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Rate This Article
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Arkwright, Sir Richard
Arkwright, Sir Richard
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Tom Lawrence
Sir Richard Arkwright.
Sir Richard Arkwright (1732-1792), English inventor and a manufacturing pioneer who was a central figure of the Industrial Revolution in England and Scotland. While working with John Kay, a British clockmaker, Arkwright developed a mechanical machine for spinning cotton, which was then a laborious process traditionally done in small homes and farms. He established a water-powered spinning factory in 1771, and another, using steam power, in 1790. Through Arkwright's developments, cotton could be spun at a very rapid rate, which helped to jump-start other innovations in the field of textiles. The invention also allowed Arkwright’s factories to successfully compete with Indian calico manufacturers. Arkwright sold licenses to other groups of capitalists who wished to build mills using his designs. As a result, he became one of the first wealthy industrialists.
Further Reading
Citation
Cutler J. Cleveland (Lead Author);Tom Lawrence (Topic Editor) "Arkwright, Sir Richard". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth April 14, 2008; Last revised Date April 14, 2008; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Arkwright,_Sir_Richard>
The Author
Cutler J. Cleveland is Professor of Earth and Environment at Boston University, where he also is on the faculty of the Center for Energy and Environmental Studies. Professor Cleveland is Editor-in-Chief of the Encyclopedia of Energy (Elsevier, 2004), winner of an American Library Association award, the Dictionary of Energy (Elsevier, 2005), Handbook of Energy (Elsevier, forthcoming), and is the Founding Editor-in-Chief of the Encyclopedia of Earth. He is the recipient of the Adelma ... (Full Bio)
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Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Sidney Draggan Ph.D.
Introduction
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Dengue (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are caused by one of four closely related, but antigenically distinct, virus serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4), of the genus Flavivirus. Infection with one of these serotypes provides immunity to only that serotype for life, so persons living in a dengue-endemic area can have more than one dengue infection during their lifetime. DF and DHF are primarily diseases of tropical and sub tropical areas, and the four different dengue serotypes are maintained in a cycle that involves humans and the Aedes mosquito. However, Aedes aegypti, a domestic, day-biting mosquito that prefers to feed on humans, is the most common Aedes species. Infections produce a spectrum of clinical illness ranging from a nonspecific viral syndrome to severe and fatal hemorrhagic disease. Important risk factors for DHF include the strain of the infecting virus, as well as the age, and especially the prior dengue infection history of the patient.
History of Dengue
Mature Dengue-2 virus particles replicating within five-day-old tissue culture cells. (Source: CDC)
The first reported epidemics of DF occurred in 1779-1780 in Asia, Africa, and North America. The near simultaneous occurrence of outbreaks on three continents indicates that these viruses and their mosquito vector have had a worldwide distribution in the tropics for more than 200 years. During most of this time, DF was considered a mild, nonfatal disease of visitors to the tropics. Generally, there were long intervals (10-40 years) between major epidemics, mainly because the introduction of a new serotype in a susceptible population occurred only if viruses and their mosquito vector could survive the slow transport between population centers by sailing vessels.
Aedes mediovittatus mosquito, one vector in the transmission of Dengue Fever. (Source: CDC)
A pandemic of dengue began in Southeast Asia after World War II and has spread around the globe since then. Epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) are more frequent, the geographic distribution of dengue viruses and their mosquito vectors has expanded, and DHF has emerged in the Pacific region and the Americas. In Southeast Asia, epidemic DHF first appeared in the 1950s, but by 1975 it had become a frequent cause of hospitalization and death among children in many countries in that region.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has prepared answers to questions about Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, about the organism that causes the maladies, and about the vector (or transmitter) of them.
What is dengue?
En Español
Dengue (pronounced den' gee) is a disease caused by any one of four closely related viruses (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, or DEN-4). The viruses are transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. In the Western Hemisphere, the Aedes aegypti mosquito is the most important transmitter or vector of dengue viruses, although a 2001 outbreak in Hawaii was transmitted by Aedes albopictus. It is estimated that there are over 100 million cases of dengue worldwide each year.
What is dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)?
DHF is a more severe form of dengue. It can be fatal if unrecognized and not properly treated. DHF is caused by infection with the same viruses that cause dengue. With good medical management, mortality due to DHF can be less than 1%.
How are dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) spread?
Dengue is transmitted to people by the bite of an Aedes mosquito that is infected with a dengue virus. The mosquito becomes infected with dengue virus when it bites a person who has dengue or DHF and after about a week can transmit the virus while biting a healthy person. Dengue cannot be spread directly from person to person.
What are the symptoms of the disease?
The principal symptoms of dengue are high fever, severe headache, backache, joint pains, nausea and vomiting, eye pain, and rash. Generally, younger children have a milder illness than older children and adults.
Dengue hemorrhagic fever is characterized by a fever that lasts from 2 to 7 days, with general signs and symptoms that could occur with many other illnesses (e.g., nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and headache). This stage is followed by hemorrhagic manifestations, tendency to bruise easily or other types of skin hemorrhages, bleeding nose or gums, and possibly internal bleeding. The smallest blood vessels (capillaries) become excessively permeable (“leaky”), allowing the fluid component to escape from the blood vessels. This may lead to failure of the circulatory system and shock, followed by death, if circulatory failure is not corrected.
What is the treatment for dengue?
There is no specific medication for treatment of a dengue infection. Persons who think they have dengue should use analgesics (pain relievers) with acetaminophen and avoid those containing aspirin. They should also rest, drink plenty of fluids, and consult a physician.
Is there an effective treatment for dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)?
As with dengue, there is no specific medication for DHF. It can however be effectively treated by fluid replacement therapy if an early clinical diagnosis is made. Hospitalization is frequently required in order to adequately manage DHF. Physicians who suspect that a patient has DHF may want to consult the Dengue Branch at CDC, for more information.
Where can outbreaks of dengue occur?
World distribution of dengue viruses and their mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, in 2005. (Source: CDC)
Outbreaks of dengue occur primarily in areas where Aedes aegypti (sometimes also Aedes albopictus) mosquitoes live. This includes most tropical urban areas of the world. Dengue viruses may be introduced into areas by travelers who become infected while visiting other areas of the tropics where dengue commonly exists.
