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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Title
Chancellor’s Convocation for New Students 2010
Document Type
Presentation
Date
8-2010
Embargo Period
8-29-2010
Keywords
Syracuse University, Education
Language
English
Disciplines
Education
Description/Abstract
As you engage in Syracuse (and all the places that Syracuse will take you to), you’ll find yourself examining that “baggage” you brought with you – the things, for sure, but more to the point, the beliefs and presuppositions about yourself, other people and the world, facts and figures, prejudices and proclivities that you’ve spent your life collecting and sometimes treasuring. Some of it, maybe even a lot of it, will go by the wayside, or at least get changed in interaction with others, as you become a “citizen” here, an engaged member of this community.
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
This document is currently not available here.
Share
COinS
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Mom
From The Infosphere, the Futurama Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Secondary character
Mom
AgeAt least 132
Date of birthBefore 2881
GenderFemale
SpeciesHuman
Planet of originEarth
ProfessionOwner and CEO of MomCorp
RelativesWalt, son
Larry, son
Igner, son
Hubert J. Farnsworth, former lover
Dr. Ogden Wernstrom, Ex-Husband
First appearance"A Fishful of Dollars" (1ACV06)
Voiced byTress MacNeille
Mom, real name Carol, is an elderly woman and the owner and CEO of MomCorp and its multiple subsidiary companies, such as Mom's Friendly Robot Company. While having the public face of a kind old woman, she is in reality bitter, cold-hearted and evil. She is among the most recurring antagonists of Futurama, as well as the old love interest of the Professor.
Contents
[edit] Personality
In public Mom appears to be a sweet and motherly old woman. However behind this facade is an evil, bitter and sometimes maniacal woman, who wants to take over the world. She is often abusive to her sons, slapping them regularly and also says that robots made her "sick to my ass" even though her company makes them. Mom was once in love with Hubert Farnsworth but breaking up with him was what caused her to become such a bitter woman.
Her public body is stereotypically motherly - fat and frail, usually in a rocking chair, but in private she takes off her fat-suit and is slim, usually sporting a skintight blue suit and tall black boots.
[edit] Biography
[edit] Early years
Little is known of Mom's life before forming MomCorp. A company named "Friendly Robot Company" already existed in 2801, probably later taken over by Mom. However, in 2881 Mom was already constructing the first robots of the first robots, working alongside inventor Hubert J. Farnsworth, who she had an on-again off-again relationship with through many years. One of the first robots was the highly polluting Sport-Utility Robot created by Farnsworth. In 2927, Mom sent her army (including Farnsworth and Zoidberg) on a yeti-hunting trip to Triton. In 2972, Mom was hired by DOOP to lead the dark matter mining in Vergon 6.
Professor Farnsworth is the father of Igner, the youngest of Mom's three sons, but did not know this for many years until 3009. Her other sons, Walt and Larry, have still questionable paternity, however it's possible that Mom's first husband, Dr. Ogden Wernstrom, is their father. Despite having been married before, Mom has claimed that Professor Farnsworth was "the only man I ever loved".
Mom's Cornwood alternative is Momon, a witch-like being representing her evil personality.
[edit] Recent years
Mom and the Professor briefly got back together on "Mother's Day", but she broke it off when she discovered that, although the Professor's feelings had become genuine, their meeting was a ploy to get the controller to stop the robot rebellion. As such, their conflict continued, and continues to this day.
She appears in Bender's Game under the identity "Momon" and eventually becomes a dragon that does battle with Fry, also a dragon.
[edit] Character Description
[edit] Relationships
Mom has at least on several accounts had a relationship with Professor Farnsworth. Farnsworth initially worked for Mom's Friendly Robot Company, where he designed robots for the company as well as toys, such as Q. T. McWhiskers, but Mom's suggestion of turning the toy into a giant caused Farnsworth to leave her and conflict developed between the former lovers.
Farnsworth would later return to Mom's company to work on creating actual robots. At the time robots were stiff moving and not very efficient, however, when Farnsworth sacrificed fuel efficiency, he succeeded at creating a sportier robot, the design for which would be the primary cause of global warming. What caused Farnsworth to leave this time is unknown, but it is likely that it was Mom's evil nature.
On a third occasion, Farnsworth was once again at the company with Mom, where he discovered the secret of Dark Matter, around the time where Mom's sons were born. But when Mom revealed her plans to leave Farnsworth for her former husband, the relationship ended again.
Surprisingly, as revealed in "The Tip of the Zoidberg", she has a close friendship with Zoidberg, even being on first name terms with him, asking him how he is and regretting that if he'd stayed with her, he could have been rich and successful.
[edit] Additional Info
Mom's Old-Fashioned Robot Oil
[edit] Trivia
[edit] Quotes
Mom: Crap-spackle!
Mom: Shove a big old squirrel in it!
Mom: Jam a bastard in it, you crap!
Mom: Stink pig!
Mom: Move your freaking hoof you goat!
[deleted scene] Mom: Make that bitch your bitch, you bastard!
Mom: Amazing. Some dumb bastard has nearly a million other dumb bastards following his every twit. [To her sons.] Are you dumb bastards listening to me, you dumb bastards?
Walt: Mommy!
Mom: What is it, you colicky bastards?!
Walt: We were playing video games and the other kids didn't play fair!
Mom: What?! Nobody rips off my kids but me!
[edit] Appearances
Personal tools
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2004
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 27/02/2004
Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product
Contents >> Government
This section contains the following subsection :
Introduction
The constitutional basis of government
The Sovereign
The Governor-General
The Commonwealth Parliament
The Australian Government
The Australian Public Service (APS)
Commonwealth elections
State government
Territory government
Local government
Political parties
National anthem and colours of Australia
Reference notes
Bibliography
Previous PageNext Page
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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"warc_url": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/7/170/abstract"
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Software
BioWarehouse: a bioinformatics database warehouse toolkit
Thomas J Lee1, Yannick Pouliot1, Valerie Wagner1, Priyanka Gupta1, David WJ Stringer-Calvert2, Jessica D Tenenbaum3 and Peter D Karp1*
Author Affiliations
1 Bioinformatics Research Group, SRI International, Menlo Park, USA
2 Computer Science Laboratory, SRI International, Menlo Park, USA
3 Stanford Medical Informatics, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Bioinformatics 2006, 7:170 doi:10.1186/1471-2105-7-170
Published: 23 March 2006
Abstract
Background
This article addresses the problem of interoperation of heterogeneous bioinformatics databases.
Results
We introduce BioWarehouse, an open source toolkit for constructing bioinformatics database warehouses using the MySQL and Oracle relational database managers. BioWarehouse integrates its component databases into a common representational framework within a single database management system, thus enabling multi-database queries using the Structured Query Language (SQL) but also facilitating a variety of database integration tasks such as comparative analysis and data mining. BioWarehouse currently supports the integration of a pathway-centric set of databases including ENZYME, KEGG, and BioCyc, and in addition the UniProt, GenBank, NCBI Taxonomy, and CMR databases, and the Gene Ontology. Loader tools, written in the C and JAVA languages, parse and load these databases into a relational database schema. The loaders also apply a degree of semantic normalization to their respective source data, decreasing semantic heterogeneity. The schema supports the following bioinformatics datatypes: chemical compounds, biochemical reactions, metabolic pathways, proteins, genes, nucleic acid sequences, features on protein and nucleic-acid sequences, organisms, organism taxonomies, and controlled vocabularies. As an application example, we applied BioWarehouse to determine the fraction of biochemically characterized enzyme activities for which no sequences exist in the public sequence databases. The answer is that no sequence exists for 36% of enzyme activities for which EC numbers have been assigned. These gaps in sequence data significantly limit the accuracy of genome annotation and metabolic pathway prediction, and are a barrier for metabolic engineering. Complex queries of this type provide examples of the value of the data warehousing approach to bioinformatics research.
Conclusion
BioWarehouse embodies significant progress on the database integration problem for bioinformatics.
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Research article
Australian Aboriginal Birth Cohort study: follow-up processes at 20 years
Susan Sayers1*, Gurmeet Singh1, Dorothy Mackerras1,2, Megan Lawrance1, Wendy Gunthorpe1, Lisa Jamieson3, Belinda Davison1, Kobi Schutz1 and Joseph Fitz1
Author Affiliations
1 Menzies School of Health Research, Institute of Advanced Studies, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT Australia
2 Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Barton, ACT, Australia
3 Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide SA, Australia
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC International Health and Human Rights 2009, 9:23 doi:10.1186/1472-698X-9-23
Published: 24 September 2009
Abstract
Background
In 1987, a prospective study of an Australian Aboriginal Birth Cohort was established focusing on the relationships of fetal and childhood growth with the risk of chronic adult disease. However as the study is being conducted in a highly marginalized population it is also an important resource for cross-sectional descriptive and analytical studies. The aim of this paper is to describe the processes of the third follow up which was conducted 20 years after recruitment at birth.
Methods
Progressive steps in a multiphase protocol were used for tracing, with modifications for the expected rural or urban location of the participants.
Results
Of the original 686 cohort participants recruited 68 were untraced and 27 were known to have died. Of the 591 available for examination 122 were not examined; 11 of these were refusals and the remainder were not seen for logistical reasons relating to inclement weather, mobility of participants and single participants living in very remote locations.
Conclusion
The high retention rate of this follow-up 20 years after birth recruitment is a testament to the development of successful multiphase protocols aimed at overcoming the challenges of tracing a cohort over a widespread remote area and also to the perseverance of the study personnel. We also interpret the high retention rate as a reflection of the good will of the wider Aboriginal community towards this study and that researchers interactions with the community were positive. The continued follow-up of this life course study now seems feasible and there are plans to trace and reexamine the cohort at age 25 years.
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Research article
Coat colour in dogs: identification of the Merle locus in the Australian shepherd breed
Benoit Hédan, Sébastien Corre, Christophe Hitte, Stéphane Dréano, Thierry Vilboux, Thomas Derrien, Bernard Denis, Francis Galibert, Marie-Dominique Galibert and Catherine André*
BMC Veterinary Research 2006, 2:9 doi:10.1186/1746-6148-2-9
No comments have yet been made on this article.
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Jarmans Gap Road improvements
From Cvillepedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jarmans Gap Road Improvements
Project Underway
Project Overview
Handle increased traffic from development along Jarmans Gap area. Improvements will take place in the 1.5 mile stretch between the intersection of Crozet Avenue (Virginia State Route 240) and just east of Lane Town Road (Rt. 684). Improvements include sidewalks and bike lanes from Route 240 to the Grayrock neighborhood and a widened shoulder on the remainder.
Cost $$13,530,519[1]
Sponsor VDOT
Status Update
Under construction[2]
Website Project website
VDOT Dashboard VDOT Dashboard Entry
Contact Brian Arnold, VDOT Project Manager
The Jarmans Gap Road improvements are a long-planned set of improvements to widen Jarmans Gap Road, the major east-west thoroughfare in Crozet, including the addition of bike lanes and sidewalks. The project was advertised for construction bids in January 2011[3] and construction began in May.[2]
Contents
Design
From Half Mile Branch to Jarman’s Lane, plans are for a two-lane rural section with shoulder widening to five feet. From Old Trail Drive to Crozet Avenue, plans are for an urban section with two travel lanes and some turn lanes, measuring 12 feet wide total; as well as shared, 4 feet wide bicycle lanes, curb and gutter on both sides of the roadway, and a five foot sidewalk on the north side of Route 691. [4]
Construction progress
The road's intersection with Route 240 (Crozet Avenue) was closed for five weeks beginning on September 15, 2010 for utility relocation.[5]
During construction, the road will be closed from August 29 to late October [6][2] for installation of a box culvert on Powells Creek. [4] [7]
Stormwater pond controversey
With roadwork under construction, Crozet residents are still negotiating with VDOT about the design for a stormwater retention pond planned for the corner of Jarmans Gap Road and Old Trail Drive. The pond is required by law, but some in the area claimed the initial design is an eyesore. Instead, they want the pond to be an biofilter. [6]
Map
References
1. Web. VDOT dashboard entry for project, December 6, 2010, December 6, 2010, retrieved December 6, 2010.
2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Web. Jarmans Gap to close for 60 days, Daily Progress, World Media Enterprises, May 17, 2011, retrieved May 17, 2011.
3. Web. MPO begins rewriting long-range transportation plan, Sean Tubbs, Charlottesville Tomorrow, Charlottesville, VA, January 27, 2011, retrieved February 1, 2011.
4. 4.0 4.1 Web. Construction Now In Progress on Jarmans Gap Road, Lou Hatter, VDOT Newsroom, VDOT, Culpepper, May 16, 2011, retrieved May 18, 2011.
5. Web. Crozet Master Plan, Chapter 3, Albemarle County, October 13, 2010, retrieved October 18, 2010.
6. 6.0 6.1 Web. Jarmans Gap project comes under scrutiny, Frank Muraca, Charlottesville Tomorrow, August 9, 2011, retrieved August 9, 2011.
7. Web. Closure of Jarmans Gap Road Moved to August 29, County of Albemarle, retrieved August 23, 2011.
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"url": "www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/air-quality/more-about-air-pollutants/ozone-1/impacts/mail_password_form",
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Revision history of "Setting up your Raspberry Pi as a DHCP Server"
Jump to: navigation, search
Diff selection: Mark the radio boxes of the revisions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom.
Legend: (cur) = difference with latest revision, (prev) = difference with preceding revision, m = minor edit.
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AusGeo News June 2011 Issue No. 102
Broken Hill and Mount Isa: linked but not rotated
Paul Henson, Natalie Kositcin and David Huston
Gravity datasets point to a link between the Mount Isa and Broken Hill mineral provinces
The Broken Hill Block and the Eastern Succession of the Mount Isa Inlier are two of the most highly mineralised provinces in Australia. They are also among the most highly mineralised Proterozoic provinces in the world.
Similarities between these provinces
Since the early ideas of Bill Laing, a consultant and academic (Laing and Beardsmore 1986; Laing 1996), for a 'Diamantina Orogen' connecting the Eastern Succession of the Mount Isa Inlier with the Broken Hill Block, similarities in the geological histories of these provinces have led many researchers (such as Betts et al 2002; Giles et al 2004; Betts and Giles 2006) to infer that they were contiguous through much of the Proterozoic. These similarities, which are detailed in Kositcin (2010) and illustrated in Figure 1, include:
1. Emplacement of voluminous ~1850 Ma (or million years) granites in north-south belts along the eastern margin of the Gawler Craton (Donington Suite) and the central part of the Mount Isa Province (Kalkadoon Supersuite).
2. Similar chemistry of around 1790 to 1780 Ma mafic and felsic volcanic rocks in the eastern Gawler and Mount Isa provinces.
3. Synchronous deposition of the Willyama Supergroup (Curnamona Province) and Eastern and Western Successions (Mt Isa Province) between around 1710 to 1600 Ma, including bimodal magmatism in both terranes at around 1710 to 1670 Ma.
4. Low-pressure upper amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphism at around 1600 to 1580 Ma during the Olarian Orogeny (Curnamona Province) and D2 phase of Isan Orogeny (Mount Isa Province).
5. The coincidence of 1600 to 1580 Ma bimodal magmatism in the Gawler Province with high-temperature, low-pressure metamorphism at mid-crustal levels in the eastern Mount Isa Province.
6. Similar timing of the Kararan Orogeny (Gawler Province) to the D3 and D4 phases of the Isan Orogeny (Mount Isa Province) between 1580 and 1540 Ma.
Although there is a general consensus that these provinces were contiguous through much of the later Paleoproterozoic, the relative position and orientation of these provinces when they were contiguous is contentious.
The Broken Hill Block contains the world's largest single sediment-hosted zinc-lead-silver deposit (Broken Hill) plus a number of small iron-oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits (for example, Portia, Kalkaroo). The Eastern Succession contains major IOCG deposits (such as Ernest Henry, Mount Dore, and Mount Elliott) as well as a number of significant sediment-hosted zinc-lead-silver deposits (for example, Cannington, Pegmont). The zinc-lead-silver deposits in both provinces formed at ~1690 to 1680 Ma, whereas the iron-oxide copper-gold deposits formed between ~1520 and 1500 Ma (King and Thomson 1953; Page and Laing 1992; Gibson and Nutman 2004; Huston 2009; Duncan et al 2011).
Figure 1. Simplified time-space-event plot for the Eastern Gawler, Curnamona Province and Mt Isa Province for the period 1900 Ma-1450 Ma, showing the similarities between them (see Kositcin, 2010 for details). The numbers on the right of the figure correlate with the similarities listed in the text.
To account for similarities presented above, Betts et al (2002) and Giles et al (2002, 2004) proposed that the Kimban Orogeny (and the Strangways Orogeny in the Arunta Province) was a consequence of collision between the Gawler Craton (as part of the Mawson Continent) and the North Australian Craton (including the Arunta and Mount Isa provinces) between around 1740 Ma and 1690 Ma. Betts and Giles (2006) modified this model so that crust east of the Kalinjala Mylonite Zone in the Gawler Province was originally part of the North Australian Craton and the proto-Gawler Province to the west was the colliding terrane during the Kimban-Strangways Orogeny. In these models, the ~1720 Ma Kimban Orogeny is interpreted to connect with the Strangways Orogeny in the Arunta Province to form an approximately east–west trending collisional belt. This interpretation requires the South Australian Craton (including the Gawler and Curnamona provinces) to be rotated 52 degrees counterclockwise relative to its current position. This places the Curnamona Province adjacent to the current southern subsurface extent of the Mount Isa Province and Georgetown Region (Giles et al 2004) thus linking the Eastern Succession and Willyama Supergroup (Broken Hill Block) as part of the same stratigraphic package.
Alternatively, based on studies in the Mount Isa Province Gibson et al (2008) proposed a Basin-and-Range-style model in which crustal evolution was dominated by extension along the eastern margin of Proterozoic Australia. In this interpretation, the north-south relative positions of the North Australian and South Australian cratons did not change significantly through the Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic.
Linked but not rotated
Hence, there is significant controversy as to the relative position, rotated or not, of the Gawler and Mount Isa provinces. Potential field datasets, including gravity and aeromagnetic datasets, have the potential to resolve this controversy as large-scale geophysical trends should be less susceptible to re-orientation and have fewer complexities of interpretation than geological datasets. However, the age of geophysical trends, in many cases, cannot be established conclusively. Figure 2a illustrates the variations in the Bouger gravity field for the eastern margin of Proterozoic Australia. This dataset and the aeromagnetic dataset are characterised by a major (under cover) boundary along the southern margin of the Mount Isa Province that truncates a broadly north–south geophysical grain.
Although less certain, the geophysical data in the Curnamona Province are also characterised by a north–south grain and a northern boundary (Boundary 2 on figure 2b) sub-parallel to the boundary that defines the southern margin of the Mount Isa Province (Boundary 1). To further assess this north–south trend, Figure 2b juxtaposes the Curnamona Province with the Mount Isa Province using the sub-parallel boundaries discussed above. This fit is remarkable: not only are the trends continuous, but individual linear anomalies in the gravity dataset can be traced across the province boundaries. If the Curnamona Province was rotated 52 degrees counterclockwise relative to the Mount Isa Province, the trends should not be traceable across the now separated province boundaries. This relationship is considered to favour a simple geological link without rotation, which is more consistent with models such as Gibson et al (2008) and the original interpretations of Bill Laing.
Figure 2a. Bouguer gravity image showing the proposed boundaries (broken black lines) between the Mt Isa province (Boundary 1) and the Broken Hill Block (Boundary 2), and the co-joined Curnamona Province and Gawler Craton. The locations of major towns are shown as white squares and the mine symbol denotes mines.
The white band in Figure 2b is intended to indicate that the Broken Hill Block and the Mount Isa Eastern Succession were not juxtaposed directly. Rather, they would have been separated by attenuated crust. The zone between the two boundaries in Figure 2a is characterised by crust that is significantly thinner than crust in either the Broken Hill Block or the Mount Isa Eastern Succession (30 to 35 kilometres, including ~5 kilometres of Paleozoic basins, compared to 40 to 45 kilometres, or more: Collins 1991; Meixner and Holgate 2009). It is possible that the attenuation of the crust was accompanied by granite emplacement (Meixner and Holgate 2009), as indicated by the large gravity lows in Figure 2a.
Implications for mineral potential
This reconstruction has important implications for the mineral potential of Proterozoic Australia, particularly its eastern margin. The Curnamona and Mount Isa Provinces are some of the most highly mineralised provinces in the world, and large parts of these provinces are under cover. The reconstruction discussed above suggests that the southern extension of the Mount Isa Province under cover has high potential for both sediment-hosted zinc-lead-silver and iron oxide copper-gold deposits. This potential will extend into the inferred attenuated crust between the two boundaries. In addition, younger parts of the Curnamona Province, particularly the Paragon and Sundown Groups, may have potential for sediment-hosted zinc-lead-silver deposits akin to the Mount Isa and Hilton-George Fisher deposits.
Figure 2b. Reconstruction using the gravity image of the Mt Isa Province and the Broken Hill Block, and the co-joined Curnamona Province and Gawler Craton. Boundary 1 and Boundary 2 have been repositioned (with no rotation) to show a proposed reconstruction of the architecture during the Mesoproterozoic (the white area between Boundary 1 and Boundary 2 represents crust that was attenuated). The locations of major towns are shown as white squares and the mine symbol denotes mines.
For more information email ausgeomail@ga.gov.au
References
1. Betts PG & Giles D. 2006. The 1800-1100 Ma tectonic evolution of Australia. Precambrian Research 144:92–125.
2. Betts PG, Giles D, Lister GS & Frick LR. 2002, Evolution of the Australian lithosphere. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 49: 661–698.
3. Collins CDN. 1991. The nature of the crust-mantle boundary under Australia from seismic evidence. Geological Society of Australia Special Publication 17: 67–80.
4. Duncan RJ, Stein HJ, Evans KA, Hitzman MW, Nelson EP & Kirwin DJ. 2011. A New Geochronological Framework for Mineralization and Alteration in the Selwyn-Mount Dore Corridor, Eastern Fold Belt, Mount Isa Inlier, Australia: Genetic Implications for Iron Oxide Copper-Gold Deposits. Economic Geology 106: 169–192.
5. Gibson GM & Nutman AP. 2004, Detachment faulting and bimodal magmatism in the Palaeoproterozoic Willyama Supergroup, south-central Australia: keys to recognition of a multiply deformed Precambrian metamorphic core complex. Journal of the Geological Society of London 161: 55–66.
6. Gibson GM, Rubenach MJ, Neumann NL, Southgate PN & Hutton LJ. 2008. Syn- and post-extensional tectonic activity in the Paleoproterozoic sequences of Broken Hill and Mount Isa and its bearing on reconstructions of Rodinia. Precambrian Research 166: 350–369.
7. Giles D, Betts PG & Lister GS. 2002. Far-field continental backarc setting for 1.80–1.67 Ga basins of northern Australia. Geology 30: 823–826.
8. Giles D, Betts PG & Lister GS. 2004. 1.8–1.5 Ga links between the North and South Australian Cratons and the Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic configuration of Australia. Tectonophysics 380: 27–41.
9. Huston DL. 2009. Metallogeny and the evolution of the Australian continent: linkage between mineralisation and tectonic history. SGA News 24: 1/19.
10. Kositcin N (ed). 2010. Geodynamic Synthesis of the Gawler Craton and Curnamona Province. Geoscience Australia Record, 2010/27.
11. King HF & Thomson BP. 1953. The geology of the Broken Hill district: In: Edwards AB (ed). Geology of Australian ore deposits, 5th Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress, Australia and New Zealand: Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Publication 1: 533–577.
12. Laing WP. 1996. The Diamantina orogen linking the Willyama and Cloncurry Terranes, eastern Australia: University of Tasmania, Centre for Ore Deposit and Exploration Studies Special Publication 1: 67–70.
13. Laing WP & Beardsmore TJ. 1986. Stratigraphic rationalisation of the eastern Mount Isa Block, recognition of key correlations with Georgetown and Broken Hill blocks in an eastern Australian Proterozoic terrain, and their metallogenic implications. Abstracts - Geological Society of Australia 15: 114–115.
14. Meixner T & Holgate F. 2009. The Cooper Basin regional 3D geological map version 1: a search for hot buried granites. Geoscience Australia Record 2009/15.
15. Page RW & Laing WP. 1992. Felsic metavolcanic rocks related to the Broken Hill Pb-Zn-Ag orebody, Australia; geology, depositional age, and timing of high-grade metamorphism: Economic Geology 87: 2138–2168.
Unless otherwise noted, all Geoscience Australia material on this website is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence.
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Sack and Yarov-Yarovoy:Research
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Sack and Yarov-Yarovoy Labs
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IGEM:Peking University/2008/Related Papers
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Contents
Reference
AID related
1. Chaudhuri, J., C. Khuong, and F.W. Alt, Replication protein A interacts with AID to promote deamination of somatic hypermutation targets. Nature, 2004. 430(7003): p. 992-8. PubMed
2. Prochnow, C., et al., The APOBEC-2 crystal structure and functional implications for the deaminase AID. Nature, 2007. 445(7126): p. 447-51. PubMed
3. Mayorov, V.I., et al., Expression of human AID in yeast induces mutations in context similar to the context of somatic hypermutation at G-C pairs in immunoglobulin genes. BMC Immunol, 2005. 6(1): p. 10. PubMed
4. Kotani, A., et al., A target selection of somatic hypermutations is regulated similarly between T and B cells upon activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2005. 102(12): p. 4506-11.PubMed
5. Gomez-Gonzalez, B. and A. Aguilera, Activation-induced cytidine deaminase action is strongly stimulated by mutations of the THO complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2007. 104(20): p. 8409-14.PubMed
6. Ito, S., et al., Activation-induced cytidine deaminase shuttles between nucleus and cytoplasm like apolipoprotein B mRNA editing catalytic polypeptide 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004. 101(7): p. 1975-80PubMed
7. Seki, M., P.J. Gearhart, and R.D. Wood, DNA polymerases and somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. EMBO Rep, 2005. 6(12): p. 1143-8.PubMed
8. Neuberger, M.S., et al., Somatic hypermutation at A.T pairs: polymerase error versus dUTP incorporation. Nat Rev Immunol, 2005. 5(2): p. 171-8.PubMed
GAL4 related
1. Marmorstein, R., et al., DNA recognition by GAL4: structure of a protein-DNA complex. Nature, 1992. 356(6368): p. 408-14. PubMed
2. Ma, J. and M. Ptashne, Deletion analysis of GAL4 defines two transcriptional activating segments. Cell, 1987. 48(5): p. 847-53. PubMed
3. Chasman, D.I. and R.D. Kornberg, GAL4 protein: purification, association with GAL80 protein, and conserved domain structure. Mol Cell Biol, 1990. 10(6): p. 2916-23. PubMed
4. Gill, G. and M. Ptashne, Mutants of GAL4 protein altered in an activation function. Cell, 1987. 51(1): p. 121-6 PubMed
5. Hidalgo, P., et al., Recruitment of the transcriptional machinery through GAL11P: structure and interactions of the GAL4 dimerization domain. Genes Dev, 2001. 15(8): p. 1007-20.PubMed
Yeast Manipulate
1. Forsburg, S.L., S. pombe strain maintenance and media. Curr Protoc Mol Biol, 2003. Chapter 13: p. Unit 13 15.PubMed
2. Bahler, J., et al., Heterologous modules for efficient and versatile PCR-based gene targeting in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Yeast, 1998. 14(10): p. 943-51. PubMed
3. Blackburn:Yeast Colony PCR
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Cox Communications, UHY Advisors To Present with BlackLine Systems at 20th Annual
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Session to focus on the benefits, ROI that can be achieved through the automation of accounting processes
LOS ANGELES – Feb. 28, 2013– Representatives from financial software provider BlackLine Systems along with client Cox Communications and consulting and implementation partner UHY Advisors will be speaking at the 20th Annual CFO Rising East conference next week in Orlando.
Smart, efficient close to report cycles create a foundation for evaluating performance, supporting business decisions and satisfying external reporting requirements. Until recently, accounting/finance departments have had to rely on spreadsheet-driven processes that often lead to hidden errors, resulting in costly mistakes.
Finance executives must be ready for whatever the markets, regulators and global economy brings them. Now in its 20th year, CFO Rising East is expected to bring together some of the world’s most powerful CFOs. At this year’s milestone event, top CFOs will assemble to discuss the biggest trends and challenges in finance, with a focus on the role of the CFO in identifying paths to growth.
Susan Parcells, BlackLine Systems director of finance transformation and product expert, will moderate a session entitled “The Road to Reconciliation: Achieving Balance Sheet Integrity.” The following panelists will share their insight on how companies can communicate better, improve efficiencies, increase productivity and reduce bottom line costs by implementing an automated account reconciliation and financial close system:
• Tammie Coley, CPA, executive director, Enterprise Accounting & Financial Systems, Cox Communications
• Frank Fenello, CPA, managing director, UHY Advisors
Attendees will leave the session with knowledge of how they can:
• Implement technology to automate the entire financial close process, increasing control and visibility across the board
• Ensure timely, accurate and documented communications between all departments (accounting, finance, compliance, auditing, etc.)
• Realize exceptional return-on-investment (ROI) in a very short timeframe
• Improve the accuracy and timeliness of compliance reporting
• Define responsibility and process ownership
• Manage compliance while servicing multiple locations
CFO Rising East provides a venue for senior finance executives to explore the latest trends in risk and resource management and share best practices that will help U.S. organizations succeed in a volatile global marketplace.
CFO Rising East, scheduled for Sunday, March 3, to Wednesday, March 6, 2013, is part of a series of informative and educational events organized by CFO Conferences, an affiliate of the industry leading CFO Magazine. CFO Conferences is registered with the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy (NASBA) as a sponsor of continuing professional education on the National Registry of CPE Sponsors.
To learn more, contact Howard Goldstein at howard.goldstein@blackline.com.
About BlackLine Systems
BlackLine Systems was the first to develop and offer a commercially available Balance Sheet Account Reconciliation solution. An experienced provider of software to companies from the Fortune 100 to beyond the Fortune 1,000, BlackLine provides quick-to-implement, scalable and easy-to-use applications that automate the entire financial close process to help improve financial controls for companies of all sizes. BlackLine software applications complement existing Enterprise Performance Management (EPM), Governance Risk and Compliance (GRC) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems.
BlackLine offers clients its enterprise-class software in a simple and secure OnDemand/SaaS platform. With a proven track record and a commitment to customer success, BlackLine seeks to reduce the burden the financial close places on accounting and finance professionals.
BlackLine headquarters are in Los Angeles, with offices in Atlanta, Chicago, London, New York City and Sydney to serve the company’s growing global client base. For more information, please visit www.blackline.com.
News Source : Cox Communications, UHY Advisors To Present with BlackLine Systems at 20th Annual
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Praxgirl Teaches Her Own Mises Academy On Uncertainty
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In episode 9 she tackles the issues of uncertainty in human action. She address the 3 ways to think about an action, the nature of predictions about the future, and the limits of praxeological predictions.
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Tuesday, December 11, 2012
EEG Day Yesterday Went Very Well: Conor Was Outstanding!
Conor's EEG exam had been scheduled for yesterday as a result of his scary Grand Mal seizure a few weeks ago. (Not that I am superstitious but I did wear my Tom Brady Patriots jersey to the EEG for good luck) The EEG techs indicated it would take time to get set up: about 20 minutes. They hoped to get at least 45 minutes of readings after that. With Conor's autistic disorder, profound developmental delays and sensory issues I questioned in my own mind whether they would be able to get 45 minutes before Conor started removing the head wrap with the connecting wires.
My questions were answered positively when Conor provided approximately 70 minutes of readings without breaking a sweat! His pediatrician had consulted the neurologist involved and they decided on the best medication for Conor to take that would allow him to be drowsy (and calm) while interfering minimally with the readings. His pediatrician, Dr. Messenger, provided clear instructions to me to give Conor his medication one hour before the scheduled start time. Perhaps because of his own procedures, perhaps because we have met and discussed Conor and autism on several occasions over the years, he politely made sure Dad got the message and repeated the instructions twice. The technicians and staff at the DECH EEG section were also outstanding. We completed a service survey on leaving and rated our experience 10 out of 10! Conor's mom Heather also contributed to the successful outcome. She snuggled on to the hospital bed with Conor and stayed beside him throughout the process.
The star of the day though was Conor himself. The techs allowed me to see his face on one of their visual screens. I could only see his eyes and above. His eyes were open and he was calm throughout 70 minutes. When it was over he left the hospital on his own steam holding our arms for support in the slippery snow storm conditions outside the hospital as we left. We went through a Burger King drive through on the way home and rewarded Conor with a BK burger. (Dad got one too!) Conor was quiet but content until he went to sleep at his regular time last night.
Small things can be a challenge with Conor. That is reality, Conor's autism reality, every day. Yesterday a big challenge, an EEG exam, was no problem for my buddy who provided 70 minutes of readings. Meanwhile, last evening, Tom Brady led the Patriots to a thrashing of the upstart Houston Texans. Brady was excellent. Conor was our MVP though.
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Error!
Success!
Introduction to F#
0
kicks
Introduction to F# (Unpublished)
F# is a typed functional programming language for the .NET Framework. It combines the succinctness, expressivity, and compositionality of typed functional programming with the runtime support, libraries, interoperability, tools, and object model of .NET.
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Wikia
SRD:Hat of Disguise
Talk0
9,502pages on
this wiki
This material is published under the OGL
Hat of Disguise: This apparently normal hat allows its wearer to alter her appearance as with a disguise self spell. As part of the disguise, the hat can be changed to appear as a comb, ribbon, headband, cap, coif, hood, helmet, and so on.
Faint illusion; CL 1st; Craft Wondrous Item, disguise self; Price 1,800 gp.
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Louisiana Statewide Deaths (FamilySearch Historical Records)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
This article describes a collection of historical records scheduled to become available at FamilySearch.org.
Contents
Record Description
The collection consists of digital images of death records created by the state of Louisiana for 1960. Images of the index are included.
Citation for This Collection
The following citation refers to the original source of the data and images published on FamilySearch.org Historical Records. It may include the author, custodian, publisher, and archive for the original records.
"Louisiana Deaths, 1960," FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org). Louisiana State Board of Health, Bureau of Vital Statistics. Louisiana State Archives, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. FHL digital images. Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Suggested citation format for a record in this collection.
