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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1362.6 - Regional Statistics, Tasmania, 2005
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 29/08/2003
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Anaerobic digestion
From Appropedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Anaerobic digestion is a process in which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen.
Contents
[edit] Application
The wet anaerobic process is widely used to treat wastewater sludges and organic wastes because it provides volume and mass reduction of the input material. As part of an integrated waste management system, anaerobic digestion reduces the emission of landfill gas into the atmosphere.
Dry anaerobic digestion has been used widely too. For example, there is the Axpo Kompogas AG system. This is a fully developed system and has produced 27 million Kwh of electricity and Biogas in 2009. The oldest of the companies own lorries has achieved 1.000.000 kilometers driven with biogas from household waste in the last 15 years.[1]
Anaerobic digestion is a renewable energy source because the process produces a methane and carbon dioxide rich biogas suitable for energy production helping replace fossil fuels. Also, the nutrient-rich solids left after digestion can be used as fertilizer
[edit] Processes
2 types of processes exist: the process for wet anaerobic digestion' and for dry anaerobic digestion. In both types of process, there are a number of bacteria that are involved in the process of anaerobic digestion including acetic acid-forming bacteria (acetogens) and methane-forming bacteria (methanogens). These bacteria feed upon the initial feedstock, which undergoes a number of different processes converting it to intermediate molecules including sugars, hydrogen & acetic acid before finally being converted to biogas.
Different species of bacteria are able to survive at different temperature ranges. Ones living optimally at temperatures between 35-40°C are called mesophiles or mesophilic bacteria. Some of the bacteria can survive at the hotter and more hostile conditions of 55-60°C, these are called thermophiles or thermophilic bacteria. Methanogens come from the primitive group of archaea. This family includes species that can grow in the hostile conditions of hydrothermal vents. These species are more resistant to heat and can therefore operate at thermophilic temperatures, a property that is unique to bacterial families.
As with aerobic systems the bacteria in anaerobic systems the growing and reproducing microorganisms within them require a source of elemental oxygen to survive.
In an anaerobic system there is an absence of gaseous oxygen. In an anaerobic digester, gaseous oxygen is prevented from entering the system through physical containment in sealed tanks. Anaerobes access oxygen from sources other than the surrounding air. The oxygen source for these microorganisms can be the organic material itself or alternatively may be supplied by inorganic oxides from within the input material.
When the oxygen source in an anaerobic system is derived from the organic material itself, then the 'intermediate' end products are primarily alcohols, aldehydes, and organic acids plus carbon dioxide. In the presence of specialised methanogens, the intermediates are converted to the 'final' end products of methane, carbon dioxide with trace levels of hydrogen sulfide. In an anaerobic system the majority of the chemical energy contained within the starting material is released by methanogenic bacteria as methane.
Populations of anaerobic bacteria typically take a significant period of time to establish themselves to be fully effective. It is therefore common practice to introduce anaerobic microorganisms from materials with existing populations. This process is called 'seeding' the digesters and typically takes place with the addition of sewage sludge or cattle slurry.
[edit] stages
There are four key biological and chemical stages of anaerobic digestion:
1. Hydrolysis
2. Acidogenesis
3. Acetogenesis
4. Methanogenesis
In most cases biomass is made up of large organic polymers. In order for the bacteria in anaerobic digesters to access the energy potential of the material, these chains must first be broken down into their smaller constituent parts. These constituent parts or monomers such as sugars are readily available by other bacteria. The process of breaking these chains and dissolving the smaller molecules into solution is called hydrolysis. Therefore hydrolysis of these high molecular weight polymeric components is the necessary first step in anaerobic digestion. Through hydrolysis the complex organic molecules are broken down into simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids.
Acetate and hydrogen produced in the first stages can be used directly by methanogens. Other molecules such as volatile fatty acids (VFA’s) with a chain length that is greater than acetate must first be catabolised into compounds that can be directly utilised by methanogens.
The biological process of acidogenesis is where there is further breakdown of the remaining components by acidogenic (fermentative) bacteria. Here VFAs are created along with ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide as well as other by-products. The process of acidogenesis is similar to the way that milk sours.
The third stage of anaerobic digestion is acetogenesis. Simple molecules created through the acidogenesis phase are further digested by acetogens to produce largely acetic acid as well as carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
The terminal stage of anaerobic digestion is the biological process of methanogenesis. Here methanogens utilise the intermediate products of the preceding stages and convert them into methane, carbon dioxide and water. It is these components that makes up the majority of the biogas emitted from the system. Methanogenesis is sensitive to both high and low pHs and occurs between pH 6.5 and pH 8. The remaining, non-digestable material which the microbes cannot feed upon, along with any dead bacterial remains constitutes the digestate.
A simplified generic chemical equation for the overall processes outlined above is as follows:
C6H12O6 → 3CO2 + 3CH4
[edit] Configuration of anaerobic digester
Anaerobic digesters can be designed and engineered to operate using a number of different process configurations:
• Batch or continuous
• Temperature: Mesophilic or thermophilic
• Solids content: High solids or low solids
• Complexity: Single stage or multistage
[edit] Batch or continuous
A batch system is the simplest form of digestion. Biomass is added to the reactor at the start of the process in a batch and is sealed for the duration of the process. Biogas production will be formed with a normal distribution pattern over time. The operator can use this fact to determine when they believe the process of digestion of the organic matter has completed.
[edit] Temperature
There are two conventional operational temperature levels for anaerobic digesters, which are determined by the species of methanogens in the digesters:
• Mesophilic which takes place optimally around 37°-41°C or at ambient temperatures between 20°-45°C where mesophiles are the primary microorganism present
• Thermophilic which takes place optimally around 50°-52° at elevated temperatures up to 70°C where thermophiles are the primary microorganisms present.
There are a greater number of species of mesophiles than thermophiles. These bacteria are also more tolerant to changes environmental conditions than thermophiles. Mesophilic systems are therefore considered to be more stable than thermophilic digestion systems. Thermophilic digestion systems are considered to be less stable, however the increased temperatures facilitate faster reaction rates and hence faster gas yields. Operation at higher temperatures facilitates greater sterilisation of the end digestate.
A drawback of operating at thermophilic temperatures is that more heat energy input is required to achieve the correct operational temperatures. This increase in energy is not be outweighed by the increase in the outputs of biogas from the systems. It is therefore important to consider an energy balance for these systems
[edit] Solids
Typically there are two different operational parameters associated with the solids content of the feedstock to the digesters:
• High-solids
• Low-solids
Digesters can either be designed to operate in a high solids content, with a total suspended solids (TSS) concentration greater than 20%, or a low solids concentration less than 15%.
High-solids digesters process a thick slurry that requires more energy input to move and process the feedstock. The thickness of the material may also lead to associated problems with abrasion. High-solids digesters will typically have a lower land requirement due to the lower volumes associated with the moisture.
Low-solids digesters can transport material through the system using standard pumps that require significantly lower energy input. Low-solids digesters require a larger amount of land than high-solids due to the increase volumes associated with the increased liquid: feedstock ratio of the digesters. There are benefits associated with operation in a liquid environment as it enables more thorough circulation of materials and contact between the bacteria and their food. This enables the bacteria to more readily access the substances they are feeding off and increases the speed of gas yields.
[edit] Number of stages
Digestion systems can be configured with different levels of complexity:
• One-stage or single-stage
• Two-stage or multistage
A single-stage digestion system is one in which all of the biological reactions occur within a single sealed reactor or holding tank. Utilising a single stage reduces construction costs, however facilitates less control of the reactions occurring within the system. Acidogenic bacteria, through the production of acids, reduce the pH of the tank. Methanogenic bacteria operate in a strictly defined pH range. Therefore the biological reactions of the different species in a single stage reactor can be in direct competition with each other. Another one-stage reaction system is an anaerobic lagoon. These lagoons are pond-like earthen basins used for the treatment and long-term storage of manures. Here the anaerobic reactions are contained within the natural anaerobic sludge contained in the pool.
In a two-stage or multi-stage digestion system different digestion vessels are optimised to bring maximum control over the bacterial communities living within the digesters. Acidogenic bacteria produce organic acids and more quickly grow and reproduce than methanogenic bacteria. Methanogenic bacteria require stable pH and temperature in order to optimise their performance.
Typically hydrolysis, acetogenesis and acidogenesis occur within the first reaction vessel. The organic material is then heated to the required operational temperature (either mesophilic or thermophilic) prior to being pumped into a methanogenic reactor. The initial hydrolysis or acidogenesis tanks prior to the methanogenic reactor can provide a buffer to the rate at which feedstock is added
[edit] Residence
The residence time in a digester varies with the amount and type of feed material, the configuration of the digestion system and whether it be one-stage or two-stage.
In the case of single-stage thermophilic digestion residence times may be in the region of 14 days, which comparatively to mesophilic digestion is relatively fast. The plug-flow nature of some of these systems will mean that the full degradation of the material may not have been realised in this timescale. In this event digestate exiting the system will be darker in colour and will have more odour.
In two-stage mesophilic digestion, residence time may vary between 15 and 40 days.
In the case of mesophilic UASB digestion hydraulic residence times can be (1hour-1day) and solid retention times can be up to 90 days. In this manner the UASB system is able to separate solid an hydraulic retention times with the utilisation of a sludge blanket.
Continuous digesters have mechanical or hydraulic devices, depending on the level of solids in the material, to mix the contents enabling the bacteria and the food to be in contact. They also allow excess material to be continuously extracted to maintain a reasonably constant volume within the digestion tanks.
[edit] Dry anaerobic digestion
This process uses no manure at all and is thus more suitable for certain applications in which no manure needs to be processed. This process can be done at several ways. For example, there is the Wiessmann-Bioferm "Kompoferm" process[2][3]. There is also the Axpo Kompogas AG system[4], the Dranco process as designed by OWS[5], as well as a system by Jan Klein Hesselink.[6][7]
[edit] Products
There are three principal products of anaerobic digestion: biogas, digestate and water.
[edit] Biogas
Biogas is the ultimate waste product of the bacteria feeding off the input biodegradable feedstock, and is mostly methane and carbon dioxide, with a small amount hydrogen and trace hydrogen sulfide. Most of the biogas is produced during the middle of the digestion, after the bacterial population has grown, and tapers off as the putrescible material is exhausted. The gas is normally stored on top of the digester in an inflatable gas bubble or extracted and stored next to the facility in a gas holder.
The methane in biogas can be burned to produce both heat and electricity, usually with a reciprocating engine or microturbine often in a cogeneration arrangement where the electricity and waste heat generated are used to warm the digesters or to heat buildings. Excess electricity can be sold to suppliers or put into the local grid. Electricity produced by anaerobic digesters is considered to be renewable energy and may attract subsidies. Biogas does not contribute to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations because the gas is not released directly into the atmosphere and the carbon dioxide comes from an organic source with a short carbon cycle.
Biogas may require treatment or 'scrubbing' to refine it for use as a fuel. Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic product formed from sulfates in the feedstock and is released as a trace component of the biogas. If the levels of hydrogen sulfide in the gas are high, gas scrubbing and cleaning equipment (such as amine gas treating) will be needed to process the biogas to within regionally accepted levels( determined by the US EPA or the English and Welsh Environment Agency). An alternative method to this is by the addition of ferric chloride FeCl3 to the digestion tanks in order to inhibit hydrogen sulfide production.
Volatile siloxanes can also contaminate the biogas; such compounds are frequently found in household waste and wastewater. In digestion facilities accepting these materials as a component of the feedstock, low molecular weight siloxanes volatilise into biogas. When this gas is combusted in a gas engine, turbine or boiler, siloxanes are converted into silicon dioxide (SiO2) which deposits internally in the machine, increasing wear and tear can also contaminate the biogas; such compounds are frequently found in household waste and wastewater.
In digestion facilities accepting these materials as a component of the feedstock, low molecular weight siloxanes volatilise into biogas. When this gas is combusted in a gas engine, turbine or boiler, siloxanes are converted into silicon dioxide (Si02) which deposits internally in the machine, increasing wear and tear.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
1. Lorry has driven 25 times around the earth using gas from Biodegradable waste
2. http://www.zerowasteenergy.com/content/dry-anaerobic-digestion
3. See brochure Bioferm_Trockenfermentation.pdf at www.graskracht.be
4. http://www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/toolbox/OSTREM%202004%20Kompogas.jpg
5. See graskracht_25-11-2011_Isabella Wierinck_OWS.pdf at www.graskracht.be
6. See 25092012 Droogvergisten Jan klein Hesselink Ekwadraat.pdf at www.graskracht.be
7. Note that although it appears similar to composting it isn't the same, as dry digestion uses anaerobic digestion, composting uses a aerobic digestion. The air is kept out of the dry digestion process using airtight seals (still allowing to let the biogas out)
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Research article
Differential expression of WNT4 in testicular and ovarian development in a marsupial
Hongshi Yu, Andrew J Pask, Geoffrey Shaw and Marilyn B Renfree*
Author Affiliations
Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Developmental Biology 2006, 6:44 doi:10.1186/1471-213X-6-44
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/6/44
Received:10 July 2006
Accepted:3 October 2006
Published:3 October 2006
© 2006 Yu et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
WNT4 is a key regulator of gonadal differentiation in humans and mice, playing a pivotal role in early embryogenesis. Using a marsupial, the tammar wallaby, in which most gonadal differentiation occurs after birth whilst the young is in the pouch, we show by quantitative PCR during early testicular and ovarian development that WNT4 is differentially expressed ingonads.
Results
Before birth, WNT4 mRNA expression was similar in indifferent gonads of both sexes. After birth, in females WNT4 mRNA dramatically increased during ovarian differentiation, reaching a peak by day 9–13 post partum (pp) when the ovarian cortex and medulla are first distinguishable. WNT4 protein was localised in the ovarian cortex and at the medullary boundary. WNT4 mRNA then steadily decreased to day 49, by which time all the female germ cells have entered meiotic arrest. In males, WNT4 mRNA was down-regulated in testes immediately after birth, coincident with the time that seminiferous cords normally form, and rose gradually after day 8. By day 49, when testicular androgen production normally declines, WNT4 protein was restricted to the Leydig cells.
Conclusion
This is the first localisation of WNT4 protein in developing gonads and is consistent with a role for WNT4 in steroidogenesis. Our data provide strong support for the suggestion that WNT4 not only functions as an anti-testis gene during early development, but is also necessary for later ovarian and testicular function.
Background
Sexual development provides an ideal model to study organogenesis since the gonads have the bipotential ability to form an ovary or a testis. Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 4 (WNT4) is a member of WNT gene family, and encodes a cysteine-rich secreted protein. WNT4 plays a pivotal role in early embryogenesis, particularly in the formation of the urogenital system [1-4]. After the action of Sry in the XY gonad Wnt4 expression decreases to undetectable levels in the developing testis, but remains at high levels in the ovary [4]. This led to the initial hypothesis that WNT4 acts as an anti-testis gene, blocking Leydig cell differentiation and steroidogenesis in the developing ovary [4]. Lack of Wnt4 results in masculinization of XX mouse embryos [4] and inhibits the migration of endothelial and steroidogenic cells into the developing ovary [5], while over-expression of Wnt4 in the developing testis interferes with testicular vascular development and decreases androgen production [5,6]. Sertoli cell differentiation was also compromised in Wnt4 mutant testes, demonstrating that Wnt4 has specific and distinct roles in both male and female gonadal development [7].
Wnt4 appears to regulate Dax1 [8,9], a gene believed to antagonize the function of SRY in the developing gonad. In vitro, Dax1 transcription can be activated by β-catenin, a key signal-transducing protein in the WNT pathway [9]. Besides Dax1, Follistatin (Fst), encoding a TGF-β superfamily binding protein, may also be a downstream component of Wnt4 signalling that regulates vascular boundaries and maintains germ cell survival in the ovary [10]. Furthermore, Wnt4 and fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) act as antagonistic signals to regulate differentiation of the ovary and testis [11]. To date most of our knowledge about the role of Wnt4 in the mammalian gonad has been based on studies only in the mice. In order to determine the role of WNT4 in formation of the mammalian gonad we characterised its expression in a distantly related mammal.
Marsupials give birth after a relatively short gestation to small altricial young that complete their development during a long lactation period attached to a teat, usually in a pouch. The tammar gonadal ridge develops about 6 days before birth, but the gonads remain undifferentiated until after birth [12-14]. Testicular differentiation begins with the formation of seminiferous cords by day 2 post partum. The ovaries, as in all mammals, differentiate after the testis at about day 8 post partum, almost 14 days after the initial development of the gonadal ridge. In contrast to the tammar, the development of the mouse gonad is extremely rapid and there is only 1 day between the formation of the gonadal ridge and the onset of cord formation in males.
Marsupials have the classical mammalian XY sex determining mechanism [15] with a homologue of SRY on the Y chromosome [16]. However, the formation of some secondary sexual characteristics, including the scrotum and mammary glands, are under primary genetic control by genes on the X chromosome, and are not dependant on hormones from the testis [14,17,18]. Several key genes in the sex determination and differentiation cascade, SRY [19], SOX3 [20], SOX9 [21], SF-1 [22], DAX1 [23], DMRT1 [24,25], ATRX/Y [26,27], AMH/MIS [28], have now been cloned and characterized. The endocrine control of male sexual differentiation in the tammar has also been defined [29-35]. Taken together, these data form a primary framework for understanding the evolution of the male sex-determining cascade in marsupials. However, nothing is yet known of the female gonadogenesis pathway in marsupials. This study has therefore characterized WNT4 during early development to gain insight into the onset of ovarian differentiation in a marsupial, and also to determine its expression during the extended period of testicular differentiation.
Results
Cloning and characterization of the tammar WNT4 Gene
Sequence analysis confirmed that PCR products were derived from the WNT4 gene (data not shown). The longest sequence encodes a predicted protein of 351 amino acids.
WNT4 proteins are cysteine rich and highly conserved in all species. The N-terminus contains the transmembrane domains of about 45 amino acids, and other WNT gene family domains, all of which are highly conserved across species (Fig 1). The tammar wallaby WNT4 protein shares 93.2% amino acid similarity with human, 92.6% with mouse, 92.0% with rat, 88.9% with chicken, 87.7% with frog, 86.4% with zebrafish, 65.8% with Amphioxus (Fig. 2a). Using the PHYLIP 3.63 program to construct a phylogenetic tree analysis of WNT4 proteins, tammar wallaby WNT4 clusters with eutherian mammals (human, mouse and rat) whereas chicken and frog form another group, zebrafish and Amphioxus produce different branches, C. elegans and fruit fly create another group distantly related to vertebrates (Fig. 2b).
Figure 1. Amino acid sequence alignment of WNT4 orthologues. The solid black box indicates the signaling peptide (transmembrane domain) of the WNT4 protein, while the dashed line outlines the WNT gene family domain. Conserved cysteine residues (C) important for secondary structure are marked with an asterisk. Shaded regions indicate residues with shared homology. Numbers indicate residue number.
Figure 2. Similarity and evolution analysis of WNT4 protein. a) Percentage amino acid similarity of WNT4 between the tammar and other species; b) A phylogenetic tree was constructed with WNT4 protein sequence from the tammar wallaby and other species listed in the methods. Phylogenies were performed with PHYLIP3.63 by bootstrap analysis using Maximum-likelihood analysis (1000 replicates, first values), maximum parsimony (1000 replicates, second values) and neighbour-joining (1000 replicates, third values). Numbers along branches indicate reliability of each branch when run 1000 times.
Southern blotting analysis of tammar genomic DNA resulted in identical single bands of WNT4 in both male and female, indicating there is only a single copy of the WNT4 gene in tammar wallaby genome (Fig. 3b). The tammar WNT4 gene has 5 exons consistent with that of human, mouse and rat (Fig. 3a). Exon 2, 3 and 4, containing the functional domains, are highly conserved between eutherian mammals and the tammar.
Figure 3. WNT4 gene structure in the tammar. a) The tammar wallaby WNT4 gene consists of 5 exons. The black blocks represent the exons 1–5, of 90bp, 236bp, 132bp, 143bp and 561bp respectively. The size of intron 1 and 2 are unknown while intron 3 and 4 are 154bp and 575bp accordingly; b) Southern blotting of genomic DNA. Male and female genomic DNA was digested with Eco RI, Sal I + Xbal I, respectively, and hybridized with [α-32P]dCTP-labelled tammar WNT4 cDNA probe.
WNT4 mRNA distribution
Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was carried out to analyze WNT4 gene expression patterns in various adult tissues. WNT4 expression was high in the testis, ovary and kidney. Expression was weaker in the muscle and liver, but very low in the spleen and lung and absent in the brain, heart and prostate (Fig. 4).
Figure 4. WNT4 mRNA expression in tammar adult tissues. Expression of the WNT4 gene (209bp) was assessed in a range of adult tissues using the 18S mRNA (100bp) as a reference. There was very strong expression in the testis, ovary and kidney, moderate expression in muscle and liver, weak expression in spleen and lung, and none in the brain, heart and prostate.
Real-time quantitative PCR
Using real-time quantitative PCR, the fetal gonads of both males and females had equally strong WNT4 expression levels (P > 0.3) (Fig. 5a). After sexual differentiation, expression patterns differed between ovary and testis (P < 0.0001). In the presumptive ovary, WNT4 expression at day 1–3 and 4–8 post partum was half that in fetuses (P < 0.005). WNT4 expression then significantly increased (P < 0.001) to reach a peak at days 9–13 pp. At days 14–24 WNT4 remained much higher than in the male, but had decreased by day 41–49 (P < 0.001) to the same level as in the male. In contrast, WNT4 was dramatically down-regulated to about 25% of the fetal level in the testis between birth and day 8 pp (P < 0.005). After day 9 pp, the relative expression of testicular WNT4 doubled but remained at a much lower level than that of the ovary (P < 0.02 at all stages) until day 41–49 when gonads of both sexes had the indistinguishable levels of WNT4 expression (P > 0.15) (Fig. 5a).
Figure 5. Quantitative analysis of WNT4 expression and testosterone in developing gonads. (a) Relative expression of WNT4 mRNA against a reference of 18S mRNA (means ± s.e.m) for female (○) and male (●) gonads from the last 3 days of the 26.5 day gestation to day 40–49 post partum. Ages in parentheses indicate actual range of ages in the samples assayed. In females, WNT4 expression increased sharply between day 4–8 pp and 9–14 pp coinciding with morphological differentiation of the ovary. Relative expression then declined gradually to days 40–49 pp. In males, WNT4 expression fell sharply between fetal stages and day 1–3 pp coinciding with morphological differentiation of the testis. WNT4 expression gradually rose from day 9 to reach levels similar to those seen in females at day 40–49 pp. (b) Testicular (●) and ovarian (○) testosterone concentrations (ng/mg) throughout the first 50 days post partum. From [29]
Protein localization in tammar gonads
The human anti-WNT4 antibody (Abcam) had an identical epitope sequence to the tammar WNT4 protein. Western blot analysis detected a single protein of 39KD in each of the testis and ovary extracts, while the two negative controls (heart and BSA) gave no cross-reaction, confirming the specificity of the antibody (Fig 6). Before gonadal differentiation, WNT4 protein was widespread and localised in the somatic cells and surface epithelium of the gonads and mesonephroi of both sexes (Fig 7a, g). In the ovary, after birth WNT4 immunostaining remained strong in the somatic cells (Fig 7b). The WNT4 antibody clearly defined the cords of the rete ovarii and medulla after day 8 (Fig. 7c). Mullerian ducts were positively stained (data not shown). By day 45 post partum, WNT4 staining was strong in the cortical cells of the developing ovary (data not shown). In the testis, shortly after birth when testis differentiation was seen, immunostaining of WNT4 protein decreased (Fig 7h). WNT4 protein stained weakly during testicular differentiation between day 0 and 3, but once initial cord formation was complete, WNT4 expression became stronger in some interstitial cells (Fig 7i). Strong staining was also seen in the tunica albuginea of the developing testis at all stages (Fig 7g, h, and 7i). By about day 45 post partum when germ cells begin to enter mitotic arrest, immunoreactivity in the testis was strong in the interstitium and clearly stained the cytoplasm of most of the putative Leydig cells (Fig 8). However, WNT4 staining was not observed in the Wolffian ducts (Fig 8 inset). In the adult, WNT4 staining was weak in both ovary and testis (data not shown).
Figure 6. Western blotting analysis of WNT4. Testis and ovary protein cross-reacted with the human anti-WNT4 antibody (Abcam), giving a 39 KD band as predicated from the tammar WNT4 sequence. The two negative controls, heart and BSA, did not cross-react.
Figure 7. Immunolocalisation of WNT4 protein during gonadal development in the tammar. The relative developmental stage of the fetus at each time point examined is shown in the top panels. In fetal gonads one day before birth (d25 of pregnancy), WNT4 protein was distributed broadly in the somatic cells of both females (a) and males (g); from 1–3 days after birth WNT4 stained strongly in the presumptive ovary (b) while it decreased dramatically in the developing testis (h) as the seminiferous cords form. By 12–13 days post partum, WNT4 staining was more specific and clearer. In testis, there was strong WNT4 staining in the Leydig cells and the tunica albuginea (i); there was strong staining in the somatic cells and medulla of the ovary (c). There was no immunoreactivity in any of the negative controls: d, e, f, j, k and l (IgG, pre-immune serum). Co = cortex; M = mesonephroi; Me = medulla; Ov = ovary; ST = seminiferous tubule; T = testis; TA = tunica albuginea. Scale bars= 100 μm
Figure 8. Immunolocalisation of WNT4 in the testis of the tammar at day 45pp. WNT4 immunostaining was present in the Leydig cells and the tunica at day 45pp, but it was absent from germ cells and Sertoli cells and Wolffian duct (WD). The dashed square on the low-power image (inset) is the area shown in high-power. Germ cells (GC), Sertoli cells (ST), Leydig cells (LC) and tunica albuginea (TA). Scale bars = 100 μmm.
Discussion
We report the first molecular characterization and expression pattern of WNT4 in a non-eutherian mammal, the tammar wallaby. This is also the first localization of WNT4 protein in the gonad of any mammal. The greatly extended developmental time of marsupial gonads enabled us to complete the first detailed analysis of the changes in WNT4 expression throughout the whole of this critical developmental period. Since the mouse testis undergoes rapid development, the period of WNT4 down-regulation that we have observed in the tammar testis occurs very rapidly in the mouse and so may have been missed. In the female, WNT4 is upregulated during the time of ovarian differentiation, but is down-regulated by the time the XX germ cells have all entered meiosis. In the male, it is down-regulated by the day of birth when testicular differentiation is occurring, but gradually increases by the time XY germ cells have all entered mitotic arrest. The conserved but differing expression patterns of WNT4 in the wallaby ovary and testis supports the idea that it has a critical role in gonadal development in both sexes.
The structure and role of WNT gene family is highly conserved in vertebrates [36,37], and even in the sea anemone, a species representing the basal group within cnidarians [38]. However, the full-length WNT4 gene sequence has only been previously characterized in three mammals, and four non-mammalian vertebrates (Fig. 1). The tammar WNT4 gene consists of five exons, exons 2 – 4, the most highly conserved. The tammar WNT4 gene is present as a single copy in the genome of both males and females, indicating it is autosomal, as in other mammals (human: Chr 1 [8,39,40], mouse: Chr 4 and rat: Chr 5). WNT4 participates in multiple developmental events during embryogenesis, is broadly expressed in many adult tissues in mice and humans and has also been implicated in adult tissue homeostasis [1-3,7,41,42]. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR expression analyses in adult tammar tissues showed a similar pattern to that of human WNT4 consistent with a conserved and wide role for WNT4 in tissue homeostasis.
WNT4 also appears to be important for the normal pattern formation and development of both the male and female gonad [7]. In our study, using quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, WNT4 was expressed at equal levels in the indifferent fetal and neonatal male and female gonads. At this time, protein in the ovary was localized to the somatic cells. Subsequently, WNT4 mRNA expression increased significantly to reach a peak at day 9–13, the time that ovarian cortex and medulla can be distinguished. After ovarian differentiation at day 12–13 postpartum, WNT4 expression remained localized in cortex and at the boundary of the cortex and medulla, but by day 45 pp, there was stronger expression in the medulla. The decreased WNT4 expression in the ovary to a level similar to that in testis, coincides with the time female germ cells enter meiosis [43].