In the America region, all dengue virus serotypes are now present. DEN-3 was reintroduced into Central America in 1994 and is now found in several countries in the region. Since this serotype has been absent from the Americas for almost 20 years, the population has a low level of immunity and the virus is expected to spread rapidly.
What can be done to reduce the risk of acquiring dengue?
There is no vaccine for preventing dengue. The best preventive measure for residents living in areas infested with Aedes aegypti is to eliminate the places where the mosquito lays her eggs, primarily artificial containers that hold water.
Items that collect rainwater or are used to store water (for example, plastic containers, 55-gallon drums, buckets, or used automobile tires) should be covered or properly discarded. Pet and animal watering containers and vases with fresh flowers should be emptied and scoured at least once a week. This will eliminate the mosquito eggs and larvae and reduce the number of mosquitoes present in these areas.
For travelers to areas with dengue, a well as people living in areas with dengue, the risk of being bitten by mosquitoes indoors is reduced by utilization of air conditioning or windows and doors that are screened. Proper application of mosquito repellents containing 20% to 30% DEET as the active ingredient on exposed skin and clothing decreases the risk of being bitten by mosquitoes. The risk of dengue infection for international travelers appears to be small, unless an epidemic is in progress.
How can we prevent epidemics of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)?
The emphasis for dengue prevention is on sustainable, community-based, integrated mosquito control, with limited reliance on insecticides (chemical larvicides and adulticides). Preventing epidemic disease requires a coordinated community effort to increase awareness about dengue/DHF, how to recognize it, and how to control the mosquito that transmits it. Residents are responsible for keeping their yards and patios free of sites where mosquitoes can be produced.
For more information:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch
2 Calle Cañada
San Juan, Puerto Rico 00920-3860
Telephone: (787) 706-2399; FAX: (787) 706-2496
Further Reading
Citation
CDC (Content Source);Sidney Draggan Ph.D. (Topic Editor) "Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth March 10, 2008; Last revised Date November 27, 2010; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Dengue_and_Dengue_Hemorrhagic_Fever>
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http://www.fides.org
Africa
2009-11-18
AFRICA/TANZANIA - Spiritans celebrate their General Chapter in Africa, for the first time
Rome (Agenzia Fides) – For the first time in the history of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit, founded in 1703, a General Chapter be held in Africa. The Superior General of the Spiritans, with the consent of its board, decided in fact to host the next General Chapter, to be held from June 24 to July 22, 2012, in Tanzania. Already in the extended General Council held in the summer of 2008, it was decided that the important event would be celebrated in Africa. They examined the various possibilities: the place chosen would have to offer a certain security, to have good means of communication and transport, and not present major difficulties for entry permits. After sending questionnaires out to the eight Africanprovinces of Spiritan missionaries, it was decided that the Chapter of 2012 should take place in Tanzania. The exact location will be chosen next January.
The Congregation of the Holy Spirit, whose members are known as Spiritan Missionaries, was founded in 1703 by French Deacon Poullart des Places, who died at age 30, only two years after his ordination to the priesthood. From October 2, 2009 to the same date in 2010, the Congregation is celebrating a special year for the 300th anniversary of the death of its founder. According to the Pontifical Yearbook (Annuario Pontificio), the Congregation has 3,014 members in 720 communities. (SL) (Agenzia Fides 18/11/2009)
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You are here: Home > Free Data Downloads
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Bibliography: Cover: Lost Dorsai: The New Dorsai Companion
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Title: Cover: Lost Dorsai: The New Dorsai Companion
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Year: 1993
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ATc
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 01:29, 24 February 2008 by Zsun (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
anhydrotetracycline (ATc) is a tetracycline analog, showing increased (30x) affinity for tet repressor. 100 ng/mL gives induction at half maximum.
Preparing working concentration
According to Nallamsetty and Waugh (2007):
Anhydrotetracycline Prepare a 1,000 times stock solution by dissolving in 50% ethanol at 100 ug/ml. Store in a foil-covered tube at -20 °C.
References
Tetracycline analogs affecting binding to Tn10-Encoded Tet repressor trigger the same mechanism of induction.
[1]
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BIOL398-01/S10
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 21:35, 3 March 2010 by Kam D. Dahlquist (Talk | contribs)
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BIOL398-01: Bioinformatics Laboratory
Loyola Marymount University
Home People Molecular Genetics Explorer HIV Evolution HIV Structure DNA Microarrays Help
Announcements
• Grades for the HIV Evolution Project Presentations are available in the MyLMUConnect Grade Center under "OralReport1". This assignment was worth 70 points. You may pick up your feedback forms from me in my office beginning Thursday morning at 8:00AM.
Schedule
Updates to the schedule will be posted here. Readings need to be completed in preparation for class.