Record Content
Key genealogical facts that may be found in the Louisiana Death Records, depending on the time period, include:
• Full name
• Place and date of death
• Age and birthplace (city or town, state or foreign country)
• Marital status and sometimes name of spouse
• Date of birth
• Sex
• Race
• Names and birthplaces of parents
• Occupation
• Place and date of burial
• Cause of Death
• Name of informant
• Social Security number (later records)
• If veteran, name of war (later records)
• Length of stay in community (later records)
• If the deceased is a citizen of a foreign county, the name of the country (later records)
How to Use the Records
When searching the records it is helpful to know the following:
• The place where the death occurred
• The name of the person at the time of death
• The approximate death date
Search the Collection
Fill in the requested information in the initial search page. Look at the list of entries created by your search. Compare the information about the ancestors in the list to what you already know about your ancestors to determine if this is the correct family or person. You may need to compare the information about more than one person to find your ancestor.
Using the Information
When you have located your ancestor’s death record, carefully evaluate each piece of information given. These pieces of information may give you new biographical details that can lead you to other records about your ancestors. Add this new information to your records of each family.
For example:
• Use the birth date or age along with the place of birth to find or verify their birth records and parents' names.
• Use the birth date or age along with the place of birth to find the family in census records.
• Use the residence and names of the parents (if the deceased is a child) to locate church and land records.
• Use the parents' birth places to find former residences and to establish a migration pattern for the family.
Tips to Keep in Mind
• You may need to compare the information of more than one family or person to make this determination.
• The name of the officiator is a clue to their religion or area of residence in the county.
• The name of the undertaker or mortuary could lead you to funeral and cemetery records which often include the names and residences of other family members.
• Occupations listed can lead you to other types of records such as employment or military records.
• Compile the entries for every person who has the same surname; this is especially helpful in rural areas or if the surname is unusual.
• Continue to search the records to identify children, siblings, parents, and other relatives of the deceased who may have died or been buried in the same county or nearby. This can help you identify other generations of your family or even the second marriage of a parent. Repeat this process for each new generation you identify.
• When looking for a person who had a common name, look at all the entries for the name before deciding which is correct.
• The information in these records is usually reliable, but depends upon the reliability of the informant.
• Earlier records may not contain as much information as the records created after the late 1800s.
• There is also some variation in the information given from one record to another record.
If you are unable to find the ancestors you are looking for, try the following:
• Check for variant spellings of the surnames.
• Check for an index. There are often indexes at the beginning of each volume. Local historical and genealogical societies also often have indexes to local records.
• Search the indexes and records of nearby counties.
An index to the Orleans parish death records beginning in 1804 can be found at The USGenWeb Archives Project: Louisiana, Orleans Parish. An index to these records and the Orleans parish death records is available at the Louisiana Government website.
Related Websites
Related Wiki Articles
Contributions to This Article
We welcome user additions to FamilySearch Historical Records wiki articles. Guidelines are available to help you make changes. Thank you for any contributions you may provide. If you would like to get more involved join the WikiProject FamilySearch Records.
Citing FamilySearch Historical Collections
When you copy information from a record, you should list where you found the information. This will help you or others to find the record again. It is also good to keep track of records where you did not find information, including the names of the people you looked for in the records.
A suggested format for keeping track of records that you have searched is found in the wiki article Help:How to Cite FamilySearch Collections
Citation Example for a Record Found in This Collection
"Louisiana Deaths, 1850-1875; 1894-1954." index and images, FamilySearch ( 11 March 2011). entry for Eddie Norman Evans, died 18 January 1918; citing Death Records, FHL microfilm 2,364,547; Louisiana State Archives, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
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• This page was last modified on 30 January 2013, at 06:28.
• This page has been accessed 474 times.
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Bleckley County, GeorgiaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 16:18, 8 October 2012 by Ashtontownleysmith (Talk | contribs)
United States Georgia Bleckley County
Contents
County Courthouse
Bleckley County Courthouse
306 2nd St SE
Cochran, GA 31014-1633
Phone: 912.934.3200
Clerk Superior Court has divorce, probate,
court and land records[1]
History
Parent County
1912--Bleckley County was created 30 July 1912 from Pulaski County. County seat: Cochran [2]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
Places/Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Cemeteries
Church
Court
Land
Local Histories
Maps
Military
Newspapers
Probate
Taxation
Vital Records
Societies and Libraries
Family History Centers
Web Sites
References
1. Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Bleckley County, Georgia. Page 151 At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.
2. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
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Stadium Kubu also known as Stadium Hang Tuah sprawls over an area of 5.5 ha right in the city of Melaka and can accommodate 5000 - 6000 spectators (galerry & granstand) with a maximum capacity of 20,000. Kubu Stadium is on Stadium Kubu; is on Jalan Ong Kim Wee; is near Jalan Ong Kim Hoon; is near Jalan Tan Yee Biew; is near Hsbc; is near Jalan Hang Tuah; is near Jalan Tan Chay Yan; is near Jalan Graha Maju; Kubu Stadium is geographically located at latitude(2.2038 degrees) 2° 12' 13" North of the Equator and longitude (102.2449 degrees) 102° 14' 41" East of the Prime Meridian on the Map of Malacca - Melaka.
The locations related to Kubu Stadium are represented by the nearest distances two points and may not be nearest by road. For example, Kubu Stadium is located 56 metres from Kubu Tamil School. Kubu Stadium is located 101 metres from Malacca KMA Digital Mall. Kubu Stadium is located 145 metres from Shell, J Hang Tuah. Kubu Stadium is located 172 metres from BCB, J Hang Tuah. Kubu Stadium is located 177 metres from Bank Rakyat.
Featured Places Of Interest Located Nearby
SJK Pay Teck is located 0.5 Kilometres away from Kubu Stadium. SJK Pay Teck - 1 Photo(s) Featured.
Tamil Methodist Church is located 0.6 Kilometres away from Kubu Stadium. Tamil Methodist Church - 1 Photo(s) Featured.
Metropole Hotel 0.3km, Golden Legacy 0.4km, Naza Hotel 0.5km, are places to stay (hotel, service apartment, inn) located near Kubu Stadium.
Malacca KMA Digital Mall 0.1km, Plaza Hang Tuah 0.3km, Tong Hup Store 0.7km, are places to shop (shopping mall, shop houses) located near Kubu Stadium.
Cheng Ho Cultural Museum 1km, Kota Laksamana 1.1km, Maritime Museum 1.4km, are places of interest (attraction) located near Kubu Stadium.
Kubu Tamil School 0.1km, UTeM Kampus Bandar 0.3km, SJK Yok Bin 0.4km, are places of learning (school, college, university) located near Kubu Stadium.
Rempah Park 0.9km, Sungei Melaka Peta Lokasi 1.1km, Historic City Memorial Garden 1.4km, are parks, playgrounds, open fields or commons located near Kubu Stadium.
Kubu Stadium
Kubu Tamil School
Malacca KMA Digital Mall
Shell, J Hang Tuah
BCB, J Hang Tuah
Bank Rakyat
Satay Celup
Hsbc, J Hang Tuah
Maybank, J Hang Tuah
Yayasan Melaka
Graha Maju
UTeM Kampus Bandar
BP, J Hang Tuah
Wisma Persekutuan Melaka
Hlb, J Ong Kim Wee
Plaza Hang Tuah
Metropole Hotel
Golden Legacy
Chinese Methodist Church
Click here to zoom in
Where do you want to go?
Location Information
Latitude °
Longitude °
PlaceName
Category
Kubu Stadium
Kampung Lima is about 0.4 km away.
7-11 J Hang Tuah is about 0.4 km away.
Jaymuda is about 0.4 km away.
Proton is about 0.4 km away.
Kampung Chetti is about 0.4 km away.
Popular Book Store is about 0.4 km away.
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tedkincaid's bookmarks
"If we hope for what we are not likely to possess, we act and think in vain, and make life a greater dream and shadow than it really is."
Addison, Joseph on hope
37 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"Thoughts are things; they have tremendous power. Thoughts of doubt and fear are pathways to failure. When you conquer negative attitudes of doubt and fear you conquer failure. Thoughts crystallize into habit and habit solidifies into circumstances."
Adams, Bryan on thoughts and thinking
22 fans of this quote
"Never underestimate your problem or your ability to deal with it."
Schuller, Robert H. on challenges
11 fans of this quote
"The fellow who does things that count, doesn't usually stop to count them."
Unknown, Source on achievement
13 fans of this quote
"Desire and force between them are responsible for all our actions; desire causes our voluntary acts, force our involuntary."
Pascal, Blaise on desire
4 fans of this quote
"It is the heart which perceives God and not the reason. That is what faith is: God perceived by the heart, not by the reason."
Pascal, Blaise on faith
4 fans of this quote
"The real act of marriage takes place in the heart, not in the ballroom or church or synagogue. It's a choice you make -- not just on your wedding day, but over and over again -- and that choice is reflected in the way you treat your husband or wife."
Angelis, Barbara De on marriage
18 fans of this quote
"We can have in life but one great experience at best, and the secret of life is to reproduce that experience as often as possible."
Wilde, Oscar on experience
10 fans of this quote
"The totality of the Universe is within ones' mind..many go out of their minds seeking themselves..."
Blum, Donald on adonybus
"To the living we owe respect, but to the dead we owe only the truth."
Voltaire on death
10 fans of this quote
"Out of need springs desire, and out of desire springs the energy and the will to win."
Waitley, Denis on desire
4 fans of this quote
"It is twice the pleasure to deceive the deceiver."
La Fontaine, Jean De on deception
5 fans of this quote
"Nature makes only dumb animals. We owe the fools to society."
Balzac, Honore De on fools and foolishness
4 fans of this quote
"Abundance is not something we acquire. It is something we tune into."
Dyer, Wayne on abundance
11 fans of this quote
"Desperation is sometimes as powerful an inspirer as genius."
Disraeli, Benjamin on desperation
4 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"A consistent soul believes in destiny, a capricious one in chance."
Disraeli, Benjamin on destiny
10 fans of this quote
"Despair is the conclusion of fools."
Disraeli, Benjamin on doubt
6 fans of this quote
"Everything you need you already have. You are complete right now, you are a whole, total person, not an apprentice person on the way to someplace else. Your completeness must be understood by you and experienced in your thoughts as your own personal reality."
Dyer, Wayne on abundance
13 fans of this quote
"Our lives are a sum total of the choices we have made."
Dyer, Wayne on decisions
12 fans of this quote
"We are Divine enough to ask and we are important enough to receive."
Dyer, Wayne on divinity
5 fans of this quote
"If I could define enlightenment briefly I would say it is the quiet acceptance of what is."
Dyer, Wayne on enlightenment
13 fans of this quote
"The character ethic, which I believe to be the foundation of success, teaches that there are basic principles of effective living, and that people can only experience true success and enduring happiness as they learn and integrate these principles into their basic character."
Covey, Stephen R. on ethics
7 fans of this quote
"It does not take much strength to do things, but it requires great strength to decide what to do."
Hubbard, Elbert on decisions
15 fans of this quote
"Difficulties are things that show a person what they are."
Epictetus on difficulties
16 fans of this quote
"All philosophy lies in two words, sustain and abstain."
Epictetus on abstinence
6 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"But what is all this fear of and opposition to Oblivion? What is the matter with the soft Darkness, the Dreamless Sleep?"
Thurber, James on death
4 fans of this quote
"The practice of peace and reconciliation is one of the most vital and artistic of human actions."
Thích Nhat Hanh on peace
"People deal too much with the negative, with what is wrong. Why not try and see positive things, to just touch those things and make them bloom?"
Thích Nhat Hanh on negativity
5 fans of this quote
"To know is to control."
Reed, Scott on control
4 fans of this quote
"You must give to get, You must sow the seed, before you can reap the harvest."
Reed, Scott on giving
4 fans of this quote
"Think like a wise man but communicate in the language of the people."
Yeats, William Butler on language
9 fans of this quote
"Education is not the filling of the pail, but, the lighting of the fire."
Yeats, William Butler on motivation
15 fans of this quote
"Genius is sorrow's child."
Adams, John on genius
7 fans of this quote
"We may encounter many defeats but we must not be defeated."
Angelou, Maya on defeat
24 fans of this quote
"The happiness of society is the end of government."
Adams, John on society
6 fans of this quote
"There are two levers for moving men -- interest and fear."
Bonaparte, Napoleon on motivation
4 fans of this quote
"Life takes on meaning when you become motivated, set goals and charge after them in an unstoppable manner."
Brown, Les on motivation
20 fans of this quote
"Too often we underestimate the power of a touch, a smile, a kind word, a listening ear, an honest compliment, or the smallest act of caring, all of which have the potential to turn a life around."
Buscaglia, Leo on motivation
19 fans of this quote
But wait... my book has more: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 next
ted kincaid's quote collection
I'm male and made my book on 7th December 2011.
My book as a pdf
My feed
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
You've got to create a dream. You've got to uphold the dream. If you can't, go back to the factory or go back to the desk. Burdon, Eric
This quote is about dream · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Burdon, Eric ...
Eric Victor Burdon (born 11 May 1941, Walker-on-Tyne, Northumberland) was the lead singer of The Animals and later of War.
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Quotation added by staff
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It's better that it should make you sick than that you don't eat it at all. Proverb, Catalan
This quote is about food and eating · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Proverb, Catalan ...
We don't have a biography.
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aajp4u3snuwsmzbc5bdvly3j7zx6ge53
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
There is nothing in the world more powerful than an idea. No weapon can destroy it; no power can conquer it except the power of another idea. Smith, James R.
This quote is about ideas · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Smith, James R. ...
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Unhappiness in a child accumulates because he sees no end to the dark tunnel. The thirteen weeks of a term might just as well be thirteen years. Greene, Graham
This quote is about children · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Greene, Graham ...
Henry Graham Greene, OM (October 2, 1904 April 3, 1991) was a prolific English novelist, playwright, short story writer and critic whose works explore the ambiguities of modern man and ambivalent moral or political issues in a contemporary setting. Although Greene objected strongly to being described as a mere "Catholic novelist", his religion informs most of his novels, and many of his best works (e.g. Brighton Rock, The Heart of the Matter and The Power and the Glory) are explicitly Roman Catholic in content and preoccupations.
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Friday, August 04, 2006
Spotty – Group Effort Division
Here is a letter to the editor in yesterday’s Guardian in the UK which earns a Spotty for its authors.
The US-backed Israeli assault on Lebanon has left the country numb, smouldering and angry. The massacre in Qana and the loss of life is not simply "disproportionate". It is, according to existing international laws, a war crime.
The deliberate and systematic destruction of Lebanon's social infrastructure by the Israeli air force was also a war crime, designed to reduce that country to the status of an Israeli-US protectorate. The attempt has backfired. In Lebanon itself, 87% of the population now support Hizbullah's resistance, including 80% of Christian and Druze and 89% of Sunni Muslims, while 8% believe the US supports Lebanon. But these actions will not be tried by any court set up by the "international community" since the US and its allies that commit or are complicit in these appalling crimes will not permit it.
It has now become clear that the assault on Lebanon to wipe out Hizbullah had been prepared long before. Israel's crimes had been given a green light by the US and its loyal British ally, despite the opposition to Blair in his own country.
In short, the peace that Lebanon enjoyed has come to an end, and a paralysed country is forced to remember a past it had hoped to forget. The state terror inflicted on Lebanon is being repeated in the Gaza ghetto, while the "international community" stands by and watches in silence. Meanwhile, the rest of Palestine is annexed and dismantled with the direct participation of the US and the tacit approval of its allies.
We offer our solidarity and support to the victims of this brutality and to those who mount a resistance against it. For our part, we will use all the means at our disposal to expose the complicity of our governments in these crimes. There will be no peace in the Middle East while the occupations of Palestine and Iraq and the temporarily "paused" bombings of Lebanon continue.
Tariq Ali
Noam Chomsky
Eduardo Galeano
Howard Zinn
Ken Loach
John Berger
Arundhati Roy
London
Remember, boys and girls, a Spotty is awarded for a letter to the editor, an op-ed piece, or a blog post or comment that Spot wishes he had written. Spot found the link to this letter on Informed Comment.
Spotty recommends a couple of his own posts on the war:
Lebanon is dying for our sins
Unintended consequences?
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1301.0 - Yearbook Chapter, 2008
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 07/02/2008
Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product
FEATURE ARTICLE: SUSTAINING THE MINERAL RESOURCES INDUSTRY – OVERCOMING THE TYRANNY OF DEPTH
This article was contributed by Geoscience Australia (September 2007).
Mining in Australia dates back thousands of years with the continent's Indigenous people looking for the best stone to use as hunting and cooking implements. This search for stone continued with the arrival of the First Fleet, when convicts were assigned to cut sandstone blocks from the shores of Port Jackson for the Governor's residence, warehouses, military barracks, prisons and other buildings.
The country's first truly commercial mining venture was at Newcastle in 1799 when coal was exported to Bengal. The coal had been discovered in 1791 by a convict, William Bryant, and led to the establishment of a penal settlement at what was then known as 'Coal River' in 1801. From those humble beginnings, Newcastle has developed into a major metropolitan centre and Australia has become one of the largest coal producers in the world. Production of raw black coal reached a total of 398 million tonnes in 2006, and created exports worth around $23 billion (b).
Overall, mining activity accounts for around 8% of Australia's gross domestic product and has contributed over $500b directly to Australia's wealth during the past 20 years. There are around 320,000 Australians employed in the industry, either directly or indirectly in support industries. Many are in sparsely populated, remote and regional Australia.
To put it in perspective, Australia is the world's largest exporter of black coal, iron ore and gold. It also holds the status of being the leading producer of bauxite and alumina as well as the second largest producer of uranium, lead and zinc; the third largest producer of iron ore, nickel, manganese and gold; the fourth largest producer of black coal, silver and copper; and the fifth largest producer of aluminium.
However, only a handful of major new discoveries have been made in recent years. In an attempt to reverse this trend, mining companies are stepping up exploration efforts in both existing areas of mineralisation and in areas which so far have attracted limited exploration investment. Mineral exploration expenditure in 2006-07 was $1.7b, close to $1b more than in 2002-03. Metres drilled over the same period increased by 64% to 8,455,000 metres.
In the past, available technology meant that mining was limited largely to deposits which were close to the surface with the search for new mineralisation being confined to relatively shallow drilling and observations of near-to-surface geology. But a major change is happening.
The Australian Government through Geoscience Australia is helping to limit the risk associated with mineral exploration by developing a greater understanding of the geological makeup of the continent. The agency has begun a program to look far beneath the surface and look at the geological architecture of the Earth's crust deep below some of Australia's most significant mineral provinces and in areas which geologists believe hold the potential for major mineral deposits.
This approach, which uses techniques such as deep seismic surveys, gravity surveys and airborne electromagnetic surveys can be expected to significantly increase the opportunities for new mineral discoveries beneath Australia's land surface.
Already surveys have revealed complex structures extending to the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle, commonly known as the Moho or Mohorovicic discontinuity. In some cases these surveys have extended to around 60 kilometres (km) below the surface to provide vital clues about the geological controls on the distribution of known mineralisation.
In some cases these deep crustal surveys have shown how particular mineral deposits have formed from mineral rich fluids which were forced up to flow along deep fractures in the Earth's crust. The surveys also have revealed similarities between the deep and the near-to-surface geological architecture of areas with known mineralisation and other, targeted survey areas. The discoveries have heightened the likelihood of locating similar mineralisation and provide a guide for exploration companies which could significantly reduce the risk associated with costly drilling programs.
An example is provided near Broken Hill (New South Wales) where an anomaly occurring between 42 and 54 km below the surface helps to explain the previously puzzling difference between 1,720 million year old rocks in the Broken Hill region and less than 600 million year old rocks in the more easterly Darling region. The information will greatly assist explorers to more directly identify locations for other potentially significant mineralisation in the Broken Hill region by focusing exploration in the older rocks.
Through this and similar projects undertaken in the Gawler region of South Australia, the Kalgoorlie/Boulder district in Western Australia, the Tanami Desert on the Western Australian/Northern Territory border, the Mount Isa/Cloncurry/Charters Towers region in north Queensland and gold-bearing regions in central Victoria, mining companies are being presented with new exploration opportunities. Already the results have led to new targeted drilling programs in the Gawler region, north-west Queensland and the Tanami region.
By adding data from these deep seismic investigations to other geological and geophysical information gathered over the past 60 years, geologists will be able to obtain a fuller understanding of the evolution of the continent. The production of predictive maps and three-dimensional imaging indicating regions with a high potential to host mineral deposits can be expected to lead to accelerated exploration investment and investigation by industry of mineral provinces not previously recognised.
This heightened interest combined with the continuing passion among today's miners and the dedication of geologists and other scientists in the various geosciences will ensure Australia has a continuing mining heritage for many years to come. Already the sophisticated program of deep crustal imaging has created opportunities for innovative ways to probe and interpret the Earth's secrets in an effort to discover new lodes to rival the legendary deposits of Broken Hill, Mount Isa, Kalgoorlie/Boulder, Hamersley and Olympic Dam.
The mining industry has come a long way since a long boat ventured along the coast north of Port Jackson and returned with a few lumps of coal. But as new discoveries aided by sophisticated scientific analysis unfold, ore bodies such as Broken Hill and Mount Isa will one day be equated to that long boat and handful of coal.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
2015.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Selected Social and Housing Characteristics, Australia, 2001
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 13/06/2002 Reissue
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
MEDIA RELEASE
June 13, 2002
Embargoed: 11:30 AM (AEST)
72/2002
First results from 2001 Census to be released June 17 - QLD
The first results from the 2001 Census, will officially be released back to the Queensland community next week on Monday, June 17, 2002 by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).
Details:
Who: The Queensland Regional Director Brian Doyle
What: To celebrate the national launch of the first results from the 2001 Census of Population and Housing
When: Monday, June 17, 2002 at 10.00am (EST)
Where: Carlton Crest Hotel, King George Square, Brisbane
Why: The 2001 Census of Population and Housing was held on Tuesday 7 August last year and is a comprehensive snapshot of Australia. It provides a primary source of information used by a wide range of government and non-government organisations alike in planning for the future.
Vision opportunities: Besides the speeches and interview prospects a number of special presentations will be made to key organisations who rely on the census results to plan for Australia's future.
File footage showing data processing, census form destruction and census collectors at work will be distributed to media this week. High resolution images will be made available through AAP on the day.
Media information: A comprehensive information kit including the publication Selected Social and Housing Characteristics, Australia (cat. no. 2015.0) will be available at the launch.
This is a major news story. The ABS looks forward to seeing you at the launch and will ensure regional and suburban media have access to their local information via this site.
Please note: A national launch will be held in Sydney at the same time as this media event.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Rate This Article
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Acoustic Monitoring of the Ocean Climate in the Arctic Ocean (AMOC)
Water:
Acoustic Monitoring of the Ocean Climate in the Arctic Ocean (AMOC)
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: C Michael Hogan
Acoustic Monitoring of the Ocean Climate in the Arctic Ocean (AMOC), was a 1994–1998 program whose overall objective was to develop and design an acoustic system for long–term monitoring of the ocean temperature and ice thickness in the Arctic Ocean, including the Fram Strait, for climate variability studies and global warming detection.The specific objectives included:
• Compilation and analysis of existing ocean and sea ice data from the Arctic Ocean for use in climate and acoustic models;
• Simulation of present and future ocean temperature, salinity and speed of sound fields, ice thickness concentration and extent in the Arctic Ocean caused by natural variability and global warming scenarios, as input to acoustic modeling;
• Simulation of present and future basin–wide acoustic propagation using natural variability and global warming scenarios to investigate the sensitivity of acoustic methods for temperature increase detection;
• Simulation of present and future acoustic propagation in the Fram Strait to investigate the sensitivity of acoustic methods for monitoring heat and volume fluxes in an area of strong mesoscale eddy activity; and
• Design of an optimum acoustic monitoring system for climate change detection in the Arctic Ocean.
This article is written at a definitional level only. Authors wishing to improve this entry are inivited to expand the present treatment, which additions will be peer reviewed prior to publication of any expansion.
Further Reading
Citation
Steve Baum (Lead Author);C Michael Hogan (Topic Editor) "Acoustic Monitoring of the Ocean Climate in the Arctic Ocean (AMOC)". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth March 28, 2010; Last revised Date December 5, 2011; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Acoustic_Monitoring_of_the_Ocean_Climate_in_the_Arctic_Ocean_(AMOC)?topic=49483>
The Author
Assistant Research Scientist, Physical Section Department of Oceanography Texas A&M University ... (Full Bio)
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Rate This Article
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Faroe Islands
Geography:
Faroe Islands
Tinganes in Tórshavn, Faroe Islands, seat of the government. Source: Erik Christensen/Wikipedia
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Peter Saundry
The Faroe Islands are an archipelago of 17 inhabited islands and one uninhabited island, and a few uninhabited islets in northeastern Atlantic; precipitous terrain limits habitation to small coastal lowlands between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, about half way between Iceland and Norway.
The Faroe Islands, with a population of just under 50,000 people, are strategically located along important sea lanes.
The population of the Faroe Islands is largely descended from Viking settlers who arrived in the 9th century.
The islands have been connected politically to Denmark since the 14th century.
A high degree of self government was granted the Faroese in 1948, who have autonomy over most internal affairs while Denmark is responsible for justice, defense, and foreign affairs.
The Faroe Islands are not part of the European Union.
Because anticipated offshore hydrocarbon resources have not been realized, earlier Faroese proposals for full independence have been deferred.
Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm
Geography
Location: Northern Europe, island group between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, about half way between Iceland and Norway
Geographic Coordinates: 62 00 N, 7 00 W
Islands:
• Borðoy
• Eysturoy
• Fugloy
• Hestur
• Kalsoy
• Koltur
• Kunoy
• Lítla Dímun
• Mykines
• Nólsoy
• Sandoy
• Skúvoy
• Stóra Dímun
• Streymoy
• Suðuroy
• Svínoy
• Vágar
• Viðoy
Area: 1,393 sq km
Coastline: 1,117 km
Maritime Claims:
territorial sea: 3 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line
Terrain: rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most of coast. The highest point is Slaettaratindur (882 m).
Satellite photo of Faroe Islands April 17, 2003. Source: Cropped and edited from: NASA.
Faroe Islands, Eysturoy, road from Skipanes to Sy?rugøta
Scenery from Hvalba, Faroe Islands. Source: Erik Christensen/Wikipedia
Climate: mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy
Ecology and Biodiversity
The faroe Isalnds are part of the Faroe Islands boreal grasslands ecoregion.
See also: Faroe Plateau large marine ecosystem
People and Society
Population: 49,483 (July 2012 est.)
Age Structure:
0-14 years: 21% (male 5,362/female 4,975)
15-64 years: 64.2% (male 16,837/female 14,788)
65 years and over: 14.8% (male 3,487/female 3,818) (2011 est.)
Population Growth Rate: 0.447% (2012 est.)
Birthrate: 13.14 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
Death Rate: 8.67 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
Net Migration Rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
Life Expectancy at Birth: 79.85 years
male: 77.37 years
female: 82.5 years (2012 est.)
Total Fertility Rate: 2.4 children born/woman (2012 est.)
Languages: Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish
Literacy: NA; note - probably 99%, the same as Denmark proper
Urbanization: 40% of total population (2010) growing at an annual rate of change of 0.9% (2010-15 est.)
Government
Government Type: part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark since 1948
Capital: Torshavn
Legal System: the laws of Denmark, where applicable, apply
International Environmental Agreements
Thje faroe Islands are party to to an international treaty on Marine Dumping - associate member to the London Convention and Ship Pollution
Resources
Natural Resources: fish, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas
Land Use:
arable land: 2.14%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 97.86% (2005)
Economy
The Faroese economy is dependent on fishing, which makes the economy vulnerable to price swings. The sector accounts for about 95% of exports and nearly half of GDP.
In early 2008 the Faroese economy began to slow as a result of smaller catches and historically high oil prices that continue to trouble the economy. Reduced catches, especially of cod and haddock, have continued to strain the Faroese economy. GDP grew 0.5% in 2008-09. The slowdown in the Faroese economy followed a strong performance since the mid-1990s with annual growth rates averaging close to 6%, mostly a result of increased fish landings and salmon farming, and high export prices. Unemployment reached its lowest level in the first half of 2008, but increased to 3.9% in 2009 and is rising.
The Faroese Home Rule Government produced increasing budget surpluses that helped to reduce the large public debt, most of it to Denmark. However, total dependence on fishing and salmon farming make the Faroese economy very vulnerable to fluctuations in world demand. In addition, budget surpluses turned to deficits in 2008-09, and the economy at both the country and local level is running large deficits.
Initial discoveries of oil in the Faroese area give hope for eventual oil production, which may provide a foundation for a more diversified economy and less dependence on Danish economic assistance.
Aided by an annual subsidy from Denmark amounting to about 6% of Faroese GDP, the Faroese have a standard of living almost equal to that of Denmark and Greenland.
GDP: (Purchasing Power Parity): $1.471 billion (2010 est.)
GDP: (Official Exchange Rate): $2.22 billion (2010 est.)
GDP- per capita (PPP): $30,500 (2008 est.)
GDP- composition by sector:
agriculture: 16%
industry: 29%
services: 55% (2007 est.)
Agricultural products: milk, potatoes, vegetables; sheep; salmon, other fish
Industries: fishing, fish processing, small ship repair and refurbishment, handicrafts
Currency: Danish kroner (DKK)
Citation
Central Intelligence Agency (Lead Author);CIA World Factbook (Content Source);Peter Saundry (Topic Editor) "Faroe Islands". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth December 22, 2011; Last revised Date May 21, 2012; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Faroe_Islands?topic=49460>
The Author
The Central Intelligence Agency was created in 1947 with the signing of the National Security Act by President Harry S. Truman. The act also created a Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) to serve as head of the United States intelligence community; act as the principal adviser to the President for intelligence matters related to the national security; and serve as head of the Central Intelligence Agency. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 amended the National Securit ... (Full Bio)
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Firmware
From Forensics Wiki
Revision as of 03:38, 22 July 2009 by Ladiyaffa (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
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A Hard Drive can be compared to a small computer. It employs microprocessors to control both the physical behaviour of the various electro-mechanical components, and the logical operations that store and retrieve data as an arrangement of the magnetic particles on the disk surface. This operation is completely independent of the operation of the host PC. Like any computer, the hard drive needs its own software to control the operation of the microprocessors, but unlike a PC this software is limited to the drive’s operational functionality, and is not (and under normal circumstances cannot be) changed by the user. This hard drive ‘software’ is, as a result, more usually referred to as ‘Firmware’. The firmware carries out a range of functions, from what might be termed ‘Analogue’ functions such as controlling the spinning of the disc and positioning of the read/write heads, as well as the ‘Digital’ functions used to pass data files to and from the PC, keeping track of the location and parameters of the data files stored, and many, many more. Without firmware the drive is simply a collection of electronic components.
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Talk:.XRY
From Forensics Wiki
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What is .XRY? Is it a protocol? A file type? A product? After reading the article I still don't know what it is. I think it's a product, but I don't know who makes it. Searching on the web returns several vendors. Jessek 02:42, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
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"warc_url": "http://www.forensicswiki.org/wiki/IRCR"
}
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Incident Response Collection Report
From Forensics Wiki
(Redirected from IRCR)
Jump to: navigation, search
Please help to improve this article by expanding it.
Further information might be found on the discussion page.
The Incident Response Collection Report is a script based incident response tool by John McLeod.
The latest release was version 2.3 and was intended to work with Helix version 1.8.
See Also
External Links
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
Navigation:
About forensicswiki.org:
Toolbox
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Concluded Projects - Publications
See all Geoscience Australia Publications
Title ↓ Authors Published Released
The Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, W.A./N.T., Medusa Banks and Port Keats, airborne geophysical survey, 1994, operations report Brodie, R.C. 1999 06/May/1999
The Menzies Boorara shear zone: structural architecture and associated Au mineralisation, Yilgarn Craton; Yilgarn Project Review Meeting, Perth, December 2003 (A Morey) Morey, A.A. 2003 08/Feb/2010
The Nature and Origin of Gold Deposits of the Tarcoola Goldfield and Implications for the Central Gawler Gold Province, South Australia Budd, A.R.Skirrow, R.G. 2007 11/Oct/2010
The New Celebration gold deposits: characteristics and evolution of hydrothermal fluids Hodge et al., Hodge, J. 2008 11/Feb/2010
The Tarcoola Goldfield Budd, A.R. 2004 01/Aug/2004
The Wellington 1:100 000 geological sheet: new findings in stratigraphy, structure and plutonism Henderson, G.A.M.Morgan, E.J.Raymond, O.L.Scott, M.M.Warren, A.Y.E.Wyborn, D. 1996 25/Oct/2010
The age of the Telfer Au-Cu deposit and its relationship with granite emplacement, Paterson Province, Western Australia Maidment, D.W.Huston, D.L.Heaman, L. 2010 11/Oct/2012
The basement elements of Tasmania Gunn, P.J.Mackey, T.E.Richardson, R.G.Seymour, D.B.McClenaghan, M.F.Calver, C.R.Roach, M.J.Yeates, A.N. 1996 22/Aug/1996
The basement elements of Tasmania Gunn, P.J.Mackey, T.E.Yeates, A.N.Richardson, R.G.Seymour, D.B.McClenaghan, M.P. 1997 22/Sep/2010
The characterisation of granite deformation events in time across the Eastern Goldfields Province, Western Australia Blewett, R.S.Cassidy, K.F.Champion, D.C.Whitaker, A.J. 2004 20/Jul/2004
The deep seismic structure of Precambrian terranes within the West Australian Craton and implications for crustal formation and evolution Reading, A.M.Kennett, B.L.N.Goleby, B.R. 2004 23/Mar/2010
The geology of the Mount Edgar and Corunna Downs igneous complexes; East Pilbara Craton, Western Australia Sims, J.P.Carson, L.J. 2001 23/Aug/2002
The hydrothermal architecture of the St Ives gold deposits Petersen et al., Petersen, J. 2008 11/Feb/2010
The major rare-earth-element deposits of Australia: geological setting, exploration, and resources Hoatson, D.M.Jaireth, S.Miezitis, Y. 2011 29/Jun/2011
The mineral potential of major fault systems: a case study from NE QLD, Australia SEG 2004 Meeting, Perth, September 2004 (I Vos) Vos, I.M.A. 2004 04/Feb/2010
The mineral potential of major fault systems: case studies from Northeastern Queensland, Australia Barossa Meeting, June 2004 (I Vos) Vos, I.M.A. 2004 08/Feb/2010
The pmd*CRC A1 (Architecture) Project - A coherent concept aimed at predicting the mineral potential of major faults; Annual Review Meeting Perth, November 2003 Bierlein, F.P. 2003 04/Feb/2010
The precious metals potential of the Rockley Volcanics in the Lachlan Fold Belt Wallace, D.A. 1996 25/Oct/2010
The timing of mineralization in the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia Huston, D.L.Shen-Su, S.Blewett, R.Phillips, D.Baker, D.Brauhart, C. 2002 11/Nov/2010
The turn of the worms: Mineral systems implications of crustal structures in the eastern Lachlan Orogen derived from multi-scale edge analysis Direen, N.G.Archibald, N.J.Mackey, T.E.Raymond, O.L.Lyons, P. 2000 25/Oct/2010
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Building an Excel like Application
Newbie Member
22Jun2007,07:56 #1
Hi!