In the testis, WNT4 gene expression was significantly down-regulated immediately after birth during the initial period of testicular differentiation, coinciding with the formation of seminiferous cords [13]. After cord formation, WNT4 levels increased slowly after day 8 postpartum and became specific to Leydig cells. By day 49, when secretion of testicular testosterone decreases (Fig. 5b) [32], Leydig cells stained strongly for WNT4. We suggest that once WNT4 reaches a critical threshold level, androgen production diminishes. The low level of immunostaining in the adult testis and ovary is consistent with their increase in steroidogenesis after puberty. This pattern of expression is therefore consistent with the hypothesis that WNT4 blocks initial testis differentiation, because the mRNA concentration is dramatically reduced and the WNT4 protein is localized to the tunica during this period of testicular development.
Conclusion
The two hypotheses for WNT4 action as an anti-testis gene [4] and as an important factor in testis development [7] are not mutually exclusive. Our data show that WNT4 is down-regulated for a brief period of time when the testis cords are first formed and the cell types of the testis determined, but then becomes up-regulated after day 10 post partum to control later testicular development. In the ovary, WNT4 remains strongly expressed in the gonad consistent with its role in inhibiting early testicular development and promoting later ovarian differentiation. It may also be important for the maintenance of germ cells in both females and males throughout development. Our data support the conclusion that WNT4 functions not only as an anti-testis gene during early mammalian development, but is also necessary for later ovarian and testicular function.
Methods
Animals
Tammar wallabies Macropus eugenii of Kangaroo Island (South Australia) origin were maintained in open grassy yards in our breeding colony. Fetuses of each sex were collected at various stages of gestation as previously described [44,45]. During the breeding season adult females were checked daily for births (designated day 0 pp). In cases in which the day of birth was uncertain, the age of pouch young was estimated using head length from published growth curves [46]. The sex of pouch young was determined by the presence or absence of scrotal or mammary primordia [17]. All sampling techniques and collection of tissues were approved by The University of Melbourne Animal Experimentation & Ethics Committees. All experimental procedures conformed to Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (1990) guidelines and were approved by Institutional Animal Experimentation Ethics Committees.
Tissues
Tissues from adult female heart, lung, kidney, liver, spleen, muscle, brain and ovary and from adult male prostate and testis were collected under RNase-free conditions. Gonads were dissected free from the mesonephros from fetuses at day 25, 26 (n = 5 of each sex) and from each day after birth between day 0 and day 49 (Table 1) postpartum pouch young. Tissues for molecular analysis were snap frozen at -80°C until used. Tissues for immunohistochemistry were fixed overnight in 4% paraformaldehyde, washed several times in PBS, and stored in 70% ethanol before paraffin embedding and sectioning at 8 μm.
Table 1. Ages and numbers of samples of ovaries and testes analysed by real-time PCR
Cloning of tammar WNT4 and determining gene structure
WNT4 was initially cloned by RT-PCR using cross species primers designed to conserved regions of the gene (csF1 and csR1; Table 2). The resulting 536bp PCR product was then used to design tammar specific primers for 3' and 5' RACE to fully clone the WNT4 transcript (the sequences of all primers are listed on table 2). Only one band was observed for 3' RACE while multiple bands were seen for 5' RACE.
Table 2. Primers designed for the analysis of WNT4 expression by PCR
SMART cDNAs were reverse transcribed from total RNAs from fetuses of wallaby, using the SMART cDNA library construction kit (Clontech, Mountain View, California, USA). 5' RACE was performed using Primer 5' PCR Primer and R1. Owing to an incomplete coding sequence at the 5' end, we designed a new primer R2 according to the first sequence results, and repeated 5' RACE. 3' RACE was performed using primer F1 and CDS III, nested PCR was performed using primer F2 and CDS III. PCR cycling conditions were: 35 cycles, with 30s, 94°C; 40s, 64°C or 56°C, 120s, 72°C, in a 20 μl reaction mix containing 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl, 200 μM dNTP, 0.2 μM each primer, and 1U Taq DNA polymerase (Promega, Wisconsin, USA).
In order to determine the tammar WNT4 gene structure, a Macropus eugenii BAC library was screened using WNT4 3RACE probe obtained as outlined above. Primers within and spanning intron exon boundaries were designed based on the gene structure of human, mouse and the opossum (deduced from the opossum genome sequence). PCR confirmed the presence of all 4 introns at identical positions to other mammals. We sequenced intron 3 and intron 4 using the BAC plasmid DNA as a template, however, intron 1 and intron 2 were too large to amplify by standard PCR (data not shown).
Alignment and phylogenetic analysis
WNT4 protein sequences, from tammar (GenBank accession number AY940685), human (NP_110388), mouse (NP_033549), Rat (NP_445854), chicken (NP_990114), frog (P49338), zebrafish (AAA96004), Amphioxus (AAC80431), fruit fly (NP_476810) and C. elegans (NP_493668), was aligned by CLUSTALX 1.83 [47], and edited with GeneDoc)[48]. The phylogenetic tree was constructed with PHYLIP 3.63 program (University of Washington), and viewed with TREE-view 1.6.6.
Southern blotting hybridization
Genomic DNA was extracted from the liver of the male and female tammar wallabies according to the standard protocol of Sambrook et al. [49], digested with EcoRI and SalI/XbaI, electrophoresed in 0.8% agarose gel, and transferred onto a nitrocellulose filter. Hybridization was performed in ULTRAhyb solution (Ambion Inc., Austin, Texas, USA) with [α-32P]dCTP-labeled fragment from primer F2 and CDS III PCR, and autoradiographed.
Semi-quantitative RT-PCR
Total RNA was isolated from tissues using the RNeasy kit (Qiagen Inc, Valencia, California, USA) or GeneElute kit (Sigma, Castle Hill, NSW, Australia), and the quality and quantity of total RNA were verified by two methods, gel electrophoresis and optical density readings with SmartSpec™ 3000 (BioRad Laboratories Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts, USA). 2 μg of total RNA was DNase-treated with DNA-free (Ambion Inc., Austin, Texas, USA). 1 μg of total RNA was reverse transcribed using SuperScript III (Invitrogen, California, USA).
Primers R1 and F2, spanning the second intron and third intron, were designed from the tammar wallaby WNT4 gene structure. PCR was performed in a 50 μl reaction containing 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl, 200 μM dNTP, 0.2 μM each primer, 1U Taq DNA polymerase (Promega) and first-strand cDNA products. Amplification conditions were: 94°C, 30s; 60°C (18S) or 56°C (WNT4), 40s; 72°C, 60s for 26 cycles (18S) or 40 cycles (WNT4).
Real-time quantitative PCR
To obtain further insight into roles of WNT4 in sex determination and differentiation, we investigated the WNT4 expression profile at different stages of gonadal development by quantitative RT-PCR. Gonads (free of mesonephros) were divided into six groups, each group consisting of 4–8 samples at each stage. Tammar forward primer qF and reverse primer qR were used for real-time PCR and produced a 102 bp fragment. 18S primers produce a 100 bp fragment as internal reference in the quantitative PCR. Primer pair annealing temperature was optimized for real-time PCR on a temperature gradient program. Primer specificity was confirmed by gel electrophoresis and melt curve analysis. To determine the detection range, linearity and real-time PCR amplification efficiency [E = 10[-1/slope]] of each primer pair, real-time PCR amplifications were run in triplicate on a 10-fold serial dilution of ovary cDNA and standard curves calculated.
cDNA templates from all stages of gonadal development were prepared as above. Real-time PCR was performed on the DNA Engube Opticon 2 by MJ Research Incorporated (BioRad Laboratories Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts, USA). Each sample was amplified in triplicate in a 20 μl reaction volume using 4 μl cDNA (dilution 10 times before using), 10 μl 2X MasterAmp qPCR SYBR Green Fluorescein Mix (F-400, DyNAmo™ SYRB® Green qPCR kit, Finnzymes Oy, Espoo, Finland), 3 μM of the appropriate forward and reverse primers, and then 3 μl H2O to 20 μl final volume. The mixture was incubated at 55°C for 15 minutes, and then at 95°C for 10 minutes to activate the Taq polymerase. This was followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 30 seconds, annealed at 53°C for 20 seconds, extended at 72°C for 35 seconds, and incubated at 76°C for 1 second to read the plate. Finally, a melt curve analysis was constructed from 40 to 95°C.
The initial amplification of PCR product can be dynamically expressed as Xn = X0*(1+E)n, where Xn is the number of amplified molecules at cycle n, X0 the initial number of template molecules, E the amplification efficiency, and n the number of cycles. In fluorescence dye real-time PCR, Xn is proportional to the reporter fluorescence R, so the above equation can be written as Rn = R0*(1+E)n, where Rn is the reporter fluorescence at cycle n, and R0 the initial reporter fluorescence[50]. Therefore, the relative expression of each sample can be calculated by the following formula: ratio = (1+ERef)CtRef/(1+ETarget)CtTarget. Values can be assessed to create a graph with the smallest value set as "1" according to the above formula. Comparison of the relative WNT4 expression between males and females at each stage and between stages was achieved using analysis of variance with specified contrasts for individual comparisons (Systat 11, Systat software Inc, Point Richmond, California, USA).
Western blotting
Developing testis and ovaries (D30-50pp) and two negative adult heart and BSA were collected. Tissues were homogenised in lysis buffer, and extracted total protein. 10 μg of each protein was boiled in sample buffer, electrophoresed on 12% SDS-PAGE and blotted onto Hybond NC membranes (Millipore Corporate, Massachusetts, USA). Goat anti-hWNT4 polyclonal antibody (Abcam, ab15699, Sapphire Bioscience Pty Ltd, Australia) was used as a primary antibody which was diluted 1:750 in 1% BSA/TBS-T. As a secondary antibody, the peroxidase-conjugated anti-goat immunoglobulin was diluted 1:750 in 1% BSA/TBS-T. Signals were visualized by ECL plus™ detection system (Amersham Biosciences UK Limited, Buckinghamshire, UK).
Immunohistochemistry
Tissue sections (8 μm) were treated with 5% hydrogen peroxide in distilled H2O for 10 min to quench endogenous peroxidase activity. Antigen retrieval was achieved by placing slides in boiling sodium citrate buffer (10 mM Sodium Citrate, 0.05% Tween-20, pH 6.0) for 20 min. The primary antibody goat anti-WNT4 polyclonal antibody (Abcam, ab15699) was applied to sections at a 1:200 dilution at 4°C overnight. Signal was amplified using the ABC/HRP kit (DAKO, New South Wales, Australia), visualized with DAB (DAKO), and counterstained with haematoxylin.
Abbreviations
AMH/MIS, Müllerian-inhibiting substance; ATRX/Y, α-thalassemia and mental retardation associated with the X/Y chromosome; BSA, bovine serum albumin; Dax1, dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia congenita critical region on the X chromosome, gene 1; Dmrt1, Doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; pp, post partum; SF-1, steroidogenic factor 1; SOX, SRY-like HMG box; SRY, sex-determining region of the Y; TGF, Transforming Growth Factor; WNT, wingless related MMTV integration site.
Authors' contributions
All authors participated in the design of the study. HY and AJP collected the tissue samples. HY, MBR, AJP and GS drafted the manuscript and HY performed all of the experiments. HY, AJP GS and MBR analyzed the results. All authors read, modified and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Shuliang Cui for helpful suggestions when cloning tammar WNT4 cDNA. We also thank all members of the wallaby research group and in particular Dr. Danielle Hickford for her help with immunohistochemistry and Eleanor Ager for assistance with the real-time PCR. This work was supported by Australian National Health and Medical Research Council grant #251551 to MBR, AJP, GS and Richard Behringer.
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Research article
The feasibility of rapid baseline objective physical activity measurement in a natural experimental study of a commuting population
Lin Yang1,2, Simon Griffin1,2, Cheryl Chapman1 and David Ogilvie1,2*
Author Affiliations
1 MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 285, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
2 UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), Institute of Public Health, Box 296, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SR, United Kingdom
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Public Health 2012, 12:841 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-841
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/841
Received:20 July 2012
Accepted:27 September 2012
Published:4 October 2012
© 2012 Yang et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Studies of the effects of environmental interventions on physical activity should include valid measures of physical activity before and after the intervention. Baseline data collection can be difficult when the timetable for introduction of an intervention is outside researchers’ control. This paper reports and reflects on the practical issues, challenges and results of rapid baseline objective physical activity measurement using accelerometers distributed by post in a natural experimental study.
Methods
A sample of working adults enrolling for the Commuting and Health in Cambridge study and expressing willingness to wear an activity monitor was selected to undertake baseline accelerometer assessment. Each selected participant received a study pack by post containing the core study questionnaire and an accelerometer to wear for seven consecutive days, and was asked to return their accelerometer and completed questionnaire in person or by post using the prepaid special delivery envelope provided. If a pack was not returned within two weeks of issue, a reminder was sent to the participant. Each participant received up to five reminders by various methods including letter, email, telephone and letter sent by recorded delivery.
Results
95% of participants registering for the study were willing in principle to undertake accelerometer assessment. Using a pool of 221 accelerometers, we achieved a total of 714 issues of accelerometers to participants during a six month period. 116 (16%) participants declined to use the accelerometer after receiving it. Three accelerometers failed, 45 (6% of 714) were lost and many were returned with insufficient data recorded, resulted in 109 (15%) participants re-wearing their accelerometer for a second week of measurement. 550 (77%) participants completed data collection, 478 (87% of 550) to the required standard. A total of 694 reminders were issued to retrieve unreturned accelerometers. More than 90% of accelerometers were retrieved after a maximum of two reminders.
Conclusions
It is feasible to use accelerometers to collect baseline objective physical activity data by post from a large number of participants in a limited time period. However, a substantial pool of devices is required and researchers need to be prepared to make significant efforts to recover some of the devices.
Keywords:
Accelerometer; Natural experiment; Physical activity; Transport
Background
Physical activity contributes to the prevention of numerous chronic diseases [1]. However, declining levels of physical activity have been reported in some developed countries despite considerable efforts to promote physical activity in different settings [2-4]. Environmental and policy interventions have been identified as the most promising strategies for achieving population-wide increases in physical activity [5]. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies examining associations between characteristics of the built environment and levels of cycling or walking [6] suggest that improving transport infrastructure in ways that favour active travel may help influence people to take up cycling or walking instead of using cars, thereby increasing their overall physical activity. However, little evidence has been gathered from intervention studies in which the effect of infrastructural improvements on physical activity has been measured [7,8]; nor can such evidence easily be generated by researchers, who are rarely in a position to implement their own interventions in the built environment.
One way of addressing this lack of evidence is to conduct a natural experimental study to evaluate the effect of an intervention — in this case, a change to the environment involving improvements to transport infrastructure — that is not introduced for research purposes but is nonetheless amenable to evaluation [9]. Where such events occur that give rise to variation in exposure to interventions, researchers should consider taking the opportunity to evaluate their effects using robust, practical and cost-effective measures [5]. Guidance from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) [8] recommends that intervention studies of this kind should include valid measures of physical activity before and after the intervention to test associations between changes to the physical environment and changes in physical activity. In a natural experimental context, having no control over the implementation of an intervention sometimes constrains researchers to a limited time period for baseline data collection. In such circumstances, it is often easier to rely on the most commonly-used approach to measuring physical activity, which is to use self-reported measures [10]. However, it may sometimes be possible to incorporate objective measurement of baseline physical activity using devices such as accelerometers, even if the time available for data collection is limited.
A search of PubMed for studies using accelerometers to measure physical activity and published between 2005 and 2010 retrieved around 100 studies. More than half were cross-sectional studies, with sample sizes ranging from less than 100 to more than 2000. An example of a study at the upper end of this range is the Health Survey for England in 2008, in which 2115 adults were reported to have returned accelerometer data of a satisfactory standard for analysis [11]. Longitudinal studies have mostly been conducted in children, with studies such as ALSPAC [12][13] and SPEEDY [14] having collected accelerometer data from more than 1000 participants; however, certain longitudinal studies in adults such as the Nakanojo [15] and NHANES [16] studies have collected accelerometer data from more than 3000 participants, albeit not necessarily with more than one wave of accelerometer measurement. Relatively few intervention studies have been reported. The largest intervention study found in this search was that of a school-based intervention to reduce the prevalence of overweight in a sample of more than 3135 children and adolescents [17]. In this study, a total of 1538 participants from both intervention and control schools were randomly selected for objective physical activity measurement in weekly batches over a four-year intervention period. The largest intervention study among adults was a clinic-based behavioural intervention involving 236 women [18], of whom 178 were measured at baseline and followed up after six months and 173 were measured again after 12 months. The search found little evidence that objective physical activity measurement had been used in natural experimental studies, in which researchers have no control over the intervention. There is also little evidence-based guidance on how best to deploy accelerometers for the assessment of free-living physical activity in large studies [19].
A few studies have attempted to evaluate the effect of environmental interventions on active travel, but many have not included overall physical activity as an outcome [7] as recommended by NICE [8] and of those that have, few have incorporated objective measures of overall physical activity. For example, the RESIDE study has used survey and pedometer data to evaluate the impact of the Department of Planning’s Liveable Neighbourhood guidelines on the health and active travel of people moving into new homes in Western Australia [20], and in the UK the M74 [21,22] and iConnect [23] studies have used or adapted the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) [24] for baseline measurement, with iConnect including accelerometry only for specialist case studies. Studies of this kind sometimes encounter unexpected circumstances during the implementation of the intervention which require a high degree of flexibility on the part of researchers and, sometimes, of funding bodies. The challenges of completing baseline accelerometer measurement on a large scale in a limited time while maintaining a high level of data quality are therefore likely to be encountered by other researchers conducting similar studies in the future. In this study, we attempted the rapid collection of baseline accelerometer data from a large number of participants by post, without face-to-face contact. The aim of this paper is to report and reflect on the practical issues, challenges and results of this exercise in rapid baseline objective physical activity measurement in a natural experimental study.
Methods
Study design
In 2009, the Commuting and Health in Cambridge study was initiated in the city of Cambridge (UK) which had 108,863 inhabitants according to the 2001 Census [25]. The study design has been described in detail elsewhere [26]. In brief, it is a quasi-experimental cohort study designed to evaluate the impact of the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway on commuters’ travel behaviour, physical activity and related wider health outcomes. Three annual phases of data collection were planned. Baseline data collection involved a postal questionnaire for all participants coupled with objective physical activity measurement using accelerometers in a subsample. This was to be completed in 2009 before the opening of the busway. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Hertfordshire Research Ethics Committee and written informed consent was provided by each participant.
Study population
Once ethical approval and other preparations were completed, recruitment began in March 2009 and six months were available for baseline data collection between May and October 2009. We recruited men and women who were over 16 years of age, travelled to work in Cambridge and lived within a radius of approximately 30 km from the city centre through a predominantly workplace-based recruitment strategy, using a range of methods including email, posters, leaflets and recruitment stands [26].
Commuters who were interested in taking part in the study were asked to register their interest, initially providing only basic data such as their gender, age group and home postcode and the area of Cambridge in which they worked. We used home postcodes and workplace locations to assess potential participants against the geographical inclusion criteria for the study [26], which required participants to live in a defined area and work in one of several areas of Cambridge that would be served by the busway. We began issuing survey packs to participants identified from the expression-of-interest database in weekly batches from the beginning of May 2009 and continued until the end of October.
Willingness to participate
At registration, participants were also asked ‘As well as completing a questionnaire survey, would you be willing in principle to wear an activity monitor for a week?’ The intention was to issue accelerometers accompanying the core survey questionnaire to as many participants as possible who answered ‘Yes’ to this question. However, the number of accelerometer packs that could be issued in each batch was limited by the number of accelerometers available. As the study progressed, it became necessary to select a quasi-random sample of willing participants in each batch to receive an accelerometer and ‘roll over’ the remainder to subsequent batches of data collection. Towards the end of the data collection period, it had still not been possible to issue all willing participants with an accelerometer. Those who remained were therefore issued with a survey pack including only the core questionnaire.
Data collection
We used Actigraph GT1M and GT3X accelerometers to assess physical activity. The Actigraph is a small, lightweight accelerometer that has been extensively validated for the assessment of physical activity in both laboratory and free-living conditions in different populations [19]. Participants received a survey pack containing an accelerometer, belt, instruction sheet and log sheet as well as the core survey questionnaire and consent form. They were asked to wear the accelerometer over the right hip using the elasticated waist belt provided during waking hours for seven days, removing it for bathing or swimming and logging any such removals. Upon completion, participants were asked to return their accelerometer and completed questionnaire in person or by post using the prepaid special (express, recorded) delivery envelope provided.
If an accelerometer pack was not returned, we sent a reminder letter to the participant two weeks after the issue date. If no response to the reminder letter was received, we then used a variety of approaches including sending further letters, sending emails or making telephone calls in each of the following weeks. As a last resort, final reminder letters were sent by recorded delivery. The maximum number of reminders sent to each participant was five.
Results
Study participants
Of 2163 people who registered their interest in taking part in the study, 2046 (95%) indicated their willingness in principle to wear an activity monitor and 1582 met the study inclusion criteria, of whom 714 were issued with accelerometers from the pool of 221 devices available during the baseline data collection period.
Loss of participants and devices
116 (16.2% of 714) participants declined to participate in objective physical activity measurement upon receipt of their accelerometer (Figure 1). Three accelerometers failed (0.4% of 714 issues) and 45 (6.3% of 714 issues) were lost in distribution and return, which would cost approximately £9,000 (US$14,000) to replace. 35 devices were lost because participants did not respond to reminders and had provided no contact details other than their mailing address, nine were reported to have been lost in the post and one was mistakenly disposed of by a participant.
Figure 1. Flow chart for baseline accelerometer data collection in the Commuting and Health in Cambridge study.
Data quality
Of the accelerometers successfully returned to the study team, some had recorded insufficient data to meet the standard minimum requirement for analysis of 10 hours of data on each of four days [18,19]. Common reasons for insufficient data included participants having received their survey pack while on holiday or having been unaware of the need to begin using the accelerometer promptly because of its limited battery life. Unless participants had declined to participate or could not be contacted, we approached those affected by device failure, device loss or insufficient data to invite them to repeat their accelerometer data collection. 109 such re-wears were issued, accounting for 15.3% of the initial 714 issues of accelerometers and bringing the total number of accelerometer issues to 823. In the end 550 (77% of 714) of the participants originally issued with accelerometers returned any data, of whom 478 (87% of 550) returned data meeting the 4 days x 10 hours standard.
Reminders
Only 157 (22.0% of 714) of the original issues resulted in an accelerometer being returned with sufficient data within two weeks and therefore without any reminder being issued. A total of 694 reminders were issued. Only a few minutes were required to issue each reminder letter or email in the first and second rounds of reminders, by the end of which 644 accelerometers (90% of 714 issues) had been retrieved (Table 1, Figure 2). In a minority of cases more effort was required, for example involving telephone calls lasting up to 30 min in the fourth or fifth rounds.
Table 1. Average values of reminders issued to recover accelerometers
Figure 2. Accelerometers returned following each round of reminders.
Discussion
This study demonstrates the feasibility of rapidly assessing baseline physical activity in a natural experimental setting using accelerometers in a large sample of working adults. Our reflections on the practical issues and challenges encountered may help those intending to use similar methods in future studies.
Implications
Willingness to participate
A surprisingly high proportion (95%) of those registering interest in our study expressed a willingness to wear an activity monitor. Although this suggests little difficulty in recruiting a sufficient number of participants, it may reflect an unusually high level of health consciousness in our relatively highly educated study population [27]: more than 70% of our study participants had a degree [28], compared with 40% of the population of Cambridge city and 18% of the population of England and Wales as a whole [29]. 16% of those who initially agreed to wear an accelerometer subsequently declined to do so after they received their survey pack. This probably reflects the fact that most participants were not recruited face-to-face; some may have underestimated the practical burden and inconvenience of wearing an accelerometer for seven consecutive days until they received the device and the accompanying instructions by post. The refusal rate in our study was higher than that in the intervention study conducted by Keyserling and colleagues, in which 10 out of 269 potential participants recruited declined to take part after attending their enrolment visit [18] and in the Health Survey for England [11]. On the other hand, the proportion of participants who eventually provided data of a satisfactory standard for analysis was higher in our study than in the Health Survey for England. It is important to anticipate likely refusals into consideration when planning the target sample size for recruitment, particularly if researchers plan to distribute study materials by post with no face-to-face contact with the participants.
Supply of accelerometers
While the accurate assessment of physical activity may be important for the quality of the research [5], using accelerometers is more expensive than using other commonly used methods such as questionnaires or pedometers [10] and it is unrealistic to expect that devices could be issued to every participant simultaneously when the sample size is large. Researchers therefore need to plan carefully for the recycling of devices during data collection to reach the target sample size, sometimes within a limited time period. We expected to recycle each accelerometer every four weeks: those four weeks would have included the time spent issuing and posting the survey pack, seven days of wear time, and the time spent returning the pack, downloading the data and re-initialising the device. As it turned out, we successfully issued accelerometers to 714 participants using a pool of 221 accelerometers, thereby issuing each accelerometer to just over three participants on average during the six month data collection period. This doubling of the recycling time reflects the additional delays caused by device loss, device failure and insufficient data recording and the resultant re-wears. It is important to be prepared to supply a sufficient number of devices to achieve the target sample size, especially when the time available to complete baseline data collection is constrained by the start of the intervention or other factors beyond the researchers’ control.
Administration and retrieval of accelerometers
In previous smaller studies, accelerometers have usually been distributed and collected through face-to-face meetings with a researcher. For larger studies, it may be impractical to arrange multiple individual meetings with each participant, especially when the time available for data collection is limited. One possible solution is to distribute accelerometers at face-to-face meetings and provide prepaid envelopes for their return by post [19]. This was the method used in the intervention study by Keyserling and colleagues [18]. However, our study involved a considerably larger sample and our initial contact with most participants was by email, so we had no face-to-face contact with most participants before they received their survey packs. We did provide padded packaging, prepaid special delivery envelopes and clear instructions to participants for returning their pack. Nevertheless, our experience of losing 45 devices in this study has several implications for the implementation of future studies.
Researchers should carefully consider the relative cost-effectiveness of alternative methods of distributing and retrieving devices, taking account of both postal charges and staff time. For example, recorded delivery — by which survey packs are tracked through the postal system from sender to recipient — may reduce the risk of losing devices in the post, but may be unsuitable in some studies because of the requirement for a signature upon receipt. We rejected this option for distributing our survey packs because our participants were commuters whom we expected to be out at work during the day when a recorded delivery might be made to their home.
Researchers should also emphasise to participants the importance of returning their accelerometer, especially if they decide they do not wish to take part. In the absence of a face-to-face briefing, the monetary value, use and care of the devices can be explained to participants before distribution using email. Advance email communication with participants can also help improve data quality and reduce the risk of re-wear by notifying the date on which the participant should expect their survey pack to arrive. Learning from experience in the initial batches of data collection, we altered our study procedures to include advance emails of this kind with more explicit instructions, for example emphasising the importance of commencing the seven day measurement period within two days of receipt because no more than nine days of battery life could be expected from the accelerometers.
In this study, over 90% of all accelerometer issues were retrieved with a maximum of two reminders using simple methods such as emails and ordinary letters. Including up to three further reminders using methods such as telephone calls and letters sent by recorded delivery increased the proportion of successful retrievals to 94%. Since each Actigraph cost approximately £200 ($320), the average value of equipment recovered as a result of each reminder was over £100 ($160) in each round (Table 1), even though the latter rounds of reminders recovered only a small proportion of the total number of devices. Our results therefore suggest that researchers should be prepared to issue multiple rounds of reminders to retrieve their devices and that doing so may remain cost-effective if the effort expended is gradually increased between rounds.
Strengths and limitations
This paper contributes to the literature on the feasibility and practicalities of accelerometer data collection in population studies, specifically in the context of rapid baseline data collection in the natural experimental setting. A range of practical issues have been described and discussed with the aim of helping researchers who may wish to conduct similar studies in the future. Nevertheless, the characteristics of our relatively highly educated sample of commuters, our workplace-based recruitment strategies and our postal data collection protocol may limit the generalisability of our specific findings to studies with different characteristics.
Conclusions
When conducting natural experimental studies, researchers should always be prepared for unexpected changes in circumstances that may require them to be flexible and adjust their study timetables and procedures. We have shown that it is feasible to use accelerometers to collect baseline objective physical activity data by post from a large number of participants in a limited time period. However, a substantial pool of devices is required and researchers need to be prepared to make significant efforts to recover some of the devices. Further economic evaluation of alternative data collection protocols would help guide the planning and allocation of resources for data collection in future studies.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
DO designed and led the Commuting and Health in Cambridge study in collaboration with SG (and others: see Acknowledgements). CC and LY collected the accelerometer data and collected and analysed the process data. LY and DO drafted the manuscript. All authors approved the final version.