Week Date Reading Topic Assignment
1 Jan 19 Introduction to Bioinformatics
Slides can be found on MyLMUConnect site
Introduction to the OpenWetware Wiki
Week 1 Assignment
Due midnight 1/25
2 Jan 26 Protocols listed on Molecular Genetics Explorer page Molecular Genetics Explorer
Jan 25: last day to add or drop a class without a grade of W
Week 2 Assignment
Due midnight 2/1
Class Journal Week 2
3 Feb 2 Bioinformatics for Dummies Introduction, Chapters 1 & 2 Intro to biological databases/literature databases (slides on MyLMUConnect, LMU LibGuide)
Begin HIV Evolution Project
Week 3 Assignment
Due midnight 2/8
Class Journal Week 3
4 Feb 9 Markham et al. (1998), Cohen et al. (2008) review, Exploring HIV Evolution Handout Journal Club 1 slides are on MyLMUConnect
HIV Evolution Project
Week 4 Assignment
Due midnight 2/15
Class Journal Week 4
5 Feb 16 HIV Evolution Project
Guest lecture by Glenn Johnson-Grau on Web of Science
Week 5 Assignment
Due midnight 2/22
Class Journal Week 5
6 Feb 23 HIV Evolution Project Week 6 Assignment
Due midnight 3/1
Class Journal Week 6
7 Mar 2 Bring your Bioinformatics for Dummies book to class; Read Ch. 4, 6. HIV Evolution Project Presentations
Guide to critiquing talks
Begin HIV Structure Project
Week 7 Assignment
Due midnight 3/8
Class Journal Week 7
8 Mar 9 Kwong et al. (1998), Stanfield et al. (1999), Stanfield et al. (2003), Bioinformatics for Dummies Ch. 11 Journal Club 2
HIV Structure Project
Week 8 Assignment
Due midnight 3/15
9 Mar 16 TBA HIV Structure Project Week 9 Assignment
Week midnight 3/22
10 Mar 23 TBA HIV Structure Project Presentations
Mar 26: Last day to withdraw or change to credit/no-credit status
Week 10 Assignment
Due midnight 3/29
Mar 30 Spring Break
11 Apr 6 TBA Journal Club 3
Begin DNA Microarray Project
Week 11 Assignment
Due midnight 4/12
12 Apr 13 TBA DNA Microarray Project Week 12 Assignment
Due midnight 4/19
13 Apr 20 TBA DNA Microarray Project Week 13 Assignment
Due midnight 4/26
14 Apr 27 TBA DNA Microarray Project Final Presentations Week 14 Assignment
Due midnight 5/3
Course Information
Instructor
Prerequisites/Recommended Background
Biology 202 (Genetics), Chemistry 220 (Organic Chemistry I), Chemistry 222 (Organic Chemistry II)
Class Meetings & Attendance
Tuesdays 8:00 AM – 12:00 PM, Seaver 120
This is a hands-on laboratory course, thus attendance at all class meetings is required. An unexcused absence from class will result in a 5% deduction from the overall course grade. The instructor should be notified as soon as possible, electronically or by phone, of the reasons for all absences. LMU has published H1N1 flu prevention guidelines that are applicable to this course: http://www.lmu.edu/resources/emergency/status/H1N1.htm
Mutual Responsibilities
This course is designed to foster your development as a scientist and to give you an authentic research experience. We will be engaged together in discovering, examining, and practicing the personal qualities, technical skills, and community standards of the scientific community. While you are ultimately responsible for your own learning, you are not alone. Our class constitutes a team where we will be learning from each other. The role of the instructor is to provide the expert coaching to support and assist you on your journey. All of the laboratory exercises, readings, assignments, and policies detailed below have been designed with this purpose in mind.
Classroom and Laboratory Environment
We are all responsible for maintaining a classroom and laboratory environment that is safe and conducive to learning. As such, we will observe the following:
1. You are responsible for your own learning and for being a good class citizen.
2. We will act with honesty and integrity at all times.
3. We will always treat individuals with respect.
4. Class will start promptly on time.
5. You are expected to come to class having done the assigned reading and preparatory work so that you are ready to participate in discussions and to perform the laboratory exercises.
6. You are expected to bring the required materials to each class session.
7. Cell phones, pagers, and other communication or music devices will be turned off.
Additionally, all students are governed by LMU Community Standards Publication.
Course Web Site
This is the course web site. You will need to register with OpenWetware.org to be able to edit the wiki and complete coursework. I will post updates to the course schedule and electronic copies of all handouts, assignments, and readings on that site. You will also use the site to keep an electronic lab notebook/journal for the course. In addition, students have been automatically enrolled in BIOL 398-01 on MyLMUConnect (formerly known as Blackboard). The MyLMUConnect site may be used for materials that cannot be made public on the OpenWetware.org wiki.
Required Texts
Claverie, Jean-Michel & Notredame, Cedric (2006) Bioinformatics for Dummies, Wiley, ISBN-10: 0470089857.
Specific readings are given on the schedule and may be revised. Readings will also be assigned from other sources and will be posted on the course web site or put on reserve in the library.
Required Materials (must be brought to each class meeting)
• 3-ring binder with all course handouts
• Pen, pencil, extra paper
• USB flash drive to store bioinformatics data (the more memory the better)
Course Description
Bioinformatics is the application of information technology (informatics) to biological data. Informatics is the representation, organization, manipulation, distribution, maintenance, and use of digital information. When applied to biological data, informatics provides databases and analytical tools for answering biological questions. Bioinformatics is inherently interdisciplinary, involving aspects of biology, computer science, mathematics, physics, and chemistry. While computers have been used to analyze biological data since their invention, the need for computational methods has recently exploded due to the huge amounts of data produced by genome sequencing projects and other high-throughput technologies. Bioinformatics techniques are being used to move the field of biology from a “one gene at a time” approach, to the analysis of whole systems. In this course, students will learn current bioinformatics techniques to address systems-level biological questions. Topics include sequence alignment and phylogeny, protein structural biology, and the analysis of DNA microarray data.
Course Objectives and Learning Outcomes
• To understand how biological information is encoded in the genome and to apply this knowledge to a variety of biological tasks and problems
• To become a bioinformatics tool “power user” by practicing the skills of computer literacy and learning the following about each bioinformatics technique we use:
• what biological questions is the technique used to answer?
• how does the technique work?
• how do you perform the technique?
• what are the limitations of the technique?
• To read and critically evaluate the primary scientific literature
• To form opinions about the ethical, legal, and social implications of bioinformatics research consistent with your values
• To be confident in "leaving your comfort zone", flourishing outside of it, and learning more about bioinformatics on your own
Course Work & Grading
Your work in this course will be assessed in three areas:
Electronic laboratory notebook/journal assignments 140 points
Journal club and ethics case study presentations/discussions 150 points
Oral lab reports 210 points
Total 500 points
Final course grading scale
94.0-100% A
90.0-93.9% A-
86.0-89.9% B+
82.0-85.9% B
78.0-81.9% B-
74.0-77.9% C+
70.0-73.9% C
67.0-69.9% C-
60.0-66.9% D
≤ 59.9% F
Electronic Laboratory Notebook
One of the most important skills you can develop as a scientist is keeping an excellent laboratory notebook. The bioinformatics equivalent of the biology paper-based lab notebook is documentation of your “workflow”. For this course you will practice the documentation skills needed by users of bioinformatics tools by keeping an electronic lab notebook or journal. The technology we will use is a public MediaWiki site hosted by OpenWetware.org, that we will create and edit during the semester. You will create an individual user page and make weekly entries that the instructor will read and grade. You will use the OpenWetware site to complete the assignments as well. The following guidelines apply:
• Your weekly journal entry is due every midnight on Monday PST (Sunday night/Monday morning). Note that the OpenWetware server records the time as Eastern Standard Time (EST). Therefore, midnight will register as 03:00 on the server.
• You will earn 10 points per weekly submission. Late journal entries will be accepted up to one week later for up to half credit.
• The instructor will read and comment on how to improve your journal entries.
• Depending on the type of assignment for that week, you may be given the opportunity to make improvements to previous journal entries as the semester progresses.