I wish to build a web based application where similar to Microsoft Excel/Spread Sheet. This web based application should have an interface of spreadsheet cells where user can click around the cells to enter data. As the data being entered it will save in database where indicating which cell will be holding that data. Do you have any idea whether ASP.net or any other languages able to do this? Thanks in advance.
Go4Expert Founder
22Jun2007,09:11 #2
Why do you see that ASP.NET will not be able to do it?
Newbie Member
22Jun2007,09:15 #3
Thanks for the reply. Actually I don't have any idea on how to start and where to start. Can anyone help me?
Go4Expert Founder
22Jun2007,09:31 #4
You should be getting your hands on with the ASP.NET before proceeding further.
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"warc_url": "http://www.grandtheftwiki.com/Pickups"
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Pickups
From Grand Theft Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
For pickup trucks, see Pickup Trucks.
Pickups refer to any objects which are collected by simply walking into them.
Pickups in GTA games range from short to long term beneficial objects such as Weapons, Health, Armour, Clothing and Police Bribes, to collectibles required for 100% such as Hidden Packages and Oysters.
In the GTA III Era and earlier, pickups are depicted floating in mid-air. Starting in GTA IV, they are sitting on the ground, glowing so that the player can see them.
A Power-Up specifically refers to a pickup that provides a temporary extra ability or effect to the player. An example of this is the Adrenaline pickups in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City.
There are other features which the player activates by walking into a floating icon, but are not pickups, power-ups or collectibles. These include the Save icon, Assets and Rampages.
In GTA games, pickups disappear once the player has collected it by walking into it, unless the player fails to collect the item. The one exception to this is the dollar-sign pickup allowing the player to collect money earned on Assets.
See Also
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Advances in Multimedia
Volume 2007 (2007), Article ID 24758, 10 pages
doi:10.1155/2007/24758
Research Article
Utilizing Cross-Layer Information to Improve Performance in JPEG2000 Decoding
1Department of Computer Science, Karlstad University, Karlstad 651 88, Sweden
2Department of Signals and Systems, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
Received 1 May 2007; Accepted 28 July 2007
Academic Editor: Stavros Kotsopoulos
Copyright © 2007 Hannes Persson et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
We focus on wireless multimedia communication and investigate how cross-layer information can be used to improve performance at the application layer, using JPEG2000 as an example. The cross-layer information is in the form of soft information from the physical layer. The soft information, which is supplied by a soft decision demodulator, yields reliability measures for the received bits and is fed into two soft input iterative JPEG2000 image decoders. When errors are detected with the error detecting mechanisms in JPEG2000, the decoders utilize the soft information to point out likely transmission errors. Hence, the decoders can correct errors and increase the image quality without making time-consuming retransmissions. We believe that the proposed decoding method utilizing soft information is suitable for a general IP-based network and that it keeps the principles of a layered structure of the protocol stack intact. Further, experimental results with images transmitted over a simulated wireless channel show that a simple decoding algorithm that utilizes soft information can give high gains in image quality compared to the standard hard-decision decoding.
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{
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Endocrinology
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 327265, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/327265
Clinical Study
A Randomised, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Study of Vitamin D3 Supplementation with Different Schemes Based on Multiples of 25,000 IU Doses
1Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
2Zuidstationstraat, Gent, Belgium
3Laboratoire d’Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France
Received 26 October 2012; Revised 17 December 2012; Accepted 17 December 2012
Academic Editor: Vin Tangpricha
Copyright © 2013 Etienne Cavalier et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Vitamin D (VTD) treatment is recommended in patients presenting different causes of diseases. To treat these patients, physicians rely on the different available pharmaceutical forms present in their country. Unfortunately, even in a given country, there is no consensus on the best way to treat the patients. In Belgium, VTD is mostly prescribed as ampoules containing 25,000 IU of VTD. In this randomised controlled study, we evaluated whether four therapeutic schemes using multiples of 25,000 IU of VTD according to basal vitamin D concentration were able to increase or maintain the 25(OH)D serum level above 30 ng/mL. We randomized 175 subjects who received the drug () or placebo (). Total duration of the study was 12 weeks. Doses ranged from 4167 to 1667 IU/day. Blood sampling was performed at baseline and each 4 visits. In the treated (placebo) subjects, mean 25(OH)D serum concentration was 18.7 (19.1) ng/mL at baseline and 31.5 (20.7) ng/mL at w-12. At the end of the study, 57.1% of the subjects treated with VTD presented 25(OH)D serum concentration ≥30 ng/mL, whereas 94.3% were ≥20 ng/mL. In conclusion, the doses administered were safe and increased or maintained the 25(OH)D concentration ≥20 ng/mL. However, concentrations ≥30 ng/mL were only achieved in 57.1% of the subjects.
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Calm Hammer Bro.
From the Super Mario Wiki
(Redirected from Calm Hammer Bro)
Jump to: navigation, search
Calm Hammer Bro.
Species Origin Hammer Bro.
First Appearance Super Princess Peach (2005)
A Calm Hammer Bro. is an enemy living on Vibe Island, in Super Princess Peach.
Like other Calm enemies, the Calm Hammer Brother spends most of his time asleep. Princess Peach can either walk past or attack him. If the Calm Hammer Brother wakes up, it will attack like a regular Hammer Bro.. However, their briskness depends on how long they've been awake: if they have just woken up, they will throw their hammers at a slow rate, while their attack is much faster when they've been awakened for a long while.
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"warc_url": "http://www.mariowiki.com/Dark_Koopatrol"
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Dark Koopatrol
From the Super Mario Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the enemies from Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door. For information about the enemies from Super Paper Mario with the same name, see here.
Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door Enemy
Dark Koopatrol
Max HP 25
Attack 5
Defense 2
Location(s) Glitzville, Pit of 100 Trials (Levels 71-79)
Log A member of the elite forces of the Koopa Clan. Its pair of red eyes is its most charming feature. After charging its attacks, it deals devestating blows, so watch yourself.
Items Shooting Star, Boo's Sheet
Moves Spiky Headbutt (5), Power Shell (5 to Mario and Partner), Charge Up (ATK+5), Hide (Prevents damage, but not flipping), Flail (N/A), Get Up (Stops Being Flipped)
Bestiary
18 19 20
Dark Koopatrols are the strongest type of Koopa in Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door. Dark Koopatrols are purple versions of the Koopatrols, and are one of the most powerful enemies in the game. These elite Koopa soldiers wear a spiky metallic helmet, so as not to be jumped on by Mario, and also have intimidating spikes on their shell. Much like the Dark Craw, the first Dark Koopatrol encountered, named the Koopinator, is found in the Glitz Pit. He is the last fighter Mario must defeat before his battle with Rawk Hawk. Dark Koopatrols attack by charging at Mario and his partners, or by using a move similar to Power Shell. Unlike the regular Koopatrols, they are unable to call in reinforcements. They can even increase their Offense by charging their attack by +5. The one weakness they have is that they can be flipped onto their shells like normal Koopas through the use of an Quake Hammer attack or Mario's jump if he's wearing the Spike Shield badge.
Not counting bosses, Dark Koopatrols have the highest amount of HP in the game.
[edit] Trivia
• Although the Log states Dark Koopatrols are elite members of the Koopa Troop, Mario has yet to have encountered any Dark Koopatrols that are actually affiliated with Bowser's army.
[edit] Names in Other Languages
Language Name Meaning
Japanese トゲノコエース
Togenoko Ēsu
Spine Koopa Ace ("Spine Koopa" is the Japanese name for Koopatrols)
Spanish Koopatrullero Oscuro Dark Koopatrol
French Koopatrélite Portmanteau of "Koopatrouille" (translation of "Koopatrol") and "elite"
German Ass-Koopatrouille Ace Koopatrol
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Tolly Group Validates Performance of NetScout’s nGenius 3900 Series Packet Flow Switch
Printer-friendly versionPDF version
Tolly Group Certifies the nGenius 3900 Series Packet Flow Switch Delivers Scalability with Sustained Performance, Throughput, Low Latency and Ease-of-Management
WESTFORD, Mass. - January 30, 2013 - NetScout Systems, Inc. today announced that Tolly Group, an independent provider of third-party testing and validation services for the IT industry, has tested and certified the performance claims of the recently announced nGenius 3900 series packet flow switch and nGenius PFS Management software. In their validation testing, Tolly Group evaluated the nGenius switch key characteristics including throughput, latency, packet loss, feature functionality and ease of overall provisioning and system management. Test results highlighted in the report show the nGenius 3900 series switch delivers 100 percent line rate throughput along with sustained ultra-low latency and zero packet loss in all instances. In the report, Tolly also validated that the nGenius PFS Management software has an intuitive, drag-and-drop GUI that accelerates the setup and simplifies the management of hundreds of connections across a multi-chassis nGenius 3900 series deployment. The Tolly Group report is available on the Tolly Group web site and may also be accessed at www.netscout.com/tolly-pfs.
"Our test results validate that the nGenius 3900 series packet flow switch provides the scale, performance, intelligence and flexibility to construct seamless large-scale network monitoring fabrics," said Kevin Tolly, founder of the Tolly Group. "In our testing, we validated that the nGenius 3900 series switch works as advertised. Our testing concluded that the platform provides full feature support on every port, including aggregation, filtering, load balancing and source port tagging with consistently low and deterministic latency across connections and features. We measured latency for both 10 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) and 40GbE configurations and witnessed feature support that worked seamlessly on a single module, as well as between modules, within a multi-module chassis system. Further testing validated that the nGenius 3900 series switch delivered line-rate performance with zero packet loss when aggregating, filtering and load balancing traffic at up to 1.44 Tbps of tested full-duplex traffic. In addition, our testing confirmed that the nGenius PFS Management software provides seamless and consistent management and provisioning for multiple nGenius 3900 series switches that simplifies and automates management for large-scale, multi-location network monitoring deployments."
"The nGenius packet flow switch provides us with the flexibility, scale and intelligence needed to support our high-demand network monitoring environment," said Peter Burke, Telecommunications Engineer at Hydro-Québec, a world leader in hydropower. "We have already taken advantage of the nGenius 1500 series packet flow switch's powerful aggregation and intelligent filtering capabilities to maximize our investments in our nGenius InfiniStream® appliances and other management and security tools. We are encouraged by the increased port density, consistent features performance and new levels of capacity that the nGenius 3900 series packet flow switch can deliver. We believe this new switch is a good extension to NetScout's product line and could further improve our ability to address the growing number of high-speed network connections."
The nGenius 3900 series packet flow switch delivers market-leading advances in performance and capacity with the highest 10 and 40GbE port densities per rack unit, and per chassis, with an architecture ready to support 100GbE interfaces. The nGenius 3900 series switch is built from deployment-proven data center-class switching technology and leverages a common high-density interface module that provides local switching and packet processing capabilities that can be seamlessly interchanged across the chassis series. The nGenius 3900 series packet flow switch can scale to support up to 5.76 Tbps full-duplex (11.5 Tbps aggregate) switching capacity and supports from 16 to 576 ports of 10GbE and up to 48 ports of 40GbE in a single chassis.
"As enterprise and service provider organizations build highly scalable monitoring fabrics, they need high-density network monitoring switches that deliver the performance, capacity and flexibility to scale access to packet-flow traffic without having to make trade-offs between interface density and feature performance," said Steven Shalita, vice president, marketing at NetScout. "A network monitoring fabric needs to be seamless and transparent to deliver performance at scale and should not introduce unnecessary latency or impede performance that negatively impacts the integrity of traffic measurements. The testing performed by Tolly Group provides independent validation of the technological strength and performance levels of the nGenius 3900 series packet flow switch and provides confidence about the platform's ability to support large-scale monitoring fabrics."
About The Tolly Group
The Tolly Group is the industry's leading provider of third-party testing and validation services for IT products, services and components. Tolly's expertise spans security, networking, wireless, storage, virtualization/ thin clients, switching and cloud services. For more information, please visit www.tolly.com.
About NetScout Systems, Inc.
NetScout Systems, Inc. (NASDAQ: NTCT) is the market leader in Unified Service Delivery Management enabling comprehensive end-to-end network and application assurance. For 28 years, NetScout has delivered breakthrough packet-flow technology that provides trusted and comprehensive real-time network and application performance intelligence enabling unified assurance of the network, applications and users. These solutions enable IT staff to predict, preempt and resolve network and service delivery problems while facilitating the optimization and capacity planning of the network infrastructure. NetScout nGenius® and Sniffer® solutions are deployed at more than 20,000 of the world's largest enterprises, government agencies, and more than 148 service providers, on over one million physical and 2,000 virtual network segments to assure the network, applications, and service delivery to their users and customers. For more information about NetScout go to http://www.netscout.com.
News Source : Tolly Group Validates Performance of NetScout’s nGenius 3900 Series Packet Flow Switch
Copy this html code to your website/blog and link to this press release.
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Nuclease
Jump to: navigation, search
A nuclease is an enzyme capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotide subunits of nucleic acids. Older papers may use terms such as "polynucleotidase" or "nucleodepolymerase"[1].
Contents
Introduction
In the late 1960s, scientists Stewart Linn and Werner Arber isolated examples of the two types of enzymes responsible for phage growth restriction in Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria [2][3]. One of these enzymes added a methyl group to the DNA, generating methylated DNA, while the other cleaved unmethylated DNA at a wide variety of locations along the length of the molecule. The first type of enzyme was called a "methylase" and the other a "restriction nuclease". These enzymatic tools were important to scientists who were gathering the tools needed to "cut and paste" DNA molecules. What was then needed was a tool that would cut DNA at specific sites, rather than at random sites along the length of the molecule, so that scientists could cut DNA molecules in a predictable and reproducible way.
Site-specific nuclease
This important development came when H.O. Smith, K.W. Wilcox, and T.J. Kelley, working at Johns Hopkins University in 1968, isolated and characterized the first restriction nuclease whose functioning depended on a specific DNA nucleotide sequence. Working with Haemophilus influenzae bacteria, this group isolated an enzyme, called HindII, that always cut DNA molecules at a particular point within a specific sequence of six base pairs. This sequence is:
5' G T ( pyrimidine: T or C) ( purine: A or G) A C 3' </br> 3' C A ( purine: A or G) ( pyrimidine: T or C) T G 5' </br>
They found that the HindII enzyme always cuts directly in the center of this sequence. Wherever this particular sequence of six base pairs occurs unmodified in a DNA molecule, HindII will cleave both DNA backbones between the 3rd and 4th base pairs of the sequence. Moreover, HindII will only cleave a DNA molecule at this particular site. For this reason, this specific base sequence is known as the "recognition sequence" for HindII.
HindII is only one example of the class of enzymes known as restriction nucleases. In fact, more than 900 restriction enzymes, some sequence specific and some not, have been isolated from over 230 strains of bacteria since the initial discovery of HindII. These restriction enzymes generally have names that reflect their origin--The first letter of the name comes from the genus and the second two letters come from the species of the prokaryotic cell from which they were isolated. For example EcoRI comes from Escherichia coli RY13 bacteria, while HindII comes from Haemophilus influenzae strain Rd. Numbers following the nuclease names indicate the order in which the enzymes were isolated from single strains of bacteria. Nucleases are further described by addition of the prefix "endo" or "exo" to the name: The term "endonuclease" applies to nucleases that break nucleic acid chains somewhere in the interior, rather than at the ends, of the molecule. A nuclease that functions by removing nucleotides from the ends of the DNA molecule is called an exonuclease.
Endonucleases and DNA fragments
A restriction endonuclease functions by "scanning" the length of a DNA molecule. Once it encounters its particular specific recognition sequence, it will bond to the DNA molecule and makes one cut in each of the two sugar-phosphate backbones of the double helix. The positions of these two cuts, both in relation to each other, and to the recognition sequence itself, are determined by the identity of the restriction endonuclease used to cleave the molecule in the first place. Different endonucleases yield different sets of cuts, but one endonuclease will always cut a particular base sequence the same way, no matter what DNA molecule it is acting on. Once the cuts have been made, the DNA molecule will break into fragments.
Endonucleases and sticky ends
Not all restriction endonucleases cut symmetrically and leave blunt ends like HindII described above. Many endonucleases cleave the DNA backbones in positions that are not directly opposite each other. For example, the nuclease EcoRI has the following recognition sequence:
5' G A A T T C 3'
3' C T T A A G 5'
When the enzyme encounters this sequence, it cleaves each backbone between the G and the closest A base residues. Once the cuts have been made, the resulting fragments are held together only by the relatively weak hydrogen bonds that hold the complementary bases to each other. The weakness of these bonds allows the DNA fragments to separate from one each other. Each resulting fragment has a protruding 5' end composed of unpaired bases. Other enzymes create cuts in the DNA backbone which result in protruding 3' ends. Protruding ends--both 3' and 5'-- are sometimes called "sticky ends" because they tend to bond with complementary sequences of bases. In other words, if an unpaired length of bases (5' A A T T 3') encounters another unpaired length with the sequence (3' T T A A 5') they will bond to each other--they are "sticky" for each other. Ligase enzyme is then used to join the phosphate backbones of the two molecules. The cellular origin, or even the species origin, of the sticky ends does not affect their stickiness. Any pair of complementary sequences will tend to bond, even if one of the sequences comes from a length of human DNA, and the other comes from a length of bacterial DNA. In fact, it is this quality of stickiness that allows production of recombinant DNA molecules, molecules which are composed of DNA from different sources, and which has given birth to an industry!
Common examples
External links
1. Avery, O.T., MacLeod, C.M., McCarty, M. (1944). Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types: Induction of transformation by a desoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from Pneumococcus type III. J. Exp. Med. 79: 137-158.
2. Linn S., Arber, W. (1968). Host specificity of DNA produced by Escherichia coli, X. In vitro restriction of phage fd replicative form. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 59:1300-1306
3. Arber, W., Linn S. (1969) DNA modification and restriction. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 38:467-500
Template:Nucleasesde:Nukleaseit:Nucleasiuk:Нуклеази
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ARTICLE
Hip-Hop in 2012//
posted Friday, December 28th, 2012
by | Comments (3)
While coming up with some of the Best New Sounds of 2012, I realized I was doing an injustice to some of the most brilliant hip-hop that came out this year. What’s even more astonishing is how much of it went unnoticed or seemed to have a shining moment of controversy. Still, there were a couple of artists that got some great attention on Billboard’s Top 200. And for some ridiculous reason I failed to mention them.
This isn’t a YAM Ranks post or anything. This is more my unfolding of some of the most brilliant hip-hop and rap-fusion songs, albums, and artists that I seemed to have glozed over in my attempt to make a Top 10. There will be a couple of repeats. And there will be some that many may not exactly consider hip-hop, but the truth is the genre is so broad, the scope so deep, it would be unfair to slight an artist because they managed to find a fine connection between what most consider rap and what many would consider an ambiguous “other.” Granted, just as with my Top 10, I know I’m going to miss some albums. But these are the songs and artists that turned my head this year.
First, I of course have to give my love to Miss Rapsody. Her Idea of Beautiful album did something to hip-hop this year. It made people stand up, give a shout and look around as if to say, “Is nobody hearing this?” Truly, it was a piece of brilliance that came out of North Carolina. But it wasn’t just Rapsody who was making a big noise. Indeed, 9th Wonder and his Jamla contingent gave new meaning to the depth of hip-hop. The sounds were crisp, unique, and intelligent. From Rapsody, to artists like Big Remo, Actual Proof, and songstress Heather Victoria, it indeed was a year of great growth and beauty in the Jamla family.
With my discovery of Rapsody, it seemed I was bound to come into constant contact with new artists who meant to stir the world into a frenzy. Alas, along comes Coley [1]. His swagger, such that it is, isn’t predicated on the “traditional” ball-grab and bird-throwing that predominates most of the post-90s hip-hop scene. And even in the wake of his predecessors Eminem and Mac Miller, Coley stands a world apart. He manages to make the melancholy comical, manages to bring truth and fearlessness to the circus, almost taking the piss out of his own autobiography.
What made Slim Shady such a monster was his unfettered honesty and his self-imposed subtext, as if the man was a walking black comedy, dripping with all the dark witticism and sarcasm that makes the Cohen Brothers such dangerously brilliant filmmakers. However, Coley errs on the side of slapstick, almost as if his life was taken from the stages of Vaudeville and given brilliant color and charm. His debut single Get Around allows the audience to shake the man’s hand without worrying if his own sweaty palm comes complete with an electric shock. That’s just it… it doesn’t. There’s nothing roundabout in his delivery, nothing menacing. It goes back to the fun and freedom prevalent in the mid-70s and throughout the 80s when hip-hop was just starting to make ground.
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Research article
An association between the acute phase response and patterns of antigen induced T cell proliferation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Antony PB Black1,2, Hansha Bhayani1, Clive AJ Ryder3, Mark T Pugh4, Janet MM Gardner-Medwin3 and Taunton R Southwood1,3*
• * Corresponding author: Taunton R Southwood
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Rheumatology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
2 Current address: MRC Human Immunology Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
3 Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
4 Department of Rheumatology, Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals – NHS Trust (Teaching), Birmingham, UK
For all author emails, please log on.
Arthritis Res Ther 2003, 5:R277-R284 doi:10.1186/ar791
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://arthritis-research.com/content/5/5/R277
Received:26 April 2002
Revisions received:30 May 2003
Accepted:11 June 2003
Published:7 July 2003
© 2003 Black et al., licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL.
Abstract
The aim of this research was to determine whether all memory T cells have the same propensity to migrate to the joint in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Paired synovial fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferative responses to a panel of antigens were measured and the results correlated with a detailed set of laboratory and clinical data from 39 patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Two distinct patterns of proliferative response were found in the majority of patients: a diverse pattern, in which synovial fluid responses were greater than peripheral blood responses for all antigens tested; and a restricted pattern, in which peripheral blood responses to some antigens were more vigorous than those in the synovial fluid compartment. The diverse pattern was generally found in patients with a high acute phase response, whereas patients without elevated acute phase proteins were more likely to demonstrate a restricted pattern. We propose that an association between the synovial fluid T cell repertoire and the acute phase response suggests that proinflammatory cytokines may influence recruitment of memory T cells to an inflammatory site, independent of their antigen specificity. Additionally, increased responses to enteric bacteria and the presence of αEβ7 T cells in synovial fluid may reflect accumulation of gut associated T cells in the synovial compartment, even in the absence of an elevated acute phase response. This is the first report of an association between the acute phase response and the T cell population recruited to an inflammatory site.
Keywords:
acute phase response; arthritis; juvenile idiopathic arthritis; T cells
Introduction
Large numbers of memory T cells are found in the inflamed joint [1-3], possibly facilitated by their enhanced capacity to adhere to vascular endothelium of inflamed synovium [4,5]. It is unclear, however, whether all memory T cells have the same propensity to migrate to the inflamed joint, independent of their antigen specificity. If this were the case then it would be expected that synovial fluid mononuclear cell (SFMC) proliferative responses to a wide range of antigens would be enhanced as compared with the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) responses, provided that the individual had previously been exposed to those antigens. Alternatively, it has been suggested that patterns of antigen induced SFMC proliferation reflect an inciting or perpetuating antigenic stimulus [6,7]. In this situation, accumulation of a specific population of T cells in an inflamed joint would be reflected by an antigen-specific SFMC proliferative response. We hypothesized that all memory T cells would have the same propensity for migration into the joint, irrespective of their antigen specificities. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) – a group of diseases characterized by chronic inflammation of synovial joints in childhood [8].
Patients and method
Patient details and sample collection
Forty-six samples were obtained from 39 patients who fulfilled the proposed criteria for classification of JIA [8] (Table 1). Paired peripheral blood and synovial fluid samples were collected after informed consent, prior to administration of intra-articular triamcinolone hexacetonide. In three patients samples were obtained on more than one occasion during the course of the study. All patients were taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and 13 were taking methotrexate. Twelve patients had never previously received intra-articular triamcinolone hexacetonide or other corticosteroids. Synovial fluid samples were treated with hyaluronidase. The samples were separated by Ficoll-Paque density centrifugation (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Upsala, Sweden) [3].
Table 1. Clinical features of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Proliferation assays
Fresh PBMCs and SFMCs were cultured at a concentration of 2 × 105 cells per well in 96-well plates (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) for 6 days with a panel of antigens and mitogens in triplicate wells (Table 2). Optimal antigen concentrations were previously determined by titration. Antigens were chosen for inclusion in the panel if they had previously been linked to JIA (enteric bacteria Yersinia and Salmonella spp., human and Escherichia coli heat shock proteins [HSPs]) or if they represented common immunization or recall antigens (tetanus toxoid and streptolysin O). The proliferative responses were assessed after adding 0.15 μCi 3H thymidine (Amersham International, Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, UK) per well for the last 18 hours, and counting incorporated 3H in a β scintillation counter (1260 Multigamma II Gamma counter; Wallac LKB, Turku, Finland).
Table 2. Antigens, mitogens and IL-2
Cell staining and flow cytometric analysis
Cell staining was carried out using a standard protocol [2]. Antibodies were purchased from Becton Dickinson (Oxford, UK: CD3PE, CD4Bio, CD8Bio, αβ FITC, γδ FITC), Dako Ltd (High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, UK: CD45RO PE, αEβ7 FITC, isotype controls), Southern Biotechnology Associates Inc. (Birmingham, AL, USA: goat antimouse IgG FITC), R & D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA: CXCR3) and Life Technologies Ltd (Carlsbad, CA, USA). The α4β7 was a gift from Dr Walter Newman (Leukosite, Cambridge, MA, USA). The data were analyzed using WinMDI version 2.5 http://trotter@scripps.edu webcite.
Determination of the acute phase response
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR; normal < 20 mm/hour) and C-reactive protein (CRP; normal < 5 mg/l) were determined using the Westergren and fixed point immuno-rate (Vitros CRP slide, Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics Inc., Rochester, NY, USA) techniques, respectively.
Statistical analyses
Mann–Whitney and Rank Spearman's analyses were used to assess the relationship between nonpaired data. Wilcoxon tests were used to assess the relationship between paired data.
Results
Antigen induced proliferation
Proliferative responses to bacterial lysates, GroEL and human HSP were always more vigorous in SFMCs than in PBMCs. In contrast, proliferative responses to streptolysin O and tetanus toxoid were often higher in the PBMCs than in the SFMCs. We defined two distinct patterns of proliferation according to the pattern of response to these antigens (Figs 1 and 2). T cell proliferative responses were judged to be different between the synovial fluid and peripheral blood compartments if the standard deviation of the mean value of proliferation to at least one antigen in the synovial fluid compartment did not overlap with the standard deviation of the mean value of proliferation to the same antigen in the peripheral blood compartment. A total of 10 samples (22% of total samples) from 10 patients did not fit into either of these two patterns. In these patients, proliferative responses to both streptolysin O and tetanus toxoid were equivalent in PBMCs and SFMCs.
Figure 1. (a) Example of diverse pattern of response to antigens. Bars indicate mean proliferation and standard deviations of triplicate values. T cell proliferative responses were judged to be different between the synovial fluid and peripheral blood compartments if the standard deviations of the mean value of proliferation to an antigen in the synovial fluid compartment did not overlap with the standard deviations of the mean value of proliferation to the same antigen in the peripheral blood compartment. (b) The proliferative responses to SLO and TT observed in the patients in the diverse group (n = 17). Responses in the peripheral blood differed significantly to those in the synovial fluid (SLO, P = 0.0002; TT, P = 0.0002). CPM, counts per minute; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; SFMC, synovial fluid mononuclear cells.
Figure 2. (a) Example of restricted pattern of response to antigens. Bars indicate mean proliferation and standard deviations of triplicate values. (b) The proliferative responses to SLO and TT observed in the patients in the restricted group (n = 19). Responses in the peripheral blood differed significantly to those in the synovial fluid (SLO, P = 0.0057; TT, P = 0.048). CPM, counts per minute; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; SFMC, synovial fluid mononuclear cells.
Diverse pattern of proliferation
Patients with a diverse pattern of response had more vigorous SFMC proliferation than PBMC proliferation to all antigens tested. Seventeen samples (37% of total samples) from 14 patients displayed this pattern of response (Fig. 1).
Restricted pattern of proliferation
In patients with a restricted pattern of response, streptolysin O, tetanus toxoid or both antigens induced more vigorous proliferation in PBMCs than in SFMCs. High responses in the SFMCs were restricted to bacterial lysates, GroEL and human HSP. Nineteen samples (41% of total samples) from 15 patients displayed this pattern of response (Fig. 2).
Patterns of proliferation and correlation with clinical parameters and disease type
Associations between the patterns of proliferation and clinical parameters are shown in Table 3. The ESR and CRP values were significantly higher in the diverse group than in the restricted group (Fig. 3), whereas measures of the acute phase response in the patients who did not clearly fit into either group were intermediate (median ESR 18 mm/hour [range 9–130 mm/hour], median CRP 5.5 mg/l [range 5–138 mg/l]).
Table 3. Clinical parameters of patients with diverse and restricted patterns of in vitro response to antigen
Figure 3. Association of proliferation pattern with acute phase response. CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
Patterns of proliferation over time
Samples were obtained from three patients on more than one occasion. The pattern of proliferation varied in striking correlation with changes in the acute phase response (Table 4). Thus, patient A exhibited a restricted pattern when the acute phase was low and a diverse pattern when the acute phase was high. Patient B exhibited a diverse pattern when the acute phase was high and this was lost when the acute phase was low. Similarly, patient C exhibited a restricted response only when the acute phase was low.
Table 4. Patterns of proliferation over time
Expression of αEβ7 and α4β7 integrins on peripheral blood and synovial fluid T cells
αEβ7 expression was significantly higher on the synovial fluid T cells than peripheral blood T cells (Fig. 4). Of αEβ7 expressing synovial fluid T cells, 92% were αβ TCR positive (three samples) and 94.8% expressed CD45RO (five samples). The expression of α4β7 was significantly lower on synovial fluid T cells than on peripheral blood T cells (Fig. 4). The α4β7 integrin was expressed on both naïve and memory phenotype T cells. In three samples, 49% of peripheral blood CD45RO T cells and 23% of synovial fluid CD45RO T cells expressed α4β7. A higher percentage of synovial fluid CD8+ T cells than of CD4+ T cells expressed αEβ7 (CD8+ 18.7%, CD4+ 2.6%; P < 0.0001) and α4β7 (CD8+ 47.0%, CD4+ 21.7%; P < 0.0001).
Figure 4. Total integrin, TCR and CXCR3 expression on peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) T cells.
Expression of CXCR3 on peripheral blood and synovial fluid T cells
Expression of the proinflammatory chemokine receptor CXCR3 was variable on synovial fluid and peripheral blood T cells (Figs 4 and 5). CXCR3 expression was significantly increased on synovial fluid CD4+ T cells as compared with peripheral blood CD4+ T cells (P = 0.006).
Figure 5. Integrin, TCR and CXCR3 expression on peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) T cells. Histograms represent paired samples from one patient with restricted response.
Expression of αβ and γδ T cell receptors on peripheral blood and synovial fluid T cells
The majority of T cells in both compartments expressed αβ TCR (Fig. 4). However, a higher percentage of synovial fluid T cells expressed γδ TCR (Fig. 4). A higher percentage of synovial fluid CD8+ T cells than of CD4+ T cells expressed the γδ TCR (CD8+ 7.4%, CD4+ 1.5%; P < 0.0001).
Correlation of T cell phenotype with pattern of T cell proliferation
The percentage of T cells expressing the γδ TCR was higher in the restricted group than in the diverse group (14.1% and 8.4%, respectively; P < 0.05), but no differences were observed for the expression of either αEβ7 or α4β7. There was a trend toward greater expression of CXCR3 on synovial fluid T cells from the restricted group but this did not reach statistical significance.
Discussion
The majority of synovial fluid T cells from patients with JIA are of the memory phenotype [2]. Memory T cells have an increased capacity to bind to inflamed endothelium because of increased expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors [9].
Previous studies of patients with JIA and reactive arthritis demonstrated that antigen-induced T cell proliferative responses were usually more vigorous in the synovial fluid than in peripheral blood, suggesting nonspecific recruitment of memory T cells into the inflamed joint [7,10-12]. In contrast, we found two distinct patterns of T cell antigen responsiveness: diverse and restricted proliferation. Proliferation to all of the antigens was more vigorous in the SFMCs than in the PBMCs in the group of patients who exhibited a diverse response. This pattern of response would be expected if the synovial fluid memory T cells were recruited to the inflamed joint as a consequence of their memory phenotype rather than specific antigens. The group of patients with a restricted response, however, demonstrated less vigorous proliferative responses to TT and/or SLO in the synovial fluid compartment than in the peripheral blood. This pattern of response suggests that, in some patients, memory T cells specific for TT or SLO preferentially remain within the peripheral blood compartment (i.e. synovial fluid T cells may not be recruited to the inflamed joint as a consequence of their memory phenotype alone).
We observed a striking association between the pattern of proliferation and the acute phase response; those patients with a high acute phase response exhibited a diverse pattern, whereas those with little or no acute phase response tended to show a restricted pattern of responses to the antigen panel. This was supported by studies of serial synovial fluid and peripheral blood samples from three patients, in whom a high acute phase response was associated with a diverse pattern that reverted to a restricted pattern when the acute phase proteins normalized.
