai.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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Research article
Interdisciplinary Integration of the CVS Module and Its Effect on Faculty and Student Satisfaction as Well as Student Performance
Nasra N Ayuob1,2*, Basem S Eldeek1,2, Lana A Alshawa1 and Abdulrahman F ALsaba3,4
Author Affiliations
1 Medical Education Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
2 Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
3 Director of Cardiovascular system module, Professor of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
4 Professor of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ein-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Medical Education 2012, 12:50 doi:10.1186/1472-6920-12-50
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/12/50
Received:15 March 2012
Accepted:2 July 2012
Published:2 July 2012
© 2012 Ayuob et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Beyond the adoption of the principles of horizontal and vertical integration, significant planning and implementation of curriculum reform is needed. This study aimed to assess the effect of the interdisciplinary integrated Cardiovascular System (CVS) module on both student satisfaction and performance and comparing them to those of the temporally coordinated CVS module that was implemented in the previous year at the faculty of Medicine of the King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.
Methods
This interventional study used mixed method research design to assess student and faculty satisfaction with the level of integration within the CVS module. A team from the medical education department was assembled in 2010/2011 to design a plan to improve the CVS module integration level. After delivering the developed module, both student and faculty satisfaction as well as students performance were assessed and compared to those of the previous year to provide an idea about module effectiveness.
Results
Many challenges faced the medical education team during design and implementation of the developed CVS module e.g. resistance of faculty members to change, increasing the percentage of students directed learning hours from the total contact hour allotted to the module and shifting to integrated item writing in students assessment, spite of that the module achieved a significant increase in both teaching faculty and student satisfaction as well as in the module scores.
Conclusion
The fully integrated CVS has yielded encouraging results that individual teachers or other medical schools who attempt to reformulate their curriculum may find valuable.
Keywords:
Implementation; Interdisciplinary; Curriculum; Integration; Pre-clerkship; Cardio-vascular module
Background
The prevailing trend in basic science curriculum changes around the world is now towards integration, both horizontally among the disciplines and vertically between basic and clinical sciences [1-4]. Many researchers have proven that information presented without robust cross-links and ties to clinical applications, which is tested in isolation from related subject matter, has proven difficult for students to recall after the transition to clinical clerkships [5-7].
Harvard Medical School created a hybrid curriculum in 1985 that combined problem based learning (PBL) with limited lectures and laboratories in order to help students to develop a flexible, integrated knowledge base. It demonstrated that students could learn basic science in the context of clinical medicine and humanistic care while maintaining sufficient content mastery to pass the national licensing examination with no decrement in basic science knowledge [8].
Recognizing the limitations of its own traditional, discipline-based curriculum, the faculty of medicine at King Abdulaziz University (KAU) challenged both the clinical and basic science faculty members to create a new integrated curriculum to be implemented in the academic year of 2006/2007. The curriculum at KAU consists of two phases. In phase I (the pre-clinical phase) the basic sciences are taught in the form of a few core courses and system-based modules such as cardiovascular module. Phase II clinical years include the major four clerkships, in addition to some sub-specialties and a professionalism course.
Despite committee initiatives to establish integration between module content (to be temporally coordinated), student satisfaction assessed at the end of the last two academic years (2008/2009 and 2009/2010) showed incomplete satisfaction with the integration within the modules. In response to these complaints, the medical education department (MED) took a pioneering step, in association with the cardiovascular system module committee, to present an interdisciplinary integration model in the academic year of 2010/2011. This paper aimed to document the steps taken to establish such integration as well as to assess its effect on student satisfaction and performance. It will serve as a useful example for other schools aiming to improve integration levels in their curriculum.
Methods
This interventional study used mixed method research and collected both qualitative and quantitative data to assess the effectiveness of the integrated CVS module. An ethical approval of this research article has been obtained from the biomedical research ethics committee at the Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University.
Steps taken by the ME team
•A focus group discussion with those faculty members participating in system based modules teaching was facilitated by MED. Ten faculty members from the basic science departments and three from the clinical departments had participated in the discussion about; their satisfaction with the integration level in the module and comments and/or complaints that had been raised by students during and at the end of all modules.
•Reviewing the CVS module evaluations (quantitative method) filled out by the second year medical students and faculty members in the last two academic years (2008/2009 and 2009/2010) as a pilot to triangulate the results of the focus group discussion. This review revealed incomplete satisfaction of both faculty members and students with the integration within the CVS module.
•Conducting a detailed review of the literature, looking for similar problems in the implementation of integration and the experiences and approaches taken to solve it.
•Putting a developmental plan for enhancing integration. The CVS module was select as a model to work on because the module chairman and teaching faculty members were very enthusiastic about increasing the integration level within their module. This module is taught to the second year medical students. It has four credit hours (about 60 contact hours) distributed among lectures, practical sessions, PBL sessions, tutorials and SDL as seen in Table 1. Six disciplines; anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, pathology and cardiology were temporally coordinated in this module.
Table 1. Time (in hours) allotted to different teaching and learning methods before modification the CVS module
•Revision of the module objectives and the objectives of each session. They correlated these objectives to the faculty program objectives. The redundant objectives were deleted while missed ones were added.
•A theme, in the form of a clinical problem, was set for each week of the four weeks of the module. These themes were chosen with the help of the relevant clinician and according to the commonality across the module objectives and the Saudi Arabian community. The chosen themes were: heart failure, atherosclerosis and ischemic heart diseases, hypertension and arrhythmias.
•Next came regrouping the module objectives around the chosen themes and reorganizing the teaching and learning activities (lectures, practical, tutorial, SDL and PBL sessions) to follow the themes.
•Developing PBL cases to cover different themes.
•Designing a comprehensive timetable for each week Figure 1.
Figure 1. Example of a comprehensive time-table for a week of the CVS module under the theme “Atheroscelorosis and ischemic heart diseases
•Advising teaching faculty members turned to case-based teaching of the basic sciences in order to enhance the vertical integration within the module and increased the students’ perception of the clinical relevance of basic sciences.
•Increasing the SDL weight to occupy about 18 % of the time allotted to the module, Table 2 and developing procedures to standardize it.
Table 2. Time (in hours) allotted to different teaching and learning methods after modification of the CVS module
•Regarding the assessment, a workshop to train faculty members on constructing integrated items was held by the ME team. The assessment tools presented in the workshop included problem-based questions (PBQ), modified essay questions (MEQs) and objective structured practical examination (OSPE). These tools were used intentionally to assess the higher levels of cognition such as application and evaluation of knowledge. This was accomplished after the development of an exam blueprint through the collaboration between the ME team and the CVS module members.
•Highlighting the importance of formative assessment through demonstrating its role in providing students with feedback on their performance, helping them detecting their gaps of knowledge, planning to fill these gaps and familiarizing them with the newly used assessment tools before the final summative exam.
•Maintaining a close monitoring and follow up process to ensure proper implementation of what has been planned. This was accomplished formally through direct contact with the head of the CVS module.
•To measure the effectiveness of the developed module, both faculty and student satisfaction was measured via module evaluation questionnaires. The results were compared with results measured in the academic year of 2009/2010. Student assessment results, in the form of overall success rate and the percentage of students grades as well as the item analysis results of the CVS exams for the two consecutive years (2009/2010) and (2010/2011), were also compared.
•Statistical analysis was undertaken using a statistical package of social science (SPSS) software, version 16 (2005). The qualitative data were presented in the form of number and percentage. A chi-square test, with linear trends, was used for ordinal qualitative data. A percentage rate for teaching faculty member satisfaction was calculated for the module evaluation. Significance was considered at p value less than 0.05.
Results
Focus group discussion with the faculty members participating in system based modules in the years from 2008–2010 revealed incomplete satisfaction which the integration level in their particular modules.
In spite of the initial resistance among some faculty members towards the developed integrated CVS module during its preparatory phase, the result of focus group discussion, after implementation of the developed module, revealed an increase in satisfaction with the module. They even sought help from ME team members to implement integration in other modules in which they were involved.
The result of the course evaluation questionnaire completed by students showed that overall student satisfaction was 53.88 % in 2009/2010 and 72.65 in 2010/2011. There was a highly significant increase in student satisfaction regarding CVS module contents in 2010/2011 compared to the previous year, see Table 3. When it came to satisfaction with the module teaching faculty members, there was a significant increase in overall student satisfaction in 2010/2011, see Table 3. It was noted that there was a significant increase in the overall student satisfaction with the CVS assessment plan in 2010/2011, see Table 4. On the other hand, there was an insignificant increase in overall student satisfaction with the educational resources provided in the CVS in 2010/2011when compared to the previous year, see Table 4.
Table 3. Results of students responses to course evaluation questionnaire (in relation to module contents and faculty members) of the CVS module in (2009/2010) and (2010/2011)
Table 4. Results of students response to the course evaluation questionnaire (in relation to assessment and educational resources) of the CVS module in (2009/2010) and (2010/2011)
Though the overall success rate was higher (100 %) during the academic year of 2009/2010 when compared to that of 2010/2011 (98.6 %), the percentage of students who received an A grade was significantly higher in (2010/2011). On the other hand, the percentage of students who got a D grade was significantly lower in (2010/2011) see Table 5.
Table 5. Final scores of the students in final CVS module exam in (2009/2010) and (2010/2011)
Item analysis of the CVS exams for the two consecutive years (2009/2010 and 2010/2011) was carried out. Regarding the difficulty index, the results showed that the majority of the exam items given in 2009/2010 were very easy (36.6 %) and easy (50 %) items. After implementation of the developed integrated module, the percentages of the very easy and easy items had been reduced to 11.7 % and 48.3 % respectively. The percentage of the excellent items increased from 14.4 in 2009/2010 to 36.7 in 2010/2011, see Table 6.
Table 6. Difficulty and Discrimination indexes of the items of the CVS module exam in (2009/2010) and (2010/2011)
Regarding the discrimination index, the results showed that the percentage of the very good discriminating items increased from 13.3 % in 2009/2010 to 70 % in 2010/2011. On the other hand, the percentage of the poor discriminating items, the items that need to be rejected, decreased from 16.6 % in 2009/2010 to 1.7 % in 2010/2011, see Table 6.
Because of the small number of faculty members involved in the CVS module teaching, significance tests could not be applied to the module evaluation questionnaire completed by them. Instead, the percent of change was calculated for each assessed item. The results showed that there was a 51 % increase in the overall faculty member satisfaction with the module in 2010/2011. The percentage of increase in the satisfaction index with all of the assessed items did not exceed 50 %, except in five items. These include: encouraging SDL, building student analytical and problem solving skills, implementing PBL successfully, availability of learning resources and alignment between the course objectives, instruction and assessment Table 7.
Table 7. Results of course evaluation questionnaire by teaching faculty of the CVS module in (2009/2010) and (2010/2011)
Discussion
Medical and dental education curricula are continually developing by incorporating advancements, such as horizontal and vertical integration, to address the contemporary needs of their students [9].
Curriculum integration enables learners to recognize how diverse concepts and/or processes interrelate [10]. This concept has received much attention across the health sciences [9,11]. The clear build-up of the curriculum and the vertical and horizontal integration of subject knowledge seem to have significantly reduced the lack of regulation [12]. As a result, the faculty of medicine at KAU was encouraged to launch an integrated, system- based curriculum to be delivered to students during Phase I (pre-clerkship years).
Since the planned and delivered curriculum can be significantly different, the first question which came to the authors’ mind was, ‘How much does the delivered curriculum differ from the planned integrated curriculum? [13], to answer this question, the ME team investigated both student and faculty member satisfaction with the integrated curriculum through both qualitative and quantitative methods.
On designing the newly developed interdisciplinary, integrated CVS module, the tips described by Malik and Malik were beneficial. They described how integration can be enhanced from harmonization to interdisciplinary integrated level by avoiding commonly committed mistakes [14].
The overall satisfaction of the students after implementation of the integrated CVS module in 2010/2011 was 72.65 %. It seemed to be slightly lower than the overall student satisfaction rate (77.63 %) that was recorded by Mehr et al. The latter results were obtained after assessing an elective integrated training module of the brain’s basal ganglia which was designed and implemented by a multidisciplinary team [15].
This study revealed a significant increase in overall student satisfaction (from 53.88 % to 72.65 %) after implementation of the interdisciplinary integrated module. These results seemed to be in agreement with the results obtained by Klement et al. while they reported Morehouse School of Medicine experience in integrating its first year medical curriculum in 2005. The integration process was expanded to include first year basic science courses (Human Morphology, Biochemistry, Physiology, and Neurobiology). The outcomes of the restructured curriculum include higher or equivalent subject examination average scores, enhanced student satisfaction [16].
These results were in contradict with the findings of Harvard medical school in 2011 when it replaced its dedicated Preventive Medicine and Nutrition course with an integrated curriculum and assessed student satisfaction with both of them. It was found that students with the integrated curriculum were less satisfied with both the quantity and quality of their nutrition education [17]. This decreased satisfaction could be attributed to the reduced content of the integrated curriculum that did not satisfy student curiosity. That was not the case in this study as a sufficient amount of content was secured in the integrated CVS module.
It was found that the overall success rate was lower in 2010/2011 than in 2009/2010 (98.6 % and 100 % respectively). This might indicate that the exams of the integrated module were more difficult and discriminating and signified a more effective assessment plan.
Implementing case-based teaching seemed to be one of the causes that elicited an increase in student satisfaction in this study and was described by previous ones [18]. Although the ME team failed to convince the CVS teaching faculty to reduce the number of lectures, student satisfaction was not compromised but actually increased. The finding was in accordance with other researches [19].
Fostering SDL was among the methods that the ME team stressed during the integration elements as its role was emphasized by previous studies [20,21]. Weekly, online, formative assessment (quizzes) using the electronic system was another method which was introduced to provide regular feedback to students on their learning process. This was advised by Wilkerson et al. and had proven effective [22].
Among the challenges facing the ME team was the inherent resistance of some faculty member to any change. Regular weekly meetings with the CVS module committee were sufficient to convince and motivate them. It was challenging to make SDL standardized as faculty members were conducting it in different ways and some of them did not assess it at all. The team put together standardized regulations for SDL, starting from setting its topics, learning objectives and assessment method and providing feedback on student learning. Increasing the weight of the SDL (percentage of its hours from the total contact hour allotted to the module) was another challenge that faced the team. This was because faculty members had strong beliefs in the effectiveness of the teacher centered approach and did not rely on SDL as an active and effective approach to student learning.
It was challenging to convince the faculty members of different disciplines to share constructing test integrated items that tackle different disciplines on assessment. They believed that the item construction process should be a confidential and individual process that should not be shared with others. The ME team had conducted workshops to train them and succeeded to convince them to do so after demonstrating the educational impact of integrated assessment on student learning.
Conclusion
Since the prevailing trend in basic science curriculum changes is now towards integration, demonstrating this experience of upgrading the integration level within the pre-clerkship curriculum and documenting its effectiveness could be helpful for medical schools that are willing to enhance integration levels in their curriculum. It could also prove useful to those who intend to integrate their conventional discipline-based curriculum in order to help their students to cross-link and tie information to clinical applications and recall it after the transition to clinical clerkships.
Competing interests
The authors report no declarations of interest.
Authors' contributions
NNA shared in research conception and design, acquisition of data, interpretation of data in addition to writing the manuscript and revising it critically and final approval of the version to be published. BSE shared in research conception and design, acquisition of data, analysis of data in addition to revising manuscript critically and final approval of the version to be published. LAA shared in research conception and design, writing the manuscript and revising it critically and final approval of the version to be published. AFA shared acquisition of data, revising the manuscript critically and final approval of the version to be published. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors’ information
NASRA N. AYUOB is assistant professor in the Medical Education Department, faculty of medicine. She is particularly interested in curriculum designing and integration. She is one of the members of the MED who are responsible for providing educational services to the basic science departments. She is a physician. She had a master and MD in the microscopic Anatomy in addition to a joint master in Medical education JMHPE for Maastricht.
BASEM S. ELDEEK is associate professor in the Medical Education Department, faculty of medicine. He is particularly interested in medical education research. He is one of the members of the MED who are responsible for providing educational services to the clinical departments. She is a physician. He had a master and MD in the public health in addition to a joint master in Medical education JMHPE for Maastricht.
LANA A. ALSHAWA is assistant professor in the Medical Education Department, faculty of medicine. She is particularly interested in PBL. She is one of the members of the MED who are responsible for providing educational services to the basic science departments. She is a dentist. She had a PhD in PBL.
ABDULRAHMAN F. ALSABA is professor of physiology, faculty of medicine. He is the head of the CVS module committee.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the CVS committee members for their enthusiasm in improving their module and for collaboration with the ME team. Special thanks for professor Mahmod S. Alahwal, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University and Dr. Abdulaziz Boker, head of the ME department on providing help, guidance and support of the ME team.
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/12/50/prepub
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Research Article
Existence and multiplicity of solutions for a class of superlinear -Laplacian equations
Juan Wang* and Chun-Lei Tang
Author Affiliations
Department of Mathematics, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
For all author emails, please log on.
Boundary Value Problems 2006, 2006:47275 doi:10.1155/BVP/2006/47275
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.boundaryvalueproblems.com/content/2006/1/47275
Received:16 May 2006
Revisions received:5 July 2006
Accepted:6 July 2006
Published:21 November 2006
© 2006 Wang and Tang
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
By a variant version of mountain pass theorem, the existence and multiplicity of solutions are obtained for a class of superlinear -Laplacian equations: . In this paper, we suppose neither satisfies the superquadratic condition in Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz sense nor is nondecreasing with respect to .
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AusGeo News September 2008 Issue No. 91
New surface geology dataset for South Australia
Seamless digital surface geology of South Australia at 1:1 million scale is now available from Geoscience Australia. The dataset was primarily compiled from 1:250 000 scale digital geology maps covering the state and recent mapping by the Department of Primary Industries and Resources, South Australia. It is edge-matched to previously released datasets of the geology of the eastern states and the Northern Territory and includes a consistent nation-wide classification of regolith materials.
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The data are available as a free download, or on CD which can be purchased through the Geoscience Australia website for $99.00.
For more information phone Alan Whitaker on +61 2 6249 9702 (email alan.whitaker@ga.gov.au)
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Related websites
Surface geology of South Australia, 1:1 million scale (free download)
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Revealing Proterozoic mafic-ultramafic magmatism in Australia
Geoscience Australia in collaboration with the State and Territory geological surveys has recently released a detailed web-based map that shows the location, age, and correlations of Proterozoic mafic-ultramafic igneous rocks across the Australian continent. The new colour map Australian Proterozoic mafic-ultramafic magmatic events consists of two sheets which are available in pdf and jpeg formats through the Geoscience Australia website.
A 1:5 000 000 scale map showing the continental distribution of 30 magmatic events that range from the Early Palaeoproterozoic (~2455 million years (Ma), ME 1) to the Early Cambrian (~520 Ma, ME 30) is the main feature of Sheet 1. The newly-defined magmatic event series (ME 1–ME 30) is based on several hundred age measurements, over 90 per cent of which are derived from recent Uranium-Lead (U-Pb) dating of zircon and baddeleyite.
Solid geology digital maps with state/territory and regional coverages were synthesised to produce a national presentation of mafic-ultramafic rock units, and regional rock packages that include coeval mafic-ultramafic igneous rock components. Colour-coding of rock units by their age of magmatism provides a visual cue to the spatial and temporal correlations of magmatic units at both province and continental scale. Their relationship to the evolution of the continent is shown with an overlay of the Australian Crustal Elements dataset. The detail in the new map extends to isolated occurrences of dated magmatic units and a commentary describing relevant rock relationships.
The second sheet includes a large format Time–Space–Event Chart which shows the presence and correlation of the 30 magmatic events across 28 Australian crustal provinces. Those events known to be mineralised in Australia are highlighted, and six of the magmatic events are shown to be coeval with major nickel-copper ± platinum-group element deposits in other continents, such as ~2440 Ma Penikat in Finland, ~1918 Ma Raglan, ~1880 Ma Thompson, and ~1850 Ma Sudbury in Canada, ~1403 Ma Kabanga in Tanzania, and ~827 Ma Jinchuan in China.
Sheet 2 also includes two maps at 1:10 000 000 scale. The first map shows the locations of Australian nickel-copper-chromium-vanadium-titanium and platinum-group element mineral deposits and occurrences overlain on a composite of Proterozoic and Archaean mafic-ultramafic rock units. The second map shows the geographic extent of five magmatic events which are designated Large Igneous Provinces which are characterised by exceptionally large volumes of mafic-dominated magma emplaced over short geological periods of a few million years or less.
Figure 1. Part of the new 1:5 000 000 scale Australian Proterozoic Mafic-Ultramafic Magmatic Events map. (Larger image [JPG 1.57MB]
The new national map is the final component of the Proterozoic magmatic event map series. It revises and supersedes the earlier maps of Western Australia and Northern Territory–South Australia. The geological and geochronological basis of the map series is summarised in an accompanying Geoscience Australia Record 2008/15 Guide to using the 1:5 000 000 map of Australian Proterozoic mafic-ultramafic magmatic events by DM Hoatson, JC Claoué-Long, & S Jaireth. The Record includes individual time-slice maps of Australia for each of the 30 Proterozoic magmatic events.
The new national map focuses attention on the extent and volume of certain magmatic systems, and associations with mineralisation. The locations of mafic-ultramafic rock units, correlations across the continent, and the relationship of magmatism to the evolving crustal structure of the continent, are all prominent. The new map and Record will be of interest to explorers searching for nickel, platinum-group elements, chromium, titanium, and vanadium, as well as providing fundamental resources for understanding the dynamic evolution of the Australian continent.
For more information phone Dean Hoatson on +61 2 6249 9593 (email dean.hoatson@ga.gov.au)
Related websites/articles
Australian Proterozoic Mafic-Ultramafic Magmatic Events Map (Sheet 1 of 2) - PDF or JPG
Australian Proterozoic Mafic-Ultramafic Magmatic Events Map (Sheet 2 of 2) - PDF or JPG
Part 1. Proterozoic Mafic-Ultramafic Magmatic Events Map: Western Australia - PDF or JPG
Part 2. Proterozoic Mafic-Ultramafic Magmatic Events Map: Northern Territory and South Australia - PDF or JPG
New map for nickel explorers (AusGeo News 84)
New map for nickel and platinum explorers (AusGeo News 87)
Review of Australia's thorium resources
This review provides an enhanced understanding of geochemical processes controlling the distribution of thorium in the Earth's crust and the status and distribution of Australia's thorium resources. It is an output from Geoscience Australia's Onshore Energy Security Program (OESP) and can be downloaded through Geoscience Australia's website. The OESP is delivering pre-competitive data packages and scientifically-based assessments to attract investment in exploration for onshore energy resources such as oil, gas, uranium, thorium and geothermal energy.
Thorium can be used as a nuclear fuel, through breeding to uranium (233U). Several reactor concepts based on thorium fuel cycles are under consideration, but much development work would be required before the thorium fuel cycles can be commercialised. At present thorium fuels are used to varying degrees in some research reactors in India and Russia. Tests are being undertaken in Russia on the use of thorium fuel in conventional nuclear reactors and India is currently developing a thorium-fuelled Advanced Heavy Water Reactor.
Figure 1. Location of Australia’s thorium-bearing mineral deposits and occurrences excluding those related to heavy mineral sand deposits (Data is from the Australian Mines Atlas). (Larger image [GIF328.7kb])
There has been no widespread exploration for thorium in Australia. However, thorium is known to be widely distributed across Australia in a number of different geological settings (figure 1). Australia contains about 19 per cent of the world's identified thorium resources. Most of them are held in the monazite component of heavy mineral sand deposits that are mined for their ilmenite, rutile, leucoxene and zircon content (figure 2). Australia's thorium resources in heavy mineral sand deposits could amount to about 364 000 tonnes. Other significant sources of thorium include the Nolans Bore deposit (with about 53 300 tonnes of thorium) in the Northern Territory and the Toongi zirconia project (with about 35 000 tonnes of thorium) in New South Wales.
Thorium occurs in nature either within minerals or as a tetravalent ion. The large, highly charged Th4+ ion has a marked tendency to form complexes with other ions in solution. The major ones of interest are with chloride, fluoride, nitrate, sulphate and carbonate ions. The average abundance of thorium in the Earth's crust is about 5.6 parts per million (ppm). The upper crust is enriched with an average concentration of 10.5 ppm thorium, while the middle crust has an average of 6.5 ppm, and the lower crust an average of 1.2 ppm. The most important thorium-bearing minerals are monazite, thorianite, thorite, and thorogummite. Other minerals that contain lesser amounts of thorium are allanite, bastnäsite, pyrochlore, xenotime, fluorapatite and zircon. Many of the thorium-bearing minerals are remarkably resistant to oxidation and tend to become enriched in the oxidised zones of mineral deposits.
Geophysical surveys involving radiometric, magnetic, and gravimetric techniques can all be applied to the search for thorium-bearing deposits. However, the lack of penetration of radiometric surveys limits the usefulness of this method in those areas of thick cover which are typical of many parts of Australia. In many places, the deep weathering of the Australian continent has destroyed primary rock lithologies, making recognition of mineralised areas exceptionally difficult. Consequently, stream sediment and other geochemical surveys may also be used to help identify target areas at both regional and local scales.
Figure 2. Location of Australia’s mineral sand deposits including names of operating mines and selected historical mines. (Data is from the Australian Mines Atlas). (Larger image [GIF 295.3kb])
Australia has a wide variety of deposits that contain thorium but the geochemical processes that lead to thorium-enrichment are poorly understood at present. More work is required to better understand the role of thorium in the different styles of mineral deposits and to more comprehensively evaluate Australia's total identified thorium resources.
For more information phone Terry Mernagh on +61 2 6249 9460 (email terry.mernagh@ga.gov.au)
Related websites/articles
Onshore Energy Security Program
A Review of the Geochemical Processes Controlling the Distribution of Thorium in the Earth's Crust and Australia's Thorium Resources by Terrence P Mernagh and Yanis Miezitis
Thorium Project
New geophysical datasets released
Datasets from five new geophysical surveys, which will be a valuable tool in assessing the mineral potential of the respective survey areas, have been released since June 2008.
These include data from four new airborne magnetic and radiometric surveys which cover Bass Strait and the offshore area off northwest and southwest Tasmania and the Westmoreland region of Queensland. New gravity data covering the West Musgrave area of Western Australia have also been released.
The data for all surveys were acquired in surveys during 2007 and 2008, conducted and managed by Geoscience Australia on behalf of Mineral Resources Tasmania, the Geological Survey of Queensland and the Geological Survey of Western Australia. The northwest Tasmania offshore airborne magnetic survey was funded by Geoscience Australia.
The data have been incorporated into the national geophysical databases. The point-located and gridded data for the surveys can be obtained free online using the GADDS download facility.
Table 1. Details of the gravity survey.
Survey Survey type Date of aquisition 1:250 000 map sheets Station spacing, orientation Stations Contractor
West Musgrave (WA) Gravity May – June 2008 Bentley (pt),
Scott (pt),
Talbot (pt),
Cooper (pt)
2.5 x 2.5 km
east – west
4001 Daishsat Geodetic Surveyors
Table 2. Details of the airborne surveys.
Survey Survey type Date 1:250 000 map sheets Line spacing/terrain clearance/ orientation Line km Contractor
Bass Strait(Tas) Magnetic Jan – Mar 2008 NA 800 m
90 m
east – west
70 856 Thomson Aviation
NW Tasmania Offshore Magnetic Jan – Apr 2008 NA 800 m
90 m
east – west
43 824 Fugro Airborne Surveys
SW Tasmania Offshore Magnetic Jan – Apr 2008 NA 800 m
90 m
east – west
26 554 Fugro Airborne Surveys
Westmoreland
(Qld)
Magnetic, Radiometric, Elevation Sep – Dec 2007 Mornington (pt),
Cape Van Dieman (pt),
Westmoreland (pt),
Burketown (pt)
400 m
60 m
north – south
60 547
Fugro Airborne Surveys
For more information phone Murray Richardson on +61 2 6249 9229 (email murray.richardson@ga.gov.au)
Related websites
Geological Survey of Queensland
Geological Survey of Western Australia
Mineral Resources Tasmania
New NATMAP Digital Maps widen appeal
Geoscience Australia has recently released NATMAP Digital Maps 2008 featuring a seamless map which covers the whole of Australia at 1:250 000 scale. This new version of the flagship digital mapping product includes a number of updated maps and a new satellite image of Australia.
The operating software has been revised to improve its utility. Users can now compare a map with a satellite image of the same area using a new split window tool, or place one map over another with a transparency slide tool. The placename search facility, which is based on the Gazetteer of Australia, has also been updated.
NATMAP Digital Maps 2008 has a wide variety of professional, emergency management and recreational uses including:
Since the 1:250 000 scale topographic Raster data was included in the Office of Spatial Data Management’s Spatial Data Schedule in late 2005, the conditions for commercialisation of the product have been relaxed. Consequently, the licence conditions for NATMAP Digital Maps 2008 have been clarified to remove any confusion regarding the increased commercialisation potential of the data. However, some of the other data sets included as well as the Viewing software remain proprietary and are not for commercial exploitation.
Though the previous edition of the NATMAP Raster 1:250 000 scale digital maps was available in two versions, the new version is equivalent in resolution quality to the previous ‘Premium’ version and the price has been reduced to $99.00. NATMAP Digital Maps 2008 is supplied on two DVDs and contains all the software needed to use the maps.
For more information phone Geoscience Australia Sales Centre on Freecall 1800 800 173 (in Australia) or +61 2 6249 9966 (email mapsales@ga.gov.au)
Unless otherwise noted, all Geoscience Australia material on this website is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence.
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Bibliography: Letter (Amazing Stories, February 1935)
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Title: Letter (Amazing Stories, February 1935)
Author: Arthur C. Clarke
Year: 1935
Type: ESSAY
ISFDB Record Number: 127358
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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[23]
“Do you always do that way?” asked Cyrus.
“Yes, by Zeus,” said he, “as often as we go to dinner.”
“Well then,” said Cyrus, “I will invite you, because you give your lines practice both in coming and in going, by night and by day, and also because you give your bodies exercise by marching about, and improve your minds by instruction. Since, therefore, you do all this doubly, it is only fair that I should furnish you a double feast also.”
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
load focus Greek (1910)
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Citation URN: urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0032.tlg007.perseus-eng1:2.3.23
Document URN: urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0032.tlg007.perseus-eng1
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5642.0 - Personal Finance, Australia, Jan 1997
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 14/03/1997
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Finance commitments to individuals under fixed loan and revolving credit facilities by type of major lender; fixed loan commitments are classified by purpose and State.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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RPi Hub
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 21:39, 6 August 2012 by Lxndr (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Raspberry Pi Wiki Hub eng | fra | pt-br
The Raspberry Pi wiki pages on this site are a community work - the Raspberry Pi Foundation is not responsible for content on these pages.
Now shipping to customers
Premier Farnell and RS Components have started shipping to customers. Congratulations to those at the front of the queue!.
Work is ongoing to clear the backlog of orders, with both distributors now manufacturing them in serial production. Farnell/Element14 have stated that all people worldwide who ordered their Raspberry Pi through them on or before April 18th should receive theirs by the end of June.
Update: In the US, on 2012 July 24, Newark/Element 14 is quoting five weeks and Allied is still quoting 12 weeks. An order placed by Rick Seiden on July 19, 2012 at Newark/Element 14 shipped July 31, 2012, indicating a less than five week wait time.
See the Buying Guide on how to order one, or visit the Raspberry Pi Foundation Home Page
About
The Rpi beta board (model B)
The Raspberry Pi (short: RPi or RasPi) is an ultra-low-cost credit-card sized Linux computer which was conceived with the primary goal of teaching computer programming to children. It was developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, which is a UK registered charity (Registration Number 1129409). The foundation exists to promote the study of computer science and related topics, especially at school level, and to put the fun back into learning computing. The device is expected to have many other applications both in the developed and the developing world (Read more).
Raspberry Pi is manufactured and sold in partnership with the worldwide industrial distributors Premier Farnell/Element 14 and RS Components.
• Products are RoHS, CE, FCC, CTick, CSA and WEEE compliant[1]. In common with all Electronic and Electrical products the Raspberry Pi should not be disposed of in household waste. Please contact the distributor from whom you purchased your Raspberry Pi device for details regarding WEEE in your country.
• Price: 25USD Model A, 35USD for Model B, excluding taxes, postage and packaging. For information about availability and shipping see the Buying Guide.
History
• Russell Davis (aka forum admin ukscone) has a series of blog articles recording his perspective of the Raspberry Pi story in several parts from the beginning.
• You will often hear mention of the BBC Micro Computer when people talk about the purpose of the Raspberry Pi Foundation. See this article on the history of the BBC Micro Computer.
Getting Started
Buying Guide
Where can I get one and for how much?
• Raspberry Pi can only be purchased via their official distribution partners - detailed information can be found on the RPi Buying Guide page.
• Additional accessories, peripherals and merchandise will also be available through the Raspberry Pi Shop.
Basic Setup
First little Raspberry Pi Steps...
• Ensure you have all the equipment you need to go with your Raspberry Pi.
• Become familiar with the board layout and connect it ready for power up.
• If you have not been provided with a pre-setup SD card you will need to prepare one with your chosen Operating System distribution
• Note: On the Debian OS after you log in you need to type startx at the prompt to get a graphic desktop.
Beginners Guide
You've just got your new Raspberry Pi device - what now?
• Get started with some basic projects and tutorials:
Raspberry Pi YouTube Tutorials
Another set of video tutorials
Easy GPIO Hardware & Software - in-progress at the moment
Example projects/tuts which can be linked from here
(or from within a beginners guide page perhaps):
Setup XBMC media centre
Programming tutorials (Liams YouTube etc)
Easy GPIO (when complete or similar thing).
Also links to some basic linux user guides.
• Take a look through the Community section, which contains a range of beginner and advanced tutorials and guides, as well as groups to help you find like-minded developers.
Resources
Hardware & Peripherals
Software & OS Distributions
The Raspberry Pi will run a range of OS Distributions and run a variety of software.
Documentation
Documentation relating to the Raspberry Pi can be found here.
Frambozenier.org Documentation Project Datasheets
Example documents which can be linked from here (or sub page):
Official Datasheets
White Papers
User Manuals
Recommended books (perhaps)
RPi Troubleshooting
Head over to the troubleshooting page for help fixing common problems.
R-Pi Bugs
Head over to the bugs page for a list of known bugs.
R-Pi Model B 3D CAD files
Theses are various 3D CAD Versions in both RAR and ZIP.
Community
Projects, Guides & Tutorials
• An important source of information and guides is the Official Forum.
• Knowledgeable users may want to review and help out with the Tasks page.
• Get started by following some of the many Tutorials.
• Common tasks and useful tips are available through the Guides page.
• Projects can be found, and added to, on the Projects page.
Schools, Universities, Clubs & Groups
• The Raspberry Pi Foundation's aims include encouraging education. Several groups including Computing At School aim to bring Computing Science back into schools.