• Generally, your journal entries will consist of:
• Workflow and other documentation for hands-on exercises and projects
• Answers to any specific questions posed in the exercise
• Reflection on your learning
Journal Club and Ethical Case Study Presentations
Each bioinformatics project will begin with a "Journal Club" where students will present and lead discussion of research articles from the primary literature. In addition, we may also discuss ethical case studies relating to the topics in the course. Because that day’s class content is dependent upon each student being ready to present and lead discussion, late journal club presentations and ethics case studies will not be accepted.
Oral Lab Reports
The final step in the scientific method is communication of the results to the scientific community. In bioinformatics, the communication takes place in the form of peer-reviewed papers, presentations and posters at conferences, and through web sites. To build your scientific communication skills, you will give an oral lab report for each of the bioinformatics projects assigned in the course. Because that day’s class content is dependent upon each student being ready to give his or her presentation, late oral lab reports will not be accepted.
Extra Credit
Students may accumulate up to 2.5% of their final grade in extra credit by attending Biology Department seminars and completing the seminar sheets. Each seminar attended is worth 0.5% with up to 5 seminars (2.5%) total. Students arriving late to the seminar will not be granted credit—so don’t be late!
Certain, non-Biology Department seminars may be approved in advance for extra credit at the instructor’s discretion. To receive credit for these non-Biology Department seminars, you must turn in a one-page summary of the seminar within one week of the date of the seminar or they will not count as extra credit.
University Policy on Academic Honesty
Loyola Marymount University expects high standards of honesty and integrity from all members of its community. All students are expected to follow the LMU honor code. As stated in the LMU Undergraduate Bulletin 2008-2010, pp. 58–59, "Examples of academic dishonesty include, but are not limited to, the following: all acts of cheating on assignments or examinations, or facilitating other students’ cheating; plagiarism; fabrication of data, including the use of false citations; improper use of non-print media; unauthorized access to computer accounts or files or other privileged information and improper use of Internet sites and resources." An online version of the LMU honor code is available at: http://www.lmu.edu/about/services/registrar/Bulletin/Academic_Degree_Requirements_and_Policies.htm. You are required to sign the Honor Code Agreement for this course. The Davidson College Department of Biology Statement on Plagiarism has been adopted for this course. Please also follow these Guidelines for Literature Citations in a Scientific Paper.
Special Accommodations
Students with special needs who need reasonable modifications, special assistance, or accommodations in this course (such as a documented disability [physical, learning, or psychological]) should contact the Disability Services Office (Daum Hall, Room 224, x84535, http://www.lmu.edu/dss) as early in the semester as possible. All discussions will remain confidential. In addition, please schedule an appointment with the instructors early in the semester to discuss any accommodations for this course for which you have been approved.
Revision Notice
If necessary, this syllabus and its contents are subject to revision; students are responsible for any changes or modifications announced in class. The most current version of this information resides on this course web site at http://www.openwetware.org/wiki/BIOL398-01/S10.
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McClean: Flow Cells
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Overview
This protocol covers the soft lithography and plasma bonding steps used to make flow cells out of PDMS in our lab. This protocol assumes that you are starting with a silicon wafer mold that already has your desired pattern on it. We make out own SU8 molds in the Princeton Microfluidics Laboratory.
Materials
• Slygard 184 Silicon Elastromer (Ellsworth Adhesives)
• 4” petri dishes (for storing chips)
• Small ~6” pieces of the intramedic tubing (ID 0.86mm OD 1.27mm)
• Razor blades
• Biopsy Punches (1.2mm, 1.0mm, 0.75mm diameters) (
• Nitrile gloves
• Stainless steel blunt needle, 16 ½” gauge
• Small green needle (21 ½ gauge Becton-Dickinson)
• Scotch tape
• 1ml syringes with Luer-Lok tips
• 1.5mm Coverslips
• Oven set to 65°C
• TMCS (chlorotrimethyl silane)
• plastic forks for mixing PDMS
• plastic beakers for mixing PDMS
• Vacumn jar for degassing PDMS
Protocol
Wear nitrile gloves, as oils from your hands can prevent the PDMS from curing and/or bonding properly. Please try to not drip PDMS everywhere. It is extremely hard to clean up. Don't get uncured PDMS onto cured chips, as this will prevent the chips from properly bonding to the glass coverslip. In practive this means you should use one pair of gloves for mixing the PDMS and another, clean pair for cutting out the chips and bonding them to the coverslip.
Mixing PDMS to fill the mold
1. Mix PDMS in a 1:9 ratio (by weight) curing agent to polymer in a plastic solo cup. The easiest way to do this is by weighing out the polymer first in the plastic solo cup on a balance and then adding the appropriate amount of curing agent
2. For these molds you will need ~60 g of total solution the first time you fill up the petri dish (assuming a 4" dish).
3. Mix the PDMS THOROUGHLY using a plastic fork. When you think that you’ve mixed it enough, mix it some more. Uneven mixing will lead to uneven curing of the PDMS.
Degassing the PDMS
1. Place your PDMS in the vacumn bell jar in the hood and turn on the vacumn. Please wait for your classmates because you will all need to be degassing PDMS at the same time.
2. Watch the PDMS degassing. If it looks like it is about to bubble over, release the vacumn, let the bubbles collapse, and then restart the vacumn. Keep an eye on it for at least 10 minutes.
3. Make sure that your PDMS is completely free of bubbles. The total degassing process will probably take 15 minutes. While you are waiting you may move on to testing the chips you made previously.
Pour the PDMS
1. Pour the PDMS carefully into your mold, trying hard not to introduce bubbles that you have worked so hard to eliminate.
2. If you do introduce bubbles carefully use a 21G 1 1/2 gauge needle to move them to the side.
Curing the PDMS
1. Cure the PDMS at 65°C until it is firm and not tacky at all. This will probably take an hour. You can also do this overnight if you are running out of time.
Cutting out the Chip
1. Using a razor blade, carefully cut around the mask components visible through the PDMS. DO NOT CUT YOURSELF. DO NOT under ANY circumstances push down on the underlying silicon wafer. This will crack the wafer rendering it useless for classmates and for future chip making. It is expensive to replace these molds, so BE GENTLE!!! The best way to cut out the PDMS is to gently circle, removing slightly more PDMS each time. When you see an air bubble form under the PDMS you are getting close, but DO NOT rush at this point. Carefully keep circling the groove until the chunk of PDMS pops-out.