Possible explanations for this association may lie in the direct actions of the acute phase proteins themselves, or indirectly via factors that govern the acute phase response. CRP has chemotactic properties for leucocytes [13] and T cells may bind directly to CRP, resulting in inhibition of T cell function [14,15]. Although CRP does not accumulate at high concentrations within inflamed tissues [16], it is possible that circulating CRP or other acute phase proteins exert a direct action on T cells in the peripheral blood. Acute phase proteins may influence the expression of adhesion molecules on joint endothelium, and T cells and chemokine expression within the joint. Serum amyloid A may accumulate in inflamed tissues where it can act as a chemoattractant for neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes, and it is possible that the accumulation of activated CD14+ monocytes may contribute to the different proliferative patterns seen [17-19]. Also, JIA patients with systemic disease have increased chemokine expression in the synovial fluid [20]. Tumour necrosis factor-α, which correlates with acute phase protein levels in patients with JIA [21], has been shown to upregulate adhesion molecules on endothelial cells [22] as well as enhancing chemokine induced recruitment of memory T cells into inflammatory sites [23].
It is interesting that the antigens that induced vigorous SFMC proliferation in patients exhibiting a 'restricted pattern' were those associated with Gram-negative enteric bacteria. T cells from the gut have enhanced capacity to bind to synovial endothelial cells, possibly because of shared characteristics of adhesion molecules at the two sites [24-26]. It is conceivable that, in 'restricted pattern' patients, T cells that have been through the gut or its mucosal associated lymphoid tissue, and exposed to enteric antigens, are preferentially able to bind to the synovial endothelium and are therefore selectively recruited to the synovial compartment. In 'diverse pattern' patients, however, high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor-α, may upregulate chemokine-induced recruitement of all memory T cells to the synovial compartment. In this situation, vigorous immune responses may be observed to all tested antigens, and the relative specificity of proliferative responses to enteric bacteria by gut-associated T cells may be obscured.
An increased percentage of JIA synovial fluid T cells expressed the mucosal integrin αEβ7 and the γδ TCRs, implying that mucosal T cells have a propensity to migrate to the inflamed joint. Mucosal memory T cells express α4β7, which facilitates homing to the gut [27]. Once within the mucosal site, α4β7 is downregulated and αEβ7 is upregulated, which may assist in T cell retention within the mucosal site [28,29]. The results of our studies support a similar process of 'integrin switching' in the joint.
Our findings are in agreement with the observation that CXCR3, a cell surface receptor for the proinflammatory chemokines inducible protein (IP)-10 and monokine induced by interferon-γ (Mig), is expressed on JIA synovial fluid T cells [30,31]. It is possible that CXCR3 expression favours synovial T cell accumulation in the absence of an acute phase response.
Conclusion
We propose the following model. Proinflammatory cytokines that induce a high acute phase response also favour the recruitment of a diverse memory T cell repertoire to the joint, independent of the antigen specificity of the memory T cells. However, when there is little systemic inflammation (low acute phase response), only those T cells with an intrinsic ability to bind to synovial endothelium, such as mucosal T cells, migrate into the synovial compartment.
Competing interests
None declared.
Abbreviations
CRP = C-reactive protein; ESR = erythrocyte sedimentation rate; FITC = fluorescein isothiocyanate; HSP = heat shock protein; JIA = juvenile idiopathic arthritis; PBMC = peripheral blood mononuclear cell; SFMC = synovial fluid mononuclear cell; TCR = T cell receptor.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr Walter Newman (Leukosite, USA, now Millennium Pharmaceuticals, http://www.millennium.com) for the kind gift of the Act-1 antibody. We are grateful to Professor Mike Salmon and Professor Chris Buckley for critical reading of the manuscript. We acknowledge the financial support of the Henry Smith's Charity and the Arthritis Research Campaign.
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26. Soderstrom K, Bucht A, Halapi E, Lundqvist C, Gronberg A, Nilsson E, Orsini DLM, van de Wal Y, Konig F, Hammarstrom ML, Kiessling R: High expression of Vγ 8 is a shared feature of human γδ T cells in the epithelium of the gut and in the inflamed synovial tissue.
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27. Scweighoffer T, Tanaka Y, Tidswell M, Erle DJ, Horgan KJ, Ginther Luce GE, Lasarovits AI, Buck D, Shaw S: Selective expression of integrin α4β7 on a subset of human CD4+ T cells with hallmarks of gut-trophism.
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28. Farstad IN, Halstensen TS, Lien B, Kilshaw PJ, Lazarovitz AI, Brandtzaeg P: Distribution of β7 integrins in human intestinal mucosa and organized gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
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Building Bridges: A Practical Guide to Developing and Implementing a Subject-specific Peer-to-peer Academic Mentoring Program for First-year Higher Education Students
Ronika K. Power, Beverley B. Miles, Alyce Peruzzi, Angela Voerman
Abstract
The Telemachus Ancient History Mentor Program (informally known as Tele’s Angels) has been offering peer-led transition services to first-year students at Macquarie University since 2002. Tele’s Angels volunteer Mentors create a ‘learning community’ by providing their first-year colleagues with transition assistance, academic support and resources, and networking for and amongst students and staff. Individual mentoring is offered, as well as free peer-support services which focus on developing academic skills and building social networks. The program also focuses on student leadership – a key objective is that Mentors themselves are beneficiaries of all activities, embodying the program motto: “to give is to receive”. It is timely to report Tele’s Angels’ experiences to a wider audience and offer practical guidelines to those wishing to develop and implement subject-specific academic mentoring programs for first-year students in their own institutions.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Asian Social Science ISSN 1911-2017 (Print) ISSN 1911-2025 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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Saturday, February 16, 2008
Oekologie #14
Amateur naturalists like myself can be a parochial bunch. Many of us write mostly about birds. Some prefer invertebrates. Others admire trees. The one constant that unites all of our preferred taxa is that all exist and interact together in their natural ecosystems. The scientific study of these interactions is ecology, or oekologie in the original German.
I find that the more I read and write about birds, the more I become interested in ecology. For example, who would have guessed that shorebirds could have become so dependent on a single species for food that they could go extinct without it? And yet, such an outcome is possible. Interactions like these are fascinating, even though they are sometimes poignant as well.
Luckily for us amateur naturalists, we have a year-old blog carnival to read about ecology. After reading and submitting to several editions, I am finally hosting the fourteenth Oekologie. Let's get to the submissions.
Evolution
Grrlscientist describes conflicting evidence for the origin of modern birds from the fossil record and molecular biology in Rocks vs Clocks: When Did Modern Birds Really Appear?
Climate Change
Greg Laden explores the climate of the Miocene Period in The Evolution of the Modern Climate: New Evidence from Plant Remains.
Habitats
Coffee and Conservation contrasts different conditions for growing coffee along with their impact on biodiversity - specifically their effect on birds - in What shade coffee looks like.
Mike from 10,000 Birds celebrates the species from urban habitats in Most Beloved Backyard Birds of 2008.
Species Interaction
Ian from Further Thoughts describes how Seed-eating mammals increase tree species diversity by reducing seed survival and density.
Kevin from The Other 95% finds a new way to serve leftovers when he describes how Assassin Bugs Use Corpses to Avoid Predators.
Ed Young explains how the Loss of big mammals breaks alliance between ants and trees and why this is important.
Rachel Walden at Women's Health News shows how humans propagate mercury through fish and ultimately back to humans in On Sushi, Mercury, and Women’s Health: Can’t See the Pollution for the Fish.
Biodiversity
GrrlScientist reports on a new subspecies of bird discovered in Nepal, the Nepal Rufous-vented Prinia (Prinia burnesii nipalensis).
Luigi at Agricultural Diversity Weblog has a modest proposal for tracking whether a species is still at a particular location.
Greg Laden introduces us to the early parts of Darwin and the Voyage.
Threatened Species
For my own contribution, I asked that readers write letters to stop the horseshoe crab harvest in New Jersey to protect a rare shorebird that may disappear.
This concludes the February 2008 edition of Oekologie. Thanks to all who contributed posts. The next edition will appear at The Other 95% on March 15.
Finally, in case you haven't heard, there's a bird count this weekend!
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Difference between revisions of "CELF PM Requirements 2006"
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(IO bus throttling)
(Throttling Arbitrary Power Parameters Outside CPUFREQ)
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This would allow both cpufreq and other power management software to share the same hardware-specific code, assuming there continues to be a place for both types of PM interfaces, one for desktop/laptop/server systems and one for embedded systems.
This would allow both cpufreq and other power management software to share the same hardware-specific code, assuming there continues to be a place for both types of PM interfaces, one for desktop/laptop/server systems and one for embedded systems.
The linux-pm community has also discussed adding comprehensive power policy management frameworks that could subsume the functionality that was discussed for PowerOP.
+
The linux-pm community has also discussed adding comprehensive power policy management frameworks that could subsume the functionality that was discussed for PowerOP.
==== Peripheral throttling ====
==== Peripheral throttling ====
Revision as of 14:55, 12 December 2006
Contents
CELF PM Requirements draft for 2006
Please edit this page and / or send comments to mark.gross@intel.com
The current draft CELF PM requirements document is http://elinux.org/images//8/83/Pdf.gif CELF PM Requirements 2006 http://elinux.org/images/d/da/Info_circle.png
Forward
This is a "wiki-ized" version of a draft requirements document. The goal of this page is to enable easy participation in providing additional input and ideas.
For those items that are not well defined or clear, a call for the PM working group to fill in details will go out on the mailing list. If we cannot get enough substance behind such requirements where I can defend them to the developer community I will not include them from the formal PDF requirements document. I strongly encourage people to insert comments and ideas into this wiki. Especially where there are capabilities or features needed by developers!
The cut off date for closing items getting into the more formal PDF document is April 1.
Introduction
This document presents the requirements for Linux Power Management from the perspective of Consumer Electronics device developers. The requirements vary from well defined feature requests to calls for analysis, benchmarking tools and methods. Some items call for investigation that are too preliminary to be considered requirements.
CE products have additional, and different, power management needs as compared to laptop computers. It is important to communicate these additional needs to the OS developer community. This document is to define the needs such that the OS developers can understand these needs.
Goals for this requirements document
• Capture the PM issues CE/embedded developers are facing.
• Provide exposure to the community of these issues.
• Encourage idea exchange and feature development
• Derive CELF PM requirements in PDF format.
• where possible define new work with enough specificity that new projects could be started up by CELF PMWG members and the community at large.
Introduction to CE Power management
Power management for CE devices is a bit different from power management for desktop, servers or even laptop computer, even though there is a overlap. The differences tend to come from application specific areas.
• CE devices tend to be application specific. They are designed to do only a few things well. Such as play back video or provide the UI for a PDA or cell phone. They are constrained to running only core applications at all costs to the point that if the device cannot execute its function, then it might as well power off completely.
• CE devices can have thermal constraints not common to other platforms. Hand held devices cannot allow high skin temperatures. Burning the user's hands is not good ergonomics. It should be kept in mind that some computer components, e.g. CPU's, can get hot very quickly but take a long time to cool off.
• CE devices can have different performance value systems compared to laptops and servers. For instance the time it takes to launch a non-critical task may have latencies that would be unacceptable on a laptop or server, and yet is not a problem for a CE application. Conversely latencies that would be acceptable for a laptop operation could be way out of operational or usability limits for a CE application. It all depends on the application the CE device is implementing.
Partitioning of requirements
The requirements identified to date fall into the following categories:
• Interface (kernel and user mode)
• Platform Throttling
• Process / OS Throttling
• Low power kernel processing
• Sleep state support
• System load prediction
• Measurement and benchmark
• New ideas to consider
The following sections will explore each of these categories and provide specific requirements or issues that could be investigated further.
Interface (kernel and user mode)
There is also a huge difference in control logic for clock/voltage scaling between PC's and CE devices. In PCs CPU frequency is often scaled independently from the rest of the system. In embedded world this is hardly the case. CPU frequency is often synchronous with the bus frequency. A number of peripherals connected to the bus can derive frequencies from the bus clock and therefore may need to be reprogrammed in case the bus frequency is changed (all of this as part of the CPU frequency change). Besides there can be several masters on the bus (CPUs, DMAs, etc). In such systems scaling a CPU clock has huge influence on the system performance and should be used with care. Such decisions should be based on much more information than simply idle time on one of the CPUs. Needless to say that apart from CPU frequency scaling, embedded system often scale the bus frequency to squeeze the energy consumption even further. In practice, there numerous dependencies between different clocks and voltages in the system, which are typically known to the system designer only.
It is important to bring some structure in this chaos by providing a generalizing API/framework. PowerOP from Todd looks like a first attempt in the right direction. However, more needs to come. Sorting out the system dependencies and expressing them in a generalized way is one of the most critical requirements to PM in CE domain.
Application specific PM is another aspect. Again here, the system designer is responsible for estimating the workload and performance requirements of main applications on the system components. As this knowledge is not explicitly present in the system, the PM results in guessing strategies (such as idle time monitoring). Whereas for PC with many applications, heuristic strategies are the only way to go for PM. In embedded world the fine-tuning of applications is a normal practice.
Therefore it seems affordable that if application can share explicitly some information to help PM subsystem to improve the "guessing" accuracy. The requirement on providing interfaces from PM framework to applications to grasp their performance requirements and/or monitor their real-time activity is very important too.
(i.e. MPlayer telling about the video playback performance not only to the user but also directly to the PM subsystem via a standard interface to maintain optimum PM and not drop frames).
Kernel and user mode API's ACPI independent
Most CE platforms do not include ACPI platform firmware interfaces. It is important that efforts be taken to make sure that power management API's do not explicitly or implicitly assume ACPI support of behavior.
Without this it becomes difficult to reuse power management solutions across platforms and architectures.
Throttling controls
• more platform throttling API's (freq, memory bus speed, IO speed, fan, peripherals)
• PowerOP?
• more system / OS throttling API's
• more cpufreq governors
More metric APIs
Today we only sample idle time, what other things could be sampled and used as control input for policies?
• more platform metric API's
• fan
• thermal static
• thermal rate of change
• power load
• battery static
• battery rate of change
• more system / OS load metric API's
• fork latency
• ave time spent in TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE for specific tasks
• application WFI (Wait For Interrupt) scheduling latency
• scheduler load
• lock contention
• dead line head room
• other stuff?
Platform Throttling
Today we have basic CPU throttling. CPUFREQ is an OK framework for this but we need more and analogous infrastructure for throttling other parts of the platform. Additionally we only have 4 basic governors, user, max performance, min performance, and 2 idle time controlled CPU frequency switching policies.
There are not a lot of architecture specific implementations of ACPI-like features for non-ACPI architectures. The implementation of the platform capabilities within ACPI on CE hardware is non-trivial. It would be good to get more support for proper platform power scaling on such non-ACPI capable architectures and sub-architectures.
CPUFREQ needs more governor options
There should be more governors.
• RT deadline governor
• UI responsiveness governor
• Thermal
• Fan control
CPUFREQ extended to core voltage control
Today CPUFREQ is very clock speed centric. For many systems one can control both core frequency and voltage. For some systems changing core voltage is a more expensive operation than changing frequency. To enable effective CPU frequency and core voltage control we need to extend the design of CPUFREQ to include the notion of target voltage.
SMP CPU throttling
After you have throttled the hardware back and you have more than one core under utilized. It may be useful to change the idle processing on those cores such that they enter higher latency idle states, and avoid scheduling tasks / sending interrupts to those cores.
Sometimes you cannot just shut off CPU's. But you can not schedule work on them, and use specific CPU instructions that are hi-latency and lower power than the normal idle process.
Memory bus throttling
Need policy architecture for memory bus throttling.
Could CPUFREQ be extended or generalized for this?
Memory speed throttling
Both DPM and the recently introduced powerop code have the concept of an operating point, which can tie bus/memory clock speed to a corresponding CPU clock frequency.
IO bus throttling
Need policy architecture for for IO bus Could CPUFREQ be extended or generalized for this?
Throttling Arbitrary Power Parameters Outside CPUFREQ
Another proposal, given the provisional name PowerOP, creates a new machine-level API that manages arbitrary hardware power/performance parameters. This API can be used by both cpufreq and by other power management mechanisms that wish to explicitly manage additional parameters, usually for embedded systems. cpufreq would then call the PowerOP layer to effect changes to hardware registers, etc. in response to changes in the "cpu speed" abstraction that cpufreq manages. Embedded power policy stacks, such as DPM, would also call this layer in response to changes in interfaces used by those stacks (usually lower-level abstractions, perhaps directly exposing the hardware registers).
This would allow both cpufreq and other power management software to share the same hardware-specific code, assuming there continues to be a place for both types of PM interfaces, one for desktop/laptop/server systems and one for embedded systems.
The linux-pm community has also discussed adding comprehensive power policy management frameworks that could subsume the functionality that was discussed for PowerOP.
Peripheral throttling
Device power management provides one solution for peripheral power control. This will be useful for user mode governors.
Support for the maximal throttling of powering off the peripheral is also needed.
Need policy architecture for platform device and peripheral throttling Could CPUFREQ be extended or generalized for this?
Temperature based throttling
Many portable devices are made for human touch. Usability needs for preventing the device from overheating and to prevent burning the user's hands is needed. Platform vendors will be including temperature sensors in these devices, and the OS and application will need to have some policies in place to use it.
More policy interfaces than CPUFreq
Yet another CPUFREQ like thing? Or something else?
Could CPUFREQ be extended or generalized for this?
This could involve the policy interface that DPM exposes, a new kernel-side policy manager, an altogether new, user-side policy manager. Systems integrators and OEMs have often had to write their own "resource managers" on top of their platform OS. Would it be possible to come up with something similar for embedded systems running Linux? There are already some of the building blocks in DPM and the software suspend code.
Non-ACPI architecture specific power control
For platforms that cannot afford the overhead of adding ACPI platform firmware / BIOS support for power management, there is a need for the architecture and sub architecture support of more or less equivalent capabilities. For example, the task of throttling the CPU frequency on some platforms without breaking the serial port connection, violating some constraints with memory controllers or interface specification to parts on the CE platform can be a significant challenge.
ACPI and platform firmware / BIOS take care of this type of stuff for developers underneath the OS on most Laptop, Desktop and server platforms from Intel. However; for CE devices there is very little support available in the arch and sub-arch kernel tree's.
Define Platform Power API that needs to be exported for non-ACPI architectures
I need CELF support in defining these. I'm ok with stating a requirement for an API definition but I'm not going to define the API.
Example Implementation of API for ARM sub-Arch
Need to get a platform vendor to put up effort to implement this type of thing.
Example Implementation of API of arch X
There is more than just ARM out there. Need PMWG members to step up and define these guys.
Process / OS Throttling
Sometimes its not enough to throttle the platform. Throttling the work load is the next level of control. Support for process level throttling is needed to in order to take power management to the next level and provide systems that will maintain thermal and battery constraints.
The OS should be aware of trigger points for HW protection points, where the HW will shut off power and loose user data. If the platform is approaching one of these triggers, and the OS can throttle itself to avoid loss of data this would be a good thing.
Rate limit interrupts
Sometimes hardware or drivers can have bugs in them that result in interrupt storms that result in interrupt processing consuming 100% of the CPU. When these happen, the system will not get an opportunity to execute any policy logic. For handheld devices such an event could result in skin temperatures outside of an acceptable range triggering a HW shut down. It could also result in a deep discharge of the battery such that it damages some battery technologies.
It would be good to have some type of protection in the OS for such things.
Process controlled based on power states
The idea is to provide a background thread policy that would be kept out of the run state as a function of PM state. For instance, my laptop sometimes runs updatedb cron jobs for me when it's on battery, and it would be better if the updatedb process would just sleep until I re-tether my system to the wall.
I could see this type of thing applied to thermal throttling too. My daughter's laptop gets quite hot when she has some web pages opened (flash banner adds burning mips). It would be interesting to throttle such threads in the scheduler.
* Policies for tethered vs. un-tethered
* Policies for thermal control (e.g. keep the fan from starting up by not running some cron job.)
* Scheduler policy classes that schedule tasks based on some TBD policy manager Run levels tied to PM policy
Asymmetric Suspend Resume
The ability to suspend a system under one power state and resume it under different conditions and selectively resume the suspended processes. One user scenario is the following: the system is tethered running at full power and more or less operating assuming it had unlimited battery. The user suspends, and takes the device to a coffee shop or airplane and resumes. This time under battery power. It would be a cool thing to selectively only resume processes that are required to run when under battery. The selection criterion for resume could include IP address, or MAC of current DHCP server, and powered state (AC / Battery).
SMP process throttling
Some multi-core systems must throttle both cores symmetrically. This means that if your work load is low enough to not need the other core, the most you can do is to simply not send any interrupts to it and to avoid scheduling any tasks to run on it.
Doing this effectively from a PM governor (say a CPUFREQ governor) posses some interesting challenges in coupling scheduler behavior to PM design.
Lower power kernel processing
The kernel does a lot of book keeping and processing on its own as a result of design choices for things like process accounting, scheduler design for CPU bound multi-processing, and other things. This area of PM requirements focuses on reducing the number of instructions the kernel does over time, as well as things that happen in the kernel that get in the way of putting the CE platform into a possible lower power state for longer times.
One thing to keep in mind is the for CE platforms and applications it is sometimes acceptable to violate POSIX.
Low power idle
Many platforms provide hardware support for different types of idle states. It would be good to have standardized ways for extending the type of idle processing dynamically.
Runtime selection of idle states
For ACPI platforms this can be related to C states, but for non-ACPI platforms the lower power idle states need to be entered by the OS explicitly
It would be good to enable some type of policy framework for controlling which platform idle states are entered from idle. (CPUFREQ-like thing?)
Tick-less idle
When in a high latency lower power idle state its not helpful to have the timer interrupt wake up the CPU to do nothing useful.
Variable Scheduling Timeouts (VST)
This is more general than tick less idle as it goes farther to remove the periodic timer ticks from the scheduler design all together.
Reducing Tick Overhead
The timer tick processing is getting bloated for CE applications where each instruction results in power lose. Efforts to minimize the work done by the kernel when processing timer ticks would help a lot for CE and embedded applications.
It would be acceptable to the CE and embedded application developers to sacrifice some POSIX compatibility for this. Of course such an implementation would require compile time switches.
Sleep state support
* Need both suspend to RAM and suspend to disk
* Generalized suspend /resume implementations that can be easily extended to suspend to flash.
* Robust suspend /resume operations
* Need to define quality metric and test cases for suspend resume and drive community toward such goals
* Video recovery (VGA platforms only / set top box)
* Better debug logging for suspend / resume success and failure
* Low latency suspend / resume control
* Resume takes a long time to the initial resume, and then even longer before the OS stops thrashing about.
* The resume thrash costs battery
* The resume thrash breaks audio play back for a significant amount to time.
* Suspend / Resume benchmark and testing
Need quality and performance benchmarks against suspend / resume implementations to be run on a regular bases
* could we mimic Intel's performance benchmarking effort?
More sleep states
A number of CPUs and ASSPs currently used in mobile devices support different sleep states, although often the software support to exploit these in not available. Typically, a CPU has a low power mode that can be entered when the OS idle loop/idle task runs and that is exited by an interrupt. The latency associated with this "wait for interrupt" (WFI) state is low; no state saving is required and the OS can resume from where it left off. More recent CPUs have included support for other sleep states that are in-between WFI and the "system suspend" state in which power to the CPU is removed and external RAM is used to save/restore state. For example, the ARM11 family introduced a "dormant" power state, in which power is removed from the CPU core but not its cache RAMs, enabling a faster "warm start". TI's OMAP family of ASSPs include a number of sleep states, where progressively more and more of the device is powered down. ASSPs often include a "System Controller" that manages clocks and power gating, providing a number of clocking regimes, for example: BR
* Off - system suspended
* Crystal oscillator - CPU runs, limited range of peripherals available,
* (probably) no SDRAM available
* Main oscillator - CPU, more peripherals, SDRAM available
* PLL - maximum performance, system devices available
The system may also permit frequency/voltage scaling within one of these clocking regimes - this is the area that CPUfreq and other proprietary software is aiming to tackle.
A question arising here would be: how does the OS know what peripherals it can use and what can it do in a given clocking regime? Maybe for a mobile device it would be acceptable not to run Linux at all in the crystal oscillator mode but keep this for boot-up and for the times when a minimal amount of CPU activity is required. This could be when the device is on but not in active use - a cell-phone powered on but not in a call, for example.
One possibility could be to define additional power management states, for
example,
PM_SUSPEND_DORMANT
, and manage them through the existing Linux
power management framework. However, as mention above, some clocking regimes might not be sufficient for us to run Linux!
Suspend to Flash
Sony is interested in this, and has done some work in this area. It would give all the benefits of Suspend to RAM with the added advantage of being able to remove power from external RAM too. A project within Samsung has looked at using NAND Flash as a swap device, to make use of existing Suspend to Disk code.
Suspend to RAM
There is support for this in some platforms - for example, Intel PXA and TI OMAP family parts. Power can be removed from the CPU when it is in a sleep mode because its state has previously been saved to external memory (usually SDRAM). The SDRAM itself is in a self-refresh mode. Exit from sleep is via a warm reset.
All suspend mechanisms rely on the Linux power management framework (see
kernel/power/pm.c
) with architecture- and platform-specific code
underneath.
System load prediction
The ability to predict system throughput and latency capability and needs is one of the largest gaps for the implementation of good power management designs today.
Today we only use the kstat data to monitor idle Could we do better if we knew:
* Process contention for locks
* Size of task list
* CPU event counters
* Number of tasks in run state
* Number of tasks waiting on IO
* Number of niced tasks
* Number of RT tasks
* RT processing deadline times
* Latency from interrupt to process schedule (UI event)
* Interrupt rates
* average time of key tasks spent in TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE state
Need more ideas to be discussed.
Measurement and benchmark
Technology/Physics background
Power Dissipation Elements in CMOS Circuits
Power Reduction Methods
Power Management
PM measuring methodology definition
How to measure power
* Understand the trade offs WRT where power is measured
* Warn about issues with some test configurations.
* How to measure battery life
* Understanding of differences in battery technologies
PM benchmark work loads
* well defined target platforms
* well defined work loads
* Good PM robustness benchmark
* Suspend/resume latency benchmark
* Regular PM benchmark reporting
New ideas to consider
Example PM solutions
Formal control theory applied
More formal control theory analysis and design applied to the PM implementations. Today most of the PM solutions are heuristic and not designed from a control theory point of view. SISO vs. PID http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory
Continuous controls supported by policy managers
Today the controls are all discrete operating points. Some CE vendors have requested continuous control designs.
Need more creativity on the prediction problem
We don't do a good job of predicting what the system load will be next jiffy, we only measure what it was last jiffy.
Notes from the Power Management Summit
[attachment:PMsummit2006.ppt Mark's requirements slides, presented at the Summit]
[attachment:PmSummitFallOut.ppt Mark's action plan from the Summit]
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Bond County, IllinoisEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 22:58, 16 August 2011 by HendricksonP (Talk | contribs)
Coordinates: 38.88°0′N 89.44°0′W / 38.88°N 89.44°W / 38.88; -89.44
Bond County, Illinois
Map
Location in the state of Illinois
Location of Illinois in the U.S.
Facts
Founded: January 4, 1817
County Seat Greenville
Courthouse
Photo courtesy Illinois Regional Archives Depository, Illinois State Archives
Address Bond County Courthouse
200 W. College Avenue
Greenville, Illinois 62246
(618) 664-3208
Bond County Website
United States Illinois Bond County
Contents
Bond County Organization
Boone County's civil records start the following years:
Beginning Dates for Bond County Records
Birth Marriage Death Census Land Probate
1877 1817 1877 1820 1817 1821
County Courthouse
County records are most often kept at the County Courthouse or another local repository. For further information about where the records for Bond County are kept, see the Bond County Courthouse page.
Historical Facts
Bond County is named for Shadrach Bond, the first Governor of the State of Illinois.
Boundary Changes
• Bond County is divided into 9 townships: Shoal Creek, LaGrange, Mulberry Grove, Old Ripley, Central, Pleasant Mound, Burgess, Mills, and Tamalco.
• 4 January 1817: -- Bond County was created from Madison County. [1]
Record Loss
Records and Resources
Bible Records
Family Bibles of the Herndon and Howell families of Bond County are included in an Ancestry database ($). The database also includes Howell tombstone inscriptions and a will.[2]
Biography
Cemeteries
• Find A Grave can be searched by the name of a person or family to find where a person is buried. Usually gives birth and death dates often with a picture of the tombstone. May give obituaries, names of family members and links to their information in Find A Grave.
• Illinois Cemeteries by county.
• The Family History Library Catalog at familysearch.org contails several records for cemeteries in Bond County. Some are transcriptions for individual cemeteries, others contain multiple cemeteries.
• WorldCat lists a good number of cemetery sources for Bond County cemeteries. Check this source to see if a library near you has a helpful cemetery records.
• Cemetery Location Project of the Illinois State Genealogical Society and hosted by RootsWeb gives the town, address, and township and range of various cemeteries in Bond County las updated in 2001.
• Bond County Cemetery Records at USGenWeb lists cemeteries in Bond County with links to burials in the cemeteries. Burials include names, birth and death dates with comments about some burials.A few cemeteries have images.
• Illinois Gravestone Photo Project currently (Aug 2011) has entries for two Bond County Cemeteries. Entries contain photos of headstones and information about the deceased
• In and Around Panama, Illinois.This site contains photos of all the headstones in a good number of Bond County cemeteries with birth dates, death dates, and comments when available
• Bond County Cemeteries listed at ePodunk. Includes a fairly complete list of cemeteries in the county. At each cemetery link there is a list of nearby cemeteries, a google map of the cemetery location, and other cites of interest.
• Confederate veteran buried in Illinois. This site contains the names, military data, and burial sites by county of Confederate soldiers buried in Illinois. Bond County has a number of burials.
Census
For information and tips on accessing census records online, see Illinois Census.
Historical populations
Census Pop.
190016,078
191017,0756.2%
192016,045−6.0%
193014,406−10.2%
194014,5400.9%
195014,157−2.6%
196014,060−0.7%
197014,012−0.3%
198016,22415.8%
199014,991−7.6%
200017,63317.6%
Est. 200618,0552.4%
IL Counties 1900-1990
1840 Pensioners
• A Census of Pensioners for Revolutionary or Military Services: With their Names, Ages, and Places of Residence, as Returned by the Marshalls of the Several Judicial Districts, Under the Act for Taking the Sixth Census. Washington, D.C., 1841. FHL 973 X2pc 1840; FHL 2321; digital version at Google Books. [See Illinois, Bond County on page 186.]
Church History and Records
Court Records
IRAD Holdings (UIS)
• Justice of the Peace Dockets 1858 to 1961
Family History Library holdings
• FHL film 1316516 (first of 22) This record includes court records, guardianships, loose papers, and various probate related records. Many records in in these series were eith missing or not filmed.
Ethnic Research
African American
The following have information concerning African American research.
Genealogy
Mailing Lists
Message Boards
History
Land and Property
BLM GLO Records. Search original land patents for Bond County from the Govenment Land Office (GLO) or Eastern States Office. Some searches include images of the original warrants. All search results include the patant details needed for requesting copies of the land entry files at the National Archives. The GLO is the custodian of millions of land title documents. The General Land Office Automated Records Project is responsible for making these important documents available to the public.
Land records that include Bond County at Ancestry.com $:
• "Illinois Public Land Purchase Records" This record extract includes over 538,000 land sales from the 19th Century. Each entry includes the purchaser's name, purchase date, number of acres, price per acre, and in some cases the purchaser's sex and residence.
• "U.S. General Land Office Records, 1796 to 1907:" Records of Illinois are among the 13 states included in this set. It includes images of the land patents which contain the information necessary for ordering the complete case files from the National Archives. This appears to be the same information that is online at the Federal Land Office site http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/.
• Sheldon, Theodore. Land registration in Illinois. Chicago: Callaghan & Co., 1901. Digital book. Expains the laws regarding land and the land systems used in Illinois. Includes court cases involving land issues. In addition to being on Ancestry, this book is available online at no cost at Internet Archives and Google Books.
FHL land records
• Bond County (Illinois). Recorder. Deed records, 1817-1921. FHL film 1315963 (first of 28)
• Family maps of Bond County, Illinois : with homesteads, roads, waterways, towns, cemeteries, railroads, and more, by Gregory A. Boyd. (Norman, Oklahoma : Arphax Pub. Co., c2007)FHL book 977.3873 E7bg This book identifies the early land owners of Bond County, placing them on township maps with other geographic and manmade landmarks.
Maps
Military
• Civil War
Civil War service men from Bond County served in various regiments. Men often joined a company (within a regiment) that originated in their county. Listed below are companies or regiments that were formed from men of Bond County.
- 35th Regiment, Illinois Infantry, Company H.
Military
Naturalization and Citizenship
Newspapers
Obituaries
Probate Records
• Online abstracts from of Record Books A to 1, 1821 to 1838. Includes appraisals, administrations, wills, guardianships, land sales, and other records associated with probate matters. Transcribed by Donna Walton in 2007.
1837-1855 Probate Minutes
1837-1849 Probate Records
• Family History Library
• Bond County (Illinois) County Court. Probate records 1817 to 1940 FHL 22 films
Circuit and County Court records are mixed in.
Will index 1854-1922
Will Books 1854-1912
Probate Record Books
Inventories and Final Accounts
Bonds and Letters (Executors, guardianship, administrators)
Appraisements
Miscellaneous
Reports (Administrators, Guardians)
Widow's relinquishments
• SAMPUBCO - Index of testators of wills.
Guardianships
The Family History Library has films of some guardianshipp records among the the probate records listed above within the probate records.
Some guardianships are listed in the Online Abstracts described under probate records.
Repositories
County Courthouse
Bond County Courthouse
200 W. College Avenue
Greenville, Illinois 62246
County records are most often kept at the County Courthouse or another local repository. For further information about where the records for Adams County are kept, see the Bond County Courthouse page.
Family History Center
Bond County does not have a family history center. Center addresses are not mailing addresses. Some of the nearest centers are:
• O'Fallon, Illinois Family History Center
244 Fairwood Hills Rd
O'Fallon, Illinois
Contact: 1618-632-0210
• Alton Family History Center
6500 Humbolt Rd.
Godfrey, Illinois
Contact: 1-618-466-4352
To locate additional family history centers check the FamilySearch Center locaator link at familysearch.org.
Illinois Regional Archives Depository (IRAD)
IRAD Depository (UIS)
LIB 144
University of Illinois at Springfield
One University Plaza, MS BRK 140
Springfield IL 62703-5407
Telephone: (217) 206-6520
Public Libraries
Greenville Public Library
414 W. Main Ave.
Greenville, IL 62246
Phone 618-664-3115
Fax 618-664-9442
Hours
Monday - Tuesday 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m Wednesday - Thursday 12:00 to 8:00 p.m.