• Go to the Education Page to add your project and find helpful links.
Supporting Communities
The Raspberry Pi Community is steadily growing:
• RaspberryPi Osdev - Hardware specific OS-development community, sitting in freenode.net#raspberrypi-osdev.
About the RPi Wiki
Do not be afraid to add your bit, content is vital for the wiki to function.
A 3D rendering of the Raspberry Pi logo by forum user Antario. Source
This wiki is open for the community. You are encouraged to sign up and add your own projects, guides and correct anything within it. It is important that users like you continue to add to and grow this wiki, that way others will be able to come and do the same making the wiki a valuable resource. See Help Editing The Wiki and the Upload File link (on the left sidebar) to reference images. Have a look at our Guidelines and then you are free to go !
Translations
The wiki is being translated into several languages, some of which can be seen on the hub banner above. Current languages include:
Any help translating would be greatly appreciated. Thank you to those who have already contributed!
Admins/Contributors
Please see the Talk page for outstanding issues and discussions regarding the RPi Hub and related pages.
Also , have look at RPi Wiki Best Practice. You can discuss the recommendations here .
To share your thoughts, comments, thanks and interesting articles, see our Visitor Book.
Big thanks to elinux.org and their groups for the wiki space and content from which these pages have been grown.
References
1. http://www.element14.com/community/docs/DOC-44828/l/raspberry-pi-safety-data-sheet
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Skip to main content Help Control Panel
Lost? Search this Naples Florida website...|Add our search|Login A+ A- 54.234.126.92
Business Directory « Press Releases and Company Profiles «
GULF BAY MARKETING GROUP INC
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GULF BAY MARKETING GROUP INC
6869 PELICAN BAY BLVD
(239) 598-9900
PROFESSIONAL, REAL ESTATE CORPORATION
GULF BAY MARKETING GROUP INC
6869 PELICAN BAY BLVD
Owner: DINARDO, ANTHONY
Gulf Bay Marketing Group can be reached at (239) 598-9900 6869 Pelican Bay Blvd Naples, FL 34108-7208
Real Estate Inspection, Real Estate Buyers & Brokers, Rental Agencies, Real Estate Exchangers, House Buyers,
Gulf Bay Marketing Group can be reached at (239) 598-9900 7071 Pelican Bay Blvd 8 Naples, FL 34108-8576
Real Estate Management, Cooperatives, Real Estate Rental Service, Apartment Finding & Rental Service, Real Estate Agent,
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Turkey
Country archive · 222 posts
Latest stories about Turkey
3 May 2013
VIDEO: Turkish Police Crack Down on May Day Protesters
Violent clashes between Turkish police and May Day protesters in Istanbul left 25 civilians and 22 police officers injured, including one man who reportedly lost an eye due to a teargas canister and another 17-year-old girl with head injuries who was left in a coma for a short time.
18 April 2013
Astronaut Tweets Breathtaking Pictures of the Middle East from Space
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield, currently in space aboard the International Space Station, is sharing pictures of breath-taking views from around the world on Twitter. Here are a few shots he shares of the Middle East from space.
20 March 2013
Hackers Publish Turkish Mayor's Phone Number in Tit-for-Tat Cyber Attack
A group of Turkish hackers who call themselves Redhack have published the mayor of Ankara's cell phone number on Twitter in retaliation against him for publicizing the cell phone number of a college student.
27 February 2013
Turkish Women Speak Up: My Body, My Decision
Turkish women protested, and protected their rights by saying 'my body, my decision.' But it seems like they still have a long way to go and fight until it is 100% their decision what to do on their body or their life. Baran Mavzer tells us why Turkish women, though in a better position than many across the Muslim world, have a long struggle ahead of them to obtain and maintain their legal and human rights.
20 February 2013
Turkey: Lynch Attempt on Kurdish Members of Parliament in Sinop
Kurdish members of the Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) and Democratic Congress of the People (HDK) faced a lynch attempt by almost 2,000 angry protesters during their visit to Sinop, a city in Black Sea region of Northern Turkey. Baran Mavzer charts netizen reactions.
18 November 2012
Is Öcalan Key to Kurdish Negotiations with Turkey?
Hundreds of Kurdish political prisoners have been on hunger strike in Turkey for 67 days. They demanded an end to a founding member of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) Abdullah Öcalan's isolation, and to allow the use of the Kurdish language in public spaces without discrimination. None of these demands have been met, but surprisingly a statement from Öcalan has been made, where he calls for an end to hunger strikes according to his brother Mehmet Öcalan.
5 November 2012
Turkish Police Use Tear-Gas Against Protesting Mothers
Kurdish political prisoners have reached their 55th day of hunger strike. There are hundreds of political prisoners on hunger strike in Turkey, and this has led to solidarity protests throughout Europe, and in particular within Turkey. Earlier yesterday, the mothers of some of the political prisoners staged a sit-in, and were met with tear-gas, as well as water canisters was sprayed directly on them. Kurds around the world speak up against the silent treatment to their plight.
21 October 2012
Turkey: Silent Treatment of Hunger Strike met with Anger by Kurds
Hundreds of Kurdish political prisoners in Turkey have entered an indefinite hunger strike. The non-violent protest has gone unnoticed by international media agencies and human rights organisations.
17 October 2012
Turkey: Hundreds of Kurdish Political Prisoners go on Hunger Strike
Hundreds of Kurdish political prisoners have entered an indefinite hunger strike, challenging Turkey's treatment of Kurdish political prisoners. Through their protest, some are demanding re-trials and language rights while others want to raise international attention about Turkey's treatment of Kurdish political prisoners. Despite their hunger strike, which is nearing six weeks, international media outlets have largely remained silent.
6 October 2012
Turkey: Kurds Respond on Social Networking Sites to AKP Congress
Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan hailed Turkey as a rising democratic power at the Justice and Development Party (AKP)'s conference last week. But criticism was vibrant on social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter, accusing the Prime Minister of repressing Kurdish masses while advocating for the freedom of others, such as the Palestinians.
World regions
Countries
Languages
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You are here
Open Source is not about freedom, nor is it about licenses.
Open Source is not about freedom, nor is it about licenses. It's about community. Of course everyone knows about Richard Stallman's concern about having the freedom to modify all software on his machine. Tim O'Reilly has had a concern for many years that Open Source licenses do not keep software Open Source when it is not being distributed but instead performed as in Web 2.0 applications. Yet, after ten years of Open Source, I've come to think that both these concerns are misplaced.
Yes, freedom is necessary, but it's not sufficient. There's plenty of free software out there that has no value because there is no community surrounding the software. The pyramid of editors, developers, contributors, and users is absent. You can maximize your freedom by living as a hermit. Such a person is free to do anything they can do within their personal resources -- which isn't much. Freedom is maximized in a society, which means giving up some freedoms in exchange for the resources to make use of other freedoms. "Your freedom to swing your fist ends when it hits my nose."
At OSCON, Alex Russell (author of dojo) pointed out to me that there are companies exploiting the "Open Source" name by using an Open Source Initiative Approved license, but deliberately cutting off the community. They don't accept outside patches. They don't look to the community for development direction. This is true. They get the value of the name, but they don't actually get the value in their code. I'm not too worried about people who do this -- or for Tim's concern about web 2.0 companies.
To the extent that companies take software out of Open Source, they punish themselves by alienating themselves from the community. The value comes not from the license, but instead the community ecosystem. Companies that do this suffer from hubris: we are big enough to establish our own internal ecosystem, which we then own. They think that they know better than their users -- that they can close the loop better than Open Source. This is just the socialist calculation problem again, writ Y2K. Centralized markets (promoted by socialists as a response to the perceived injustice and waste of free markets) failed because they could not get the information necessary to plan. In a free market, information is drawn out and carried around by prices. When you control prices, or try to control the distribution of software, information about the proper operation is lost.
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Lidstrom:13C Incorporation Into Protein - Data Analysis
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(Data Analysis from Martin)
Line 1: Line 1:
Back to [[Lidstrom:Protocols|Protocols]]
Back to [[Lidstrom:Protocols|Protocols]]
+
== Our protocol ==
+
# Open Start --> Programs --> MSD ChemStation --> Instrument #1 --> Instrument #1 Data Analysis
+
# Load the compound library from Z:\Common\Software\ChemStation Library/NIST08.L
+
#
==Data Analysis from Martin==
==Data Analysis from Martin==
Revision as of 18:46, 20 December 2012
Back to Protocols
Contents
Our protocol
1. Open Start --> Programs --> MSD ChemStation --> Instrument #1 --> Instrument #1 Data Analysis
2. Load the compound library from Z:\Common\Software\ChemStation Library/NIST08.L
Data Analysis from Martin
• Open Enhanced Data Analysis (ChemStation) from the desktop
• Mouse Actions
• Left button zoom, Double click with left resets view
• Right button action
Open File
• Open a file
• Or if your file is running, take a snapshot of the file and you can analyze that while the run is still going
Looking at your data
• To get an ion chromatogram for a peak: Draw Rt. button over part of the peak to get the ion chromatogram. Only the width of the box matters in terms of which ions will appear in the ion chromatogram
• To identify compounds in the ion chromatogram: Right button double click on the ion chromatogram to have Chemstation try to identify the compounds. This will turn up a list of possible matches. Need to go through each peak an look @ a list of possible candidates.
• ex) proline matches peak, but weird 283 peak ○ extract ion chromatogram for the different ions in the 283 and 253 peak --> can see to overlapping peaks • Best ion to look for is the M-57 --> shift by number of labelled carbons • select two areas, then go to spectrum --> subtract to do background substitution
• Go to spectrum tabulate to get a list of intensities. Copy ions to spreadsheet.
Data Analysis from Yanfen
Open Chemstation From menu--> chromatograms--> Extract ion chromatograms Use data from standard run (Yanfen said she'd send us Bo's data. This is a confirmation of the data from the table in the paper listing unique ions for each compound, std data does specify retention times) Put in time range and unique ions into form --> get mid point of peak at retention time to get average intensity (rt click drag box) --> of peaks in the ion chromatogram use the higher intensity peak usually the M-57. ex) for Ser use 390 not 432
Internal standard +4 all labeled C + 1 N labeled. --> normalized peak intensity to this
Look for N+3 --> 393 instead of 390.
Example Ser ion chromatogram 447 --> M-15 (loss of Ch4) 432 --> 390 M-57 highest abundance
Select peak --> go ion spectrum --> right double click
11/19 2:30pm --> 12am 11/20 Agilent 5975 GCMS
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Lidstrom:Overlap Extension PCR
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 12:56, 11 October 2012 by Janet B. Matsen (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Back to Protocols
Janet is going to write up & illustrate some nice graphics for this! Stay tuned.
This method can be used for cloning. It can also be used to assemble neighboring fragments in Gibson into one piece.
Contents
The Big Picture
Obtain DNA
• PCR with primers that yield overlapping ends.
• How much overlap?
• Gel purify
• Can sometimes only do a PCR cleanup if your bands are SUPER clean. You will get higher yield if you don't use a gel.
Sewing PCR Without Primers
• use template DNA
• Concentration?
• Rxn concentrations
• Use Phusion buffer & standard Phusion dNTP concentration
• Set up an array of annealing temps and % DMSO.
• Thermocycling: Use Phusion polymerase with default concentrations.
1. 98oC, 30sec
2. 98oC, 10sec
3. 58oC, 10sec
4. 72oC, 30sec/kb
5. Repeatsteps 2-4 29x NOTE: Justin Siegel/Janet Matsen only do 9x
6. 72oC, 5min
7. 4oC, forever
• You can try to run this product on a gel, but it is possible you won't see anything. (Depends on template DNA concentration in beginning.)
• You can also do the next PCR step without examining on a gel.
• Janet recommends proceeding to this step unless you have problems. If you don't get decent bands for the next step, run the products from this step on a gel and consider gel purifying them.
Use Primers on "Sewing PCR" product
• optional: gel purify the product from the 1st rxn.
• can run a few uL on a gel to see if non-specific products formed.
Extra Notes
• Be aware that overloading an agarose gel leads to warped rates of migration through the gel. Include small not-overloaded lanes next to the ladder when running purification gels.
include small not-overloaded lanes when running purification gels
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jeffly's bookmarks
"To have his path made clear for him is the aspiration of every human being in our beclouded and tempestuous existence."
Conrad, Joseph on planning
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"The superior man is modest in his speech but exceeds in his actions."
Confucius on action
20 fans of this quote
"Life is really simple, but men insist on making it complicated."
Confucius on simplicity
20 fans of this quote
"When you see a worthy person, endeavor to emulate him. When you see an unworthy person, then examine your inner self."
Confucius on service
8 fans of this quote
"The more man meditates upon good thoughts, the better will be his world and the world at large."
Confucius on self-talk
14 fans of this quote
"He who conquers himself is the mightiest warrior."
Confucius on self-control
28 fans of this quote
"He who wishes to secure the good of others has already secured his own."
Confucius on war
21 fans of this quote
"Before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two graves."
Confucius on revenge
33 fans of this quote
"A man who does not think and plan long ahead will find trouble right at his door."
Confucius on planning
14 fans of this quote
"I want you to be everything that's you, deep at the center of your being."
Confucius on motivation
28 fans of this quote
"To be wronged is nothing unless you continue to remember it."
Confucius on mistakes
26 fans of this quote
"When anger rises, think of the consequences."
Confucius on anger
18 fans of this quote
"Learn as though you would never be able to master it; hold it as though you would be in fear of losing it."
Confucius on learning
20 fans of this quote
"The essence of knowledge is, having it, to apply it; not having it, to confess your ignorance."
Confucius on knowledge
14 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"To know is to know that you know nothing. That is the meaning of true knowledge."
Confucius on knowledge
29 fans of this quote
"Acquire new knowledge whilst thinking over the old, and you may become a teacher of others."
Confucius on knowledge
9 fans of this quote
"The perfecting of one's self is the fundamental base of all progress and all moral development."
Confucius on growth
22 fans of this quote
"A fool despises good counsel, but a wise man takes it to heart."
Confucius on fools and foolishness
12 fans of this quote
"The real fault is to have faults and not amend them."
Confucius on faults
18 fans of this quote
"Our greatest glory is not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall."
Confucius on failure
64 fans of this quote
"The expectations of life depend upon diligence; the mechanic that would perfect his work must first sharpen his tools."
Confucius on diligence
19 fans of this quote
"It takes courage to grow up and turn out to be who you really are."
Cummings, E.E. (Edward. E.) on courage
14 fans of this quote
"You cannot hope to build a better world without improving the individuals. To that end, each of us must work for our own improvement and, at the same time, share a general responsibility for all humanity, our particular duty being to aid those to whom we think we can be most useful."
Curie, Madame Marie on service
3 fans of this quote
"Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood."
Curie, Madame Marie on life
12 fans of this quote
"You campaign in poetry. You govern in prose."
Cuomo, Mario on elections
3 fans of this quote
"I can't imagine a person becoming a success who doesn't give this game of life everything he's got."
Cronkite, Walter on success
"He who stops being better stops being good."
Cromwell, Oliver on self-improvement
3 fans of this quote
"I don't know the key to success, but the key to failure is trying to please everybody."
Cosby, Bill on success
14 fans of this quote
"Work is more fun than fun."
Coward, Noel on work
5 fans of this quote
"It is necessary to try to surpass one's self always; this occupation ought to last as long as life."
Christina, Queen on goals
"Little progress can be made by merely attempting to repress what is evil. Our great hope lies in developing what is good."
Coolidge, Calvin on progress
"If you see 10 troubles coming down the road, you can be sure that 9 will run into the ditch before they reach you."
Coolidge, Calvin on trials
"Hard work has made it easy. That is my secret. That is why I win."
Comaneci, Nadia on work
7 fans of this quote
"Advice is like snow; the softer it falls the longer it dwells upon, and the deeper it sinks into the mind."
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor on advice
8 fans of this quote
"You are either part of the solution or part of the problem."
Cleaver, Eldridge on choice
6 fans of this quote
"As I give thought to the matter, I find four causes for the apparent misery of old age; first, it withdraws us from active accomplishments; second, it renders the body less powerful; third, it deprives us of almost all forms of enjoyment; fourth, it stands not far from death. "
Cicero, Marcus T. on uncategorised
"They condemn what they do not understand."
Cicero, Marcus T. on criticism
8 fans of this quote
"What one has, one ought to use: and whatever he does he should do with all his might."
Cicero, Marcus T. on commitment
But wait... my book has more: prev 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 next
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I'm male and made my book on 11th July 2010.
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Some of our weakness is born in us, some of it comes through education; it is a big question as to which gives us the most trouble. Goethe, Johann Wolfgang Von
This quote is about weakness · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Goethe, Johann Wolfgang Von ...
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 - 22 March 1832), commonly known as "Goethe", was a German poet, novelist, philosopher, and scientist who is considered one of the giants of the literary world. In addition, aside from being lawyer and known also as a dramatist, humanist, theorist, and painter, he is also one of few individuals considered to have been a polymath. For ten years, he was chief minister of state for the duchy of Weimar. In 1782 he was ennobled as 'von Goethe'. In his 1809 masterpiece Elective Affinities, he became one of the first to speculate on the nature of interpersonal chemistry. Goethe was one of the key figures of German literature and the movement of Weimar Classicism in the late 18th and early 19th centuries; this movement coincides with Enlightenment, Sentimentality ("Empfindsamkeit"), Sturm und Drang, and Romanticism. The author of Faust and Theory of Colours, he influenced Darwin with his focus on plant morphology. Goethe's influence spread across Europe, and for the next century his works were a primary source of inspiration in music, drama, poetry, and philosophy. He is widely considered to be one of the most important thinkers in Western culture.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
One of the most striking signs of the decay of art is when we see its separate forms jumbled together. Goethe, Johann Wolfgang Von
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quotes/author/5438/"
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Quotes by Observer, Charlotte
The Charlotte Observer, serving Charlotte, North Carolina and its metro area, is the oldest daily newspaper in the United States (other newspapers, such as The New York Times began circulation before The Observer but were not daily). It is the largest newspaper, in terms of circulation, in North Carolina. The paper is owned by Knight Ridder..
"In soliciting donations from his flock, a preacher may promise eternal life in a celestial city whose streets are paved with gold, and that's none of the law's business. But if he promises an annual free stay in a luxury hotel on Earth, he'd better have the rooms available."
Observer, Charlotte on evangelism
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"url": "wikitravel.org/en/Goma",
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Goma
From Wikitravel
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WARNING Although Goma is relatively safe. Travelers should not venture outside of the city proper for any reason, except to visit Virunga National Park. Those visiting the region on official business (UN, aid organizations, charities) should carefully follow the guidance of your organization concerning security when leaving Goma.
In mid July 2012, the M23 rebel faction threatened to enter Goma to "protect" Tutsis from "harassment". The UN peacekeeping mission replied that they will reposition 19 000 soldiers to protect the city. On 20 November 2012, M23 gained control over Goma. Keep abreast of the latest news on this before travel to Goma.
Goma is the touristic capital city of the Democratic Republic of Congo, located in the extreme east near the Rwanda.
[edit] Understand
In 2002 Goma was destroyed by lava from the Nyiragongo volcano which buried most of the town’s streets, particularly the town centre. Since then, Goma has been a city under constant construction. The town itself is worth a visit. At this moment (November 2012) Goma is a battle field. Eastern Congo has been called the "rape capital of the world" by U.N. Special Representative Margot Wallstrom. Reports record that 48 women are raped every hour. Women are being raped, people are being shot and it is unclear who has control over the looting soldiers. Women and children have run across the border to Rwanda en masse.
[edit] Get in
Due to the present, unstable situation, traveling from/to and within Goma may be difficult, dangerous, if not impossible. If it is essential travel, it would be advisable to check locally and calculate a lot of extra time for transport, as any information may be outdated within a day.
[edit] By plane
There are several flights from many towns of Congo to Goma. There is a daily flight from Kinshasa to Goma which is operated by CAA and Wimbi Dira Airways. Alternatively, it is possible to fly to Kigali -in neighboring Rwanda- by direct flights from Europe (France, Belgium, Germany), then by road to Goma (taxi (70- 100 USD) or collective bus (10 USD).
[edit] By bus
From Kisoro, Uganda, you can take a minibus in Bunagana at the Uganda border.
From Rwanda there are hourly minibuses from Kigali to Goma, such as Atraco Express and Okapi Car. These will take approximately three and a half hours.
From Butembo you can fund a bus from Butembo bus station. They may leave early in the morning.
[edit] By boat
There are daily ferries from Bukavu via Idjwi Island. There are several companies that offer the 2-5 hour trip. Prices vary from 10$ to 40$.
[edit] By foot
From Gisenyi both towns are on the border and walking between the two city centers takes no more than half an hour in peaceful times.
[edit] Get around
[edit][add listing] See
Goma is the base to climb the Nyiragongo volcano along with some of the cheapest mountain gorilla tracking in Africa. It is a starting point to Kinshasa via Beni and Kisangani.
[edit][add listing] Do
• Climb Nyiragongo Volcano — This volcano, famous for its lava lake, is a technically easy climb from the direction of Goma. A trip to the top should take ~6-8 hours, so most climbers spend the night at the top. Entrance permits cost US$200. The park was closed in May 2009 due to the rebel occupation but was reopened in March 2010.
• Hakuna Matata Tours, [1]. Offers a 2-day climb and tour of Goma. Owner is a native of the region and very friendly, but it can take time to track him down. It's better to bring your own equipment when trekking the volcano. Hakunamatata tours has equipment and tents in very much used condition. ~$320. edit
• Green Hills Eco-Tours (www.greenhillsecotours.com), Goma (Nyiragongo Volcana), +250788219495 RwandaCongoTours@gmail.com, [2]. 4-5HRS. Local specialists tour guide organizing all kinds of tours in East D.R.Congo. Climb Nyiragongo live volcano, mountain gorillas and lowland gorilla tracking, Goma sightseeing tour, Ijwi Island tours. US$200. edit
[edit][add listing] Buy
• Traditional jewelry.
• Congolese wood crafts and canvas drawings. These are available at Ihusi and VIP palace hotels, but if you're looking for a bargain check out the shop on the roundabout near the post in the centre of town.
• Other items, such as videos of the Nyiragongo volcano eruption, are available at the Don de Dieu shop on Rutshuru Road.
[edit][add listing] Eat
• Le chalet. On the edge of the lake, a brand new restaurant, food is excellent and affordable. Considering the quality of the roads, is is quite far from the city center. edit
[edit] Budget
There are many cheap restaurants which serve rice, meat, chips and beans. In addition, most also serve one of the the traditional African staples ugali, which is made primarily from flour and water. Natural yoghurt (called maziwa) is popular, often sweetened with sugar. It's available at many small shops around town for about $0.5
• Colibri Hotel. Quiet restaurant with friendly staff. edit
• Coco Jambo. The popular expats night club, serves the best brochettes in town. Service is often slow and the place gets loud and crowded on weekends. edit
• Hawaii. Quiet outdoor restaurant with a pool table in the backstreets of Ave. Kanyabahunga, serves decent Lebanese food and good grilled meat dishes and sandwiches. The fresh strawberry smoothies are a rare treat. edit
[edit] Mid-range
• Al Matar Hotel. This hotel has a pleasant restaurant. The menu also includes hamburgers and a delicious pizza. Pita sandwiches from 3$ to 7$. edit
• Salt & Pepper Restaurant. Good restaurant with Indian, Bengali, Chinese, and African food from 3$ to 10$. Known for their quality of customer service. edit
[edit] Splurge
• VIP Restaurant. Specializing in grilled fish & chicken, dishes 4$-10$. edit
• Albacha Restaurant. Serves Mediterranean foods, kebabs, fatush, falafel, and good hummus. 3$-15$. edit
[edit][add listing] Drink
Goma has many kinds of Congolese beers such as Primus, Mitzing and Turbo King.
The proverbial Congolese nightlife is superb, and Goma is no different. In many nightclubs the tunes are a mix of local and western, and so are the customers.
• Dallas Club, Ave. De la Poste. edit
• Chez Doga, Blvd Kanyamuhanga. edit
• Zebra Night Club, Ave. Mapendo. edit
• Coco Jambo, Blvd Kanyamuhanga. The tunes are western, and so are the customers. It opens a bit late. A place to be on Saturday night. edit
• Flat Dallas, Gouverneur street (Next to the power company office), +243813804040. Best place to have grilled tilapia. edit
[edit][add listing] Sleep
• Lac Kivu Lodge Hotel, 162 Ave. Alindi, Quartier Himbi, Goma, +14086639073, [3]. Lac Kivu Lodge is a hotel located in Lake Kivu just 10 minutes away from the city center of Goma. The hotel offers Budget, Family and Deluxe accommodations. 75$. edit
[edit] Budget
• Colibri Hotel, +250782160547. A good budget option with spacious rooms in addition to gardens for campers and backpackers. Is also the location of the Goma branch of the "Go Congo" tourism office. 5$-10$. edit
• Shu Shu Guest house, (signposted off the main road to/from Gisenyi). Rooms $15, camping $3. edit
[edit] Mid-range
• Al matar Hotel, Ave. la Corniche (50m from Rwanda border), +243997734710. Quiet family motel is a good value. Pleasant garden, TV and hot water. 30$-45$. edit
• Le Nyira Hotel, Blvd Kanyamuhanga, 0994000443. Pleasant, well maintained hotel. 40$. edit
[edit] Splurge
• VIP Palace, Blvd Kanyamuhanga, 0997736797. 55$-225$. edit
• Ihusi Hotel, Blvd Kanyamuhanga, 0813129560 or 0813532300. Popular top-end hotel in the centre. Has a lovely lake view and a swimming pool. 55$-110$. edit
[edit] Stay safe
A danger in Goma during the day is crossing the busy roads. At night don't walk anywhere other than the main nightclub zone of Blvd Kanyamuhanga. Many people do not venture out at night due to the high murder rate and extremely high rape rate. It is advised to not leave valuables in hotels. The security situation remains precarious within the Virunga Park due to poachers who kill gorillas and may point a gun at you.
[edit] Get out
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Parkersburg
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Parkersburg [1] is a city of 33,099 people (as of 2000) in West Virginia. Founded in 1820, the city was originally named Newport, which was changed to Parkersburg in 1810. The city is situated where the Little Kanawha River meets the Ohio river; the town of Belpre lies just across the river in Ohio. Among Parkersburg's more famous residents is Morgan Spurlock, director of the 2004 film Super Size Me; the city's film connections continued with the 2006 film Bubble, which was filmed in the area and starred local residents. The area also has a long history with oil drilling, and is arguably the home of the first documented commercial use of oil in the US.
[edit] Get in
Parkersburg is on I-77 between Charleston and Akron, Ohio. US-50 also enters the city from Athens, Ohio on the west and Clarksburg on the east, and OH-7 passes through Belpre, between the Point Pleasant area and Marietta, Ohio.
The nearest airport is the Mid-Ohio Valley Regional Airport, route 31 off route 2 N, 304-464-5113, [2]. On weekdays, US Airways has four daily flights to and from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
[edit] Get around
• Easy Rider Bus System, 520 Juliana Street, 304-422-4100, [3]. Buses run 5:50AM to 6PM Monday through Saturday; no service on Sundays. Operated by the Mid-Ohio Valley Transit Authority, serving the Parkersburg and Vienna area. Base fare is 50 cents, with 30-day passes available for $20.
A system map is available here: http://www.easyriderbus.com/MOVTA-Route-Guide.pdf
• You can also call a yellow taxi at 304-422-4000.
[edit][add listing] See
• Blennerhassett Island, 137 Juliana Street, 304-420-4800, [4]. Island open from May to October, museum open year-round; check website for hours. An Irish aristocrat built a mansion here in 1798, before being accused of treason and briefly imprisoned. The original mansion burned down in 1811, but the foundation was rediscovered in 1973 and has been carefully reconstructed. Features a museum with an orientation video and three floors of archaeological and historical exhibits, horse-drawn wagon rides, and tours of Blennerhasset Mansion. Visitors can also go picnicking, bike riding, or take nature walks. Allow three hours for a complete tour, including the 20-minute sternwheeler ride to and from the island. Adult admission prices are $2 (museum), $8 (boat ride), $3 (mansion tour) and $5 (wagon ride).
• Oil and Gas Museum, 119 Third Street, +1 304-485-5446 or +1 304-428-8015 (), [5]. M-F 11AM-4PM; Sa 11AM-5PM; Su 12PM-5PM. Covering the history of the oil and gas industry in West Virginia and Ohio with videos, pictures, interactive displays and artifacts - from manufacturing and transportation, to its effects on local wealth and culture, and the resulting impact on state founding and the Civil War. edit
• Julia-Ann Square, 304-428-0124, [6]. A district of historic homes being preserved and restored. You can take a self-guided walking tour of the area, or a guided tour in mid-October and early December.
• Parkersburg Art Center, 725 Market Street, 304-485-3859, [7]. Art exhibits, classes and workshops, and guided tours. On-site gift shop.
• Smoot Theatre, 213 Fifth Street, 304-422-PLAY, [8]. A restored 1926 vaudeville house, hosting films, concerts, plays, ballets and comedy shows. Dessert tours available.
• North Bend State Park, off WV-31 near Cairo, 304-643-2931, [9]. Fishing streams, swimming pool, mountain biking, horseback riding and hiking trails, including the 72-mile North Bend Rail Trail. The park has a 305-acre lake for fishing and boating, as well as carriage rides on weekends from May until October. Lodge with on-site restaurant, cabins and campground accommodations available. On-site gift shop.
[edit][add listing] Do
• Haunted Parkersburg Ghost Tours, 320 Market Street, 304-428-7978, [10]. Operating from mid-September through Halloween. Learn about the Banshee of Marrtown, the East End Ghoul, the West Virginia Mothman, the Men in Black and the appearance of the alien Indrid Cold. Two-mile walk taking less than two hours. $8.
[edit] Events
• Mid-Ohio Valley Multicultural Festival, city park, 304-428-4405 or 304-428-1552. Held every June. Three days of entertainment, cuisine, education and artistic expressions from many cultures.
• Parkersburg Homecoming Festival, Second Street and Ann Street, 304-422-9970, [11]. Held every third Friday in August. A parade, arts and crafts booths, a flea market, pageants, a talent show, a wacky raft race, a rubber ducky derby and a chess tournament.
• Harvest Moon Arts and Crafts Festival, city park, 304-424-3457. Held every September. Quality food, entertainment and approximately 200 booths displaying wares from local and regional artists and craftsmen.
• West Virginia Honey Festival, city park, 304-428-5835 or 304-428-1130. Held every September to educate the public on beekeeping, honey and the uses of honey. Baking contest and auction, entertainment, concessions, arts and crafts and a beard of live bees.
• Volcano Days Festival, route 50 in Waverly, 304-679-3611, [12]. Held the fourth weekend in September on the site of the extinct oil town of Volcano, West Virginia, which was once like a gold-rush town until it was utterly destroyed by fire in 1879. Historical lectures, flea market, arts and crafts, races, live entertainment and the "Almost Famous" chicken dinner.
[edit] Learn
• The area newspaper is the Parkersburg News and Sentinel, 519 Juliana Street, 304-485-1891 or 800-642-1997, [13].
• Ohio Valley University, 1 Campus View Drive in Vienna, 877-446-8668, [14]. A faith-proclaiming, regional liberal arts university chartered in 1958. 18 baccalaureate degree programs, 2 associate degree programs, special certificates and endorsements.
• West Virginia University at Parkersburg, 300 Campus Drive, 304-424-8000 or 800-WVA-WVUP, [15]. A regional campus of West Virginia University in Morgantown, founded in 1961 and offering a blend of certificate and associate programs as well as select bachelor's degrees in applied technology, elementary education, business education, bachelor of arts, nursing, criminal justice and social work.
[edit][add listing] Buy
• Berdine's Five and Dime, 106 N Court Street in Harrisville, 304-643-2217. Closed Sundays. America's oldest operating five-and-dime store, selling tin toys, bulk candies, practical and unusual items from yesteryear since 1908.
• Fenton Art Glass, 700 Elizabeth Street in Williamstown, 304-375-6122, [16]. Founded in 1905, Fenton is the largest manufacturer of handmade colored glass in the United States, known for its innovative glass colors as well as hand-painted decorations on pressed and blown glassware. Gift shop and museum on-site. Free factory tours available from 8:15AM to 4PM Monday through Friday.
• Holl's Swiss Chocolatier, 2001 Grand Central Ave in Vienna, 304-295-6576 or 800-842-4512, [17]. Fresh, handcrafted artisan Swiss chocolates created daily in small batches using only the finest ingredients.
• Lee Middleton Original Dolls, 1301 Washington Boulevard in Belpre, 740-423-1481 or 800-233-7479, [18]. Open 9AM to 5PM Monday through Saturday; between March and December, the store is also open Sundays from 12PM to 5PM. Producing vinyl baby dolls with realistic faces for over 25 years. Factory tours available.
• Made in West Virginia, Main Street in Cairo, 304-628-3321. Furniture, paintings, pottery, glass, books, jewelry, homemade food, musical instruments and more, created by some of West Virginia’s best artists and artisans.
• Mulberry Lane Country Store, 4009 Emerson Avenue, 304-428-1949, [19]. Open 10AM to 6PM Monday through Friday, 10AM to 5PM on Saturday, and 12PM to 5PM on Sunday. West Virginia's largest craft store, with 5,500 square feet of unique folk art, gifts, collectibles and home furnishings.
• R. C. Marshall Hardware Co., US-50 near Cairo, [20]. Open 10AM to 5PM , daily from Memorial Day through October; closed Mondays and Tuesdays from November until Memorial Day. A 1902 oil-boom store with original tin ceilings and an immense array of vintage showcases filled with 1890’s supplies. Offers oil lamps and parts, camping and biking supplies, cast iron ware, quality book, farm and garden supplies, railroad memorabilia, handmade baskets, hard to find quality hand tools, and other uncommon items.
• Scenes of West Virginia, 1709-11 St. Marys Avenue, 304-428-0772 or 877-987-2363, [21]. Offers a wide Variety of items made in West Virginia, including calendars, souvenirs, books, Fenton Art Glass, and hillbilly novelties.
• Trans Allegheny Books, 725 Green Street, 304-422-4499. West Virginia's largest used bookstore, located in the restored 1905 Carnegie Library building, with over 500,000 used books and more than 1,000 new WV titles.
• Williamstown Antique Mall, 801 Highland Ave in Williamstown, 304-375-6315. Finest selection of unique antiques and collectibles in the Mid-Ohio Valley.
[edit] Malls
• Grand Central Mall, 100 Grand Central Avenue in Vienna, 304-485-4464, [22]. Open 10AM to 9PM Monday through Saturday, and 12PM to 6PM on Sunday. Over 90 shops and restaurants.
[edit][add listing] Eat
• Colonnade Grille, #1 17th Street, Vienna, WV 304-295-7277. Open from 5PM Tuesday through Saturday. House-made pasta, seafood and steaks. Set upon the banks of the Ohio River, outside seating beautiful views. Banquet room available.