2. Cut the large piece of PDMS into individual chips. You want each chip to fit onto your coverslip. Don't cut your chip too small, as this will give it less surface area with which to bond to the coverslip. When you have cut out your chip, cover the channel side with scotch tape.
Punch inlet and outlet ports in your chip
Blunt Needle Technique
Place a piece of scrap PDMS flat on your bench and push a blunt needle through the PDMS. Then use a smaller 21 G 1 ½ needle (pointed) to remove the plug of PDMS from the end of the blunt needle before pulling the blunt needle back through the PDMS to leave a port.
Biopsy Punch Technique
Put a piece of scrap PDMS flat on your bench and use a biopsy punch to push through the PDMS. Be very careful to punch strain down and please don’t bend the tip of the biopsy punch (this renders them basically useless). Eject the plug of PDMS before pulling the biopsy punch back through the PDMS to leave a hole.
Plasma bonding the PDMS chip to the coverslip
1. Clean the channel side of the chip using scotch tape. Press and remove scotch tape 3X’s from the channel side of the chip.
2. Turn on the vacumn pump to the plasma preen (leftmost switch labelled "Vacumn Pump Power"). You will hear the vacumn pump at your feet turn on
3. Remove the glass chamber. Be careful of the two glass balls on the bottom of the chamber, they tend to catch and the whole chamber can get stuck!
4. Place your chip (tape free) and a glass coverslip inside. Make sure that the PDMS chip is channel-side up.
5. Replace the glass chamber and close the microwave door.
6. Turn on the air flow (middle switch labelled "Gas Control") and the vacumn (rightmost switch labeled "System Vacuum")
7. Wait about 20 seconds and then adjust the leftmost gas control to be at about 2
8. Hit "1" on the microwave pannel. The microwave will start. When you see pink/purple plasma, count to 5, and then hit "Cancel/Off"
9. Turn off the Gas Control and the System Vacuum.
10. Remove the chip and glass coverslip, and put the PDMS channel-side down on the glass (onto the side of the glass that was facing up). You should see the PDMS bond to the glass.
11. For extra bonding, bake the chip in the oven at 65°C for a few hours or overnight.
Notes
Please feel free to post comments, questions, or improvements to this protocol. Happy to have your input!
1. List troubleshooting tips here.
2. You can also link to FAQs/tips provided by other sources such as the manufacturer or other websites.
3. Anecdotal observations that might be of use to others can also be posted here.
• Megan N McClean 18:42, 13 August 2012 (EDT) Running the plasma for longer will NOT give you better bonding. The surface of the PDMS will become glassy and no longer stick to the glass. Don't got much over 5 seconds for plasma cleaning your chip.
Please sign your name to your note by adding '''*~~~~''': to the beginning of your tip.
References
Contact
or instead, discuss this protocol.
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Yahoo! Search is Very Important
Sep 1, 2004 • 10:04 am | (0) by | Filed Under Other Search Engines
For some reason, people assume that the "other search engines" like Yahoo, MSN, Ask, etc. are not used. A thread over at JimWorld named Do people still use Yahoo? discusses just that.
A member asks "Everyone seems to use google and I was wondering if it was really worth it to optimize a site for Yahoo?"
Some of the quick responses include: thejenn (JimWorld Admin) said: "Yahoo! currently captures about a third of the search engine market." She then adds, "Also, it's important to remember that until MSN launches their own search engine, they are using the results from Yahoo!'s engine. So, add another 15%-20% marketershare on there for MSN and Yahoo! is covering almost half of the search engine market."
Previous story: How to Handle Copyright Infringement Found by the Search Engines
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Place:Robertsville, Frontenac, Ontario, Canada
Watchers
NameRobertsville
TypeCommunity
Coordinates44.8957°N 76.6903°W
Located inFrontenac, Ontario, Canada
See alsoPalmerston, Frontenac, Ontario, Canadatownship in which Robertsville located until 1999
North Frontenac, Frontenac, Ontario, Canadamunicipality in which Robertsville located since 1999
Robertsville' is a "dispersed rural community" in the former Palmerston Township in Frontenac County in Ontario, Canada. Since 1999 Robertsville has been located in the municipality of Township of North Frontenac.
Research Tips
The primary source for basic documents (vital statistics, land records, wills) for people who lived in the Province of Ontario is the Archives of Ontario, 134 Ian Macdonald Blvd, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M7A 2C5.
Early Records
Civil registration did not begin in the province until 1869. Before then there may be church records of baptisms and burials. For the most part these are still held by the denomination who recorded them. Copies of marriage records made pre-1869 had to be sent by individual clergymen to the registrar of the county in which the marriage took place. These marriage records are available through Ontario Archives, on micorfilm through LDS libraries, and on paid and unpaid websites, but because they were copied at the registrars' offices, they cannot be considered a primary source.
Vital Records after 1869
Birth, marriage and death registrations are not open to the public until a specific number of years after the event occurred. Births to 1914 are now available [October 2012]; dates for marriages and deaths are later. Birth and death registration was not universally carried out in the early years after its adoption. Deaths were more apt to be reported than births for several years. The more rural the area, the less likely it would be that these happenings were reported to the authorities.
Images and indexes of civil registrations for the "viewable" years can be found on paid websites, and indexes only on FamilySearch. The latest year published is not yet available online. The FamilySearch Wiki on Ontario Vital Records explains how these records are organized and their availability.
Land Records and Wills
Information on how to access land records and wills is best sought on the Archives of Ontario website. An ancestor's land holding might be found on Canadian County Atlas Digital Project if he was in occupancy circa 1878.
Association for the Preservation of Ontario Land Registry Office Documents (APOLROD). A list of Land Registry Offices for all Counties of Ontario.
Censuses
The original censuses are in the hands of Library and Archives Canada. All of the original census (1851-1911) images are online with the exception of that for 1861. Not all of them are indexed. Later censuses are not yet available. Census divisions were redrawn as the population increased and more land was inhabited.
Other websites, some paid and some free, also provide Canadian census originals and/or indexes online. One can view censuses on microfilm at the Archives of Ontario or at big libraries throughout Canada.
E-books and Books
• The Internet Archive, particularly texts from Canadian universities, can contain interesting material
• Our Roots is a Canadian website similar to The Internet Archive
• Global Genealogy is an online bookshop specializing in Ontario material who will ship anywhere in the world.