Friday 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Saturday 8:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.
Sunday CLOSED
The Greenville Public Library is a member of the Lewis & Clark Library system comprised of 150 members including public libraries, schools and colleges covering 8 counties. The LCLS provides technical support and inter-library loan services.
The Greenville Public Library has a Genealogy Room run by the Bond County Genealogy Society. The room contains information from Bond and surrounding counties, which includes histories, censuses, old newspapers, genealogies, vital records and more. In the room is equipment for viewing and copying the records that are on microfilm and microfiche. The holdings of the genealogy room are not contained in the library's catalog.
Social Groups Online
Societies
• Bond County Historical Society The society supports the Hoiles-Davis Museum located at 318 W. Winter St. in Greenville, Illinois. It was organized in 1955 and specializes in questions about the history of the county and its communities but not on genealogy matters.
Museum Hours: Mid April to the end of October Saturdays: 1pm to 3pm / Sundays: 2pm to 4pm or on special occasions.
• Bond County Genealogical Society has a room on the lower level of the Greenville Public Library that houses its holdings. Their collection has over 400 print volumes; microfilms of censuses, county newpapers 1858 to 1997 , and military records; and genealogical quarterlies from the region and state societies.
Taxation
Vital Records
Bond County (Illinois) County Court. Births, marriages, and deaths 1817-1927. FHL film 1317522 (first of 8)
Newspapers
Births
IRAD Holdings (UIS)
• Birth Records 1877 to 1915
• Birth Records Index 1863 to 1915
• Delayed Birth Records Index 1863 to 1915
Marriages
• Illinois Statewide Marriage Index, 1763–1900 - An online searchable index, is an ongoing project of the Illinois State Archives and the Illinois State Genealogical Society The Bond County index includes 1817-1915.
IRAD Holdings (UIS)
Marriage License Application 1891 to1916
Marriage Licenses 1817 to 1915
Mariage Records 1817 to 1915
Marriage Record Index 1817-1915
• Ancestry.com: ($)
Bond county marriages in "Illinois Marriages 1790 to 1860"
Bond County marriages in "Illinois Marriages to 1850"
Bond County marriages in "Illinois Marriages 1851 to 1900"
• FamilySearch. Extracts of Bond County marriages without images are available on FamilySearch among the "Illinois County Marriages, 1810 to 1934"
• Family History Library
Bond County (Illinois) County Clerk. Marriage licenses 1817-1872 FHL film 688499 (first of 5)
Bond County (Illinois) County lCerk. Bond County marriage licenses (adult and minor) & related material, 1873-1875, 1877-1886, 1890-1915. FHL film 1688489 (first of 9)
Bond County, Illinois marriage records, 1817-1850, compiled by Robert E. and Phyllis J. Shelby. Kokamo, (Indiana: Shelby Pub., 1982). FHL book 977.3873 V2s
Bond County, Illinois marriage records, 1851-1877, compiled by Evelyne McCracken. (Greenville, Illinois : Bond County Genealogical Society, c1984 ). FHL book 977.3873 V2m
Bond County, Illinois marriage records, 1878-1899, compiled by Evelyne McCracken. (Greenville, Illinois : Bond County Genealogical Society, c1985 ). FHL book 977.3873 V2mb with supp.
Bond County, Illinois marriage records, 1894-1915, compiled by Evelyne McCracken. (Greenville, Illinois : Bond County Genealogical Society, c1985 ).FHL book 977.3873 V2mba
Deaths
Index of Illinois Death Certificates, 1916–1950 listings the death certificates filed with the Illinois Department of Public Health
IRAD Holdings (UIS)
Death Records 1878 to 1915
Death Records Index 1878 to 1915
Websites
References
1. WorldCat 50140092, FHL Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed.] (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002)
2. Illinois Miscellaneous Genealogical Records: From Counties, Bond, Boone, Calhoun, Cook, Crawford, Du Page, Johnson, Knox, Lake, Will, Pope: Kentucky county, Mercer: Missouri county, Ralls. Evanston, Ill.: Illinois Society, D.A.R., 1946. Digital version at Ancestry ($).
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[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
Re: [libreoffice-users] How to edit numbering of styles?
Hi Miklos,
Miklos Vajna wrote (07-12-10 13:41)
Let's say I have a line, I set style to 'Heading 3'.
Now first I choose Format -> Bullets and Numbering, the Outline tab and
select the 'Numberic with all sublevels' style. This works fine.
Well, not so fine, as you found out.
Best in 90+ % of all the work is Tools>Outline numbering :-)
Only when you have two types of paragraphs, at the same level, that need a different numbering (style), setting numbering the other way, is needed.
And then still, you must do it via the properties of the paragraph style, not the properties of the paragraph.
Later I realise I want to have this in all lines having the 'Heading 3'
style, so I tried to edit the style. I press F11, right click on
'Heading 3', Modify, select the 'Outline& Numbering', but the combo box
to select the style is disabled.
Maybe you have to choose Format>Default formatting first, whyle the cursor is in the paragraph?
HTH,
Regards,
Cor
--
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Re: [libreoffice-users] How to edit numbering of styles?Miklos Vajna <vmiklos@frugalware.org>
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[libreoffice-users] How to edit numbering of styles?Miklos Vajna <vmiklos@frugalware.org>
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The Erection of Pondside Lodge – A Story In Pictures
Today, as promised, I can give the full-frontal, explicit and unexpurgated story of the erection of our new chicken house.
We have been the proud owners of an Eglu, manufactured by Omlet, for some time now.
Here’s our current eglu …
… and the current residents. As you can see it’s a little cosy for six bantams. Some new accommodation was needed. That’s when Mrs Crox decided to order the altogether more palatial Eglu Cube. As our entire garden acts as the chicken run, we ordered ours sans the wire-frame run.
It arrived last Thursday as a pile of very large boxes …
… which, when unpacked, made a very large pile of stuff.
Omlet thinks of everything – they even provide you with a few eggboxes
and, if you want, the chickens to lay the eggs to fill them.
The eglu cube is simplicity itself to assemble, needing only a cross-head screwdriver.
However, it’s probably a good idea to have help
and some experience of self-assembly furniture. Not a problem for Your Host, who has got every single allen key IKEA has ever made, and has successfully put together a ‘BENNY’ Large-Hadron Collider in beech-finished particle-board, and a ‘MOOMIN’ uranium-enriching ultracentrifuge in plain unvarnished pine.
The Eglu Cube has a set of wheels, rather like (says Mrs Crox) a Victorian bathing machine. Here I am attaching the wheels to the base.
and here’s the base, with the wheels attached.
But wait, there’s more. Then you add the front …
… attach the ladder …
… and then the sides, and the roosting bars.. The nestbox (on the left) can seat several chooks at once, whereas in the old Eglu there’s only room for one at a time, which caused a lot of squabbling as the chooks lined up like fractious teenagers outside a nightclub.
Here it is showing how you can remove the plastic roosting bars, and slide out the poo trays, which are emptied simply on the compost heap. A lot more hygienic and easier to clean than a wooden chicken coop.
Here is Mrs Crox showing how to gain access to the nestboxes through the side-hatch.
Fitting the lid – which slides to and fro for easier access -
is the only slightly tricky part. I should add that the Eglu Cube’s parts all fit, within reasonable tolerance, and are of extremely high quality. Which is just as well, given that it cost £££.
Before you know it, these highly prestigious waterside apartments are finished, modelled here by Crox Minima:
… with a finishing touch by Crox Minor.
Here is Mrs Crox putting some straw in the nestbox.
… and introducing two new residents.
But what of the old Eglu? Ah, well, for that you’ll have to tune in tomorrow for the next eggciting installment.
About cromercrox
Cromercrox is an author of the SF trilogy The Sigil and many other books, and an editor at a well-known science magazine whose opinions aren't necessarily represented on this page. You can visit his capacious backlist at Amazon at amazon.com/author/henrygee
This entry was posted in Cromer, Cromercrox In China and tagged , , . Bookmark the permalink.
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Matrimony is the union of meanness and martyrdom. Kraus, Karl
This quote is about marriage · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Kraus, Karl ...
Karl Kraus (April 28, 1874 - June 12, 1936) was an eminent Austrian writer and journalist, known as a satirist, essayist, aphorist, playwright, and poet. He is generally considered one of the foremost German-language satirists of the 20th century, especially known for his witty criticism of the press, German culture, and German politics.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Troy (Turkey)
From Wikitravel
Europe : Turkey : Marmara : Troy
Revision as of 11:36, 10 February 2009 by Vidimian (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Troy (Turkish: Truva or Troya) is an ancient city in what is now northwestern Turkey, made famous in Homer’s epic poem, the Iliad. According to Iliad, this is where legendary Trojan War took place. Today it is an archaeological site and a UNESCO World Heritage Site as well. It was also recently declared a national park.
Get in
The nearest main center is Canakkale, about 30 km away. There are hourly minibuses that travel to and from the Canakkale local bus station, which is located under the bridge by the river.
by car
The site is 2 km away from Canakkale-Izmir highway (D550/E87). Road signs will direct you.
Get around
See
Explore the ruins.
Do
Climbing up the ladders of (fake) Trojan horse in the entrance of the site is an inevitable part of Troy experience. Better do it on weekdays as the ladders (and the interior of the horse itself) may be crowded at weekends by schoolchildren on a schooltrip (a situation which makes climbing up and down those steep stairs rather unpleasent).
Buy
Eat
• Wilusa Restaurant, Tevfikiye, +90 286 283 00 44 (fax: +90 286 217 84 89), [1]. Turkish fast food.
Drink
Sleep
See Canakkale#Sleep
Get out
Bozcaada, an island in the Aegean Sea, is located nearby (within the sight of bare eyes from Troy). Geyikli harbour, which has a ferry connection with Bozcaada, is only ten or so kilometres away from Troy, to the south.
This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
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In other languages
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8731.0 - Building Approvals, Australia, November 2011 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 10/01/2012
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
GLOSSARY
Accommodation
Buildings primarily providing short-term or temporary accommodation on a commercial basis. Includes:
• Self-contained, short-term apartments (e.g. serviced apartments);
• Hotels (predominantly accommodation), motels, boarding houses, cabins; and
• Other short-term accommodation n.e.c. (e.g. migrant hostels, youth hostels, lodges).
Aged care facilities
Building used in the provision or support of aged care facilities, excluding dwellings (e.g. retirement villages). Includes aged care facilities with and without medical care.
Agriculture/aquaculture
Buildings associated with agriculture and aquaculture activities, including bulk storage of produce (e.g. shearing shed, hay shed, shearers’ quarters).
Alterations and additions
Building activity carried out on existing buildings. Includes alterations and additions to floor area, the structural design of a building, and affixing rigid components which are integral to the functioning of the building.
Building
A building is a rigid, fixed and permanent structure which has a roof. Its intended purpose is primarily to house people, plant, machinery, vehicles, goods or livestock. An integral feature of a building’s design is the provision for regular access by persons in order to satisfy its intended use.
Building job
A building job is a construction project comprising work to one or more buildings.
Commercial
Buildings primarily occupied with or engaged in commercial trade or work intended for commercial trade, including buildings used primarily in wholesale and retail trades, office and transport activities.
Conversion
Building activity which converts a non-residential building to a residential building (e.g. conversion of a warehouse to residential apartments).
Dwelling
A dwelling is a self-contained suite of rooms, including cooking and bathing facilities, intended for long-term residential use. A dwelling may comprise part of a building or the whole of a building. Regardless of whether they are self-contained or not, rooms within buildings offering institutional care (e.g. hospitals) or temporary accommodation (e.g. motels, hostels and holiday apartments) are not defined as dwellings. Such rooms are included in the appropriate category of non-residential building approvals. Dwellings can be created in one of four ways: through new work to create a residential building; through alteration/addition work to an existing residential building; through either new or alteration/addition work on non-residential building; or through conversion of a non-residential building to a residential building.
Dwellings excluding houses
Dwellings in other residential buildings and dwellings created in non-residential buildings.
Educational
Buildings used in the provision or support of educational services, including group accommodation buildings (e.g. classrooms, school canteens, dormitories).
Entertainment and recreation
Buildings used in the provision of entertainment and recreational facilities or services (e.g. libraries, museums, casinos, sporting facilities).
Factories
Buildings housing, or associated with, production and assembly processes of intermediate and final goods.
Flats, units or apartments
Dwellings not having their own private grounds and usually sharing a common entrance, foyer or stairwell.
Health
Buildings used in the provision of non-aged care medical services (e.g. nursing quarters, laboratories, clinics).
House
A detached building primarily used for long term residential purposes consisting of one dwelling unit. Includes detached residences associated with a non-residential building, and kit and transportable homes.
Industrial
Buildings used for warehousing and the production and assembly activities of industrial establishments, including factories and plants.
New
Building activity which will result in the creation of a building which previously did not exist.
Non-residential building
Buildings primarily intended for purposes other than long term residence.
Offices
Buildings primarily used in the provision of professional services or public administration (e.g. offices, insurance or finance buildings).
Other residential building
Buildings other than houses which are primarily used for long-term residential purposes. Other residential buildings includes: semidetached, row or terrace houses or townhouses; and flats, units or apartments.
Religious
Buildings used for or associated with worship or in support of programs sponsored by religious bodies (e.g. church, temple, church hall, religious dormitories).
Residential building
Buildings primarily used for long-term residential purposes. Residential buildings are categorised as houses or other residential buildings.
Retail/wholesale trade
Buildings primarily used in the sale of goods to intermediate and end users.
Semidetached, row or terrace houses, townhouses
Dwellings having their own private grounds with no other dwellings above or below.
Total residential building
Total residential building is comprised of houses and other residential building. It does not include dwellings in non-residential buildings.
Transport
Buildings primarily used in the provision of transport services. Includes:
• Passenger transport buildings (e.g. passenger terminals);
• Non-passenger transport buildings (e.g. freight terminals);
• Commercial car parks (excluded are those built as part of, and intended to service, other distinct building developments); and
• Other transport buildings n.e.c.
Warehouses
Buildings primarily used for storage of goods, excluding produce storage.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Research article
Vascular disrupting agent for neovascular age related macular degeneration: a pilot study of the safety and efficacy of intravenous combretastatin a-4 phosphate
Mohamed A Ibrahim1, Diana V Do1,6, Yasir J Sepah1, Syed M Shah1, Elizabeth Van Anden1, Gulnar Hafiz1, J Kevin Donahue2,3, Richard Rivers4, Jai Balkissoon5, James T Handa1, Peter A Campochiaro1 and Quan Dong Nguyen1,6*
Author Affiliations
1 Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Maumenee 745, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
2 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
3 Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
4 Department of Anesthesia, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
5 OxiGene, Inc., South San Francisco, California, CA, USA
6 Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2013, 14:7 doi:10.1186/2050-6511-14-7
Published: 14 January 2013
Abstract
Background
This study was designed to assess the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of intravenous infusion of CA4P in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Methods
Prospective, interventional, dose-escalation clinical trial. Eight patients with neovascular AMD refractory to at least 2 sessions of photodynamic therapy received CA4P at a dose of 27 or 36 mg/m2 as weekly intravenous infusion for 4 consecutive weeks. Safety was monitored by vital signs, ocular and physical examinations, electrocardiogram, routine laboratory tests, and collection of adverse events. Efficacy was assessed using retinal fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA).
Results
The most common adverse events were elevated blood pressure (46.7%), QTc prolongation (23.3%), elevated temperature (13.3%), and headache (10%), followed by nausea and eye injection (6.7%). There were no adverse events that were considered severe in intensity and none resulted in discontinuation of treatment. There was reduction of the excess foveal thickness by 24.15% at end of treatment period and by 43.75% at end of the two-month follow-up (p = 0.674 and 0.161, respectively). BCVA remained stable throughout the treatment and follow-up periods.
Conclusions
The safety profile of intravenous CA4P was consistent with that reported in oncology trials of CA4P and with the class effects of vascular disruptive agents; however, the frequency of adverse events was different. There are evidences to suggest potential efficacy of CA4P in neovascular AMD. However, the level of systemic safety and efficacy indicates that systemic CA4P may not be suitable as an alternative monotherapy to current standard-of-care therapy.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01570790.
Keywords:
Angiogenesis; Neovascularization; Ocular pharmacology; Retinal degeneration; Combretastatin A-4 Phosphate; CA4P; Vascular disrupting agents; VDA
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Little, Brown, 1987 Series
Published in English (United States)
Publication Date:
1987
Number of Issues Published:
1
Format:
Large format trade paperback; 9" high x 10" wide; black and white and color interior pages; stiff color covers
Series Details:
Publisher's Brands:
Indicia Publishers:
Notes
Part of a series of Bloom County newspaper strip reprints.
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 87-3537.
Editing
Index Status
Indexed Partially Indexed Pending Approval Reserved Skeleton Data Only
[nn]
Cover Status
Scan available Needs Replacement No Scan available
[nn]
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Rate This Article
Average: 0/5
Slovakia
Geography:
Slovakia
The Slovakian countryside, with the Tatra mountains visible in the distance.
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Peter Saundry
Slovakia is a landlocked nation of five-and-a-half million people in central Europe, south of Poland.
Most of the country is rugged and mountainous. The Tatra Mountains in the north are interspersed with many scenic lakes and valleys.
Its major environmental issues include:
• air pollution from metallurgical plants presents human health risks; and,
• acid rain damaging forests
Slovakia's roots can be traced to the 9th century state of Great Moravia.
Subsequently, the Slovaks became part of the Hungarian Kingdom, where they remained for the next 1,000 years.
Following the formation of the dual Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1867, language and education policies favoring the use of Hungarian (Magyarization) resulted in a strengthening of Slovak nationalism and a cultivation of cultural ties with the closely related Czechs, who were themselves ruled by the Austrians.
After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the close of World War I, the Slovaks joined the Czechs to form Czechoslovakia.
Following the chaos of World War II, Czechoslovakia became a Communist nation within Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe. Soviet influence collapsed in 1989 and Czechoslovakia once more became free.
The Slovaks and the Czechs agreed to separate peacefully on 1 January 1993.
Slovakia joined both NATO and the European Union in the spring of 2004 and the euro area on 1 January 2009.
Geography
Location: Central Europe, south of Poland
Geographic Coordinates: 48 40 N, 19 30 E
Area: 49,035 sq km (land: 48,105 sq km; water: 930 sq km)
Land Boundaries: 1,474 km (Austria 91 km, Czech Republic 197 km, Hungary 676 km, Poland 420 km, Ukraine 90 km)
As a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Slovakia has implemented the strict Schengen border rules.
Natural Hazards:
Terrain: rugged mountains in the central and northern part and lowlands in the south. The highest point is Gerlachovsky Stit (2,655 m) and the lowest point Bodrok River (94 m).
Climate: temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Ecology and Biodiversity
Source: Wikimedia Commons.
1. Pannonian mixed forests
2. Carpathian montane forests
See also:
People and Society
Population: 5,483,088 (July 2012 est.)
The majority of the 5.5 million inhabitants of the Slovak Republic are Slovak (80.7%). Hungarians are officially the largest ethnic minority (8.5%) and are concentrated in the southern and eastern regions of Slovakia. Up to 10% of the population is thought to be Roma, although the last official census (2011) put their number at 2.0%. Other ethnic groups include Czechs, Ruthenians, Ukrainians, Germans, and Poles. The Slovak constitution guarantees freedom of religion. The majority of Slovak citizens (62%) are Roman Catholic; the second-largest group is Lutheran (5.9%). About 3,000 Jews remain of the estimated pre-World War II population of 120,000. The official state language is Slovak, and Hungarian is widely spoken in the south.
Despite its modern European economy and society, Slovakia has a significant rural element. About 46% of Slovaks live in villages of less than 5,000 people, and 14% in villages of less than 1,000.
Ethnic Groups: Slovak 85.8%, Hungarian 9.7%, Roma 1.7%, Ruthenian/Ukrainian 1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)
Age Structure:
0-14 years: 15.6% (male 437,755/female 417,797)
15-64 years: 71.6% (male 1,955,031/female 1,965,554)
65 years and over: 12.8% (male 262,363/female 438,538) (2011 est.)
Population Growth Rate: 0.104% (2012 est.)
Birthrate: 10.38 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
Death Rate: 9.64 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
Net Migration Rate: 0.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
Life Expectancy at Birth: 76.03 years
male: 72.14 years
female: 80.12 years (2012 est.)
Total Fertility Rate: 1.38 children born/woman (2012 est.)
Languages: Slovak (official) 83.9%, Hungarian 10.7%, Roma 1.8%, Ukrainian 1%, other or unspecified 2.6% (2001 census)
Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write)99.6% (2004)
Urbanization: 55% of total population (2010) growing at an annual rate of change of 0.1% (2010-15 est.)
History
Historians usually trace Slovakia’s roots to the Great Moravian Empire, founded in the early ninth century. The territory of Great Moravia included all of present western and central Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and parts of neighboring Poland, Hungary, and Germany. Saints Cyril and Methodius, known for the creation of a Cyrillic alphabet, came to Great Moravia as missionaries upon the invitation of the king in the early 10th century to spread Christianity. The empire collapsed after only 80 years as a result of the political intrigues and external pressures from invading forces. Slovaks then became part of the Hungarian Kingdom, where they remained for the next 1,000 years. Bratislava was the Hungarian capital for nearly two and a half centuries after the Turks occupied the territory of present-day Hungary in the early 16th century.
Revolutions inspired by nationalism swept through Central Europe in 1848, which led to the codification of the Slovak language by Ludovit Stur in 1846 and later the formation of the dual Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1867. As language and education policies favoring the use of Hungarian, which came to be known as Magyarization, grew stricter, Slovak nationalism grew stronger. Slovak intellectuals cultivated cultural ties with the Czechs, who were themselves ruled by the Austrians. After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian State following World War I, the concept of a single Czecho-Slovakian unified state came to fruition. Tomas Masaryk signed the Pittsburgh Agreement, declaring the intent of the Czechs and Slovaks to found a new state in May 1918, and a year later became Czechoslovakia's first president.
After the 1938 Munich agreement forced Czechoslovakia to cede territory to Germany, Slovakia declared its autonomy. Slovakia became a Nazi puppet state led by the Catholic priest Jozef Tiso. During this period, approximately 70,000 Slovak Jews were sent to concentration camps to perish in the Holocaust. Roma, while persecuted under the Tiso regime, were not deported by the Slovak Hlinka guards. An undetermined number of Roma were deported from the southern part of Slovakia when it was occupied by Hungary in 1944. The Slovak National Uprising, a brief insurrection against the fascist powers in August-September 1944, was put down by Nazi forces.
At the conclusion of World War II, the reunified Czechoslovakia was considered within the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union. The communist party, supported by the U.S.S.R., took political power in February 1948 and began to centralize control. The next 4 decades were characterized by strict communist rule, interrupted only briefly during the Prague Spring of 1968. The Slovak-born Communist leader Alexander Dubcek presided over a thawing of communist power and proposed political, social, and economic reforms in his effort to make "socialism with a human face" a reality. Concern among other Warsaw Pact governments that Dubcek had gone too far prompted an invasion and Dubcek's removal from his position.
The 1970s were characterized by the development of a dissident movement. On January 1, 1977 more than 250 human rights activists signed a manifesto called Charter 77, which criticized the government for failing to meet its human rights obligation. The so-called "Candle Demonstration," which took place in Bratislava in March 1988, was the first mass demonstration of the 1980s against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia. The demonstration, organized by Roman Catholic groups asking for religious freedom in Czechoslovakia, was brutally suppressed by the police.
On November 17, 1989, a series of public protests, known as the "Velvet Revolution," began and led to the downfall of communist rule in Czechoslovakia. Dissident groups, such as Charter 77 in the Czech Republic and Public Against Violence in Slovakia, united to form a transitional government and assist with the first democratic elections since 1948. Several new parties emerged to fill the political spectrum.
After the 1992 elections, Vladimir Meciar's Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (HZDS), which demanded Slovak autonomy as a matter of fairness, emerged as the leading party in Slovakia. In June 1992, the Slovak parliament voted to declare sovereignty, and the federation dissolved peacefully on January 1, 1993. Meciar's party ruled Slovakia for its first 5 years as an independent state. His authoritarian style as Prime Minister created international concerns about the democratic development of Slovakia. In the 1998 elections, HZDS received about 27% of the vote, but was unable to find coalition partners and went into opposition.
An anti-Meciar coalition formed a government led by Mikulas Dzurinda, the chairman of the Slovak Democratic and Christian Union (SDKU) and began to pursue critical economic and political reforms. The first Dzurinda government enabled Slovakia to enter the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), begin accession negotiations with the European Union (EU) and close virtually all chapters of the accession acquis, and make the country a strong candidate for North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) accession. However, the popularity of the governing parties declined sharply, and several new parties gained relatively high levels of support in public opinion polls.
In the September 2002 parliamentary elections, a last-minute surge in support for the SDKU gave Dzurinda a mandate for a second term. He formed a government with three other center-right parties: the Hungarian Coalition Party (SMK), Christian Democrats (KDH), and Alliance of New Citizens (ANO). The main priorities of the coalition were ensuring a strong Slovak performance within NATO and the EU, fighting corruption, attracting foreign investment, and reforming social services, such as the health care system. Following a summer 2003 parliamentary shake-up, the government lost its narrow parliamentary majority and controlled only 69 of the 150 seats; however, because of conflicts among the opposition parties, the coalition was able to remain in power with the tacit support of Meciar’s HZDS.
Slovakia became a member of NATO on March 29, 2004, and joined the EU on May 1, 2004. All parliamentary political parties strongly supported Slovakia's NATO and EU accession.
After parliamentary elections on June 17, 2006, Robert Fico became Prime Minister, leading a coalition of Direction (Smer-SD), the Slovak National Party (SNS), and the People’s Party - Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (LS-HzDS). During Fico’s tenure, the ambitious economic reforms of the previous government largely stagnated although, in most cases, they were not rolled back. Fico’s government supported the mission in Afghanistan, increasing deployments from just over 50 to more than 300 while in office. In January 2010, Slovakia accepted three Guantanamo detainees for resettlement.
Although Smer-SD gained the largest share of parliamentary seats in June 12, 2010 elections, four center-right parties--SDKU, Freedom and Solidarity (SaS), KDH, and Bridge (Most-Hid)--formed a narrow governing coalition with the stated principal aim of attacking corruption, enhancing transparency, and returning to a more free-market economic agenda. SDKU’s Iveta Radicova led the government as the first female Prime Minister in Slovakia’s history. The government fell in October 2011 because of disputes among coalition parties regarding Slovak participation in the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF). EFSF was approved in November 2011 with SMER-SD support.
Parliamentary elections took place in March 2012. Smer-SD won more than 44% of the vote and 83 seats in the Slovak Parliament. Under the leadership of former Prime Minister Robert Fico, Smer-SD formed the first one-party government since the Velvet Revolution.
Government
Government Type: Parliamentary democracy
Slovakia's highest legislative body is the 150-seat unicameral National Council of the Slovak Republic. Delegates are elected for 4-year terms on the basis of proportional representation. The Slovak political scene supports a wide spectrum of political parties, including several center-right parties and the Slovak National Party.
In January 1999, Parliament passed a constitutional amendment allowing for direct election of the president. Kosice Mayor Rudolf Schuster was elected president in a May 1999 run-off with former Prime Minister Meciar and took office on June 15, 1999. On April 17, 2004, Ivan Gasparovic, a former Meciar deputy, was elected president; he was re-elected to a second 5-year term on April 4, 2009. Virtually all executive powers of government belong to the prime minister, but the president serves as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, is empowered to grant pardons, and has the right to return legislation to Parliament. Parliament, however, can override this veto with a simple majority.
Capital: Bratislava - 428,000 (2009)
Panorama of Bratislava. Source: Wikimedia Commons.
Administrative divisions: 8 regions (kraje, singular - kraj);
1. Bratislavsky,
2. Trnavsky,
3. Trenciansky,
4. Nitriansky,
5. Zilinsky
6. Banskobystricky,
7. Presovsky,
8. Kosicky,
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Independence Date: 1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia)
Legal System: civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; note - legal code modified to comply with the obligations of Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal system. Slovakia accepts compulsory International Court of Justice (ICJ) jurisdiction with reservations; and accepts International criminal court (ICCt) jurisdiction.
The country's highest appellate forum is the Supreme Court; below that are regional, district, and military courts. In certain cases the law provides for decisions of tribunals of judges to be attended by lay judges from the citizenry. Slovakia also has a special Constitutional Court, which rules on constitutional issues. The 13 members of this court are appointed by the president from a slate of candidates nominated by Parliament.
In 2002, Parliament passed legislation that created a Judicial Council. This 18-member council, composed of judges, law professors, and other legal experts, is responsible for the nomination of judges. All judges, except those of the Constitutional Court, are appointed by the president from a list proposed by the Judicial Council. The Council determines principles for the selection, evaluation, promotion, and continuing education of judges, and should establish principles of judicial ethics. The Judicial Council appoints Disciplinary Senates in cases of judicial misconduct.
International Environmental Agreements
Slovakia is party to international agreements on: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, and Whaling.
Water
Total Renewable Water Resources: 50.1 cu km (2003)
Freshwater Withdrawal: 1.04 cu km/yr
Per Capita Freshwater Withdrawal: 193 cu m/yr (2003)
Bilateral government, legal, technical and economic working group negotiations continued in 2006 between Slovakia and Hungary over Hungary's completion of its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube.
Agriculture
Agricultural products: grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit; pigs, cattle, poultry; forest products
Irrigated Land: 1,660 sq km (2008)
Resources
Natural Resources: brown coal and lignite; small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore; salt; arable land.
Land Use:
arable land: 29.23%
permanent crops: 2.67%
other: 68.1% (2005)
Economy
With the establishment of the Slovak Republic in January 1993, Slovakia continued the difficult transformation from a centrally-planned to a modern market-oriented economy. This reform slowed in the 1994-98 period due to the crony capitalism and irresponsible fiscal policies of Prime Minister Vladimir Meciar's government. While economic growth and other fundamentals improved steadily during Meciar's term, public and private debt and trade deficits soared, and privatization, often tarnished by corrupt insider deals, progressed only in fits and starts. Real annual GDP growth peaked at 6.5% in 1995 but declined to 1.3% in 1999. Much of the growth in the Meciar era, however, was attributable to high government spending and over-borrowing rather than productive economic activity.
The pace of economic reforms picked up during the second administration of Prime Minister Mikulas Dzurinda, which oversaw the simplification of the tax system, reforms of the labor code and pension systems, and a large number of privatizations. With the onset of the global recession in 2008, Slovakia’s highly export-dependent economy began to contract, finishing that year with 6.4% growth, following 10.4% growth in 2007. The economy slowed rapidly in the first quarter of 2009--contracting 12% from the previous quarter--as the deepening recession was exacerbated by a political crisis between Russia and Ukraine that led to a 3-week disruption of Slovakia’s natural gas supply.
The economy contracted 5% in 2009 primarily as a result of smaller inflows of FDI and reduced demand for Slovakia's exports before rebounding 4% in 2010 and 3.3% in 2011. A return to modest growth was forecast for 2010. Unemployment rose above 12% in 2010-11. The government of Prime Minister Iveta Radicova implemented reforms to curb corruption and improve government accountability - a major source of discontent with many Slovaks - and trimmed the budget deficit to 4.9% of GDP in 2011.
Slovakia entered into the European Exchange Rate Mechanism in November 2005, and joined the European Monetary Union on January 1, 2009. Headline consumer price inflation dropped from a high of 26% in 1993 to 1.4% in 2009. The current account deficit, including the cost of the second pension pillar, reached 5.0% in 2008 then moved considerably higher. The general government deficit for 2010 was forecast at 5.5%, although private sector analysts expected it to be as high as 7.0%. In 2009 the government deficit peaked at 7.8% of GDP. Austerity measures adopted during the Radicova administration were successful in reducing the deficit to 4.6% of GDP.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Slovakia accounted for much of the growth in the period 2000-2010. Cheap and skilled labor, low taxes, a 19% flat tax for corporations and individuals, no dividend taxes, a relatively liberal labor code, and a favorable geographical location are Slovakia's main advantages for foreign investors. The main points of economic reform remained untouched even after the 2006 elections. FDI inflow cumulatively reached $48.72 billion in 2009; the total inflow of FDI in 2009 was $2.0 billion.
Germany is Slovakia's largest trading partner, purchasing 19.2% of Slovakia's exports and supplying 15.8% of its imports in 2010. Other major partners include the Czech Republic (13.7% of Slovakia’s exports and 10.2% of Slovakia’s imports in 2010), Italy (5.5% and 3.3%), Russia (4.0% and 9.8%), Austria (6.8% and 2.5%), Hungary (6.6% and 4.3%), Poland (7.3% and 4.1%) and France (6.8% and 3.6%). Slovakia imports nearly all of its oil and gas from Russia, and its export markets are primarily EU and OECD countries. In 2010, 84.2% of its export trade was with EU members, and 85.9% was with OECD countries. Slovakia's exports to the United States made up 1.5% of its overall exports in 2010 ($728 million), while imports from the U.S. accounted for 0.9% of its total purchases abroad ($433.3 million).
GDP: (Purchasing Power Parity): $126.9 billion (2011 est.)
GDP: (Official Exchange Rate): $97.2 billion (2011 est.)
GDP- per capita (PPP): $23,400 (2011 est.)
GDP- composition by sector:
agriculture: 3.8%
industry: 35.5%
services: 60.7% (2011 est.)
Industries: metal and metal products; food and beverages; electricity, gas, coke, oil, nuclear fuel; chemicals and manmade fibers; machinery; paper and printing; earthenware and ceramics; transport vehicles; textiles; electrical and optical apparatus; rubber products
Currency: Euros (EUR)
Citation
Central Intelligence Agency, US State Department (Lead Author);World Wildlife Fund (Contributing Author);CIA World Factbook (Content Source);Peter Saundry (Topic Editor) "Slovakia". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth January 13, 2012; Last revised Date June 7, 2012; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/articles/view/172770/Hungary/?topic=49460>
The Authors
The Central Intelligence Agency was created in 1947 with the signing of the National Security Act by President Harry S. Truman. The act also created a Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) to serve as head of the United States intelligence community; act as the principal adviser to the President for intelligence matters related to the national security; and serve as head of the Central Intelligence Agency. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 amended the National Securit ... (Full Bio)
Department Mission Statement Shape and sustain a peaceful, prosperous, just, and democratic world and foster conditions for stability and progress for the benefit of the American people and people everywhere. --From the FY 2011 Agency Financial Report, released November 2011 Alphabetical List of Bureaus and Offices Links in the f ... (Full Bio)
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1Jul2009,16:34 #1
Hi,
Does anyone know if its possible to buy a chat function similar to that of facebook and gmail? I believe it was built with AJAX which I haven't got a clue about, but have heard there are companies selling this function for people to place in their websites? I just cant seem to find any online?