• da Vinci's Italian Restaurant, 215 Highland Avenue in Williamstown, 304-375-3633, [23]. Open 10:30AM to 10PM Tuesday through Thursday, 10:30AM to 11PM Friday and Saturday, and 11AM to 9PM on Sundays, in summer; closes half an hour earlier in winter. A family-owned business since 1980, serving salads, sandwiches, pasta, pizza and calzones. Specialties include the German Pizza (with corned beef, sauerkraut and horseradish sauce) and the Spaghetti Mona Lisa (baked vermicelli with meat sauce, topped with cheese, vegetables and pepperoni). $4 - $18.
• River City Tavern & Grill, 3420 Murdoch Avenue, 304-865-2400, [24]. Delicious fresh food at an affordable price, with award-winning wings, ribs, chili and cookies. Salads, sandwiches, pasta, chicken, pork, steak, seafood and desserts. $6 - $26.
• North End Tavern One of Parkersburgs only functioning microbreweries the "NET" is famous for it's enourmous NET Burgers and beer battered onion rings. Affordable prices, but bar ambiance.
• The Pizza Place Locally owned and opperated the unique Sicilian style crust is a local favorite.
[edit][add listing] Drink
• J. P. Henry's, 5106 Emerson Avenue, +1 304 485-9390, [25]. Restaurant and pub with casual dining and sports bar. Salads, sandwiches, burgers and hot entrees. $6 - $20.
• North End Tavern & Brewery, 3500 Emerson Avenue, +1 304 428-5854, [26]. Open 8AM-12AM Monday through Saturday, and 1PM-7PM on Sunday. Ales, pilsners, porters and lagers brewed on-site. Also serving appetizers, salads and grilled items. $4 - $9.
[edit][add listing] Sleep
[edit] Budget
• Days Inn Williamstown, I-77 and WV-14 (exit 185), 304-375-3730 or 800-329-7466. 100 rooms. Pool, horseshoes, barbecue pit. Complimentary breakfast. On-site restaurant. $50 - $89.
• Econo Lodge, 1954 7th Street, 304-428-7500. 65 rooms. Outdoor pool, jacuzzi. Complimentary breakfast. On-site restaurant. $44 - $100, $60 - $150 (suites).
• Knights Inn, 3604 1/2 E. 7th Street / I-77 and US-50 (exit 176), 304-420-2420 or 800-553-4532. 51 rooms. Continental Breakfast. Wireless Internet. $35 - $70, $175 Jacuzzi Suites.
• Microtel Inn, 104 Nicolette Road in Mineral Wells, 304-489-3892 or 888-771-7171. 53 rooms. Complimentary continental breakfast. $45 - $80.
• Travelodge, 3604 E. 7th Street / I-77 and US-50 (exit 176), 304-424-5100 or 800-578-7878. 95 rooms. Continental Breakfast. Micro-fridges. Exercise Room. Wireless Internet. Outdoor pool. $42 - $76, $175 Jacuzzi Suites.
• Red Carpet Inn, 6333 Emerson Avenue, 304-485-1851 or 800-251-1962. 46 rooms. Jacuzzi. Complimentary coffee and doughnuts. $32 - $57, $72 - $99 (suites).
• Red Roof Inn, 3714 E 7th Street, 304-485-1741 or 800-733-7663, [27]. 106 rooms. Complimentary newspaper. $47 - $63.
[edit] Mid-range
• AmeriHost North, 401 37th Street, 304-424-5300, [28]. 78 rooms. Indoor heated pool, whirlpool, exercise room. Whirlpool suites available. Complimentary continental breakfast. $68 - $199.
• AmeriHost South, 201 Hospitality Lane in Mineral Wells, 304-489-3111. 61 rooms. Indoor pool, hot tub, exercise room. Whirlpool rooms available. Complimentary expanded continental breakfast. $59 - $80, $100 - $135 (suites).
• Comfort Suites, 167 Elizabeth Pike in Mineral Wells, 304-489-9600. 116 rooms. Indoor and outdoor pool, jacuzzi, exercise room, sauna. Complimentary breakfast.$77 - $150.
• Hampton Inn Parkersburg, I-77 and WV-14 (exit 170) in Mineral Wells, 304-489-2900 or 800-HAMPTON (426-7866). 68 rooms. Outdoor pool, exercise room. Complimentary continental breakfast.
• Holiday Inn, 225 Holiday Hills Drive, 304-485-6200. 149 rooms. Indoor pool, jacuzzi, saunas, exercise room. On-site restaurant called the Calabash. $72 - $89, $94 - $159 (suites).
• Wingate Inn Vienna, 1502 Grand Central Avenue in Vienna, 304-295-5501, [29]. 76 rooms. Indoor pool, hot tub, fitness center. Complimentary hot breakfast.
[edit] Splurge
• The Blennerhassett Hotel, 320 Market Street, 304-422-3131 or 800-262-2536, [30]. 89 rooms. A historic hotel since 1889. Fitness center, plush bathrobes. Complimentary pass to the Parkersburg YMCA, valet service, airport shuttle and daily paper. On-site restaurant called Spats Restaurant and Lounge, and a Starbucks coffee bar.
• Le Spunky Noir,
[edit] Bed and Breakfasts
• Harnett House, 1024 Juliana Street, 304-483-1029, [31]. 5 rooms. Victorian home from 1885. Complimentary breakfast for two, and afternoon tea or lemonade service. Optional massage therapy and gift baskets. $69 - $99.
• Log House Homestead Bed & Breakfast, Homestead Cove Lane off route 31 in Cairo, 304-628-3249, [32]. 2-bedroom unit. Hand-hewn replica log house from the 1820s. Jacuzzi, fireplace. $95 - $125.
• Old Carriage House Bed & Breakfast, 118 12th Street, 304-428-9588, [33]. 2 rooms and 1 family suite. Brick colonial home from 1895.
• RiverGarden Guest Wing, On Route 7 between Marietta and Belpre, 304-210-4383, [34]. 2-bedroom unit. Private Entrance. Sleeps 6. 1000 sq.ft. $125 - $155.
• Rose Hill Bed & Breakfast, 102 Park Drive in Pennsboro, 304-659-3488. 4 rooms.
• Williams' House Bed & Breakfast, 5406 Grand Central Avenue in Vienna, 304-295-7212. 5 rooms. Pool. Full breakfast.
[edit] Get out
• Charleston is a little over 1 hour south on I-77.
• Columbus, Ohio is a little over 2 hours northwest on I-77 / I-70.
Routes through Parkersburg
ClevelandMarietta N S CharlestonWytheville
ChillicotheAthens W E PennsboroClarksburg
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Short Report
Baclofen alters gustatory discrimination capabilities and induces a conditioned taste aversion (CTA)
Gina N Wilson*, Orion R Biesan, Jennifer L Remus and G Andrew Mickley
Author Affiliations
Neuroscience Program and Department of Psychology, Baldwin-Wallace College, Berea, OH 44017, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Research Notes 2011, 4:527 doi:10.1186/1756-0500-4-527
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/4/527
Received:25 July 2011
Accepted:9 December 2011
Published:9 December 2011
© 2011 Wilson et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Studies intending to measure drug-induced changes in learning and memory are challenged to parse out the effects of drugs on sensory, motor, and associative systems in the brain. In the context of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), drugs that alter the sensorium of subjects and affect their ability to taste and/or feel malaise may limit the ability of investigators to make conclusions about associative effects of these substances. Since the GABAergic system is implicated in inhibition, the authors were hopeful to use the GABA agonist, baclofen (BAC), to enhance extinction of a CTA, but first a preliminary evaluation of BAC's peripheral effects on animals' sensorium had to be completed due to a lack of published literature in this area.
Findings
Our first experiment aimed to evaluate the extent to which the GABAB agonist, BAC, altered the ability of rats to differentiate between 0.3% and 0.6% saccharin (SAC) in a two bottle preference test. Here we report that 2 or 3 mg/kg (i.p.) BAC, but not 1 mg/kg BAC, impaired animals' gustatory discrimination abilities in this task. Furthermore, when SAC consumption was preceded by 2 or 3 mg/kg (i.p.) BAC, rats depressed their subsequent SAC drinking.
A second experiment evaluated if the suppression of SAC and water drinking (revealed in Experiment 1) was mediated by amnesiac effects of BAC or whether BAC possessed US properties in the context of the CTA paradigm. The time necessary to reach an asymptotic level of CTA extinction was not significantly different in those animals that received the 3 mg/kg dose of BAC compared to more conventionally SAC + lithium chloride (LiCl, 81 mg/kg) conditioned animals.
Conclusions
Our findings were not consistent with a simple amnesia-of-neophobia explanation. Instead, results indicated that 2 and 3 mg/kg (i.p.) BAC were capable of inducing a CTA, which was extinguishable via repeated presentations of SAC only. Our data indicate that, depending on the dose, BAC can alter SAC taste discrimination and act as a potent US in the context of a CTA paradigm.
Background
GABAergic (γ-Aminobutyric acid) systems play an important role in learning, memory, and inhibitory processes [1-3]. Baclofen [BAC; (±)-β-(Aminomethyl)-4- chlorobenzenepropanoic acid.] is a GABAB receptor agonist that has been used extensively in studies aimed at determining the role of GABA receptors in learning and memory. Baclofen causes passive avoidance deficits [4], spatial memory impairments [1,5,6] impairments in memory retention [3] and other disturbances of memory either through the disruption of acquisition and/or consolidation of learned responses [3,4,6,7]. Additionally, GABAB antagonists have been shown to attenuate both BAC-induced and scopolamine-induced spatial working and reference memory deficits in the Morris water maze [8].
A variety of behavioral and physiological side effects linked to GABAergic system manipulations have obscured our understanding of the role this system may play in memory formation and retention. For example, hypodipsia, sedation, vertigo [9], and hyperphagia [10] have followed BAC administration. Rats injected intraperitoneally with BAC displayed both hyperdipsic and hyperphagic responses [10,11]. These behaviors were reversed, in rats, using systemic and intracerebroventricular injections of the GABAB antagonist, CGP35348 [11]. Infusions of BAC in the median raphe nuclei also led to increased eating behaviors, but did not affect drinking behaviors [12].
Other laboratories failed to find BAC-induced changes in appetitive behaviors. For example, Chester and Cunningham [13] showed that BAC does not alter ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion in mice, nor does BAC, itself, have malaise inducing properties at a dose of 2 mg/kg. Experiments by Jacobson and colleagues [4,14] used genetically altered mice lacking specific subtypes of the GABAB receptor and reported a vital role for the GABAB system in conditioned emotional responses and conditioned taste aversion (CTA) acquisition/extinction. For example, it was demonstrated that GABAB(1a) knockout mice fail to acquire a CTA while GABAB(1b) knockouts failed to extinguish a CTA [14].
Given the role of the GABAB system in mediating learning and memory and its specific involvement in CTA learning and consummatory behaviors, combined with the increasing frequency of BAC use in learning, memory and addiction research, we were drawn to investigate the effects of BAC on acquisition and extinction using the CTA paradigm in rats. The aforementioned side-effects of BAC have not been extensively investigated in the context of how they may adversely influence the interpretation of taste-dependant learning paradigms, specifically the CTA paradigm. A CTA may be acquired when an animal consumes a novel taste (conditioned stimulus; CS) and then experiences symptoms of poisoning (unconditioned stimulus; US). When later given a choice between the poisoned taste and water, the animal will avoid the taste previously associated with malaise [15]. However, when designing animal experiments that utilize the CTA methodology along with systemic administration of neuro-active drugs, there are several considerations to which an investigator must attend: (a) does the drug alter basal food or liquid consumption? (b) does the drug compromise the animals' ability to perceive the conditioned stimulus (CS)? (c) does the drug cause malaise itself, thus acting as an US or interfering with actions of an US? Without this information, investigators may draw erroneous conclusions, attributing a drug-induced disruption in performance to a drug-induced learning deficit rather than a drug-induced alteration in sensory capabilities and concurrent task performance. Due to the disparity of findings regarding BAC and other GABAB system agonists' effects on consummatory behaviors [4,10,11,14], the present experiments attempted to establish the feasibility of using BAC in behavioral studies that employ taste paradigms, specifically CTA. Specifically, the aims of the present studies were to (a) determine whether or not BAC, at doses of 1, 2, or 3 mg/kg (i.p.) altered the perceived gustatory discrimination capability of animals in a two bottle preference test of SAC (0.3% SAC versus 0.6% SAC), and (b) to determine, via a CTA paradigm, if the observed deficiencies in gustatory discrimination capabilities may have been due to possible US effects of the BAC injection.
Findings
Methods: experiment 1
Animals
Ten naïve male and 10 naïve female Sprague-Dawley rats (Mean weight ± SEM = 440.15 ± 29.04 g; Mean age ± SEM = 129 ± 18 days), derived from the Harlan strain, were supplied by the Baldwin-Wallace College breeding colony (Berea, Ohio). Due to budget constraints the laboratory was only able to gain access to a certain number of rats from the institution's own breeding colony. The sex differences were of initial concern, but precautions were taken that included counterbalancing males and females within groups as well as ensuring animals' ages were consistent and animals' body weights were not statistically different between and within groups. Furthermore, analyses were run to check for differences in fluid consumption (SAC and water) on each day between sexes in each treatment group. Procedures were approved by the Baldwin-Wallace College Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Animals were procured and cared for according to the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals [16] and in compliance with the Animal Welfare Act.
Throughout the experiment, the animals were housed in plastic 'shoe box' cages (20 cm × 22 cm × 20 cm deep) in a temperature-controlled room under a 12-hr light/dark cycle (lights on at 06:00 hrs). Rats had free access to food (Purina Rodent Chow, No. 5001, PMI Nutrition International, Brentwood, MO) but underwent fluid deprivation as described below. Throughout the study, the daily bottle weight differentials were recorded to the nearest 0.1 g (1 g of liquid = 1 ml of liquid).
Drug treatments and groups
Rats were randomly assigned to one of four drug-treatment groups (see Table 1). The groups received either 1 mg/kg (i.p.) of BAC (BAC 1 mg/kg; N = 5), 2 mg/kg (i.p.) of BAC (BAC 2 mg/kg; N = 5), or 3 mg/kg (i.p.) of BAC (BAC 3 mg/kg; N = 5). Male and female rats were randomly assigned to drug treatment groups. This resulted in 2 males and 3 females or vice versa in each group. All BAC injections were administered at a volume of 1 ml/kg. A fourth group of animals received sterile physiological saline (0.9% sodium chloride; 1 ml/kg, i.p.) (SAL; N = 5). All chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and drugs were mixed in sterile physiological saline immediately prior to injections. The baclofen used in this study was a racemic mixture: (±)-β-(Aminomethyl)-4- chlorobenzenepropanoic acid.
Table 1. Experiment 1 - Group nomenclature and treatments
Procedures
Two days prior to the first tastant discrimination test, all animals were introduced to a 23-hr fluid deprivation cycle. The fluid deprivation cycle consisted of a 1 hr presentation of fluid/day to ensure animals were motivated to drink at the time liquid was present. On the first day of fluid deprivation, animals were given 1 hr of water only. The 1 hr fluid presentation occurred at the same time of day throughout the study (12:00-13:00 hrs).
On Day 1 of the study, rats were simultaneously offered 0.3% and 0.6% SAC solutions (2 bottle test) for 30 min (this is referred to in Table 1 as "First Taste Exposure"). The First Taste Exposure day was an attempt to reduce the effects of neophobia during the subsequent days when we used SAC consumption to assess BAC's ability to act as a US and its effects on taste discrimination. While rats will sample from both concentrations, they will reliably show a preference for 0.3% SAC over 0.6% SAC [refer to [17]]. However, water-deprived rats also tend to drink voraciously from the first source of liquid they encounter. Therefore in this study, the positions of our 2 bottles/cage were switched at 1, 5 and 10 min into the first 30-min presentation of liquid each day. Immediately following the 2-bottle SAC presentations the animals were given water for 30 min to prevent dehydration.
Discrimination testing took place on Days 2 and 4 of the study during which animals were given an injection of BAC or SAL 30 min prior to any SAC exposure. BAC's half-life is approximately 4 hrs following i.p. administration of the drug in rats and it has been shown to become pharmacologically active within 15 min, [2,18]. Thirty min following the injections animals were simultaneously presented with two different bottles of SAC (0.3% and 0.6%, %w/v) for a 30 min period, and bottle switching occurred as described for CS presentation on Day 1, the First Taste Exposure Day.
Animals were given one rest day (Day 3) following the first discrimination test during which they were allowed 1 hr access of water only and were given no drug injection. This rest day was designed to allow rehydration and time for the metabolism of the drugs given the day before. Animals were given two bottles of water during the first 30 min so that bottle positions could be switched as described above.
Statistical analysis
A Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (RM-ANOVA) test was used to evaluate the differences in volumes of 0.3% and 0.6% SAC consumed by rats in each of the drug treatment groups on the discrimination test days as well as the first taste exposure day [SAC Concentration (0.3% or 0.6%) × Drug Treatment (SAL, 1, 2, 3 mg/kg BAC) × Test Days (first taste exposure, discrimination test 1 and test 2)]. We also ran one-way ANOVAs and Tukey post hocs to determine differences between drug-treatment groups for the following measures: the total SAC consumption (0.3% SAC + 0.6% SAC) per day, total fluid consumption (SAC + H20; on BAC-injection days 2 and 4) per day, and water consumption on Day 3 (when there were no injections and only water was offered). A one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were run to determine if there was a significant difference in total fluid consumption or H2O consumption among treatment groups [Drug treatment: SAL, 1, 2, 3 mg/kg BAC]. The RM-ANOVA and one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc tests previously noted were repeated using 'milliliters per 100 g of body weight' (ml consumed/100 g) instead of the direct milliliter consumption measure in order to ensure there were no variances in reported observations that could be attributable to body weight differences. Furthermore, a one-way ANOVA was also run to determine if body weights were significantly different within or between groups. Finally, a t-test was run to compare daily fluid consumption (SAC and water) of males versus females in each group.
All statistical analyses were run using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS) (Chicago, IL) and α was set at 0.05 for all tests.
Results: experiment 1
On the first taste exposure day, when no drug injections were given, all groups showed a preference for 0.3% SAC despite the overall low SAC consumption due to neophobia [Mean SAC consumptions ± SEM: 0.3% SAC = 5.2 ± 1.1 ml; 0.6% SAC = 2.3 ± 0.7 ml]. Further, the SAL and BAC 1 mg/kg groups showed a statistically significant preference for 0.3% SAC over 0.6% SAC on both discrimination test days (when drug injections were administered prior to SAC presentation), indicating that their taste discrimination was intact. Saline-treated rats drank significantly more 0.3% SAC than 0.6% SAC during both discrimination tests as shown by RM-ANOVAs [Test 1: F(1, 3) = 10.260, p = 0.049; Test 2: F(1, 4) = 18.978, p = 0.022]. The BAC 1 mg/kg group also drank significantly more 0.3% SAC than 0.6% SAC on both test days [Test 1: F(1, 4) = 11.014, p = 0.029; Test 2: F(1, 4) = 49.239, p = 002]. However, the BAC 2 mg/kg and BAC 3 mg/kg groups drank statistically similar volumes of each SAC concentration on both test days, demonstrating a disruption in taste discrimination. Refer to Figure 1 for graphical representation of the first taste exposure day and the discrimination test days.
Figure 1. Experiment 1-Evaluation of 0.3% versus 0.6% SAC Discrimination. Mean ml SAC Consumption (± SEM) on the First Taste Exposure Day and both SAC Discrimination Test Days. RM-ANOVA showed that on the First Taste Exposure, in the absence of any drug treatment or other behavioral manipulation, all animals drank significantly more 0.3% SAC in comparison to 0.6% SAC. Also, RM-ANOVA showed that on both SAC Discrimination Test Days the SAL and BAC 1 mg/kg groups drank significantly more 0.3% SAC than 0.6% SAC. The BAC 2 mg/kg and BAC 3 mg/kg groups did not drink significantly different amounts of 0.3% SAC and 0.6% SAC on either test day. The SAL and BAC 1 mg/kg groups also showed a steady increase in 0.3% SAC consumption between the First Taste Exposure and Test 2 (the final taste exposure), but the BAC 2 mg/kg and BAC 3 mg/kg groups did not increase their consumption of 0.3% SAC. * Significant within group difference between 0.3% and 0.6% SAC. p < 0.05
A significant drug treatment effect on total SAC consumption (0.3% + 0.6% SAC) and total fluid consumption (SAC + H2O) was observed on days when BAC was administered [F(3, 16) = 9.148, p = 0.001]. Total SAC consumption was significantly lower in the BAC 2 mg/kg and BAC 3 mg/kg groups compared to the SAL and BAC 1 mg/kg groups. Mean total fluid consumption on these BAC-injection days was significantly less for BAC 3 mg/kg animals compared to SAL and BAC 1 mg/kg animals [F(3, 16) = 6.717, p = 0.004], an indication of dose-dependent hypodipsia. However, the mean fluid consumption on BAC injection days did not differ significantly between the BAC 2 mg/kg animals compared to any of the other three groups. Total fluid consumption (H2O only) on the rest day (Day 3), when BAC was not administered, did not differ among any drug-treatment groups.
A dose-dependent effect on overall SAC consumption was demonstrated across the two discrimination test days [F(3, 15) = 7.059, p = 0.004]. There was a significant decrease in total SAC consumption from the first discrimination test day to the second discrimination test day in the BAC 2 mg/kg and BAC 3 mg/kg groups. Moreover, total SAC consumed was significantly less in these groups compared to the SAL and BAC 1 mg/kg group, as illustrated by Tukey post hoc comparisons. Additionally, the SAL and BAC 1 mg/kg groups showed a significant increase in total SAC consumption from the first taste exposure day to the second discrimination test day; this effect was opposite the decrease in SAC consumption observed in the rats receiving higher doses of BAC.
There were no significant differences between SAC or water consumption between males and females within the same group, as illustrated by t-test comparisons, nor was there a significant difference in average weight among drug-treatment groups, as illustrated by a one-way ANOVA comparison. Furthermore, the statistical differences reported in fluid consumption remained consistent when 'ml fluid consumption per 100 g body weight' was used as the dependent variable in the RM-ANOVAs and one-way ANOVAs, indicating that weight variances did not impact reported results.
Discussion: experiment 1
Our first experiment showed that, in a dose-dependent manner, BAC appeared to disrupt drinking behavior in rats and limited their ability to discriminate between 2 different SAC concentrations. But, due to the significantly decreased SAC consumption from discrimination test 1 to test 2 observed in the BAC 2 mg/kg and BAC 3 mg/kg groups, it was still unclear as to what extent BAC was only altering the ability of rats to discriminate between the two different SAC concentrations and to what extent BAC may have either been exerting putative amnesiac effects or simultaneously acting as an US. Thus, we wished to further investigate the two BAC doses that induced disruptions in taste discrimination tests (BAC 2 mg/kg and BAC 3 mg/kg groups).
In the following experiment animals were presented with a novel taste (0.3% SAC) paired with BAC or LiCl. Lithium chloride was chosen as a comparison measure since it is a more conventional and well-established US found in many other taste aversion studies [15,18-21]. If animals steadily decreased their SAC consumption to nearly zero over the three acquisition trials we could conclude that BAC was acting as an US. On the other hand, if animals continued to drink levels of SAC comparable to the first presentation of SAC (i.e. persistent neophobia), we could conclude that animals were experiencing anterograde amnesia due to BAC, an effect typical of GABA agonist administration [1,22].
Methods: experiment 2
Animals
Twenty-nine naive male Sprague-Dawley rats (Mean weight ± SEM = 467.74 ± 38.43 g; Mean age ± SEM = 117 ± 10 days), derived from the Harlan strain, were supplied by the Baldwin-Wallace College breeding colony (Berea, Ohio). Rats had free access to food but underwent fluid deprivation as described below. Procedures were approved by the Baldwin-Wallace College Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Animals were procured and cared for according to the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals [16] and in compliance with the Animal Welfare Act.
Drug treatments
Animals received one of three main drug treatments throughout the conditioning phase: LiCl (81 mg/kg; i.p.), BAC (2 mg/kg; i.p.) or BAC (3 mg/kg; i.p.) These doses of BAC were chosen based on the observations of Experiment 1 showing that they not only caused a disruption in SAC discrimination but also significantly reduced SAC consumption compared to the SAL or 1 mg/kg BAC injection groups. The 81 mg/kg dose of LiCl (i.p.) was chosen specifically based on our previous work demonstrating that 3 pairings of SAC and LiCl (81 mg/kg, i.p.) create a strong aversion to SAC in adult rats that is only extinguished upon multiple exposures of SAC alone [refer to [21]]. All drug solutions were made immediately prior to injections. Chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). The baclofen used in this study was a racemic mixture: (±)-β-(Aminomethyl)-4- chlorobenzenepropanoic acid.
Three groups (SAC + LiCl, SAC + BAC 2 mg/kg, and SAC + BAC 3 mg/kg) received traditional taste aversion training in which the CS tastant was immediately followed by injection of the US (either 81 mg/kg LiCl, 2 mg/kg BAC, or 3 mg/kg BAC). In addition to the groups receiving conventional CTA training, there were three explicitly unpaired (EU) control groups [EU(LiCl), EU(BAC 2 mg/kg) and EU(BAC 3 mg/kg)] that received the CS tastant and 24 h later received a 30 min presentation of water followed immediately by an injection of either LiCl (81 mg/kg) or BAC (2 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg). The EU(LiCl) group revealed how normal, non-conditioned animals drink SAC, while simultaneously controlling for residual effects of LiCl and SAC exposure through the explicitly unpaired, non-associative method. Likewise, we controlled for the residual effects of BAC (2 and 3 mg/kg) in non-conditioned animals using the aforementioned EU(BAC 2 mg) and EU(BAC 3 mg) groups that received three explicitly unpaired exposures to BAC (2 or 3 mg/kg) and SAC. Refer to Table 2 for group nomenclature and treatments.
Table 2. Experiment 2 - Group nomenclature and treatments
CTA acquisition
Animals were introduced to a 23-hr fluid deprivation schedule 2 days prior to the CTA conditioning phase of the study. Two 30-min presentations of water were given during these days, separated by 15 min (12:00-12:30 hrs and 12:45-13:15 hrs). This fluid deprivation paradigm has been used in previously published studies by our own laboratory [21]. Alternate and less severe fluid deprivation methods, including a gradual reduction in fluid presentation [23,24] were less appropriate for our study since it was imperative that all animals were similarly and highly motivated to drink upon the first CS exposure. Since the animals were given an hour access to fluid every day, the stress induced by this deprivation schedule should have been minimal. There is other literature supporting similar fluid deprivation schedules in conditioned taste aversion paradigms, which not only validate the procedure but also allow for easier comparison of our methods and findings [4,14,25-27].
The conditioning phase lasted a total of 6 days (see Table 2). On days 1, 3 and 5 of the study, all groups of animals were presented with SAC (0.3%;%w/v) for a 30 min period. Immediately following the drinking session animals were injected (i.p.) with one of the two doses of BAC or saline, depending on their group assignment. The SAC + LiCl group was given an injection of LiCl (81 mg/kg, i.p.) at this time while the EU(LiCl), EU(BAC 2 mg), and EU(BAC 3 mg) controls received a physiological saline injection (1 ml/kg, i.p.) following the presentation of SAC. Fifteen min after the injections, these 3 groups were given another 30-min presentation of water to prevent dehydration. On the rest days (days 2, 4 and 6), the SAC + LiCl and SAC + BAC animals were not given any drug injections and were presented with water for two 30-min sessions, separated by 15 min.
The EU controls received both a CS (SAC) and US (LiCl, BAC 2 mg/kg, or BAC 3 mg/kg depending on designated group) presentation, but in an explicitly unpaired (EU) temporal relationship that prevented the formation of an association, but controlled for residual effects of repeated SAC exposure and the known, strong US properties of LiCl [28]. Animals in the EU groups received SAC (CS) on the conditioning days, just as the SAC + LiCl and SAC + BAC animals. On the following day (the rest days) the EU animals were given an injection of either LiCl or BAC (2 or 3 mg/kg), 24 h after the SAC presentation.
CTA extinction (EXT)
After the conditioning phase the animals were maintained on the 23-hr fluid deprivation schedule, but presented with SAC for 30 min daily. To prevent dehydration the animals were given an additional 30 min water-drinking session, 15 min after SAC exposure each day. The animals were maintained in this regimen until they reached asymptotic extinction (90% reacceptance of SAC as compared to baseline SAC drinking) [21]. Note: The EU control groups were not included in the extinction portion of the study since they were already drinking high levels of SAC at the end of the "conditioning" phase of the study and had no CTA to be extinguished.
Statistical analysis
A repeated-measures ANOVA [Drug Treatment (LiCl, 2, 3 mg/kg BAC) × Day (Conditioning day 1, 3, 5)] allowed us to analyze SAC consumption over the first three conditioning days (first 3 CS exposures). Subsequent Tukey post hoc tests were used to determine if there was a significant difference in SAC consumption among drug treatment groups during conditioning. The RM-ANOVA previously noted was repeated using 'milliliters per 100 g of body weight' (ml consumed/100 g) instead of the direct milliliter consumption measure in order to ensure there were no variances in reported observations that could be attributable to body weight differences. Furthermore, a one-way ANOVA was also run to determine if body weights were significantly different within or between groups.
Consistent with the criterion set by Nolan and colleagues [21,29], the end point for asymptotic extinction in our experiment was defined as SAC consumption greater than or equal to 90% of the baseline [9,21]. A one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hocs [Drug Treatment: LiCl, 2, 3 mg/kg BAC] were used to determine if there was a significant difference in the number of days to reach asymptotic EXT across drug treatment groups.
As a first step in evaluating the degree to which the rats in this study had extinguished their CTA, we needed to estimate levels of baseline familiar saccharin drinking. However, recording several days of baseline saccharin pre-exposure in our animals would have impeded future CTA training, due to latent inhibition effects [30]. Moreover, we also wanted to record saccharin consumption over several days to avoid the bias associated with the rat's initial hesitation to consume novel substances (neophobia) [31]. Therefore, baseline saccharin consumption was determined by averaging saccharin consumption on the third day of exposure from a separate group (N = 10) of similarly-sized rats maintained on the same fluid restriction schedule as the rats in the studies reported here (see CTA Acquisition section, above). This produced a mean saccharin consumption (± SEM) = 17.57 ± 1.29 ml [21]. In order to confirm that this method of determining baseline saccharin consumption was consistent with other ways to estimate familiar saccharin drinking, we also measured the saccharin consumption of a group of rats (N = 24; also maintained on the same fluid restriction schedule as the rats in the studies reported here) that were exposed to saccharin and LiCl but did not have the US and CS paired. Saccharin or LiCl were available/administered on alternate days. The saccharin consumption of this group represented normal enhanced acceptance of the sweet tasting liquid in the absence of conditioned avoidance. The animals that had these explicitly unpaired CS-US exposures over 3 saccharin-exposure days drank amounts of the sweet liquid (Mean + SEM = 18.2 + 2.8 ml) not significantly different from those animals that only drank saccharin over the same time period (see data above). In a final pilot study, we employed 7 fluid-restricted rats on the same 23-hr fluid deprivation schedule. Like the rats in the main study that went through CTA acquisition, these pilot animals were offered saccharin every-other day but, instead of receiving LiCl immediately after the saccharin, these rats received an equal volume of physiological saline (i.p.). On their third day of saccharin drinking, these rats drank 17.10 ± 1.38 ml (Mean + SEM) of the sweet liquid - an amount very similar to the baseline saccharin consumption estimates from the other methods described above. These data validated our method of estimating baseline saccharin consumption as a comparison point to determine 90% reacceptance of saccharin as asymptotic extinction.
Results: experiment 2
All animals that received either a pairing of SAC + LiCl or SAC + BAC acquired a CTA by the third conditioning trial. A one-way ANOVA showed no significant differences between groups on the first SAC exposure day (trial 1). However, the EU(LiCl), (EU)BAC2 mg/kg and (EU)BAC3 mg/kg drank significantly more SAC on the third trial compared to the SAC + LiCl and both SAC + BAC groups, as illustrated in Figure 2 [F(5, 29) = 19.208, p < 0.001]. No other differences between these groups were observed on this final acquisition trial.
Figure 2. Experiment 2-CTA Acquisition. Mean ml SAC. Consumption (± SEM) on the Final Acquisition Trial. All animals that received either SAC + LiCl or SAC + BAC pairings acquired a strong taste aversion to SAC by the third CTA trial, as illustrated by the significant difference in SAC drinking between animals given EU training and those that had SAC paired with LiCl or BAC. All of the EU groups that did not receive CS + US pairings did not acquire a CTA, as indicated by high SAC drinking on trail 3, which was significantly greater than their drinking on trial 1. The SAC + LiCl, SAC + BAC 2 mg/kg and SAC + BAC 3 mg/kg groups were all drinking near-zero amounts of SAC on trial 3, which was significantly less than their SAC drinking on trial 1. Drinking on the first conditioning trial was not significantly different between any groups [Mean SAC consumption ± SEM on trial 1 = 4.35 ± 1.22 ml]. Note: A BAC 1 mg/kg group was not used in Experiment 2 because this group did not indicate a disruption of SAC discrimination capabilities in Experiment 1 nor did they demonstrate any possible US effects of BAC exposure in Experiment 1. *Significant difference between EU groups and the following CS + US groups: SAC + LiCl, SAC + BAC 2 mg/kg, and SAC + BAC 3 mg/kg. p < 0.05
As illustrated in Figure 3, the number of days required for animals to reach asymptotic extinction of their CTA was not significantly different between the SAC + LiCl controls and the SAC + BAC 3 mg/kg rats. However, the rats treated with BAC 2 mg/kg did extinguish significantly faster than both the SAC + LiCl and SAC + BAC 3 mg/kg animals [F(2, 11) = 5.902, p ≤ 0.018]. EU controls (receiving either LiCl or BAC explicitly unpaired with SAC) were not included in Figure 3 because they were drinking "asymptotic levels" of SAC on EXT day 1 and had no aversion to be extinguished.
Figure 3. Experiment 2-CS-Only Extinction. Mean Days (± SEM) to Asymptotic EXT. The LiCl and BAC 3 mg/kg groups did not differ significantly in the number of days required to reach asymptotic EXT. However, the BAC 2 mg/kg group extinguished significantly faster than the LiCl and BAC 3 mg/kg groups. * Significantly less than both LiCl and BAC 3 mg/kg groups. p < 0.05
There were no significant differences in average weights among drug-treatment groups, as illustrated by a one-way ANOVA comparison, nor were there significant within-group differences. Furthermore, the statistical differences reported in fluid consumption remained consistent when 'ml fluid consumption per 100 g body weight' was used as the dependent variable in the RM-ANOVA for conditioning, indicating that weight variances did not impact reported results.