Some websites with more local information on Frontenac County
source: Family History Library Catalog
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Place:Sharpsville, Tipton, Indiana, United States
Watchers
NameSharpsville
TypeTown
Coordinates40.379°N 86.087°W
Located inTipton, Indiana, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Sharpsville is a town in Liberty Township, Tipton County, Indiana, in the United States. It is part of the Kokomo, Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, Sharpsville's population is 607.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Sharpsville, Indiana. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Looking for a Store/Retail Deal? Search here.
Loading...
Friday, August 31, 2012
Labor Day Weekend - Top Sales / Deals
You don't have to leave home to save money during Labor Day weekend. Below is a list of some of the top online sales and deals for your holiday shopping.
If you're planning to do a lot of online shopping, use Ebates
so you can earn Cash Back on all your purchases for even more savings.
Don't forget to check out our Retail Round Up
for a huge list of printable in-store coupons and all our Back-to-School deals.
Freebies:
Sales / Deals:
Don’t want to miss a single deal? Go here to get Hot Deals sent directly to your Inbox! Thanks for joining Your Retail Helper.
This post may contain affiliate links. Go here to see our full Disclosure Statement.
Copyright Information
©2010–2012 Your Retail Helper All rights reserved. No content on this site may be reused in any fashion without written permission.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License. THIS WORK BY YOUR RETAIL HELPER IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSE. YOU ARE FREE TO USE ANY INFORMATION FOUND ON THIS SITE AS LONG AS PROPER CREDIT IS GIVEN TO YOUR RETAIL HELPER AND A LINK BACK IS PROVIDED. IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS, PLEASE CONTACT US.
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Research article
The usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging of the hand and wrist in very early rheumatoid arthritis
Paraskevi E Kosta1, Paraskevi V Voulgari2, Anastasia K Zikou1, Alexandros A Drosos2* and Maria I Argyropoulou1
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Clinical Imaging and Radiology Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
2 Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
For all author emails, please log on.
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2011, 13:R84 doi:10.1186/ar3355
Published: 9 June 2011
Abstract
Introduction
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to study the hand and wrist in very early rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and the results were compared with early and established disease.
Methods
Fifty-seven patients fulfilling the new American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA, 26 with very early RA (VERA), 18 with early RA (ERA), and 13 with established RA (ESTRA), (disease duration < 3 months, < 12 months, and > 12 months, respectively) were enrolled in the study. MRI of the dominant hand and wrist was performed by using fat-suppressed T2-weighted and plain and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted sequences. Evaluation of bone marrow edema, synovitis, and bone erosions was performed with the OMERACT RA MRI scoring system.
Results
Edema, erosions, and synovitis were present in VERA, and the prevalence was 100%, 96.15%, and 92.3%, respectively. Significant differences in edema and erosions were found between VERA and ESTRA (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in synovitis.
Conclusions
Edema, erosions, and synovitis are findings of very early RA. MRI, by detecting these lesions, may play an important role in the management of these patients.
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Name source
Australian Faunal Directory
Rank
species
Data links
LSID
JSON / WMS/ RDF
Life Science Identifier (LSID):
urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:f9523edf-bae6-4f1a-ba05-5b78cff38ac2
LSIDs are persistent, location-independent,resource identifiers for uniquely naming biologically significant resources including species names, concepts, occurrences, genes or proteins, or data objects that encode information about them. To put it simply, LSIDs are a way to identify and locate pieces of biological information on the web.
Data Links
JSON
For a JSON view of this data, click here
WMS
To use WMS services, copy and paste the following GetCapabilities URL into your OGC client (e.g. uDIG, ESRI ArcGIS)
http://biocache.ala.org.au/ws/ogc/ows?q=species:Ornithoptera richmondia
For higher taxa, this will give you a hierarchical listing of layers for each taxon.
RDF
To download an RDF/XML document for the concepts and names click here
A JSON view of this information is here here
A html view of this information is here here
Further details
For more details on occurrence webservices, click here
For more details on names webservices, click here
Species presence
Recorded In Australia
Terrestrial Habitats
Conservation status
QLDVulnerable
Occurrence records map
View records list Map & analyse records
• Source: Wikipedia
Online resources
Names and sources
Accepted name Source
Ornithoptera richmondia
Synonyms
Synonyms Source
Amphrisius australis Swainson, 1851
Published in: Swainson, W. 1851. Review. [book review] Australian Lepidoptera and Their Transformations Drawn from Life, by Harriet and Helena Scott, with Descriptions General and Systematic, by A.W. Scott. The Sydney Morning Herald. 30 August 1851
Papilio richmondia Gray, 1853
Common Names
Common name Source
Richmond Birdwing
Is this a preferred common name for this species? YES | NO
Richmond Birdwing Butterfly
Is this a preferred common name for this species? YES | NO
Working classification
kingdom
ANIMALIA
phylum
ARTHROPODA
subphylum
HEXAPODA
class
INSECTA
suprageneric
Pterygotes
order
LEPIDOPTERA
zoological_division
DITRYSIA
superfamily
PAPILIONOIDEA
family
PAPILIONIDAE
subfamily
PAPILIONINAE
tribe
Troidini
subtribe
Troidina
genus
Ornithoptera
species
Ornithoptera richmondia
Occurrence records
View list of all occurrence records for this taxon
Charts showing breakdown of occurrence records
Hint: click on chart elements to view that subset of records
Name references found in the Biodiversity Heritage Library
Name references found in the TROVE - NLA
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Performance tuning the network controller (MTU)
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 15:23, 28 August 2006 by Mindbender (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
This article Based on work by tklee, briand, frontalot, and nix. Originally by frontalot. at Linkstationwiki.org
• Every time you send a 1500 size packet out on a MTU1492 network you end up with two packets: 1492 + 8. That's why the speed drops - The second packet is almost empty! If you type:
ifconfig eth0
• It will show:
MTU = 1500
• The standard MTU[1] for DSL and cable is 1492 maximum, for DSL via PPPoE[2] it is often 1480 (you best ask your provider for the correct value). You can:
• Add the following line to one of your startup files in the start section, e.g. in
/etc/init.d/networking
/sbin/ifconfig eth0 mtu 1492
OR
• Add "mtu 1492" (a line by itself) to /etc/network/interfaces
echo "mtu 1492" >> /etc/network/interfaces
1. :maximum transmission unit
2. :Point-to-Point Protocol Over Ethernet
Personal tools
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User:Mindbender
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
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[[terastationwiki:Firmware_update|how to create your own firmware update]]
[[terastationwiki:Firmware_update|how to create your own firmware update]]
+
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[[terastationwiki:Harddisk_Layout|Tera harddisk layout]]
Revision as of 16:24, 16 July 2006
hi there :)
most of you know me...so why introduce ;)
interwikitest kurobox.com
gentoo
Fedora_on_the_Kurobox
interwikitest terastation.org
how to create your own firmware update
Tera harddisk layout
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Connexions
Sections
You are here: Home » Content » Pressures in the Body
About: Pressures in the Body
Module by: OpenStax College. E-mail the author
View the content: Pressures in the Body
Metadata
Name: Pressures in the Body
ID: m42199
Language: English (en)
Summary:
• Explain the concept of pressure the in human body.