Thanks for any help!
Dan
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Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 206201, 9 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/206201
Research Article
Dynamics Evolution of Credit Risk Contagion in the CRT Market
School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China
Received 3 October 2012; Revised 4 December 2012; Accepted 20 December 2012
Academic Editor: Qingdu Li
Copyright © 2013 Tingqiang Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
How to Cite this Article
Tingqiang Chen, Jianmin He, and Qunyao Yin, “Dynamics Evolution of Credit Risk Contagion in the CRT Market,” Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, vol. 2013, Article ID 206201, 9 pages, 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/206201
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International Journal of Inflammation
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 697592, 9 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/697592
Review Article
The Immune Response: Targets for the Treatment of Severe Sepsis
1Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13121 E 17th Avenue, MS 8414, Aurora, CO 80045-2535, USA
2Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Children's Hospital Colorado, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
3Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Medical Center North, Vanderbilt University, Room T-1208, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
Received 3 September 2012; Accepted 6 November 2012
Academic Editor: Paulo Roberto B. Evora
Copyright © 2012 Aline M. Bernard and Gordon R. Bernard. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The clinical process of severe sepsis is characterized by extreme inflammation interlinked with potent stimulation of the coagulation cascade often followed by a state of relative immune paralysis. In this paper, we will review many of the potential therapies directed at various steps along the inflammatory cascade from modulation of inflammatory mediators eliciting the immune response, alteration of the host's immune response in both a stimulatory and depressive manner, and taming the overexuberant coagulation response triggered by the fierce coagulation-inflammation cycle. Finally, we will discuss further opportunities for research to improve our ability to design effective therapies.
1. Introduction
The syndrome of severe sepsis is described as a hyperimmune response to one of many infectious insults. It results in an overwhelming surge of cytokines leading to the clinical syndrome of hypotension, multiple organ failure and, sometimes, death [1]. This uncontrolled, hyperimmune response is often accompanied by a state of relative immune paralysis caused by apoptosis of immune cells and high levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines which function to inhibit lymphocytes and macrophages and suppress the production of proinflammatory cytokines. This immune paralysis is postulated to cause the delayed mortality seen in some septic patients due to their inability to oppose and eliminate infections. The balance between hyperimmune response and immune paralysis varies based on patient as well as throughout the course of illness within the same patient [13].
Sepsis continues to be a significant cause of illness and death worldwide. In the United States alone, it is estimated that it affects more than 750,000 people annually and causes more than 210,000 deaths. Approximately 40% of all intensive care unit patients become septic at some time during the ICU course [3].
To date, the sole universally agreed upon treatment for sepsis includes fluids, vasopressors, and source control as defined by the International Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee in 2008. While the therapeutic monitoring goals remain controversial, this strategy of fluid administration and, if needed, vasopressor infusion to restore organ perfusion, source control with a focus on early administration of appropriate broad-spectrum antibiotics, and maximizing oxygen delivery with supplemental oxygen and red blood cell transfusion as indicated is thought to be the most effective approach [4, 5]. Outside of these measures, numerous supplementary strategies have been evaluated without discovery of the perfect antidote.
2. Inflammatory Mediators
Decades ago, unfruitful attempts were made to create antibodies with the potential to bind and to prevent inflammatory bacterial components from triggering the hyperinflammatory response of sepsis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a primary mediator in gram-negative sepsis, was the target of researchers as early as the 1980s. Clinicians tested E5 and HA1A, both anti-LPS monoclonal antibodies, as treatments for septic patients. In initial studies, both antibodies showed encouraging results in small subsets of patients. Fink showed improvement in mortality in patients with culture-proven gram-negative bacteremia when treated with HA1A [6]. Ziegler et al. showed improved mortality with the use of HA-1A therapy in 200 patients with proven gram-negative sepsis. The 343 septic patients without culture proven gram-negative bacteremia showed no treatment benefit [7]. Greenman et al. evaluated E5 in 1991 and showed improved mortality and resolution of organ failure in a subgroup of patients not in shock at the time of study entry [8]. In a follow-up study, Bone et al. evaluated 530 patients with suspected or proven gram-negative sepsis and did not find a difference in mortality but demonstrated improvement of organ failure resolution in those treated with E5 as well as prevention of adult respiratory distress syndrome and central nervous system organ failure [9]. Unfortunately, further studies of these therapies in larger clinical trials including more than 1,000 patients each were unable to confirm efficacy [1012].
More recently, this approach has been revisited with the concept of inhibiting toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) which is expressed on the surface of immune cells and binds LPS and other ligands to initiate an intracellular signaling cascade resulting in the release of proinflammatory cytokines [13]. The therapy, TAK-242, functions as a signal inhibitor of the TLR-4 pathway acting after TLR-4 binds with LPS. In septic animal models an improved survival associated with decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines has been shown with the use of this therapy. Furthermore, its use in healthy volunteers prior to instillation of LPS also resulted in decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines when these patients were given an LPS challenge. In 2010, Rice et al. evaluated TAK-242 in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of patients with severe sepsis and shock or respiratory failure. High-dose and low-dose treatment regiments were compared to placebo with primary endpoints of change in IL-6 level and 28-day mortality rate. This trial was terminated after enrollment of 274 patients failed to show suppression of IL-6 levels. Evaluation of the treated patients showed no difference in 28-day mortality compared to placebo, however, there was a trend toward improved survival in those with both shock and respiratory failure who were in the higher treatment dose cohort [14]. It may be that this therapy could be effective in patients with a higher severity of illness, as suggested by the trend towards improved survival of the patients with both respiratory failure and shock. Furthermore, the mean time from onset of shock or respiratory failure to initiation of TAK-242 therapy was 19 hours. The dynamic nature of the immune response has been well described and it could be postulated that the delay of 19 hours is too long for the treatment to have the ability to suppress the immune response.
3. Steroids
Steroids act early in the inflammatory cascade eliciting a wide range of effects via broad suppression of the immune system and are hypothesized to provide benefit as a supplementary treatment of sepsis. Steroids function by inhibiting production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-gamma), chemokines, bradykinins, and eicosanoids. Simultaneously, they increase anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-10, IL-1 receptor antagonists, and TNF receptor antagonists), inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase, decrease migration of inflammatory cells to sites of inflammation, and reduce the function of inflammatory cells [1]. It is further postulated that steroids increase the expression of adrenergic receptors in the vasculature. These receptors are downregulated in septic shock and, theoretically, increasing their expression allows the vasculature to respond to the high levels of circulating cortisol [2].
Initially, studies were done using high-dose steroids (e.g., 30 mg/kg methylprednisolone) with the goal of broad suppression of the body’s overreactive inflammatory response [1517]. These studies failed to show benefit and even showed a trend towards harm including increased mortality due to secondary infections in those treated with steroids, thus, causing steroid therapy use to decrease in the early 1990s [2, 17]. The use of steroids was revived in the mid 1990s with the target of treating relative adrenal insufficiency with the use of replacement, low-dose glucocorticoids. The treatment with low-dose steroids is thought to improve vascular response to endogenous and exogenous catecholamines via the upregulation of adrenergic receptors in the vasculature. While avoiding the substantial immune system blockade, this lower dose is thought to maintain some anti-inflammatory effects via preventing release of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of endothelial cells and neutrophils to decrease sepsis triggered clotting disorders [15, 16].
Small studies done in the late 1990s showed trends toward improvement in hypotension and mortality with the low-dose steroid treatment strategy. However, these studies were underpowered to detect clinically significant effects [1]. More recently, two large randomized, controlled trials have been published that further evaluated the effectiveness of steroid therapy. In 2002, a study completed by Annane et al. evaluated 300 patients with septic shock and showed improvement of refractory hypotension and a decrease in absolute mortality in patients with relative adrenal insufficiency treated with 7 days of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone. This study also showed that adrenal-sufficient patients as defined as displaying a response to ACTH gained no benefit and trended towards harm from glucocorticoids [18]. Subsequently, the CORTICUS study published in 2008 by Sprung et al. compared the treatment of 499 septic patients with 11 days of hydrocortisone versus placebo. Contrary to the Annane study, the CORTICUS trial failed to show an improvement in mortality or reversal of shock in treated patients, regardless of ACTH response. They did, however, show a faster resolution of shock in those patients who had shock resolution and were treated with hydrocortisone. Interestingly, they did show an increased incidence of superinfection in those treated with steroids [19]. The differences in the outcomes of these trials may be linked to several key differences between them. The populations studied included different timing of patient enrollment. The Annane study took patients up to 8 hours after onset of shock while the CORTICUS study extended their enrollment up to 72 hours after the onset of shock. Furthermore, the CORTICUS trial included all patients in shock while the Annane study restricted their study to only those who were both fluid and vasopressor refractory. Similarly, the patients in the Annane study were significantly more ill at baseline with a higher SAPS score and a higher mortality rate in the placebo groups than the CORTICUS trial (65% Annane trial versus 32% CORTICUS trial). It could be postulated that their conflicting results are a product of their differing patient populations as the Annane study evaluated a group of patients with a higher degree of illness and more refractory shock [4, 16].
Furthermore, the Annane and CORTICUS trials differed regarding the utility of the ACTH stimulation test. The Annane study showed that ACTH nonresponders were more likely to benefit from steroid therapy while the CORTICUS trial failed to replicate this finding [18, 19]. Given the challenges of measuring cortisol levels and the finding that the Annane trial showed an overall trend toward benefit of steroid therapy, regardless of ACTH responsiveness, the 2008 Surviving Sepsis Guidelines recommended that the ACTH stimulation test not to be used as a tool to guide the use of steroid therapy [4]. Known side effects of steroids including hyperglycemia, gastrointestinal bleeding, myopathy, and secondary infection have tempered the enthusiasm for steroid use. The CORTICUS trial, showing no efficacy of steroids reinforced these reservations when it also demonstrated an increase in episodes of superinfection with new sepsis and septic shock in those treated with steroids [16, 19].
Currently, the adult literature has not developed a standard of care in regards to steroid therapy. The Surviving Sepsis Guidelines recommend the use of steroids only in fluid and vasopressor refractory shock and do not recommend the use of the ACTH stimulation test based on low-grade and moderate-grade evidence, respectively [4]. Furthermore, they advise tapering the steroids when the state of shock resolves. Less data exists in regards to the pediatric population and the Surviving Sepsis Guidelines base recommendations on a retrospective review done by Markovitz et al. in 2005 [20]. This review showed that corticosteroid use in children with severe sepsis was an independent predictor of mortality. However, the nature of the study design does not allow for causal inference and the Surviving Sepsis Guidelines cite a weak recommendation based on low-grade evidence for the use of hydrocortisone only in children with catecholamine resistant shock and suspected or proven adrenal insufficiency [4]. Ideally, what is needed is a better means of determining the population of septic patients which have the best chance to benefit from steroid treatment while having the least risk of harm due to the side effects of the therapy.
4. Antagonism of Proinflammatory Cytokines
Knowledge of the inflammatory cascade and, more specifically, proinflammatory cytokines has allowed specific targets for immunosuppression including TNF-α and IL-1. TNF-α injection into animals has been shown to trigger a sepsis-like syndrome including hypotension, activation of the clotting cascade, significant organ dysfunction, and even death. Furthermore, increasing and persistently elevated levels of TNF-α are associated with nonsurvival in humans [21, 22]. Downstream effects of TNF-α include augmentation of the inflammatory cascade via elevation of multiple cytokine levels and upregulation of adhesion molecules on leukocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells. TNF-α also stimulates the coagulation system via activation of thrombotic and fibrinolytic pathways. Despite the deleterious effects of this overstimulation, it is evident that TNF-α plays a crucial role in the immune system because blockage of its activity in animal models has led to a worsened ability of the animal’s immune system to clear microbes [21]. Due to its pivotal position in the inflammatory and coagulation systems that are known to cause the demise in sepsis, TNF-α has been targeted as a treatment of sepsis in many clinical trials. Although no trial has succeeded in showing an overall improvement using this therapy, several studies have identified populations and/or characteristics of these patients that may direct future trials.
The first large trial, NORASEPT, was done by Abraham et al. in 1995 and included 900 patients with sepsis or septic shock. The NORASEPT trial evaluated an anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody and failed to show an overall mortality benefit. However, the subset of patients with septic shock showed a significant improvement in mortality 3 days after drug infusion. In following the patients further, the 28-day mortality continued to show a trend towards improvement but was no longer significant [23]. The INTERSEPT study, published in 1996, focused on evaluation of 420 patients with septic shock. This study showed more rapid reversal of shock and fewer patients with at least one organ failure in survivors who were treated with the anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody as compared with the placebo group. However, this trial failed to show a difference in mortality [24]. This drug was tested in a third trial, NORASEPT II, which also failed to show an improvement in mortality [25].
A trial of an anti-TNF-α antibody fragment, afelimomab, was done by Reinhart et al. and published in 1996 that suggested a benefit of treatment in patients with baseline elevation of IL-6 [26]. Physiologically, this association is plausible as IL-6 levels are considered to be a surrogate for overall TNF-α activity due to the longer half-life of IL-6 compared to the rapidly cleared TNF-α. This hypothesis was tested in a prospective, randomized placebo-controlled trial, the RAMSES study of 446 patients with elevated IL-6 levels. It showed a nonsignificant trend towards improved survival in those treated with afelimomab [27]. A later study, the MONARCS trial, tested the same antibody fragment in 998 patients with elevated IL-6 levels and found a trend towards improved survival in treated patients as compared to placebo. The risk-adjusted reduction in mortality was 5.8% and corresponded to a relative risk reduction for mortality of 11.9%. This study also found a greater reduction in IL-6 levels and multiorgan dysfunction score in those treated with afelimomab. The results are also encouraging because patients with higher IL-6 levels had significantly higher mortality rates in the placebo group than those with lower IL-6 levels. Thus, this showed that afelimomab had a greater effect in patients at higher risk of mortality [28]. In a similar investigation, cytofab, a preparation of polyclonal ovine anti-TNF Fab IgG fragments, was tested in a phase II placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial in 81 septic patients with shock or two organ dysfunctions. While this study did not show a difference in mortality, the investigators were able to show an increase in ventilator-free days, ICU-free days, and a decrease in serum and BAL levels of TNF-α and downstream effects on IL-6 in patients treated with CytoFab [29].
The persistent trends toward improved survival in the above studies are encouraging that some patients have the ability to benefit from immunotherapies. The difficulty lies in determining which patients are most likely to benefit. Are elevated IL-6 levels the correct marker for the selection of patients for use of anti-TNF-α therapy? Are elevated IL-6 levels a marker of worsening disease severity and, thus, improvement in this group of patients is due to their high severity of illness at presentation? Are IL-6 levels a reflection of timing of progression of sepsis? It is the hope that with further research, clinicians will be able to determine exactly which target population and at what point in their disease patients will benefit from a given treatment such as anti-TNF-α therapy.
With a similar mechanism of action, IL-1 is also a target of immunotherapies. This proinflammatory cytokine works together with TNF-α to propagate the hyperimmune response of sepsis. Macrophages and other cells naturally produce IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) in response to IL-1, endotoxin, and various other microbial elements. The IL-1ra reversibly binds and competitively inhibits IL-1 receptors [30]. In 1994, Fisher et al. published a study evaluating the use of IL-1ra in the treatment of 893 patients with sepsis. This study failed to show an overall increase in survival in those treated as compared to placebo. However, retrospective and secondary analyses identified a trend of increased survival among patients with sepsis as well as an organ dysfunction and/or a predicted risk of mortality ≥ 24% [30]. Subsequently, Opal et al. published a trial in 1997 focusing on IL-1ra treatment in patients with severe sepsis and/or septic shock. Disappointingly, this study was halted when just over half of the proposed enrollment was completed and analysis revealed a low likelihood of showing a statistical difference in their primary endpoint, 28-day mortality. Secondary endpoints showed that those patients treated with IL-1ra displayed a nonsignificant trend towards improvement of organ dysfunction. The authors postulate that they may have had greater success if they were able to identify a more homogenous population. They were also concerned that their treatment was unable to maintain the necessary 100–10,000 fold excess of IL-1ra relative to IL-1 as it is known that stimulation of as few as 5% of the IL-1 receptors triggers an inflammatory response [31]. Perhaps further evaluation of this drug with the monitoring of levels to ensure complete blockage of the receptors or use of the drug in a more targeted population would provide a better chance for success.
5. Statins
There are many ways that statins have the ability to affect the immune response in sepsis and the exact mechanism of their action is unknown. Statins inhibit the reduction of hydroxymethyl-glutaryl-CoA to mevalonate which plays a role in synthesis of bile acids, some steroid hormones, and vitamin D. Statins inhibit various other pathways involved in pathophysiology of sepsis including inhibition of the production of cyclo-oxygenase-2 protein, biosynthesis of ubiquinone which functions in the electron transport chain of mitochondria, heme-A used in oxygen transport, and prenylation of small G proteins. It is likely that the alteration of the G-protein pathways has the most influential effect as this significantly alters inflammatory cell activation and protein production. Among other proteins, it is known to inhibit the production of subunits necessary for the GTP binding protein Rho. This inhibition has the downstream effect of production of a decreased amount of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1. Furthermore, HMGCoA-reductase also induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in smooth muscle cells that may result in less inflammation due to avoidance of necrotic cell death [32].
Data from prospective, randomized-controlled trials evaluating the use of statin therapy in sepsis is lacking. However, multiple observational studies show encouraging effects. A large cohort study of more than 12,000 critically ill patients was published by Christensen et al. in 2010. Results showed that patients on statin therapy immediately prior to ICU admission had a decreased risk of mortality within 30 days and up to 1 year after ICU admission. Given the design of this study, the authors are unable to infer causation but the results stimulate excitement for further evaluation of the effects of statin use [33]. A large meta-analysis done by Bjorkhem-Bergman et al, published in 2010, evaluated the potential use of statin therapy in bacterial infection. It showed that patients on statin therapy seemed to have better outcomes including decreased mortality. However, when the 15 observational studies were adjusted for publication bias the association failed to reach statistical significance [34]. During that same year, Janda et al. focused the evaluation further when they published a meta-analysis evaluating statin therapy in severe infections and sepsis. This study included 20 trials, mostly cohort studies and one randomized-controlled trial that demonstrated a protective effect associated with statin use. The positive outcomes evaluated included 30-day mortality, in-hospital mortality, pneumonia-related mortality, bacteremia-related mortality, sepsis-related mortality, and mixed infection related morality. Again, this study was limited due to the inclusion of mostly cohort studies and significant heterogeneity of trials [35]. The one randomized controlled trial in this data set was completed by Tseng et al. and included 80 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhages. While this study did show an improvement in sepsis-associated mortality, it cautioned that this finding was a secondary outcome [36]. Due to the promising effects of statins, both based on physiologic knowledge and on the current observational data, phase II and phase III studies are currently in progress to evaluate the role of statins in the treatment of sepsis.
6. Inhibition of the Coagulation Cascade
The extreme activation of the inflammatory system in severe sepsis is accompanied by a potentially equal stimulation of the coagulation system. From an adaptive perspective, this interaction is logical as the activation of the coagulation system can be envisioned as an effort to isolate the infection with the goal of limiting its spread throughout the body. However, in the process of severe sepsis, this activation results in a futile and, likely, counterproductive endeavor as the infection has already spread throughout the bloodstream and the coagulation system activation results in diffuse microvascular thrombi with wide spread endothelial damage and organ failure.
Various steps of the coagulation pathway have been targeted in the treatment of sepsis. Tissue factor (TF), a cell surface receptor whose expression by endothelial cells and monocytes occurs in the presence of inflammatory mediators, acts to initiate the extrinsic coagulation pathway. A TF inhibitor was tested in the Phase III trial, OPTIMIST, evaluating its use in 1,754 patients with severe sepsis and this trial failed to show an improvement in mortality. More concerning, it showed a trend towards harm in those treated concurrently with heparin [37]. Similarly, antithrombin III (AT III), an anticoagulant, was the subject of sepsis therapy as well due to the finding of decreased AT III levels in severe sepsis and the hypothesis that this deficiency contributes to the hypercoagulation pathophysiology in sepsis. Multiple small studies published in the 1990s showed promising results. However, in a phase III trial of 2,314 septic patients, they were unable to show a difference in overall mortality. However, in subgroup analysis, patients not treated concomitantly with heparin showed a significant decrease in mortality at 90 days while those treated with heparin showed a significantly increased risk of bleeding [38]. Future investigation of AT III as a treatment for sepsis will need to carefully select their target population to ensure minimal risks for bleeding.
To date, the only drug that has been approved for the treatment of severe sepsis is recombinant human activated protein C (rhaPC). It was investigated due to its anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant effects. It acts via inhibition of factors Va and VIIIa which results in the prevention of thrombin generation. Downstream, this decreases inflammation by reducing mast cell degranulation, platelet activation, and neutrophil recruitment [5, 39]. The PROWESS trial, published in 2001 spurred great excitement due to its absolute reduction in 28-day mortality by 6.1% in septic patients treated with rhaPC and it was subsequently approved for use in the most severely ill septic patients with APACHE scores greater than 25 as this subgroup seemed to derive the most benefit from treatment [39]. Unfortunately, these results were not replicated in the PROWESS-SHOCK study and the treatment was voluntarily removed from the market by the manufacturer [40]. The use of rhaPC is not recommended for use in children based on a study published in 2007 that evaluated 477 septic children and failed to show an improvement in mortality [41].
Thrombomodulin (TM), another naturally occurring pathway in the coagulation system, is currently being targeted in the treatment of sepsis. TM, produced by endothelial cells, acts upstream in the activated protein C pathway to sensitize the thrombin receptor leading to activation of protein C [42]. It has been shown that the serum concentration of TM parallels the severity of coagulopathy and organ failure in sepsis and decreases as DIC and ARDS improves [43]. A control study of 20 patients with severe sepsis-induced DIC treated with rhTM compared to 45 historical controls showed improved 28-day mortality and improved organ dysfunction in those treated with rhTM [42]. Ongoing phase II studies are in progress to evaluate the efficacy of rhTM [5].
7. Immunostimulation
Due to the recognition that sepsis is characterized by a combination of hyperimmune response and relative immunoparalysis, further investigations have pursued immunostimulatory strategies. A controversial and widely studied therapy is treatment with the use of pooled serum polyclonal immunoglobulin preparations, IVIG. Although the exact mechanism remains in question, it is thought that the immunoglobulins coat bacteria, which improves phagocytosis and enhances neutralization and opsonization causing inactivation of bacterial endotoxins and exotoxins. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that the treatment alters the release of cytokines and cytokine antagonists by endotoxin and interacts with the complement cascade causing an improved immune response in sepsis [10]. Further supporting this strategy is a recent study which evaluated 62 adult septic patients and revealed decreased levels of immunoglobulins particularly IgG and IgM early in sepsis as compared to age-matched controls. This was followed by normalization of levels after 7 days in the majority of patients. Decreased level of immunoglobulins was associated with decreased levels of plasma proteins but was not associated with a difference in mortality [44].
In 2007 and 2008, three meta-analyses were published that evaluated the efficacy of polyclonal IVIG in adult patients with sepsis. All three concluded that this therapy improved survival but, due to small study sizes, heterogeneity, and methodologic limitations of the individual studies, the three authors recommended large randomized, controlled trials to verify therapeutic efficacy [4547]. A subsequent Cochrane review published in 2010 evaluated 17 trials of polyclonal IVIG in adult patients with sepsis. This review was in agreement with the prior meta-analyses and showed a reduction in less than 30-day mortality in treated patients. However, the authors recommended cautious interpretation of their findings as the majority of studies had a small sample size and there was concern for poor methodologic quality. Furthermore, when the trials were restricted to those with low risk of bias, no reduction in mortality was shown and the studies that evaluated long-term mortality (greater than 60 days) did not show an effect. The Cochrane review went on to specify their agreement with the Kreymann et al. meta-analysis findings that the IgM-enriched formulation of immunoglobulin is also beneficial and even trended toward a greater effectiveness in the treatment of sepsis [10, 45]. The authors conclude that polyclonal immunoglobulins appear to be beneficial as adjuvant therapy for sepsis but recommend large, multicenter studies for confirmation [10].
The pediatric population stands to reap greater benefit from IVIG due to the immaturity of B-cells in patients less than 5 years old. In 2005, a prospective case-controlled trial of 100 pediatric patients showed a significant improvement in length of stay, development of complications, and mortality in septic pediatric patients 1 month–24 months old treated with IVIG [48]. Based on the findings of this study, the Surviving Sepsis Guidelines recommend consideration of IVIG treatment of pediatric patients with severe sepsis. However, this recommendation is supported only by weak evidence due to low trial quality [4]. IVIG in the neonatal population is equally as controversial as the Cochrane review found no reduction in mortality in septic neonates treated with IVIG while the Surviving Sepsis Guidelines cite that there is evidence to support improved mortality in neonates treated with IVIG [4, 10]. A study published by Brocklehurst et al. in 2011, after the publication of the Surviving Sepsis Guidelines and Alejandria’s Cochrane review, evaluated over 3,000 neonates with sepsis and found no difference in the primary outcomes of mortality or major disability up to two years of age [49].
Other immunostimulatory strategies include cytokine stimulation with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IFN-gamma. The hypothesized mechanism of these therapies in nonneutropenic patients is stimulation of bactericidal activity via increased leukocytosis and increased activity of granulocytes. Bo et al. published a meta-analysis of 21 randomized-controlled trials evaluating G-CSF and GM-CSF in the treatment of sepsis. This evaluation of a combined 2,380 septic patients showed no change in mortality but did show a positive effect of this therapy on the rate of reversal of infection. They found no difference in adverse events between the groups and recommended further studies to evaluate the efficacy of this therapy [50]. It is important to remember that G-CSF and GM-CSF differ in that GM-CSF has additional monocytic and macrocytic stimulatory affects, inducing monocytic cytokine expression and antigen presentation via increased expression mHLA-DR theoretically resulting in improved adaptive immunity [51]. In the meta-analysis by Bo et al., the data evaluating these two therapies were combined despite their differing mechanisms of action. Furthermore, the studies differed significantly on dose as well as on the route of administration and failed to stratify the patients based on their immunologic state. Given the immune-stimulatory mechanism of this therapy, it would be important to know if the patients being studied are in the hyper or hypoimmune phase of sepsis as this may affect the drug’s efficacy. Furthermore, new data has shown that it is possible to track the efficacy of immunostimulatory therapies by measurement of mHLA-DR expression on monocytes which is decreased in patients with sepsis-associated immune cell dysfunction [51, 52]. Meisel et al. recently showed that patients with sepsis-associated immunosuppression, defined as low monocytic HLA-DR expression, who were treated with GM-CSF had improvement of monocytic HLA-DR expression when compared to placebo patients. Although this trial included only 38 patients, they were able to show shorter duration of mechanical ventilation as well as shorter ICU and hospital lengths of stay [52].
IFN-gamma has shown similar ability to restore monocytic HLA-DR expression in septic patients with evidence of monocyte deactivation. A small study done by Docke et al. showed that IFN-gamma treatment in septic patients with low monocytic HLA-DR expression resulted in restoration of monocyte function as measured by improved TNF-α secretion resulting in clearance of sepsis in 8 of 9 patients [53]. The results of these studies are encouraging that immunostimulation may be an effective way to treat the subset of septic patients who are in the immunoparalysis phase of their disease.
8. Directions for Future Research
Given the incredible number of patients affected with and dying due to sepsis, it is disappointing that the proven treatments of this disease have not expanded beyond that of fluids, vasopressors, and source control. To date, the knowledge gained form laboratory research and clinical trials has better defined the pathophysiology of the disease and the population of patients we are treating. However, rather than clearly providing new treatments, it has left us with more questions than answers. Despite the disappointing results of clinical trials which have been unable to find a universal treatment effective in all patients, some of the trials have shown promise in specific groups of patients. For example, HA-1A may improve outcomes in patients with gram-negative infections and anti-TNF-α therapies may effectively treat patients with elevated IL-6 levels despite these individual therapies’ inability to treat all-comers with sepsis. TLR-4 inhibitors such as TAK-242 may have greater effect when used earlier in the course of the illness or when used in the most severely ill cohort of patients. Immunostimulatory medications may improve patients in the hypoimmune phase of illness as identified by low monocytic HLA-DR expression or another yet-to-be identified marker of the immunoparalysis phase. Therapies with more hazardous side effect profiles such as steroids or activated protein C may prove to be efficacious in the most severely ill patients or those with greater coagulopathy, where the risks of the disease progression outweigh the risks of the therapy. Even better, we may develop a test or clinical profile that will allow us to better identify the patients most likely to benefit from the specific therapy or provide the subset of patients at minimal risk of an adverse event. It is also conceivable that concurrent therapy will help dictate the best treatment option. For example, a study of AT III restricted to patients without concomitant anticoagulation therapy may show that it can serve as a beneficial treatment for sepsis.
Further research may help to clarify the role of genetics in improving individualization of therapies as well. For more than ten years, genetic studies have evaluated links between polymorphisms of the major histocompatibility complex genes on chromosome 6 and human leukocyte antigen genes to the body’s response to infection [54]. While it has yet to translate into clinically significant data, genetic studies have identified various polymorphisms associated with an increased risk of infection. Many of these polymorphisms cause alterations in the body’s immune response. For example, one such polymorphism lies in the promoter region of TNF-α. A second polymorphism causes alterations of the two well-studied toll-like receptors, TLR2 and TLR4, which provide the innate immune system with the ability to recognize and respond to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Further studies have evaluated expression profiling via measurement of mRNA. These studies and the help of computer technology have led to identification of subclasses of children with septic shock based on similar patterns of gene expression [55]. With an improved ability to link genetics to a patient’s specific disease process and, further, to therapeutic response, a more customized approach to therapy could be achieved both by directing specific therapies as well as by creating more homogenous populations of study patients with an improved ability to show efficacy in clinical trials. To add a greater degree of complexity, perhaps the use of multiple therapies in order to attack the disease process from different approaches will prove to be the best customization of therapy.
It is the above variables including but not limited to the infecting organism, phase of illness, severity of illness, host’s inflammatory response, and genotype that make this disease process exceedingly difficult to combat. Ideally, it would be possible to construct homogenous septic patient populations in order to appropriately test various therapies in subgroups of patients. However, no single ICU has the ability to generate the numbers necessary in order to evaluate and prove efficacy of these personalized treatment strategies. On the other hand, modern computer technology allows us to search and evaluate large sums of data. Not only does this give us the opportunity to pool data from multiple sites in an efficient manner but also it allows us to search this data in a very sophisticated way. In doing so, it may be possible to identify patterns based on clinical symptoms, laboratory studies, comorbidities, genomic information, response to therapy, biomarkers, and so forth, that will enable us to form groupings of patients and monitor their response to treatment options carefully selected based on our knowledge of the mechanism of action of the therapy and understanding of the patient’s disease process.
In 2004, Science Applications International Corporation and Merck Capital Ventures studied the advances in technology and the factors influencing their adoption rates in the use of clinical trial development. The study gathered information by reviewing industry-sponsored research, performing a literature research and interviewing those with significant experience in clinical development process, especially in business processes and information technology (IT). Their study showed a significant resistance of moving away from paper-based system and to new IT. In contrast, it also showed an increasing acceptance of IT in the face of regulatory pressures to improve adverse event reporting and improve the success of submissions. Furthermore, they found that process change is the key to improving the core function of the system and that the addition of technology alone, without alteration of existing processes, is not sufficient. Their belief is that IT can benefit clinical research in the ways of improved cycle time, data quality, and cost effectiveness. Current clinical trial structures are fraught with incompatible systems, complicated data entry formats and challenging organization for data searching as well as exchanging of information. This study sites outcomes such as centralization of data, advanced data mining capabilities, vocabulary standards, and cross-trial data pooling that could be achieved by adoption of new IT pathways to advance the field of clinical trials [56]. In 2004, the FDA presented the report, Innovation or Stagnation, Challenge and Opportunity on the Critical Path to New Medical Products, which detailed its concerns regarding the field of drug development. It described a 50% decline in new product submissions to the FDA over the previous 10 years in spite of a 250% increase in research and development expenditures. Their analysis found that 50% of drugs that showed promise in phase II trials went on to fail in phase III studies and that only one in ten drugs that undergo clinical testing eventually obtain FDA approval. Furthermore, it takes an average of 15 years and nearly a billion dollars in research and development to reach the clinical market. They cited the major component of the inefficiency in drug development as the lack of modern methods for drug testing stating, “Often, developers are forced to use the tools of the last century to evaluate this century’s advances.” [57]. The efforts to improve the field of clinical research to the level of technology incorporated in other areas of business will be well worth the investment. The outcomes will benefit the patients we care for by providing an improved understanding of the methods to combat sepsis and the ability to deliver of the most up-to-date treatments.
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Bibliography: Little Orphan Android
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Title: Little Orphan Android
Author: James E. Gunn
Year: 1955
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: novelette
ISFDB Record Number: 45869
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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User:Marcel Quint
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Revision as of 06:28, 28 April 2008
in 2007 i started my independent junior research group at the leibniz institute of plant biochemistry in halle, germany. my lab studies hormone responses in the model plant arabidopsis thaliana employing mainly genetic approaches such as forward genetic screens or making use of naturally occurring genetic variation in the global gene pool of arabidopsis.
Contents
contact info
in real life i am very much interested in figuring out how to 'hands-free-noodle-feed' my son without getting completely tomato-sauced myself ...