Discussion
Experiment 1 revealed that BAC dose-dependently (2 and 3 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced 0.3% vs. 0.6% SAC discrimination capabilities as well as total fluid consumption in rats. Moreover, within-group comparisons indicated that 1 mg/kg BAC did not alter gustatory discrimination or consummatory behaviors. At the higher doses of BAC, we observed a decrease in liquid consumption (both SAC and water) that is consistent with symptoms of gastro-intestinal upset and/or neophobia [7,9]. While neophobia would explain the decreased drinking of SAC and water on the first BAC injection day, it would not explain the subsequent decrease within BAC 2 mg/kg and BAC 3 mg/kg groups on the second BAC injection day, in experiment 1. In previous rat studies, we have observed that neophobia to SAC disappears quickly, as unconditioned animals increase their drinking from the first to the second taste exposure and by the third taste exposure animals are drinking asymptotic amounts of the SAC [refer to [21]].
Both doses of BAC tested in experiment 2 (2 and 3 mg/kg) did induce a CTA, as SAC consumption decreased significantly over 3 CS + US pairings in all animals receiving SAC + BAC. This suppression was comparable to that observed in rats that received SAC + LiCl. Therefore, while compatible with some previous findings that BAC does affect rats' solid and liquid consummatory behaviors [10,11,14], our experiment 2 additionally indicated that induction of visceral malaise, by BAC (2 and 3 mg/kg) may lie behind certain behavior-modulating effects of baclofen on liquid consumption. However, our observations that a CTA formed as a result of pairing SAC + BAC over 3 consecutive trials may be contrasted with observations of Chester & Cunningham [13]. Chester and Cunningham [13] reported that 2 mg/kg (i.p.) BAC did not show US (malaise-causing) properties or significantly affect SAC consumption, in control animals, after one SAC + BAC pairing. Also, in their mouse study, BAC (2 mg/kg, i.p) injections took place immediately after SAC exposure. This may be compared to the timing in both of our experiments (either 30 min prior to SAC exposure, as in experiment 1, or paired immediately after SAC exposure as the US, as in experiment 2). The number and timing of CS-US presentations and faster metabolism of mice compared to rats may partially explain this difference in the assessment of BAC's US properties in the context of a CTA paradigm [2,12]. Additionally, as in our experiment 1, the decreased consumption after one pairing of SAC followed by BAC 2 mg/kg may not have reached statistical significance. However, the results in our experiment 1 did indicate that consumption patterns between BAC 2 mg/kg animals were different from SAL control animals in that consumption of SAC did not increase from the first to second SAC exposure.
An investigation into the differences in SAC consumption patterns between the SAL and BAC 1 mg/kg groups compared to the BAC 2 mg/kg and BAC 3 mg/kg groups determined that BAC (2 and 3 mg/kg) can be used as a reliable US in CTA experiments. Experiment 1 indicated that BAC at 1 mg/kg exhibited no US properties in rats. However, all rats that received BAC 2 or 3 mg/kg or LiCl paired with SAC over three trials exhibited a strong CTA in Experiment 2. We found that BAC (3 mg/kg) induced a conditioned taste aversion to SAC that extinguished in a time-course similar to that of a more conventional LiCl-induced SAC aversion [21]. However, the animals that received SAC + BAC(2 mg/kg) pairings took less time to extinguish their CTA than did rats receiving SAC + BAC(3 mg/kg) or SAC + LiCl(81 mg/kg). The "floor effect" observed during acquisition may have obscured an indication of the varying intensities of the CTA in each group, a difference which was then only later revealed during EXT.
One may argue that the SAC + BAC(2 mg/kg) animals were not tasting the SAC on Day 3 or EXT Day 1 while the other groups may have been tasting more, on average, so the SAC + BAC(2 mg/kg) group had only 2 effective pairings of SAC + BAC. But, average SAC consumption in all groups did not differ significantly and all were consuming near-zero SAC. It was observed that most animals were at least tasting the SAC (consumption ≤ 0.4 ml), so the argument that they may have been getting the US in absence of the CS is not applicable in this situation. Even so, as there were a few animals that drank zero SAC on the final acquisition day, the time of SAC presentation was controlled in all groups. Barnfield and Clifton [32], showed that the duration of time the CS is present is actually a more potent indicator and control for taste aversion than is the volume of CS consumed. This further supports a claim that the difference in malaise-inducing properties of the US injections were dose-dependent, rather than dependent on any variability in final CS consumption. The dose-dependency of BAC's visceral effects, furthermore, would be a plausible explanation for the observed differences in extinction times; BAC at 2 mg/kg is a weaker US, while BAC at 3 mg/kg is comparable to the malaise-inducing properties of LiCl (81 mg/kg, i.p.).
Due to the cascade of neurophysiological effects BAC produces in the CNS [9,33] and its observed toxicity at very high doses, it is not surprising that BAC may have been perceived as noxious at doses used in our experiments. Through direct action as a GABAB agonist, BAC indirectly reduces levels of a variety of other neurotransmitters (e.g., norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, glutamate, aspartate and GABA) [2,6,9,34]. Such neurotransmitter changes are capable of inducing nausea, dizziness or confusion, among other effects, and may very well be physiological mediators of CTA formation in BAC-treated animals (at doses of BAC above 1 mg/kg) [1,2,33]. Therefore, BAC may possess US properties through the modulation of these various neurotransmitter systems. Furthermore, Inui and colleagues [35] showed data indicating that blockade of GABAA receptors in the ventral pallidum is capable of altering the taste palatability of SAC in a CTA paradigm. In our second experiment, the EU(BAC 2 mg/kg) and EU(BAC 3 mg/kg) rats did not consume significantly different amounts of SAC compared to the EU(LiCl) animals, indicating that there was likely not a significant SAC palatability shift. However, it is important to note such effects and realize that there could be a variety of explanations and mechanisms driving the consummatory behaviors in ours and other experiments, due to the wide ranging effects of the GABAergic system. In the present studies there appears to be a dose dependency of BAC on consummatory behaviors: at 2 mg BAC, and even more so at 3 mg/kg BAC, the US effects of BAC are manifested in an observable manner via measurable and statistically significant changes in the animals' consummatory behaviors and taste discrimination capacity. At 1 mg/kg (i.p.), the behavioral effects associated with BAC's toxicity or sensorium-altering capabilities appear negligible for taste discrimination and aversion investigations.
While it is clear that BAC (2 and 3 mg/kg) altered the animals' sensorium and was successfully used to induce an observable CTA to SAC (indicated by a stark decrease in SAC consumption following SAC + BAC pairings that was only restored after repeated SAC-only presentations) the mechanism by which BAC exerts these US effects is still unclear. While CTAs are indeed induced by malaise-inducing agents (such as LiCl) and animals' natural survival mechanisms that drive them to avoid tastes associated with illness [22], this is not always the case. While there is literature to support that an aversion may not be formed in absence of gastro-intestinal distress [refer to [36-38]], there is also new literature indicating that drugs inducing any change in an animal's sensorium, altering their psychological or physical state negatively or positively, can also induce a CTA to a novel tastant. For example, Parker [34,39] showed that animals can exhibit taste avoidance (which may be interpretted as an aversion) when CS tastants are paired with drugs possessing rewarding effects. Goudie and colleagues [40] also showed that conditioned nausea was not always the necessary mediator of drug-induced conditioned taste aversions. However, while avoidance to a novel tastant may be induced by both positively and negatively reinforcing drugs, a conditioned taste aversion induced by malaise inducing (negative reinforcing) properties will be coupled with the Lay-On-Belly (LOB) response [20] and conditioned disgust reactions such as chin rubs and gapes [18]. Although we did not record these conditioned disgust reactions, an argument that BAC may have induced malaise is strengthened by the observation that animals receiving SAC + BAC pairings continued to avoid the SAC into the EXT phase of the study even though they were not receiving any BAC injection during this phase. Future studies, however, should look at the conditioned disgust reactions in attempt to elucidate whether or not the taste avoidance and observed aversion in the present study was due to malaise-inducing, emetic, or other negative reinforcing properties of BAC or possibly due to another mechanism related to BAC's effects on other neurotransmitter levels.
Overall, our data indicate that BAC given at 2 or 3 mg/kg (i.p.) impairs sensory abilities and decreases gustatory discrimination in rats. But, these effects may be augmented by dose-dependent US properties of BAC that, when paired with the neutral gustatory stimulus, SAC, induced a CTA in Experiment 2. Additionally, in Experiment 2, rats acquired a strong CTA over 3 SAC + BAC pairings and only over multiple days of CS-only EXT training did SAC consumption return to asymptotic levels. These data carry implications for future experiments that seek to use BAC in the context of consummatory paradigms. While studies available in the most current literature avoid confounds of BAC administration (for examples refer to 12, 23, 34), our study highlights the importance for investigators to control for the dose-dependent US properties induced by systemic BAC injections. The side-effects of BAC at doses equal to or greater than 2 mg/kg (i.p.), in rats, can inadvertently alter results and affect conclusions drawn from taste dependent paradigms. However, BAC may still successfully be used in future CTA manipulations at doses equal to and less than 1 mg/kg (i.p.), since our behavioral measures did not differ between saline control animals and those receiving the lowest dose of BAC in Experiment 1. Development of novel GABAB agonists void of taste-altering or malaise-inducing effects would benefit future studies aimed at determining the role of GABAergic neurons in taste aversion learning.
Conclusions
The GABAB agonist, BAC, decreased the ability of rats to differentiate between 0.3% and 0.6% saccharin in a two bottle preference test, when the drug was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at doses of 2 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg. At 1 mg/kg (i.p.), BAC showed no signs of disrupting gustatory discrimination, nor signs of inducing a taste aversion to SAC. However, at 2 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg, BAC showed unconditioned stimulus effects that were sufficient to create a CTA to SAC. Futhermore, 3 mg/kg BAC induced a CTA to SAC that was comparable to the more conventional SAC + LiCl (81 mg/kg) paradigm. Future experiments should include observations of orofacial responses indicative of conditioned disgust (e.g., gapes, chin rubs, paw treads) and avoidance. Subsequent studies may also include more extensive observations of visceral malaise such as the Lay-On-Belly measure in order to fully conclude that the conditioned taste aversion and avoidance induced by BAC in the present study was attributable to gastrointestinal distress associated with the BAC injection instead of other central aversive effects that may have also led in part to the observed hypodipsia in lieu of visceral malaise.
List of Abbreviations
(BAC): Baclofen; (CTA): Conditioned taste aversion; (CS): Conditioned stimulus; (US): Unconditioned stimulus; (EU): Explicitly unpaired; (EXT): Extinction; (GABA): Gamma-aminobutyric acid; (i.p.): Intraperitoneal; (p.o.): Per oral; (LiCl): Lithium chloride; (NMDA):N-methyl-D-aspartate; (SAC): Saccharin
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
All authors contributed in the drafting and submission of the experimental protocol to the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, as well as carrying out all experimental procedures and data collection. All also took part in statistical analyses and interpretation of results as well as the writing of the research paper. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the following students, research associates, and technicians for their contributions to this work: Kenneth Bisson, Jennifer Duman, Natalie Hogan, Mariana Iskander, Ivan Islamaj, Kyle Ketchesin, Ye-Hyun Kim, Joseph Luchsinger, Aaron McNair, Henry Morchak, John Norbert, Ginger Portman, Doug Placko, Marcial Rodriguez, Faith Tandoc, Linnet Ramos & Dave Revta.
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Notes
[Title: Mother Teresa - The Saint of the Poorest of the Poor.]
Editing
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You are here: Home / Data and maps / Indicators / Agriculture: area under management practices potentially supporting biodiversity / Agriculture: area under management practices potentially supporting biodiversity (SEBI 020) - Assessment published May 2010
Agriculture: area under management practices potentially supporting biodiversity (SEBI 020) - Assessment published May 2010
Created : Sep 17, 2009 Published : May 21, 2010 Last modified : Feb 21, 2013 06:09 PM
Topics: ,
Generic metadata
Topics:
Biodiversity (Primary topic)
Tags:
SEBIassessment09 | 10 messages for 2010 | farmland | SEBI | biodiversity | SEBI020 | organic farming | SEBI20 | agriculture
DPSIR: State
Typology: N/A
Indicator codes
• SEBI 020
Dynamic
Temporal coverage:
2000, 2003, 2005, 2007-2008
Contents
Key policy question: To what extent is European agriculture geared towards prevention of biodiversity loss?
Key messages
Europe has significant areas of High Nature Value (HNV) farmland, which provide habitats for a wide range of species. Such areas are under threat, however, from intensification of farming and land abandonment. The mere presence of HNV farmland is of course not proof of sustainable management but promoting conservation and sustainable farming practices in these areas is crucial for biodiversity. Map 1 presents the first estimate of HNV farmland distribution and can therefore not yet be analysed for trends.
Agri-environment schemes have been used widely to make agriculture more sustainable. Not all
agri-environment measures are explicitly targeted on biodiversity, however, and further analysis is required to determine their effectiveness.
Organic farming has developed rapidly since the beginning of the 1990s and continues to do
so. While it is difficult to assess its impact on biodiversity it is assumed that this type of farming reduces stress on ecosystems and provides a wider range of niches for farmland species.
High Nature Value Farmland in Europe
Note: Based on Corine Land Cover (CLC), hence with same geographical coverage as CLC
Data source:
Downloads and more info
Share of total utilised agricultural area (UAA) occupied by organic farming
Note: Area covers existing organically-farmed areas and areas in process of conversion
Data source:
Based on Eurostat, 2009; data for Switzerland: Biodiversity Monitoring Switzerland, 2009.
Downloads and more info
Key assessment
Countries in Europe contain HNV farmland to varying degrees. The identification and conservation of HNV farmland was given high priority in the Kiev Resolution on Biodiversity
(UNECE, 2003).
South-east Europe and EECCA countries (eastern Europe, Caucasus and central Asia) are not covered in the data sets used to make Map 1 and, hence, are not represented. The share of HNV farmland in these regions is probably higher than in western and central Europe but current data do not allow a precise estimate. Finally, while the map indicates the location of HNV, no indicator is yet available to help assess countries' efforts in managing these
areas for biodiversity.
The European Commission has contracted a separate study on an HNV indicator for evaluation including a guidance document to the Member States on the application of the HNV impact indicator (IEEP, 2007).
Agri-environment schemes are the most relevant policy tool in the EU for conserving biodiversity on farmlands. They support agricultural production methods that help protect and improve the environment, in particular the landscape and its features, natural resources, the soil and genetic diversity. Some agri-environment measures are aimed directly at biodiversity protection.
In the EU, the share of agricultural land under agri-environment schemes varies from less than 5 % in Greece and the Netherlands to more than 80 % in Austria, Finland, Luxembourg and Sweden.
The new EU guidelines for rural development explicitly encourage the targeting of agri-environment schemes (and other rural development measures) on EU environmental priorities, including biodiversity in general and High Nature Value farming systems in particular.
However, the success of such targeting at national and regional level cannot be assessed at this stage and better information on the effectiveness of the agri-environment measures is still desirable. As information on HNV farmland and forestry has become a compulsory element of rural development evaluations, relevant data should be available in due course.
Organic farming can enhance biodiversity by reducing the use of inputs, rotation practices or livestock extensification. For this indicator, farming is only considered to be organic at the EU level if it complies with Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2092/91 and its amendments.
Organic farming has developed rapidly since the beginning of the 1990s so that by 2004, 6.5 million ha in Europe were managed organically (by around 167 000 farms). Of these, more than 5.8 million ha were in the EU - 3.4 % of the utilised agricultural area. In the SEE and EECCA regions organic farming covers less than 0.5 % of the agricultural land. It needs to be noted, however, that 'conventional' farming is not the same in all sub-regions of Europe covered by this report. For example, non-organic areas outside western Europe may still be much less intensively farmed than non-organic areas in the west. Another point for consideration is that organic farming tends to be less intensive and therefore may require a larger area of land to produce the same amount of food as intensive conventional agriculture, which may put pressure on natural habitats.
NOTES
The three main categories of HNV farmland are (adapted from Andersen et al., 2003):
• Type 1: farmland with a high proportion of seminatural vegetation;
• Type 2: farmland with a mosaic of low intensity agriculture and natural and structural elements, such as field margins, hedgerows, stonewalls, patches of woodland or scrub, and small rivers;
• Type 3: farmland supporting rare species or a high proportion of European or world populations.
REFERENCES
• UNECE, 2003. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Kiev Resolution on Biodiversity (ECE/CEP/108). Adopted at the Fifth Ministerial Conference Environment for Europe.
• IEEP, 2007. HNV Indicators for Evaluation. Final report for DG Agriculture. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/analysis/external/evaluation/ex_sum_en.pdf
• Andersen, E.; Baldock, D.; Bennett, H.; Beaufoy, G.; Bignal, E.; Brouwer, F.;, Elbersen, B.; Eiden, G.; Godeschalk, F.; Jones, G.; McCracken, D.; Nieuwenhuizen, W., van Eupen, M., Hennekens, S. and Zervas, G., 2003. Developing a High Nature Value Farming area indicator. Internal report for the European Environment Agency.
Data sources
More information about this indicator
See this indicator specification for more details.
Contacts and ownership
EEA Contact Info
Katarzyna Biala
Ownership
EEA Management Plan
2010 (note: EEA internal system)
Dates
First draft created: 2009/09/17 10:47:39.502999 GMT+2
Publish date: 2010-05-21T00:00:00+02:00
Last modified: 2013/02/21 18:09:25.941849 GMT+1
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
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Prussia-Brandenburg Military RecordsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Back to Prussia - Brandenburg Page
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• This page was last modified on 1 October 2011, at 07:49.
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http://www.fides.org
Europa
2012-05-10
EUROPE/ITALY - Jesuits: the highest presence is confirmed in South Asia
Rome (Agenzia Fides) - According to information sent to Fides from the General Curia of the Society of Jesus, to 1 January 2012 the total number of Jesuits was 17,637 units, with an overall decrease of 296 members compared to the previous year, confirming that there has been a steady decrease in recent years, although the latter is less marked.
The Jesuits today include 12,526 priests, 1,470 brothers and 2,896 scholastics and 745 novices. The scholastics have increased by (+ 34) in the last year, while priests have decreased (- 203), brothers (- 63) and novices (- 64).
Grouped into 84 Provinces, 5 independent Regions and 10 dependent Regions, the Jesuits are present to a greater extent in South Asia, with 4,036 members, followed by the U.S. province (2547), Southern Europe (2,119), and Central and East Europe (1681), Asia-Pacific (1,649), Western Europe (1603), Africa (1491), Southern Latin America (1265) and Northern Latin America (1246). (SL) (Agenzia Fides 10/5/2012)
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Publication Listing
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Cover art supplied by Galactic Central
Verification Status
Reference Status
Primary Verified by Swfritter on 2008-09-03 11:50:21
Clute/Nicholls Not Verified
Clute/Grant Not Verified
Contento1 (anth/coll) Not Verified
Locus1 Not Verified
Reginald1 Not Verified
Reginald3 Not Verified
Tuck Not Verified
Miller/Contento Not Verified
Bleiler1 (Gernsback) Not Verified
Currey Not Verified
Primary (Transient) Not Verified
Bleiler78 Not Verified
OCLC/Worldcat Not Verified
Primary2 Not Verified
Primary3 Not Verified
Primary4 Not Verified
Primary5 Not Verified
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Bibliography: More Good Reading in Science Fiction
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Title: More Good Reading in Science Fiction
Author: uncredited
Year: 1965
Type: ESSAY
ISFDB Record Number: 122534
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Gold Glider
From the Super Mario Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Gold Glider
Advantages None
Disadvantages None
Appearances Mario Kart 7
The Gold Glider is an unlockable glider in Mario Kart 7. It highly resembles the Super Glider, except that the Gold Glider has a golden color surrounding it. It can be unlocked by connecting with 100 people with StreetPass, or by collecting 10000 coins. The Gold Glider does not offer any stat boosts and is therefore a purely aesthetic unlockable. It does, however, slightly increases the kart's gliding distance.
When the Gold Gilder is combined with the Gold Tires and Gold Standard body, they complete the whole Gold Standard. This kart gives great speed (the 2nd biggest boost in the game) and good weight, but has a bad handling boost and abysmal off-road (the smallest boost in the game).
[edit] Stat Boosts
• Speed: 0
• Acceleration: 0
• Weight: 0
• Handling: 0
• Off-Road: 0
[edit] Whole Gold Standard
• Speed: +1.25
• Acceleration : -0.75
• Weight: +0.75
• Handling: -1.25
• Off-Road: -2.75
[edit] Names in Other Languges
Language Name Meaning
Spanish (NOA) Ala dorada Golden wing
Spanish (NOE) Dorada Golden
French Or Gold
Dutch Gouden vlieger Gold glider
German Goldgleiter Gold Glider
Personal tools
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High Activity
× You must be logged in to change this data. If you don't have an account, Please join.
Settings : Managers
Analyzed 1 day ago based on code collected 1 day ago.
Florian Gnägi
CEO at frentix GmbH
244 commits
I manage this project on Ohloh
I want to edit this project's settings and information on Ohloh. Do I need to sign up as a project manager?
If a project is locked, then project information can only be edited by managers. Otherwise, anyone with an Ohloh account can edit project information.
Who should register as a project manager?
Someone who works on the project. Ideally the owner, founder, lead developer, or release manager.
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Project managers can:
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• Edit project information and settings if community editing has been limited.
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Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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[8]
After him the Cadusian spoke: “Why,” said he, “should we talk about going back home and being separated from one another, since not even in the field, so it seems, is it well for us to get separated? At any rate, we not long ago went off on an expedition apart from your main body and paid for it, as you also know.”
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
load focus Greek (1910)
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hide References (2 total)
• Cross-references to this page (2):
• Herbert Weir Smyth, A Greek Grammar for Colleges, THE CASES
• Raphael Kühner, Bernhard Gerth, Ausführliche Grammatik der griechischen Sprache, KG 1.3.1
hideData/Identifiers
Citation URN: urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0032.tlg007.perseus-eng1:6.1.8
Document URN: urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0032.tlg007.perseus-eng1
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Yahoo Search Marketing Getting Stingy on Click Fraud Credits?
Yahoo, historically, has always been perceived as a company that took click fraud seriously. In fact, they launched the Traffic Quality Center in 2007 to make that statement. In addition, we have seen examples of Yahoo refunding money to advertisers time and time again, without the advertiser even requesting the refund. In the past, there were times where Yahoo wasn't all that good at admitting to click fraud, but they made up for it.
Now, we are receiving a report from an old time member at WebmasterWorld that Yahoo is getting very stingy on the click fraud refunds. This advertiser said that in the past month, Yahoo has rejected not one, but two click fraud requests. The advertiser details the issue, after explaining that Yahoo has always granted his click fraud requests in the past:
Much of these clicks reside from countries outside the areas for which I'm targeting. Receiving 500 clicks from Iran in a week (when I receive only 1000 from the United States) sends up flags. Especially considering I have blocked every continent except North America. A .info domain that was registered two weeks ago was somehow able to send more traffic to me than Yahoo.com has all month.
Now, I do not know the details of his click fraud reports. I am sure Yahoo has their side. So I guess, if I hear any updates on this thread, I will let you know.
Forum discussion at WebmasterWorld.
Previous story: Has Google Fixed The Image Search Filter?
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
Ray Merrick
From SourceWatch
Jump to: navigation, search
Learn more about corporations VOTING to rewrite our laws.
Ray Merrick is a Republican member of the Kansas State Senate. He is a member of the following committees: Commerce, Utilities and Financial Institutions and Insurance.[1]
Ties to the American Legislative Exchange Council
Merrick is a member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC). He is both the Kansas State Chairman for ALEC, as well as a member of its Board of Directors.[2][3]
About ALEC
ALEC is a corporate bill mill. It is not just a lobby or a front group; it is much more powerful than that. Through ALEC, corporations hand state legislators their wishlists to benefit their bottom line. Corporations fund almost all of ALEC's operations. They pay for a seat on ALEC task forces where corporate lobbyists and special interest reps vote with elected officials to approve “model” bills. Learn more at the Center for Media and Democracy's ALECexposed.org, and check out breaking news on our PRWatch.org site.
Articles and resources
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External resources
External articles
References
1. Ray Merrick, Kansas Legislature, KSLegislature, Accessed July 7, 2011.
2. Board of Directors, American Legislative Exchange Council, ALEC.org, Accessed July 7, 2011.
3. State Chairmen, American Legislative Exchange Council, ALEC.org, Accessed July 7, 2011.
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Place:Rubidoux, Riverside, California, United States
Watchers
NameRubidoux
Alt namesWest Riversidesource: USGS, GNIS Digital Gazetteer (1994) GNIS6056584
TypeCensus-designated place
Coordinates33.996°N 117.418°W
Located inRiverside, California, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Rubidoux was a census-designated place and an unincorporated community in Riverside County, California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 34,280, up from 29,180 at the 2000 census. Like much of the fast-growing Inland Empire Metropolitan Area, Rubidoux is rapidly changing from a rural area of quarries and dairy farms to an exurb of Riverside. As of the 2000 Census, Rubidoux was the largest unincorporated community in the Inland Empire and in Riverside County. On July 1, 2011, the CDP became part of the newly incorporated City of Jurupa Valley.
Flabob Airport in Rubidoux has a runway.
Rubidoux's Population History
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Rubidoux, California. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I have a web based product which has some unique characteristics. The whole concept is not 100% unique but the way this idea has shaped up I think is unique. I want to apply for patent of this idea. Is it a good idea to file a patent of a web based product ? What are the good resources for knowing about patent application in US and filing them ?
Thanks
share|improve this question
8 Answers
up vote 6 down vote accepted
I have personally been involved in a web-based invention that went successfully through the whole process.
Yes, web-based inventions (but not just ideas) can be patented. It is a more complex process than a mechanical device and as such your chance of success is much higher using a patent attorney.
Plan on it taking years to issue and 10k+ in expenses. Also plan on the scope of your claims being reduced before it is issued.
As for whether it is worth the time and money...it definitely was for our venture. Professional investors will value your company much higher and you show your capabilities/seriousness to competitors by referencing an issued patent.
Any VC will tell you that they are defensive assets, not offensive. No one makes money suing for patent infringement, but everyone plays nicer if everyone has their own set of patents in their back pocket. The successful company without any patents can be perceived as being more vulnerable. All the big guys have thousands of them (Google, IBM, Microsoft, 3M, etc.)
Patents are licensed, cross-licensed and sold all the time. If the patent is legitimate and well written it can have real value in the business world.
share|improve this answer
Dude, don't listen to these people telling you what is patentable or not, unless they are either a patent attorney, or they have several patents under their belt.
The reason being that there is a lot of complexity around patents, from the actual rules (laws) to the different court interpretations of the same law, to precedent and previous settlements. Even the patent examiner looking at your patent app matters.
Patent attorneys know this. Talk to one.
Having gone through the process (http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2005/0151995.html), I can tell you that it is not simple. A patent application can be an effective tool to get others off your case (off your industry/niche) even if you do not have the patent app approved yet.
Talk to a patent attorney. Patent law is like accounting, 2+2 is whatever you like it to be.
share|improve this answer
I agree with Paul McMillan and add an anecdote.
Rather than argue about what is patentable, lets look at how useful it will be to you.
1. A locked door keeps out the honest people.
A patent will not stop another company from using your idea. It gives you the right to sue for infringement, but unless you have the resources, it is a moot point.
A past small company owned a patent and the code for a small but crucial part of embedded algorithmic router code. A fortune 100 company infringed our patent, which I mentioned to the large company using the term our patent attorney instructed me to say, "your implementation is relevant to our technology." The licensing guy responds, "if you mean we infringe on your patent? Get in line, we receive 150 claims a week."
So, unless you have millions to spend on lawyers, the reality is, it is not worth going beyond filing a provisional patent. This you can do relatively inexpensively. With the provisional filed, you can talk about your idea and have one year to decide if it warrants the full patent process.
Community, content, and customers are what builds a web product's defensibility.
share|improve this answer
I agree with James. A patent is probably not very useful to you at this time.
Figure out how to implement your idea, and go do it. You'll waste time filing a patent, and by the time it is actually approved the idea will be 7 years old. In the meantime, a dozen companies will have had a chance to try your idea and succeed or fail. Make sure that you're one of the ones that does well.
Avoid the fallacy of thinking you'll be able to patent an idea and then sell that patent.
share|improve this answer
You may want to read this article, and do more research on the Bilski ruling to decide if a patent is possible for you: http://www.fsf.org/news/esp-bilski
Basically, the US Supreme court has changed the rules on software and business model patents so they need to be tied to a machine.
I think a patent on a web-based application may be a waste of resources, but you need to talk with a patent lawyer about it.
Update: I was incorrect, it was not the US Supreme Court that ruled already but the Federal Circuit court. But, some patent cases have been won by lower courts citing the Federal circuit court, so patents on software right now is risky.
Here is an interesting view from what appears to be a pro-patent group: http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202431147519
share|improve this answer
The challenge being a startup and filing a patent is that you don't know if your patent is valid even if granted by the USPO. You would actually have to file a lawsuit, and then the company you file against will likely contest the validity of the patent or look for tiny problems in which to invalidate it such as prior art, authorship. To contest these claims you would need to hire a patent attorney and spend a lot of time without knowing whether you will prevail in the end. A lot depends on your funding situation and your stomach for spending time with lawyers. There have been startups which were successful because of a patent portfolio and royalty model, but I think its more the exception than the rule. There have been some big awards to small companies, but the companies needed major financial backing to prevail.
share|improve this answer
This is what I think skillguru...
where do you see your business 2 or 3 years from now? What is your exit strategy? Do you have an exit strategy?
These are questions I ask myself, and the right answer should be either go public, or sell to Google. Any other answer and you are most likely going to end up with a few thousands dollars only, if anything. If you are entering the start-up world, I imagine you want the big bucks, as all of us do (apart from the adrenaline rush and the camaraderie).
So with that in mind, how do you feel about a patent on your process or idea? Do you feel it's important now? Imagine you were Google, would you buy your company if it had no protection?
In my case, because of this, I think that a patent is a must, no doubt about that. Otherwise, no one would get one if it was so useless as people here make it appear to be! Google is Google now, but back then it was just another start-up, like all of them. Look at their first patent filing dated 1997. They got their first 100K check seed money one year later, not before.
So to answer the question: is it a good idea to file a patent for a web based product? Since this, as I argue, is not a bad idea, then the answer should be YES, by definition, it is a good idea.
PD: In fact I'm looking for a good patent lawyer in the US now so if any of you can recommend one I'd be most grateful.
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Yes, implementing your idea successfully should be your top priority, whether or not you hold a patent. A single software patent by itself does not usually present a significant barrier to your competitors, unless it is truly unique.
Large or well-funded companies that want to put up competitive barriers through patents do so by the filing of dozens of related patents, usually, and often for ideas they never plan on implementing. This is an expense that they can bear since it's part of their strategy and they have deep pockets.
A smaller startup, unless they have significant venture backing, has to weigh the expense of patent filing versus the benefits. Also consider that patents currently take years to go through the process. For example, I have patent applications that were filed back in 2001 that still are awaiting review by an examiner; this is not unusual.
Patents are most valuable in fields like drugs, chemicals, manufacturing, consumer goods, etc. Software patents are risky, even without the additional question of Bilski. Risk can be good! But you need to look at the cost and time involved, and what your goals are.
Definitely consult a patent attorney. A short consultation, even by phone, may be worth your time if you're serious about this.
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Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
Is there a best practice roadmap based on proof of concepts methods when you release a webapplication / startup as a 1-man "company" ?
There are several options I have been looking at for getting out a beta:
• Beta phase with a special code to enter in signup form to get access, limit users in batches of 100
• Pre signup form where you can signup and share invitation links with freinds, to create a boost and perhaps create some more interested users and have a big mailinglist you can target when going for a launch?
Im coding and developing this project on my own in my spare time, so there is no real investments but lots and lots of free time, I started coding last year and now heading to a first minimal version as beta with minimal featureset implemented.
What would be good practice in terms of marketing / releasing my startup without lots of money investments? Any general ideas suggestions are welcome.
Sometimes its hard to still believe in it, to see it finally in the wild since you spend so many hours looking at the design the code, etc.
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2 Answers
private betas are always helpful but I would suggest to go public ASAP it will test not only your product but also your user experience expectations and assumptions.
my experience with private beta is that friends and fellow coders are not so much helpful because they are generally not your target user profile. So you will not get your necessary feedback at all. Only after you reach your real user, you will see real usage and feedback.
So spare some time and promote it as much as you can, with your own budget and time. Only after that you will see some real user behavior
Good luck..
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Here are a few actions that can help answer this:
Releasing I think a closed Beta is fine for now, but I do agree with altuure in that you should go public as soon as possible. Nothing is better than seeing how your users actually use the service and what they want. Friends can be jaded, which makes you feel good, but service can end up sucking.
Marketing Put yourself in the shoes of the type of users that will be using your site (even if you are one) and find out what types of sites those people are living on? Are there any naturally related networking sites used? Find some people that you don't know that well that would be the public using your site and find out where a lot of their time is being spent.
You will then want to get active on those sites. Start being helpful in the conversation and where appropriate, you can share what you do. I would do it more from a passion and interest level than a hard core sales approach.
Through this you can start developing some users. If social sharing can be incorporated you can help grow your user base pretty simply there as well.
One other thought is you can submit your site (if relevant) to http://www.go2web20.net/ and any other similar directories that you can find. They are a great site to help get you your first bunch of users.
Hope that helps.
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Review
Regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis
Jan Leipe1, Alla Skapenko1, Peter E Lipsky2 and Hendrik Schulze-Koops1,2*
Author Affiliations
1 Nikolaus Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
2 National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2005, 7:93-99 doi:10.1186/ar1718
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://arthritis-research.com/content/7/3/93
Published:9 March 2005
© 2005 BioMed Central Ltd
Abstract
Apart from the deletion of autoreactive T cells in the thymus, various methods exist in the peripheral immune system to control specific human immune responses to self-antigens. One of these mechanisms involves regulatory T cells, of which CD4+CD25+ T cells are a major subset. Recent evidence suggests that CD4+CD25+ T cells have a role in controlling the development of autoimmune diseases in animals and in humans. The precise delineation of the function of CD4+CD25+ T cells in autoimmune inflammation is therefore of great importance for the understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, the ability to control such regulatory mechanisms might provide novel therapeutic opportunities in autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. Here we review existing knowledge of CD4+CD25+ T cells and discuss their role in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases.
Introduction
The development of autoimmune diseases requires the breakdown of immunologic self-tolerance that usually controls self and non-self discrimination [1]. The primary mechanism that leads to tolerance to self-antigens is the thymic deletion of self-reactive T cells ('negative selection'). However, because some self-reactive T cells escape this process physiologically and autoreactive CD4+ T cells are present in the peripheral circulation of healthy individuals, where they retain their capacity to initiate autoimmune inflammation [2], negative selection in the thymus is not sufficient to prevent the activation of self-reactive T cells in the periphery [3]. Thus, regulatory mechanisms in the peripheral immune system are required to protect against both the generation of self-directed immune responses and the consequence of this, namely the initiation of autoimmune diseases. It is likely that one such mechanism of peripheral tolerance involves the active suppression of T cell responses by CD4+ T cells with regulatory capacity, of which a major subset are the CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells.