• Explain systolic and diastolic blood pressures.
• Describe pressures in the eye, lungs, spinal column, bladder, and skeletal system.
Subject: Science and Technology
Keywords: Blood pressure, Diastolic, Glaucoma, Intraocular pressure, Micturition reflex, Systolic
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 3.0
Authors: OpenStax College (info@openstaxcollege.org)
Copyright Holders: Rice University (daniel@openstaxcollege.org)
Maintainers: OpenStax College (info@openstaxcollege.org), OSC Physics Maintainer (info@openstaxcollege.org)
Latest version: 1.5 (history)
First publication date: Dec 29, 2011 11:24 am -0600
Last revision to module: Jun 21, 2012 3:56 pm -0500
Downloads
PDF: m42199_1.5.pdf PDF file, for viewing content offline and printing. Learn more.
EPUB: m42199_1.5.epub Electronic publication file, for viewing in handheld devices. Learn more.
XML: m42199_1.5.cnxml XML that defines the structure and contents of the module, minus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Source Export ZIP: m42199_1.5.zip ZIP containing the module XML plus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Version History
Version: 1.5 Jun 21, 2012 3:56 pm -0500 by OSC Physics Maintainer
Changes:
glossary issue
Version: 1.4 Jun 13, 2012 1:55 pm -0500 by OSC Physics Maintainer
Changes:
Review Changes
Version: 1.3 Jun 6, 2012 4:51 pm -0500 by OSC Physics Maintainer
Changes:
consistency, image cropping, LO
Version: 1.2 May 13, 2012 4:30 pm -0500 by OSC Physics Maintainer
Changes:
initial content publication
Version: 1.1 Dec 29, 2011 11:26 am -0600 by OSC Physics Maintainer
Changes:
Created module
How to Reuse and Attribute This Content
If you derive a copy of this content using a Connexions account and publish your version, proper attribution of the original work will be automatically done for you.
If you reuse this work elsewhere, in order to comply with the attribution requirements of the license (CC-BY 3.0), you must include
• the authors' names: OpenStax College
• the title of the work: Pressures in the Body
• the Connexions URL where the work can be found: http://cnx.org/content/m42199/1.5/
See the citation section below for examples you can copy.
How to Cite and Attribute This Content
The following citation styles comply with the attribution requirements for the license (CC-BY 3.0) of this work:
American Chemical Society (ACS) Style Guide:
OpenStax College. Pressures in the Body, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/m42199/1.5/, Jun 21, 2012.
American Medical Assocation (AMA) Manual of Style:
OpenStax College. Pressures in the Body [Connexions Web site]. June 21, 2012. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m42199/1.5/.
American Psychological Assocation (APA) Publication Manual:
OpenStax College. (2012, June 21). Pressures in the Body. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m42199/1.5/
Chicago Manual of Style (Bibliography):
OpenStax College. "Pressures in the Body." Connexions. June 21, 2012. http://cnx.org/content/m42199/1.5/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Note):
OpenStax College, "Pressures in the Body," Connexions, June 21, 2012, http://cnx.org/content/m42199/1.5/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Reference, in Author-Date style):
OpenStax College. 2012. Pressures in the Body. Connexions, June 21, 2012. http://cnx.org/content/m42199/1.5/.
Modern Languages Association (MLA) Style Manual:
OpenStax College. Pressures in the Body. Connexions. 21 June 2012 <http://cnx.org/content/m42199/1.5/>.
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Bootloader Security Resources
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 21:12, 3 December 2009 by Tim Bird (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Overview
This page has security information about bootloaders.
Technology/Project pages
Security Enhancements
There are two methods of booting
• Trusted/Authenticated Boot: just reporting
• Secure Boot: boot can be halted
Trusted Computing Group (TCG)
TCG is a hardware-based security solution not only for the PC platform, but also applicable for embedded devices. To understand the TCG, TCG Specification Architecture Overview is a good document.
Using the Trusted Platform Module(TPM) security chip and write-protected boot-code, we will be able to implement the Trusted Boot efficiently. Unfortunately, Many existing TPMs are designed for PC Platform, it requires LPC bus. Thus you have to use glue logic to use such TPM with your system. But, Atmel(R) has been released TPM chip, AT97SC3201S which has I2C/SMBus interface.
Open Source Projects/Mailing Lists
RedBoot/eCos
U-Boot
Project site: u-boot
GRUB
GRUB is a bootloader for PC Platform. There are two patches to enable the TCG's Trusted Boot.
(In this case, the BIOS must support TCG Trusted Boot)
GRUB provides a password feature, only administrator can start the interactive operations.
EtherBoot
EtherBoot is a software package for creating ROM images that can download code over an Ethernet network to be executed on an x86 computer. "SafeBootMode means any NBI image that's downloaded is checked whether it contains a valid digital signature and if not, the user is notified."
Other Resources
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Arizona Birth, Marriage and Death RecordsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 04:13, 18 September 2012 by Sabwoo (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
United States Arizona Birth, Marriage and Death Records
800px-Saguaro ArizonaSunset.jpg
Introduction to Vital Records
Vital Records consist of births, adoptions, marriages, divorces, and deaths recorded on registers, certificates, and documents. United States Vital Records has additional research guidance on researching and using vital records. A copy or an extract of most original records can be purchased from the Arizona Department of Health Services or the County Clerk's Office of the county where the event occurred.