• marcel quint
• leibniz institute of plant biochemistry
• independent junior research group
• weinberg 03
• 06120 halle
• Email me through OpenWetWare or mquint AT ipb-halle DOT de
education
• 2004-2007, postdoctoral fellow, university of minnesota-twin cities; advisor: bill gray
• 2003, phd, universitaet hohenheim, germany; advisors: ae melchinger and thomas luebberstedt
• 1998, msc/diplom, universitaet hannover, germany; advisor: g wricke
research interests
generally plant genetics and in particular:
• arabidopsis hormone signaling
• auxin response
• natural variation
• SCF-complexes and the ubiquitin-proteasome system
teaching
i am teaching a number of genetics courses and labs → check this site for details
publications since 2003
1. A Hendrickson Culler, Quint M, Slovin JP, Cohen JD (2008) Auxin chemical and molecular biology. In: Comprehensive Natural Products Chemistry – II; Volume 4: Chemical Ecology. Ed. K Mori, Elsevier, UK. (in press)
[bookchapter1]
2. Delker C, Raschke A, and Quint M. . pmid:18299888. PubMed HubMed [paper1]
3. Quint M and Gray WM. . pmid:16877027. PubMed HubMed [paper2]
4. M Quint, Lübberstedt T (2006) Application of resistance gene analogs in breeding for virus resistance. In: Techniques in Diagnosis of Plant Viruses. Ed. by GP Rao, Valverde RA, Christomas D, Studium Press LLC, USA. [bookchapter2]
5. Quint M, Ito H, Zhang W, and Gray WM. . pmid:16045473. PubMed HubMed [paper3]
6. Frisch M, Quint M, Lübberstedt T, and Melchinger AE. . pmid:14968304. PubMed HubMed [paper4]
7. Quint M, Dussle CM, Melchinger AE, and Lübberstedt T. . pmid:12748766. PubMed HubMed [paper5]
8. Dussle CM, Quint M, Melchinger AE, Xu ML, and Lübberstedt T. . pmid:12589549. PubMed HubMed [paper6]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
useful links
Personal tools
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The Disaster At the Thrasymene Lake
The day was exceedingly misty: and as soon as the
The battle, 22d June.
greater part of the Roman line was in the valley, and the leading maniples were getting close to him, Hannibal gave the signal for attack; and at the same time sent orders to the troops lying in ambush on the hills to do the same, and thus delivered an assault upon the enemy at every point at once. Flaminius was taken completely by surprise: the mist was so thick, and the enemy were charging down from the upper ground at so many points at once, that not only were the Centurions and Tribunes unable to relieve any part of the line that was in difficulties, but were not even able to get any clear idea of what was going on: for they were attacked simultaneously on front, rear, and both flanks. The result was that most of them were cut down in the order of march, without being able to defend themselves: exactly as though they had been actually given up to slaughter by the folly of their leader. Flaminius himself, in a state of the utmost distress and despair, was attacked and killed by a company of Celts. As many as fifteen thousand Romans fell in the valley, who could neither yield nor defend themselves, being habituated to regard it as their supreme duty not to fly or quit their ranks. But those who were caught in the defile between the lake and the cliff perished in a shameful, or rather a most miserable, manner: for being thrust into the lake, some in their frantic terror endeavoured to swim with their armour on, and presently sank and were drowned; while the greater number, wading as far as they could into the lake, remained there with their heads above water; and when the cavalry rode in after them, and certain death stared them in the face, they raised their hands and begged for quarter, offering to surrender, and using every imaginary appeal for mercy; but were finally despatched by the enemy, or, in some cases, begged the favour of the fatal blow from their friends, or inflicted it on themselves. A number of men, however, amounting perhaps to six thousand, who were in the valley, defeated the enemy immediately in front of them; but though they might have done much to retrieve the fortune of the day, they were unable to go to the relief of their comrades, or get to the rear of their opponents, because they could not see what was going on. They accordingly pushed on continually to the front, always expecting to find themselves engaged with some of the enemy: until they discovered that, without noticing it, they were issuing upon the higher ground. But when they were on the crest of the hills, the mist broke and they saw clearly the disaster which had befallen them; and being no longer able to do any good, since the enemy was victorious all along the line, and in complete possession of the ground, they closed their ranks and made for a certain Etrurian village. After the battle Maharbal was sent by Hannibal with the Iberians and light-armed troops to besiege the village; and seeing themselves surrounded by a complication of dangers, they laid down their arms and surrendered on condition of their lives being spared. Such was the end of the final engagement between the Romans and Carthaginians in Etruria.
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Part 66
The same rule applies to the elbow-joint, and with regard to the bones of the fore-arm and arm. For when these bones protrude through a wound which they have made in the skin, all cases in which they are reduced prove fatal; but if not reduced, there is a chance of recovery; but to those that survive there is certain impediment. And if in any instance the bones of the upper articulations (shoulder-joint?), should be dislocated, and project through a wound which they have made in the skin, these, if reduced, are followed by more speedy death; and if not reduced, they are more dangerous than the others. But the mode of treatment which appears to me most suitable has been already described.
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Click on a word to bring up parses, dictionary entries, and frequency statistics
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Place:Jefferson, Greene, Pennsylvania, United States
Watchers
NameJefferson
TypeBorough
Coordinates39.93°N 80.059°W
Located inGreene, Pennsylvania, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Jefferson is a borough in Greene County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 337 at the 2000 census.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Jefferson, Greene County, Pennsylvania. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2009–10
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 04/06/2010
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Contents >> Prices >> Concept of a price index
CONCEPT OF A PRICE INDEX
There are many situations where there may be a need to compare two (or more) sets of price observations. For example, a household might want to compare the prices of groceries bought today with the prices of the same groceries bought last year; a manufacturer may want to compare movements in the prices of its outputs with movements in its production costs between two points in time; or an employer might be interested in comparing prices of labour inputs today compared with those of five years ago.
In some situations the price comparisons might only involve a single commodity. Here it is simply a matter of directly comparing the two price observations. For example, a household might want to assess how the price of bread today compares with the price at some previous point in time.
In other circumstances the required comparison may be of prices across a range of commodities. For example, a comparison might be required of clothing prices. There is a wide range of clothing types and prices (e.g. women’s coats, girls' pyjamas, boys’ shorts, men’s suits, etc.) to be considered. While comparisons can readily be made for individual or identical clothing items, this is unlikely to enable a satisfactory result for all clothing in aggregate. A method is required for combining the prices across this diverse range of items allowing for the fact that they have many different units or quantities of measurement. This is where price indexes play an extremely useful role.
A price index is a measure of changes in a set of prices over time. Price indexes allow the comparison of two sets of prices for a common item or group of items. In order to compare the sets of prices over time, it is necessary to designate one set the ‘reference’ set and the other the ‘comparison’ set. In the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), the reference set is used as the base period for constructing the index and by convention is given an index value of 100.0. The value of the price index for the comparison set provides a direct measure of price difference between the two sets of prices. For example, if the price of the comparison set had increased by 35% since the base period, then the price index would be 135.0. Similarly, if the price had fallen by 5% since the base year, the index would stand at 95.0.
It is important to note that a price index measures price movements (i.e. percentage changes) and not actual price levels (dollar amounts). For example, if the Consumer Price Index for breakfast cereals in a certain period is 143.4 and the index for bread in the same period is 186.5, it does not mean that bread is more expensive than breakfast cereals. It simply means that the price of bread has increased at about twice the rate of the price of breakfast cereals since the base period.
It should also be noted that price indexes do not measure changes in the quantities of goods or services that underpin the value weights in each price index. These quantities are held constant. The relative value weights of items will change over time in response to changes in relative prices. Presentation of weights in value terms reflects the fact that it is simply not possible to present quantity weights in a meaningful way. In the CPI, for instance, the weight associated with each particular class of items is expressed as a proportion of the total expenditure of all Australian households. Hence the weights in the CPI are often referred to as "expenditure shares". This weight represents a specific "quantity by price" of that particular class of items at the beginning of a series. As the price associated with each particular class of items changes, their relative expenditure shares can change as a proportion of the total.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5232.0 - Australian National Accounts: Financial Accounts, Sep 2003
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 19/12/2003
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ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Contains information about the level (stock) of financial assets and liabilities of each sector of the economy, as well as information about financial transactions (i.e. flows of funds) between the sectors. Tables show the characteristics of the market for each financial instrument (e.g. which sectors borrow by issuing bills of exchange and which buy bills as investments).
This publication has been assigned the same ABS catalogue number as Information Paper: Australian National Accounts: Flow of Funds, Developmental Estimates (ISSN: 1034-0475).
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2004
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 27/02/2004
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Contents >> Education and training >> Preschool students
Preschool generally refers to education that is provided for children in the year prior to the first year of full-time primary school, is largely sessional, and operates only during school terms for children three years of age to school starting age. Preschools may be operated by government, community organisations or the private sector. Preschool programs may also be provided in long-day child care centres. Data about preschools are from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Child Care Survey which is conducted every three years. There is some undercounting of the number of children attending preschool in this survey. Reasons for this include differences in terminology and starting ages of preschool between states and territories, and the fact that children who are attending a preschool program within a child care centre may not be separately identified in the survey.
Data on Indigenous preschool students are from the National Indigenous Preschool Census (NIPC) which is conducted annually by Data Analysis Australia on behalf of the DEST. The purpose of the NIPC is to allocate Australian Government funding to preschools for Indigenous students. The two data sources are not directly comparable due to differences in scope and collection methodology.
Attendance
In 2002, some 239,100 children attended preschool, with four year olds representing 62% of all preschool students. This compares with 236,900 attendees in 1993 when four year olds represented 61% of preschool students.
There is no national policy on the provision of preschool education, the responsibility for this resting with individual states and territories. The age at which children may attend preschool varies, reflecting the different school commencement ages in each jurisdiction. The proportion of three year olds attending preschool increased from 18% in 1993 to 25% in 1996 but by 2002 had decreased to 18% (graph 10.5).
There was some fluctuation in the proportion of four year olds attending preschool between 1993 and 2002, with a high of 59% in 2002 and a low of 46% in 1996 (graph 10.5).
In 2002, 17% of five year olds attended preschool (reflecting the entry of the majority of five year olds into primary school). This proportion was fairly steady for the 1993, 1999 and 2002 Child Care Surveys which were all conducted in June. The 1996 Child Care Survey was conducted in March and this may account for the lower number of five year olds and the higher number of three year olds reported in that year.
The changing focus of long day care to include an educational component may account for some of the changes in the participation of four year olds at preschool. While the proportion of four year olds attending preschool has fluctuated somewhat between 1993 and 2002, the proportion attending long-day child care centres has increased steadily (from 12% in 1993 to 25% in 2002) (table 10.6).
10.6 PARTICIPATION OF FOUR YEAR OLDS
Type of care
Units
June 1993
March 1996
June 1999
June 2002
Preschool
%
56.6
45.9
49.2
59.0
Long day care
%
11.8
14.0
21.7
25.1
Total
'000
174.8
154.4
186.1
195.8
Source: Child Care, Australia (4402.0).
Indigenous preschool students
In 2002, a total of 8,731 Indigenous children were enrolled in government and non-government preschools Australia-wide, representing 4% of total preschool enrolments, as counted by the NIPC. Of these enrolments 31% were in New South Wales. Table 10.7 contains time series data for Indigenous preschool enrolments from 2000 to 2002. Between 2001 and 2002, the number of Indigenous children enrolled in preschools increased across all states and territories, excluding Tasmania where enrolments declined by 8%. A change in the definition of a preschool in Queensland and Western Australia in 2001 has made the estimates for these two states no longer comparable to earlier estimates.
The 2002 NIPC also shows that 60% of Indigenous preschool students were aged four, 25% were aged three and the remaining 15% were aged five or more.
10.7 INDIGENOUS PRESCHOOL ENROLMENTS
2000
2001
2002
New South Wales
2,386
2,437
2,676
Victoria
486
519
530
Queensland(a)
3,447
793
863
South Australia
906
952
1,035
Western Australia(a)
2,957
1,149
1,875
Tasmania
311
271
249
Northern Territory
1,266
1,235
1,420
Australian Capital Territory
63
78
83
(a) There were changes in definition of preschool in Qld and WA in 2001, resulting in data from these two states no longer being comparable to previous years.
Source: Department of Education, Science and Training, 'National Indigenous Preschool Census 2002'.
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Center for a Stateless Society
A Left Market Anarchist Think Tank & Media Center
A Dire Warning to Tyrants
Arab politicians fear that the revolution still working itself out in Tunisia is inspiring their own subjects to revolt. The escalating protests that managed to unseat the 23-year rule of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali were immediately sparked by the self-immolation of a fruit peddler after police seized his vending cart, an event that people chafing under political repression and economic marginalization could not ignore. As an anarchist — an advocate of maximizing individual liberty by eliminating authority — I recognize the Tunisian revolution is unlikely to immediately establish my ideal, but I celebrate it nonetheless.
The flight of Ben Ali from the country he once ruled is a warning to other tyrants, particularly those in the Arab world. There are limits to the amount of oppression people will suffer passively. Tyrants who go too far in their domination and looting of the ruled will lose their seats of power. The top oppressors might be able to take some loot with them and retire under the protection of fellow criminals, but even they should not rest easy in a time of revolution. When enough individuals are motivated to withdrawal acquiescence to government, tyrants will be unseated. The powers of persuasion, solidarity, technology, strike, and direct action can help freedom-seeking people overcome all the lies and terrorism that ill-gotten wealth can purchase.
Withdrawing support for one government leaves the question of who and what will replace it. Within society there are many groups of individuals pushing for different interests. Some of them are well-positioned to move into the blind spots of unrest and establish their power over other people. Foreign and domestic economic interests and political ambitions threaten liberty in any revolutionary scenario.
Even if all the officials bearing large responsibility for the old regime were ousted, the exchange of rulers would be disdained by those who want no rulers. Anarchists should take steps to prevent the rise of new authorities. This requires not being overly dogmatic, but knowing to apply and discuss principles in a way that is relevant to people’s lives.
An empowered populace with strong libertarian principles can prevent new tyrants from gaining hold. The oft-lamented “power vacuum” that political strongmen take advantage of would be less of an issue if power is widely distributed through social networks that empower individuals and challenge authority.
Popular revolution, even when it does not immediately make a country ungovernable, can be a step in society’s evolution toward anarchy. Anarchy may be a continually evolving process, but some evolutions are more crucial and sudden than others. A popular revolution can result in a more favorable environment for establishing libertarian autonomous zones, and enable people to seize and mutualize services and resources controlled by the government and its cronies. As always the political climate must figure into any reasonable calculus of action. Action should motivate more people to support projects of anarchy than it motivates to support reactionary projects of repression.
From an anarchist perspective, there is merit to the argument that the establishment of a less-bad government perpetuates the institution of government: If an evil is tolerable, it is more likely to be tolerated, but if a people’s only experience with government is negative, they might be more inclined to discard it altogether. However, it seems at least as likely that severely oppressed people will aim to create a government that is better relative to what they are used to. A government that does less evil might create a more favorable environment for the expansion of libertarian social organization to the point where government is popularly looked upon as an unnecessary intrusion and thereby disintegrates. In the Tunisian case, the experience gained in undermining oppression through direct action will probably be beneficial to cultural development.
However events in Tunisia unfold, they show that revolution is possible and that individuals outside the power structures are not stuck with the roles of spectator, cheerleader, or pawn in the maneuvers of the powerful. I congratulate the revolutionaries of Tunisia and hope they make this revolution a major step in the evolution toward maximum individual liberty.
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Pootleberry Dinglehopper
Info
Search:
Kitty at my foot and I wanna touch it Pootleberry Dinglehopper lives with her number one human, Miriam, but still remembers her number two human, Summer, and her kittenhood at The Bakery fondly.
Pootleberry's real name is Molly (named after Molly Malone), but she goes by Poot, Pooters, Meow-Face, Moll-Face, Moll Flanders, Poots, Pootle, Stinky, Stinker, Poo-tang, Mollerina, MollsBalls, and Kitty.
Poot is 8 months old!
She weighs 8+ lbs.
Poot's MySpace Profile
Beware the Psychopoot
Molly Song
What's for dinner?
Molly-pop, Molly-pop, oh molly-molly-molly
Molly-pop, Molly-pop, oh molly-molly-molly
Molly-pop, Molly-pop, oh molly-molly-molly
Molly-pop
Wanna snuggle my Molly kitten
Sweet little kisses I am smitten
And when her motor begins to purr
I just wanna cuddle with her
I call her Molly-pop, Molly-pop, oh molly-molly-molly
Molly-pop, Molly-pop, oh molly-molly-molly
Molly-pop, Molly-pop, oh molly-molly-molly
Molly-pop
Sweeter than a freshly packed bowl
Love her right down to my soul
You'd love her til the end of time
But Molly-pop is mine
Mmmmm, hands are tasty! I call her Molly-pop, Molly-pop, oh molly-molly-molly
Molly-pop, Molly-pop, oh molly-molly-molly
Molly-pop, Molly-pop, oh molly-molly-molly
Molly-pop
Grey kitten wearing little white gloves
She is the one that I loves
Cutest cat ever, that's what I think
My Molly-pop is the stink
I call her Molly-pop, Molly-pop, oh molly-molly-molly
Molly-pop, Molly-pop, oh molly-molly-molly
Molly-pop, Molly-pop, oh molly-molly-molly
Molly-pop
Cuddly Little Attack Cat
Molly's Photo Biography:
Once upon a time, in a land far away (from Downtown), a tiny little kitten appeared at the magic castle known locally as The Bakery. The little kitten was grey and fluffy, and a little bit scared of her home in a strange new land.
Little Molly Malone Cute Poot Snuggly Molly
Realizing quickly, as smart kittens do, that her human pets were not only malleable, but that they seemed to enjoy submitting to her demands, this little kitten (who was given the name Molly by her pets but was known in the animal kingdom as Pootleberry Dinglehopper) quickly overcame her initial fears and plotted a coup d'état to overcome those pesky creatures who would have her eat kibble rather than tuna.
Contemplating her Next Move A peek into General Poot's Ego
A horrific battle ensued, unlike any other ever seen in this strange land. Countless stuffed mice, hands, feet, plants and abandoned dinner plates fell prey to General Poot's savage attacks.
Attacking her hated enemy, The Curtains Experimenting with Atomic Weapons Do you see the beast? Have you got it in your sights?
Eventually, armistice was reached, and both General Poot and her pet humans fell into an easy compromise. General Poot is, of course, ruler of The Bakery...but she rarely eats tuna.
meow meow:
Note: You must be logged in to add comments
Poot was recently the life of the party at AGASA's potluck/BBQ. Sorry to anyone she munched on!
2005-06-05 22:28:38 My favorite new nickname for this little monster is "Molly Ringworm." HAHA —SummerSong
2005-06-06 15:56:00 BEWARE - This pussycat has SHARP teeth! She's also a sucker for the standard kitten trappings. Also, I might add, has a soft belly. —KarlMogel
2005-06-13 21:54:38 aww...so cute...must steal, and then she'll be all mine! I'll let Mike visit her...maybe —VivianPham
2005-06-13 21:57:37 this cat is so much cuter than my roommate's cat —RohiniJasavala
2005-06-13 22:00:51 No stealing the kitty! Besides, you don't want her, she's awfully smelly! :) —SummerSong
2005-06-17 20:53:28 Simba saw Poot on the Wiki, and now my cat wants to defend her honor as the cutest kitty on the wiki. —KarlMogel
2005-06-18 02:19:09 Poot is a beaut- but the name doesn't suit. Too cute! —EllenSeeley
2005-06-18 02:33:29 I love the name, i've said it to myself and to friends about 20 times a day since it became a wiki page. OMG did I just admit that? —MichaelGiardina
2005-06-18 03:38:07 No, the next page should be dedicated to disenfranchised writers who want to fight for the evolution of culture. There are plenty of us sad folk... —MichaelGiardina
2005-06-18 21:48:26 Hey, Ellen's comment was like tiny poetic happiness. And god-damn that cat is cute! Dare I say, even cuter than MY little grey cat!? :O —MichelleAccurso
2005-06-19 22:28:20 lol... freshly packed bowl? —MichaelGiardina
2005-06-21 01:24:35 So how do you get from Molly to Pootleberry Dinglehopper? —VivianPham
2005-06-23 16:25:45 Poot is only cute because she's small, thin, white, helpless, and naive... her cuteness will decline with age, unlike Simba. :) —KarlMogel
2005-06-23 16:29:03 Oh, whatever! You're just jealous. ;) —SummerSong
2005-06-23 17:32:34 This is a great page! Clearly, you are smitten by the poot. —AlphaDog
2005-06-23 17:53:08 Here here Alpha, this page is updated so often, but that little cat is so cute I sent this page to my mom. —MichelleAccurso
2005-06-28 00:24:04 Hehehe, I crack up every time I see the Alien Poot pic!! Too funny. —SummerSong
2005-08-25 01:02:54 ah, such an adorable little thing :D —MarieHuynh
2005-08-25 09:05:25 Isn't she, though? I <3 my little boo. —SummerSong
2005-09-13 18:56:27 I miss my little hunnybunny! Whaaaa —SummerSong
2005-11-27 20:31:01 that is an adorable kitty. _AubreyJohnson
2005-12-05 08:50:08 um. basically adorable. :] —NoraSandstedt
2006-01-12 02:34:39 Check out Simba sitting on her little couch in front of the fire. Simba defines cute! —KarlMogel
2006-03-24 23:06:32 Awww...this little one makes me deeply miss my wonderful Bucky... —SunjeetBaadkar
2006-12-02 01:49:40 Stop sleating my name!! Hia everybody- I am the original Pootleberry, My name is Rosie Elizabeth Pootleberry Barton and I am 13 years old! I was searching wiki and I felt like searching my name- And your molly came up! Im the original Poot! Its even on my birth certificate.... —RosiePootleberry
2007-03-20 00:24:22 Nice pictures, good work —StevenDaubert
2007-10-31 15:04:20 She looks like a sweetheart, your page is great. —FeralFeline
This is a Wiki Spot wiki. Wiki Spot is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization that helps communities collaborate via wikis.
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"Mock" Backend for Castle ActiveRecord
0
kicks
"Mock" Backend for Castle ActiveRecord (Unpublished)
Testing code that uses Castle ActiveRecord business objects requires some sort of back end for persistence. This approach allows you to use a "mock" back end with ActiveRecord so that you don't need to rely on a file system or database service to unit test your services.
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A Developers Review of Cooler Master Storm Laptop Cooler SF-19
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A Developers Review of Cooler Master Storm Laptop Cooler SF-19 (Unpublished)
PROS + Yes, It got rid of my heat problems 100%. I have absolutely no heat problems now. + I really enjoyed how it comes with an external power supply instead of using your laptop’s USB to power it (like most models). + USB-Hub built-in and upgradable to USB 3.0 if you wish. + Works with even a 19” Laptop if I decide to upgrade in the future. + Easily Replaceable Fans. CONS - At $60 USD that is kind of pricey for a laptop cooler. It is $80 for the USB 3.0 Version at the time of this writing (5/30/11). - LED Lights at the bottom are lame if you a non-gamer. I can’t find any benefit to using them. (Yes, I am aware this is a gamer’s laptop cooler). - Cannot travel with it. It is to large to put in a bag or carry with you if you are on-site with a client. WOULD I RECOMMEND IT TO MY FELLOW DEVELOPER? Absolutely, it was a great purchase for me and solved the problem that I was having.
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Ez Usb
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 15:21, 18 August 2009 by Ti933 (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
EZ-USB Based Device List
Firmware Kit + Driver API
An Open Source Firmware Kit with platform independent driver API is available at http://www.ztex.de/firmware-kit.
It is mainly intended for our USB and/or FPGA boards but should run on every EZ-USB based hardware. The package currently runs under Linux and Windows.
The Firmware Kit is written in C and requires the SDCC compiler. The Firmware is assembled using a macro processor which allows to specify all required settings by a few macros. All necessary USB descriptors and the descriptor handling routines are generated automatically.
The driver API is written in Java and allows platform independent device drivers. API's in other programming languages are planned.
General Products
Development Boards
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LeapFrog Pollux Platform: OpenLFConnect
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 08:48, 1 February 2012 by Jrspruitt (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
OpenLFConnect is a Python and sg3_utils command line based replacement application for the LeapFrog LFConnect program and more. For Explorer and LeapPad it can use their dftpdevice to upload firmware. It also manages uploading the surgeon.cbf file for USB boot recovery mode and is capable of enabling ftp/telnet on both devices. For Didj it can mount the USB drive, copy firmware over, and send the eject command that will attempt to start flashing the firmware. There are also extra functions for wrapping and unwrapping CBF files and extracting lf2/lfp packages.
The program deals with firmware/bootloader items. The update functions deal with those exclusively, for updating the offical LeapFrog user interfaces, games, movies, etc. You'll need to use the LFConnect program. Especially if you want those things to run as they should, since there is online functionality that is required for certain features.
WARNING: This program can flash new firmware, has the ability to make and delete, upload and download, files could be destroyed, firmware flashing could go wrong. There is no prompts for second chances. Make sure you understand what you're doing, and use fresh batteries or an A/C adapter during updating.
Contents
Downloads
https://github.com/jrspruitt/OpenLFConnect
Requirements
Windows or Linux compatible
Python 2.6 - No special modules needed. Windows or Linux
sg3_utils
• Included for Windows, common on many Linux distros
Windows LeapFrog Ethernet Driver
• If LFConnect is installed, or previously was, this is already installed.
• If not, when it prompts you for a driver, use the Windows update service.
Bonjour For auto device IP discovery
• If LFConnect is installed, or previously was, this is already installed.
Install
Extract archive or clone git repo to a location of your choice.
Windows
If LFConnect is installed you may want to make sure Monitor.exe is disabled, which can be done via Task Manager, before plugging a device in, this is the program that auto starts LFConnect. You can also prevent it from running on boot up, with a registry edit. It will how ever start up again, if your open LFConnect, but until then it remains off, if you delete this entry.
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run\Monitor
Didj
You'll need to assign the Didj' USB Disk a drive letter as LFConnect will have assigned it another mount point instead. The letter you pick doesn't matter, as long as it doesn't conflict with something else. Plug your Didj in and then go to Disk Management, depending on what version of Windows it should be something like:
Administrative Tools > Computer Management > Disk Management
Right click the drive, and select Change Drive Letters and Paths click Add and assign the letter.
It is also recommended to disable any disk caching in the drive's properties on Windows. The Didj drive can become corrupted, if you are not careful with it, disabling disk cache, while takes longer to transfer files initially, is the safest route.
LeapPad and Explorer
Windows will default to a zeroconfig address, if you like you can just let it do that. But it takes a bit over a minute for it to do it. Static IP will greatly speed up the process.
Plug your device in and turn it on. You should see an icon in the Start Bar about trying to connect, if not go to Network Connections, right click and choose status. Then properties, scroll down to TCP/IP click on its properties, and make sure to set a static IP. Unless your device is set to a non standard IP, it will be on the 169.254. subnet. Windows will actually default to an address on this subnet, it takes a little over a minute from first turn on though, static IP is much faster.
Static IP: 169.254.0.1
Broadcast Mask: 255.255.0.0
Linux
Extract archive or clone git repo to a location of your choice.
You'll have to decide if you want to run OpenLFConnect.py with sudo or not. If you do not want to, you will need to copy the OpenLFConnect/src/udev_rules files to /etc/udev/rules.d/ The Mass_Storage rules are for all 3 devices. Didj in normal use and LeapPad, Explorer in USB Boot mode. The create a persistent generic SCSI device name /dev/leapfrog that is set to allow regular users permission to use.
Make sure the rule is owned by root:root and set to permission 644.
Didj
Disk caching is a problem, and getting around automount to change the mount option, is problematic, with out an across the board disabling of the feature. A Linux host is the hardest to manage in this regard, safely ejecting, running sync, or using didj_eject, which runs the sync command prior to sending the eject command to the Didj, is mandatory. Especially if you've uploaded data into Base/ Data/ or ProgramFiles/ on the Didj, corruption is incredibly easy, be careful and gentle.
LeapPad and Explorer
Plug your device in and turn it on, then check
System > Preferences > Network Connections
If you see Auto Eth1 open up its properties and go to the IPv4 tab, on the Methods drop down pick Link Local.
If you do not see the Auto Eth1 or something similar, you can copy the udev rules for Net to /etc/udev/rules.d/ This will trigger avahi-autoipd on plug in, and assign an IP address to the interface. This is basically what Network Manager does when set to Link Local.
Make sure the rule is owned by root:root and set to permission 644.
Usage
There is basically three types of commands. OpenLFConnect commands, such as manually configuring the host IP before a connection is made, debug settings, remote, or local. There are client commands, for DFTP and Didj, dftp_connect or didj_mount both start their respective clients and connections and each have various commands to run once started. Then there is filesystem commands, ls, cd, cat, upload, upload_dir, etc. Client commands are only available while the client is running, filesystem commands, are the same remote or local, obviously if no remote client is running, there is no where to upload something to though.
A word of caution, there are no prompts to ask if you are sure. Uploading will over write a directory or file, deleting a directory will remove it regardless if there is anything in it, etc, etc. Also always make sure you are where you think you are, its easy to forget you switched to local or remote, and run a command thinking you are somewhere else. You've been warned, cwdl and cwdr are you're friends, they will tell you where each path is pointed to.
Getting Started
From a terminal or the command prompt run OpenLFConnect.py this will bring up the python command line. In windows you can also double click on the file.
To get a full list of commands type
local>help
For help on a specific command
local>help command
Commands with an option in [] means its optional, commands with an option <> means it is mandatory.
Basic Commands
The basics are very similar to the Linux command line, and when first started, you will be able to navigate around the local filesystem. Some examples.
This changes the directory
local>cd files/LX
This lists a directory's contents.
local>ls files/Didj
bootloader-LF_LF1000/
firmware-LF_LF1000/
Connect to the device
local>dftp_connect
Device: Explorer
Firmware Version: 1.3.4-2044
IP: 169.254.3.208
DFTP Version: 1.8
remote>
Make a directory and list its contents.
remote>cd /tmp
remote>mkdir NewDir
remote>ls
NewDir/
temp.socket
temp.file
Download takes a remote path argument to a file, and will download it to the current local directory.
Upload takes a local path argument to a file, and will upload it to the current remote directory.
Set the remote directory to where the file you want to download resides in, switch back to local and navigate to where you want to save it. Then download.
remote>cd etc/
remote>local
local>cd LX/temp
local>download vsftpd.conf
local>ls
vsftpd.conf
Set your remote directory to where you want the file to be put, then upload a local file using the path argument.
remote>cd ../etc/avahi/
remote>upload ../../user/scripts/avahi-autoipd.action
remote>ls
avahi-autopid.action
Remote/Local Locations
Once a remote client is running, you can navigate both the local and remote filesystems. On Didj, remote just means it starts at the mounting point as technically they are both local.
This means you are on the host computer and the commands will take action on it.
local> command arg
This indicates you are about to run a command on the device.
remote> command arg
Change to remote device
local>remote
remote>
Change to local from remote
remote>local
local>
The are a few exceptions to this, Upload/Download commands don't care, as Upload wants a local path to upload to the current remote directory, and Download wants a remote path, to the current local directory, the location is taken care of behind the scenes. Commands that do not deal with a path, or connecting a client, generally do not care either.
The current directory is maintained on an individual basis. So you can switch between remote and local, and you will stay in the same place. The only exception is if the device is disconnected, this will reset both paths. The cwdl and cwdr commands Current Working Directory Local and Current Working Directory Remote respectively, can be used to check what that path is, regardless of the command lines current location.
Didj
The Didj is different than the LeapPad or Explorer in that it is not a networking enabled device. Once you mount the Didj, you will be given a remote prompt, in reality you are still on the local filesystem, you can still use all the same commands if you like however. The Didj client has a few specific commands, all prefixed with didj_.
The first thing you should do with your Didj, is back up the entire drive that gets mounted, archive it, and keep it somewhere safe. It will be needed if your Didj ever says it "needs repair."
A word of caution to prevent "needs repair" issues. Always make sure to safely eject the device, to allow the host OS to commit the changes. If you just pull the plug, it can cause data corruption.
Didj Command List
Filesystem Command List
General
Once Didj is plugged in and turned on, start the client and connect.
local>didj_mount
Mounted on /dev/Didj
This will obtain the location the Didj is mounted on. You should see a new window pop up with the contents, or it show up in your file browser, depending on the OS used. For general purpose looking around, its far easier to use the OS's file browser. But if you would like to run an update of the firmware or bootloader, OpenLFConnect can make it rather painless.
Send the eject command, to be gentle with your Didj or start firmware update.
didj_eject
Updates
Preperation
OpenLFConnect comes with a directory called files/, inside you'll find the Didj/ directory, its a convenient place to keep your firmwares.
More Information on firmware updating.
Bootloader
Make a directory called bootloader-LF_LF1000. Put your lightning-boot.bin and bootflags.jffs2 (optional) into it.
Firmware
Make a directory called firmware-LF_LF1000. Put your kernel.bin and erootfs.jffs2 files into it.
In OpenLFConnect navigate to the location of these files. You can be one above, or just inside the one you want to update. If you are going to do both, you must be in the parent directory of both of them.
Depending on what you want to do, update just the bootloader, just firmware, or both, there is a command for each.
Update both with change to directory.
local>cd /Didj
local>ls
bootloader-LF_LF1000
firmware-LF_LF1000
Update both.
local>didj_update
Update Firmware using the path to parent.
local>didj_update_firmware Didj/
Update Bootloader with path a to files.
local>didj_update_bootloader Didj/bootloader-LF_LF1000
It will take a second for the command prompt to come back after the files have transferred and eject command sent. If on Linux eject the device now. Once ejected the Didj screen should change, it will say "Learning new tricks" Then "Disconnect Now". Once you do it will shutdown. Turn it back on and plug it in. run:
local>didj_mount
local>didj_update_cleanup
This removes the file to prevent unwanted firmware flashes if the eject command is sent again. If everything went okay your files will have been flashed to the Didj and you can now use it.
Needs Repair
This section is part warning, part remedy. With disk caching enabled, it is fairly easy to corrupt the Didj's drive. When ever possible, use safely remove options, which will flush the disk cache before removing. The Didj, when in good status, seems to hold up on the eject command until everything is synced, especially on Windows, for Linux OpenLFConnect will run the sync command prior to issuing the eject.
Needs Repairs and Download Failed
To fix it you'll first need your backup copy of the disks contents,Base/ Data/ and ProgramFiles/ at the very minimum Base/ is required, Data/ holds your user profile type stuff, ProgramFiles/ is for JetPackHeros. Then format the drive with FAT, when done copy over your backups then safely eject it, preferably use didj_eject. Most of the time this has worked for me in fixing any issue that arises.
If you want the be all to end all access for such issues check out serial console. In console if you just can't get anything going, cause it "brazenly refuses to mount /dev/mtdblock9" rmmod g_file_storage this disables usb storage and takes out the /flags/needs_repair that won't go away, as it is set by the usb driver.