Phenotype and function of mouse regulatory T cells
Regulatory T cells were first discovered in experimental animal models and were subsequently identified in humans. In 1971, a unique subpopulation of T cells was described that was capable of downregulating or suppressing the functions of other cells [4]. These regulatory ('suppressor') T cells had the capacity to transfer antigen-specific tolerance to naive animals. However, the concept of active suppression by T cells lost acceptance because of several technical problems. For example, it was not possible to identify specific cell-surface markers associated with suppressor T cells. Further, when T cell receptor genes were analyzed, suppressor T cells did not seem to have functional gene rearrangements [5]. Most remarkably, soluble suppressor factors, which were believed to be the molecular mechanism of action of suppressor T cells, were thought to be encoded by the murine I–J locus of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. But when molecular studies with hybrid DNA technology failed to identify the I–J region within the MHC [6], the concept of T cell suppression was discarded.
Nevertheless, various experimental observations remained difficult to interpret without postulating an active form of downregulation during an immune response [7]. For many years it was not clear whether distinct specialized T cells exerted this regulatory function or whether this phenomenon was a function of 'non-specialized' T cells. In the mid-1990s a phenotypic description of regulatory T cells eventually became available. Sakaguchi and colleagues [8] showed that injection of CD4+ T cells from Balb/c mice that had been depleted of the fraction of cells coexpressing CD25 (the IL-2 receptor α-chain) into athymic Balb/c mice resulted in the development of various organ-specific autoimmune diseases such as thyroiditis, gastritis, colitis and insulin-dependent autoimmune diabetes. Furthermore, co-transfer of CD4+CD25+ with the pathogenic CD4+CD25- T cells prevented the development of experimentally induced autoimmune diseases [9,10]. These data implied that murine CD4+CD25+ T cells are actively able to regulate the responsiveness of autoreactive T cells that have escaped central tolerance, which distinguishes them from other mechanisms of peripheral tolerance including T cell depletion [11], T cell anergy [12] and immunologic ignorance [13].
CD4+CD25+ T cells are characterized by a low proliferative capacity after triggering with polyclonal or allogeneic stimulation, and by their ability to suppress CD4+ and CD8+ immune responses by means of cell-contact dependent mechanisms [14]. CD4+CD25+ T cells have therefore been named regulatory T cells (Tregs). They are typified by the expression of an array of surface molecules, of which several have been implicated in contributing to the suppressive function of Tregs. Although not unique to Tregs, the array of these surface molecules makes it possible to identify Tregs phenotypically. For example, CTLA4 and CD25, which are upregulated on naive and memory T cells after activation, are constitutively expressed on the surface of Tregs. In mice, an important role of CTLA4 in the function of Tregs can be inferred from the ability of CTLA4-specific antibodies to abrogate the CD25+ T cell-mediated protection of autoimmune gastritis [15] and the CD45RBlow T cell-mediated inhibition of colitis in the appropriate animal model [16]. However, it is as yet uncertain whether these findings can be explained by the concept that CTLA4 transduces 'negative' signals to activated effector T cells.
Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein (GITR) is another membrane-associated receptor that was identified during the characterization of the phenotype and function of CD25+ Tregs [17]. GITR is the specific antigen of an antibody that was generated after immunization with CD25+ T cells. Although antibodies against GITR abrogate CD25+CD4+ T cell-mediated suppression in vitro and in vivo [18], the mechanism behind these activities still remains to be determined. However, it should be emphasized that similarly to CD25 and CTLA-4, GITR is not Treg-specific and is upregulated on effector/ memory cells after antigen-driven activation. Recently, LAG-3, an MHC class II-binding CD4 homologue was shown to be selectively upregulated on Tregs, and antibodies against LAG-3 inhibited suppression by Tregs, both in vitro and in vivo [19]. LAG-3 expression remains high on Tregs and decreases shortly after activation in memory T cells, indicating that LAG-3 might mark cells with regulatory activity and is not simply an activation marker. However, it is at present not clear whether LAG-3 selectively marks only certain Treg subsets analyzed in that study.
The transcription factor Foxp3 has been shown to be selectively expressed by Tregs. Foxp3 was first identified as the gene responsible for the defect in scurfy mice, which die early in life from CD4 T cell-mediated lymphoreticular disease, and was subsequently shown to be important in murine Treg development and function [20]. Patients with the IPEX syndrome (for 'immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked inheritance'), a clinical syndrome presenting with autoimmune diseases similar to that developing in mice after depletion of CD25+CD4+regulatory cells, have mutations in Foxp3 [21,22]. This observation provided a first correlation between Tregs and T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases in humans and mice caused by a genetic defect in a defined transcription factor that is essential for the development of the function of Tregs.
However, despite these indications there is still a concern that CD4+CD25+ Tregs from mice that are kept in germ-free facilities with low levels of endogenous T cell activation are not identical with human CD4+CD25+ T cells [23]. In particular, it is at present unclear whether human CD4+CD25+ Tregs are able to suppress immune responses in vivo, as their counterparts do in the mouse.
Phenotype and function of human CD4+CD25+ Tregs
In humans, a population of CD4+CD25+ Tregs has been identified in the peripheral circulation [24-28] and in the thymus [29,30]. In general, the characteristics of human and mouse CD4+CD25+ T cells are very similar. As in mice, 5 to 15% of human peripheral blood CD4+ T cells constitutively express CD25. It has been proposed that the suppressive effects of human CD4+CD25+ T cells may reside in the CD25highCD4+ T cell fraction [28]; however, this finding is not uniformly accepted [31]. After isolation and in vitro allogeneic [25,26], polyclonal [27,29] or antigen-specific [32] stimulation, human CD4+CD25+ T cells do not proliferate – that is, they are anergic [33] – and when cultured with CD4+CD25- cells, CD4+CD25+T cells suppress the CD4+CD25- T cell response in a cell-contact-dependent manner [25] (Fig. 1).
Figure 1. Phenotype and function of CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells from human peripheral blood. (a) CD25+CD4+ T cells are anergic. Purified CD25+ and CD25-CD4+ T cells from the peripheral blood of a healthy individual were stimulated with a monoclonal antibody against CD3, and proliferation was assessed by incorporation of 3H-labeled thymidine into newly synthesized DNA after 96 hours of culture. (b) CD25+CD4+ T cells inhibit the proliferation of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Human PBMC were stimulated with monoclonal antibodies against CD3 in the absence or presence of autologous purified CD25+ or CD25-CD4+ T cells. Proliferation was assessed as described in (a). (c) The regulatory capacity of CD25+CD4+ T cells is inhibited by exogenous IL-2. Human PBMC were stimulated as in (b) in the presence of a non-mitogenic concentration of human IL-2. Proliferation was assessed as in (a). (d) Suppression by CD25+CD4+ T cells is contact-dependent and independent of regulatory cytokines. Human PBMC were stimulated with a monoclonal antibody against CD3 in the presence of autologous CD25+CD4+ T cells and neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against IL-10 (αIL-10) or IL-4 (αIL-4), or separated from CD25+CD4+ T cells by an insert ('transwell'). Proliferation was assessed as described in (a).
Although CD4+CD25+ cells are unresponsive to mitogenic stimulation, they do proliferate in the presence of exogenous IL-2 [34]. CD4+CD25+ T cells have a differentiated phenotype (CD45RA-RO+ in humans), indicating that they have been stimulated in their internal environment. Evidence suggests that, once these cells are activated, their suppressor function is antigen-nonspecific because CD4+CD25+ Tregs suppress not only T cells stimulated with the same antigens but also T cells activated by other antigens [35]. Thus, Tregs might be able to act as bystander suppressors through contact-dependent mechanisms.
Controversial data exist as to whether and which cytokines are produced by CD4+CD25+ Tregs. Whereas some investigators describe that these cells do not produce immunomodulatory cytokines [28], others demonstrate that they are able to produce IL-10 [27,29,36], transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) [26,36] and IL-4 [29]. As shown in Fig. 1, however, Tregs exert their inhibitory function independently of the production of potentially immunoregulatory cytokines. Nevertheless, it is widely accepted that Tregs do not produce IL-2.
CD4+CD25+ Tregs in rheumatoid arthritis
The development of assays to evaluate the function of human CD4+CD25+ Tregs in vitro has provided the opportunity to analyze the role of Tregs in human autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A series of recent articles has focused on the role of Tregs in rheumatoid inflammation and has indicated that CD4+CD25+ T cells might function as potential regulators of immune responses in RA.
Phenotype of peripheral blood CD4+CD25+ T cells in RA
Controversy exists with regard to the frequency of CD4+CD25+ T cells in the peripheral circulation of patients with RA in comparison with healthy individuals [31,37,38]. The divergent results might be in part related to different definitions of CD4+CD25+ T cells, because some investigators focused on the CD25bright T cells [39], whereas others analyzed the total population of CD25+ T cells [31]. In patients with a different but related inflammatory joint disease, juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), the frequency of CD25brightCD4+ cells in the peripheral blood was lower than in healthy controls [40]. Patients with a self-limiting form of JIA had an increased frequency of CD25brightCD4+ T cells with higher levels of FoxP3 mRNA in the peripheral blood than in patients with the subtype of the disease with a less favorable prognosis, suggesting a functional role for CD25brightCD4+ T cells in JIA. Although it is difficult to transfer the findings from one inflammatory joint disease to another, JIA and RA are related in their mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and their clinical presentation, suggesting that the findings in JIA might at least in part represent the situation in RA adequately.
A significant correlation was found between the frequency of CD4+CD25+ T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with RA, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate [31] and the level of C-reactive protein [38], which suggests that in active disease the frequency of CD4+CD25+ T cells increases. In contrast, no associations were detected between the frequency of CD4+CD25+ T cells in the peripheral blood and the use of methotrexate, corticosteroids or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-neutralizing agents [31,37]. However, in a subsequent study a significant increase in the number of CD4+CD25high T cells was observed after anti-TNF treatment in patients with RA [38] who responded to therapy, but not in those patients who failed to respond to therapy.
Phenotype of synovial CD4+CD25+ T cells in RA
In contrast to the situation in the peripheral blood, there is clear evidence that the frequencies of CD4+CD25+ T cells in the synovial fluid of patients with RA are elevated compared with those in the peripheral blood (Fig. 2) [31,39]. CD25brightCD4+ T cells are enriched in the synovial fluid not only in patients with RA but also in patients with spondylarthropathies or with JIA [37,40].
Figure 2. CD25+CD4+ T cells are enriched in the synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis. Mononuclear cells were isolated from the peripheral blood (PB) or the synovial fluid (SF) of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, stained with monoclonal antibodies against CD4 and CD25 and analyzed by flow cytometry. The numbers denote the frequency of cells in the gate as defined by the expression of CD4 and CD25.
Several alternative mechanisms might contribute to the enrichment of CD4+CD25+ T cells in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatic diseases. A preferential migration of these cells into the inflamed joint might be inferred from the observation that CD4+CD25+ T cells specifically express the chemokine receptors CXCR4, CCR4 and CCR8 [41]. The CCR4 ligands CCL17 and CCL22 are highly expressed in synovial tissue [42], and it has been suggested that dendritic cells are able to 'chemoattract' cells by the secretion of CCL17 and CCL22 [41]. However, it should be pointed out that although CCR4+ T cells can be detected in the peripheral blood of healthy individuals and in the synovial fluid of patients with RA, the vast majority of T cells in the rheumatoid synovial fluid do not express CCR4 [43], making the CCR4–CCL17-mediated recruitment of Tregs into the rheumatoid joint rather unlikely. The ligand for CXCR4, stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), is expressed on synovial endothelial cells [44], and persistent expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 on synovial CD4 T cells mediates their active retention within the rheumatoid synovium [45]. Because human CD4+CD25+ Tregs traffic to and are retained in the bone marrow through interactions involving CXCR4 [46], it is also conceivable that CD4+CD25+ T cells are selectively recruited to and retained in the rheumatoid joint through interactions involving CXCR4. In line with the hypothesis that CD4+CD25+ T cells are effectively recruited to sites of chronic inflammation, CD25+CD4+ T cells are found in inflammatory infiltrates of C57BL/6 mice infected with Leishmania major [47] and of Balb/c mice infected with Candida albicans [48]. The data therefore suggest that the accumulation of CD4+CD25+ T cells during an inflammatory immune response might be a physiologic control mechanism of potentially dangerous effector functions to prevent tissue damage.
A second mechanism leading to the accumulation of CD4+CD25+ T cells in the rheumatic joint might relate to the fact that inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2 and costimulatory molecules cause CD4+CD25+T cells to revert to an anergic phenotype [34] (Fig. 1c). Because the synovial fluid contains high levels of inflammatory cytokines and of antigen-presenting cells that are able to engage costimulatory molecules on synovial T cells, CD25+CD4+ T cells might expand locally in the rheumatoid joint. However, in the rheumatoid synovium it was found that T cells display low proliferative responses [49], and in patients with JIA the T cells in the synovial fluid are not actively dividing [50].
A third alternative method for the enrichment of CD4+CD25+ T cells in the rheumatoid joint is related to the observation that synovial T cells are actively inhibited from undergoing apoptosis, thereby expanding their lifespan compared with their peripheral counterparts. An integrin–ligand interaction is involved in the fibroblast-mediated survival of synovial T cells [51]. Fibroblast-secreted IFN-β is also able to inhibit apoptosis, and in particular that of CD4+CD25+ T cells [24].
A final explanation for the increased frequencies of CD25+ T cells in the synovium derives from the characteristic of CD25 to be upregulated on activated T cells. Thus, the sole determination of CD25 does not make it possible to discriminate Tregs from activated effector cells. Because synovial T cells express an array of activation markers and effector functions, it is likely that most CD25-expressing T cells from the synovial fluid constitute an effector population actively engaged in driving synovial inflammation.
Recent evidence suggests that the CD4+CD25+ Tregs from the synovial fluid are different from those in the peripheral circulation. CD25brightCD4+ T cells from the synovial fluid in RA contain higher frequencies of cells expressing CTLA-4 and GITR than those from the peripheral blood of healthy donors and of patients with RA [31,37]. Tregs from synovial fluid also display an activated phenotype with a higher expression of CD69 and MHC class II than CD4+CD25+ cells in the peripheral blood of matched individuals.
Intermittent flares in disease activity are typical of RA. Whether the frequency of regulatory CD25brightCD4+ T cells fluctuate over time or are correlated with disease activity is therefore of considerable interest. Although the frequency of synovial CD25brightCD4+ T cells varies between patients, the numbers of these cells do not vary significantly over time in a single joint [39]. Similar stable frequencies of synovial CD25brightCD4+ T cells over time were also observed in patients with JIA, psoriatic arthritis and spondylarthropathies [37]. Moreover, the frequencies of synovial CD25brightCD4+ T cells in patients with RA was not correlated with clinical parameters such as disease duration, the presence of rheumatoid factor, the level of C-reactive protein and the presence of erosions [31,37]. In addition, no association was found between the use of methotrexate, corticosteroids or anti-TNF therapy and the frequency of CD4+CD25+ T cells in the synovial fluid [31]. These data suggest that the presence of CD4+CD25+ T cells in the rheumatoid synovium is a function of the disease and is characteristic of a particular patient but unrelated to treatment, clinical course and disease activity. These results might therefore question the importance of CD4+CD25+ Tregs in the regulation of synovial inflammation.
Together, the data suggest that CD4+CD25+ T cells in chronically inflamed rheumatoid joints might enrich and persist as a result of preferential recruitment, rescue from cell death and activation by their specific antigen. Consequently, the determination of frequencies of CD25+T cells in the synovial fluid without complementary functional studies does not make it possible to draw meaningful conclusions about the role of CD4+CD25+ Tregs in rheumatoid inflammation.
Function of synovial CD4+CD25+ T cells in RA
When examined in conventional in vitro assays, synovial CD4+CD25bright T cells are able to suppress the proliferation of autologous CD4+CD25- (responder) T cells of synovial and peripheral origin [31,37,39]. Synovial CD4+CD25+ T cells display an even increased suppressive capacity compared with blood CD4+CD25+T cells in RA [31] and in JIA [40]. It is of interest that CD4+CD25intermediate T cells enhance rather than suppress the proliferation of synovial responder CD4+CD25- T cells, which might suggest that CD25intermediate T cells represent effector T cells.
The major question that these results immediately bring up is why inflammation occurs in the rheumatoid joints despite elevated frequencies of apparently functional CD4+CD25+ T cells with an even enhanced suppressive capacity in assays in vitro.
One possible explanation for this seeming paradox might be an active inhibition of the function of Tregs in the rheumatoid joint. For example, several constituents of the inflamed synovial environment, such as IL-2 and IL-7, have been shown to abrogate the function of Tregs [34,52], suggesting that Tregs are inhibited at sites of inflammation from performing their regulatory function by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Similarly, although shown only for peripheral blood, it has been suggested that CD4+CD25+ T cells display functional differences before and after treatment with anti-TNF [38]. CD4+CD25high cells isolated from the peripheral blood of patients with active RA suppress the proliferative response of responder CD4 T cells but not the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF. In contrast, CD4+CD25high cells isolated from the patients' blood after anti-TNF therapy suppress (like CD4+CD25high cells in healthy individuals) not only the proliferation but also the secretion of these cytokines from responder CD4 T cells derived from anti-TNF-treated patients. Thus, these findings indicate a functional deficit of CD4+CD25high T cells from patients with active RA with regard to their ability to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine production that reverts after treatment with TNF-neutralizing agents. Additional evidence for an inhibitory function of TNF on Tregs in RA derives from experiments in which the depletion of CD4+CD25high T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with active RA did not alter the frequency of cells producing TNF or IL-10 in a 2-day cell culture, whereas an increase in TNF-secreting cells and a reduction in IL-10-secreting cells occurred in the culture of PBMC derived from anti-TNF-treated patients with RA that were depleted of Tregs [38]. Together, these data might underline the potential role of cytokines in maintaining chronic inflammation in vivo.
An alternative explanation for persistent synovial inflammation despite enriched numbers of CD4+CD25+ T cells with enhanced suppressive capacity in vitro is provided by the finding that synovial responder T cells express a decreased susceptibility to the regulatory effect of CD4+CD25+ Tregs in comparison with peripheral blood responder T cells, thereby 'compensating' for the enhanced regulatory capacity of the synovial Tregs [31]. IL-6, which is known to be found in large amounts in the rheumatoid synovium [53], has been shown to enhance the resistance of T effector cells to the suppressive effects of Tregs [54]. Finally, although suppression by Tregs is probably not antigen-specific but might involve neighboring T cells in a 'bystander' fashion [35], Tregs require activation through their T-cell antigen receptor to deliver their regulatory function. Thus, if the specific antigen for the synovial Tregs is not presented either in the secondary lymphoid organs or in the inflamed synovia, or, alternatively, if Tregs in RA express an altered threshold for antigen-specific activation, synovial Tregs, although present, will not become activated and will therefore fail to inhibit ongoing inflammation.
Together, these arguments indicate that rheumatoid inflammation occurs in the presence of Tregs that express an impaired regulatory function in vivo, despite their enhanced regulatory capacity in vitro. Although it is tempting to speculate that synovial inflammation is the consequence of an inadequate ability of synovial Tregs to downmodulate local inflammation, several observations indicate clearly that synovial Tregs are functional and actively dampen the inflammatory immune response in vivo. For example, in JIA the frequencies of CD4+CD25+synovial T cells are inversely correlated with the clinical outcome, and the expression of FoxP3 mRNA, a 'marker' for Treg function, is elevated in mild cases in comparison with severe forms of the disease [50]. In collagen-induced arthritis, depletion of CD4+CD25+ T cells accelerates the onset of severe disease, and transfer of syngeneic CD4+CD25+ T cells into Treg-depleted mice reverses the increased severity [55]. Thus, the local expansion in the CD4+CD25+ Treg cell population in the rheumatoid synovium might reflect a mechanism for resolving the inflammatory immune response. Although not sufficient to prevent inflammatory activity in the joint, the CD4+CD25+ Tregs in the inflamed rheumatoid synovium might nevertheless be important for a downmodulation of the inflammation, thereby delaying further tissue damage and impeding erosive inflammation. These findings might be of relevance in validating and fostering the development of clinical applications of in vitro-generated Tregs in autoimmune diseases in the near future by means of personalized cellular therapy.
It should be noted that other subsets of CD4 T cells have been identified that are capable of suppressing specific immune responses. The most prominent of these are termed Treg 1 (Tr1) and T helper type 3 (Th3) cells. Th3 cells produce predominantly TGF-β. They are generated in vivo by immunization through an oral or other mucosal route [35], and have been detected in patients with multiple sclerosis after oral administration of myelin basic protein [56]. Groux and colleagues first isolated mouse and human Tr1 cells that have immune-regulatory activities both in vitro and in vivo [57,58]. These regulatory CD4+ T cells secrete IL-10 and have been generated in vitro by repeated antigenic stimulations of human and murine CD4+ cells in the presence of IL-10 [26,59,60] or by activation through immature antigen-presenting cells that lack potent costimulatory activity [61].
However, comprehensive analyses of Tr1 and Th3 cells in humans are not available, so the precise role of these subsets in human autoimmune disease has not been defined.
Conclusion
In conclusion, human CD4+CD25+ Tregs that are capable of suppressing CD4 T cell proliferation in vitro are enriched in the synovial fluid of patients with RA. Synovial Tregs express an increased regulatory capacity in comparison with Tregs derived from the peripheral blood, in assays in vitro. In the synovium, Tregs might be inhibited by different mechanisms such as inflammatory cytokines including TNF, or stimulation by antigen-presenting cells, which in concert might allow synovial inflammation to evolve and persist despite the enhanced frequencies of synovial Tregs. However, because evidence suggests that synovial Tregs, although not sufficient to ameliorate disease activity completely, are involved in regulating synovial inflammation in vivo, future treatment strategies of autoimmune diseases can be envisaged in which Tregs generated and/or expanded in vitro will be employed in an attempt to control local and systemic autoimmune inflammation.
Abbreviations
GITR = tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein; IFN = interferon; IL = interleukin; JIA = juvenile idiopathic arthritis; MHC = major histocompatibility complex; PBMC = peripheral blood mononuclear cells; RA = rheumatoid arthritis; TGF-β = transforming growth factor-β; Treg = regulatory T cell; TNF = tumor necrosis factor.
Competing interests
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Grants Schu 786/2-3 and 2-4) and by the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) at the University hospital of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (Projects B27 and B3).
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41. Iellem A, Mariani M, Lang R, Recalde H, Panina-Bordignon P, Sinigaglia F, D'Ambrosio D: Unique chemotactic response profile and specific expression of chemokine receptors CCR4 and CCR8 by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells.
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42. Radstake TR, Van Der Voort R, Ten Brummelhuis M, De Waal Malefijt M, Schreurs W, Looman M, Sloetjes A, Figdor CG, Van Den Berg WB, Barrera P, et al.: Increased expression of CCL18, CCL19, and CCL17 by dendritic cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and regulation by Fc gamma receptors.
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43. Suzuki N, Nakajima A, Yoshino S, Matsushima K, Yagita H, Okumura K: Selective accumulation of CCR5+ T lymphocytes into inflamed joints of rheumatoid arthritis.
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44. Buckley CD, Amft N, Bradfield PF, Pilling D, Ross E, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Amara A, Curnow SJ, Lord JM, Scheel-Toellner D, et al.: Persistent induction of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by TGF-beta 1 on synovial T cells contributes to their accumulation within the rheumatoid synovium.
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45. Nanki T, Hayashida K, El-Gabalawy HS, Suson S, Shi K, Girschick HJ, Yavuz S, Lipsky PE: Stromal cell-derived factor-1-CXC chemokine receptor 4 interactions play a central role in CD4+ T cell accumulation in rheumatoid arthritis synovium.
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46. Zou L, Barnett B, Safah H, Larussa VF, Evdemon-Hogan M, Mottram P, Wei S, David O, Curiel TJ, Zou W: Bone marrow is a reservoir for CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells that traffic through CXCL12/CXCR4 signals.
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47. Belkaid Y, Piccirillo CA, Mendez S, Shevach EM, Sacks DL: CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells control Leishmania major persistence and immunity.
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48. Montagnoli C, Bacci A, Bozza S, Gaziano R, Mosci P, Sharpe AH, Romani L: B7/CD28-dependent CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells are essential components of the memory-protective immunity to Candida albicans.
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49. Petersen J, Andersen V, Ingemann-Hansen T, Halkjaer-Kristensen J, Wiik A, Thyssen H: Synovial fluid and blood monocyte influence on lymphocyte proliferation in rheumatoid arthritis and traumatic synovitis.
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50. Black AP, Bhayani H, Ryder CA, Gardner-Medwin JM, Southwood TR: T-cell activation without proliferation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
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51. Salmon M, Scheel-Toellner D, Huissoon AP, Pilling D, Shamsadeen N, Hyde H, D'Angeac AD, Bacon PA, Emery P, Akbar AN: Inhibition of T cell apoptosis in the rheumatoid synovium.
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52. van Amelsfort JM, Noordegraaf M, Bijlsma JWJ, Taams LS, Lafeber FPJG: Influence of the inflammatory milieu on the suppressive function of CD4+CD25+ T cells in rheumatoid arthritis.
Arthritis Rheum 2004, 50:S526. Publisher Full Text
53. Hirano T, Matsuda T, Turner M, Miyasaka N, Buchan G, Tang B, Sato K, Shimizu M, Maini R, Feldmann M, et al.: Excessive production of interleukin 6/B cell stimulatory factor-2 in rheumatoid arthritis.
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54. Pasare C, Medzhitov R: Toll pathway-dependent blockade of CD4+CD25+ T cell-mediated suppression by dendritic cells.
Science 2003, 299:1033-1036. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
55. Morgan ME, Sutmuller RP, Witteveen HJ, van Duivenvoorde LM, Zanelli E, Melief CJ, Snijders A, Offringa R, de Vries RR, Toes RE: CD25+ cell depletion hastens the onset of severe disease in collagen-induced arthritis.
Arthritis Rheum 2003, 48:1452-1460. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
56. Fukaura H, Kent SC, Pietrusewicz MJ, Khoury SJ, Weiner HL, Hafler DA: Induction of circulating myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein-specific transforming growth factor-beta1-secreting Th3 T cells by oral administration of myelin in multiple sclerosis patients.
J Clin Invest 1996, 98:70-77. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
57. Groux H, Bigler M, de Vries JE, Roncarolo MG: Interleukin-10 induces a long-term antigen-specific anergic state in human CD4+ T cells.
J Exp Med 1996, 184:19-29. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
58. Groux H, O'Garra A, Bigler M, Rouleau M, Antonenko S, de Vries JE, Roncarolo MG: A CD4+ T-cell subset inhibits antigen-specific T-cell responses and prevents colitis.
Nature 1997, 389:737-742. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
59. Asseman C, Powrie F: Interleukin 10 is a growth factor for a population of regulatory T cells.
Gut 1998, 42:157-158. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
60. Cottrez F, Hurst SD, Coffman RL, Groux H: T regulatory cells 1 inhibit a Th2-specific response in vivo.
J Immunol 2000, 165:4848-4853. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
61. Jonuleit H, Schmitt E, Schuler G, Knop J, Enk AH: Induction of interleukin 10-producing, nonproliferating CD4+ T cells with regulatory properties by repetitive stimulation with allogeneic immature human dendritic cells.
J Exp Med 2000, 192:1213-1222. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
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Deeper Discussion of our Decision on DNT Defaults
Tom Lowenthal
2
It's not a binary choice.
DNT is often compared to other browser security and privacy features, such as malware and phishing protection. This reveals a common misunderstanding about what sort of feature DNT is and what it does. That’s why we think we should shed a little more light on Firefox’s DNT defaults.
DNT is different. It doesn’t take away a broken feature, or fix a bug. It adds a new feature that’s incredibly important: the user’s voice. We ship DNT by default: the feature is there, and you can use it if you want. When DNT is off, it doesn’t mean “please track me”, it means that the user hasn’t told the browser their choice yet.
• DNT:0 means “I consent to being tracked”.
• DNT:1 means “I object to being tracked”.
• If the signal is not sent, we are not communicating either of these things.
We ship Firefox with DNT in the “don’t tell sites anything” configuration because initially, that’s all we know. Until the user tells us what to send, we don’t want to put words into their mouth. Neither Mozilla nor Firefox controls what sort of privacy protection sites give their users. Those decisions are up to sites and to regulators.
DNT allows for a conversation between the person sitting behind the keyboard and they site that they want to visit. If DNT is on by default, then it’s not a conversation. For DNT to be effective, it must actually represent the user’s voice.
We introduced DNT to do just that: to give users a voice and let them tell sites that they don’t want to be tracked. We did this before knowing exactly how sites and advertisers would respond. Right now, DNT is best explained as a vote for privacy, not a magic “keep me safe” button.
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TripleR (1.0.5)
Social Relation Model (SRM) analyses for single or multiple round-robin groups.
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/TripleR
Social Relation Model (SRM) analyses for single or multiple round-robin groups are performed. These analyses are either based on one manifest variable, one latent construct measured by two manifest variables, two manifest variables and their bivariate relations, or two latent constructs each measured by two manifest variables. Within-group t-tests for variance components and covariances are provided for single groups, between-groups t-tests for multiple groups. Preliminary handling for missing values is provided.
Maintainer: Felix Schönbrodt
Author(s): S.C. Schmukle, F.D. Schönbrodt and M.D. Back
License: GPL (>= 2)
Uses: plyr, reshape, ggplot2, lme4
Released over 2 years ago.
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Error!
Success!
.Net: Using ThreadStatic Attribute in Multithreaded Applications
0
kicks
.Net: Using ThreadStatic Attribute in Multithreaded Applications (Unpublished)
Writing multithreaded programs in .Net requires a good understanding of the threading functionalities available in the .Net Framework. ThreadStatic attribute is a useful keyword in multithreaded programs. As far as functionality is concerned, ThreadStatic attribute is a variation of the static keyword. Read more...
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
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Allwinner A20
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 14:13, 10 December 2012 by Florixc (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
This page is a overview of A20 family chips. AllWinner A20 is a dual core Cortex A7 processor with a dual core Mali-400 GPU.
Features
Features of the Allwinner A20 include:
CPU – ARM Cortex-A7 Dual Core with512MB L2-Cache/128KB L1-Cache GPU – ARM Mali400 MP2 Memory – LPDDR2/DDR3/DDR3L controller, NAND Flash controller and 64-bit ECC Video HD H.264 2160P video decoding Full HD video decoding BD Directory, BD ISO and BD m2ts video decoding H.264 High Profile 1080P@30fps encoding 3840×1080@30fps 3D decoding Complies with RTSP, HTTP,HLS,RTMP,MMS streaming media protocol Display Support multi-channel HD display Integrated HDMI 1.4 CPU/RGB/LVDS LCD interface 1920×1080 resolution CVBS/YPbPr/VGA support Integrated TV decoder Camera Integrated parallel 8-bit I/F YUV sensor Integrated 24-bit parallel YUV 444 I/F 5M/8M CMOS sensor support Dual-sensor support Audio Integrated HI-FI 100dB Audio Codec Dual MIC noise cancellation
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Riverton FamilySearch Library/Youth ConferenceEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 19:26, 28 December 2012 by Sremery (Talk | contribs)
Riverton
FamilySearch Library
Menu
3740 West Market Center Drive
(13175 South)
Riverton, Utah 84065-8026
801-240-9601
Hours
Mon-Fri-Sat:
9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Tue-Wed-Thu:
9:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m.
Home
Location & Directions
Contact Information
Hours & Holiday Schedule
Group Visits
Youth Conference
Classes & Class Schedules
Events
Oral History Room
Expert Research Consultants
Resources
Microfilm
In the Community
Search and Serve Youth Conference
The Riverton FamilySearch Library offers a one day Family History youth conference activity for ward and multi-wards.
The library youth conference activities are designed to help youth and their leaders feel the Spirit of Elijah and learn how its influence can bless the lives of both the living and the dead through Family History and Temple Ordinance work.
Workshops provide instruction on the key elements of genealogical research and offer hands-on experience to help participants with their individual family history responsibilities. Young Men and Women will also be encouraged to use their technical skills to help their own family, ward members, friends and others with their family history efforts.
Elder David A. Bednar's Invitation and Promise to Youth
“The skills and aptitude evident among many young people today are a preparation to contribute to the work of salvation.
“I invite the young people of the Church to learn about and experience the Spirit of Elijah. I encourage you to study, to search out your ancestors, and to prepare yourselves to perform proxy baptisms in the house of the Lord for your kindred dead. And I urge you to help other people identify their family histories.
“As you respond in faith to this invitation, your hearts shall turn to the fathers. …Your love and gratitude for your ancestors will increase. Your testimony of and conversion to the Savior will become deep and abiding. And I promise you will be protected against the intensifying influence of the adversary. As you participate and love this holy work, you will be safeguarded in your youth and throughout your lives.”
2013 Dates
This activity will be available every Wednesday, Thursday and Friday; June 5 through August 23, 2013; except for June 7, July 3, 4, 5, 24, and August 2. Tuesday, July 30 is also available.
The following dates are open. The number of openings for each day are shown in parenthesis.
June
July
August
Jun 5, Wed (100)
Jul 10, Wed (50)
Aug 1, Thu (100)
Jun 6, Thu (100)
Jul 11, Thu (100)
Aug 7, Wed (100)
Jun 12, Wed (100)
Jul 12, Fri (100)
Aug 8, Thu (100)
Jun 13, Thu (100)
Jul 17, Wed (40)
Aug 9, Fri (100)
Jun 14, Fri (100)
Jul 18, Thu (100)
Aug 14, Wed (100)
Jun 19, Wed (100)
Jul 19, Fri (100)
Aug 15, Thu (100)
Jun 20, Thu (100)
Jul 25, Thu (100)
Aug 16, Fri (100)
Jun 21, Fri (100)
Jul 26, Fri (100)
Aug 21, Wed (100)
Jun 26, Wed (40)
Jul 30, Tue (100)
Aug 22, Thu (100)
Jun 27, Thu (45)
Jul 31, Wed (100)
Aug 23, Fri (100)
Jun 28, Fri (20)
Reservations
The deadline for registration is May 1, 2013. Reservations will be taken on a first-come, first-served basis. Book early to secure a date.
Online Registration Form
Group Sizes
The library can accommodate ward or multi-ward groups with a maximum of 100 youth and leaders.
Cost
A FamilySearch lanyard and all training material for the workshops will be furnished for participants at no cost. There will be a charge for the printing of optional pedigree fan charts.
The cost of lunch at the Riverton Office Building cafeteria will be approximately $5.50 for a hamburger, fries and a large drink.