Acknowledgements
The Commuting and Health in Cambridge study was developed by David Ogilvie, Simon Griffin, Andy Jones and Roger Mackett and initially funded under the auspices of the Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), a UKCRC Public Health Research Centre of Excellence. Funding from the British Heart Foundation, Economic and Social Research Council, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Health Research and the Wellcome Trust, under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged. The study is now funded by the National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme (project number 09/3001/06: see http://www.phr.nihr.ac.uk/funded_projects). DO and SG are also supported by the Medical Research Council [Unit Programme number U106179474]. The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the NIHR PHR programme or the Department of Health. The funding bodies had no part in the study design; in the collection, analysis or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The study was approved by the Hertfordshire Research Ethics Committee (reference number 08/H0311/208). We thank the study participants for their cooperation and the staff of the MRC Epidemiology Unit Functional Group Team, in particular for study coordination, data collection and data management.
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/841/prepub
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Determination of Process Stability and Response for Glucose Isomerisation Process
Norliza Abd.Rahman, Mohd. Azlan. Hussain
Abstract
Production of fructose from glucose isomerisation process using a commercial immobilized glucose isomerase (IGI), involved many factors such as pH, temperature, feed flow rate and initial glucose concentration. This study is focused on determination of process stability, eigenvalues,l, and response of the process, eigenvector,x, at various space velocity, D=F/V (F= feed flow rate mLmin-1 and V= volume of packed-bed reactor, 65mL) with initial steady state of glucose and fructose concentration in improving formation of fructose. Simplified Michelis-Menten model was derived for glucose isomerisation with initial concentrations of glucose from 18 gL-1. The temperature under study was 60ºC with pH of 7 and D from 0, 0.3,1, 5 and 10 per minute. From the results, the steady- state of glucose concentration was obtained at 16.375 g/L and 1.75 gL-1. At D = 0.3 the eigenvalues,l, for glucose and fructose are–0.3 and –0.0002 which show that the process is stable as the eigenvalues is negative whereas the faster response is given by the eigenvector,x with values of [-0.3;0]. Increase D will increase the response of the process but at same time maintain the stability of the process.
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User talk:Jansencohoon
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 902578, 16 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/902578
Review Article
Prescription of Chinese Herbal Medicine and Selection of Acupoints in Pattern-Based Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment for Insomnia: A Systematic Review
1Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
2School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
3School of Chinese Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
4Chinese Medicine Section, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong
Received 13 July 2012; Revised 13 October 2012; Accepted 20 October 2012
Academic Editor: Jianping Liu
Copyright © 2012 Wing-Fai Yeung et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatments are often prescribed based on individuals' pattern diagnoses. A systematic review of Chinese and English literatures on TCM pattern differentiation, treatment principle, and pattern-based treatment for insomnia has therefore been conducted. A total of 227 studies, 17916 subjects, and 87 TCM patterns were analyzed. There was a limited consistency in pattern-based TCM treatment of insomnia across practitioners. Except for Gui Pi Tang, An Shen Ding Zhi Wan, and Wen Dan Tang which were used more commonly for deficiency of both the heart and spleen, internal disturbance of phlegm-heat, and qi deficiency of the heart and gallbladder, respectively, the selection of herbal formula for other patterns and pattern-based prescription of individual herbs and acupoints were not consistent. Suanzaoren (Semen Z. spinosae), Fuling (Poria), Yejiaoteng (Caulis P. multiflori), Gancao (Radix Glycyrrhizae), Baishao (Radix P. alba), Shenmen (HT7), Yintang (EX-HN3), Sanyinjiao (SP6), Baihui (GV20), Anmian (EX-HN22), and Sishencong (EX-HN1) were commonly used, but nonspecifically for many patterns. Treatment principles underlying herb and acupoint selection were seldom reported. Although many studies were reviewed, the study quality and diagnostic process were inadequate. More high quality studies are needed to examine the additional benefits of pattern differentiation and pattern-based TCM treatment.
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Publication Listing
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• Title: The Martian Chronicles
• Authors: Ray Bradbury
• Year: 1953-00-00
• Publisher: Doubleday / SFBC
• Price: $1.00
• Pages: 222
• Binding: hc
• Type: COLLECTION
• Title Reference: The Martian Chronicles
• Cover: Arthur Lidov
• ISFDB Record Number: 257325
• Notes: Tuck gives contradictory info on this edition. In the Miscellaneous Section, he states that the SFBC offered the trade edition of this title, but he lists it as a separate edition in the Author Section of his encyclopedia. Some Bantam paperback printings give the publication date for this first book club edition as November 1952.
• Bibliographic Comments: Add new Publication comment (THMRTNCHRN1953)
Cover art hosted by ISFDB
Contents (view Concise Listing)
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Contento1 (anth/coll) Marked N/A by Bluesman on 2009-03-14 11:59:03
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Reginald1 Not Verified
Reginald3 Not Verified
Tuck Verified by Mhhutchins on 2008-02-29 16:40:12
Miller/Contento Marked N/A by Bluesman on 2009-03-14 11:59:03
Bleiler1 (Gernsback) Not Verified
Currey Marked N/A by Bluesman on 2009-03-14 11:59:03
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Primary5 Not Verified
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Very Low Activity
Contributors
Analyzed 6 days ago based on code collected 6 days ago.
Commits by Top Contributors
Number of Contributors
Newest Contributors
Name Commits First Commit
Raphaël Pinson 1 about 1 year ago
Bryon Roche 1 over 1 year ago
Marc Fournier 4 over 1 year ago
Mathieu Bornoz 1 almost 4 years ago
Francois Deppierraz 14 about 4 years ago
Top Contributors
Name Kudos 12 Month Commits All Time Commits 5 Year Trend Primary Language First Commit Last Commit
Marc Fournier 2 4 Puppet over 1 year ago 7 months ago
Raphaël Pinson (Puppeteer) 0 1 about 1 year ago about 1 year ago
Bryon Roche 0 1 over 1 year ago over 1 year ago
Mathieu Bornoz 0 1 Python almost 4 years ago almost 4 years ago
Francois Deppierraz 0 14 Puppet about 4 years ago about 4 years ago
See All Contributors
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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Contributors : Timo Teräs
Analyzed 8 days ago based on code collected 8 days ago.
Activity on Kamailio (SIP Express Router) by Timo Teräs
All-time Commits: 10
12-Month Commits: 5
30-Day Commits: 0
Overall Kudo Rank:
First Commit: 31-Mar-2011
Last Commit: 15-Nov-2012
Names in SCM: Timo Teräs
Commit history:
Recent Kudos...
... for Kamailio (SIP Express Router) given by:
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Project Commits
Approximately one year of commit activity shown
Project Languages
Language Aggregate Coding Time Total Commits Total Lines Changed Comment Ratio
C 6m 6 984 22.9%
Make 4m 4 69 -
SQL 2m 2 600 0.0%
XML 2m 2 216 2.7%
XSL Transformation 2m 2 100 -
shell script 1m 1 19 -
All Languages 7m 10 1,988 14.3%
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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Payne Lab:News
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 11:45, 15 May 2012 by Christine Payne (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Research People Publications Funding News Seminars Positions Available Outreach Contact
Contents
2012
May
--Rachel Candace Law will be doing summer research in the Payne and Potter (Biomedical Engineering) labs as a LINCR Fellow. Congratulations to Candace on her acceptance into the LINCR program!
February
--Candace and Jairo will be presenting posters at the Biophysical Society Annual Meeting in San Diego, Feb. 25-29.
Candace's poster: "Cellular Binding and Transport of Protein-Nanoparticle Complexes"; Sunday, Feb. 26; Poster # B775, Hall FGH
Jairo's poster: "Intracellular Dynamics of Lysosomes following the destruction of LAMP"; Sunday, Feb. 26; Poster #B843, Hall FGH
--Candace has advanced to candidacy!
--Steve will be part of a discussion panel on Nanomedicine on February 28th at the Georgia Institute of Technology Library.
Link to Video
January
--Two new undergrads have joined the Payne Lab. Welcome to Patrick and Kelsey!
2011
December
--Jairo graduates!
--Umesh Kumar has joined the Payne Lab as a postdoc. Welcome Umesh!
October
--After successfully defending his thesis, Chip Humphries becomes Dr. Chip Humphries.
--Eddy Shin, a biochemistry graduate of the University of Georgia, joined the lab as our first Lab Technician. Welcome Eddy!
August
--Joseph Kim, a GT undergraduate biochemistry major joined the Payne Lab. Welcome Joseph!
--Christine's DARPA award and the Payne Lab are featured in a GT Sciences Video.
--Steve Hira has joined the Payne Lab as a postdoc. Welcome Steve!
--The Payne Lab's research on single particle tracking of vesicles is featured in the Emerging Investigator issue of the Analyst.
-- The Payne lab will be attending and presenting at the ACS National Meeting in Denver, Colorado from August 28th - September 1st.
- Christine will be presenting "Overview of the Advances in Microscopy Symposium for Undergrads" on Sunday (time TBD). She will also present "Imaging chemical reactions inside living cells: Two-color single particle tracking of the enzymatic degradation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)" (Paper ID 10953) on Monday, August 29th in the session beginning at 8:20 am (Colorado Convention Center, Room 1B, Talk time: 11:40-12:10pm).
- Ger will be giving a talk on Tuesday, August 30th in the 8:20 am session (Convention Center, Room 4B, Talk time: 9:40-10:00 am); "Cellular binding and internalization of nanoparticles in the presence of serum proteins."
- Candace will be presenting her poster, "Imaging cellular internalization of nanoparticles with serum proteins using two-color fluorescence microscopy," on Monday, August 29th from 12-1 pm (Convention Center, Rooms 406/407) and on Wednesday, August 31st from 6-9 pm (Convention Center, Hall D, Poster #12038).
- Khalilah Reddie, our colaborator from the Murthy lab at Georgia Tech, will also be presenting her poster on Monday, August 29th from 12-1pm, "Aromatic Thiols: A New Family of Probes for Reversible Ratiometric Imaging of Thiols and Disulfides in Living Cells" (Convention Center, Rooms 406/407).
-Congratulations to Candace on her GAANN Fellowship for 2011-2012!
-Syeda presented her research at the REU poster session
July
-Christine received a DARPA Young Faculty Award.
-Congratulations to Hursh on his President's Undergraduate Research Award (PURA) for Fall 2011!
June
-Congratulations to Chip who now has a "real job" at B&B Microscopes in Pittsburgh!
-Joseph Bell, a physics major at Morehouse College, will be doing research in the Payne Lab this summer. Welcome Joseph!
May
-Syeda Anum, a biochemistry major from Northeastern University, has joined the Payne Lab as an NSF-REU student. Welcome Syeda!
April
-Saheli Sarkar joined the Payne and Kemp Labs!
March
-The Payne Lab will attend the Biophysical Society Annual Meeting in Baltimore, MD March 5-9, 2011. Following are details for our presentations.
Ger's poster, #1719, will be presented as part of the Imaging and Optical Microscopy II poster session March 7th at 1:45 in position B629. It is titled "Cellular Binding of Nanoparticles in the Presence of Serum Proteins".
Craig will present "Dynamic Behavior of Intracellular Vesicles Probed with Two-Color Single Particle Tracking" as part of the Intracellular Cargo Transport poster session on March 9th at 10:30. His poster, #3251, can be found at board B356.
Chip's poster, "Investigation of Lysosomes as Enzyme Storage Vesicles using Single Particle Tracking Fluorescence Microscopy", will be presented as part of the Imaging and Optical Microscopy III poster session on March 9th at 10:30. His poster, #3339, will be on board B444. He will also be presenting as part of the Student Research Achievement Award Poster Competition on Sunday night at 6pm, board #S164.
February
-Jairo passed his Naturalization Examination to become an American citizen!
Jairo downs his very American burger.
January
-Two new undergraduates, Jessica and Hursh, join the Payne Lab.
-Christine was featured as an "Emerging Investigator" in Chemical Communications.
2010
December
-The annual Payne-Brown-Curtis Lab Christmas Party was a great success.
Candace opens a grab bag gift.
November
-Chip presented a poster at the Second Academia/Industry Forum at Kennesaw State University. This was sponsored by the Georgia Section of the American Chemical Society and Kennesaw State University.
August
-Congratulations to Candace on being named a Molecular Biophysics trainee!
July
-Candace joins the Payne Lab.
April
-Congrats to Jairo and Heather on winning PURA fellowships for Summer 2010!
-Dr. Gerard Doorley joins the Payne Lab.
-Update on Past Members:
Solaire will be attending the University of Minnesota to pursue a Ph.D. in Chemistry.
Nicole, now at UC Berkeley, received an NSF Graduate Fellowship. Congratulations!
Jenna has joined the O'Brien Lab at the University of Michigan.
March
-The Payne Lab hosted a number of visitors from local high schools. Please see our Outreach page for photos.
February
-Chip presented a poster at the Biophysical Society Annual Meeting in San Francisco. His poster was titled Late Endosomal Degradation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Probed with Multi-Color Single Particle Tracking Fluorescence Microscopy.
-Chip won a student travel grant from the Georgia Tech Research and Innovation Conference. Congrats to Chip!.
January
-Heather joined the Payne Lab.
2009
December
-At the Georgia Tech Holiday Party, Chip won a Chemmy for the "Best Actor Portraying Chip"! The Payne Lab submitted this video as part of the holiday activities.
November
-Jairo received a President’s Undergraduate Research Award for Spring 2010. Great job Jairo!
-Don won a Young Investigator Award for his poster presentation at the Society for Free Radical Biology and Medicine annual meeting in San Francisco!
-Chip was awarded a 2010 Student Travel Award from the Biophysical Society to attend the 54th Annual Meeting in San Francisco, CA.
October
-As part of National Chemistry Week, the Payne Lab was featured on Georgia Tech's radio station, WREK, as part of Inside the Black Box's program "Chemistry - It's Elemental".
-Chip earned third place in the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry's Graduate Research Symposium with his oral presentation, “Late Endosomal Degradation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Probed with Two-Color Fluorescence Microscopy”.
September
-Congratulations to CKP for being named a recipient of the 2009 NIH Director’s Young Innovator award.
-Jairo and Chip's proposal to the Georgia Tech Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program was funded! This will provide funding for Jairo's automation of Chip's image analysis.
-Craig joined the group as a post-doc after completing his Ph.D. with Prof. Jason McNeill at Clemson.
-Amy was named a Georgia Tech Molecular Biophysics Trainee for 2009-2010. This award includes a salary supplement and a chance to give a Molecular Biophysics seminar. Only two awards were made this year. Congrats Amy!
-The Brown, Curtis, and Payne labs hosted first-year students from Physics, Chemistry, and Computational Science & Engineering for an open house. Open House Flyer
-Jairo, Josh and Paul joined the Payne Lab.
July
-Solaire participated in the REU poster session and research symposium before returning to Minnesota for her senior year of college. We wish her luck!
June
-The Payne Lab went to Chip's Wedding
May
-Solaire joined the Payne Lab as a summer REU student.
-Kevin and Mindi gradutate! Mindi has completed her Masters and is looking forward to becoming a high school teacher. Kevin earned his B.S. in Chemistry and is looking to continue his education in a MD/PhD program.
Kevin and Mindi enjoy the celebration.
April
-Kevin was awarded Best Oral Presentation in the College of Sciences at the 2009 Undergraduate Research Spring Symposium!
Kevin and Georgia Tech President Bud Peterson.
March
-Amy and Chip presented posters at the Biophysical Society Meeting in Boston, MA. Amy's poster was number B50 and is titled Non-Invasive Pyrenebutyrate-mediated Delivery of Quantum Dots to the Cytosol of Living Cells. Chip's poster was number B57 and is titled Probing the Intracellular Degradation of Low Density Lipoprotein Using Single Particle Tracking Fluorescence Microscopy.
January
-Amy's paper "Pyrenebutyrate-Mediated Delivery of Quantum Dots across the Plasma Membrane of Living Cells" was published in the 113th volume of The Journal of Physical Chemistry B.
-Ashlee was awarded a Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies award to work on "Delivery of nanomaterials across the blood-brain barrier: Three-dimensional tracking of transcytosis" at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
2008
November
-Aaron and Emily joined the Payne Lab
-Kevin won a PURA fellowship!
August
-Kevin joined the Payne Lab
July
-Dr. Ashlee St John joined the Payne Lab as our first Post-Doc
-Mindi was named a Georgia Tech Molecular Biophysics Trainee for 2008-2009
May
-Jenna joined the lab as an REU student for the summer, Nicole heads off to the University of California at Berkeley for graduate school, the Payne lab went to dinner to welcome Jesse and Jenna and to say 'goodbye' to Nicole.
-Nicole graduated with a B.S in Biology and a B.S. in Biochemistry with highest honors.
-Amy was awarded a Center for Drug Design, Development and Delivery GAANN fellowship for the 2008-2009 academic year.
April
-Nicole was awarded the Williams-Walls Award. This is an award given to a graduating woman in the life sciences at Georgia Tech with an outstanding academic record and who has plans to continue her education at the graduate level.
-Payne Lab research was highlight in Drug Discovery and Design Magazine[1]
March
-Nicole was named the College of Sciences Top Undergraduate Researcher!
-Jesse won a PURA fellowship!
-Christine traveled to Tunisia for the 1st North Africa-USA Regional Workshop on Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology.[2]
February
-Jesse joined the Payne Lab
-Christine traveled to the 52nd Annual Biophysical Society Meeting in Long Beach, California.[3]
January
-Christine was awarded an ACS PROGRESS/Dreyfus Lectureship.
2007
November
-Mindi and Amy joined the Payne Lab
July
-Christine won a NIH Research Scholar Development Award.
-Chip was named a Georgia Tech Molecular Biophysics Trainee for 2007-2008.
May
-Nicole won PURA and Merck fellowships.
-Payne Lab complete.
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8. Some persons, however, may find fault with the position of this book, thinking that it should have been placed first. I will therefore explain the matter, lest it be thought that I have made a mistake. Being engaged in writing a complete treatise on architecture, I resolved to set forth in the first book the branches of learning and studies of which it consists, to define its departments, and to show of what it is composed. Hence I have there declared what the qualities of an architect should be. In the first book, therefore, I have spoken of the function of the art, but in this I shall discuss the use of the building materials which nature provides. For this book does not show of what architecture is composed, but treats of the origin of the building art, how it was fostered, and how it made progress, step by step, until it reached its present perfection.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
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Google Announces Video Sitemaps
Dec 18, 2007 • 9:50 am | (9) by | Filed Under Other Google Topics
Do you want your videos to be more searchable in Google Video Search? Then check out Google's newest announcement relating to Google Video Sitemaps. Google says:
By submitting this video-specific Sitemap in addition to your standard Sitemap, you can specify all the video files on your site, along with relevant metadata.
The video sitemap looks like a typical XML sitemap with a few tweaks. Google shows you how to create one on their help page.
As a Search Engine Watch member says, the new protocol has given him the nudge to start getting some videos integrated into his site.
Forum discussion continues at Search Engine Watch Forums.
Previous story: How Do You Create Profitable Campaigns with High CPCs?
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Google News Timeline Labs Feature
Apr 21, 2009 • 9:09 am | (0) by | Filed Under Google Search Engine
Yesterday, Google launched a new labs feature named Google News Timeline which gives you a cool new way to scan news. You can scan the news using an AJAX interface based on chronological order. You can then drag the timeline from left to right or right to left. In addition, you can group news by days, weeks, months, years, or decades or restrict to a certain time period. Finally, you can add queries to filter by and remove news from Wikipedia, Time and so on.
Here is a video that shows it in action:
Forum discussion at WebmasterWorld.
Previous story: What Does The Gray Google PageRank Bar Mean?
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Talk:Patch Messaging Adding Timestamps to All Received Messages
From WebOS Internals
Revision as of 16:19, 8 October 2009 by Bscabl (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
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line numbers unchanged for 1.2.1, patch should work unabated. not tested via quilt, however sinply copying my patched files manually back worked flawlessly
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Error!
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Generic(Collection) Usage in the .NET Framework
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kicks
Generic(Collection) Usage in the .NET Framework (Unpublished)
Generics provide a way for developers to define subroutines, functions, fields, properties as well as classes, structures, interfaces and even delegates in such a way that the parameters are not of any particular type. In a sense the constructs are defined in a generic approach. The .NET Framework contains the following namespaces:System.Collections,
Kicked By:
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"url": "elinux.org/index.php?diff=10476&oldid=9204&title=Memory_Management",
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Difference between revisions of "Memory Management"
From eLinux.org
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(Mem notify update)
Line 94: Line 94:
* Paul Mundt submitted a patch to CELF for the 2.6.12 kernel which provided low-memory notifications to user space. See [[Accurate_Memory_Measurement#Nokia_out-of-memory_notifier_module]] for more information.
* Paul Mundt submitted a patch to CELF for the 2.6.12 kernel which provided low-memory notifications to user space. See [[Accurate_Memory_Measurement#Nokia_out-of-memory_notifier_module]] for more information.
** This module was based on the Linux Security Module system, which has been removed from recent kernels.
** This module was based on the Linux Security Module system, which has been removed from recent kernels.
+
+
== Type-based memory allocation ==
+
This is a mechanism (prototyped in the 2.4 kernel by Sony and Panasonic) to allow the kernel to allocate different
+
types of memory for different sections of a program, based on user policy.
+
+
See [[Memory Type Based Allocation]]
== Additional Resources/Mailing Lists ==
== Additional Resources/Mailing Lists ==
Revision as of 23:28, 2 April 2009
This page has information about various memory management projects and activities which are of interest to embedded Linux developers.
Contents
Areas of Interest
Most of these areas have wider reaching implications, but are relatively simpler in the embedded case, largely thanks to not having to contend with swap and things of that nature. Simpler memory management as well as vendors not afraid of deviation from mainline for product programs makes for an excellent playground for experimenting with new things in the memory management and virtual memory space.
Memory Measurement
Analyzing the amount of system memory in use and available is trickier than it sounds.
Huge/large/superpages
• This applies to both transparent large page usage as well as the more static usage models, primarily relating to work outside of the hugetlb interface/libhugetlbfs.
• Embedded systems suffer from very small TLBs generally using PAGE_SIZE'd pages (4kB) for coverage. In most cases this places the system under very heavy pressure for any kind of userspace work, and very visibly degrading performance, with most applications taking anywhere from 5-40% of their time on the CPU servicing page faults.
• Preliminary discussion on this subject as well as links to additional information is happening through the wiki here: Huge Pages
Page cache compression
• This relates to using various compression algorithms for performing run-time compression and decompression of page cache pages, specifically aimed at both reducing memory pressure as well as helping performance in certain workloads.
• More information can be found on the wiki here CompressedCaching as well as at the SF Compressed Caching home page.
Reserving (and accessing) the top of memory on startup
A quote from Todd's email on how to use the reserved physical memory in "mem=".
Given that you have a fixed address for your memory, and is already reserved, the easier way to use it is by calling mmap() over the /dev/ mem device, use 0 as the start address, and the physical address of the reserved memory as the offset. The flags could be MAP_WRITE| MAP_READ. That will return you a pointer on user space for your memory mapped by the kernel. For example
If your SDRAM base address is 0x80000000 and your memory is of 64MB, but you use the cmdline mem=60M to reserve 4MB at the end. Then your reserved memory will be at 0x83c00000, so all you need to do is
int fd;
char *reserved_memory;
fd = open("/dev/mem",O_RDWR);
reserved_memory = (char *) mmap(0,4*1024*1024,PROT_READ| PROT_WRITE,MAP_SHARED,fd,0x83c00000);
Enhanced Out-Of-Memory (OOM) handling
Several technologies have been developed and suggested for improving the handling out-of-memory conditions with Linux systems.
See http://linux-mm.org/OOM_Killer for information about the OOM killer in the Linux kernel.
Part of OOM avoidance is for the kernel to have an accurate measure of memory utilization. See Accurate Memory Measurement for information on technology in this area.
Here are some technologies that I know about (these need to be researched and documented better):
• mem_notify patches
• This set of patches provided a mechanism to notify user-space when memory is getting low, allowing for application-based handling of the condition. These patches were submitted in January 2008.
• This patch cannot be applied to versions beyond 2.6.28 because the memory management reclaiming sequence have changed.
• See http://lwn.net/Articles/267013/
• Google per-cgroup OOM handler
• Nokia OOM enhancements
User "oak" writes (commenting on the mem_notify patches):
Posted Feb 3, 2008 14:02 UTC (Sun) by oak (guest, #2786) [Link]
...
I thought the point of the patch is for user-space to be able to do the
memory management in *manageable places* in code. As mentioned earlier,
a lot of user-space code[1] doesn't handle memory allocation failures. And
even if it's supposed to be, it can be hard to verify (test) that the
failures are handled in *all* cases properly. If user-space can get a
pre-notification of a low-memory situation, it can in suitable place in
code free memory so that further allocations will succeed (with higher
propability).
That also allows doing somehing like what maemo does. If system gets
notified about kernel low memory shortage, it kills processes which have
notified it that they are in "background-killable" state (saved their UI
state, able to restore it and not currently visible to user). I think it
also notifies applications (currently) through D-BUS about low memory
condition. Applications visible to user or otherwise non-background
killable are then supposed to free their caches and/or disable features
that could take a lot of additional memory. If the caches are from heap
instead of memory mapped, it's less likely to help because of heap
fragmentation and it requiring more work/time though.
Type-based memory allocation
This is a mechanism (prototyped in the 2.4 kernel by Sony and Panasonic) to allow the kernel to allocate different types of memory for different sections of a program, based on user policy.
See Memory Type Based Allocation
Additional Resources/Mailing Lists
• LinuxMM - links to various sub-projects, and acts as a centralized point for discussion relating to memory management topics (linux-mm mailing list and archives).
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RPi Easy SD Card Setup
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 12:14, 30 June 2012 by Danger89 (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Back to the Hub
Getting Started:
Buying Guide - for advice on buying the Raspberry Pi.
SD Card Setup - for information on how to prepare the SD Card used to boot your Raspberry Pi.
Basic Setup - for help with buying / selecting other hardware and setting it up.
Beginners Guide - you are up and running, now what can you do?
Advanced Setup - for more extensive information on setting up.
Trouble Shooting - some things to check if things don't work as expected.
SD Card setup
To boot the Raspberry Pi, you need an SD card installed with a bootloader and a suitable Operating System. Some Raspberry Pi kits will come with a ready-to-go card, but if you didn't receive one you will need to prepare your own:
Official images are available from http://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads and there is an overview of available distributions here.
Warning! When you write the Raspberry Pi image to your SD card you will lose all data that was on the card.
Safest/Laziest way
Buy a preloaded card from RS Components or element14.
Easiest way
• Use an installer program. The Fedora ARM Installer will download and install Raspberry Pi Fedora Remix images, but it will also install other images if they are already downloaded and in uncompressed or .gz format.
• (Mac) The RasPiWrite utility is a python script which will walk you through the process of installing to SD card, it is works with any Raspberry Pi compatible disk image, and can download one of the currently available distros if you don't have one.
Easy way
To write your SD card you start by downloading the SD image (the data you will write to the card). The best way to do this is using BitTorrent. This generally results in a faster download as it is a highly distributed system (you will be downloading the data from users who have previously downloaded it).
This guide assumes you have downloaded the Debian "squeeze" image, with name debian6-13-04-2012. Obviously, if you are downloading a different or newer version, use the name of the version you have downloaded.
Copying the image to an SD Card on Windows
1. Download the image from a mirror or torrent
2. Extract the image file debian6-19-04-2012.img from the debian6-19-04-2012directory in the debian6-19-04-2012.zip
3. Insert the SD card into your SD card reader and check what drive letter it was assigned. You can easily see the drive letter (for example G:) by looking in the left column of Windows Explorer.
4. Download the Win32DiskImager utility. The download links are on the right hand side of the page, you want the binary zip.
5. Extract the zip file and run the Win32DiskImager utility.
6. Select the debian6-19-04-2012.img image file you extracted earlier
7. Select the drive letter of the SD card in the device box. Be careful to select the correct drive; if you get the wrong one you can destroy your computer's hard disk!
8. Click Write and wait for the write to complete.
9. Exit the imager and eject the SD card.
10. Insert the card in the Raspberry Pi, power it on, and it should boot up. Have fun!
In Windows the SD card will appear only to have a fairly small size - about 75 Mbytes. This is because most of the card has a partition that is formatted for the Linux operating system that the RPi uses and is not visible in Windows.
Copying the image to an SD Card on Windows if first option isn't successful
I wasn't able to choose device in Win32DiskImager on my notebook so I found a different way to achieve the same thing on windows machine..