Prevention
Always use safely remove, if you've uploaded data, especially with a Linux host PC as data corruption seems far more likely. On a Linux host, OpenLFConnect will run the sync command, before ejecting. Its actually a fairly good idea to use the didj_eject command each time. Windows, XP at least, seems a more friendly in these regards, as didj_eject will hold up until files are written. It is still highly recommended to disable disk cache in Windows aka Quick Removal. As for Linux, mounting with the sync option is a good idea also. But getting this to work with automounting can be problematic, I tried a udev rule but it was in conflict. Manually running sync, safely removing, or running didj_eject should all take care of it.
LeapPad and Explorer
LeapPad and Explorer are both network connected and use the same DFTPdevice, as does both versions of Surgeon. There are a few client specific commands available, but mostly it is much like a basic ftp client. All DFTP commands are prefixed with dftp_.
DFTP Command List
Filesystem Command List
General
There are a few things worth doing with OpenLFConnect and your Explorer. You can send a surgeon.cbf file, or any kernel and or initramfs you want to test that has been converted to CBF Commands, Information. You can run firmware updates, there is a convenience function for enabling ftp, or you can use it like a basic ftp browser.
Once the device is turned on and plugged in.
Connect to it.
dftp_connect
prints device info...
Disconnect, device can be reconnected to with out unplugging or restarting application.
dftp_disconnect
Reboot the device and/or disconnect.(depends what you're running Surgeon, Explorer, LeapPad, as to if it reboots or not)
dftp_reboot
Starting FTP, Telnet and SSHD
When normally booted, FTP and Telnet are not running, while they will be if surgeon is running. SSHD is never enabled, but can be. These use the dftp RUN command, to upload a shell script, these can be found in files/Scripts/. All three will have the same log in.
Username:root
Password:[blank]
After establishing a connection.
FTP
Start
remote>dftp_ftp start
Ran script.
FTP start
Stop
remote>dftp_ftp stop
Ran script.
FTP stop
Telnet
Start
remote>dftp_telnet start
Ran script.
Telnet start
Stop
remote>dftp_telnet stop
Ran script.
Telnet stop
SSHD
This will require patching the sshd_config file, to allow empty passwords. This is not a critical file to your device running normally.
local>dftp_sshd_no_password
Ran script.
sshd_config patched for empty passwords.
Start
remote>dftp_sshd start
Ran script.
SSHD start
Stop
remote>dftp_sshd stop
Ran script.
SSHD start
On Linux you can install the service-discovery-applet which will automatically pick up the FTP and SSHD server announcing themselves. Look in Places>Network. In Windows it should show up in any Bonjour apps that display services.
USB Booting
There is a special mode called USB Boot mode, which can accept a Surgeon.cbf file. Both Explorer and LeapPad have it. You can access this mode using dftp_reboot_usbmode, or on the Explorer through holding both shoulder buttons and the ? while turning it on. As for LeapPad a hardware method is not known.
There are two versions of surgeon, one for LeapPad and one for Explorer. The DFTPdevice on the LeapPad version is better, disconnects do not reboot the device. As far as functionality, updating seems to work just as well also.
More Information
Make sure you have a surgeon.cbf file and it is unpacked from the .lfp archive.
Put the device in USB boot mode.
OpenLFConnect with device connected and running normally.
remote>dftp_reboot_usbmode
Button presses.
Explorer hold both shoulder buttons and the ? button, while turning it on.
LeapPad Not sure.
Once in USB Boot mode run:
boot_surgeon /path/to/surgeon.cbf
This will take a few seconds to return. You can then connect to the DFTP server surgeon sets up.
dftp_connect
print device info...
Be patient this could take a few, OpenLFConnect times out at 30 seconds, which is usually plenty for it to get up and running.
Update
Update is determined by if fuse-flasher on LeapPad has created the /LF/fuse directory, if so, it tries a Fuse (LeapPad) style update if not a standard DFTP (Explorer) style. This allows you to run the LeapPad surgeon during updates also, as it will not create the fuse folder, falling back to a regular DFTP style update.
Update Files
dftp_update first looks for the official firmware directories in the directory specified, firmware/ (LeapPad) Firmware-Base/ (Explorer). Failing that, it looks for the files it would normally find inside those directories. If those are not found, it tries to match a list of keywords to the files in the current directory.
LeapPad: nfs, kernel, mbr2G, FIRST_Lpad
Explorer erootfs, kernel, FIRST
The first files it finds to match those, it will attempt to upload while translating to the proper path and file names.It is best to not have multiples, as its not guaranteed which one will be selected. Also any CBF file will be checked for a valid magic number and length before any upload takes place.
You may also specify a single file to upload, and it will translate it for you.
Boot Surgeon.cbf
You will also need a surgeon.cbf file, this will be sent to the device while its in USB boot mode, and establishes the necessary systems for the flashing process.
Once you got your firmware ready, put the device in USB boot mode and boot surgeon:
local>boot_surgeon /path/to/Explorer/surgeon.cbf
Run Update
Connect to the device
local>dftp_connect
It will take a few for the device to boot up, you will then have the command line back. And can start flashing your files.
remote>dftp_update /files/Explorer/Firmware-Base
Once done uploading reboot the device.
remote>dftp_reboot
You can now unplug the USB cord, or otherwise let it boot normally. You can connect again if you like, and browse around too.
Explorer File Names These file names must be prefixed as they are, as the name has significance to the flashing process. The first number is the NAND address in decimal to flash to, and the second is the size of the partition in packets, which the packet size is 131072. Check Explorer technical information for the partitions numbers.
1048576,8,FIRST.32.rle
2097152,64,kernel.cbf
10485760,688,erootfs.ubi
Command List
General
debug
Usage:
debug <on|off>
Turning debug on, turns most any filesystem action off, such as, up/download, rm, mkdir, etc. It is replaced with text displaying what would have happened. Useful for checking updates before they happen, also will not eject Didj on update.
get_device_id
Usage:
get_dev_id
Returns the currently configured device id.
get_mount_point
Usage:
get_mount_point
Returns the currently configured mount point to use when creating a new mount client client.
set_mount_point
Usage:
set_mount_point <mount point>
Set the mount point to use when creating a new mount client.
The mount point, ex. Linux /media/didj, or Windows D:\
To reset to auto determine leave input blank.
get_device_ip
Usage:
get_device_ip
Returns currently configured device IP to use when creating a new network client.
set_device_ip
Usage:
set_device_ip <IP>
Set the device IP address to use when creating a new network client.
ex. 169.254.123.123
To reset to auto determine leave input blank.
get_host_ip
Usage:
get_host_ip
Returns currently configured host IP to use when creating a new network client.
set_host_ip
Usage:
set_host_ip <IP>
Set the host IP address to use when creating a new network client.
ex. 169.254.123.123
To reset to auto determine leave input blank.
remote
Usage:
remote
Set to remote device for filesystem navigation.
local
Usage:
local
Set to prompt to local host for filesystem navigation.
FileSystem
cwdr
Usage:
cwdr
Print current remote directory path.
cwdl
Usage:
cwdl
Print current local directory path.
exit
Usage:
exit
Exit OpenLFConnect
ls
Usage:
ls [path]
List directory contents. Where depends on which is set, remote or local
cd
Usage:
cd <path>
Change directories. Where depends on which is set, remote or local
mkdir
Usage:
mkdir <path>
Create directory. Where depends on which is set, remote or local
rmdir
Usage:
rmd <path>
Delete directory. Where depends on which is set, remote or local
rm
Usage:
rm <file>
Delete file. Where depends on which is set, remote or local
upload
Usage:
upload <local path>
Upload the specified local path to the current remote directory, Will overwrite with out prompt.
download
Usage:
download <remote path>
Download the specified remote path to the current local directory, will over write with out prompt.
cat
Usage:
cat <path>
Prints the contents of a file to the screen.
Doesn't care what kind or how big of a file.
Didj
didj_mount
Usage:
didj_mount [mount name]
Unlock Didj to allow it to mount on host system.
didj_eject
Usage:
didj_eject
Eject the Didj which will unmount on host system, if the firmware updates are
on the Didj, an update will be triggered. If they are not, it will ask you to unplug it.
Only use after uploading with OpenLFConnect, can cause issue with disk caching and corrupt drive.
didj_device_info
Usage:
didj_device_info
Returns various information about device and mount.
didj_update
Usage:
didj_update <path>
CAUTION:
!!Attempts to flash firmware, could potentially be harmful.!!
!!Make sure Battery's are Fresh, or A/C adpater is used!!
Upload Didj firmware and bootloader to Didj and run eject command.
didj_update_firmware
Usage:
didj_update_firmware <path>
CAUTION:
!!Attempts to flash firmware, could potentially be harmful.!!
!!Make sure Battery's are Fresh, or A/C adpater is used!!
Upload Didj firmware to Didj and run eject command.
didj_update_bootloader
Usage:
didj_update_bootloader <path>
CAUTION:
!!Attempts to flash firmware, could potentially be harmful.!!
!!Make sure Battery's are Fresh, or A/C adpater is used!!
Upload Didj bootloader to Didj and run eject command.
didj_update_cleanup
Usage:
didj_update_cleaup
Remove Didj firmware and bootloader from device.
DFTP
Used for LeapPad and Explorer.
dftp_connect
Usage:
dftp_connect
Connect to device for dftp session.
Will attempt to configure IPs as needed.
This could take a minute or so, if you just booted the device.
dftp_disconnect
Usage:
dftp_disconnect
Disconnect DFTP client.
This will cause the DFTP server to start announcing its IP again, except Explorer's surgeon.cbf version, which will reboot the device
dftp_server_version
Usage
dftp_server_version [number]
Sets the version number of the dftp server. Or retrieves if none specified
OpenLFConnect checks for version 1.12 for surgeon running before a firmware update.
Set this to 1.12 if getting complaints, or surgeon has its dftp version updated.
dftp_device_info
Usage:
dftp_device_info
Returns various information about the device, and connection.
Note: Device name is guessed from board id.
dftp_update
Usage:
update <local path>
CAUTION:
!!Attempts to flash firmware, could potentially be harmful.!!
!!Make sure Battery's are Fresh, or A/C adpater is used!!
Uploads and flashes the files found in path, or the file specified by path.
Caution: Has not been tested on LeapPad, theoretically it should work though, please confirm to author yes or no if you get the chance.
dftp_reboot
Usage:
update_reboot
This will trigger a reboot.
dftp_reboot_usbmode
Usage:
dftp_reboot_usbmode
This will reboot the device into USB mode, for sending a surgeon.cbf to boot.
If surgeon is booted, will do a standared reboot.
dftp_mount_patient
Usage:
dftp_mount_patient 0|1|2
Surgeon booted device only. These give you access to the devices filesystem.
0 Unmounts /patient-rfs and /patient-bulk/
1 Mounts /patient-rfs and /patient-bulk/
2 Mounts only /patient-rfs
dftp_telnet
Usage:
dftp_telnet <start|stop>
Starts or stops the Telnet daemon on the device.
Username:root
Password:<blank>
dftp_ftp
Usage:
dftp_ftp <start|stop>
Starts or stops the FTP server on the device.
Username:root
Password:<blank>
dftp_sshd
Usage:
dftp_sshd <start|stop>
Starts or stops the SSHD daemon on the device. Does not work on surgeon.
Username:root
Password:<blank>
dftp_sshd_no_password
Usage:
dftp_sshd_no_password
Patches the sshd_config file to permit login with a blank password.
Should be run before starting sshd, only needs to be done once.
dftp_run_script
Usage:
dftp_run_script <path>
This takes a shell script as an argument, and proceeds to run it on the device.
Username:root
Password:<blank>
send
Usage:
send <raw command>
Advanced use only, don't know, probably shouldn't.
USB Boot
boot_surgeon
Usage:
boot_surgeon <path to surgeon.cbf>
Uploads a Surgeon.cbf file to a device in USB Boot mode.
File can be any name, but must conform to CBF standards.
Firmware
Explorer
lx_rename_firmware
Usage:
lx_rename_firmware [path]
Renames a the current or specified directory of files, with first, kernel, and or erootfs in the file names.
Prepends the proper number prefix to each file.
Will rename all files in the directory that match.
LF2/LFP Packages
package_extract
Usage:
package_extract [path]
Extracts LF Package files (lfp ,lfp2)
Takes a file path, or will extract all packages in a directory.
package_download
Usage:
package_download <Didj|Explorer|LeapPad> <firmware|surgeon|bootloader>
Downloads the LF firmware package for device specified to files/<device>
Bootloader is for Didj only. Didj also has no surgeon.
Short names work also.
CBF Files
cbf_unwrap
Usage:
cbf_unwrap <file path>
Removes the CBF wrapper and prints a summary.
CBF is used on kernels and surgeon, to wrap a zImage or Image file.
Saves the image file to the same directory the cbf file was in.
If image file already exists will fail.
cbf_wrap_surgeon
Usage:
cbf_wrap_surgeon <file path>
Creates the CBF wrapper named surgeon.cbf and prints a summary.
CBF is used on kernels and surgeon, to wrap a zImage or Image file.
Saves the image file to the same directory the kernel file was in.
Kernel should be a zImage or Image file.
If cbf file already exists will fail.
cbf_wrap_kernel
Usage:
cbf_wrap_kernel <file path>
Creates the CBF wrapper named kernel.cbf and prints a summary.
CBF is used on kernels and surgeon, to wrap a zImage or Image file.
Saves the image file to the same directory the kernel file was in.
Kernel should be a zImage or Image file.
If cbf file already exists will fail.
cbf_summary
Usage:
cbf_summary <file path>
Display the CBF wrapper summary.
CBF is used on kernels and surgeon, to wrap a zImage or Image file.
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Changes related to "United States Migration Internal"
From FamilySearch Wiki
This is a list of changes made recently to pages linked from a specified page (or to members of a specified category). Pages on your watchlist are bold.
Recent changes options Show last 50 | 100 | 250 | 500 changes in last 1 | 3 | 7 | 14 | 30 days
Hide minor edits | Show bots | Hide anonymous users | Hide logged-in users | Hide my edits
Show new changes starting from 08:33, 18 May 2013
Page name:
No changes on linked pages during the given period.
New to the Research Wiki?
In the FamilySearch Research Wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others.
Learn More
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"url": "googlesystem.blogspot.com/2009/03/behavioral-targeting-in-google-adsense.html?showComment=1236789900000",
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"warc_url": "http://googlesystem.blogspot.com/2009/03/behavioral-targeting-in-google-adsense.html?showComment=1236789900000"
}
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
March 11, 2009
Behavioral Targeting in Google AdSense
As part of the integration with DoubleClick, Google announced last year that it would use DoubleClick's DART cookies to improve the way ads are displayed on the Google content network. The list of improvements included in-depths reports for advertisers and preventing ads from being displayed too frequently to the same user. "We are enabling this functionality by implementing a DoubleClick ad-serving cookie across the Google content network," mentioned Google at that time.
The integration will soon expand since Google intends to offer behavioral targeting or interest-based advertising, as Google likes to call it. "We think we can make online advertising even more relevant and useful by using additional information about the websites people visit. Today we are launching interest-based advertising as a beta test on our partner sites and on YouTube. These ads will associate categories of interest — say sports, gardening, cars, pets — with your browser, based on the types of sites you visit and the pages you view. We may then use those interest categories to show you more relevant text and display ads," explains a post from the Official Google Blog.
The DoubleClick cookie contains a unique ID that is associated with all your visited pages that include ads served by DoubleClick. If you're visiting a lot of pages related to music, Google will place you in one of the 600 predefined categories (most likely, music enthusiasts) and will use this information to show more ads about music. For now, Google will use interest-based targeting to show better ads when the content of a web page doesn't include enough information to serve contextual ads.
Google also launched a page where you can enter a list of categories that reflect your interests. If you don't likely the new targeting options, the same page offers two ways to opt-out: either by setting a special opt-out DoubleClick cookie or by installing an add-on that protects your cookie. Another option is to block all the cookies sent from doubleclick.net. Google promises to offer an option for AdSense publishers to disable interest-based targeting, but the publishers still need to change the privacy policy to reflect the new features.
While behavioral targeting is not new and many other companies are using it, Google tried to alleviate the worries about profiling users: it won't create sensitive interest categories like race or religion and it won't cross-correlate the data with other information saved in Google accounts.
Google tries to use the enormous reach of the content network (75% globally) to attract more display ads, but the risk could be too high: Google's ads were perceived as non-intrusive, relevant and complementary to the page where they were placed. Focusing more on display ads, using recently visited pages to target ads to users could change that perception and Google will lose its most important asset: user trust.
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"warc_url": "http://linuxgamingnews.org/2012/06/08/hexit-point-and-click-sci-fi-adventure/"
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HeXit – Point And Click Sci-fi Adventure
Posted on 8th June 2012 in Uncategorized
HeXit is a kickstarter point and click adventure project with awesome graphics that recently committed to a GNU/Linux port if funded.
While their goal of $75,000 is high, it’s reachable within the 32 days we have left.
So if you are a sci-fi and adventure fan, this project is for you !
The Game
HeXit will be a point-and-click adventure game. We believe that the atmosphere and the visuals of a game of this genre should be as spectacular as possible, so everything in the game will be presented in the form of pre-rendered graphics. We love sci-fi, exciting stories and police procedural television series. What we are trying to achieve is creating a game combining these elements, while focusing on a compelling storyline with twists and exciting adventures. We are trying our best to create a spectacular sci-fi world, which, on the one hand, looks amazing but will also exist as a realistic, richly-detailed and interactive environment in the atmosphere similar to the new Total Recall movie. Several side-stories and detailed in-game world await those who enjoy exploring everything in a game. There will be countless usable items which can be combined. HeXit will also involve several mini-games. There will be English language voice acting for all in-game dialogues.
The Episodes
Just like the successful police procedural television series, HeXit is planned as an episodic adventure. If it is possible, we wish to release several installments. Currently, we would like to receive support for the making of the first episode, which will involve 6-10 hours of gameplay.
The Characters
The main character of the game is police Lieutenant Jane Davis, who, suddenly, finds herself in the middle of a dangerous and exciting adventure. Everything seems to change around her. She used to be the hunter, but now she becomes the prey. She has to escape, so that she could clarify herself. Will there be any trusted friends she can rely on? Who will believe her, who will betray her and who will help her…? All episodes of the game will feature dozens of individual characters. They will include loveable ones and villains, robots and cyborgs.
Screenshots
Links
HeXit on kickstarter
HeXit Official Website
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[maemo-developers] Moderator speak up - is maemo multitouch thread ok or not
From: Simon Pickering S.G.Pickering at bath.ac.uk
Date: Thu Sep 4 18:13:45 EEST 2008
> I am really surprised, there is a small group of maemo developers
> showing interest not to discuss maemo multitouch and showing
> interest to have maemo no-multitouch in next years.
I think Igor was fairly explicit in what he said, capacitive multi-touch was
not very precise, therefore a resistive screen was chosen. This is fine by
me as I do want to have very find control over where I click with my stylus.
Someone else mentioned possible patent infringements, I don't know how much
of a factor this is.
I'm not sure anything we say will affect this, though putting together good
business cases to say how multi-touch will be beneficial (and being explicit
about how) would probably be a good start (in the same way that we have been
justifying why the PowerVR driver should be released, etc., on the wiki).
> Quite contrary to iPhone developers , doing their best to
> make iPhone No.1 gizmo.
Not through their discussion of multi-touch mind you :)
> Multitouch is hot and market added value.
> You can try to stop multitouch development but please offer
> something better.
No-one is stopping you, in fact if you can get the non-multitouch resistive
screen to produce useful "multitouch-like" behaviour, which is what Gary
(lcuk) has been looking at, I'm sure we'll all be very pleased.
Cheers,
Simon
More information about the maemo-developers mailing list
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Monday, February 02, 2009
Pastor charged with prostitution resigns
Some poor bastard asked a woman in his church to have sex for money. Turning himself into a hypocrite and a pimp in once simple act. At 62 years of age, and a man of God, you would think he would know better.
It is with sadness that Zion Lutheran Church accepts the resignation of Alan Wenrich as Senior Pastor, effective immediately. Dr. Wenrich, his family and the individuals affected by recent events, as well as the healing of our church, will be among the prayers of our congregation."
What does one do after pissing away the meaning of your life? I hope they put him on suicide watch.
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"warc_url": "http://my.pagenation.com/kul/This+Spot_101.76_3.1505.map"
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This+Spot is on Lrt Ampang Line C; is on Dagang 1/8, J; is on Dagang 1/2, J; is near Dagang 1/3, J; is near Slip Rd; is near Dagang 1/1, J; is near Dagang 1/7, J; is near Dagang 1/4, J; This+Spot is geographically located at latitude(3.1505 degrees) 3° 9' 1" North of the Equator and longitude (101.76 degrees) 101° 45' 36" East of the Prime Meridian on the Map of Kuala Lumpur.
The locations related to This+Spot are represented by the an airplane flight paths route between two points and may not be nearest by road. For example, This+Spot is located 20 metres from Star Ampang. This+Spot is located 106 metres from Chinese Temple Lrt Ampang. This+Spot is located 115 metres from Shell Ampang LRT. This+Spot is located 134 metres from Nasi Lemak Frumpy. This+Spot is located 177 metres from PBB Ampang.
Featured Places Of Interest Located Nearby
Restaurant Loke Yun Ampang is located 0.3 Kilometres away from This+Spot. Restaurant Loke Yun Ampang - 1 Photo(s) Featured.
SRJK (C) On Pong is located 0.5 Kilometres away from This+Spot. SRJK (C) On Pong - 1 Photo(s) Featured.
Spectrum is located 0.7 Kilometres away from This+Spot. Spectrum - 1 Photo(s) Featured.
De Palma Hotel 1.1km, Flamingo Hotel 1.6km, Sucasa Corp Apartment 3.6km, are places to stay (hotel, service apartment, inn) located near This+Spot.
Galaxy Shopping Centre 0.6km, Spectrum 0.7km, Shops Ampang Jaya 1 0.9km, are places to shop (shopping mall, shop houses) located near This+Spot.
Flamingo Bowl 1.6km, Yayasan Seni Art Gallery 2.4km, Cultural Craft Complex 4.7km, are places of interest (attraction) located near This+Spot.
SJK Ampang 0.2km, SRJK (C) On Pong 0.5km, SJK (t) Ampang 0.5km, are places of learning (school, college, university) located near This+Spot.
Field & Park Taman Dagang 1 0.2km, Park Taman Dagang 6 0.4km, Park Jalan Kempas 0.6km, are parks, playgrounds, open fields or commons located near This+Spot.
This+Spot
Star Ampang
Chinese Temple Lrt Ampang
Shell Ampang LRT
Nasi Lemak Frumpy
PBB Ampang
Field & Park Taman Dagang 1
SJK Ampang
Kampung Melayu Ampang
Police Station Ampang
Bridge Jalan Merbau
Shell Ampang Police
Restaurant Loke Yun Ampang
Park Taman Dagang 6
TAMAN DAGANG JAYA 68000
Dewan Dato Ahmad Razali
SRJK (C) On Pong
SJK (t) Ampang
KG MELAYU AMPANG 68000
Click here to zoom in
Where do you want to go?
Location Information
Latitude °
Longitude °
PlaceName
Category
This+Spot
PEKAN AMPANG 68000 is about 0.5 km away.
Park Jalan Kempas is about 0.6 km away.
Petronas Jalan Merdeka is about 0.6 km away.
Post Off Ampang is about 0.6 km away.
Galaxy Shopping Centre is about 0.6 km away.
Shell Wawasan is about 0.6 km away.
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Franklin
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 13:53, 16 May 2012 by Aman Makaju (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Home Contact Internal Lab Members Lab Instruments Publications Research Talks
Welcome to the Franklin Lab. We are a research lab on the campus of The University of Utah in the The Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute (CVRTI).
Personal tools
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Changes related to "Talk:Erie"
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1300.1.55.001 - Statistics News NSW, Mar 2008
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 07/03/2008
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
THE TIME OF OUR LIVES
• How do Australians actually share time between paid work, family time and other aspects of life?
• Are we still spending time on sport, exercise and outdoor activity? Or do more sedentary leisure activities claim our free time?
• How does having children affect the way men and women lead their lives?
• With more women now employed, are market services replacing unpaid work in the home?
• How much unpaid work is being done in the household and community? Who is doing it?
• What are young people doing with their time? And people in the later years of life?
• Is there really a breakdown in social connectedness?
Time spent on domestic activities by age
Time spent on recreation and leisure by age
Recently the ABS released the results of the latest Time Use Survey, in the publication How Australians Use Their Time, 2006 (cat. no. 4153.0). This is the third national Time Use Survey, creating opportunities for analysts to track changes in many aspects of Australian society.
Activity diaries completed for two selected days were collected from 6,961 persons aged 15 years and over in 3,643 private dwellings, making it possible to examine the activity patterns and characteristics of household members. Along with standard demographic and socio-economic characteristics, the survey interview identified different population groups, including:
• overseas-born and second generation Australians
• people with a disability, carers
• grandparents of children under 15 years (living with them or not)
• employment type and current study.
Information is available on various types of household equipment (including information and communication technology) that may affect household work, leisure time, the ability to get to places, and buying services. The type and size of homes also shape the amount of work needed to maintain them, and whether a body corporate carries out some maintenance. Other perspectives on people's ways of life are provided by personal information on time stress, satisfaction with the way time was spent, level of social interaction, self-assessed health, trust in people, and an exploration of attitudes to gardening.
This publication is available for free download from the ABS website. For those wanting the opportunity to undertake more intensive analysis of the Time Use Survey, confidentialised unit record files (CURFs) are available. A basic CURF on CD-ROM or through the on-line Remote Access Data Laboratory (RADL), and an expanded CURF through RADL, are available for $1,320 each. Purchase of all formats at the same time attracts a discount combined price of $1,980.
For further information on How Australians Use Their Time, 2006 (cat. no. 4153.0), Time Use Survey: User Guide, Australia, 2006(cat. no. 4150.0), and associated CURFs contact Elisabeth Davis on (02) 6252 7880 or email client.services@abs.gov.au.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8752.0 - Building Activity, Australia, Sep 2010 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 20/01/2011
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
VALUE OF WORK COMMENCED VOLUME TERMS
TREND AND SEASONALLY ADJUSTED ESTIMATES
Sep qtr 10
Jun qtr 10 to Sep qtr 10
Sep qtr 09 to Sep qtr 10
$m
% change
% change
Trend(a)
Value of work commenced
20 127.2
-5.5
2.5
New residential building
10 758.1
-0.9
26.4
Alterations and additions to residential building
1 668.8
-2.2
4.2
Non-residential building
7 890.5
-9.6
-17.1
Seasonally Adjusted(a)
Value of work commenced
19 724.9
-9.9
-2.1
New residential building
10 108.2
-12.0
20.7
Alterations and additions to residential building
1 651.0
-4.7
6.7
Non-residential building
7 965.8
-8.2
-22.2
(a) Reference year for chain volume measures is 2008-09. Refer to paragraphs 31-35 of the Explanatory Notes.
TREND
• The trend estimates of the total and non-residential value of building commenced should be interpreted with caution. See data notes on page 2 of this publication.
• The trend estimate of the total value of building work commenced fell 5.5% in the September quarter 2010 to $20,127.2m following a fall of 4.6% in the June quarter.
• The value of new residential building commenced fell 0.9% following rises in the previous four quarters. The value of new house commencements fell 2.5% and new other residential commencements rose 1.1%. The value of commencements for alterations and additions to residential buildings fell 2.2%. The value of non-residential building commenced fell 9.6% to $7,890.5m.
Value of Work Commenced in Volume Terms, Trend
SEASONALLY ADJUSTED
• In seasonally adjusted terms, the estimate of the total value of building work commenced in the September quarter fell 9.9% following a rise of 3.1% in June 2010.
• Commencements of new residential buildings fell 12.0% to $10,108.2m. New house commencements fell 1.9%, to $6,875.6m, and new other residential building fell 27.7% to $3,232.6m following a rise of 35.6% in June. Alterations and additions fell 4.7% to $1,651.0m. Non-residential work commenced fell 8.2%, to $7,965.8m.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4390.0 - Private Hospitals, Australia, 2001-02
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 31/10/2003
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
MEDIA RELEASE
October 31, 2003
Embargoed: 11:30 AM (AEST)
112/2003
Private Hospital Growth Continues
Private free-standing day hospital numbers in Australia have trebled from 72 to 236 between 1991-92 and 2001-02, according to figures released by the Australian Bureau of Statistics today.
During the same period, the numbers of private acute and psychiatric hospitals declined from 319 to 301.
In 2001-02, the private acute and psychiatric hospitals bed occupancy rate was 75.2%, an increase from 64.4% in 1991-92. Queensland recorded the highest increase of 4.2%.
In 2001-02, 80% of patients that separated from private acute and psychiatric hospitals had hospital insurance cover. This was an increase from 76% in 1997-98. The proportion of patients with hospital insurance that separated from private free-standing day hospital facilities had increased from 56% to 63% over the same five-year period.
In 2001-02, there were 2.1 million patients treated in private acute and psychiatric hospitals, an increase of 8% from the previous year. The number of patients treated at private free-standing day hospitals in 2001-02 increased by 10% to 433,300 from the previous year.
The average recurrent expenditure per patient day at private acute and psychiatric hospitals in 2001-02 was $703, compared with $657 in the previous year.
Costs per patient day increased with the number of beds in private acute and psychiatric hospitals. The cost per patient day in private acute and psychiatric hospitals ranged from an average of $451 for hospitals with 25 or fewer beds to $826 for hospitals with over 200 beds.
Further details are in Private Hospitals, Australia (cat. no. 4390.0).
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
9314.0 - Sales of New Motor Vehicles, Australia, Aug 2008 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 22/09/2008
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Study protocol
The everyday experience of living with and managing a neurological condition (the LINC study): study design
Joan Versnel1*, Tanya Packer1, Lori E Weeks2, Jocelyn Brown1, Marshall Godwin3, Susan Hutchinson4, George Kephart5, Diane MacKenzie1, Kerstin Roger6, Robin Stadnyk1, Michelle Villeneuve7 and Grace Warner1
Author Affiliations
1 School of Occupational Therapy, Dalhousie University, 5869 University Avenue, 215 Forrest Building, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
2 Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
3 Discipline of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2420 Health Sciences Centre, St. John’s, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
4 Schoolof Health and Human Performance, Stairs House, 6230 South Street, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
5 Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Centre for Clinical Research, 5790 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3H 1V7, Canada
6 Department of Family Social Sciences, University of Manitoba, 204 Human Ecology Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
7 School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen’s University, Louise D. Acton Building,31 George Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Neurology 2013, 13:30 doi:10.1186/1471-2377-13-30
Published: 21 March 2013
Abstract
Background
The impact of neurological conditions on individuals, families and society is increasing and having a significant economic impact in Canada. While some economic data is known, the human costs of living with a neurological condition are poorly understood and rarely factored into future burden analyses. The “Living with the Impact of a Neurological Condition (LINC)” study aims to fill this gap. It seeks to understand, for children and adults with neurological conditions, the supports and resources that make everyday life possible and meaningful.
Methods/design
The LINC study is a nested study using mixed methods. We are interested in the following outcomes specifically: health status; resource utilization; self-management strategies; and participation. Three studies captured data from multiple sources, in multiple ways and from multiple perspectives. Study One: a population-based survey of adults (n = 1500), aged 17 and over and parents (n = 200) of children aged 5 to 16 with a neurological condition. Study Two: a prospective cohort study of 140 adults and parents carried out using monthly telephone calls for 10 months; and Study Three: a multiple perspective case study (MPCS) of 12 adults and 6 parents of children with a neurological condition. For those individuals who participate in the MPCS, we will have data from all three studies giving us rich, in depth insights into their daily lives and how they cope with barriers to living in meaningful ways.
Discussion
The LINC study will collect, for the first time in Canada, data that reflects the impact of living with a neurological condition from the perspectives of the individuals themselves. A variety of tools will be used in a combination, which is unique and innovative. This study will highlight the commonalities of burden that Canadians living with neurological conditions experience as well as their strategies for managing everyday life.
Keywords:
Participation framework; Self-management; Chronic disease; Services; Children; Youth adults; Parents; Disability
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<D <M <Y
Y> M> D>
(1) : I am getting over a cold. But, a couple days ago I went to a party at Marc Canter's house and I hung out with Phillip Pearson, and it was really fun. We did the geeks-meeting thing where we talk about our projects and obsessions, and the people-from-different-countries-meeting thing where we compare and contrast our countries. It brought up a funny Canada anecdote which I should share with you, my readers (you'll get these anecdotes out of me eventually).
At the Tyrell Museum they had one of those stretched-penny machines to which my mother is addicted. It was imported from the US, and the coin mechanism had been modified to accept Canadian quarters. But it had not been modified to smash Canadian pennies! Because 1) that would be too hard, and 2) it is apparently illegal to smash Canadian pennies in Canada, unlike with American pennies where it just looks illegal because of the strenous disclaimers that tell you it is in fact legal.
So how does this machine work? Well, the museum keeps around a little dish of American pennies just so you can smash them into souvenirs. This kind defeats the purpose of these machines in the first place, since the idea is that you can get a souvenir out of stuff already in your pocket.
[Main]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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advanced search
Category: Organizations
Rocky Mountain Institute
A non-profit, research and consulting organization specializing in resource efficiency.
Ratings/Review of this resource:
Address:
1739 Snowmass Creek Road
Snowmass , CO 81654-9199
USA
Contact Person: Catherine Greener
Phone: 970-927-3851
Fax: 970-927-4510
E-Mail: researchandconsulting@rmi.org
Website: http://www.rmi.org
Detailed Information:
Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) is a unique entrepreneurial nonprofit that fosters the efficient and restorative use of resources to create a more secure, prosperous, and life-sustaining world. RMI’s staff shows businesses, communities, individuals, and governments how to meet the challenges they face in ways that create more wealth and protect the environment simultaneously— often by providing the same services far more efficiently.
RMI brings a new perspective to resource issues. Its defining features are an emphasis on market-oriented solutions; a trans-ideological, non-adversarial approach; and a knack for seeing the big picture and finding profitable interconnections between issues that seem unrelated. Much of RMI’s work is with corporations, which the Institute believes have the unique combination of skills, resources, and motivation necessary to solve the problems facing humanity today.
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