Preparation
Detailed instructions for participants will be sent to leaders following registration. It is imperative that all participants register for an LDS account. Youth and leaders need to have access to their username and password to participate fully in the conference activities.
Conference Daily Schedule
10:00 a.m. - Welcome and Introduction
The conference will begin with a short overview of the library’s resources and layout, an outline of the day’s activities, and some important guidelines.
10:15 a.m. - Workshop One
One of the primary elements of family history research is to determine what we already know about our families. This workshop will provide training and hands-on experience in using familysearch.org Family Tree to find family history and temple ordinance information that may already exist about families. The printing of family pedigree fan charts will be an optional part of this activity.
11:45 a.m. - Lunch
12:30 p.m. - Workshop Two
After determining what we already know about our families, the next step is to verify the information we have and to search for more records. This workshop will provide training and hands-on experience in using library and home resources to search for documents containing family history information.
2:00 p.m. Workshop Three
One of the best ways to give service to others is to help index the millions of digital records the Church has acquired over many decades. This workshop will help youth understand the concept behind FamilySearch Indexing, learn how to index and have hands-on experience completing an indexing project.
3:30 p.m. - Review and Farewell
The day’s activities will close with a short review of the workshops and activities, and give bishops and/or other youth leaders an opportunity to conclude the youth conference with any testimony or encouragement they feel is appropriate.
Information
Email ut_rivfslibrary3@ldschurch.org or call 801-240-9618 for any questions.
= =
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Friday, 4 March 2005
LATEST EUROPEAN REPORTED TM CASES
The March 2005 issue of Sweet & Maxwell's monthly European Trade Mark Reports has now been published. It contains English versions of the following cases:
* Rolex Internet Auction (Bundesgerichtshof, Germany): following the sale of counterfeit ROLEX watches through a website, the highest German court considers the possible liability of the internet service provider.
Fakes: are online sales driving out the honest crook?
* Lancome Parfums et Beaute & Cie v Kruidkat Retail BV (Amsterdam Appeal Court, the Netherlands): the replacement of genuine bar codes by false ones and the repackaging of goods land the defendant in trouble as a copyright infringer as well as a trade mark one.
In addition, this issue of the ETMR features some highly significant decisions, including
* Case C-245/02 Anheuser-Busch v Budejovicky Budvar (European Court of Justice): reference to the ECJ on the applicability of TRIPs to disputes involving trade names, with some extra piquancy in terms of comments on trade mark use;
Electrocoin: a rare saga of bears and bars
* Electrocoin Automatics Ltd v Coinworld Ltd: in this absorbing case Geoffrey Hobbs QC analyses the legal consequences of a very unusual set of facts and advances his "cross-pollination" theory of trade mark infringement.
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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Bayesian model of univariate linear regression for QTL detection
See Servin & Stephens (PLoS Genetics, 2007).
• Data: let's assume that we obtained data from N individuals. We note the (quantitative) phenotypes (e.g. expression level at a given gene), and the genotypes at a given SNP (as allele dose, 0, 1 or 2).
• Goal: we want to assess the evidence in the data for an effect of the genotype on the phenotype.
• Assumptions: the relationship between genotype and phenotype is linear; the individuals are not genetically related; there is no hidden confounding factors in the phenotypes.
• Likelihood:
where β1 is in fact the additive effect of the SNP, noted a from now on, and β2 is the dominance effect of the SNP, d = ak.
Let's now write in matrix notation:
which gives the following conditional distribution for the phenotypes:
The likelihood of the parameters given the data is therefore:
• Priors: we use the usual conjugate prior
• Joint posterior:
• Conditional posterior of B:
Here and in the following, we neglect all constants (e.g. normalization constant, YTY, etc):
We use the prior and likelihood and keep only the terms in B:
We expand:
We factorize some terms:
Let's define . We can see that ΩT = Ω, which means that Ω is a symmetric matrix. This is particularly useful here because we can use the following equality: Ω − 1ΩT = I.
This now becomes easy to factorizes totally:
We recognize the kernel of a Normal distribution, allowing us to write the conditional posterior as:
• Posterior of τ:
Similarly to the equations above:
But now, to handle the second term, we need to integrate over B, thus effectively taking into account the uncertainty in B:
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At his best, man is the noblest of all animals; separated from law and justice he is the worst. Aristotle
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Aristotle (384 BCE - March 7, 322 BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on diverse subjects, including physics, poetry, biology and zoology, logic, rhetoric, politics and government, and ethics. Along with Socrates and Plato, Aristotle was one of the most influential of ancient Greek philosophers. They transformed Presocratic Greek philosophy into the foundations of Western philosophy as we know it. Some consider Plato and Aristotle to have founded two of the most important schools of Ancient philosophy; others consider Aristotelianism as a development and concretization of Plato's insights.
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I'm not going to be joining ZZ Top. You know they can't play my stuff. It's too complicated. Brown, James
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James Brown, known variously as: Soul Brother Number One, the Godfather of Soul, Mr. Dynamite, and The Hardest-Working Man in Show Business
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Love is not just looking at each other, it's looking in the same direction. Saint-Exupery, Antoine De
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Quotes about balance
These are quotes tagged with "balance". You can also search for quotes containing the word balance.
"The world is in balance <...>. To light a candle is to cast a shadow."
LeGuin, Ursula K. on balance
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Quotes about metaphor
These are quotes tagged with "metaphor". You can also search for quotes containing the word metaphor.
"The metaphor is perhaps one of man's most fruitful potentialities. Its efficacy verges on magic, and it seems a tool for creation which God forgot inside one of His creatures when He made him."
Gasset, Jose Ortega Y on metaphor
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"url": "strategywiki.org/wiki/RuneScape/Monk",
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RuneScape/Monk's Friend
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
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In this quest you have to help a monk find a blanket for his son. The monks cannot sleep because of the baby is crying because he doesn't have his blanket. You have to find the blanket to receive a small reward. The blank is located at an underground hideout for thieves. You will have to find the hideout to get the blanket. To find the hide out, you must go near the clock tower near the river near the city of Ardoughne. You will see a circle of stones. When you step in the circle, a ladder will appear. Go down the ladder. Look around for a table with a blanket on it and take it. Return to the monk and give him the blanket. You will receive 8 law runes, some exp in a skill and a small party (balloons will fall out of no where, you may pop them like at party pete's party hall but there is nothing in them).
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Dubbo
From Wikitravel
Central West : Dubbo
Revision as of 02:13, 16 July 2009 by Inas (Talk | contribs)
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Dubbo[1] is a town in the Central West of New South Wales, Australia.
Get in
By car
Dubbo is approximately a four hour drive west of Lithgow on the Great Western and Mitchell Highways, and a six hour drive west of Sydney.
Dubbo is accessible from Newcastle (via the New England and Golden Highways). Approximately four hour drive.
Dubbo is roughly half way between Melbourne and Brisbane on the direct inland route, bypassing Sydney.
By train
Countrylink [2] operates an XPT train service between Sydney and Dubbo daily. There is an additional coach connection to Lithgow (connecting with the Cityrail service) and a coach connection to Cootamundra (connecting to the Sydney to Melbourne XPT).
By plane
Regional Express [3] operates flights to Dubbo from Sydney and Broken Hill.
Qantaslink [4] flies between Sydney and Dubbo.
By bus
Greyhound [5] operates coaches to Dubbo from Brisbane, Melbourne and Moree. There is also a direct coach service from Newcastle.
Get around
Bike
There is an off-road cycleway from the centre of Dubbo out to the Western Plains Zoo. Is is an easy cycle, and then you can use your bike to cycle around the zoo as well.
Taxi
The zoo is only a short distance from town, and it is quite economical to catch a taxi there. You can hire a bicycle at the zoo to get around when you get there.
See
• The Western Plains Zoo, Obley Road, ph +61 2 6882 5888, [6]. Opening hours 9AM-5PM. This large open range zoo, one of the finest zoos in New South Wales, has both exotic and native animals, including elephants, giraffes, and the rare black rhinos currently the focus of a breeding program at the zoo. It is the biggest attraction of tourists to the city. The Zoo is quite large, and it is both useful and fun to hire a bicycle to get around. There are variety of styles, child seats, baskets and trailers for hire at the entrance, or a cycleway stretches all the way from town. Admission is $39 adults, $19 children 4-15, $19 concessions and free for children under 4. Tickets are valid for entry on two consecutive days.
Do
• Dubbo Kart Club, Ph: +61 2 6884 5321 Mob: 0428480714. Home of the Lincoln County Raceway, the Dubbo Kart Club [7]. Has hire karts available and hosts Local, State, National and International karting events. Contact the club for details: PO Box 1592, Dubbo, NSW 2830 AUSTRALIA.
• Farmer’s Markets There are Farmer’s Markets every month in Dubbo, NSW. They are on the first and third Saturday of every Month, near the Tourist Information Centre. Fresh Produce, poultry, coffee, jams, preserves, Olive Oil, sourdough bread, etc.
• Orana Dragon Boat, [8]. Orana dragon Boat is crewed by eighteen paddlers, a sweep who steers the boat from the back and a drummer who calls time in the front. Their boat is housed near Sandy Beach and usually paddle in the straight stretch of the Macquarie River between Sandy Beach and the Weir.
Eat
• sSs BBQ Barns, corner of Darling and Cobra Street, +61 2 6884 3333 (, fax: (02) 6884 3717), [9]. Wonderful steakhouse with country atmosphere, food and service.
• Two Doors, Macquarie St. Wine and tapas bar - great service and excellent food. Mid to high price range.
Drink
There are a number of pubs and bars in Dubbo, with The Commercial Hotel, The Pastoral Hotel, Milestone, Western Star, Macquarie Inn and Dubbo RSL to name just a few, attracting quite a few locals and tourists on weekends.
Sleep
Dubbo is a popular stopping off point, and has a large range of accommodation. Except at the busiest times of year, its possible to get motel accommodation on a drive up basis on the main roads into town.
• Ampalee Bed and Breakfast, 11R Dunedoo Rd, +61 2 6885 5366, [10]. Self contained units located outside of Dubbo Proper. $150+$20 each over 2 people. Not kid friendly.
• Aberdeen Motor Inn, 25 Cobra St., (02)6884 1700, [11]. Rooms, suites and family apartments located on Cobra street Dubbo.
• Blue Gum Inn, 109 Cobra Street, +61 2 6882 0900. Has several kid's rooms 2a and 3 kids.
• Blue Diamond Motor Inn, is walking distance to the station, if you are arriving by train and want a nearby place to stay.
• Dubbo Cabins and Caravan Park, 154 Whylandra Street, +61 2 6884 8633, [12].
• Fountain View Motel, 113-115 Cobra St. opposite Elston Park, +61 2 6882 9777, [13]. Affordable accommodation.
• Quality Dubbo International, 165 Whylandra St Dubbo NSW. +61 2 68824777. [14]. 60 rooms including suites, kitchen suite, family rooms, interconnecting rooms, and special designed rooms for guests with a disability. These rooms all have remote control television units, tea and coffee facilities, iron and ironing board, Free wireless broadband Internet, independent air conditioning units and Foxtel TV. All of the rooms have an electronic coded door locking system.
Get out
Only an hour and a half away (or 128km ESE) from Dubbo, Mudgee offers a fantastic historical heritage and a host of great small wineries.
Wellington Caves and phosphate mines make a good day trip. Wellington itself is a pretty town, and well worth a visit itself.
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Waynesburg (Pennsylvania)
From Wikitravel
South Pittsburgh Region : Waynesburg
Revision as of 23:44, 26 January 2011 by Sumone10154 (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
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Waynesburg is a town in Pennsylvania.
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Routes through Waynesburg
PittsburghWashington N S MorgantownCharleston
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Wikitravel:FAQ
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Salamander03 (토론 | 기여) 사용자의 2009년 10월 23일 (금) 09:41 판
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일반적인 질문들
Wikitravel이 무엇인가요?
Wikitravel자유롭고, 완벽하며, 신속한, 믿을 수 있는 전세계 여행 가이드로, 전세계 여러 나라의 Wikitraveler들이 서로 협동하여 만들어 가고 있습니다. Wikitravel의 소개 문서에서 Wikitravel에 대하여 더욱 자세히 알아볼 수 있습니다.
(Phew! That was an easy one.)
당신들은 누구죠?
우리는 Wikitraveler입니다. Wikitravel을 최고의 여행 가이드로 만드는 것에 몰두하는 전세계 출신의 사람들이죠. 우리 중 대부분은 여러분처럼 사이트를 돌아다니기만 하다가 자신의 지식을 공유하기 시작하였습니다.
편집과 구성은 누가 하나요?
우리 Wikitraveler가 합니다. 문서를 만들고 편집하고, 분류를 나누고, 각 문서를 연결하고, 안내 문서를 만드는 등의 여러가지 작업을 하고 있습니다.
그러니까, 누구든지 인터넷을 돌아다니다가 여행 문서 쓰기를 시작할 수 있다는 거죠?
That's the idea, yes. We use a technique called Wiki that lets any reader edit any page, instantly.
Well, that's never going to work.
Bzzzt. Not a question.
How is that supposed to ever work?
Doesn't seem like it ever could, does it? With anyone able to edit any page, things should just descend into terrible chaos, shouldn't they? Madness, mayhem, and a horrible bog of unusable drivel.
Strangely enough, it doesn't. People who care about having well-written travel articles on this site are the majority. People who just want to vandalize or delete things eventually get bored with it -- and, you have to admit, it's not that much of a challenge -- and the rest of us come in and clean up.
The other great part is that wikis converge. One Wikitraveller adds as much as they know about a topic, and others start adding more information. Other people come through and condense it all so it reads well. As the topic changes -- new hotels open in a city, new bus routes start between regions -- more Wikitravellers can add that in.
It's strange, and it doesn't make a lot of sense, but it just happens. It's really cool.
I still don't believe it.
Bzzt!
Do you have any proof that this works?
Well, we have the existence proof of other projects that create references collaboratively. Probably the most famous one is Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Many of our policies and guidelines are borrowed from that project.
OK, so, there's all this hippy-dippy love stuff about working together, but who's really in charge?
You are. Any Wikitraveller can change articles, rewrite navigation areas, even overwrite information about the site itself. We try to make decisions about policy and guidelines collaboratively, but if you have a good idea for how we should work, plunge forward and let us know.
That all said, there are certain Wikitravellers who've been working on the site for a while, and they can become Administrators. Administrators generally get some higher access -- like really deleting pages instead of blanking them -- but not much. It's more of a burden than a privilege.
In really extreme situations, the operators of the site, Internet Brands, Inc will set down some rules and precepts. But mostly we just decide for ourselves, and it kind of works out.
Who owns the site? Who operates the servers?
The content of the site is owned by Wikitravel contributors, who each own the copyright to their own contributions, and agree to license them according to the Creative Commons by-sa license. If you've found a photo or another work by a single contributor on Wikitravel, and would like to use it under different terms from that license, please contact the creator of that work directly.
The domain names wikitravel.org, wikitravel.net and wikitravel.com, and the equipment the site runs on is owned and operated by Internet Brands, Inc. Wikitravel™ is a trademark of Internet Brands.
Who pays for all this?
Internet Brands foots the bill. The site recovers its costs through advertising and through printed guidebooks. If you have created an account, you can choose to disable ads, just toggle "Wikitravel > Do not show ad column" in Special:Preferences.
Wikitravel does not accept money from any attraction, restaurant, hotel, tour operator or other travel-related company in exchange for favorable coverage. (They're welcome to contribute in other ways, though.)
What is this nifty software you're running?
We use MediaWiki, the software developed by Wikipedia, with some totally tiny changes for Wikitravel. You can get it from http://www.mediawiki.org/ .
How do I spell "Wikitravel"?
Capital W, eye, kay, eye, tee, arr, ay, vee, ee, ell. The "t" in the middle is not capitalized -- try to avoid the temptation.
How do I pronounce "Wikitravel"?
People vary on the "Wiki" part. It's either "WEE-kee-TRAH-vuhl" or "WIH-kee-TRAH-vuhl."
Where's the contact information?
There isn't any. If you have a question about an article in particular, post it on the talk page for that article. If you have a question about Wikitravel in general, try posting in the travellers' pub.
콘텐츠에 관해서
이거 순 다 틀렸잖아요! 좀 고쳐요!
여기는 위키 사이트입니다. 즉, 여러분이 직접 고칠 수 있다는 뜻입니다! 문서 상단의 편집 탭 또는 섹션별로 달려 있는 [편집] 버튼을 클릭한 다음, 불만이 있는 부분을 고치시면 됩니다.
X라는 토픽을 찾고 싶은데, X에 대한 문서가 없어요!
We're still a new project, and there are huge parts of the globe we haven't even thought about writing about yet. Feel free to plunge forward and start the outline of an article. Maybe other Wikitravellers will add to it.
You can also add a request for an article on that topic.
X 문서를 찾긴 했는데, 내용이 달랑 한줄 뿐이에요!
Some topics only have stubs covering them, and there are huge parts of the globe we've only begun to work on. If you don't think there's enough information on a topic, feel free to plunge forward and add more.
X 문서를 찾긴 했는데, “ㅁㄴㅇ라ㅓㅁㅇ리ㅏㅓㄹㅇ 후장이나 빨아라”라고 적혀 있어요!
그건 전형적인 반달 행위입니다. Feel free to plunge forward and delete the vandal's garbage and replace it with a full article, or at least a stub.
Make sure to check the article's history (there will be a "history" link at the top of the page) and look at the second or third revision listed to make sure there wasn't content that was blanked. You can edit, add to, and save that version to preserve the original content.
I have an idea for an article, but I don't know exactly how to get started.
Check out how to start a new page.
I have some information I want to share, but I don't know what to do with it.
The article templates documentation explains the section headings, and how the articles are laid out. We also have a page that tells you where you can stick it.
The article on my destination is great, but I still have some questions.
See if your destination has a "docent". That's what we call Wikitravellers who have volunteered to answer questions about their favorite spots. Ask them your questions, but don't abuse their generosity! You can read more about docents.
편집에 관해서
This all looks like gobbledygook! How do I edit these pages?
Pages on Wikitravel are formatted using Wiki markup. It looks funny at first, but after a while it seems like second nature. You should read about how to edit a page.
How do I upload an image to use in an article?
You should follow the instructions on how to upload files.
How do I put an image I uploaded into an article?
You should follow the instructions on Wikitravel:how to add an image.
Hey! I wrote this long nice article on Topic X, and it got changed! What gives?
Any Wikitraveller can edit any page. When you submit an article, it's subject to ruthless editing for style, subject matter, spelling, factual information, and just generally fitting into the Wikitravel scheme of things. If you don't like that, you shouldn't work on Wikitravel.
Hey! I changed my nice long article on Topic X back to the way it was before, and it got changed again! What gives?
You're in an edit war. You need to go to the talk page for the topic you're writing about and work out your differences with the other article editors.
How do I delete a whole page?
You can't delete a page directly. The procedure is somewhat more complicated: Go to Wikitravel:Votes for deletion and add a link to the page together with a reason for deletion. After fourteen days of discussion the page will be deleted unless there is a consensus to keep it.
How do I sign a posting?
When posting a message on a talk page it is customary to sign the posting with your user name and the posting date so that everyone knows who you are (for example: "User 15:35, 6 May 2005 (EDT)"). To get that text to appear automatically, simply type four tildes ("~~~~"), and they will be replaced with your user name and the current date when the edit is submitted.
언어에 관해서
Ash blash g'nash foosh manoosh? (<- something that does not make sense)
Huh? (<- what?)
미안하지만, 저는 한국어를 잘 하지 못해요. 내 모국어로도 Wikitravel 문서를 만들 수 있을까요?
Yes, if there is a separate Wikitravel version for your language. See Language versions for the current list.
If Wikitravel in your language does not exist yet, you can start your own language version! To find out more, see our language version policy.
그래도 제 한국어 실력은 형편없어요. 창피하다구요.
Don't worry too much about the level of your Korean. Your spelling errors will be corrected by other people. We really want you to share your knowledge!wts:FAQ
개인 도구
변수
행위
둘러보기
Docents
도구모음
다른 언어
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4442.0 - Family Characteristics, Australia, Apr 1997
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 22/04/1998
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
MEDIA RELEASE
April 22, 1998
Embargoed: 11:30 AM (AEST)
48/98
One in four children do not live with both natural parents
Nearly one in four Australian children live with only one of their natural parents, according to figures released today by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.
Out of Australia's 4.6 million children aged under eighteen, 1.1 million children live with only one of their natural parents, usually as a result of marriage or relationship breakdown.
However, three quarters (3.4 million) of Australia's children live with both natural parents.
About 18 per cent of all children were in one-parent families and 8 per cent were in step or blended families.
The vast majority of these children were in the sole care of the parent with whom they lived (who looked after them for at least 70 per cent of the time), while 3 per cent of children had parents who shared care more evenly between them. Around 88 per cent of children with a parent living elsewhere lived with their mother.
Younger children were likely to visit the parent they did not live with more frequently than older children. Of children in sole care, 60 per cent of those aged 0-2 visited their other natural parent at least once per fortnight, compared with 31 per cent of those aged 15-17. Around one-quarter of children aged 2 and over had no contact with their other natural parent, either by visits, telephone or letter.
Other details about families where children didn't live with both natural parents include:
• 42 per cent of families (199,200 one-parent families and 53,700 step and blended families) received cash child support from the other parent ;
• a further 16 per cent of families received support such as clothing, pocket money and assistance with school fees;
• 41 per cent of families received no child support from the other parent;
• around one-third of all families receiving cash child support received, on average, $100 or less per month per child;
• for one-parent families, the median income for families receiving child support was $18,200, while for those not receiving child support it was $16,900; and
• for step and blended couple families, the median income for families receiving child support was $45,140, while for those not receiving child support it was $37,440.
Details are in Family Characteristics, Australia (cat. no. 4442.0) available from ABS bookshops.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1362.6 - Regional Statistics, Tasmania, 2007
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 01/12/2006 Ceased
Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product
Contents >> Labour >> Further information about Tasmania's labour force
For further information about Tasmania's labour force see (cat. no. 1384.6) Statistics - Tasmania.
Previous PageNext Page
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
3401.0 - Overseas Arrivals and Departures, Australia, Dec 2009 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 08/02/2010
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Short-term resident departures trend series suspended from April 2009 and onwards. For further information please see the general I-NOTE SPREADSHEETS section of this issue.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Approximate Similarity Reduction for the Nonlinear K(n, 1) Equation with Weak Damping via Symmetry Perturbation and Direct Method
Rui Zhang, Lizi Lin
Abstract
The nonlinear K(n, 1) equation with weak damping is investigated via the approximate symmetry perturbation method and
approximate direct method. The approximate symmetry and similarity reduction equations of different orders are derived
and the corresponding series reduction solutions are obtained. As a result, the formal coincidence for both methods is
displayed.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Journal of Mathematics Research ISSN 1916-9795 (Print) ISSN 1916-9809 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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(April 2008)
< Previous Issue |
| Next Issue >
Price:
2.99 USD; 3.75 CAD
Pages:
32
Indicia Publisher:
Zenescope Entertainment Inc.
Brand:
Zenescope
Barcode:
689076350709
Editing:
Ralph Tedesco; Raven Gregory
Color:
Color
Dimensions:
Standard Modern Age U.S.
Paper Stock:
Glossy
Binding:
Saddle-stitched
Publishing Format:
Ongoing Series
["Cover A"] (Table of Contents)
cover / 1 page (report information)
Credits
Pencils:
Eric Basaldua (signed) [as e.bas]
Inks:
Eric Basaldua (signed) [as e.bas]
Colors:
Nei Ruffino (signed) [as Nei]
Content Information
Genre:
fantasy
Characters:
Sea Witch
[no title indexed] (Table of Contents)
credits / 1 page (report information)
Credits
Pencils:
Claudio Sepulveda
Letters:
typeset
Content Information
Characters:
Sara
Indexer Notes
Issue credits include thumbnail images of variant covers along with corresponding art credits. Background of the entire page is a pencil-only panel of Sara from the interior story.
The Little Mermaid Part Two (Table of Contents)
comic story / 24 pages (report information)
Credits
Script:
Joe Tyler (story); Ralph Tedesco (story); Linda Ly (writer); Raven Gregory (writer)
Pencils:
Claudio Sepulveda
Colors:
Nei Ruffino
Letters:
Alphabet Studios
Content Information
Genre:
fantasy
Characters:
Stephen Chambers; Sara; Lucy; Belinda; Little Mermaid; Sea Witch; The Prince
Synopsis:
Lucy's plan to have Stephen fall in love with Sara seems to be working until Sara discovers that Stephen was just using her and is now seeing someone else. Belinda gives Lucy a gun that Sara takes to Stephen's apartment. She fires a shot into a vase, but can't bring herself to shoot Stephen. The police arrive and arrest Sara, now pregnant. This mirrors the fairy tale Lucy never finished where the Little Mermaid can break her deal with the Sea Witch by killing the Prince, but she can't bring herself to do it and ends up being killed by the Sea Witch.
Reprints: show reprint note before migration
Editing
Table of Contents
1. 0. ["Cover A"]
2. 1. [no title indexed]
3. 2. The Little Mermaid Part Two
This issue was most recently modified by:
• Steve Belknap
Issues in this series have been indexed by:
• Jeff Schultz
• Kelly Langston-Smith
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< Previous
RESTful Consulting >
(3) : The Transformers movie is about to come out, and it's looking like a fiasco. How did this happen? Perhaps NYCB's fake 2003 interview with producer Tom DeSanto will shed some light on the matter. Or perhaps not, since, as previously stipulated, I made the whole thing up.
NYCB: So, in a live-action context how do you plan to deal with the fact that there are effectively no humans in the Transformers universe?
TDS: Well, there are humans, but nobody cares about them. They just fix things and get into trouble. So I'm going to introduce a new human character, Humie the Human. He's someone the audience can relate to.
PS: would it be possible to program a Wii to act as a theremin?
Comments:
Posted by Matt Brubeck at Fri Jun 29 2007 23:56
Yes.
http://kotaku.com/gaming/clips/wii-remote-theramin-awesome-269100.php
Posted by Jeremy Penner at Sat Jun 30 2007 01:43
It's possible to program a Mac or PC to read the Wii remote over bluetooth and do whatever it likes with the data (3 accelerometers). (Windows: GlovePIE, Linux: Cwiid, Mac: DarwiinRemote)
Most drivers have some code that calculates the remote's orientation for you, but as far as I know nobody has extracted a position in 3D space, which is of obvious importance for a proper theremin. It's dirt simple to get it to make spooooky sine waves when you wiggle it in something like Pure Data, though. There's also lots of code out there to spit out the sensor readings as MIDI notes.
I just killed my entire evening playing with this stuff.
Posted by Adam P. at Sat Jun 30 2007 03:05
Some video examples: Wiimote controlling Moog (and playing Star Trek theme) and someone with the simplest possible Max/MSP patch. Looks like these are just using the accelerometer, though, and not any of the fancier position sensing (or the nunchuk attachment ...).
[Main]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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You are here: Home / Data and maps / Maps and graphs / Share of Renewable Energy to Final Energy Consumption with normalised hydro and wind in EEA countries
Share of Renewable Energy to Final Energy Consumption with normalised hydro and wind in EEA countries
Created : Mar 22, 2012 Published : Apr 04, 2012 Last modified : Nov 29, 2012 11:34 AM
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Share of Renewable Energy to Final Energy Consumption with normalised for hydro, EU27. In 2009 the European Commission adopted a new directive on renewable energy (2009/28/EC). The new Directive on renewable energy sets an ambitious target for the EU-27 of 20% share of energy from renewable sources in final energy consumption by 2020 and a 10% share of renewable energy in the transport sector (in each Member State).
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The 2020 targets are formulated by the European Commission in 2009/28/EC
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Environmental taxation
Environmental taxation
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Tom Tietenberg
Environmental taxation involves a government-imposed charge that is designed to produce a desirable environmental outcome as well as to raise revenue. The most common example involves charges on pollutant emissions, but sometimes environmental taxation takes the form of a levy on polluting products (such as a tax on gas guzzling automobiles) or polluting activities (such as charging a special toll for driving on congested streets during periods of peak pollution concentrations).
Citation
Tom Tietenberg (Lead Author);Tom Tietenberg (Topic Editor) "Environmental taxation". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth February 5, 2009; Last revised Date February 5, 2009; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Environmental_taxation>
The Author
Tom Tietenberg is the author or editor of eleven books (including Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, one of the best selling textbooks in the field, and Emissions Trading, one of the most widely cited books in the tradable permits literature) as well as over one hundred articles and essays on environmental and natural resource economics. Elected President of the Association of Environmental and Natural Resource Economists (AERE) in 1987-8 and designated an AERE Fellow in 2006, he has ... (Full Bio)
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Pakistan
Geography:
Pakistan
The Hunza Valley in the Northern Areas
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Peter Saundry
Pakistan is a nation of one hundred and ninety million people (mid-2013 est.) in southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north.
The eastern half of the country is dominated by the flat Indus plain. There are mountains in north and northwest with the second highest mountain in the world, K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen). The Balochistan plateau occurs in the west.
It is the sixth most populous country in the world after China, India, United States, Indonesia and Brazil. It's population continues to grow rapidly.
Pakistan's major environmental issues include:
• water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff;
• limited natural freshwater resources;
• most of the population does not have access to potable water;
• deforestation;
• soil erosion; and,
• desertification
Pakistan is susceptible to frequent earthquakes, which can occasionally be severe especially in north and west. It is also susceptible to flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August).
The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least 5,000 years, spread over much of what is presently Pakistan. During the second millennium B.C., remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan peoples. The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Arabs (who brought Islam), Afghans, and Turks.
The Mughal Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries; the British came to dominate the region in the 18th century.
The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East sections) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved, and India and Pakistan fought two wars - in 1947-48 and 1965 - over the disputed Kashmir territory.
The region of Kashmir is the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas).
A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which India capitalized on Islamabad's marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh.
In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998. India-Pakistan relations have been rocky since the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, but both countries are taking small steps to put relations back on track.
In February 2008, Pakistan held parliamentary elections and in September 2008, after the resignation of former President Musharraf, elected Asif Ali Zadari to the presidency.
Pakistani government and military leaders are struggling to control domestic insurgents, many of whom are located in the tribal areas adjacent to the border with Afghanistan.
It's location controls the two mountain passes (Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass) that have been the traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent.
Geography
Location: Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north
Geographic Coordinates: 30 00 N, 70 00 E
Area: 796,095 sq km(land: 770,875 sq km; water: 25,220 sq km)
Land Boundaries: 6,774 km (Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 km)
Coastline: 1,046 km
Maritime Claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Natural Hazards: frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August)
Terrain: flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan plateau in west. The highest point is K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) (8,611 m) - the second highest mountain in the world.
Climate: mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north
Topology of Pakistan. Source: Wikimedia Commons.
Ecology and Biodiversity
1. Southern Iran Nubo-Sindian desert and semi-desert
2. Kuh-Rud and Eastern Iran montane woodlands
3. Registan-North Pakistan sandy desert
4. Baluchistan xeric woodlands
5. East Afghan montane conifer forests
6. Sulaiman Range alpine meadows
7. Northwestern thorn scrub forests
8. Indus Valley desert
9. Thar desert
10. Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh
11. Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves
12. Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests
13. Himalayan subtropical pine forests
14. Western Himalayan broadleaf forests
15. Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
16. Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe
See also:
Source: World Wildlife Fund
People and Society
Population: 190,291,129 (July 2012 est.)
The majority of Pakistan's population lives in the Indus River valley and in an arc formed by the cities of Faisalabad, Lahore, Rawalpindi/Islamabad, and Peshawar. Although Urdu is an official language of Pakistan, it is spoken as a first language by only 8% of the population; 48% speak Punjabi, 12% Sindhi, 10% Saraiki, 8% Pashto, 3% Baloch, and 3% other. Urdu, Punjabi, Pashto, and Baloch are Indo-European languages. English is the other official language, and is widely used in government, commerce, the officer ranks of the military, and in many institutions of higher learning.
Ethnic Groups: Punjabi 44.68%, Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%, Sindhi 14.1%, Sariaki 8.38%, Muhajirs 7.57%, Balochi 3.57%, other 6.28%
This view shows K-2 Mountain (upper center) in Pakistan, the world's second highest peak, as seen from the International Space Station. The mountain (8,611 m; 28,251 ft high) is sometimes referred to as Savage Mountain, because of the difficulty of its ascent and the many lives lost in attempting its climb. Image courtesy of NASA.
Deep purple and green hues in this false-color satellite image enhance the Waziristan Hills, a mountainous region of northwest Pakistan near the Afghanistan border. A formidable landscape, the Waziristan Hills are a hodgepodge of steep, rugged hills split by narrow passes and deep gorges. Rivers coursing down from the mountains provide water for agriculture in a region of scanty rainfall. Image courtesy of USGS.
Islamabad-Rwalpindi freeway. Source: Maria Ly/Wikimedia Commons
Age Structure:
0-14 years: 35.4% (male 34,093,853/female 32,278,462)
15-64 years: 60.4% (male 58,401,016/female 54,671,873)
65 years and over: 4.2% (male 3,739,647/female 4,157,870) (2011 est.)
Population Growth Rate: 1.551% (2012 est.)
Birthrate: 24.3 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
Death Rate: 6.8 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
Net Migration Rate: -2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
Life Expectancy at Birth: 66.35 years
male: 64.52 years
female: 68.28 years (2012 est.)
Total Fertility Rate: 3.07 children born/woman (2012 est.)
Languages: Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Saraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8%
Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write)
total population: 49.9%
male: 63%
female: 36% (2005 est.)
Urbanization: 36% of total population (2010) growing at an annual rate of change of 3.1% (2010-15 est.)
History
Pakistan, along with parts of western India, contains the archeological remains of an urban civilization dating back 4,500 years. Alexander the Great’s empire included the Indus Valley in 326 B.C. His successors founded the Indo-Greek kingdom of Bactria based in what is today Afghanistan and extending to Peshawar. Following the rise of the Central Asian Kushan Empire in later centuries, the Buddhist culture of Afghanistan and Pakistan, centered on the city of Taxila just west of Islamabad, experienced a cultural renaissance known as the Gandhara period.
The arrival of Muslim traders in Sindh also introduced Islam to Pakistan in the 8th century. The collapse of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century provided an opportunity for the English East India Company to extend its control over much of the subcontinent. The Sikh adventurer, Ranjit Singh, carved out a dominion that extended from Kabul to Srinagar and Lahore, encompassing much of the northern area of modern Pakistan. British rule replaced the Sikhs in the first half of the 19th century. In a decision that had far-reaching consequences, the British permitted the Hindu Maharaja of Kashmir, a Sikh appointee, to continue in power.