1. Download the image from a mirror or torrent
2. Extract the image file debian6-19-04-2012.img from the debian6-19-04-2012 directory in the debian6-19-04-2012.zip
3. Insert the SD card into your SD card reader and check what drive letter it was assigned. You can easily see the drive letter (for example H:) by looking in the left column of Windows Explorer.
4. Download flashnul software from http://shounen.ru/soft/flashnul/ here is Translated version
• Download the latest version at the time of writing it was flashnul-1rc1.
• Download and Extract the application from archive.
• Click Start button > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt, right click on it and Run as Administrator.
• Run the flashnul with argument:
C:/flashnul/flashnul.exe -p
• Flashnul will tell you something like:
Avaible physical drives:
0 size = 250059350016 (232 Gb)
1 size = 1990197248 (1898 Mb)
Avaible logical disks:
C:\
D:\
F:\
G:\
H:\
Press ENTER to exit.
SDCARD number is on left! In my case it is number 1
• Now we will use Load argument:
C:/flashnul/flashnul.exe 1 -L C:/debian6/debian6-19-04-2012.img
where <Path to flashnul directory>flashnul.exe <device number> -L <img file path>
• Flashnul will give you a device summary and proceed caution, have a quick scan through the information to make sure you have selected the correct device, then type yes and press enter.
• If you get a access denied error, try re-plugging the SD card. Also make sure to close all explorer windows or folders open for the device.
• If you still get a access denied error, try substitute the device number with the drive letter followed by a colon. Eg:
C:/flashnul/flashnul.exe H: -L C:/debian6/debian6-19-04-2012.img
• If the device summary does not match Your card (the size is smaller, e.g. 75MB), but you are sure, that the letter is correct - please continue and then try again with the device number.
Copying an image to the SD Card in Mac OS X
Note: Some users have reported issues with using OSX to create SD Cards.
1. Download the image from a mirror or torrent
2. Verify if the the hash key is the same (optional), in the terminal run:
• shasum ~/Downloads/debian6-19-04-2012.zip
3. Extract the image:
• unzip ~/Downloads/debian6-19-04-2012.zip
• (or: just double click the zip, it will extract automatically)
4. From the terminal run df -h
5. Connect the sdcard reader with the sdcard inside
6. Run df -h again and look for the new device that wasn't listed last time. Record the device name of the filesystem's partition, e.g. /dev/disk3s1
7. Unmount the partition so that you will be allowed to overwrite the disk:
• diskutil unmount /dev/disk3s1
• (or: open Disk Utility and unmount the partition of the sdcard (do not eject it, or you have to reconnect it))
8. Using the device name of the partition work out the raw device name for the entire disk, by omitting the final "s1" and replacing "disk" with "rdisk":
• e.g. /dev/disk3s1 => /dev/rdisk3
9. In the terminal write the image to the card with this command, using the raw disk device name from above:
• sudo dd bs=1m if=~/Downloads/debian6-19-04-2012/debian6-19-04-2012.img of=/dev/rdisk3
• (note that dd will not feedback any information until it is finished, information will show and disk will re-mount when complete)
10. After the dd command finishes, eject the card:
• diskutil eject /dev/rdisk3
• (or: open Disk Utility and eject the sdcard)
11. Insert it in the raspberry pi, and have fun
Copying an image to the SD Card in Linux (command line)
Please note that the use of the "dd" tool can overwrite any partition of your machine. If you specify the wrong device in the instructions below you could delete your primary Linux partition. Please be careful.
1. Download the zip file containing the image from a mirror or torrent
2. Verify if the the hash key of the zip file is the same as shown on the downloads page (optional). Assuming that you put the zip file in your home directory (~/), in the terminal run:
• sha1sum ~/debian6-19-04-2012.zip
• This will print out a long hex number which should match the "SHA-1" line for the SD image you have downloaded
3. Extract the image, with
• unzip ~/debian6-19-04-2012.zip
4. Run df -h to see what devices are currently mounted
5. Connect the sdcard reader with the sdcard inside
6. Run df -h again. The device that wasn't there last time is your SD card. The left column gives the device name of your SD card. It will be listed as something like "/dev/mmcblk0p1" or "/dev/sdd1". The last part ("p1" or "1" respectively) is the partition number, but you want to write to the whole SD card, not just one partition, so you need to remove that part from the name (getting for example "/dev/mmcblk0" or "/dev/sdd") as the device for the whole SD card. Note that the SD card can show up more than once in the output of df: in fact it will if you have previously written a Raspberry Pi image to this SD card, because the RPi SD images have more than one partition.
7. Now that you've noted what the device name is, you need to unmount it so that files can't be read or written to the SD card while you are copying over the SD image. So run the command below, replacing "/dev/sdd1" with whatever your SD card's device name is (including the partition number)
• umount /dev/sdd1
• If your SD card shows up more than once in the output of df due to having multiple partitions on the SD card, you should unmount all of these partitions.
8. In the terminal write the image to the card with this command, making sure you replace the input file if= argument with the path to your .img file, and the "/dev/sdd" in the output file of= argument with the right device name (this is very important: you will loose all data on the hard drive on your computer if you get the wrong device name). Make sure the device name is the name of the whole SD card as described above, not just a partition of it (for example, sdd, not sdds1 or sddp1, or mmcblk0 not mmcblk0p1)
• dd bs=1M if=~/debian6-19-04-2012/debian6-19-04-2012.img of=/dev/sdd
• Note that if you are not logged in as root you will need to prefix this with sudo
• The dd command does not give any information of its progress and so may appear to have frozen. If your card reader has an LED it may blink during the write process, or you can run pkill -USR1 -n -x dd in another terminal (prefixed with sudo if you are not logged in as root).
9. As root run the command sync or if a normal user run sudo sync (this will ensure the write cache is flushed and that it is safe to unmount your SD card)
10. Remove SD card from card reader, insert it in the Raspberry Pi, and have fun
Copying an image to the SD Card in Linux (graphical interface)
If you are using Ubuntu and hesitate to use the terminal, you can use the ImageWriter tool (nice graphical user interface) to write the .img file to the SD card.
1. Download the zip file containing the image from a mirror or torrent
2. Right click the zip file and select "Extract here"
• ATTENTION: As of this writing (15 June 2012), there is a bug in the ImageWriter program that causes it to fail if the filename of the image file or its path (i.e. all the names of any parent folders that you extract the image file into) contain any space characters. Before going any further, ensure that neither the file name of the image you're using or the path contain any spaces. A bug has been opened for this issue: https://bugs.launchpad.net/usb-imagewriter/+bug/1013834 Once the issue is fixed, edit this page to advise people to use an updated/patched version of ImageWriter.
3. Insert the SD card into your computer or connect the SD card reader with the SD card inside
4. Install the ImageWriter tool from the Ubuntu Software Center
5. Launch the ImageWriter tool (it needs your administrative password)
6. Select the image file (example debian6-19-04-2012.img) to be written to the SD card (note: because you started ImageWriter as administrator the starting point when selecting the image file is the administrator's home folder so you need to change to your own home folder to select the image file)
7. Select the target device to write the image to (your device will be something like "/dev/mmcblk0" or "/dev/sdc")
8. Click the "Write to device" button
9. Wait for the process to finish and then insert the SD card in the Raspberry Pi
Manually resizing the SD card partitions (Optional)
The SD card image is sized for a 2GB card. The Fedora Remix will automatically resize the partitions on the card during the first boot. The Debian version won't, so you'll have to do it manually. It's much easier if you do this on another machine, as the SD card can't be mounted when you do this.
Look here for instructions.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:51508",
"uncompressed_offset": 96267067,
"url": "genomebiology.com/2012/13/6/R46/comments",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:23:54.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:217b63bf-c2bd-4e4e-9c74-4da9357579ed>",
"warc_url": "http://genomebiology.com/2012/13/6/R46/comments"
}
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Research
Highly interconnected genes in disease-specific networks are enriched for disease-associated polymorphisms
Fredrik Barrenäs, Sreenivas Chavali, Alexessander C Alves, Lachlan Coin, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin, Rebecka Jörnsten, Michael A Langston, Adaikalavan Ramasamy, Gary Rogers, Hui Wang and Mikael Benson*
Genome Biology 2012, 13:R46 doi:10.1186/gb-2012-13-6-r46
No comments have yet been made on this article.
Post a comment
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"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:51522",
"uncompressed_offset": 115955698,
"url": "issuepedia.org/index.php?action=history&title=2011%2F07%2F30%2F0948%2Flink",
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}
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Revision history of "2011/07/30/0948/link"
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:51523",
"uncompressed_offset": 120583675,
"url": "josm.openstreetmap.de/ticket/5014",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:23:54.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:217b63bf-c2bd-4e4e-9c74-4da9357579ed>",
"warc_url": "http://josm.openstreetmap.de/ticket/5014"
}
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Modify
Opened 3 years ago
Closed 3 years ago
Last modified 3 years ago
#5014 closed defect (duplicate)
Gpsd 2.92 don't work with josm/liveGPS plugin
Reported by: www2 Owned by: team
Priority: critical Component: Plugin
Version: Keywords:
Cc:
Description
During a protocol switch in gps 2.92 is the current version of the LiveGPS useles
Attachments (0)
Change History (3)
comment:1 Changed 3 years ago by www2
• Priority changed from normal to critical
comment:2 Changed 3 years ago by anonymous
• Resolution set to duplicate
• Status changed from new to closed
comment:3 Changed 3 years ago by anonymous
Modify Ticket
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as The resolution will be set. Next status will be 'closed'.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:51541",
"uncompressed_offset": 153762113,
"url": "my.pagenation.com/kul/This%20Spot_101.6357_3.1372.map",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:23:54.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:217b63bf-c2bd-4e4e-9c74-4da9357579ed>",
"warc_url": "http://my.pagenation.com/kul/This%20Spot_101.6357_3.1372.map"
}
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This Spot is near E23 Sprint (ldp); is near Exit To E23 Sprint (ldp); is near E23 Sprint Hwy (j Duta); is near 17/48b, J; is near Klgcc Road; is near 1/70d, J; is near Wan Kadir 1, J; is near Wan Kadir, J; This Spot is geographically located at latitude(3.1372 degrees) 3° 8' 13" North of the Equator and longitude (101.6357 degrees) 101° 38' 8" East of the Prime Meridian on the Map of Kuala Lumpur.
The locations related to This Spot are represented by the nearest distances for a beam of light to travel and may not be nearest by road. For example, This Spot is located 487 metres from Caltex Sprint Jalan Duta. This Spot is located 512 metres from Parking KLGCC. This Spot is located 523 metres from KLGCC. This Spot is located 560 metres from Muslim Cemetery Ss20. This Spot is located 575 metres from Caltex Sprint Ldp.
Eastin 1.6km, Lisa De Inn 2.2km, Crystal Crown Hotel Pj 3.2km, are places to stay (hotel, service apartment, inn) located near This Spot.
Wet Market TTDI 0.8km, Shops Tun Mohd Fuad 0.9km, Shops Damansara Uptown 1.5km, are places to shop (shopping mall, shop houses) located near This Spot.
Sri Perdana Galleria 4.4km, National Monument 5.5km, Tun Abd Razak Memorial 5.8km, are places of interest (attraction) located near This Spot.
SJK Ttdi (2) 1.1km, SMK Damansara Utama 1.2km, SJK Damansara Utama 1.5km, are places of learning (school, college, university) located near This Spot.
Muslim Cemetery Ss20 0.6km, Park Ss20 24 1.1km, Park Ss20 5 1.1km, are parks, playgrounds, open fields or commons located near This Spot.
This Spot
Caltex Sprint Jalan Duta
Parking KLGCC
KLGCC
Muslim Cemetery Ss20
Caltex Sprint Ldp
Bakti Siti Hasmah
Ibm Plaza
Parking Wet Market Ttdi
Trelisses Apartment
Wet Market TTDI
7-11 Ttdi
Shops Tun Mohd Fuad
Damansara Specialist Centre
KFC Ttdi
Astana Damansara Apartment
Wisma Dijaya
Park Ss20 24
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Image:WF-712-Alignment(WF Orange+WF Blue+TR Orange).mas
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me. Bible
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Click here to buy this »
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Argo Ocean Robots Reach Milestones
Posted 21 Oct 2005 at 16:35 UTC by steve
A UC NewsWire release and a Scripps News release describe two milestones reached by the Argo robots, which we've covered before. First milestone: there are now 2,057 Argo robots deployed in the world's oceans; two-thirds of the planned 3,000. Second milestone: the global array of robots has already collected 55,000 data profiles. Each Argo robot is design to continously measure salinity, temperature, and velocity of the water at depths up to 2km. Each robot surfaces periodically to relay it's findings to a data assembly center where the data is immediately made available to public for research. For more information on the Argo project, see the Argo home page.
See more of the latest robot news!
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Rice University Class of 2005 Commencement program
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Item Metadata
dc.date.accessioned 2012-08-14T22:09:33Z
dc.date.available 2012-08-14T22:09:33Z
dc.date.issued 2005-05-14
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/1911/62247
dc.description Forty page program detailing the order of events for the ninety-second commencement at the Rice Institute, including welcoming letter from president David W. Leebron, location and dates of events, speakers' names and subjects, honors, prize, awards, songs sung and an east lawn of Lovett Hall map
dc.format.medium programs (documents)
dc.language.iso eng
dc.publisher Rice University
dc.rights Rights to this material belong to Rice University. This digital version is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.
dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
dc.subject.lcsh Rice University -- History
dc.title Rice University Class of 2005 Commencement program
dc.type Text
dc.digitization.specifications Images were captured using the Epson Perfection 1670 PHOTO or Epson Expression 10000XL flatbed scanner and Epson Scan software. Master Tiff images were scanned at 24-bit color, 400 ppi. Derivative files are OCR'd PDF for text and JPEG for images.
dc.date.digital 2011
dc.source.collection Rice University Class of 2005 Commencement folder, Woodson Research Center, Fondren Library, Rice University
dc.identifier.digital wrc01268
dc.contributor.publisher Rice University
dc.identifier.citation (2005). "Rice University Class of 2005 Commencement program."
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eduMOOC OERu Planning Group
From WikiEducator
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Bookmark the study group home page for easy access
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Participants of this study group require a sound working knowledge of the OER university concept and MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses). The following resources are considered preparatory reading for this study group:
Participants of this study group should:
• be registered participants of eduMOOC.
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• have an open mind for planning sustainable education futures in the formal education sector.
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Pages that link to "New River and Southern Trail"
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http://www.fides.org
Africa
2013-02-12
AFRICA/CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC- There is still instability despite the new government of national unity
Bangui (Agenzia Fides) - The formation of a national unity government has not yet put an end to the instability in the Central African Republic. According to local media, the rebels Seleka of the coalition, which received some important ministries in the new government (such as Defense) continue to commit violence in some areas of the Country. A political scientist at the University of Bangui, interviewed by Centrafriquepress says that the fighting groups acting on the ground and the leaders of Seleka are not able to control their men. The expert said that the leaders of Seleka must contact their troops throughout the country, to explain to them the meaning of the Libreville agreements on 11 January, which gave birth to the government of national unity.
One of the areas where one feels more the weight of instability falls within the territory of Kaga Bandoro, whose Bishop, His Exc. Mgr. Albert Vanbuel, launched an appeal to "Aid to the Church in Need."
The diocese Kaga Bandoro, is on the road which from Chad and Sudan leads to the Central African capital and is "a necessary step for the many dissident factions in our Country," is what is said in a note sent to Fides Agency. Seleka rebels came to Kaga Bandoro a few days before Christmas. After the town hall, prefecture and the court, on January 16 the archbishopric was also robbed. The rebels also raided the reserves of grain and cassava fields and set fire to the only fuel depot in the region.
According to FAO estimates, hundreds of thousands of people have fled into the bush following the fighting and destruction of their homes. The Diocese of Kaga Bandoro has received more than 450. Most of the population is severely malnourished, sick and without access to medical care. The few health facilities still open have run out of medicines or have been looted. The Church is the only reference point for the local population. But the needs are many and the few resources available have already finished. Aid to the Church in Need has immediately responded to the call of Mgr. Vanbuel with an initial contribution of €40 thousand. (L.M.) (Agenzia Fides 12/02/2013)
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"url": "www.forensicswiki.org/w/index.php?oldid=12936&title=Windows_Registry",
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Windows Registry
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The revision #12936 of the page named "Windows Registry" does not exist.
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Chinese language problem. in PHP
Newbie Member
16Jun2009,11:40 #1
Hi.
i am facing problem to built site in chinese language.i insert data in mysql that stored in ascii form.when fetch show in correct but when i see the source of the page that data show in ascii.that is not good acording to SEO point of view.so please help me.
Go4Expert Founder
16Jun2009,13:18 #2
Moved to PHP forum
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Advances in Meteorology
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 943785, 6 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/943785
Research Article
Photochemical Impact on Ozone Fluxes in Coastal Waters
1School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
2Laboratory for Global Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
Received 27 February 2012; Accepted 12 April 2012
Academic Editor: Raymond Desjardins
Copyright © 2012 L. Coleman et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Ozone fluxes, derived from gradient measurements in Northeast Atlantic coastal waters, were observed to depend on both tide height and solar radiation. Peak ozone fluxes of μg m−2 s−1 occurred during low-tide conditions when exposed microalgae fields contributed to the flux footprint. Additionally, at mid-to-high tide, when water surfaces contribute predominantly to the flux footprint, fluxes of the order of μg m−2 s−1 were observed. Considering only fluxes over water covered surfaces, and using an advanced ozone deposition model that accounts for surface-water chemistry enhancing the deposition sink, it is demonstrated that a photochemical enhancement reaction with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is required to explain the enhanced ozone deposition during daylight hours. This sink amounts to an ozone loss rate of up to 0.6 ppb per hour under peak solar irradiance and points to a missing sink in the marine boundary layer ozone budget.
1. Introduction
Tropospheric ozone has negative impacts on human health and vegetation [1] and also acts as an important greenhouse gas. Recent trend analysis in background North Atlantic air at the Mace Head research station in western Ireland shows background ozone levels to be on the increase by 0.16 ppb per annum (1988 to 2007) [2]. Mace Head is a clean marine site, representing air transported over the North Atlantic towards Europe in the marine boundary layer. Consequently, rising ozone levels at Mace Head represent rising background ozone levels. The rise in background ozone concentrations at Mace Head cannot be explained by changes in anthropogenic emission patterns, and model studies have not been able to recreate observed trends [3, 4]; hence, there is a need to investigate processes influencing background ozone concentrations. Jenkin [5] identified gradual hemispheric ozone increase due to global-scale effects, influencing the ozone advected into Western Europe over the Atlantic as one of the three major influences on locally measured ozone data in the UK. The rise in background ozone concentration constitutes a significant contribution to regional ozone pollution, and so is of significant concern for pollution control policy makers. Hence, in order to assess the future trends in background ozone levels, the intercontinental transport of ozone should be well represented in assessment models as well as any relevant removal processes, one of which is the dry deposition of ozone to the ocean.
The deposition of ozone to surface waters via physical uptake (solubility, turbulent mixing) and chemical reactions in the surface layer [6] is an ozone removal process likely to influence surface ozone concentrations during intercontinental transport. From field measurements [7, 8], deposition velocity of ozone to the ocean is known to span the range of 0.53 to 1.0 mm s−1. Coleman et al. [9] describe the inclusion of the advanced ozone dry deposition parameterisation of Fairall et al. [10] in the regional climate model REMOTE. The Fairall ozone dry deposition parameterisation scheme accounts for turbulent and chemical enhancement of ozone deposition to water surfaces. Within their study, Coleman et al. [9] expanded the Fairall scheme to include ozone depletion via reactions with iodide and dissolved organic matter (DOM). The parameterisation was also adapted to account for variability of ozone diffusivity, solubility, and reactivity with sea surface temperature and to estimate emissions of volatile organoiodine (VOI) vapours following reactions of ozone with iodide and DOC (e.g., [11]). In the present study, the Fairall parameterisation was further developed to parameterise ozone-DOC reactions with a second-order reaction rate empirically derived from the laboratory work of [12]. Box model results of the updated Fairall parameterisation are compared to in situ ozone gradient fluxes measured at Mace Head.
2. Measurement Methods
Ozone gradient flux measurements were conducted on a 22 m tower at Mace Head atmospheric research facility [13] on the west coast of Ireland (53°20′N, 9°54′W). The shoreline to the westward side of the 22 m tower is inhomogeneous, rocky, and slanted with a tidal region extending 50 m to 150 m from the base of the tower. Two Thermo Scientific (model 49i) photometric O3 analysers with response time of 20 seconds sampled at 22 m and 10 m heights to obtain O3 concentration profiles at 1-minute intervals. Colocated with the O3 analysers, a Gill R3 3-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer sampling at 10 Hz was used to quantify micrometeorological parameters. The Monin-Obukhov length () was used in conjunction with measurement height () to calculate a dimensionless scaling parameter, , which defined the thermal stability state of the boundary layer. This parameter was used to ensure only that data pertaining to neutral or slightly unstable conditions were considered. Simultaneous filtering for data corresponding to the Mace Head clean marine sector (190° < wind direction < 350°) ensured the considered data corresponded to an oceanic footprint. The peak of the footprint is located approximately 1 km offshore, as in the study of Geever et al. [14]. The relative contributions to the flux footprints at midday on each measurement day are depicted in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Relative contribution to flux footprint calculated at midday for relative measurement days.
In order to ensure data quality, intercomparisons between the O3 analysers were performed at a single height on a regular basis. The mean difference from these intercomparison periods (0.491 ppb) was then subtracted from the difference between them to give a final gradient. Only final gradients that were larger than the mean added to standard deviation of the difference between both instruments during an intercomparison were deemed acceptable for further analysis. Such filtering of data ensured readings were not biased by instrumental drift and eliminated noise, ensuring only strong-signal gradient data were considered.
Gradient fluxes, based on -theory [15] and previously deployed at Mace Head, described by Ceburnis et al. [16], were computed using the vertical profiles of ozone concentration between 10 m and 22 m and the turbulent-transfer coefficient derived from the micrometeorological measurements. This calculation assumes that the eddy diffusivity coefficients for momentum and O3 are similar, which is not always the case. Analogous to Fick’s law of molecular diffusion, the O3 flux () can be calculated by multiplying the vertical concentration gradient with the eddy diffusivity coefficient, , as follows: From the calculated fluxes, ozone deposition velocity () to ocean surface was calculated (). Ideally, measured fluxes should be validated by assuring energy budget closure, but unfortunately the necessary data were not available for assessment of energy closure.
3. Model Development
The Fairall parameterisation, including chemical reactivity was further developed based on the laboratory studies [12, 17] in which the chemical enhancement of the ozone deposition velocity was quantified for iodide and DOC reactants. The reaction rate for ozone and DOC, , was calculated by comparing the results from ozone-iodide reactions with the Fairall dry deposition theory and known ozone-iodide reaction kinetics [18] and determining systematic constants for the experimental setup. Results from the ozone-iodide experiments could then be extrapolated back to the ozone-DOC experiments, assuming consistent experimental setup. Fairall calculated the O3 dry deposition in terms of the sum of the surface resistance () and aerodynamic resistance (). Jones [17] performed experiments measuring loss rates of ozone deposition to saturated iodide solutions in a similar laboratory setup. In the case of ozone deposition to a saturated iodide solution, can be assumed to be zero, and so resistance to dry deposition is due to only. Using data of Jones, was estimated as the inverse to deposition velocity and found to be 3130 s m−1. This was used as typical for laboratory conditions such as those in which these experiments were executed. Combining and the rate constant used in Magi et al. [18] for sea-surface O3-I reactions, we can define the experimental setup in terms of Fairall’s dry deposition velocity equation. A surface turbulence term (τ) is required to be combined with to replicate the Martino et al. [12] experiments. Consequently, the dry deposition velocity to seawater can be written as follows: where is the solubility of ozone, is the 2nd order rate constant of ozone and reactant is the molar constant of reactant in the water surface, and is the diffusivity of ozone in seawater. First, by fitting the right hand side version of the equation to the Martino data (Figure 2), we calculate , then we calculate the 2nd order rate constant for ozone and DOC reactions (). Oceanic DOC concentrations were estimated using the relationship between chlorophyll and DOC as described by Kepkay and Wells [19] based on their study in the North Atlantic: . Typical iodide concentrations for summer-period coastal waters off the west coast of Ireland were taken as 50 nM I [20] and a typical chlorophyll-a concentration of 1 mg/m3 derived from MODIS (http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov). Other variables in the model, including ozone solubility and diffusivity were set up as outlined in Coleman et al. [9].
Figure 2: Experimental data from Martino et al., (2012), where deposition velocity of ozone was measured as a function of varying (a) iodide and (b) DOC concentrations.
4. Results and Discussion
The measured and modelled fluxes and corresponding deposition velocities are illustrated in Figure 3 for the duration of the short campaign study (days 222–225 or August 10–13, 2010). The measured fluxes were averaged over 30 minute intervals. Uncertainty in measurements is represented by error bars in Figure 3. The primary source of uncertainty is in the O3 analysers which are precise only to the nearest ppb. Periods of low tide influence the measurements, as was similarly observed by Whitehead et al. [21] and are depicted in the shaded areas. U22 values during this period were mostly below 10 m s−1, with predominant NW wind directions. Gradient fluxes were mostly negative, indicating a surface sink. It can be noted here that low tide occurred around midday on all four days, coinciding with the daily solar radiation maximum, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Ozone fluxes at Mace Head between August 10 and 13, 2010, measured using the gradient technique and modelled using deposition scheme of Fairall et al. [10].
Both the modelled and measured fluxes are in accordance with those observed by Gallagher et al. [7] using the eddy covariance technique. Although the modelled fluxes are the same order of magnitude as the measured fluxes, variations in measured fluxes are not reproduced in initial box model results. The surface transfer represents the main bottleneck in ozone deposition to water surfaces [10]. Reactivity (), a first order loss rate representing chemical depletion of ozone in the sea surface layer, represents the biggest uncertainty in surface transfer, and comparison with the observations suggests that some important reactivity processes are either missing or unknown.
Referring to Figure 3, it is apparent that, excluding fluxes associated with low-tide conditions, episodes of large negative fluxes coincide with high solar irradiation. This suggests that there may be photoenhancement of ozone reactions. Gas-phase reactions above the water surface but below the lowest measurement level may partially contribute to the discrepancy between the model results and measurements; however, given that halogen concentrations are more than an order of magnitude lower than O3 [22], the contribution of such reactions to the gradient is thought to be negligible; consequently, the increased flux was attributed to water-phase ozone reactions. Although Küpper et al. [23] found reactions of ozone and iodide to be light-independent, a recent study by Reeser et al. [6] demonstrated photoenhancement of reactions between ozone and organic substances. A possible reason for the photoenhancement of ozone-organic reactions can be deduced from the study of Zepp et al. [24] which describes how UV radiation alters the availability of aquatic dissolved organic matter (DOM) to microorganisms and accelerates photodegradation of DOM which may increase ocean reactivity to ozone by exposing more reactive species. In an attempt to replicate the nontidal ozone flux trends associated with irradiance, we introduce a photochemical enhancement factor for the modelled ozone-DOC reactions, whereby ozone reactions are enhanced by a factor of 20 in the presence of maximum solar radiation, and a linear scaling was applied to the reactivity term. This scaling is a crude first order approximation, and the scaling limits were chosen to match the box-model results to the in situ data, results are depicted in Figure 3. While we are lacking quantitative information relating to the enhancing effect of light on ozone-DOC reactivity, it is clear that introducing this photochemical enhancement significantly improves the replication of the experimental data by the model. The inclusion of this new photochemical term results in an increase of the ozone deposition loss rate of up to 0.6 ppb per hour compared to 0.2 ppb per hour without the photochemistry.
Episodes of high downward ozone observed on days 223.5 and 224.5 are not reproduced by the model, but are most likely due to a combination of high wind speeds and low-tidal exposure of macroalgae. The macroalgae exposure during low tide enhances ozone deposition on both physical and chemical levels: physically, ozone deposition to the rougher macroalgae surface would be more significant than to a water surface, while chemically, exposure of macroalgae to ozone stimulates oxidative stress, inducing release of molecular iodine [25] which rapidly reacts with ambient ozone, causing further depletion and perhaps an apparent increase in the downward ozone flux. Referring to Figure 1, a significant portion of the flux footprint lies within the tidal zone, indicating an augmented tidal influence during these periods. Increased depositional fluxes observed at nocturnal high tide on days 223 and 224 are not reproduced by the model. These high fluxes occur at periods of low wind speeds, and so it is likely that the flux enhancement occurs due to variations in water phase chemical reactivity. The model parameterises oceanic chemical reactivity using typical oceanic iodide and DOC concentrations and so variations in ocean tide reactivity are not accounted for in these results.