Pakistan emerged from an extended period of agitation by Muslims in the subcontinent to express their national identity free from British colonial domination as well as domination by what they perceived as a Hindu-controlled Indian National Congress. Muslim anti-colonial leaders formed the All-India Muslim League in 1906. Initially, the League adopted the same objective as the Congress--self-government for India within the British Empire--but Congress and the League were unable to agree on a formula that would ensure the protection of Muslim religious, economic, and political rights.
Pakistan and Partition
The idea of a separate Muslim state in British India first emerged in the 1930s. On March 23, 1940, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the Muslim League, formally endorsed the "Lahore Resolution," calling for the creation of an independent state in regions where Muslims constituted a majority. At the end of World War II, the United Kingdom moved with increasing urgency to grant India independence. The Congress Party and the Muslim League, however, could not agree on the terms for a Constitution or establishing an interim government. In June 1947, the British Government declared that it would bestow full dominion status upon two successor states--India and Pakistan, formed from areas in the subcontinent in which Muslims were the majority population. Under this arrangement, the various princely states could freely join either India or Pakistan. On August 14, 1947, Pakistan, comprising West Pakistan with the provinces of Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and the North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa), and East Pakistan with the province of Bengal, became independent. East Pakistan later became the nation of Bangladesh in 1971.
The Maharaja of Kashmir was reluctant to make a decision on accession to either Pakistan or India. However, armed incursions into the state by tribesmen from Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa led him to sign accession papers in 1947 and allow Indian troops into the state. The Government of Pakistan, however, refused to recognize the accession and campaigned to reverse the decision. The status of Kashmir remains in dispute to this day.
Independence
With the death in 1948 of its first head of state, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and the assassination in 1951 of its first prime minister, Liaqat Ali Khan, political instability and economic difficulty became prominent features of post-independence Pakistan. On October 7, 1958, President Iskander Mirza, with the support of the army, suspended the 1956 Constitution, imposed martial law, and canceled the elections scheduled for January 1959. Twenty days later, the military sent Mirza into exile to Britain, and Gen. Mohammad Ayub Khan assumed control of a military dictatorship. After Pakistan's loss in the 1965 war against India, Ayub Khan's power declined. Subsequent political and economic grievances inspired agitation movements that compelled his resignation in March 1969. He handed over responsibility for governing to the commander in chief of the army, General Agha Mohammed Yahya Khan, who became President and Chief Martial Law Administrator.
General elections held in December 1970 polarized relations between the eastern and western sections of Pakistan. The Awami League, which advocated autonomy for the more populous East Pakistan, swept the East Pakistan seats to gain a majority in Pakistan as a whole. The Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), founded and led by Ayub Khan's former Foreign Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, won a majority of the seats in West Pakistan, but the country was completely split with neither major party having any support in the other area. Negotiations to form a coalition government broke down. On March 26, 1971, following a bloody crackdown by the Pakistan Army, Bengali nationalists declared an independent People's Republic of Bangladesh. As fighting grew between the army and the Bengalis, an estimated 10 million Bengalis sought refuge in India. On April 17, 1971, Bengali nationalists formed a provisional government in an area bordering India, and in November 1971, India sent its military into East Pakistan to intervene on the side of the Bangladeshis. On December 16, Pakistani forces surrendered in Dhaka, and East Pakistan became the new nation of Bangladesh. Yahya Khan then resigned the presidency and handed over leadership of the western part of Pakistan to Bhutto, who became President and the first civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator.
Bhutto moved decisively to restore national confidence and pursued an active foreign policy, taking a leading role in Islamic and Third World forums. Although Pakistan did not formally join the Non-Aligned Movement until 1979, the position of the Bhutto government coincided largely with that of the non-aligned nations. Domestically, Bhutto pursued a populist agenda and nationalized major industries and the banking system. In 1973, he promulgated a new Constitution accepted by most political elements and relinquished the presidency to become prime minister. Although Bhutto continued his populist and socialist rhetoric, he increasingly relied on Pakistan's urban industrialists and rural landlords. Over time the economy stagnated, largely as a result of the dislocation and uncertainty produced by Bhutto's frequently changing economic policies. When Bhutto proclaimed his own victory in the March 1977 national elections, the opposition Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) denounced the results as fraudulent and demanded new elections. Bhutto resisted and later arrested the PNA leadership.
Muhammad Zia ul-Haq
With the increasing anti-government unrest, the army grew restive. On July 5, 1977, the military removed Bhutto from power and arrested him, declared martial law, and suspended portions of the 1973 Constitution. Chief of Army Staff Gen. Muhammad Zia ul-Haq became Chief Martial Law Administrator and promised to hold new elections within 3 months.
Zia released Bhutto and asserted that he could contest new elections scheduled for October 1977. After it became clear that Bhutto's popularity had survived his government, Zia then postponed the elections and began criminal investigations of the senior PPP leadership. Subsequently, Bhutto was convicted and sentenced to death for an alleged conspiracy to murder a political opponent. Despite international appeals on his behalf, Bhutto was hanged on April 6, 1979.
Zia assumed the presidency and called for elections in November. However, fearful of a PPP victory, Zia banned political activity in October 1979, and postponed national elections. He also passed into law the Hudood Ordinance, which implemented harsh Quranic punishments for violations of Shari'a (Islamic law).
In 1980, most center and left parties, led by the PPP, formed the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD). The MRD demanded Zia's resignation, an end to martial law, new elections, and restoration of the Constitution, as it existed before Zia's takeover. In early December 1984, President Zia proclaimed a national referendum for December 19 on his "Islamization" program. After non-party based polls were held for the National and Provincial Assemblies in 1985, President Zia appointed Muhammad Khan Junejo as the Prime Minister. He implicitly linked approval of "Islamization" with a mandate for his continued presidency. Zia's opponents, led by the MRD, boycotted the elections. When the government claimed a 63% turnout, with more than 90% approving the referendum, many observers questioned the figures.
Sharif and Bhutto Civilian Governments
On August 17, 1988, a plane carrying President Zia, American Ambassador Arnold Raphel, U.S. Brig. General Herbert Wassom, and 28 Pakistani military officers crashed on a return flight from a military equipment trial near Bahawalpur, killing all on board. In accordance with the Constitution, Chairman of the Senate Ghulam Ishaq Khan became Acting President and announced that elections scheduled for November 1988 would take place. Elections were held on a party basis. On one side was an eight-party alliance and on the other, the PPP. The PPP won 94 seats out of 207 and the Islamic Democratic Alliance (IJI) won 54. Muhammad Khan Junejo lost his home constituency. The president was bound to invite the PPP to form the government. However, Khan delayed doing so for 2 weeks in order to give the IJI time to muster the support of other groups. Ultimately, the president asked PPP Co-chairperson Benazir Bhutto to form a government.
The PPP, under Benazir Bhutto's leadership, succeeded in forming a coalition government with several smaller parties, including the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM).
Differing interpretations of constitutional authority, debates over the powers of the central government relative to those of the provinces, and the antagonistic relationship between the Bhutto administration and opposition governments in Punjab and Balochistan seriously impeded social and economic reform programs. Ethnic conflict, primarily in Sindh province, exacerbated these problems. A fragmentation in the governing coalition and the military's reluctance to support an apparently ineffectual and corrupt government were accompanied by a significant deterioration in law and order.
In August 1990, President Khan, citing his powers under the eighth amendment to the Constitution, dismissed the Bhutto government and dissolved the national and provincial assemblies. New elections in October 1990 confirmed the political ascendancy of the IJI. In addition to a two-thirds majority in the National Assembly, the alliance won control of all four provincial parliaments and enjoyed the support of the military and of President Khan. Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, as leader of the PML, the most prominent party in the IJI, was elected prime minister by the National Assembly.
Sharif emerged as the most secure and powerful Pakistani prime minister since the mid-1970s. Under his rule, the IJI achieved several important political victories. Sharif's economic reform program of privatization, deregulation, and encouragement of private sector economic growth greatly improved Pakistan's economic performance and business climate. The passage into law in May 1991 of a Shari'a bill, providing for widespread Islamization, legitimized the IJI government among much of Pakistani society.
However, Nawaz Sharif was not able to reconcile the different objectives of IJI's constituent parties. The largest religious party, Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), abandoned the alliance because of its antagonism to what it regarded as PML hegemony. The government was weakened further by the military's suppression of the MQM, which had entered into coalition with the IJI to contain PPP influence, and allegations of corruption directed at Nawaz Sharif. In April 1993, President Khan, citing "maladministration, corruption, and nepotism" and espousal of political violence, dismissed the Sharif government. The following month, however, the Pakistan Supreme Court reinstated the National Assembly and the Nawaz Sharif government. Continued tensions between Sharif and Khan resulted in governmental gridlock and the Chief of Army Staff brokered an arrangement under which both the President and the Prime Minister resigned their offices in July 1993.
An interim government, headed by Moeen Qureshi took office with a mandate to hold national and provincial assembly elections in October. Despite its brief term, the Qureshi government adopted political, economic, and social reforms that generated considerable domestic support and foreign admiration.
In the October 1993 elections, the PPP won a plurality of seats in the National Assembly, and Benazir Bhutto was asked to form a government. However, because it did not acquire a majority in the National Assembly, the PPP's control of the government depended upon the continued support of numerous independent parties, particularly the PML/J (Pakistan Muslim League-Junejo). The unfavorable circumstances surrounding PPP rule--the imperative of preserving a coalition government, the formidable opposition of Nawaz Sharif's PML/N (Pakistani Muslim League-Nawaz) movement, and the insecure provincial administrations--presented significant difficulties for the government of Prime Minister Bhutto. Despite these conditions, the election of Prime Minister Bhutto's close associate, Farooq Leghari, as President in November 1993 gave her a stronger power base.
In November 1996, President Leghari dismissed the Bhutto government, charging it with corruption, mismanagement of the economy, and implication in extrajudicial killings in Karachi. Elections in February 1997, resulted in an overwhelming victory for the PML/N, and President Leghari called upon Nawaz Sharif to form a government. In March 1997, with the unanimous support of the National Assembly, Sharif amended the Constitution, stripping the President of the power to dismiss the government and making his power to appoint military service chiefs and provincial governors contingent on the "advice" of the Prime Minister. Another amendment prohibited elected members from "floor crossing" or voting against party positions. The Sharif government also engaged in a protracted dispute with the judiciary, culminating in the storming of the Supreme Court by ruling party loyalists and the engineered dismissal of the Chief Justice and the resignation of President Leghari in December 1997.
The new President elected by Parliament, Rafiq Tarar, was a close associate of the Prime Minister. A one-sided, anti-corruption campaign was used to target opposition politicians and critics of the regime. Similarly, the government moved to restrict press criticism and ordered the arrest and beating of prominent journalists. As domestic criticism of Sharif's administration intensified, Sharif attempted to replace Chief of Army Staff General Pervez Musharraf on October 12, 1999, with a family loyalist, Director General of the Interservice Intelligence Directorate, Lt. Gen. Ziauddin. Although General Musharraf was out of the country at the time, the army moved quickly to depose Sharif.
Pervez Musharraf
Following the October 12, 1999 nonviolent coup and subsequent ouster of the government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, the military-led government stated its intention to restructure the political and electoral systems. On October 14, 1999, General Pervez Musharraf declared a state of emergency and issued the Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO), which suspended the federal and provincial Parliaments, held the Constitution in abeyance, and designated Musharraf as Chief Executive. Musharraf appointed an eight-member National Security Council to function as Pakistan's supreme governing body, with mixed military/civilian appointees; a civilian Cabinet; and a National Reconstruction Bureau to formulate structural reforms. On May 12, 2000, Pakistan's Supreme Court unanimously validated the October 1999 coup and granted Musharraf executive and legislative authority for 3 additional years. On June 20, 2001, Musharraf named himself as president and was sworn in.
After the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were attacked on September 11, 2001, Musharraf pledged complete cooperation with the United States in counterterrorism efforts, which included locating and shutting down terrorist training camps within Pakistan's borders, cracking down on extremist groups and withdrawing support for the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. In a referendum held on April 30, 2002, Musharraf's presidency was extended by 5 more years. The handover from military to civilian rule came with parliamentary elections in November 2002, and the appointment of a civilian prime minister, Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali. Having previously promised to give up his army post and become a civilian president, General Musharraf announced in late 2004 that he would retain his military role. In August 2004, Shaukat Aziz was sworn in as prime minister, having won a parliamentary vote of confidence, 191 of 342 votes, in which the opposition abstained.
On October 6, 2007, Musharraf was elected president for a 5-year term. On November 4 he declared a state of emergency, suspending the country’s Constitution and firing the chief justice of the Supreme Court, Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry. In November 2007, Musharraf also relinquished his army post.
After the conclusion of a 3-month-long state of emergency, legislative elections were held in February 2008. The elections brought to power former opposition parties, led by the PPP, in a coalition government; Yousuf Gilani was elected prime minister and head of government on March 24, 2008. Musharraf resigned as president on August 18, 2008, as the Parliament prepared for impeachment proceedings. Of the 13 Supreme Court justices whom Musharraf dismissed in November 2007, by the end of 2008, the new government reinstated five under a fresh oath of office. Three other judges either retired or resigned and five remained off the bench. The newly elected government also removed media restrictions adopted during the 2007 state of emergency and lifted curbs on unions imposed during Musharraf’s tenure.
Asif Ali Zardari
On September 6, 2008, Asif Ali Zardari, widower of assassinated Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) leader Benazir Bhutto, was elected president and head of state. The PPP-led coalition government moved forward on long-awaited constitutional reforms. In particular, on April 19, 2010, Zardari signed into law the 18th Amendment to the Pakistani Constitution. The amendment realigns executive powers by restoring the prime minister as the premier civilian official and returning the presidency to its original, more ceremonial role as head of state, which largely eliminates constitutional changes made by former President Musharraf to strengthen the presidency. The reform package also abolishes the two-term limit on prime ministers; restricts the president’s power over judicial appointments; and reorganizes center-province relations, empowering provincial assemblies to elect their own chief ministers. The amendment also renamed the North-West Frontier Province to Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, which means “Khyber side of the land of the Pakhtuns,” in a nod to the region’s ethnic Pashtun majority.
In late July 2010, flooding caused by heavy monsoon rains began in several regions of Pakistan, including the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, Punjab and parts of Baluchistan. According to the Associated Press, the floods have affected about one-fifth of the country. Tens of thousands of villages have been flooded, more than 1,500 people have been killed, and millions have been left homeless. The floodwaters are not expected to fully recede before late August.
The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) instrument on NASA's Terra spacecraft captured this cloud-free image over the city of Sukkur, Pakistan, on Aug. 18, 2010. Sukkur, a city of a half-million residents located in southeastern Pakistan's Sindh Province, is visible as the grey, urbanized area in the lower left center of the image. It lies along the Indus River, Pakistan's longest, which snakes vertically from north to south through the image and is the basis for the world's largest canal-based irrigation system. As reported by the British Broadcasting Corporation, Sukkur is one of the few urban areas in the region that has thus far escaped widespread destruction from the flooding, which has affected an estimated 4,000,000 people in the province. Relief camps have sprung up across the city to house some of these displaced people. The land along the Indus River in this region is largely agricultural, and the flooding has taken a heavy toll on the region's crops and fruit trees.
Source: NASA
Government
Government Type: (Islamic Republic of Pakistan) - Federal republic
The president is chosen for a 5-year term by an electoral college consisting of the Senate, National Assembly, and the provincial assemblies. The prime minister is selected by the National Assembly for a 4-year term. The bicameral parliament--or Majlis-e-Shoora--consists of the Senate (100 seats; members are indirectly elected by provincial assemblies) and the National Assembly (342 seats; 60 seats reserved for women, 10 seats reserved for minorities). Each of the four provinces--Punjab, Sindh, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan--has a Chief Minister and provincial assembly. The Northern Areas, Azad Kashmir, and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) are administered by the federal government but enjoy considerable autonomy. The cabinet, National Security Council, and governors serve at the president's discretion.
The judicial system comprises a Supreme Court, provincial high courts, and Federal Islamic (or Shari'a) Court. The Supreme Court is Pakistan's highest court. With the 18th Amendment now in place, the president names the most senior Supreme Court justice to be chief justice; also, the courts’ and Parliament’s influence are increased through a new judicial commission to oversee judges’ appointments. Each province, as well as Islamabad, has a high court, the justices of which are appointed by the president after conferring with the chief justice of the Supreme Court and the provincial chief justice. The judiciary is proscribed from issuing any order contrary to the decisions of the president. Federal Sharia Court hears cases that primarily involve Sharia, or Islamic law. Legislation enacted in 1991 gave legal status to Sharia. Although Sharia was declared the law of the land, it did not replace the existing legal code.
According to the constitution, Pakistan is a federation of four provinces: Balochistan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, and Sindh. Governors appointed by the president head the provinces. There is also the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), comprised of seven agencies, and the Islamabad Capital Territory, which consists of the capital city of Islamabad. These areas and territory are under the jurisdiction of the federal government. The Northern Areas are administered as a de facto "Union Territory" and are treated as an integral part of Pakistan. The Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region includes Azad Kashmir, a separate and autonomous government that maintains strong ties to Pakistan.
Capital: Islamabad - 832,000 (2009)
Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan: Two capital cities in Pakistan lie next to one another but display land use patterns that are entirely different. Islamabad, with a population of 901,000 (ca. 1998) boasts a master-planned rectangular street pattern nestled against the Margala Hills (top left). The larger Rawalpindi (population 1,406,214 in 1998) lies to the south on the Soan River.
Islamabad has grown rapidly since construction began in 1961. It was created as a new administrative district in Pakistan to be the home of government, the supreme court, and the diplomatic corps. The great white building of the Faisal Mosque appears on the northern margin of the city. By contrast with orthogonal Islamabad, Rawalpindi displays the radial land transportation pattern of many cities with a river flowing through the city center. City blocks are small and growth less controlled than in its newer neighbor. Airports can be seen to the east and south.
Rawalpindi was an important British military center from the mid-1800s during colonial times, and became the interim capital for a decade (1959–69) once the decision was made to move the capital from Karachi inland to be closer to disputed Kashmir and neighboring Muslim countries. Rawalpindi is the headquarters of Pakistan’s army and an administrative, commercial, educational and industrial centre.
Source: NASA
Other Major Cities: Karachi 13.125 million; Lahore 7.132 million; Faisalabad 2.849 million; Rawalpindi 2.026 million (2009)
A centuries-old settlement that now ranks among the world's largest, Pakistan's seaport city of Karachi mixes intense urbanization with remnants of a natural environment. This true-color satellite image of Karachi shows the southwestern edges of the city. Two rivers, the Lyari and Malir, pass through Karachi en route to the Arabian Sea. The Lyari River passes north of the Port of Karachi, and expansive salt works, appearing as large geometric areas of green, line the northern edge of that river's delta. East of the port, the Malir River flows southward toward the sea. Between the port and the Arabian Sea, a barrier island runs northwest-southeast (left edge of the image). East of this island and west of the port sits a large expanse of water and mangroves. Water in the Lyari River Delta must empty into the sea through the Baba Channel. Sediment colors the water flowing through that channel a lighter color than the surrounding ocean. Immediately east of the Port of Karachi lie two more mangroves, the larger of which is named Chinna Creek. Many of Karachi's oldest structures and most popular tourist attractions appear in the city center just northeast of the port, but street grids cover almost all of the available land outside of the mangroves. Photo courtesy of NASA.
Administrative divisions: 4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly North-West Frontier Province), Punjab, Sindh. Note: the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region consists of two administrative entities: Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan
Administrative Divisions of Pakistan. Note the disputed status of Kashmir with portions under the de facto administration of Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and China (Aksai Chin) which are shaded differently. Source: Wikimedia Commons.
Independence Date: 14 August 1947 (from British India)
Legal System: common law system with Islamic law influence. Pakistan accepts compulsory International Court of Justice (ICJ) jurisdiction with reservations; and is a non-party state to the International criminal court (ICCt).
International Environmental Agreements
Pakistan is party to international agreements on: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, and Wetlands.
It has signed, but not ratified an international agreements on Marine Life Conservation.
Water
Total Renewable Water Resources: 233.8 cu km (2003)
Freshwater Withdrawal169.39 cu km/yr (2% domestic, 2% industrial, 96% agricultural)
Per Capita Freshwater Withdrawal: 1,072 cu m/yr (2000)
Access to improved drinking water sources: total: 90% of population
Access to improved sanitation facilities: total: 45% of population
See: Water profile of Pakistan
Agriculture
Agricultural products: cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs
Irrigated Land: 198,700 sq km (2008)
Resources
Natural Resources: land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone
Land Use:
arable land: 24.44%
permanent crops: 0.84%
other: 74.72% (2005)
See: Energy profile of Pakistan
Economy
Pakistan, an impoverished and underdeveloped country, has suffered from decades of internal political disputes and low levels of foreign investment. Between 2001-07, however, poverty levels decreased by 10%, as Islamabad steadily raised development spending. During 2004-07, GDP growth in the 5-8% range was spurred by gains in the industrial and service sectors - despite severe electricity shortfalls - but growth slowed in 2008-09 and unemployment rose. Inflation remains the top concern among the public, climbing from 7.7% in 2007 to more than 13% in 2010. In addition, the Pakistani rupee has depreciated since 2007 as a result of political and economic instability.
The World Bank considers Pakistan a low-income country. No more than 55.0% of adults are literate, and life expectancy is about 64 years. In FY 2008-2009, the GDP growth rate was 3.7%, and unemployment was estimated at 14%. Main inflation drivers include food and utility prices, the Pakistani rupee’s depreciation versus the U.S. dollar, and higher international commodity prices. Low levels of spending in the social services and high population growth have contributed to persistent poverty and unequal income distribution. Pakistan's extreme poverty and underdevelopment are key concerns, especially in rural areas. The country’s economy remains vulnerable to internal and external shocks due to internal security concerns and the global financial crises.
Reform, Aid, and Debt
Despite its economic and political difficulties, Pakistan has taken some steps over the years to liberalize its trade and investment regimes, either unilaterally or in the context of commitments made with the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank. Pakistan has received significant loan/grant assistance from international financial institutions (e.g., the IMF, the World Bank, and the Asian Development Bank (ADB)) and bilateral donors, particularly after it began using its military/financial resources in counterterrorism efforts.
In 2000, the government made significant macroeconomic reforms: privatizing Pakistan's state-subsidized utilities, reforming the banking sector, instituting a world-class anti-money laundering law, cracking down on piracy of intellectual property, and moving to quickly resolve investor disputes. After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States and Pakistan's proclaimed commitment to fighting terror, many international sanctions, particularly those that had been imposed by the United States, were lifted. Pakistan's economic prospects began to increase significantly due to unprecedented inflows of foreign assistance at the end of 2001, and the trend was expected to continue through 2009. In 2002, the United States led Paris Club efforts to reschedule Pakistan's debt on generous terms, and in April 2003 the United States reduced Pakistan's bilateral official debt by $1 billion. In 2004, approximately $500 million more in bilateral debt relief was granted. Foreign exchange reserves and exports grew to record levels after a sharp decline. The IMF lauded Pakistan for its commitment in meeting lender requirements for a $1.3 billion IMF Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility loan, which it completed in 2004, forgoing the final permitted tranche. The Government of Pakistan was successful in issuing sovereign bonds; it issued $600 million in Islamic bonds, putting Pakistan back on the investment map.
On October 8, 2005, a magnitude 7.6 earthquake struck Pakistan, India, and Afghanistan. The epicenter of the earthquake was near Muzaffarabad, the capital of Pakistani-administered Kashmir, and approximately 60 miles north-northeast of Islamabad. An estimated 75,000 people were killed and 2.5 million people were left homeless. The disaster of such a huge magnitude galvanized an international rescue and reconstruction effort in support of the affected region. The earthquake cost Pakistan $1.1 billion in resettling those affected. Despite the 2005 earthquake, GDP growth remained strong at 6.6% in fiscal year 2005-2006. Consumer price inflation eased slightly to an average of 8% in 2005-2006 from 9.3% in 2004-2005.
In 2008, the ratio of total debt and liabilities to GDP, a broad measure of the country's capacity to sustain debt, saw an end to a 7-year declining trend, rising in FY 2008 to 60%. The stock of Pakistan's total debt and liabilities increased by 27% year on year in 2008, to PKR 6,417.4 billion (U.S. $80.7 billion at 79.5 rupees per dollar), with a commensurate deterioration in debt sustainability indicators. The fiscal deficit widened from 5.6% of GDP in 1994-95, to 7.7% in 1997-98, and to 5.4% in 2008-2009. Support for loss-making, state-owned enterprises; fuel subsidies; and a weak domestic tax base have been critical elements in the recurring fiscal deficits.
In October 2008, Pakistan entered into a 23-month Stand-By Arrangement with the IMF in order to keep the country solvent and to support its foreign exchange reserves, which had fallen to precariously low levels. The $11.3 billion IMF loan supports two key objectives of restoring macroeconomic stability and confidence in the economy through a significant tightening of macroeconomic policies and ensuring social stability and adequate support for the poor. Other reforms include improvements in banking and tax legislation, phasing out electricity subsidies, and reducing foreign exchange market intervention by the State Bank of Pakistan. A contingency plan for handling problem banks has been prepared and is being strengthened; an action plan to reform tax policy and administration has been adopted and will be implemented with technical assistance from the IMF and the World Bank.
Pakistan remains dependent on IMF and other international assistance for budgetary support and to keep the country more or less solvent. So far, Pakistan has met some of the IMF benchmarks, most recently implementing a 13.6% increase in electricity prices in January 2010. In 2009, Pakistan also received $2.11 billion in aid from the “Friends of Pakistan” group of allies, who pledged $5.7 billion in total.
Agriculture and Natural Resources
Pakistan's principal natural resources are arable land, water, hydroelectric potential, and natural gas reserves. About 28% of Pakistan's total land area is under cultivation and is watered by one of the largest irrigation systems in the world. Agriculture accounts for about 21% of GDP and employs about 42% of the labor force. The most important crops are cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, and vegetables, which together account for more than 75% of the value of total crop output. Despite intensive farming practices, Pakistan remains a net food importer. Pakistan exports rice, fish, fruits, and vegetables and imports vegetable oil, wheat, cotton (net importer), pulses, and consumer foods.
The economic importance of agriculture has declined since independence, when its share of GDP was around 53%. Following the poor harvest of 1993, the government introduced agriculture assistance policies, including increased support prices for many agricultural commodities and expanded availability of agricultural credit. From 1993 to 1997, real growth in the agricultural sector averaged 5.7% but declined to 4.7% in FY 2008-2009.
Pakistan has extensive energy resources, including fairly sizable natural gas reserves, some proven oil reserves, coal, and large hydropower potential. However, exploitation of energy resources has been slow due to a shortage of capital and domestic and international political constraints. For instance, domestic gas and petroleum production totals only about half the country's energy needs, and dependence on imported oil contributes to Pakistan's persistent trade deficits and shortage of foreign exchange.
Industry
Pakistan's manufacturing sector accounts for about 25% of GDP. Cotton textile production and apparel manufacturing are Pakistan's largest industries, accounting for about 51.4% of total exports. Other major industries include food processing, beverages, construction materials, clothing, and paper products. Manufacturing sector growth has slowed in the last 2 years due to energy shortages and capacity constraints. However, the sector is forecast to grow 5.5% for FY 2010. Despite government efforts to privatize large-scale parastatal units, the public sector continues to account for a significant proportion of industry. The government seeks to diversify the country's industrial base and bolster export industries. Net foreign investment in Pakistani industries is only 0.5% of GDP. Pakistan's search for additional foreign direct investment has been hampered by concerns about the security situation, domestic and regional political uncertainties, and questions about judicial transparency.
Foreign Trade
Weak world demand for its exports and domestic political uncertainty have contributed to Pakistan's high trade deficits. In FY 2008, the trade deficit was over $15 billion. In the 2008-2009 budget, the Government of Pakistan raised the maximum tariffs from the 20%-25% range to the 30%-35% range on 300 luxury items due to the large trade gap and growing current account deficit. In the 2009-2010 fiscal year, Pakistan’s trade deficit decreased to $10.92 billion as a result of a decline in imports and a slight increase in exports.
Major imports, which fell to $28.4 billion in 2009, include petroleum and petroleum products, edible oil, wheat, chemicals, fertilizer, capital goods, industrial raw materials, and consumer products. Energy imports account for nearly 30% of Pakistan's imports, and the total gap between electricity supply and demand in Pakistan is over 4,800 megawatts (MW). The ongoing energy crisis and security concerns, together with a decline in global demand, have hampered Pakistan’s textile-reliant export base. Pakistan's exports continue to be dominated by cotton textiles and apparel, despite government diversification efforts.
Record floods in July-August 2010 lowered agricultural output and contributed to a jump in inflation, and reconstruction costs will strain the limited resources of the government.
Remittances from overseas workers, averaging about $1 billion a month since March 2011, remain a bright spot for Pakistan. However, after a small current account surplus in fiscal year 2011 (July 2010/June 2011), Pakistan's current account turned to deficit in the second half of 2011, spurred by higher prices for imported oil and lower prices for exported cotton. Pakistan remains stuck in a low-income, low-growth trap, with growth averaging 2.9% per year from 2008 to 2011. Pakistan must address long standing issues related to government revenues and energy production in order to spur the amount of economic growth that will be necessary to employ its growing population. Other long term challenges include expanding investment in education and healthcare, and reducing dependence on foreign donors.
GDP: (Purchasing Power Parity): $488 billion (2011 est.)
GDP: (Official Exchange Rate): $204.1 billion (2011 est.)
GDP- per capita (PPP): $2,800 (2011 est.)
GDP- composition by sector:
agriculture: 20.9%
industry: 25.8%
services: 53.3% (2011 est.)
Industries: textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp
Currency: Pakistani rupees (PKR)
Foreign Relations
After September 11, 2001, Pakistan's prominence in the international community increased significantly, as it pledged its alliance with the U.S. in counterterrorism efforts and made a commitment to eliminate terrorist camps on its territory. Historically, Pakistan has had difficult and volatile relations with India, long-standing close relations with China, extensive security and economic interests in the Persian Gulf, and wide-ranging bilateral relations with the United States and other Western countries. It expresses a strong desire for a stable Afghanistan.
India
Since partition, relations between Pakistan and India have been characterized by rivalry and suspicion. Although many issues divide the two countries, the most sensitive one since independence has been the status of Kashmir.
At the time of partition, the princely state of Kashmir, though ruled by a Hindu king, had an overwhelmingly Muslim population. When the king hesitated in acceding to either Pakistan or India in 1947, some of his Muslim subjects revolted in favor of joining Pakistan. In exchange for military assistance in containing the revolt, the Kashmiri ruler offered his allegiance to India. Indian troops occupied the eastern portion of Kashmir, including its capital, Srinagar, while the western part came under Pakistani control.
India submitted this dispute to the United Nations on January 1, 1948. One year later, the UN arranged a cease-fire along a line dividing Kashmir but leaving the northern end of the line not demarcated and the Valley of Kashmir (with the majority of the population) under Indian control. India and Pakistan agreed to a UN-supervised plebiscite to determine the state's future. This plebiscite has not occurred because the main precondition, the withdrawal of both nations' forces from Kashmir, has failed to take place. Pakistan has since fought three wars with India over Kashmir, in 1948, 1965, and the Kargil conflict in 1999.
In July 1972, following the 1971 Indo-Pakistan war, which resulted in the creation of an independent Bangladesh, President Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi met in the hill station of Shimla, India, and agreed to a line of control in Kashmir. Both leaders endorsed the principle of settlement of bilateral disputes through peaceful means. In 1974, Pakistan and India agreed to resume postal and telecommunications linkages and to enact measures to facilitate travel. Trade and diplomatic relations were restored in 1976 after a hiatus of 5 years.
India's nuclear test in 1974 generated great uncertainty in Pakistan and is generally acknowledged to have been the impetus for Pakistan's nuclear weapons development program. In 1983, the Pakistani and Indian Governments accused each other of aiding separatists in their respective countries--Sikhs in India's Punjab state and Sindhis in Pakistan's Sindh province. In April 1984, tensions erupted after troops were deployed to the Siachen Glacier, a high-altitude, desolate area close to the Chinese border not demarcated by the cease-fire agreement (Karachi Agreement) signed by Pakistan and India in 1949.
Tensions diminished after Rajiv Gandhi became Prime Minister in November 1984 and after a group of Sikh hijackers was brought to trial by Pakistan in March 1985. In December 1985, President Zia and Prime Minister Gandhi pledged not to attack each other's nuclear facilities. A formal "no attack" agreement was signed in January 1991. In early 1986, the Indian and Pakistani Governments began high-level talks to resolve the Siachen Glacier border dispute and to improve trade.
Bilateral tensions increased in early 1990, when Kashmiri militants began a campaign of violence against Indian Government authority in Jammu and Kashmir. Subsequent high-level bilateral meetings relieved the tensions between India and Pakistan, but relations worsened again after the destruction of the Ayodhya mosque by Hindu extremists in December 1992 and terrorist bombings in Bombay in March 1993. Talks between the Foreign Secretaries of both countries in January 1994 ended in deadlock.
The relationship improved markedly when Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee traveled to Lahore for a summit with Nawaz Sharif in February 1999. There was considerable hope that the meeting could lead to a breakthrough. However, any breakthrough that was made was negated when in spring 1999, infiltrators from Pakistan occupied positions on the Indian side of the Line of Control in the remote, mountainous area of Kashmir near Kargil. By early summer, serious fighting flared in the Kargil sector of Kashmir. The infiltrators withdrew following a meeting between Prime Minister Sharif and President Bill Clinton in July. Subsequently, relations between India and Pakistan became particularly strained during the 1999 coup in Islamabad. Then, on December 13, 2001 just weeks after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, an attack on India's Parliament further strained this relationship.
The prospects for better relations between India and Pakistan improved in early January 2004 when a summit meeting of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) permitted India's Prime Minister Vajpayee to meet with President Musharraf. Both leaders agreed to reestablish the Composite Dialogue to resolve their bilateral disputes. The Composite Dialogue focuses on eight issues: confidence building measures, Kashmir, Wullar barrage, promotion of friendly exchanges, Siachen glacier, Sir creek, terrorism and drug trafficking, and economic and commercial cooperation. The first round in this renewed Composite Dialogue was held in New Delhi on June 27-28, 2004.
Relations further improved when President Musharraf met Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in New York in October 2004. Additional steps aimed at improving relations were announced when Indian Foreign Minister Natwar Singh visited Islamabad in February 2005 and in April 2005 when President Musharraf traveled to India to view a cricket match and hold discussions. In a further display of improved relations, bus service commenced from Pakistan-controlled Kashmir to Srinagar in April 2005. After a destructive earthquake hit the Kashmir region in October 2005, the two countries cooperated with each other to deal with the humanitarian crisis.
However, the July 2008 bombing of the Indian Embassy in Kabul, followed in November 2008 by terrorist attacks in Mumbai, brought the bilateral Composite Dialogue to a halt. Pakistan agreed to foreign secretary-level talks in New Delhi, which occurred February 25, 2010. On April 29, 2010, Singh and Pakistani Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani met on the sidelines of the 16th South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Summit and signaled they would work toward resuming dialogue. Following the meeting, Pakistani officials assured India that Pakistan would not allow its territory to be used for terrorist activity directed against India. Pakistan also said it would expedite the trial of suspects implicated in the Mumbai attacks.