5. Conclusion
Photoenhancement of ozone-DOC reactions must be considered in the ozone dry deposition parameterisation to yield results corresponding to in situ gradient flux measurements. Presuming turbulence is adequately accounted for in surface transfer in the Fairall scheme, the ozone reactivity must be solar dependent. Inclusion of the solar radiation enhancement of sea-surface ozone reactions in the ozone deposition parameterisation causes an increase in modelled ozone flux of 38.5%, a significant enhancement to an ozone marine loss mechanism. Laboratory studies are required to quantify the effect of solar radiation on ozone with DOC, but this work indicates that failure to consider photoenhancement of ozone reactions with DOC would result in underestimation of ozone lost to sea surface via dry deposition, a loss mechanism especially pertinent for modelling intercontinental transport of ozone. Coupled with the knowledge that global concentrations of ocean-dwelling phytoplankton are in decline [26, 27], the decrease in organic matter in the Atlantic, and associated deposition flux reduction, may be a contributing factor in the previously unexplained rise in background ozone concentration as found in Mace Head [2].
Acknowledgments
The EPA, under Contracts CCRP5.3 (EASI-AQCIS), 2006-AQ-MS-50 (Ozone Trends in Ireland), and CCRP-09-FS-4-2, and Air Quality-Climate Interactions are acknowledged for support of this work.
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Molecules 2008, 13(1), 31-40; doi:10.3390/molecules13010031
Article
Efficacy of DA-7218, a New Oxazolidinone Prodrug, in the Treatment of Experimental Actinomycetoma Produced by Nocardia brasiliensis
1 Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José E. González” Ave. Madero y Gonzalitos S/N Col. Mitras Centro Monterrey, N.L. México 64460 2 Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico 3 Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste (CIBIN) del IMSS, 2 de Abril y San Luis Potosí, Col. Independencia, Monterrey, N.L., México 64720 4 Research Laboratory, Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yongin, and College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 2 November 2007; in revised form: 29 December 2007 / Accepted: 29 December 2007 / Published: 11 January 2008
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prodrugs)
Download PDF Full-Text [221 KB, uploaded 1 October 2008 09:18 CEST]
Abstract: Two recently synthesized oxazolidinones: (R)-3-(4-(2-(2-methyltetrazol-5-yl)-pyridin-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-hydroxymethyloxazolidin-2-one (DA-7157) and itscorresponding pro-drug (R)-3-(4-(2-(2-methyltetrazol-5-yl)-pyridin-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl) methyl disodium phosphate (DA-7218), have shown very goodactivity against several Gram positive bacteria, including Nocardia and Mycobacterium. Inthe present work we evaluated the therapeutic in vivo effects of DA-7218 on Nocardiabrasiliensis. We first determined the plasma concentration of the prodrug in BALB/c miceusing several doses and then tested its activity in an in vivo experimental actinomycetomamurine model. At the end of treatment, there was a statistically significant differencebetween the three drug receiving groups (25, 12.5 and 5 mg/kg) and the control group(saline solution) (p=0.001), proving that DA-7218 is effective for the treatment of experimental murine actinomycetoma. This compound could be a potential option forpatients affected with mycetoma by Nocardia brasiliensis.
Keywords: actinomycetoma; oxazolidinones; prodrug; Nocardia brasiliensis
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MDPI and ACS Style
Espinoza-González, N.A.; Welsh, O.; De Torres, N.W.; Cavazos-Rocha, N.; Ocampo-Candiani, J.; Said-Fernandez, S.; Lozano-Garza, G.; Choi, S.-H.; Vera-Cabrera, L. Efficacy of DA-7218, a New Oxazolidinone Prodrug, in the Treatment of Experimental Actinomycetoma Produced by Nocardia brasiliensis. Molecules 2008, 13, 31-40.
AMA Style
Espinoza-González NA, Welsh O, De Torres NW, Cavazos-Rocha N, Ocampo-Candiani J, Said-Fernandez S, Lozano-Garza G, Choi S-H, Vera-Cabrera L. Efficacy of DA-7218, a New Oxazolidinone Prodrug, in the Treatment of Experimental Actinomycetoma Produced by Nocardia brasiliensis. Molecules. 2008; 13(1):31-40.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Espinoza-González, Nelly A.; Welsh, Oliverio; De Torres, Noemi W.; Cavazos-Rocha, Norma; Ocampo-Candiani, Jorge; Said-Fernandez, Salvador; Lozano-Garza, Gerardo; Choi, Sung-Hak; Vera-Cabrera, Lucio. 2008. "Efficacy of DA-7218, a New Oxazolidinone Prodrug, in the Treatment of Experimental Actinomycetoma Produced by Nocardia brasiliensis." Molecules 13, no. 1: 31-40.
Molecules EISSN 1420-3049 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2008, 9(12), 2570-2584; doi:10.3390/ijms9122570
Review
Zearalenone and Reproductive Function in Farm Animals
1 Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR)/ Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70125 Bari, Italy 2 Department of Animal Production, University of Bari / Strada Provinciale Casamassima Km3, 70100 Valenzano, Italy
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 3 November 2008; in revised form: 4 December 2008 / Accepted: 8 December 2008 / Published: 11 December 2008
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Abstract: Farm animals are exposed to zearalenone through the feed because of the widespread occurrence of this mycotoxin in cereals and clinical reproductive disorders due to mycotoxin effects are often reported in farm animal species. This review describes the metabolism, the mechanistic aspects, the clinical reproductive symptoms and the in vitro effects on functional parameters of oocytes and sperm cells induced by zearalenone and its derivatives in farm animals. The studies on in vitro effects allow to understand the action mechanisms of mycotoxins and, sometime, to explain the in vivo symptoms. The impairment of semen quality and female reproductive function induced by zearalenone could be a factor responsible for the reproductive failure in farm animals.
Keywords: Zearalenone and its derivatives; farm animals; in vivo; in vitro
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Minervini, F.; Dell’Aquila, M.E. Zearalenone and Reproductive Function in Farm Animals. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2008, 9, 2570-2584.
AMA Style
Minervini F, Dell’Aquila ME. Zearalenone and Reproductive Function in Farm Animals. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2008; 9(12):2570-2584.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Minervini, Fiorenza; Dell’Aquila, Maria Elena. 2008. "Zearalenone and Reproductive Function in Farm Animals." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 9, no. 12: 2570-2584.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. EISSN 1422-0067 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Contributions
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Puritan Consistency.
--A historian of the Puritans, in writing some twenty-five years ago, remarks that "it is irresistibly amusing to see how the Puritans copied England in bad things, though all the while bitterly abusing her. They ventured a revolution, because taxed without their own consent, but they had nevertheless adopted such a principle as quite right for them." They never hesitated to tax English property, wherever they could, by any pretence, lay their hands on it. Mr. Feit, one of their writers, admits, that as early as 1639, "they ordered persons here, (Salons, Mass.) and throughout the colony," who owned estates in England, to be taxed for them. These persons owning these estates, were not allowed to vote in Puritan councils, nor be so much as freemen, unless they owned the Puritan covenant. Without representation, without a title to so much as the elective franchise, they might be taxed for estates situated under another Government, three thousand miles away, and taxed over again under that Government, for its legitimate support. Who does not see that their outcry against the taxation of England without representation was miserable pretext, especially when that taxation was looked upon by England as but as equivalent for charter privileges?
Another example of Puritan inconsistency in thus referred to by our author. They thought it vast indignity for the English to call us rebels. But so soon us an Indian, after being wheedled into an act of which he knew nothing of the import, a declaration of allegiance to the British Crown, dared to act contrary to loyalty, he was a rebel of the most malignant heinousness, and if he escaped with life and servile bondage, might think himself fall fortunate. A war against these rebels in pronounced "a war as righteous as ever was waged." Had not Puritan advocates better be more chary of the reputation of the days of 176 If a war against rebels is as righteous is any, monarchical tories would make them a low bow for such exquisite orthodoxy.
But such has been the character of this pestilent breed from the beginning. Rebellion against a Puritan heresy they hold to be treason against God as well as man. When they were out of power, resistance to tyrants was obedience to God. When they were in power, circumstances . Rev. Dr, Maybew, who preached a most furious philippic against King Charles L's day, when the Puritans got the reins, that "government is , and not in . This is the upon which the of the same men are noting new. The very people who wanted to the Union in 1812, and who
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Globe Wireless Names Alex Van Knotsenborg Senior Vice President of Sales
Printer-friendly versionPDF version
Alex Van Knotsenborg Senior Vice President of Sales
Globe Wireless, a leading provider of communications, operational and IT solutions to the maritime industry, today announced that Alex Van Knotsenborg has been promoted to Senior VP of Sales.
Mr. Van Knotsenborg will take on the overall management of the Globe Wireless international direct sales force. He will be responsible for increasing Globe’s brand awareness and customer base as well as continuing Globe’s strength of a global direct sales force.
Mr. Van Knotsenborg has worked in the maritime industry since 1981 and has been with Globe for 15 years recently as VP of Sales, Europe. His extensive maritime background and industry knowledge makes him an ideal candidate to help continue the growth that Globe Wireless has continued to experience.
“I am extremely happy to announce this important internal promotion.” Said David Kagan, President Globe Wireless. “Alex has shown great leadership in Europe managing the sales force there and this was a natural move for Globe to make. This move will strengthen our commitment to customers in the field and provide a strong voice within the senior management group on behalf of our customers.”
News Source : Globe Wireless Names Alex Van Knotsenborg Senior Vice President of Sales
Copy this html code to your website/blog and link to this press release.
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Media Contact: Margarita Wagerson
Medical innovation summit to focus on biomedical innovation for children
March event will convene international innovation experts, share ideas aimed at advancing life-saving pediatric medical technologies
Martin L. Bocks, M.D. is among the expert speakers
that will present at the summit.
ANN ARBOR, Mich. - The University of Michigan is hosting the three-day summit that will focus attention on the widespread shortage of medical technologies to help sick children.
The first-ever event, titled“Achieving Global Biomedical Innovation for Children,” will convene experts from diverse sectors. Speakers will include corporate research and development leaders, government officials, scientists, researchers, doctors, and manufacturers. They will share pediatric product success stories, strategies for overcoming commercial barriers, and design solutions to emerging pediatric clinical markets. The summit is March 20-22 at the Sheraton Ann Arbor Hotel. To register, visit https://micsummit2012.pulse220.com/
Because fewer children than adults get sick, companies have in the past projected a small profit potential for investment in pediatric medical device, diagnostic, and therapeutic research.
But research and development companies, manufacturers, and academic researchers have shown increased interest in pediatric product innovation in recent years. In addition, money set aside by Congress in 2007 has spurred pediatric medical device innovation among institutions around the country, including the University of Michigan.
In 2009, the U-M Medical Innovation Center’s Pediatric Device Consortium, also known as M-PED, was awarded a $2.3 million grant from the FDA for pediatric device development. In 2011, M-PED along with its Roanoke, VA-based partner, the Pediatric Medical Device Institute (PMDI) was awarded an additional $2.2 million grant for device development. These grants have led to innovation and collaboration among institutions, which are in turn maximizing collaboration, expertise, data sharing, and research capabilities.
The March event will feature expert speakers in a variety of disciplines. Some are also expected to present on products that are currently in development for children. Speakers include:
• Dan Strauch, director of marketing for maternal infant care at GE Healthcare, has been involved in the development and marketing of products for the neonatal intensive care unit for 17 years.
• Richard G. Ohye, M.D., associate professor of surgery and director of pediatric cardiac surgery and pediatric cardiovascular transplant program at the University of Michigan, is an expert in pediatric cardiac device development, clinical research, and the importance of evidence-based medicine.
• Martin Bocks, M.D., assistant professor of pediatrics and internal medicine at U-M, is an expert in pediatric and adult interventional cardiac catheterization on patients with structural heart disease. His interests also include pediatric cardiac device development and animal model optimization for medical device testing. Bocks testified with others from the pediatric device consortia in Congress this month for a reauthorization of the Pediatric Medical Device Safety and Improvement Reauthorization Act of 2012, which supports the continued development of medical devices for children.
• Susan Alpert, Ph.D., M.D., retired senior vice president and chief regulatory officer at Medtronic, who was responsible for the company’s global regulatory efforts. Prior to joining Medtronic, Susan served C.R. Bard, Inc., as Vice President of Regulatory Sciences. She also worked at the FDA, where she held a variety of positions in the Centers dealing with drugs, devices and radiological health, and foods, including six years as the Director of the Office of Device Evaluation.
• Robert H. Bartlett, M.D., U-M professor emeritus of general surgery, is best known for developing the extracorporeal membrane oxygen machine, or ECMO, a modified heart-lung machine used around the world for patients with acute heart or lung failure.
• Daniel Teitelbaum, M.D., U-M professor of surgery at the C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital and the Medical Director for HomeMed and MedEquip for the University of Michigan, has expertise in surgery for Hirschsprung’s disease, ambiguous genitalia, short bowel syndrome, and intestinal failure. Teitelbaum has received an FDA grant through the Michigan Pediatric Device Consortium for a bowel- lengthening medical device.
• James Geiger, M.D., U-M professor of surgery and pediatric surgeon at C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital, is a recognized expert in advanced laparoscopic surgery and robotic surgery techniques and is co-founder and executive director of the Medical Innovation Center. He is developing and commercializing a number of medical devices and has been involved in global device innovation projects, including in international markets such as Uganda.
Resources:
For information on the summit, visit:http://www.med.umich.edu/ummic/about/summit.shtml
Summit agenda and speaker bios:http://www.wagdesign.com/client/MIC/schedule.htm
To register, become a sponsor, or view logos of current sponsors:https://micsummit2012.pulse220.com/
About C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital:
The University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital is consistently ranked as one of the best hospitals in the country. It was nationally ranked in all ten pediatric specialties in the U.S. News Media Group’s 2011 edition of "America’s Best Children’s Hospitals" including third in the country for heart and heart surgery. The hospital is now in a new 1.1 million square feet, $754 million state-of-the-art facility that is home to cutting-edge specialty services for newborns, children and women.
NOTICE: Except where otherwise noted, all articles are published under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. You are free to copy, distribute, adapt, transmit, or make commercial use of this work as long as you attribute the University of Michigan Health System as the original creator and include a link to this article.
Media Inquiries: 734-764-2220 8 a.m.-5 p.m. ET
734-936-4000 after hours, weekends, and holidays (ask for the PR person on call) umhsmedia@umich.edu for embargoed news, videos & more
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Place:Hastings, Dakota, Minnesota, United States
Watchers
NameHastings
TypeCity
Coordinates44.733°N 92.85°W
Located inDakota, Minnesota, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Hastings is a city in Dakota and Washington counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota, near the confluence of the Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers. The population was 22,172 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Dakota County. The bulk of Hastings is in Dakota County; only a small part of the city extends into Washington County. The city is named for the first elected governor of the state of Minnesota, Henry Hastings Sibley.
The advantages of the location that led to Hastings' original growth are that it is well-drained, provides a good riverboat port, and is close to a hydropower resource at the falls of the Vermillion River. Sites closer to the river confluence are either too swampy (Dakota County) or too hilly (Washington County and Pierce County, Wisconsin).
U.S. Route 61 and Minnesota State Highways 55 and 316 are three of the main arterial routes in the city.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Hastings, Minnesota. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Place:South Holland, Cook, Illinois, United States
Watchers
NameSouth Holland
TypeVillage
Coordinates41.598°N 87.599°W
Located inCook, Illinois, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
South Holland is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States and serves as the seat of Thornton Township. The population was 22,030 at the 2010 census.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at South Holland, Illinois. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
7215.0 - Livestock Products, Australia, Sep 1997
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 11/04/1997
Future Releases
• Next Issue: Jun 2013 expected for release on 12/08/2013
Past Releases
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1367.0 - State and Territory Statistical Indicators, 2012
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 27/01/2012 Final
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS
INDUSTRY GROSS VALUE ADDED
• The industries in NSW which made the greatest contribution to the state's gross product in 2010-11 in volume terms were: Financial and insurance services (13.5%), Manufacturing (8.6%), Ownership of dwellings (8.5%), Professional, scientific and technical services (7.0%), and Construction (5.9%).
• From 2000-01 to 2010-11, the Construction industry recorded a 78.6% increase in value added. This represented the highest increase of all industries in NSW. During the same period, the Rental, hiring and real estate services industry recorded the largest decrease of 15.2%.
Useful Links
What is the contribution of individual industries to the gross product in your state or territory?
Industry Gross Value Added (IGVA) measures the value of industry production. It is used to measure the contribution of individual industries to the gross product of a state or territory.
Gross State Product (GSP) is a measure of the production of goods and services within a state or territory. This is defined equivalently to gross domestic product (GDP) but is for a State/Territory rather than to the nation as a whole.
These estimates are all expressed in Chain Volume terms. Chain Volume estimates provide time series of expenditure and production aggregates that are free of the direct effects of price change.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Firefox is Green
Ken Kovash
13
We recently ran a week long A/B optimization test at www.mozilla.com where we rotated in a few different colors of the Firefox download button. (You may recall that we’ve previously conducted one prior multivariate test on the Firefox product/download page… check it out for some historical context.) For this current test, here was our existing page and download button:
Within this page (the green download button was our “control” color), we randomly rotated three other colors of the download button – blue, purple, and orange/yellow:
The results are below. The difference between a 76.5% conversion rate and a 77.3% conversion rate is a 1% lift, i.e., the percentage change between those two percentages. So, what does this translate to in terms of Firefox usage? Assuming we see about 500K daily downloads at www.mozilla.com, a 1% lift translates to nearly 2 million marginal, or incremental, downloads annually (i.e., 2 million potential new Firefox users we would have otherwise lost).
We’re already running the winning button color, so we’re now looking forward to future optimization testing (e.g., a download button quadrupled in size, an octagon shaped download button, a button centered within the page, etc.) to see if we can actually gain a 1% lift (or ideally a 5%+ lift), and in the process, improve our site experience for millions of new Firefox users.
Lastly, I want to thank John Slater, Laura Mesa, Monique Johnson, Stephen Donner, Neil Lee, Jeremy Orem, and Alex Buchanan for making this initiative happen.
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Talk:Ubuntu installation guide
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 02:40, 3 September 2008 by RogérioBrito (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This could be improved, as there is already a device-tree-compiler package on Debian (which means that it should probably also be present on Ubuntu).
This would simplify things, as there are less requirements (for instance, no need to use git, flex and bison).
A second thing is that the git tree presented here is outdated. The new tree seems to reside at ozlabs.
A third improvement is that I have packaged avr_evtd, so it is unnecessary for users to compile their own. This helps keep things simple (as they should be).
A fourth improvement is that Debian already has uboot-mkimage available. This makes the compilation of the kernel even easier.
Personal tools
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Revisionism: The Provisional Republican Movement
Robert Perry
Abstract
This article explores the developments within the Provisional Republican Movement (IRA and Sinn Fein), its politicization in the 1980s, and the Sinn Fein strategy of recent years. It discusses the Provisionals’ ending of the use of political violence and the movement’s drift or determined policy towards entering the political mainstream, the acceptance of democratic norms. The sustained focus of my article is consideration of the revision of core Provisional principles. It analyses the reasons for this revisionism and it considers the reaction to and consequences of this revisionism.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Journal of Politics and Law ISSN 1913-9047 (Print) ISSN 1913-9055 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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"url": "crantastic.org/packages/crosshybDetector",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:24:18.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:f52c783d-4ae6-438e-a28d-dc8b26762231>",
"warc_url": "http://crantastic.org/packages/crosshybDetector"
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crosshybDetector (1.0.5)
0 users
Detection of cross-hybridization events in microarray experiments.
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/crosshybDetector
Functions for identification of probes potentially affected by cross-hybridizations in microarray experiments. Includes functions for diagnostic plots. The package contains code from the dismissed pairseqsim package (removed in BioConductor > 1.9 ), created by Witold Wolski <<a href="mailto:witek96@users.sourceforge.net">witek96@users.sourceforge.net</a>> and released under GNU LGPL license
Maintainer: Paolo Uva
Author(s): Paolo Uva <paolo.uva@gmail.com>
License: LGPL
Uses: Does not use any package
Released about 3 years ago.
3 previous versions
Ratings
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(0 votes)
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Visit crosshybDetector on R Graphical Manual.
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Modify
Opened 5 years ago
Closed 5 years ago
Last modified 5 years ago
#1613 closed defect (fixed)
josm doesn't start up if message of the day is not available
Reported by: rich@… Owned by: framm
Priority: minor Component: Core
Version: Keywords:
Cc:
Description
it seems that josm fails to start up if motd is not available.
it starts up fine if internet connection is not available in this case.
there should be a reasonable timeout for motd retrieval
Attachments (0)
Change History (3)
comment:1 Changed 5 years ago by anonymous
• Component changed from unspecified to Core
• Priority changed from major to minor
comment:2 Changed 5 years ago by anonymous
• Resolution set to fixed
• Status changed from new to closed
comment:3 Changed 5 years ago by richlv <rich@…>
Modify Ticket
Change Properties
<Author field>
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as closed .
as The resolution will be set. Next status will be 'closed'.
The resolution will be deleted. Next status will be 'reopened'.
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E-mail address and user name can be saved in the Preferences.
Note: See TracTickets for help on using tickets.
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Mar 222012
This is an article of mine, first published on Wazi
You can read the first part here
In this article we’ll see how apply BPF filters to wireshark to show the details of an HTTP session, an e-mail session and how to monitor who is visiting a certain site from our local network.
Finally I will make a summary of the most useful filters to use with Wireshark.
Here’s another classic example – an HTTP session. As before, start Wireshark and start capturing the traffic from the interface that goes out. Today, most HTTP traffic is compressed to speed up the exchange of information, so by default Wireshark decompresses the body part of HTTP packets. You can click on Edit -> Preferences -> Protocols -> HTTP and verify that “Uncompress entity bodies” is checked.
During the capture, set a filter to show only HTTP traffic by entering http. Each web page that any users on your network visits will generate this kind of traffic for you to catch – which may be a lot of information. Perhaps you are interested in following a particular kind of information, or a particular user. To do that, choose an http request in the main windows where you see all the packets, right-click on it, and choose the option “Follow TCP Stream.” Wireshark will open a new window containing the reconstruction of that entire HTTP session in chronological order.
You can also isolate only requests toward a specific site – Facebook, for example – to see which IP addresses are requesting it, by placing the filter http.request.uri contains facebook in the Filter field.
Now suppose you want to see all the traffic coming in and out of one specific computers. You could filter for mac-address to be sure to pinpoint the right client. To get the mac-address of the target on the other end of the connection, first issue a ping command to the hostname or URL of the target computer to learn its IP address. Then run the arp command:
ping target.com
arp -a
In the list returned by the arp command, search for the IP address you found with the ping command. Once you have the MAC address – say, “AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF” – type in the filter box:
eth.addr == AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF
Alternatively, you could filter by IP address, but on a network that uses DHCP to assign IP addresses, the target’s IP address could change at any time:
ip.addr == 192.168.0.1
Click apply, and you will see only the traffic that is coming from, or going to, that IP or MAC address. With the option “ip” selected, all Internet Protocol traffic is shown, which is fine in the 99% of cases.
Instead of the ip.addr filter you can use the capture filter “Host” in this way:
host 192.168.0.1
By entering this setting as a capturing filter, Wireshark captures all traffic to and from 192.168.0.1, regardless of the type.
Now suppose you want to capture all traffic using specific protocols generated by a host, such as pop3, ftp, http, or messenger. In the filter box, enter:
ip.addr == 192.168.0.1 and (http or ftp or messenger or pop)
This says show all the traffic generated or directed to the IP address 192.168.0.1 and display only http or ftp or pop or messenger packets.
You can capture all such traffic that runs over your network with a specific address or from multiple clients:
ip.addr == 192.168.0 and (http or ftp or messenger or pop)
The Most Common Filters for Wireshark
On top of all of the filters we’ve look at so far, here are a few more useful ones. For a complete list of possible filters, refer to the official Wireshark Capture and Display filters page.
• ip.addr==192.168.0.1 — Show all traffic from and to 192.168.0.1
• tcp.port==80 — Show all the traffic with 80 as a source or destination port
• ip.src==192.168.0.1 and ip.dst==10.100.1.1 — Show all the traffic that starts from 192.168.0.1 and has as target 10.100.1.1
• ftp — Show only the traffic for the ftp protocol
• http — Show only the traffic for the http protocol
• dns — Show only the traffic for the dns protocol
• http.request.uri contains string — Show all http traffic where the url contains the word “string.”
BPF filter technology makes Wireshark powerful and versatile, but this is just a hint of all this tool can do. It would take a whole other article or two to cover things like how Wireshark can check for potential DDOS attacks on your network, or analyze the quality of the SIP protocol for your VOIP solution.
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He that has pity on the poor lends to the Lord. Bible
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The most successful tempters and thus the most dangerous are the deluded deluders. Lichtenberg, Georg C.
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Georg Christoph Lichtenberg , 1742-99, German physicist and satirist. He taught at the Univ. of Göttingen, where his special field was electricity. Lichtenberg made several visits to England and was influenced by the satire of Swift and by the English theater. He satirized the pseudoscience of Lavater and attacked the Sturm und Drang writers. He also wrote witty commentaries on Hogarth's engravings.
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Repeticio est mater studiorum. Repetition is the mother of all learning. Acquinas, Saint Thomas
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Confession is always weakness. The grave soul keeps its own secrets, and takes its own punishment in silence. Dix, Dorothy
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Quotes about suggestion
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dwade
The Miami Heat’s campaign of terrorizing children continues
The Miami Heat continue to do themselves no favors out there on the PR front. For the second straight summer, Dwyane Wade has descended up on a youth camp only to find a way to viciously reject children's shots. This time, it was at his own basketball camp. It comes from our friends at Hot [...]
July 15, 2011 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized Comments Off
Remember… Dwyane Wade likes to embarrass children
This is a little something I witnessed at the World Basketball Festival this summer. This is Dwyane Wade at Rucker Park in New York "teaching" kids basketball… apparently by viciously rejecting their shots and taunting them. I figured since DWade's character was being questioned after the Rondo injury, I'd go back into the annals of [...]
May 9, 2011 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized 4
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8221.4 - Manufacturing Industry, South Australia, 1993-94
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
Statistics by Release Date
December, 1944
04/12/1944 Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue, 1943-44 (cat no. 5409.0)
01/12/1944 Labour Report, 1944 (cat no. 6101.0)
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Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8635.5.40.001 - Tourist Accommodation, Small Area Data, Western Australia, Mar 2002
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 01/07/2002
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• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Contains the results from the on-going quarterly Survey of Tourist Accommodation. Data provide information on the supply of, and demand for, tourist accommodation facilities. Data include number of establishments, capacity and employment for the quarter and occupancy and takings from accommodation for each month; by type of establishment and by star grading. This data report includes information for selected small areas and for Tourism Regions. This is a useful reference for policy makers and tourism industry monitors and advisers.
Since March quarter 1998 all hotels, motels and guest houses and serviced apartments with 15 or more rooms/units have been included in the survey. Every third year, beginning in 2000, the survey also includes caravan parks with 40 or more powered sites or cabins, visitor hostels with 25 or more bed spaces and holiday flats and units operated by owners, managers or real estate agents with sole letting rights to 15 or more units.
The State and Territory Tourist Accommodation publications, from 8635.1.40.001 to 8635.7.40.001, have been discontinued.
These have been continued by Data Cubes, in Excel format, from 8635.1.55.001 to 8635.8.55.001
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5368.0 - International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia, Jan 2011 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 03/03/2011
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RELATED PUBLICATIONS
CONCEPTS, SOURCES AND METHODS
The Balance of Payments and International Investment Position, Australia: Concepts, Sources and Methods (cat. no. 5331.0), is being revised to reflect the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual, sixth edition (BPM6). The first part of the revised Concepts, Sources and Methods will be released on 8 March 2011. This part will focus on the Goods account. Details on other parts of the account will be released in coming months.
PROPOSED CHANGES TO STATISTICAL CODES IN THE AUSTRALIAN HARMONIZED EXPORT COMMODITY CLASSIFICATION (AHECC) 2012
The Information paper: Proposed changes to statistical codes in the AHECC, 2012 (cat. no. 5368.0.55.015) will be released on the ABS website on 24 March 2011. This information paper presents the proposed Australian Harmonized Export Commodity Classification (AHECC) statistical structure for use from 1 January 2012. Changes to the AHECC result from the introduction of the five yearly review conducted by the World Customs Organisation and the ABS review of statistical codes. This paper enables users of detailed merchandise trade export statistics to review and comment on proposed changes to statistical codes.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AUSTRALIAN EXPORTERS
The publication Characteristics of Australian Exporters, 2009-10 (cat. no. 5368.0.55.006) will be released on 30 March 2011. This publication will analyse the number and characteristics of Australia's exporters. Estimates of exporters of merchandise trade are compiled from data sourced from the Australian Customs and Border Protection Service and from the Australian Taxation Office's Australian Business Register. Estimates on exporters of services are compiled largely from the ABS Survey of International Trade in Services.
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Air pollutant emissions to exceed limits
Published : Sep 24, 2010 Last modified : Apr 13, 2011 07:17 PM
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In 2010, around half of the European Union's Member States expect to surpass one or more of the legal limits set by the National Emission Ceilings Directive (NEC Directive). The annual status report released today by the European Environment Agency (EEA) confirms that 11 countries anticipate an exceedance of their ceilings for NOx — some by more than 40 %.
Of the four pollutants covered by the NEC Directive status report 2009, EU Member States have the greatest difficulty meeting the emission limits for nitrogen oxides (NOx). Only 16 expect to remain within their respective NOx ceilings, with road transport bearing much of the blame. The road transport sector contributed around 40 % of total EU-27 NOx emissions in 2008 and although its overall emissions have decreased since 1990, the reduction has not always been as large as originally anticipated. This is partly because the sector has grown more than expected and partly because vehicle emission standards, especially those for diesel vehicles, have not always delivered the foreseen level of NOx reductions.
Several Member States, including Slovenia, Sweden and the United Kingdom, expect to exceed their respective NOx ceilings by small margins (less than 5 %). In contrast, France and Spain expect to exceed their ceilings by 261 kilotonnes and 236 kilotonnes respectively — equivalent to surpluses of 32 % and 28 %. Other countries, expecting lower surpluses in absolute terms, would exceed their limits by even larger margins, notably Austria (42 %), Belgium (43 %) and Ireland (47 %).
Overview of WM projections (1) as reported by the EU-27 Member States
Member State
NOX
NMVOC
SO2
NH3
Austria
X
x
Belgium
X
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
X
Germany
x
X
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
X
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
X
Malta
X
X
Netherlands
x
Poland
Portugal
x
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
x
Spain
X
X
x
Sweden
x
United Kingdom
x
16
24
26
24
x
11
3
1
3
A '' indicates that the Member State anticipates remaining within its emission ceiling for a pollutant, while 'x' indicates that a ceiling is expected to be exceeded. The larger 'X' indicates those instances where a Member State anticipates exceeding its ceiling by more than 10 %, the smaller 'x' denotes exceedances of less than 10 %.
(1) Member State emission ceilings are compared against reported 'with measures' (WM) projections. WM projections take into account currently implemented and adopted policies and measures. Where Member States have instead reported only 'business as usual' (BAU) projections, it is assumed for comparison with the ceilings that these are equivalent to a WM projection. Not all Member States have fully incorporated the effects of the recession into their projections for 2010. For these countries, decreased economic activity may improve the chances of meeting their obligations.
What does the NEC Directive cover?
The EU NEC Directive sets pollutant-specific and legally binding emission ceilings (limits) for four main air pollutants: sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and ammonia (NH3). These pollutants harm both human health and the environment by contributing to the formation of ozone and particulate matter and leading to acidification and eutrophication. Member States must meet the NEC Directive’s ceilings by 2010 in order to deliver the originally agreed health and environmental benefits.
What next?
The Thematic Strategy on Air (TSAP) adopted by the Commission in 2005 lists a revision of the NEC Directive as an important action to achieve the health and environmental targets of the TSAP by 2020. This revision is expected to propose stricter emission ceilings for 2020 in order to protect health and the environment further. It could also, for the first time, introduce a ceiling for fine particulate matter (PM2.5). In the absence of new legislation, however, the NEC Directive remains in force and requires that future emissions stay below national ceilings after 2010.
Separately, discussions over setting new 2020 national emission ceilings for European countries have started within the UNECE’s Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution.
NEC data viewer
The EEA publishes the data from the NEC Directive status report 2009 in an air pollutant emissions data viewer, a searchable web-based interface that simplifies access and analysis. The data viewer allows users to compare emissions from different countries and their proximity to the emission ceilings
Country fact sheets on air pollutant emissions
These fact sheets summarise key data on air pollutant emissions separately for each of the EEA member countries. Indicators on past and future emission trends are presented, together with a summary of progress being made towards meeting national emissions ceilings for each country.
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
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Berkeley (1785-1791) County, South CarolinaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States South Carolina Berkeley (1785-1791) County
History
Berkeley (1785-1791) County was created in 1785 in the overarching Charleston District from the northwest central part of Charleston District roughly where present-day Dorchester County and parts of modern Charleston County are found.[1] See the 1785 South Carolina map.
This new 1785 Berkeley County's boundaries only partially overlapped the previous Berkeley County which existed 1682-1768.
Berkeley (1785-1791) County was never surveyed or properly laid out. Its boundaries were ambiguous. Its county government never became functional. Most records were kept at the parish level; none were kept at the county level. There was no county seat. There were no political connotations to the county's existence. In this case the term "county" had no meaning other than to describe an approximate geographical area. It was a county in name only.[1]
Berkeley (1785-1791) County was abolished in 1791.[2]
For documents of people who lived in this area at this time, look in:[3]
References
1. 1.0 1.1 "The Counties from 1664 to Present - In Alphabetical Order" in South Carolina - The Counties at http://www.carolana.com/SC/Counties/sc_counties_alphabetical_order.html (accessed 28 April 2011).
2. A History of the Second Berkeley County, South Carolina in Carolana at http://www.carolana.com/SC/Counties/berkeley1_county_sc.html (accessed 5 May 2011).
3. "South Carolina Districts and Parishes 1760" [map] in Carolana at http://www.carolana.com/SC/Royal_Colony/sc_royal_colony_counties_parishes_1760.html (accessed 7 May 2011).
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Czech Republic PeriodicalsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Back to Czech Republic
Most genealogical and historical societies in North America and in the Czech Republic publish magazines and newsletters. The articles often include:
• Family genealogies and pedigrees
• Transcripts of church records, migration lists, and cemetery records
• Helpful articles on research methodology
• Information about local records, archives, and services
• Book advertisements and book reviews
• Research advertisements
• Queries or requests for information about specific ancestors that can help you contact other interested researchers
Many Czech societies and organizations publish genealogical periodicals. These may be in Czech. Much of their content is devoted to compiled genealogies of native families and local history. They also publish queries or advertisements for genealogical information. The following are some major examples:
Naše rodina "Our Family". (FHL US/CAN Book 973 D25nas).For more information see the Web site: http://cgsi.org/
Heraldika a Genealogie. (FHL INTL Book 943.7 B2Lb). More information can be found online at http://www.heraldica.cz/
Archiv Ostdeutscher Familienforscher
There are many helpful resources on where to find genealogical information in Böhmen/Bohemia
Archiv Ostdeutscher Familienforscher (Archive of Eastgerman Family Researchers)
These periodicals are important since they contain much helpful family historical information on the families of Böhmen/Bohemia; such as births, deaths, marriages, number and names of children for most all locations in Böhmen/Bohemia. These periodicals are found in the collections of the Family History Library of Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. They may be accessed by visiting the Library directly or by locating our Family History Center near you.[1]
Sources
1. Archiv Ostdeutscher Familienforscher Europe 943B2a Multiple Volumes
Obtaining Periodicals
Copies of periodicals are available from the local societies that publish them. Major archives with genealogical collections have copies of many periodicals, particularly those representing the area they serve.
The Family History Library subscribes to some Czech periodicals. These are listed in the catalog in several ways. If you know the title, search the Author/Title section. To find periodicals in the Place search, use the following approaches:
CZECH REPUBLIC - PERIODICALS
CZECH REPUBLIC - GENEALOGY - PERIODICALS
CZECH REPUBLIC - HISTORY - PERIODICALS
CZECH REPUBLIC - SOCIETIES - PERIODICALS
Also see the "Societies" section.
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• This page was last modified on 16 May 2012, at 16:17.
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Modelligo Civil Parish, County WaterfordEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Ireland County Waterford Modelligo Civil Parish
The following information is a starting point for records about the civil parish of Modelligo. The information is based on locations and records before 1922.
Contents
Historical Overview
History
Add a brief statement about historical background, including a Web site link if available.
Localities
List the names of townlands in this civil parish List the names of the surrounding parishes List the names and give a description of a district, poor law union, etc.
Maps and gazetteers
Add a Web site link for a map or gazetteer site, and/or add a printed source. Read more about maps and gazetteers.
Records
Cemeteries
Add references to indexes to gravestones or monumental inscriptions.
Census
The purpose of a census was to gather information about people who lived in an area. While the government began census taking in 1821, only fragments exist before 1901. Censuses for 1901 and 1911 are available. Read more about the records in the Ireland Census article.
Add information here about census substitutes that you know about.
Church records
Read general information about church records.
Catholic
Name(s) of ecclesiastical parish, records, availability, archive, online indexes, notes.
Church of Ireland
Name(s) of ecclesiastical parish, records, availability, archive, online indexes, notes.
Presbyterian
Name(s) of ecclesiastical parish, records, availability, archive, online indexes, notes.
Methodist
Name(s) of ecclesiastical parish, records, availability, archive, online indexes, notes.
Society of Friends
Name(s) of ecclesiastical parish, records, availability, archive, online indexes, notes.
Others
Name(s) of ecclesiastical parish, records, availability, archive, online indexes, notes.
Civil Registration
Government registration of births and deaths began in 1864. Registration of Protestant marriages began in 1845, with all marriages being registered by 1864. Go to the Ireland Civil Registration article to read more about these records.
Land records
The Registry of Deeds started in 1708. Land transactions were recorded, including immovable property passed on in a will and property given to a daughter at her marriage. Read more about these records in the Ireland Land and Property article.
Probate records
Probate dealt with the property of a deceased person. Read more about these records in the Ireland Probate Records article.
Add information about probate records for this parish.
School records
Read more about these records in the Ireland Schools article. Add records for this parish.
Tax records
The valuation of property for tax purposes was started in the 1840s by Richard Griffith. A tax paid to the church, call Tithe Applotments, began in the 1820s. Read about these records in the Ireland Taxation and Ireland Land and Property articles. Add records for this parish that you know about.
Web Sites
Add a site for this civil parish.
Further Reading
Add sources here.
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• This page has been accessed 137 times.
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Prussia-Pommern DirectoriesEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Back to Prussia-Pommern Page
Many Pommern directories are available for searching at www.pommerndatenbank.de
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• This page has been accessed 166 times.
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Spain, Diocese of Albacete, Catholic Church Records (FamilySearch Historical Records)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
This article describes a collection of historical records available at FamilySearch.org.
Contents
Title in the Language of the Records
Registros Parroquiales de la Diócesis Católica de Albacete, España.
Record Description
This collection of Catholic Church records of baptisms, marriages, and burials for the province of Albacete, Spain, covers the years 1504–1979.
Digital copies of baptisms, marriages, and burials of the parishes in the Diocese of Albacete, Spain. This collection includes an index of records of several parishes in the diocese. Additional indexed data will be added as they become available. Usually separate registers were maintained for baptisms, marriages, and deaths. However, in localities with a small population, the entries for these events may have been recorded in the same register. Confirmations were usually recorded with the baptisms. The earlier records may have some words or entries written in Latin. In general, the records were created in chronological order. Includes some separate indexes. The text of the records is in Spanish.
Priests performed the baptisms, marriages, deaths, burials, and other holy sacraments in their assigned parish or parishes. All the original parish records were kept in the parish archive; however, the older records were sent to the diocesan archive, as it is done today. Some earlier records may have been recreated, because the originals may have been destroyed during the Spanish wars. Catholic parish records cover 95 to 100 percent of a city’s population. This collection includes only the parish records that were centralized into the diocesan archive.
Catholic parish registers in Spain were created to record the church sacraments of baptism, marriage, death, burial, and other ordinances.
Catholic Church parish records are a reliable source for doing Spanish genealogical research.
For a list of records by localities and dates currently published in this collection, select the Browse.
Citation for This Collection
The following citation refers to the original source of the information published in FamilySearch.org Historical Record collections. Sources include the author, custodian, publisher and archive for the original records.
"Spain, Diocese of Albacete, Catholic Church Records, 1504-1979." Index and Images. FamilySearch. http://FamilySearch.org : accessed 2013. Citing Archivo Histórico Diocesano de Albacete.
Original records are housed in local parishes throughout the Province of Albacete, Spain.
Suggested citation format for a record in this collection.
Record Content
These baptismal records usually contain the following information:
• Date and place of baptism, including name of parish and priest
• Name and gender of person being baptized
• Date, time and place of birth or age at time of baptism
• Legitimacy stated
• Names of parents including maiden name of mother
• Names of paternal grandparents
• Names of maternal grandparents
• Names of godparents
• Names of witnesses
These marriage records usually contain the following information:
• Date and place of marriage, including name of parish and priest
• Name and age of groom
• Legitimacy of groom
• Civil status and occupation of groom
• Names of groom's parents
• Name and age of bride
• Bride's birthplace
• Names of bride's parents
• Names of witnesses
These death records usually contain the following information:
• Date and place of burial, including name of parish
• Name and age of deceased
• Place of birth of deceased
• Date and place of death
• Cause of death
• Spouse's name, if married
• Parents' names if a minor
• Witnesses' names
• Burial information
• Sometimes, if deceased left a testament, the record will list the children’s names, civil status of deceased (single, divorced, widowed), the name and birthplace of the spouse, and sometimes the parents’ names and where they are from.
How to Use the Records
Begin your search by finding your ancestors in the index. Name indexes to baptisms, marriages, and death or burials make it possible to access a specific record quickly. Remember that these indexes may contain inaccuracies, such as altered spellings, misinterpretations, and optical character recognition errors if the information was scanned.
When searching the index it is helpful to know the following:
• The place where the event occurred
• The name and surname of the person
• The approximate date of the event
• The name of the parents or spouse
Fill in the requested information in the initial search page. This search will return a list of possible matches. Compare the information about the ancestors in the list to what you already know about your ancestors to determine if this is the correct family or person. You may need to compare the information about more than one person to find your ancestor.
For example:
• Use the marriage date and place as the basis for compiling a new family group or for verifying existing information.
• Use the birth date or age along with the place of birth of each partner to find a couple's birth records and parents' names.
• Use the birth date or age along with the place of birth to find the family in census records.
• Use the residence and names of the parents to locate church and land records.
• Occupations listed can lead you to other types of records such as employment or military records.
• Use the parents' birth places to find former residences and to establish a migration pattern for the family.
• The name of the officiator is a clue to their religion or area of residence in the county. However, ministers may have reported marriages performed in other counties.
• Compile the marriage entries for every person who has the same surname as the bride or groom; this is especially helpful in rural areas or if the surname is unusual.
• Continue to search the marriage records to identify children, siblings, parents, and other relatives of the bride and groom who may have married in the same county or nearby. This can help you identify other generations of your family or even the second marriage of a parent. Repeat this process for each new generation you identify.
• Use the marriage number to identify previous marriages.
• When looking for a person who had a common name, look at all the entries for the name before deciding which is correct.
Keep in mind:
• The information in church records is usually reliable, but depends upon the reliability of the informant.
• Earlier records may not contain as much information as the records created after the late 1800.
• There is also some variation in the information given from one record to another.
If you are unable to find the ancestors you are looking for, try the following:
• Check for variant spellings of the surnames.
• Check for a different index. There are often indexes at the beginning of each volume.
• Search the indexes and records of nearby localities.
To search the collection using the browse you will need to follow this series of links:
⇒ Select the "Browse" link in the initial search page
⇒ Select the "Nombre de Ciudad o Pueblo" category
⇒ Select the "Nombre de Parroquia" category
⇒ Select the "Tipo de Registro y Años" category which takes you to the images.
Look at the images one by one comparing the information with what you already know about your ancestors to determine which one is your ancestor. You may need to compare the information about more than one person to make this determination.
Known Issues with This Collection
Problems with this collection?
See a list of known issues, workarounds, tips, restrictions, future fixes, news and other helpful information.
For a full list of all known issues associated with this collection see the attached Wiki article. If you encounter additional problems, please email them to support@familysearch.org. Please include the full path to the link and a description of the problem in your e-mail. Your assistance will help ensure that future reworks will be considered.
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Contributions to This Article
We welcome user additions to FamilySearch Historical Records wiki articles. Guidelines are available to help you make changes. Thank you for any contributions you may provide. If you would like to get more involved join the WikiProject FamilySearch Records.
Citing FamilySearch Historical Collections
When you copy information from a record, you should list where you found the information. This will help you or others to find the record again. It is also good to keep track of records where you did not find information, including the names of the people you looked for in the records.
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Las Vegas Nevada FSL/Class ScheduleEdit This Page
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Byron Preiss - Summary Bibliography
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Koji Kondo
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Koji Kondo
Born August 13, 1960
Occupation at Nintendo Music composer
Koji Kondo (近藤 浩治, born August 13, 1960) is among the most prominent composers of music for Nintendo. As a close friend of Shigeru Miyamoto, most of the games he has composed for are Miyamoto's creations. He is most famous for his works on the Mario and The Legend of Zelda series. The overworld themes of Super Mario Bros. and Super Mario World were his doing, among many other catchy tunes. He sometimes appears at Nintendo Events, like E3, alongside Shigeru Miyamoto. Below is a list of Mario games he has composed for so far:
One of his most famous tunes is the Super Mario Bros. "Ground Theme", which was in the Billboard charts for 125 weeks, and was performed in concerts by live orchestras.[1]
[edit] References
1. ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/gamesblog/2010/sep/13/games-gameculture
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This article is part of the series EMRS-E SiGe 2012.
Nano Express
Nanoscale evidence of erbium clustering in Er-doped silicon-rich silica
Etienne Talbot1*, Rodrigue Lardé1, Philippe Pareige1, Larysa Khomenkova2, Khalil Hijazi2 and Fabrice Gourbilleau2
Author Affiliations
1 Groupe de Physique des Matériaux (GPM), Université et INSA de Rouen, UMR CNRS 6634, Normandie Université, Av. de l’Université, BP 12, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, 76801, France
2 Centre de Recherche sur les Ions, les Matériaux et la Photonique (CIMAP), CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/UCBN, 6 Bd. Maréchal Juin, Caen Cedex 4, 14050, France
For all author emails, please log on.
Nanoscale Research Letters 2013, 8:39 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-8-39
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.nanoscalereslett.com/content/8/1/39
Received:4 October 2012
Accepted:19 November 2012
Published:21 January 2013
© 2013 Talbot et al.; licensee Springer.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Photoluminescence spectroscopy and atom probe tomography were used to explore the optical activity and microstructure of Er3+-doped Si-rich SiO2 thin films fabricated by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. The effect of post-fabrication annealing treatment on the properties of the films was investigated. The evolution of the nanoscale structure upon an annealing treatment was found to control the interrelation between the radiative recombination of the carriers via Si clusters and via 4f shell transitions in Er3+ ions. The most efficient 1.53-μm Er3+ photoluminescence was observed from the films submitted to low-temperature treatment ranging from 600°C to 900°C. An annealing treatment at 1,100°C, used often to form Si nanocrystallites, favors an intense emission in visible spectral range with the maximum peak at about 740 nm. Along with this, a drastic decrease of 1.53-μm Er3+ photoluminescence emission was detected. The atom probe results demonstrated that the clustering of Er3+ ions upon such high-temperature annealing treatment was the main reason. The diffusion parameters of Si and Er3+ ions as well as a chemical composition of different clusters were also obtained. The films annealed at 1,100°C contain pure spherical Si nanocrystallites, ErSi3O6 clusters, and free Er3+ ions embedded in SiO2 host. The mean size and the density of Si nanocrystallites were found to be 1.3± 0.3 nm and (3.1± 0.2)×1018 Si nanocrystallites·cm−3, respectively. The density of ErSi3O6 clusters was estimated to be (2.0± 0.2)×1018 clusters·cm−3, keeping about 30% of the total Er3+ amount. These Er-rich clusters had a mean radius of about 1.5 nm and demonstrated preferable formation in the vicinity of Si nanocrystallites.
Keywords:
Erbium; Silicon; Nanocrystallites; Nanoclusters; Sputtering; Atom probe tomography; Photoluminescence
Background
Silicon-based photonics is a fast growing field of semiconductor nanoscience. A part of this area focuses on the realization of integrated optoelectronic devices (such as light planar waveguide amplifier, light-emitting diodes, lasers, ..) to overcome the interconnect bottleneck for Si-based integrated circuits. In this regard, the use of optical interconnection is the most promising. Among the different strategies, the most considered for Si-based telecommunication are (1) doping of silica fibers with Er3+ ions which offered the emission at the standard telecommunication wavelength (1.53 μm) and (2) incorporation of quantum-confined Si nanoclusters (Si-ncs) or nanocrystallites (Si-NCs) in such doped fibers, favoring an enhancement of Er-effective excitation cross section. Both these approaches fully exploit the individual properties of Si-ncs (Si-NCs) and rare-earth ions [1,2].
It was already demonstrated that Si-nc/SiO2 interface affects significantly not only the properties of the Si-ncs themselves, but also the optical activity of Er3+ ions coupled with Si-ncs [1,3,4]. It was shown that a thin 0.8-nm sub-stoichiometric interface between the Si-nc and the SiO2 host plays a critical role in the Si-nc emission [5,6]. Furthermore, numerous studies allowed the determination of the main mechanism of the interaction between the Si-ncs and the neighboring Er3+ ions [1,2,7]. Along with the effect of structural environment of both Er3+ ions and Si-ncs on their individual properties, it has also been observed that very small Si-ncs, even amorphous, allow an efficient sensitizing effect towards Er3+ ions. However, the efficiency of this process depends on the separating distance between Si-ncs and rare-earth ions [7-9]. Critical interaction distances were found to be about 0.5 nm [7,9,10].
In spite of the significant progress in the investigation of the excitation processes in Er-doped Si-rich SiO2 materials, some issues are still debatable, such as the spatial location of optically active Er3+ ions with regard to Si-ncs. Another aspect, which may control the optical properties, is the distribution of Er dopants in the film, i.e., either these ions are uniformly distributed or they form some agglomerates [11]. Thus, mapping the Si and Er3+ distributions in Er-doped Si-rich SiO2 films as well as the investigation of the evolution of these distributions versus fabrication conditions and post-fabrication processing are the key issues to manage the required light-emitting properties of such systems.
Up to now, high-resolution and energy-filtered transmission electron microscopies were the only techniques offered a direct visualization of Si and Er distributions [11-13]. Nevertheless, other indirect techniques, such as fluorescence-extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy [14-16] or X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [17], have evidenced that the amount of Er clusters in Er-doped Si-rich SiO2 films depends strongly on the preparation conditions or annealing temperature. We have recently demonstrated the feasibility of atom probe tomography (APT) analysis of Si-rich SiO2 systems, giving its atomic insight [18,19]. With the benefit of this expertise, the purpose of this paper is to perform a deep analysis of Er-doped Si-rich SiO2 thin films by means of APT experiments to understand the link between the nanoscale structure of the films and their optical properties. The distributions of Si and Er3+ ions in as-grown films were investigated. The evolutions of chemical composition of the films upon annealing treatment, the formation of Si-ncs, and the redistribution of Er3+ ions were studied with the aim of finding the way to control the microstructure at the atomic scale and to optimize light-emitting properties of the Er-doped Si-rich SiO2 system.
Methods
Sample fabrication
Er-doped Si-rich SiO2 (Er-SRSO) layers were grown by radio-frequency (RF) magnetron-sputtering technique. For the APT experiments, the deposition was performed on an array of p-doped Si(100) posts (5 μm in diameter and 100 μm in height). This method, already used in previous works, allows a simple procedure for atom probe sample preparation [20]. For optical experiments, the layers were grown on standard p-type (100) Si wafers in the same deposition run. The film fabrication approach comprises the co-sputtering of Er2O3, SiO2, and Si targets in pure argon plasma on substrate kept at 500°C. The Er content and the Si excess were independently controlled through the RF power applied on the corresponding cathode. More details on the fabrication processes can be found in other works [12,21]. The thickness of the Er-SRSO layer was 200 nm. The concentration of Er3+ ions in the sample was 1×1021at./cm3, while the Si excess was about 5 at.% [21]. To study the effect of post-fabrication treatment on structural and optical properties of the layers, each sample was divided into several parts. One of them was kept as a reference for the ‘as-deposited’ state. The others were submitted to an annealing treatment in conventional furnace in constant nitrogen flow to study the phase separation, the Si-nc formation, the recovering of the defects, and thus, the enhancement of Er emission. The samples were annealed at 600°C for 10 h, 900°C for 1 h, and 1,100°C for 1 h. The annealing time for each temperature corresponds to optimal conditions, giving rise to the highest photoluminescence of the Er3+ ions.
Atom probe tomography
Among the various analytical techniques, atom probe tomography is one of the most promising when atomic scale resolution, three-dimension reconstruction, and quantitative chemical characterization are required [22,23]. The recent improvement of this technique with the implementation of femtosecond laser pulses [24] allowed to enlarge the variety of materials to be studied. Thus, an atomic observation of photonic, solar cells, magnetic semiconductor, or nanoelectronic devices is now available [18,19,25-28]. The Er-SRSO film with the shape of a tiny needle, required for APT analyses, was prepared using a focused ion beam annular milling procedure. The details of this standard procedure are reported in another work [20]. In order to prevent the layer of interest from Ga damages and/or amorphization during the sample processing, a 300-nm-thick layer of Cr was pre-deposited on the top of the sample. Films were then ion-milled into sharp tips with an end radius close to 30 nm. A low-accelerating voltage (2 kV) was used for the final stage in order to avoid Ga implantation and sample amorphization. The APT used in this work is the CAMECA (CAMECA SAS, Gennevilliers Cedex, France) laser-assisted wide-angle tomographic atom probe. The experiments were performed with samples cooled down to 80 K, with a vacuum of (2 to 3)×10−10 mbar in the analysis chamber and with ultraviolet (λ=343 nm) femtosecond (350 fs) laser pulses. The laser energy was fixed at 50 nJ/pulse focused onto an approximately 0.01-mm2 spot.
To identify the clusters, the algorithm described hereafter was applied. Each step of this identification comprises the placement of a sphere (sampling volume) over one atom of the volume investigated and the estimation of the local composition of the selected elements by counting atoms within this sphere. If the composition exceeds a given threshold, the atom at the center of the sphere is associated to a cluster. If the composition is lower than the threshold, the atom at the center of the sphere belongs to the matrix. The sphere is then moved to the next atom, and this procedure is applied again to estimate the composition and to compare it with the threshold value. This approach was used for all the atoms of the volume to identify those belonging either to the clusters or to the matrix. In this paper, a threshold of 75% of Si and 5% of Er was used to identify pure Si nanoclusters and Er-rich regions with a sphere radius of 1 nm.
Photoluminescence study
The photoluminescence (PL) properties of the samples were examined using the 476-nm excitation line delivered by an Innova 90C coherent Ar+ laser (Coherent Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). The pumping at 476 nm, which is nonresonant for Er3+ ions, was always used to ensure that Er3+ excitation was mediated by the Si-based sensitizers. The Er3+ PL spectra in the 1.3- to 1.7-μm spectral range were measured at room temperature by means of a Jobin Yvon (HORIBA Jobin Yvon Inc., Edison, NJ, USA) 1-m single-grating monochromator coupled to a North Coast germanium detector (North Coast Scientific Co., Santa Rosa, CA, USA) cooled with liquid nitrogen. The Si-nc PL properties were investigated in the 550- to 1,150-nm spectral range using a Triax 180 Jobin Yvon monochromator with an R5108 Hamamatsu PMT (HAMAMATSU PHOTONICS DEUTSCHLAND GmbH, Herrsching am Ammersee, Germany). The PL signal was recorded in both cases through an SRS lock-in amplifier (SP830 DPS; Stanford Research Systems, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) referenced to the chopping frequency of light of 9.6 Hz. All PL spectra were corrected on the spectral response of experimental setup.