Afghanistan
Following the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the Pakistani Government played a vital role in supporting the Afghan resistance movement and assisting Afghan refugees. After the Soviet withdrawal in February 1989, Pakistan, with cooperation from the world community, continued to provide extensive support for displaced Afghans. Continued turmoil in Afghanistan prevented the refugees from returning to their country. In 1999, more than 1.2 million registered Afghan refugees remained in Pakistan. Pakistan was one of three countries to recognize the Taliban regime of Afghanistan. International pressure after September 11, 2001, prompted Pakistan to reassess its relations with the Taliban regime and support the U.S. and international coalition in Operation Enduring Freedom to remove the Taliban from power. Pakistan has publicly expressed its support to Afghanistan's President Karzai and has pledged $100 million toward Afghanistan's reconstruction. Both nations are also working to strengthen cooperation and coordination along their shared rugged border.
People's Republic of China
In 1950, Pakistan was among the first countries to recognize the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.). Following the Sino-Indian hostilities of 1962, Pakistan's relations with China became stronger; since then, the countries have regularly exchanged high-level visits resulting in various agreements. China has provided economic, military, and technical assistance to Pakistan. Favorable relations with China have been a pillar of Pakistan's foreign policy. The P.R.C. strongly supported Pakistan's opposition to Soviet involvement in Afghanistan and is perceived by Pakistan as a regional counterweight to India and Russia.
Iran and the Persian Gulf
Historically, Pakistan has had close geopolitical and cultural-religious linkages with Iran. However, strains in the relationship appeared following the Iranian revolution. Pakistan and Iran supported different factions in the Afghan conflict. Also, some Pakistanis suspect Iranian Government support for the sectarian violence that has plagued Pakistan. However, relations between the countries have improved since their policies toward Afghanistan have converged with the fall of the Taliban. Both countries contend that they are on the road to strong and lasting friendly relations.
Pakistan has also provided military personnel to strengthen Gulf-state defenses and to reinforce its own security interests in the area.
Unted States
The United States and Pakistan established diplomatic relations in 1947. The U.S. agreement to provide economic and military assistance to Pakistan and the latter's partnership in the Baghdad Pact/CENTO and SEATO strengthened relations between the nations. However, the U.S. suspension of military assistance during the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war generated a widespread feeling in Pakistan that the United States was not a reliable ally. Even though the United States suspended military assistance to both countries involved in the conflict, the suspension of aid affected Pakistan much more severely. Gradually, relations improved, and arms sales were renewed in 1975. Then, in April 1979, the United States cut off economic assistance to Pakistan, except food assistance, as required under the Symington Amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, due to concerns about Pakistan's nuclear program.
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 highlighted the common interest of Pakistan and the United States in peace and stability in South Asia. In 1981, the United States and Pakistan agreed on a $3.2 billion military and economic assistance program aimed at helping Pakistan deal with the heightened threat to security in the region and its economic development needs.
Recognizing national security concerns and accepting Pakistan's assurances that it did not intend to construct a nuclear weapon, Congress waived restrictions (Symington Amendment) on military assistance to Pakistan. In March 1986, the two countries agreed on a second multi-year (FY 1988-93) $4 billion economic development and security assistance program. On October 1, 1990, however, the United States suspended all military assistance and new economic aid to Pakistan under the Pressler Amendment, which required that the President certify annually that Pakistan "does not possess a nuclear explosive device."
Several incidents of violence against American officials and U.S. mission employees in Pakistan have marred the relationship. In November 1979, false rumors that the United States had participated in the seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca provoked a mob attack on the U.S. Embassy in Islamabad in which the chancery was set on fire resulting in the loss of life of American and Pakistani staff. In 1989, an attack on the American Center in Islamabad resulted in six Pakistanis being killed in crossfire with the police. In March 1995, two American employees of the consulate in Karachi were killed and one wounded in an attack on the home-to-office shuttle. In November 1997, four U.S. businessmen were brutally murdered while being driven to work in Karachi. In March 2002 a suicide attacker detonated explosives in a church in Islamabad, killing two Americans associated with the Embassy and three others. There were also unsuccessful attacks by terrorists on the Consulate General in Karachi in May 2002. Another bomb was detonated near American and other businesses in Karachi in November 2005, killing three people and wounding 15 others. On March 2, 2006, a suicide bomber detonated a car packed with explosives as a vehicle carrying an American Foreign Service officer passed by on its way to Consulate Karachi. The diplomat, the Consulate's locally-employed driver and three other people were killed in the blast; 52 others were wounded. In September 2008, a truck bomb at Islamabad’s Marriott Hotel killed three Embassy staff. On April 5, 2010, heavily armed terrorists in two vehicles hurled bombs and fired at security men near Consulate Peshawar, killing four Pakistanis.
The decision by India to conduct nuclear tests in May 1998 and Pakistan's matching response set back U.S. relations in the region, which had seen renewed U.S. Government interest during the second Clinton Administration. A presidential visit scheduled for the first quarter of 1998 was postponed and, under the Glenn Amendment, sanctions restricted the provision of credits, military sales, economic assistance, and loans to the government. The October 1999 overthrow of the democratically elected Sharif government triggered an additional layer of sanctions under Section 508 of the Foreign Appropriations Act, which include restrictions on foreign military financing and economic assistance. U.S. Government assistance to Pakistan was subsequently limited mainly to refugee and counter-narcotics assistance.
The U.S.-Pakistan relationship changed significantly once Pakistan agreed to support the U.S. campaign to eliminate the Taliban in Afghanistan and to join the United States in efforts against terrorism. Since September 2001, Pakistan has provided extensive assistance in counterterrorism efforts by capturing more than 600 al-Qaida members and their allies. The United States has stepped up its economic assistance to Pakistan, providing debt relief and support for a major effort for education reform. During President Musharraf's visit to the United States in 2003, President Bush announced that the United States would provide Pakistan with $3 billion in economic and military aid over 5 years. This assistance package commenced during FY 2005.
Following the region's tragic October 8, 2005 earthquake, the United States responded immediately and generously to Pakistan's call for assistance. The response was consistent with U.S. humanitarian values and our deep commitment to Pakistan. At the subsequent reconstruction conference in Islamabad on November 19, 2005, the U.S. announced a $510 million commitment to Pakistan for earthquake relief and reconstruction, including humanitarian assistance, military support for relief operations, and anticipated U.S. private contributions.
In 2004, the United States recognized closer bilateral ties with Pakistan by designating Pakistan as a Major Non-NATO Ally. President Bush visited Pakistan in March 2006, where he and President Musharraf reaffirmed their shared commitment to a broad and lasting strategic partnership, agreeing to continue their cooperation on a number of issues including: counterterrorism efforts, security in the region, strengthening democratic institutions, trade and investment, education, and earthquake relief and reconstruction. The United States concluded the sale to Pakistan of F-16 aircrafts in late 2006, further reflecting the deepening strategic partnership.
The Barack Obama administration has reaffirmed a U.S. strategic partnership with Pakistan. In particular, the U.S. Congress passed the Kerry-Lugar-Berman (KLB) legislation to authorize $1.5 billion in non-military assistance to Pakistan annually for 5 years, which President Obama signed into law on October 15, 2009.
Along with the passage of KLB, in late October 2009, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton visited Pakistan, setting the stage for a renewed engagement with the Pakistani Government and people. During the Secretary’s visit, she and Foreign Minister Mahmood Shah Qureshi agreed to a Strategic Dialogue to be held at the ministerial level for the first time. Following through on this commitment, the Secretary and Foreign Minister Qureshi co-hosted the U.S.-Pakistan Strategic Dialogue on March 24-25, 2010 in Washington, DC.
At the Dialogue, the Pakistani delegations and their U.S. counterparts engaged in sessions on agriculture, defense and security, economic development and finance, social issues, energy and water, and communications. The participants constructed deliverable goals on the issues that are crucial to both countries. In particular, these objectives included agriculture infrastructure assistance through a $30 million allocation; a pledge for the United States to work with Pakistan to make progress in the timely implementation of tax system and energy financing reforms; continued and expanded collaboration on improving quality of and access to education; cooperation on a range of technological advances to include information technologies and telecommunications such as eLearning, eGovernance, telemedicine, and mobile banking; and mapping out progress on natural gas development and agendas for future discussions on water. A letter of intent was also signed to upgrade major road infrastructure in northwest Pakistan, as well as implementation agreements for three thermal power station rehabilitation projects that will aid in combating electricity shortages in the country.
International Disputes
Various talks and confidence-building measures cautiously have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005 earthquake in the region. Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas).
UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949.
India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964.
India and Pakistan have maintained their 2004 cease fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on defusing the armed stand-off in the Siachen glacier region.
Pakistan protests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries.
To defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea.
Pakistani maps continue to show the Junagadh claim in India's Gujarat State.
By 2005, Pakistan, with UN assistance, repatriated 2.3 million Afghan refugees leaving slightly more than a million, many of whom remain at their own choosing.
Pakistan has sent troops across and built fences along some remote tribal areas of its treaty-defined Durand Line border with Afghanistan, which serve as bases for foreign terrorists and other illegal activities.
Afghan, Coalition, and Pakistan military meet periodically to clarify the alignment of the boundary on the ground and on maps
Citation
Central Intelligence Agency, US State Department (Lead Author);World Wildlife Fund, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Contributing Author);CIA (Content Source);Peter Saundry (Topic Editor) "Pakistan". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth January 5, 2012; Last revised Date June 2, 2012; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/articles/view/172618/China/?topic=49460>
The Authors
The Central Intelligence Agency was created in 1947 with the signing of the National Security Act by President Harry S. Truman. The act also created a Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) to serve as head of the United States intelligence community; act as the principal adviser to the President for intelligence matters related to the national security; and serve as head of the Central Intelligence Agency. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 amended the National Securit ... (Full Bio)
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User Profile
Name: Project on Scientific Knowledge and Public Policy
Member Since: February 16th, 2007
Member Name: SKAPP
Biography:
The Project on Scientific Knowledge and Public Policy (SKAPP) examines the nature of science and how it is used and misused in government decision-making and legal proceedings. Through empirical research, conversations among scholars, and publications, SKAPP aims to enhance understanding of how knowledge is generated and interpreted. SKAPP promotes transparent decision-making, based on the best available science, to protect public health.
How and why science works may be difficult for non-scientists to understand. The aura around science and scientists - reflecting the power of scientific understanding and its complexity - creates opportunities for misunderstanding and misuse of scientific evidence. Indeed, failure on the part of decision-makers to understand the norms of science may lead to inaccurate conclusions and inappropriate applications of scientific results.
Particularly in public policy and the courts, where the parties are intent on a specific outcome and selectively draw on scientific evidence to bolster their position, failure to understand how science works can lead to serious error. The consequences of such misunderstandings can be devastating for individuals, families, businesses and communities. Yet there is a growing disparity between the reality of scientific practice and increasingly prescriptive mandates for how decision-makers should evaluate scientific methods and evidence.
What can science tell us and not tell us about links between environmental exposures and disease? What is the nature of uncertainty in different scientific disciplines? What standards for scientific evidence are appropriate in different contexts? By examining questions like these, SKAPP aims to enhance understanding of the limits and contributions of science to court and government decisions that may have substantial long-term ramifications for public health.
Website: Scientific Knowledge and Public Policy Homepage
User Content
Title Role Type Website Date
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Bibliography: Bitter Grounds
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Title: Bitter Grounds
Author: Neil Gaiman
Year: 2003
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: novelette
Webpage 1: http://www.tor.com/stories/2010/09/bitter-grounds
Language: English
ISFDB Record Number: 309871
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: zombies (1) Add Tags
Awards:
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Payne Lab:Seminars
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 17:21, 21 August 2009 by Christine Payne (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Research Lab Members Publications News Seminars Opportunities Contact
Contents
Molecular Biophysics Research Review
Researchers from Chemistry & Biochemistry, Physics, Biology, Applied Physiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering meet weekly to discuss recent results. Meetings are at noon in MS&E 1224. Everyone is invited to attend. Bring a bag lunch. More information about the Molecular Biophysics program at Georgia Tech can be found at Molecular Biophysics.
Colloid & Soft Matter Bag Lunch
Colloid and Soft Matter researchers from Georgia Tech and Emory meet once a month on Wednesday, 12:15 - 1:45 p.m., in MS&E 3201A.
Biochemistry Journal Club
Biochemists, biophysical chemists, and bio-organic chemists meets every other Friday, 12 pm, in MS&E 1224. Students take turns presenting recent papers in bio-related fields.
Physical Chemistry Divisional Seminars
Seminar Schedule
Personal tools
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
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Citation URN: urn:cts:latinLit:phi1348.phi012.perseus-lat1:47.1
Document URN: urn:cts:latinLit:phi1348.phi012.perseus-lat1
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Daily Search Forum Recap: July 18, 2011
Jul 18, 2011 • 4:00 pm | (0) by | Filed Under Search Forum Recap
Here is a recap of what happened in the search forums today, through the eyes of the Search Engine Roundtable and other search forums on the web.
Search Engine Roundtable Stories:
• Google PageRank Losing Trust Amongst Webmasters?
We had a Google Toolbar PageRank update last month and noticed that Google.com had a PR of 9, whereas Facebook had a PR of 10. Over the weekend, many started noticing Twitter had a PR of 0. A clear sign of a bug somewhere, either on Twitter's side or Google's side...
• Google Steps Up Local Results For Product Queries?
Every Google searcher has seen the in your face Google local results when conducting basic searches that may have local intent. It seems like Google has stepped up the number of queries that they feel should show local results...
• A Yellow Dot On Google's Top Bar?
Matt McGee noticed a weird thread at Yahoo Answers where one or two users are noticing a yellow dot just under the search box of the new Google search bar...
• Fox Attacks Panda: Former Googler Discusses Google Update
Eric Enge has an excellent interview with Vanessa Fox, former Googler but extremely well respected SEO, on the topic of the Google Panda update...
• Google's New Top Bar Stays Put
Amit Banerjee pinged me about a Google experiment he noticed over the weekend. He calls it a sticky top bar, where the top Google bar sticks to the top, even when you scroll. Here is a static picture...
• The Google Garage
A couple days ago, Walid Ghazzo took a picture of a Google Street View car near what looks like a Google Garage. In reality, it is just a picture of outside of Google's Zurich office.
Other Great Search Forum Threads:
Previous story: Google PageRank Losing Trust Amongst Webmasters?
blog comments powered by Disqus
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
Robert Greenwald
From SourceWatch
Jump to: navigation, search
Robert Greenwald is a film producer and founder of Brave New Films [1]. He is also on the board of directors of AlterNet.
Website
Films
SourceWatch Resources
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
Navigation
How To
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Other Policies
Google AdSense
Toolbox
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Place:Haiti
Watchers
NameHaiti
Alt namesHA00source: NIMA, GEOnet Names Server (1998-2000) accessed 01/20/99
Haitísource: UN Terminology Bulletin (1993) p 56
Haïtisource: Getty Vocabulary Program
Repiblik Daytisource: Britannica Book of the Year (1992) p 614; Britannica Book of the Year (1993) p 622
Republic of Haitisource: Wikipedia
République d'Haïtisource: Cambridge World Gazetteer (1990) p 255
Saint-Dominguesource: Times Atlas of World History (1993) p 354
Saint-Dominiquesource: Encyclopædia Britannica (1988) V, 622-623
TypeCountry
Coordinates19°N 72.417°W
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Haiti ( ; Haitian Creole Ayiti ), officially the Republic of Haiti, is a Caribbean country. It occupies the western, smaller portion of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Ayiti (land of high mountains) was the indigenous Taíno or Amerindian name for the island. The country's highest point is Pic la Selle, at . The total area of Haiti is and its capital is Port-au-Prince. Haitian Creole and French are the official languages.
Haiti's regional, historical, and ethno-linguistic position is unique for several reasons. It was the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean, the first black-led republic in the world, and the second republic in the Americas when it gained independence in 1804 as part of a successful slave revolution lasting nearly a decade. In 2012, Haiti announced its intention to seek associate membership status in the African Union. Haiti is the most populous of the predominantly Francophone independent nations in the Americas. It is one of only two independent nations in the Americas (along with Canada) to designate French as an official language; the other French-speaking areas are all overseas départements, or collectivités, of France.
Haiti is the most populous full member-state of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). It is the poorest country in the Americas as measured by the Human Development Index. Political violence has occurred regularly throughout its history, leading to government instability. Most recently, in February 2004, a coup d'état originating in the north of the country forced the resignation and exile of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. A provisional government took control with security provided by the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). Michel Martelly, the current president, was elected in the Haitian general election, 2011.
The island has had a history of destructive earthquakes. A 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck Haiti on 12 January 2010 and devastated Port-au-Prince. The highest reliable death count was estimated at 220,000. Haitian government estimates were higher. The Presidential palace, Parliament and many other important structures were destroyed, along with countless homes and businesses, leaving hundreds of thousands of people homeless. The country has yet to recover from the 2010 earthquake (and subsequent incidents) due to both the severity of the damage Haiti endured in 2010, as well as a government that was ineffective well before the earthquake. United States aid organizations have donated $2 billion. Combined with other international donations, these funds are intended to contribute to the rebuilding of the country.
Contents
How places in Haiti are organized
All places in Haiti
Further information on historical place organization in Haiti
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Haiti. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Place:Macedonia
Watchers
NameMacedonia
Alt namesRepublic of Macedonia
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedoniasource: Wikipedia
Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedoniasource: NIMA, GEOnet Names Server (1996-1998); Names & Flags, Los Angeles Times (1994)
Macedoniasource: Britannica Book of the Year (1992) p 738; Europe, National Geographic (1992) map supplement; Macedonia, Los Angeles Times (1992); Times Atlas of the World (1992) plate 81; Times Concise Atlas of the World (1995) I-57; Webster's Geographical Dictionary (1988) p 702
Macedoniësource: Engels Woordenboek (1987) p 414
Macédoinesource: Cassell's French Dictionary (1981) p 305
Makedonijasource: Getty Vocabulary Program
Mazedoniensource: Cassell's German Dictionary (1982) p 1183
Republika Makedonijasource: Britannica Book of the Year (1993) p 658
TypeNation
Coordinates41.833°N 22°E
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Macedonia, officially the Republic of Macedonia (transliterated: Republika Makedonija ), is a country located in the central Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. It is one of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, from which it declared independence in 1991. It became a member of the United Nations in 1993 but, as a result of a dispute with Greece over its name, it was admitted under the provisional reference of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,[1] sometimes abbreviated as FYROM.
A landlocked country, the Republic of Macedonia is bordered by Kosovo to the northwest, Serbia to the north, Bulgaria to the east, Greece to the south and Albania to the west. It constitutes approximately the northwestern half of the larger geographical region of Macedonia, which also comprises parts of Greece and Bulgaria. The country's capital is Skopje, with 506,926 inhabitants according to a 2002 census. Other cities include Bitola, Kumanovo, Prilep, Tetovo, Ohrid, Veles, Štip, Kočani, Gostivar, Kavadarci and Strumica. It has more than 50 lakes and sixteen mountains higher than . Macedonia is a member of the UN and the Council of Europe. Since December 2005 it has also been a candidate for joining the European Union and has applied for NATO membership.
Contents
How places in Macedonia are organized
All places in Macedonia
Further information on historical place organization in Macedonia
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Republic of Macedonia. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
Share buttons and the social network icons for digg, twitter, facebook, etc. come in all shapes and sizes. When speaking to middle-america though, it is safe to say that most people have no idea what digg or StumbleUpon are.
Is there any usability research about styles for this section of your blog that are effective in driving engagement? What designs have you seen that look really good and effectively communicate "share"? I'd argue that the tried and true, "email this" or "invite" might be more familiar to most non-internet savvy people such that sure, while we WANT people to digg and twitter us, at the end of the day we really just want more readers and more of our readers spreading the word.
share|improve this question
2 Answers
up vote 1 down vote accepted
I like the TechCrunch approach: a retweet and Facebook share button. Those are the top 2 hottest social networks right now: everyone is on at least one of those two. Adding more buttons simply adds complexity and confusion.
share|improve this answer
We've found a manageable and well thought out solution with ShareThis. It's unobtrusive and provides a super easy interface that is simple for beginners and yet provides connectivity to virtually every social media outlet.
share|improve this answer
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Research article
Patients with early rheumatoid arthritis exhibit elevated autoantibody titers against mildly oxidized low-density lipoprotein and exhibit decreased activity of the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2
Evangelia S Lourida1, Athanasios N Georgiadis2, Eleni C Papavasiliou1, Athanasios I Papathanasiou2, Alexandros A Drosos2 and Alexandros D Tselepis1*
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
2 Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
For all author emails, please log on.
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2007, 9:R19 doi:10.1186/ar2129
Published: 27 February 2007
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease, associated with an excess of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality due to accelerated atherosclerosis. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), the antibodies against oxLDL and the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) may play important roles in inflammation and atherosclerosis. We investigated the plasma levels of oxLDL and Lp-PLA2 activity as well as the autoantibody titers against mildly oxLDL in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA). The long-term effects of immunointervention on these parameters in patients with active disease were also determined. Fifty-eight ERA patients who met the American College of Rheumatology criteria were included in the study. Patients were treated with methotrexate and prednisone. Sixty-three apparently healthy volunteers also participated in the study and served as controls. Three different types of mildly oxLDL were prepared at the end of the lag, propagation and decomposition phases of oxidation. The serum autoantibody titers of the IgG type against all types of oxLDL were determined by an ELISA method. The plasma levels of oxLDL and the Lp-PLA2 activity were determined by an ELISA method and by the trichloroacetic acid precipitation procedure, respectively. At baseline, ERA patients exhibited elevated autoantibody titers against all types of mildly oxLDL as well as low activity of the total plasma Lp-PLA2 and the Lp-PLA2 associated with the high-density lipoprotein, compared with controls. Multivariate regression analysis showed that the elevated autoantibody titers towards oxLDL at the end of the decomposition phase of oxidation and the low plasma Lp-PLA2 activity are independently associated with ERA. After immunointervention autoantibody titers against all types of oxLDL were decreased in parallel to the increase in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-Lp-PLA2 activity. We conclude that elevated autoantibody titers against oxLDL at the end of the decomposition phase of oxidation and low plasma Lp-PLA2 activity are feature characteristics of patients with ERA, suggesting an important role of these parameters in the pathophysiology of ERA as well as in the accelerated atherosclerosis observed in these patients.
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Java 1.5: Debian Make and Install
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 19:58, 23 February 2007 by Phlegmer (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Introduction
The purpose of this project is to create a Debian package of Java 1.5 so that it can be managed better than installing it manually.
Assumptions
• Debian is already installed
• Kurobox is accessible via FTP
Needed Files
IBM Java for PPC
http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/java/jdk/linux/download.html,
Select 32-bit iSeries/pSeries J2SE 5.0. As of writing this, the latest version is SR4. I'm not aware of anyway to detect what version is installed so just make a mental note of the service release number in case an update is needed for later. Yes, you will need to register to download this and yes, its a pain. When you finally reach the download page, download the .tgz version of the JRE.
On the Kurobox, create directory /opt and do a chmod on it
# mkdir /opt
# chmod 777 /opt
Upload the .tgz file into the /opt directory and then do the following:
# chmod 777 ibm-java2-jre-5.0-4.0-linux-ppc.tgz
Java-Package
When you do an apt-get install java-package, you will get the latest "stable" version which is 0.24. Unfortunately, 0.24 is not able to make a Java 1.5 .deb file from IBM. (Specifically, the ibm-j2re.sh file does not have the parameters for it). Go ahead and get version 0.28. (Version 0.27 works as well.)
Remember that java file we downloaded from IBM? Java-Package does not recognize the file name that IBM gives it so we need to rename it to a more general name that it recognizes.
#
Preparing the Kurobox for brewing Java 1.5
Must Haves
test
The the following packages may or may not be needed. BUT, if you don't install these, there will be butt loads of warnings / errors during the making of the Java 1.5 .deb package. I do recall when following the steps for creating a .deb package for Java 1.4.2 (see here), there were several warnings / errors as well. And for my purpose, it still worked fine. So if you are one of those that don't want to see a barrage of errors marching by on your console, install the packages in this section.
Install Key Packages
This will install some of the basic things to assist in making life a little easier when dealing with Debian.
• Install Key Packages which can be found here
Personal tools
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Connexions
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You are here: Home » Content » C Programming Lab
About: C Programming Lab
Module by: David Waldo. E-mail the author
View the content: C Programming Lab
Metadata
Name: C Programming Lab
ID: m36345
Language: English (en)
Summary: This is the lab assignment portion for the C Programming lab.
Subject: Science and Technology
Keywords: C6000, C6713, C67x, C6x, C programming, DSP, Lab, Texas Instruments, TI
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 3.0
Authors: David Waldo (david.waldo@oc.edu)
Copyright Holders: David Waldo (david.waldo@oc.edu)
Maintainers: David Waldo (david.waldo@oc.edu)
Latest version: 1.2 (history)
First publication date: Dec 9, 2010 1:33 pm -0600
Last revision to module: Jan 9, 2012 9:37 am -0600
Downloads
PDF: m36345_1.2.pdf PDF file, for viewing content offline and printing. Learn more.
XML: m36345_1.2.cnxml XML that defines the structure and contents of the module, minus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Version History
Version: 1.3 Jan 8, 2013 12:46 pm -0600 by David Waldo
Changes:
Changed array numbers.
Version: 1.2 Jan 9, 2012 9:37 am -0600 by David Waldo Currently viewing this version.
Changes:
changed arrays
Version: 1.1 Dec 9, 2010 2:28 pm -0600 by David Waldo
Changes:
Initial creation.
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Waldo, D. C Programming Lab, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/m36345/1.2/, Jan 9, 2012.
American Medical Assocation (AMA) Manual of Style:
Waldo D. C Programming Lab [Connexions Web site]. January 9, 2012. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m36345/1.2/.
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Waldo, D. (2012, January 9). C Programming Lab. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m36345/1.2/
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Waldo, David. "C Programming Lab." Connexions. January 9, 2012. http://cnx.org/content/m36345/1.2/.
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David Waldo, "C Programming Lab," Connexions, January 9, 2012, http://cnx.org/content/m36345/1.2/.
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Waldo, D. 2012. C Programming Lab. Connexions, January 9, 2012. http://cnx.org/content/m36345/1.2/.
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Grant County, OklahomaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States Oklahoma Grant County
Grant County, Oklahoma genealogy and family history research page. Guide to genealogy, history, and courthouse sources including birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, wills, deeds and land records, Civil War records, family histories, cemeteries, churches, tax records, newspapers, and obituaries.
Oklahoma
Online Records
Coordinates: 39.99°0′N 91.19°0′W / 39.99°N 91.19°W / 39.99; -91.19
Grant County, Oklahoma
Map
Map of Oklahoma highlighting Grant County
Location in the state of Oklahoma
Map of the U.S. highlighting Oklahoma
Location of Oklahoma in the U.S.
Facts
Founded 1893
County Seat Medford
Courthouse
Photo courtesy [[]]
Address Grant County Courthouse
112 Guthrie, Room 104
P.O. Box 167
Medford, Oklahoma 73759
Phone: 580.395.2274
Contents
County Courthouse
Grant County Courthouse
112 Guthrie Rm 104; PO Box 167;
Medford, OK 73759
Phone: 580.395.2274
County Clerk has land and military records; Clerk Court has
marriage, divorce, probate and court records from 1893[1]
History
Parent County
1893--Grant County was created in 1893. It was an original county (Cherokee Outlet).
County seat: Medford [2]
General History
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
Places/Localities
Populated Places
• Deer Creek
• Jefferson
• Lamont
• Manchester
• Medford
• Nash
• Pond Creek
• Renfrow
• Wakita
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Cemeteries
Church
Court
Land
Local Histories
Maps
Military
Newspapers
Probate
Taxation
Vital Records
Societies and Libraries
Family History Centers
Web Sites
References
1. Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Creek County, Oklahoma. Page 559 At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.
2. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
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You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 19 March 2013, at 14:42.
• This page has been accessed 1,214 times.
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United States Census 1840Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 21:36, 27 January 2011 by HawkBlade124 (Talk | contribs)
United States U.S. Census 1840 Census
Contents
Content
1840 Census was taken beginning 1 June 1840, for eighteen months. The following information was recorded by the census taker:
Free white males under 5
Free Males 5-10
Free Males 10-15
Free Males 15-20
Free Males 20-30
Free Males 30-40
Free Males 40-50
Free Males 50-60
Free Males 60-70
Free Males 70-80
Free Males 80-90
Free Males 90-100
Free Males over 100
Free Females same as males
Slaves/free colored persons in age categories
Deaf, dumb, & blind
Age of Rev. War pensioners
Mining; agriculture; commerce; manufacturing & trade; navigation of the ocean;
navigation of canals, lakes & rivers; learned professions and engineers;
number in school; number in family over 21 who could read & write;
number insane
1790-2000 Info:http://www.census.gov/prod/2000pubs/cff-2.pdf
Value
The 1840 census can be used to:1
Identify locality
Distinguish target family from others of same name
Help determine family size
Locate possible relatives with same name
Identify neighbors
Identify slaveholders
Identify name variations
Free men of color listed as head of household
Slaves in age group by name of owner
Naturalization column may indicate length of residency in U.S. to find papers
Identify Pensioners leading to Rev. War information
Identify occupation
Identify education level
Identify insane leading to institution/guardianship records
1790-1840 Searching Tips: http://www.archives.gov/genealogy/census/1790-1840.html
Unique Features and Problems
1. Asked the age of Revolutionary war pensioners
2. Expanded occupational options
3. Lists the number of those in school
4. Lists the number of those over 21 who can read and write
5. Lists those who are insane
States Covered and Missing
• Alabama
• Arkansas
• Connecticut
• Delaware
• District of Columbia
• Georgia
• Illinois
• Indiana
• Kentucky
• Louisiana
• Maine
• Maryland
• Massachusetts
• Michigan
• Mississippi
• Missouri
• New Hampshire
• New Jersey
• New York
• North Carolina
• Ohio
• Pennsylvania
• Rhode Island
• South Carolina
• Tennessee
• Virginia
• Vermont
No states missing.
Territories
• Florida
• Iowa
• Oregon (also a part of Britain)
• Wisconsin
Web Sites
1790-2000 Info: http://www.census.gov/prod/2000pubs/cff-2.pdf
1790-1840 Search Tips: http://www.archives.gov/genealogy/census/1790-1840.html
References
1. Szucs, Loretto Dennis and Sandra Hargreaves Luebking. The Source: A Guide book to American Genealogy. 3rd ed. (Provo, UT: Ancestry, 2006.)
United States Census Population Schedules 1840 (FamilySearch Historical Records)
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Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Cuba: Kiss-in for Diversity and Equality
This post also available in:
বাংলা · কিউবাঃ বহুগামিতা ও সাম্যবাদের জন্য চুম্বন
Dansk · Cuba: Kysseri for mangfoldighed og lighed
Français · Cuba : Un kiss-in en faveur de la diversité et de l'égalité
Español · Cuba: besada por la diversidad y la igualdad
[All links lead to Spanish language pages, except when otherwise noted.]
“Come with something red and kiss someone, because all forms of love are important!” This was the announcement given last Thursday June 28 by the Arcoiris Project, a Cuban group that defines themselves as an “independent and anti-capitalist LGBT collective,” which is demanding that homosexual parents be legally recognized and transsexuality not be considered a disease, among other requests.
The invitation for the “Kiss-in for Diversity and Equality” near the Plaza de la Revolución in Havana, repeated by several blogs, proposed:
Es 28 de junio: nuestros besos serán homenaje a quienes murieron y mueren por el odio a lo diferente. Nuestros besos son el voto porque un día el 17 de mayo y el 28 de junio ya no signifiquen nada.
It is June 28: Our kisses will be a tribute to those who have died and die because of hatred against what is different. Our kisses are our vow, that one day May 17 and June 28 will no longer signify anything.
The demonstration, which managed to bring together more than 20 people, commemorated the anniversary of the Stonewall Inn riots in New York in 1969, which sparked the civil rights movement in the LGBT community and marked the date that would become the Gay Pride Day.
Kiss-in for Diversity and Equality in Havana, Cuba. (Photo: Courtesy of Jorge Luis Baños)
According to the organizers:
Besarse es una muestra de cariño cotidiana, pero para muchos ojos constituye escándalo público si ocurre entre personas no heterosexuales. Al besarnos todos y todas, por amor o fraternidad, ejercitamos nuestra igualdad ciudadana y ponemos en evidencia los dobles raseros morales que generan la homofobia, el sexismo, las lógicas discriminatorias que marcan las raíces de nuestra cultura y debemos cambiar.
Kissing is a sign of everyday affection, but in many eyes it constitutes public scandal if it occurs between non-heterosexual people. When kissing each other, for love or friendship, we exercise our civil equality and highlight the moral double standards that generate homophobia, sexism, and discrimination, which mark the root of our culture and which we must change.
Concerning the challenges of repeating such initiatives among the public in Cuba, the Cuban blogger Yasmín Silvia stated:
¡Por supuesto que el resultado fue excelente! Había gente que no era del Observatorio Crítico, ni de Bloggers Cuba, y sumamos más de veinte. Esa modesta cantidad se logró a través de mensajes de texto, correos electrónicos, invitaciones de FB y llamadas por teléfono. Se logró saltando sobre el obstinado silencio institucional que no puede —¿por naturaleza o falta de deseos?— reconocer que las sexualidades no son monopolio del Estado, sino tema que corresponde a la sociedad toda (…) La cosa perturbadora está en quienes sabían y no fueron.
Of course the results were excellent! There were people that weren't from Observatorio Crítico, nor from Bloggers Cuba [links added by Global Voices], and we amounted to more than twenty. That modest amount was achieved through text messages, emails, FB invitations and phone calls. It was achieved by overcoming the stubborn institutional silence that cannot -due to nature or lack of desire?- recognize that sexualities are not a monopoly of the state, but rather a subject that belongs to society as a whole (…) The troubling thing is those who knew but didn't come.
World regions
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Mimi and danah both refer to Erving Goffman's book, "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life" so I've started reading it with digital identities and blogging in mind.
Goffman
It should be understood that the cynic, with all of his professional disinvolvement, may obtain unprofessional pleasures from his masquerade, experiencing a kind of gleeful spiritual aggression from the fact that he can toy at will with something his audience must take seriously.
This TOTALLY reminded me of Dvorak. He always as a gleeful look when he talks about his performances.
Goffman
It is not assumed, of course, that all cynical performers are interested in deluding their audiences for purposes of what is called "self-interest" or private gain. A cynical individual may delude his audience for what he considers to be their own good, or for the good of the community, etc.
Dvorak again. By the way, I love Dvorak and think he's hilarious, but it's watching the performance that I love.
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