Results and discussion
Photoluminescence spectra
The PL spectra, recorded on the as-deposited layer and after different annealing treatments, are reported in Figure 1. The highest PL intensity in the 500- to 950-nm spectral range is detected for the sample annealed at 1,100°C for 1 h (Figure 1a). This PL band is a feature of Si-ncs, which confirmed the Si-nc formation in our sample similar to the results of another work [21]. In the infrared spectral range (1.4 to 1.6 μm), the highest Er3+ PL efficiency was obtained for the sample annealed at 600°C (Figure 1b). Meanwhile, the increase of annealing temperature from 600°C to 900°C results in the slight decrease of the Er3+ PL emission. Further temperature rise from 900°C to 1,100°C leads to a decrease of the PL intensity by a factor of 10 (Figure 1b). By comparison, the PL efficiency at 1.53 μm of the as-deposited layer is slightly higher than that observed for 1,100°C annealed sample. Based on previous results [12,13], this behavior of Er3+ emission in as-deposited layer suggests that Si sensitizers are already formed, allowed by the relatively high deposition temperature (500°C). Another argument for Si-nc formation is the absence of Er3+ emission in Er-doped SiO2 counterparts submitted to the same annealing treatment. To explain the lowering of the Er3+ PL intensity after 1,100°C annealing, APT experiments have been performed on the as-deposited and 1,100°C annealed samples.
Figure 1. Photoluminescence spectra. Photoluminescence spectra of the sample detected for as-grown and annealed samples in (a) visible spectral range (500 to 950 nm) and (b) infrared spectral range (1.4 to 1.6 μm). The experiments have been carried out using the 476.5-nm wavelength (nonresonant excitation for Er3+ ions).
Atom probe experiments
Prior to the study of microstructure, chemical analysis of the samples was performed by means of the APT technique. A typical mass spectrum of Er-SRSO layers is shown in Figure 2. The mass-over-charge ratio is a characteristic of the chemical nature of each ion collected during atom probe analysis. The presence of the three chemical elements (Si, O, and Er), constituting our samples, is clearly seen (Figure 2). Silicon is identified, after field evaporation, in three different charged states: Si3+, Si2+, and Si1+. The three isotopes of silicon are detected to be in good agreement with their respective relative natural abundances (Figure 2a). The oxygen is found as molecular ions and (Figure 2a). Finally, erbium ions are mostly detected as Er3+ or Er2+ (Figure 2b). The composition deduced from the mass spectrum of the as-grown and annealed samples is presented in Table 1. No significant difference of the overall composition can be seen for both samples analyzed. The Er content, measured as approximately 1.0×1021at/cm3, is in agreement with that expected from fabrication conditions [29].
Figure 2. Atom probe mass spectrum. APT mass spectrum obtained on Er-doped Si-rich SiO2 sample. (a) Typical mass spectrum with Si, O, and Er identified peaks. Isotopes of silicon for the Si2+ peak are evidenced in the inset. (b) Magnification of the Er peaks in the 52- to 96-M/n region.
Table 1. APT compositions of the Er-doped SRSO layer in the as-deposited and 1,100°C 1-h annealed state
Figure 3 shows the 3D distributions of Si, O, and Er atoms within the reconstructed volume obtained from the APT analysis of the as-deposited layer where each dot corresponds to one atom detected. Statistical treatment of APT data was used to quantify concentration fluctuations in the sample. Frequency distribution was compared to binomial distribution to evidence the phase separation and atom clustering. This treatment performed on as-deposited material indicates a homogeneous spatial distribution of the three chemical species (Si, O, and Er) in the analyzed volume (41 × 41 × 88 nm3). Thus, it suggests that no Er clustering occurs during the deposition process. Moreover, it is worth to note that, based on these frequency distributions, we estimate that Si-ncs or Er clusters with a diameter below 0.8 nm (corresponding to agglomerated 15 Si atoms or 10 Er atoms) could not be distinguished from free Si or Er atoms. These atomic scale investigations, correlated with the PL data (Figure 1), suggest that in the as-deposited sample, the Si sensitizers consist of less than 15 Si atoms and are efficient to excite neighboring Er3+ ions.
Figure 3. 3D reconstruction of the as-grown Er-doped SRSO layers of APT analysis. APT reconstruction of 3D distribution of silicon, oxygen, and erbium atoms in the as-grown sample. The volume analyzed is 41×41×88 nm3 .
Before 2003 [13], the standard annealing treatment, applied for the formation of Si-NCs in Si-rich SiO2 materials fabricated by different approaches, was an annealing at 1,100°C for 1 h in pure nitrogen gas. The same annealing treatment was considered to be efficient to create the Si-NCs in Er-doped Si-rich SiO2 materials to achieve a sensitizing effect towards rare-earth ions. Figure 4 shows the 3D cluster-filtered distribution of chemical species in the Er-SRSO layers submitted to such thermal treatment. The Si-ncs are clearly seen; their density is estimated to be about (3.1 ± 0.2)×1018Si-ncs/cm3. The mean distance between Si-ncs, derived from their density, is found to be 6.9±0.2 nm, which is in agreement with that deduced from the 3D reconstruction. The Si-ncs are spherical in shape and are homogeneously distributed in the analyzed volume. Simultaneously, a large density of Er-rich clusters approximately (2.0×1018Er-NCs/cm3) has also been detected in the sample (Figure 4). Furthermore, some Si-ncs are interconnected by Er clusters (or channel) as illustrated in the inset of Figure 4. No particular morphology of these Er clusters has been deduced.
Figure 4. 3D reconstruction of the annealed Er-doped SRSO layers of APT analysis. 3D cluster-filtered distributions of chemical species (Si in red and Er in blue) in Er-doped SRSO layers annealed at 1,100°C for 1 h. For clarity, only silicon and erbium atoms which belong to clusters are represented. Two Si-ncs linked by Er-rich aggregates are shown in the inset.
This result shows that thermal treatment at 1,100°C leads to a formation of a three-phase system: silica matrix, Si-ncs, and Er-rich clusters. The formation of such Er clusters is accompanied by the enlargement of the distance between Si-ncs, and it explains why annealing at 1,100°C quenches the PL emission with respect to the lower annealing treatments. Although the formation of Si-ncs increases the probability of absorbing excitation light, the total number of Si sensitizers decreases due to the merging of several small Si sensitizers along with the increase of Si-to-Er distance.
The measurement of the clusters’ composition, which can be difficult in APT volume, has been performed using the procedure developed by Vurpillot et al. [30] and was recently applied by Talbot et al. on similar Si nanostructured materials [18,25]. The size distribution of the Si-ncs is well fitted by a Gaussian law. The minimum and maximum observed radii are 0.9 ± 0.3 and 2.3 ± 0.3 nm, respectively, whereas the mean radius of Si-ncs was estimated to be <r>=1. ± 0.3 nm. Along with this, about 50% of Si-ncs have the radii in the range of 1.0 to 1.5 nm. The volume fraction of Si clusters is given by the following formula:
(1)
where , , and are the compositions of Si in the Si-pure clusters, in the whole sample and in the matrix, respectively. The compositions have been extracted from the concentration (in at.%) using the density of pure Si (dSi=5.0×1022 at./cm3) and pure silica (dSiO2=6.6×1022 at./cm3); % is obtained from Equation 1.
The Si diffusion coefficient has been deduced from the Einstein equation of self-diffusivity: , where < ρ > is the average displacement in three dimensions, t is the diffusion time, and D is the diffusion coefficient. The average displacement < ρ > was estimated as the mean distance between the surfaces of two first- neighbor Si-ncs. The Si diffusion coefficient at 1,100°C, deduced from our data (< ρ >=4.3 nm and t=3,600 s) is equal to DSi=8.4×10−18 cm2/s. Such a value is close to the silicon diffusion coefficient measured in Si-implanted SiO2 materials (DSi=5.7×10−18 cm2/s) obtained by Tsoukalas et al. [31,32]. As far as the Er-rich clusters are concerned, we have reported all the measured compositions of individual cluster on the ternary phase diagram Si-O-Er (Figure 5). This figure clearly illustrates that the composition of Er-rich clusters deals with a non-equilibrium phase in comparison with ErSi2, Er2Si5, or Er2O3 expected from the binary equilibrium phase diagram of Er-Si and Er-O. Moreover, the present results are consistent with those of Xu et al. [33] and Kashtiban et al. [34], who have showed the absence of the mentioned Er equilibrium compounds in similar Er-doped Si-rich SiO2 materials. The mean composition of Er-rich clusters is at.%, at.% and at.% which corresponds to the ErSi3O6 phase. This result is also in agreement with similar ErGeXOYamorphous clusters observed recently by Kanjilal et al. by HRTEM [35]. The volume fraction () and atomic fraction () of Er atoms in the clusters are given by the following formula (assuming the same density between Er-rich clusters and silica matrix):
(2)
(3)
where , and are the compositions of Er in the Er-rich clusters, in the whole sample and in the matrix, respectively. Following Equations 2 and 3 , the atomic and volume fractions are estimated to be % and %. This indicates that after annealing, about 70% of the total Er amount remains in solid solution as ‘isolated’ atoms, whereas the rest (30%) of Er3+ ions belongs to Er-rich clusters. We should note that the content of Er atoms, detected in our sample after 1,100°C annealing step, exceeds the solubility limit of Er in SiO2, estimated as 0.1 at.% (<1020 at/cm3) [36,37]. This explains the decrease in the Er3+ PL emission noticed in this film (Figure 1) after such a high-temperature annealing treatment similar to that reported in another work [29]. Moreover, we can note that the decrease of the PL intensity is higher than expected if only 30% of the Er amount is located in Er-rich clusters. To explain such a decrease, we assume that annealing treatment leads to the Si-nc density decreases (while Si-nc size increases) and the increase of Si-nc-Er interaction distance as well as to the decrease of the number of optically active Er ions coupled with Si-ncs.
Figure 5. Composition of erbium rich clusters. APT composition measurements of individual Er-rich clusters compositions reported in the ternary Si-O-Er phase diagram.
The 3D chemical maps also indicate that the Er-rich clusters are likely formed in the vicinity of Si-ncs upon an annealing stage. This fact can be attributed to a preferential segregation of Er atoms at the Si-ncs/matrix interface during the phase separation process, similar to the results reported by Crowe et al. [38]. However, this hypothesis is not supported by the results of Pellegrino et al. [11], who concluded to a preferential segregation of Er in poor Si-nc region. In their paper, a double-implantation annealing process was applied to fabricate an Er-doped SRSO layer. This double process may stimulate Er diffusion explaining the segregation of Er and Si during the different implantation stages, which is contrary to our case.
Based on the hypothesis of spherical radius and on the determination of an amount of Er, Si, and O atoms in Er-rich clusters detected by APT method, the mean Er-rich cluster radius is estimated to be 1.4 ± 0.3 nm in the sample annealed at 1,100°C (< ρ >=5.1 nm and t=3,600 s). Erbium diffusion coefficient in the SRSO layer has been deduced using the Einstein equation of self-diffusivity. It has been found to be DEr≈1.2×10−17cm2· s −1 at 1,100°C. This value is about one order of magnitude lower than that reported by Lu et al. (4.3×10−16cm2· s −1) [39] which has been measured in SiO2. This difference could be attributed to the presence of Si excess in the film.
The formation of Er-rich clusters explains the evolution of the optical properties of Er-doped layers upon high-temperature annealing treatment applied [12,13,29]. It is worth to note that the fabrication approach, chemical composition, and microstructure of initial samples define strongly the effect of post-annealing processing.
Conclusions
In this paper, the first investigation by APT, to our knowledge, of the nanostructure of Er-doped silicon-rich silica layer was performed at the atomic level and correlated with photoluminescence properties. The phase separation process between Si excess and the surrounding matrix was studied, and a formation of Si-rich or Er-rich phases was observed for samples annealed at high-temperature (1,100°C). The Si excess atoms precipitate in the form of pure Si nanoclusters in the silica matrix. Simultaneously, Er atoms form Er-rich clusters (about 30% of total amount), whereas 70% of the total Er atoms are free-dispersed in the host, demonstrating a super-saturation state but with an increase of the Si-ncs-to-Er distances. The Er-rich clusters have complex shape and composition. They are localized at the Si-nc/matrix interface or in poor Si-nc regions, indicating a complicated precipitation mechanism. Diffusion coefficients for Si and Er have been deduced from APT experiments. We have directly evidenced the clustering of rare-earth ions upon high-temperature annealing in Er-doped Si-rich SiO2 films. This process has been often expected but, to our knowledge, never observed and demonstrated directly for these materials fabricated by different techniques. These results evidence the critical point to monitor the microstructure of Er-doped SRSO layers for the required inversion of 50% of the Er concentration to achieve a net gain in future Er-doped amplifier device.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
ET and RL carried out the APT sample preparation by SEM-FIB and performed the atom probe analysis and data treatment. ET, LK, and FG wrote the paper. FG, LK, and KH fabricated the sample under investigation and carried out the optical measurements. PP supervised the study and made significant contributions to the structural properties. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Upper Normandy Region and the French Ministry of Research in the framework of Research Networks of Upper Normandy.
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Contributions
No Contributions Found
About Me
Hey,
I have a lot of stories about me, but want to share only main idea.
I prefere IT, Programming, girls and parties. That's why my own projects doesn't grow faster then expected. Excluding last one based on CakePHP.. that it. I'm involved!!!
Homepage
http://www.cladverts.com
Location
Nicosia, Cyprus
Ohloh Activity
Joined Ohloh 12 Aug 2009
No Ohloh edits.
No forum posts.
No project reviewed.
Kudos
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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BISC219/F11 People
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 13:24, 16 May 2011 by Melissa Beers (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Wellesley College BISC 219 Genetics
BISC219 Genetics Fall 2010
Lecturers: Andrea Sequeira (AS) & Andrew Webb (ACW)
Lab Instructors: Melissa Beers, Tucker Crum and Andrea Sequeira
Lab Prep : Padma Kannabiran
Study Group Leader/ Course Peer Mentor:
Contact Info:
Andrea Sequeira: Office 354 ; office phone x3376; email: asequeir@wellesley.edu
Office Hours:
Drew Webb: Office SC252; office phone X3115; email: dwebb@wellesley.edu
Office Hours:
Melissa Beers: Office L014; office phone X3521; email: mbeers@wellesley.edu
Office Hours: by arrangement
Tucker Crum: Office SC395; office phone x3122; email: tcrum@wellesley.edu
Office Hours: by arrangement
':
Group review and help sessions: TBA.
Lectures: Tuesdays & Fridays 11:10-12:20, Lecture Room
Labs: E301: Mon. 1:30-5 Crum; Tues. 12:30-4 Beers; Wed. 2:15-5:45 Crum; Thurs. 1-4:30 Beers; Fri. 1-4:30 Sequeira
Reference material for labs: The lab manual is published electronically at: http://openwetware.org/wiki/BISC219/F11
Additional lab resource material is posted to the Sakai Lab site.
Grading: Assessment Points
Lecture Exam I
Lecture Exam II
Problem Sets- Sect. I
Problem- Sect. II
Final Exam
Lab Grade 200
Total
600
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Avectra Announces 2013 Users and Developers Conference (AUDC) Innovation Award Winners
Printer-friendly versionPDF version
Ninth Annual AUDC Celebrates Customer Achievement
McLean, VA - March 6, 2013 - Avectra, a leading web-based Social CRM developer of web-based member and donor-based software for associations and not-for-profits, today announced the 2013 Innovation Award Winners at its annual user conference, the Avectra Users and Developers Conference (AUDC 2013), held March 3-5, 2013 in Orlando, Florida.
The Innovation Awards highlight and celebrate customers that have achieved outstanding results through the implementation and use of Avectra products.
The Honor Society of Nursing, Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI) was awarded with the Best in Show award this year. STTI, an international nursing honor society, is a global community of nurse leaders with members belonging to 487 chapters in more than 85 countries. Through this network, members use knowledge, scholarship, service and learning to improve the health of the world's people. STTI was selected for the award because they showed great innovation in their execution to become a data-driven enterprise highlighted by their recent Instant Analytics implementation.
In addition to STTI, the following organizations were recognized as Gold Star Winners:
• 20twenty Strategic Consulting
• Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated
• American Academy of Pediatrics
• American Chemical Society
• American Frozen Food Institute
• Association for Financial Professionals
• Avodigy
• Catalyst Fire
• Copper Development Association
• DSK Solutions
• National League of Cities
• National Rural Electric Cooperative Association
• Old Town IT
• Scouts Canada
"We are always impressed each year with how customers are able to leverage Avectra technology, including our A-Score™, Moves Management series and social platforms, and use it in innovative ways to better connect with their member communities and achieve their business goals," said Chairman and CEO of Avectra, Richard Davis. "This year, STTI and the other winners amazed us with their ingenuity and we are honored to celebrate their accomplishments with these awards."
AUDC 2013 turned out to be Avectra's largest user conference to date with over 650 attendees. The goal of AUDC 2013 was to assist Avectra customers in deriving maximum benefit from the Avectra Social CRM suite and the partner community, as well as to promote forward thinking and best practices in the evolving usage of technology to achieve organization objectives. The event featured over 78 different sessions, including 26 educational sessions that offered CAE credit.
About AUDC
The Avectra Users and Developers Conference (AUDC) is an annual event uniting Avectra users, partners and industry consultants with key Avectra executives, development and training resources. Now in its ninth year, AUDC is designed to share best practices and provide strategies, informational training sessions and networking opportunities to empower organizations using Avectra's industry-innovating constituent management software to become more efficient and effective in their roles and elevating their mission.
About Avectra
For two decades, Avectra has translated its customers' needs into market leading software and services. Using Avectra's donor management, crowdsourcing solutions, and membership management solutions, not-for-profits and associations can connect with constituents, partners and prospects in entirely new ways, create more meaningful engagements and drive bottom-line results.
Headquartered in McLean, Virginia, Avectra also has regional offices in Chicago and Orlando. For more information on Avectra's donor management, fundraising or membership management solutions, visit fundraising.avectra.com or call 855-AVECTRA (855-283-2872).
News Source : Avectra Announces 2013 Users and Developers Conference (AUDC) Innovation Award Winners
Copy this html code to your website/blog and link to this press release.
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Google AdWords Easter Optimization Tips On Good Friday
Apr 22, 2011 • 8:23 am | (2) by | Filed Under Google AdWords
Google is offering some tips for optimizing your AdWords campaigns for the Easter holiday this coming Sunday.
AdWords representative, Mini, offered up these tips on Good Friday. The tips include keyword ideas, ad text creatives, biding and budgeting, display network ideas and more. Here they are:
Keywords: Add Easter specific keywords along with regular keywords. eg: If you normally have 'gift cards' as a keyword, now make sure you add 'easter gift cards', 'easter gifts' etc as keywords.
Ad Text: In the ad text make sure you add the following:
• Price points. eg: Gifts under $10 etc.
• Special Return policies applicable
• About Easter coupons (if you have any)
• Last minute shopping promotions
Bids and Budget: Adjust budgets/bids as you approach Easter and based on the traffic you are receiving.
After Easter: Keep your after Easter ads ready now, get them approved and keep them paused in your account, so you can be ready to start them after Easter.
Display Network: For Easter and other holidays, image ads work well. So, you can try leveraging the Display Network. Some categories of sites to target are: gift idea sites, gift review sites, easter games sites, easter party sites, easter egg hunt sites, etc.
Post Easter Performance Analysis: Run a keyword performance report to check which keywords gave you the best results. Make a note of these keywords. You can use these keywords with the appropriate holiday prefixes for other holidays. For eg: If 'easter gift baskets' got you good traffic, you can try using 'christmas gift baskets' as one of your keywords during the Christmas season.
Hope this helps those of you trying to make an extra few bucks on Easter.
Forum discussion at Google AdWords Help.
Previous story: New Google Analytics V5 Now Available To Everyone
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Person:Jacob Westfall (12)
Watchers
Jacob Westfall
m. bef. 1735
1. William WestfallAbt 1735 - 1810
2. Abel Westfall1737 -
3. George Westfall1741 - 1797
4. Esther Westfall1743 - ABT 1800
5. James Westfall1747 -
6. Joel Westfall1751 - 1778
7. Judith Westfall1754 - 1841
8. Jacob Westfall1755 - 1835
• HJacob Westfall1755 - 1835
• WMary King1758 - 1841
m. 1777
Facts and Events
Name Jacob Westfall
Gender Male
Birth? 10 OCT 1755 Hampshire County, Virginia
Marriage 1777 Tygarts Valley, Virginiato Mary King
Death? 5 MAR 1835 Putnam County, Indiana
Information on Jacob Westfall
From "Westfall Genealogy Site" of Walter Westfall:
(10aa) Jacob and Judith (Hornbeck) Westfall's son Jacob Westfall was born October 10, 1755 in Hampshire Co. (West) Virginia, and died March 5, 1835 in Putnam County, Indiana. He married Mary King 1777 in Tygarts Valley, Virginia. She was born 1758, and died 1841 in Putnam County, Indiana. Jacob served as First Lieutenant in 1781 in the Augusta Monongahalia militia. He went on an expedition with George Rogers Clarke against the Indians. Jacob was pensioned on Sept. 18, 1833. He was appointed County Lieutenant for Randolph County, (West) Virginia on Aug. 28, 1787. He also served as the first sheriff of Randolph County and also as a justice. He organized scouts to observe Indian travel around the settlement at Beverly in 1790, but left for Kentucky in October 1792 leaving no one to certify the claims of his scouts for pay. In 1792 Jacob and Mary sold property in Randolph Co. and removed to Kentucky. In 1803 from Nelson Co., Ky., Jacob and Mary granted land in Randolph Co. to Cornelius Westfall of Dayton, Ohio. This evidently is their son as a Montgomery Co., Ohio history says Cornelius Westfall, a Kentuckian, opened a school in the fall of 1804. The family lived in Nelson Co., Kentucky awhile, then in Hardin County until 1808 when they moved to Miami Co., Ohio. Jacob left Ohio in 1827 to settle in Putnam Co., Indiana where he died on march 5, 1835. his wife Mary was born in 1758 and died in 1841. Jacob was granted a pension for service in the Revolution in September 1833 in Montgomery County, Indiana but was living in Putnam County, Indiana by then. He was awarded $80.00 a year. After his death in 1835 his wife Mary applied for pension from Boone County, Indiana in 1838 at age 80.
Source: http://w-westfall.tripod.com/relfam7.html (added with permission of Walter Westfall - walterwestfall@@webtv.net). l
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Center for a Stateless Society
A Left Market Anarchist Think Tank & Media Center
Smarter Protectionist Demagogues, Please
For years, I’ve had to listen to bilious rhetoric about “anti-Americanism,” “treason” and the like from the Legion and Dittoheads. Now I get to enjoy the same kind of posturing from “Progressives” — with Keith Olbermann, Lawrence O’Donnell and their ilk sounding like a bunch of know-nothing Republicans.
The latest case in point is Ian Fletcher (“LIbertarianism, the new anti-Americanism,” Huffington Post, Jan. 19), writing in criticism of an article by Don Boudreaux.
Fletcher quotes a very short snippet from Boudreaux to the effect that an increase in the economic well-being of a South Korean is as worthy of celebration as an improvement for a South Carolinian (“Another Open Letter to Ian Fletcher,” Cafe Hayek, Jan. 9).
Of course Fletcher eschews any context, like Boudreaux’s remarks on the long-term benefit to American workers from increased productivity and better and cheaper goods. No, he prefers to keep things simple (even at the cost of folding, spindling and mutilating the truth): libertarians “just don’t care” about Americans.
I would contest a couple of Fletcher’s unstated premises:
First — a premise that requires no small amount of selective quotation to read into Boudreaux’s comments — that globalization does, in fact, benefit foreign workers at the expense of American ones. I hear the same meme a lot from the anti-globalization Right: globalization is some sort of altruistic “socialist” movement to dismantle the American economy for the benefit of the Third World.
But it’s arguable that globalization benefits transnational corporations at the expense of both American and Third World workers. The TNCs are in the position of a toll-keeper on a bridge separating two groups of workers, take a cut every time one worker exchanges her labor for another’s. Both Third World and American workers would be better off, in most cases, with relocalized economies in which the goods they consume are produced by small-scale manufacturers close to where they live.
Which leads to Fletcher’s second false premise — one that he shares with Boudreaux to some extent: That globalization is, in fact, something that results from “free market” or “libertarian” policies. Nothing could be further from the truth. Globalization is not something that results spontaneously from the free market, if states do nothing to prevent it. The corporate global economy is the product of massive collusion between big government and big business.
“Free trade” does not, as Fletcher alleges in an earlier column, promote greater income inequality within countries. Corporate globalization may well do so — but corporate globalization is not free trade.
The centerpiece of the neoliberal fake “free trade” agenda, a central provision in every so-called “Free Trade Agreement,” is what’s euphemistically called “strong intellectual property [sic] protections.” IP law plays the same protectionist role for global corporations that tariffs used to play for the old national industrial corporations. IP law is the central means by which transnational corporate headquarters are able to retain control of outsourced manufacturing in job shops all over the world, and charge a brand-name markup of many hundreds of percent — in effect standing as parasitic toll-keepers between Chinese workers and American consumers. So the neoliberal “free trade” agenda is really as protectionist as Smoot-Hawley.
For decades, American foreign policy has protected Third World landed oligarchies against left-wing land reform movements, in effect enforcing the artificial land titles of haciendados and other feudal ruling classes at the expense of the rightful owners actually working the land. It has empowered such landed oligarchies to reenact the Enclosures of early modern Britain, driving peasants off the land and leaving them no choice but to enter the wage labor market on whatever terms are offered by foreign capital.
The World Bank, in collusion with Third World elites, has mainly undertaken projects to create subsidized road and utility infrastructure without which offshored industry would not be profitable — and then used the resulting debt in much the same manner as a company store, to coerce local governments into “structural adjustment” deals by which state property is “privatized” in collusion with crony capitalists.
So corporate globalization, despite all the rhetorical trappings of “free trade,” is statist to the core.
Considering the uncharitability of the motives Fletcher attributes to libertarians — painting the entire movement with a broad brush as “selfish” shills for big business interests — his own agenda might warrant closer examination. Fletcher is an Adjunct Fellow with a hardcore protectionist outfit called the U.S. Business and Industry Council. Despite all the talk about outsourcing and American jobs, the central function of trade barriers is just this: To protect the large American corporation from competition by compelling the American worker to purchase the corporation’s product on its own terms. The tariff used to be called the “Mother of Cartels” for good reason.
So before Fletcher accuses libertarians of carrying water for big business, maybe he should put down those buckets.
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Iowa For Further ReadingEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States Iowa For Further Reading
You may wish to consult the following sources for more information about Iowa:
• Eichholz, Alice, ed. Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources. 3rd ed. Provo, Utah: Ancestry, 2004. Free online version; FHL Book 973 D27rb 2004; WorldCat entry. Contains bibliographies and background information on history and ethnic groups. Also contains maps and tables showing when each county was created.
• Petersen, William John. Iowa History Reference Guide. Iowa City, Iowa: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1952. FHL Book 977.7 A3p; WorldCat entry. This bibliography includes sections about American Indians, immigration, land, government, courts, military, schools, churches, businesses, history, and biographies. It is arranged by subject and has an index.
• Dawson, Patricia. Iowa History and Culture: A Bibliography of Materials Published Between 1952 and 1991. Annals of Iowa, 54: no 2,3, and 4. [Ames, Iowa: State Historical Society of Iowa], 1993. 1989 ed.: FHL Book 977.7 H23d; WorldCat entry. This book supplements the book mentioned above. For a supplement covering 1987–1991, see the Annals of Iowa (1993).
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 10 July 2012, at 00:49.
• This page has been accessed 440 times.
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Skip to main content Help Control Panel
Lost? Search this Naples Florida website...|Add our search|Login A+ A- 54.234.42.16
Business Directory « Collier County Business Directory « Businesses we may have neglected to add to naplesplus. «
COLLIER COUNTY COOLING + HTG
Join Naples Plus!
Add your Collier County (Fla.) business to NAPLESPLUS
1479 SAN MARCOS BLVD
COLLIER COUNTY COOLING & HTG, LLC
1479 SAN MARCOS BLVD
Registered by: GUESS, DANIEL CARLTON
The CC ID # is: 82194
Collier County Cooling & Htg can be reached at (239) 643-3210 1479 San Marcos Blvd Naples, FL 34104-3823
Plumbing Contractors, Sheet Metal Work Contractors, Septic Tanks, Plumbing Heating Air Cond Contractor,
4 1 rate
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
April 27, 2007
Video Ads on YouTube
Red Herring announces that in a few months YouTube will include video ads. Most likely, you'll see ads only for the premium content, and the revenue will be shared with the content owners. This program should synchronize with "Claim your content", a feature that will automatically identify copyrighted material, assuming that content owners share some information about their videos.
It's not yet clear if anyone who uploads videos to YouTube can choose to have ads and to split revenue with Google, but one thing is sure: the format of the ads. "We're looking at executions like a very quick little intro preceding a video, then the video, then a commercial execution on the backside of the content", said YouTube's Suzie Reider.
While many people will say that those who visit YouTube don't like ads and they'll move to other video sites, Google's main priority is to create a model that works well for advertisers, but doesn't disrupt the user experience.
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Vol 19, No 4 (2005)
Table of Contents
Administrative Updates
President's Column PDF
Catherine Murray-Rust 162
Editor’s Keyboard PDF
Marta Mestrovic Deyrup 163-164
Features
Reinventing Library Buildings and Services for the Millennial Generation PDF
Richard T. Sweeney 165-176
Human Resources and Leadership Strategies for Libraries in Transition PDF
Gisela von Dran 177-184
Mentoring Gen X Managers: Tomorrow’s Library Leadership is Already Here PDF
Pixey Anne Mosley 185-192
Opportunities for Internships in Library Administration: Results of a Survey Commissioned by the LAMA Education Committee PDF
Jeanne Cross 193-196
2005 AIA/ALA Library Building Awards PDF
Charles Forrest 197-205
Columns
on managing: Coaching - A Musical Illustration PDF
John Lubans, Jr. 206-209
the truth is out there: Those Lazy, Hazy, Crazy Days of Summer PDF
Julie Todaro 210-211
manager’s bookshelf: Personality and the Workplace - Difficult Employees PDF
Bonnie A. Osif 212-217
News
LAMA News PDF
Marta Mestrovic Deyrup, Gregg Sapp 218-220
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Published by: Supported by:
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Friday, September 17, 2010
Bishop Jo Gijsen accused of sex abuse
Bishp Jo Gijsen for a Catholic diocese in the Netherlands, was accused of sex abuse. He is one of many but the highest ranking official accuse to date.
The diocese responded to a report in newspaper NRC Handelsblad, which published details of the accusations Wednesday. The paper quoted 78-year-old Jo Gijsen, the former bishop of Roermond, Netherlands, denying wrongdoing.
The church says the accusations have been turned over to public prosecutors and church investigators.
I visited the Netherlands once, although I have trouble remembering it
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TOP10 chemically competent cells
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 13:10, 23 February 2009 by Torsten Waldminghaus (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
back to protocols
Contents
Overview
This protocol is a variant of the Hanahan protocol [1] using CCMB80 buffer for DH10B, TOP10 and MachI strains. It builds on Example 2 of the Bloom05 patent as well. This protocol has been tested on TOP10, MachI and BL21(DE3) cells. See Bacterial Transformation for a more general discussion of other techniques. The Jesse '464 patent describes using this buffer for DH5α cells. The Bloom04 patent describes the use of essentially the same protocol for the Invitrogen Mach 1 cells.
This is the chemical transformation protocol used by Tom Knight and the Registry of Standard Biological Parts.
Materials
• Detergent-free, sterile glassware and plasticware (see procedure)
• Table-top OD600nm spectrophotometer
• SOB
CCMB80 buffer
• 10 mM KOAc pH 7.0 (10 ml of a 1M stock/L)
• 80 mM CaCl2.2H2O (11.8 g/L)
• 20 mM MnCl2.4H2O (4.0 g/L)
• 10 mM MgCl2.6H2O (2.0 g/L)
• 10% glycerol (100 ml/L)
• adjust pH DOWN to 6.4 with 0.1N HCl if necessary
• adjusting pH up will precipitate manganese dioxide from Mn containing solutions.
• sterile filter and store at 4°C
• slight dark precipitate appears not to affect its function
Procedure
Preparing glassware and media
Eliminating detergent
Detergent is a major inhibitor of competent cell growth and transformation. Glass and plastic must be detergent free for these protocols. The easiest way to do this is to avoid washing glassware, and simply rinse it out. Autoclaving glassware filled 3/4 with DI water is an effective way to remove most detergent residue. Media and buffers should be prepared in detergent free glassware and cultures grown up in detergent free glassware.
Prechill plasticware and glassware
Prechill 250mL centrifuge tubes and screw cap tubes before use.
Preparing seed stocks
• Streak TOP10 cells on an SOB plate and grow for single colonies at 23°C
• room temperature works well
• Pick single colonies into 2 ml of SOB medium and shake overnight at 23°C
• room temperature works well
• Add glycerol to 15%
• Aliquot 1 ml samples to Nunc cryotubes
• Place tubes into a zip lock bag, immerse bag into a dry ice/ethanol bath for 5 minutes
• This step may not be necessary
• Place in -80°C freezer indefinitely.
Preparing competent cells
• Inoculate 250 ml of SOB medium with 1 ml vial of seed stock and grow at 20°C to an OD600nm of 0.3
• This takes approximately 16 hours.
• Controlling the temperature makes this a more reproducible process, but is not essential.
• Room temperature will work. You can adjust this temperature somewhat to fit your schedule
• Aim for lower, not higher OD if you can't hit this mark
• Centrifuge at 3000g at 4°C for 10 minutes in a flat bottom centrifuge bottle.
• Flat bottom centrifuge tubes make the fragile cells much easier to resuspend
• It is often easier to resuspend pellets by mixing before adding large amounts of buffer
• Gently resuspend in 80 ml of ice cold CCMB80 buffer
• sometimes this is less than completely gentle. It still works.
• Incubate on ice 20 minutes
• Centrifuge again at 4°C and resuspend in 10 ml of ice cold CCMB80 buffer.
• Test OD of a mixture of 200 μl SOC and 50 μl of the resuspended cells.
• Add chilled CCMB80 to yield a final OD of 1.0-1.5 in this test.
• Incubate on ice for 20 minutes
• Aliquot to chilled screw top 2 ml vials or 50 μl into chilled microtiter plates
• Store at -80°C indefinitely.
• Flash freezing does not appear to be necessary
• Test competence (see below)
• Thawing and refreezing partially used cell aliquots dramatically reduces transformation efficiency by about 3x the first time, and about 6x total after several freeze/thaw cycles.
Measurement of competence
• Transform 50 μl of cells with 1 μl of standard pUC19 plasmid (Invitrogen)
• This is at 10 pg/μl or 10-5 μg/μl
• This can be made by diluting 1 μl of NEB pUC19 plasmid (1 μg/μl, NEB part number N3401S) into 100 ml of TE
• Hold on ice 0.5 hours
• Heat shock 60 sec at 42C
• Add 250 μl SOC
• Incubate at 37 C for 1 hour in 2 ml centrifuge tubes rotated
• using 2ml centrifuge tubes for transformation and regrowth works well because the small volumes flow well when rotated, increasing aeration.
• For our plasmids (pSB1AC3, pSB1AT3) which are chloramphenicol and tetracycline resistant, we find growing for 2 hours yields many more colonies
• Ampicillin and kanamycin appear to do fine with 1 hour growth
• Plate 20 μl on AMP plates using sterile 3.5 mm glass beads
• Good cells should yield around 100 - 400 colonies
• Transformation efficiency is (dilution factor=15) x colony count x 105/µgDNA
• We expect that the transformation efficiency should be between 5x108 and 5x109 cfu/µgDNA
5x Ligation Adjustment Buffer
• Intended to be mixed with ligation reactions to adjust buffer composition to be near the CCMB80 buffer
• KOAc 40 mM (40 ml/liter of 1 M KOAc solution, pH 7.0)
• CaCl2 400 mM (200 ml/l of a 2 M solution)
• MnCl2 100 mM (100 ml/l of a 1 M solution)
• Glycerol 46.8% (468 ml/liter)
• pH adjustment with 2.3% of a 10% acetic acid solution (12.8ml/liter)
• Previous protocol indicated amount of acetic acid added should be 23 ml/liter but that amount was found to be 2X too much per tests on 1.23.07 --Meaganl 15:50, 25 January 2007 (EST)
• water to 1 liter
• autoclave or sterile filter
• Test pH adjustment by mixing 4 parts ligation buffer + 1 part 5x ligation adjustment buffer and checking pH to be 6.3 - 6.5
• Reshma 10:49, 11 February 2008 (CST): Use of the ligation adjustment buffer is optional.
References
1. Hanahan D, Jessee J, and Bloom FR. . pmid:1943786. PubMed HubMed [Hanahan91]
2. Reusch RN, Hiske TW, and Sadoff HL. . pmid:3536850. PubMed HubMed [Reusch86]
3. Addison CJ, Chu SH, and Reusch RN. . pmid:15470891. PubMed HubMed [Addison04]
4. US Patent 6,709,852 Media:pat6709852.pdf
[Bloom04]
5. US Patent 6,855,494 Media:pat6855494.pdf
[Bloom05]
6. US Patent 6,960,464 Media:pat6960464.pdf
[Jesse05]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
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Wikiomics:Pathway analysis
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 06:37, 22 July 2008 by Darek Kedra (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
After determining a list of genes involved in a given biological process the next step is to map these genes to known pathways/Gene Ontology terms and determine i.e. which pathways are overrepresented in a given set of genes.
Recent review (Jan 2008 !): Nam, Dougu, and Seon-Young Kim. “Gene-set approach for expression pattern analysis.” Brief Bioinform (17, 2008): bbn001. HTML See table 1 for complete list of tools.
Contents
Recommended
• g:Profiler a web-based toolset for functional profiling of gene lists from large-scale experiments. Easy to use web server
• KOBAS server used for i.e. elucidating pathways in addiction
• takes both FASTA files and lists of genes
• caveats
• excise gi| from typical FASTA NCBI entry to get unique IDs
• only about 1/3 of genes will get annotated in the first step
• Li, Chuan-Yun, Xizeng Mao, and Liping Wei. “Genes and (Common) Pathways Underlying Drug Addiction.” PLoS Computational Biology 4, no. 1 (1, 2008) HTML
• GSEA http://www.broad.mit.edu/gsea/software/software_index.html
objections (Damian D, Gorfine M. Statistical concerns about the GSEA procedure): http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n7/full/ng0704-663a.html and reply: http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n7/full/ng0704-663b.html
Other tools to check
• GEPAT Genome Expression Pathway Analysis Tool. Performs standard microarray analyzes plus "Ensembl database and provides information about gene names, chromosomal location, GO categories and enzymatic activity for each probe on the chip.". Complex installation of java jars/MySQL etc.
• ErmineJ Java stand-alone program "designed to be used by biologists with little or no informatics background" + command line for expert
• PAGE Parametric Analysis of Gene Set Enrichment
• CPath database and software suite for storing, visualizing, and analyzing biological pathways demo page
• EASE (old?) http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=14519205
• nonparametric multivariate analysis Nettleton et al. HTML. R code availebla from author.
Pathway/graph visualisation
• Cytoscape leader in the field
• ONDEX HTML "enables data from diverse biological data sets to be linked, integrated and visualised through graph analysis techniques"
Protein interactions
• PIANA Protein Interactions And Network Analysis) ** integrates data from multiple sources in a centralized database,
• automating the analysis of protein-protein interactions networks.
Pathway Databases
• KEGG first choice for scope
• Reactome human + model organisms pathways. Expert annotations from literature.
• PID Pathway Interaction Database @NIH
• BioCyc
• Cyclone - provides an open source Java API for easier access to BioCyc.
• RegulonDB E.coli K12 DB (operons/genes/regulatory elements)
WikiPathways open curation of biological pathways
Pathway specific languages
• BioPAX Biological Pathway Exchange Language
Stuff 2 check
• GenMapp, Pathway Processor GeneXpress see:
Cavalieri D, De Filippo C. Bioinformatic methods for integrating whole-genome expression results into cellular networks. Drug Discov Today. 2005;10:727–734. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03433-1
• KaPPA-View
• VANTED
• [1] HTML OSML Editor
Pathway analysis
Biography
1. Aittokallio, Tero, and Benno Schwikowski. “Graph-based methods for analysing networks in cell biology.” Brief Bioinform 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 243-255.
2. Li, Chuan-Yun, Xizeng Mao, and Liping Wei. “Genes and (Common) Pathways Underlying Drug Addiction.” PLoS Computational Biology 4, no. 1 (1, 2008): e2 EP -.
3. Nam, Dougu, and Seon-Young Kim. “Gene-set approach for expression pattern analysis.” Brief Bioinform (17, 2008): bbn001.
4. Resources for integrative systems biology: from data through databases to networks and dynamic system models -- Ng et al. 7 (4): 318 -- Briefings in Bioinformatics.” http://bib.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/7/4/318.
5. Stromback, Lena, Vaida Jakoniene, He Tan, and Patrick Lambrix. “Representing, storing and accessing molecular interaction data: a review of models and tools.” Brief Bioinform 7, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 331-338.
6. “Tools for visually exploring biological networks -- Suderman and Hallett 23 (20): 2651 -- Bioinformatics.” http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/23/20/2651.
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trekeyus's bookmarks
"There is a theory which states that if ever anybody discovers exactly what the Universe is for and why it is here, it will instantly disappear and be replaced by something even more bizarre and inexplicable. There is another theory which states that this has already happened."
Adams, Douglas on mystery
19 fans of this quote
"Any landing you can walk away from is a good one."
Proverb on airplane and aviation
3 fans of this quote
"A common mistake people make when trying to design something completely foolproof is to underestimate the ingenuity of complete fools."
Adams, Douglas on trying
21 fans of this quote
"To give real service you must add something which cannot be bought or measured with money, and that is sincerity and integrity."
Adams, Douglas on service
16 fans of this quote
"Anyone who is capable of getting themselves made President should on no account be allowed to do the job."
Adams, Douglas on responsibility
8 fans of this quote
"In the beginning the Universe was created. This has made a lot of people very angry and has been widely regarded as a bad move."
Adams, Douglas on humankind
18 fans of this quote
"What you get by achieving your goals is not as important as what you become by achieving your goals."
Ziglar, Zig on goals
63 fans of this quote
"If a job's worth doing, it's worth doing well."
Proverb on effort
7 fans of this quote
"From our ancestors come our names from our virtues our honor."
Proverb on ancestry
7 fans of this quote
"It is better to finish something than begin."
Proverb on goals
"Lawyers and woodpeckers have long bills."
Proverb on law and lawyers
"Where the law is uncertain there is no law."
Proverb on law and lawyers
"Live today for tomorrow it will all be history."
Proverb on life
5 fans of this quote
"Electronic aids, particularly domestic computers, will help the inner migration, the opting out of reality. Reality is no longer going to be the stuff out there, but the stuff inside your head. It's going to be commercial and nasty at the same time."
Ballard, J. G. on computers
"Nobody ever died of laughter."
Beerbohm, Sir Max on laughter
10 fans of this quote
"Only when the last tree has been cut down; Only when the last river has been poisoned; Only when the last fish has been caught; Only then will you find that money cannot be eaten."
Proverb, American Indian on money
62 fans of this quote
"Everything begins with an idea."
Nightingale, Earl on ideas
3 fans of this quote
"A new idea is like a child. It's easier to conceive than to deliver."
Koysis, Ted on ideas
5 fans of this quote
"Understand that sexuality is as wide as the sea. Understand that your morality is not law. Understand that we are you. Understand that if we decide to have sex whether safe, safer, or unsafe, it is our decision and you have no rights in our lovemaking."
Jarman, Derek on sex
"Holding on to anger is like grasping a hot coal with the intent of throwing it at someone else; you are the one getting burned."
Buddha on anger
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"Certainty? In this world nothing is certain but death and taxes."
Franklin, Benjamin on certainty
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"In these matters the only certainty is that there is nothing certain."
Pliny The Elder on certainty
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"I see no reason why anyone would want a computer in their home."
Olsen, Kenneth on computers
"I think there is a world market for maybe five computers."
Watson, Thomas J. on computers
"I have always wished for a computer that would be as easy to use as my telephone. My wish came true. I no longer know how to use my telephone."
Stronstrup, Bjarne on computers
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"To err is human, but to really foul things up requires a computer. Those who are serious in ridiculous matters will be ridiculous in serious matters."
Farmers Almanac on computers
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"A computer will not make a good manager out of a bad manager. It makes a good manager better faster and a bad manager worse faster."
Esber, Edward on management
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"If you don't know how to do something, you don't know how to do it with a computer."
Unknown, Source on computers
"And when it rains on your parade, look up rather than down. Without the rain, there would be no rainbow."
Chin, Jerry on adversity
4 fans of this quote
"If I traveled to the end of the rainbow as Dame Fortune did intend, Murphy would be there to tell me the pot's at the other end."
Whitney, Bert on adversity
"These names: gay, queer, homosexual are limiting. I would love to finish with them. We're going to have to decide which terms to use and where we use them. For me to use the word queer is a liberation; it was a word that frightened me, but no longer."
Jarman, Derek on names
"The real death of America will come when everyone is alike."
Ellison, James T. on diversity
"Diversity: the art of thinking independently together."
Forbes, Malcolm S. on diversity
6 fans of this quote
"Ultimately, America's answer to the intolerant man is diversity, the very diversity which our heritage of religious freedom has inspired."
Kennedy, Robert F. on diversity
"As far as we know, our computer has never had an undetected error."
Weisert on computers
3 fans of this quote
"Wisdom is perishable. Unlike information or knowledge, it cannot be stored in a computer or recorded in a book. It expires with each passing generation."
Taylor, Sid on wisdom
3 fans of this quote
"If you can smile when things go wrong, you have someone in mind to blame."
Unknown, Source on blame
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But wait... my book has more: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 next
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I'm male from the United States and made my book on 3rd May 2007.
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Impudence is the worst of all human diseases. Euripides
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A bit about Euripides ...
Euripides, the youngest of the three great Athenian playwrights, was born around 485 BC of a family of good standing. He first competed in the dramatic festivals in 455 BC, coming only third; his record of success in the tragic competitions is lower than that of either Aeschylus or Sophocles. There is a tradition that he was unpopular, even a recluse; we are told that he composed poetry in a cave by the sea, near Salamis. What is clear from contemporary evidence, however, is that audiences were facinated by his innovative and often disturbing dramas. His work was controversial already in his lifetime, and he himself was regarded as a 'clever' poet, associated with philosophers and other intellectuals. Towards the end of his life he went to live at the court of Archelaus, King of Macedon. It was during his time there that he wrote what many consider his greatest work, the Bacchae. When news of his death reached Athens in early 406 BC, Sophocles appeared publicly in mourning for him. Euripides is thought to have written about ninety-two plays, of which seventeen tragedies and one satyr-play known to be his survive; the other play which is attributed to him, the Rhesus, may in fact be by a later hand.
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If you put yourself in a position where you have to stretch outside your comfort zone, then you are forced to expand your consciousness. Brown, Les
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There is no meaning to life except the meaning man gives his life by unfolding of his powers. Fromm, Erich
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Erich Pinchas Fromm (March 23, 1900 - March 18, 1980) was an internationally renowned German-American psychologist and humanistic philosopher. He is associated with what became known as the Frankfurt School of critical thinkers.
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It's easier to find a new audience than to write a new speech. Kennedy, Dan
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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The average person puts only 25% of his energy and ability into his work. The world takes off its hat to those who put in more than 50% of their capacity, and stands on its head for those few and far between souls who devote 100%. Carnegie, Andrew
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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I believe that the essence of government lies with unceasing concern for the welfare and dignity and decency and innate integrity of life for every individual. I dont like to say this and wish I didnt have to add these words to make it clear but I willregardless of color, creed, ancestry, sex or age. Johnson, Lyndon B.
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What we do for ourselves dies with us. What we do for others and the world remains and is immortal. Albert Pine
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Who goes a borrowing, goes a sorrowing. Proverb
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Click here to buy this »
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Hibachi Sushi Buffet
Info Map
Search:
Location
3333 West Henrietta Rd, Rochester, NY 14623
Hours (as of February 2011)
Sunday - Thursday: 11:00AM to 10:00PM
Friday - Saturday: 11:00AM to 11:00PM
Phone
585 272 9988
Wheelchair Accessible
Yes
Alcohol
Info Needed
Hibachi Sushi Buffet, also known as Hibachi Sushi & Supreme Buffet, is a buffet-style Chinese / Japanese restaurant in Southtown Plaza, offering Chinese dishes, sushi, hibachi, American recipes, and an ice cream bar. It claims to have twelve buffet tables rotating more than 300 items.
The lunch buffet costs $7.50 (as of 2/12)
It opened on February 8, 2011. On April 4th, 2012 the owner, Qong Wai Ho, was arrested for harboring illegal immigrants and housing them at a house in Henrietta.1
Comments:
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2011-02-22 22:58:32 We went on a Tuesday, at about 8:30. usually going to a buffet that late is a recipe for a bad meal, but this was quite pleasant. The atmosphere is warm and inviting, the Sushi was probably the best I have had at a buffet (not better than Cali Rollin or Arigato tho so don't expect that) The Hibachi was good and there was a large selection. Good food- Stuffed Shrimp, Sushi, Hibachi, Clams Casino, BBQ Chicken, Cookies | Bad food - BBQ Ribs (tasted soapy) Sweet and Sour Chicken (wasn't breaded well) Fish (looked very dry but didn't try it) —RobertForscythe
2011-02-23 09:09:18 I recently checked out the new Hibachi Sushi Buffet at Southtown. Went around 7pm on a weeknight. It wasn't bad. The place was bigger than I expected. As RobertForscythe mentioned, for a buffet the sushi was pretty good. They did have a large selection at the buffet area and the hibachi looked really pretty good. I had a very nice time. My only real point of dissatisfaction if I had to mention one would be that not one single waitress or waiter asked if we needed anything the entire time we were eating. I couldn’t get a refill of my drink or a pot of green tea which I love to have when I have sushi. It was a very busy night, the wait staff wasn’t being lazy by no means, but I was surprised not one person stopped to see if we needed anything until about 5 minutes before we left and our plates were cleared. By then it was around 8.30 so the crowd had thinned. This would be my only complaint. Other than that, the place was nice, good buffet and hibachi and good buffet sushi. For about $12 a person, I’d go back! —saraokirk
2011-03-09 21:06:48 I went on a Wednesday evening around dinner time. The food was hot and fresh. There were tons of different dishes to choose from. I ate so much from the buffet that I didn't even make it to the hibachi grill. The service was good. I would definitely go again. —KimAm
2011-03-25 17:56:57 I am surprised they have the higher quality items available, the sushi is nothing to write home about but most of it is edible. However the ingredients are higher quality than any other buffet in rochester, so I enjoy it for what it is. —jberna
2012-05-04 23:02:14 Had dinner at here on Tuesday. Place looks pretty nice inside. The selection of food is very good and most of the items we had were very tasty. The sushi was barely ok, but not that good. Barbequed ribs were excellent. They have 2 different kinds of fried shrimp, the standard ones and the ones with the entire shrimp including the head. I put one in my plate and after a long fight to get the shell off, it was very good, went back for some more and had to put up with my wife laughing at me at all the work to get at the good part of the shrimp. (It was worth it). They have a large selection of desserts and some good ice cream. I will go back! —Ricardo
2012-06-19 12:45:52 Went with a large group from work for lunch last week, and all eight of us were really pleased with the selection + quality of the food. Would definitely recommend, and I think it'll become a regular lunch spot around here. —jbeez
2012-07-01 18:14:45 Apart from the burned dumplings, tasteless sushi, and inedible teriyaki chicken, this place—well, it pretty much sucked. I understand they've had some ICE issues lately; maybe that accounts for it. We were there on Friday (6/29/2012), and it was awful. —GretaSangiovese
2012-10-03 11:07:20 Greatly improved from when it first opened. Most of the buffet food is average, but the hibachi selection and quality is exceptional. The fruit is usually pretty fresh as well. —timcrist
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
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WARNING Before going to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Swat, and Peshawar, check for travel advisories from your government, as these regions have become volatile and unstable, with fighting between Taliban and Pakistani forces.
Lake Saif-ul-Malook in the Kaghan Valley near Naran
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Urdu:خیبر پختونخوا) [1], locally Puktunkhwa and formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province, is a province of Pakistan.
[edit] Cities
[edit] Other destinations
[edit] Understand
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa offers invitation to a spectacular landscape and cultural diversity. Peshawar is the business and administrative hub of province though other cities have their places. Some of the tourist’s hotspots include Khyber pass, old interior city, industrial estate famous for smuggled goods, Islamia College, Peshawar fort, (KisaKhawani) story teller bazaar. Its food street is famous for barbecued sheep meat as well as karahi meat.
The Khyber Pass leads into Afghanistan. There are very amenable people in this area, especially in the mountains in Shandoor, Kalash regions. The province has an area of 28,773 mi² or (74,521 km²) - comparable in size to New England in the United States.
[edit] Talk
Pashto and Hindko are the predominant languages in the region. Pashto is mostly spoken in rural areas and Hindko in urban areas. Many people also speak Urdu and English.
[edit] Get in
[edit] By air
Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad are the main gateways to Pakistan by air.
Peshawar International Airport (PEW) is located about a 25 minute drive from the center of Peshawar, it is the 4th busiest airport in Pakistan. It is served by all Pakistan carriers including national flag carrier "PIA". Moreover, many Middle East airlines also serve this airport, such as Emirates, Etihad, Gulf, Kuwait and Qatar airlines.
Peshawar airport has international direct flights to Al Ain, Bahrain, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Doha , Jeddah, Kabul, Muscat, Kuwait and Riyadh. The connections to/from other Asian, European and American cities are available VIA Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad airports. The domestic flights to/from Peshawar Airport are Chitral, Islamabad, Karachi and Lahore.
[edit] By train
You can reach Peshawar by train with Pak Rail [2] from Karachi (36 hours) and Quetta (25 hours), both are via Lahore and Rawalpindi.
There are currently no passenger trains from Landi Kotal in the Khyber Pass.
[edit] By bus
Buses and minibuses run to many parts of the country from here.
[edit] By Road
Peshawer is connected with Islamabad via Motorway M-1 and via national highway N-5
[edit] Get around
By Bus, Car, Train
[edit][add listing] See
• Bala Hisar Fort
• Burj Hari Singh - Sikh fort founded by Sikh General Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa (no longer exists)
• Panch Tirath - An ancient Hindu site now converted into a park
• Sikh Temple at Jogan Shah
• Gor Khuttree - An ancient site of Buddha's alms or begging bowl. Headquarter of Syed Ahmad Shaheed, Governor Avitabile
• Pakhtu Academy - The site of an ancient Buddhist University
• Shah Ji Ki Dheri - The site of Kanishka's famous Buddhist monastery.
• Chowk Yadgar - Formerly Hastings memorial
• Cunningham clock tower built in 1900. Called Ghanta Ghar
• Avitabile's Pavilion
• Victoria memorial Hall
[edit] Itineraries
Bazar of Peshawer Beauty of Swat & Kaghan Valley & Chitral
[edit][add listing] Do
In the summertime hiking tours to the mountains are offered. Ask at Green Tours in front of the Greens Hotel, Peshawar Cantt, and Pearl Tours of the Pearl Continental Hotels. This can also be done by hiring a car, jeep or pickup from local 'Rent-a-Car' servicing private agencies at a very cheap rate ranging from US$20-US$60 per day, depending upon the condition of the vehicle. (the prices r correct as at June 30, 2006-maslampsh)
[edit][add listing] Buy
[edit][add listing] Eat
• Chapli Kabab, a beef kebab shaped like the sole of a sandal is most famous dish of Peshawar. Several famous kabab selling shops are around. Information about them can be obtained from the travel agents or local hotels and guides.
• The restaurants in *Namak Mandi serve marvellous tikka and karai. Meat is ordered by the kilogram, and then prepared according to your preference, either as tikka (barbecued) or as karai (an oil-rich stew with tomato and chili).
• Faluda, a sweet dish mainly found on the Peshawar markets and bazaars especially Qisa-Khwani Bazaar.
[edit][add listing] Drink
• Peshawar is known for its Kawa (Green Tea) which has a unique flavor, and is usually served sweet.
• Sharbat-e-Sandal is a sweet, non-carbonated drink unusually found in markets in summer. It has a good taste and a yellowish-green transparent colour - look out for the black seeds. Served ice cold.
The towns bordering tribal areas are not considered particularly safe. You should always seek information about off-limits areas before traveling to this region.
Stay away from towns near tribal areas and the sensitive Afghan border regions as the Pakistan government has little to no authority in these areas and cannot aid you in an emergency.
[edit][add listing] Sleep
[edit] Get out
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2024-06-03T21:29:49.458Z
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2013-05-18T07:44:30.000Z
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y63smn7262itc73udp3buytqregnxuhm
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cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1362.6 - Regional Statistics, Tasmania, 2005
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 29/08/2003
Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product
Contents >> Crime and justice >> Further information about crime and justice in Tasmania
Further information about crime and justice in Tasmania can be found on this web site (under Statistics-Tasmania).
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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