Contents
- Births Marriages Deaths
Earliest - - -
Statewide Registration 1909 - 1909
General Compliance 1926 - 1926
Birth Records
Check Arizona Genealogy Birth and Death Certificates for records of births that occurred from 1855 to at least 75 years ago. Arizona is one of the few states that has online free access to birth and death records.
Check the following FamilySearch article for addition birth records, with explanation
Arizona Births and Christenings (FamilySearch Historical Records)
For birth records less than 75 years ago, Arizona is a "closed record" state which means vital records are not public records. Only immediate family and selected others may obtain certified copies of vital records.[1]
Genealogists may obtain copies of certificates if all of the following criteria are met:
• The applicant establishes a relationship to the individual whose record they are requesting
• Acceptable types of credible documentation to establish relationship: Birth certificate, Death certificate, Marriage certificate.
• Non-acceptable types of documentation to establish relationship: Pedigree charts, Lineage charts, Family trees.
• The applicant submits a signed application.
• The applicant provides valid government issued identification or notarized signature on the application. *The application submits the appropriate fee(s).
A wiki article describing an online collection is found at:
Arizona Births and Christenings (FamilySearch Historical Records)
1909—1988
Statewide registration of vital records in Arizona began July, 1909 and was generally complied with by 1926. Because county clerks sent copies to the Arizona Department of Health Services, vital records are available at both the county and State Department of Health offices.
1989—Present
You may obtain a certified copy of a birth certificate for a birth that occurred in Arizona after 1989, at the County Health Department in the county where the birth occurred.
Adoption
Arizona's adoption records are confidential. Individuals who were adopted and are looking for their birth parents, or who are the birth parents of an adoptee and are looking for their child need to engage the services of a Confidential Intermediary. Please refer to the Arizona Supreme Court's Arizona Confidential Intermediary Program web site for more information. Access to Adoption Records" Adoption.com. Adoption Media, LLC, 1995 - 2009. Accessed 1 Sept. 2009. [1]
The following parties may use the services of a confidential intermediary to obtain adoption information:
• birth siblings age 21 or older;
• adoptive parents or legal guardians of adopted adults age 18 or older;
• adopted adults age 21 or older;
• the immediate, adult relatives (age 21 or older) of a deceased adopted adult;
• birth parents; or
• birth grandparents if birth parents are deceased.
After a confidential intermediary receives written consent from both parties, information may be released. Adoptive parents may prevent an adopted child from being contacted by an intermediary without their permission and birth parents may prohibit an adopted child from contacting birth siblings without their permission. The Arizona confidential intermediary can be contacted at:
Arizona Confidential Intermediary Program
Arizona Supreme Court
Attn: Torin Scott
1501 W. Washington
Phoenix, AZ 85007
(602) 542-9586 or (602) 542-9580
cip@supreme.sp.state.az.us
Arizona adoption laws allow an adopted adult over the age of 21 to provide a notarized statement granting or refusing consent to release adoption information. Any party may try to obtain identifying information by petitioning the court for compelling need.
Source: Adoption.com. Arizona Adoption Laws
Marriage Records
An 1864 territorial law required county recorders to keep marriage and divorce records. From 1891 to 1912, clerks of probate courts issued marriage licenses. Marriage and divorce records in Arizona are maintained by the Clerk of the Superior Court in the county where the event occurred. They are not available from the Office of Vital Records. There is no statewide registration of marriages in Arizona.
Many of the early marriages for the state are searchable online at no cost in the Western States Marriage Index.
Yuma, Yuma County, Arizona served many eloping couples from Arizona, southern California and New Mexico. In Yuma there was no waiting period between the time of issuing a license and the performance of the marriage.
Gretna Greens. When an Arizona couple's marriage is not in their home county, search for it in alternate places, such as Las Vegas, Clark, Nevada, or Yuma, Yuma, Arizona.[2]
A wiki article describing an online collection is found at:
Arizona Marriages (FamilySearch Historical Records)
Divorce Records
The earliest divorce records were granted by the territorial legislature and are found in the published territorial statutes. Later divorce proceedings were kept by the district court of each county until 1912, when the superior court was given this jurisdiction.
Death Records
Check Arizona Genealogy Birth and Death Certificates for records of a death that occurred from 1844 to at least 50 years ago. Arizona is one of the few states that has online free access to birth and death records.
A wiki article describing an online collection is found at:
To obtain copies of Death records for dates not currently online write to:
Vital Records Section
Arizona Department of Health Services
P.O. Box 3887
Phoenix, AZ 85030
Telephone: 602-255-3260
Internet: Arizona Department of Health Services
Also check VitalRecords.com $ for current fees and latest information to obtain copies of Arizona state records.
Minorities
African American Research
When searching for birth, marriage, or death records for African Americans in Arizona, check the record types listed above. Other sources have historical information for African American research.
Arizona Indian Research
To locate birth, marriage, or death information on Native Americans living in Arizona you must know which tribe the individual belonged to. Indians of Arizona has more specific information about Indian tribes in Arizona.
Online Arizona Birth, Marriage and Death Records
The following is a list of online resources useful for locating Arizona vital records. Check Arizona Vital Records Online for more information about the resources listed below. Most online resources for Arizona Vital Records are indexes. After locating a person in an index always consult the original record to confirm the information in the index.
Alternative Records
Check substitute records to either verify information already found or to locate birth, marriage, death and other information when government records do not exist.
• Arizona Church Records: Depending on the denomination, church records may contain information about birth, marriage and death.
• Arizona Census Records :Census records are a valuable source for birth and marriage information. You may also determine approximate time of death when the individual disappear from the census. This is a good place to begin a search.
• Arizona Cemetery Records: Cemetery records are a rich source of birth and death information. These records may also reveal family relationships.
• Social Security Death Index (SSDI): The SSDI indexes deaths for those who had social security numbers and the death was reported to the Social Security Administration. Most records start in 1962.
• Arizona History: Local histories, family histories and biographies can all be sources of birth, marriage and death information. Often this information is found in county-level records or in surname searches of the Family History Library catalog.
• Arizona Newspapers: Besides obituaries, local newspapers may contain birth and marriage announcements and death notices. Also check newspaper social columns for additional information.
Periodicals: Local genealogical and historical societies often publish periodicals which may contain abstracted early birth, marriage and death information
• Arizona Military Records Military pension records can give birth, marriage and death information. In addition, soldiers' homes records can included this same information:
• Arizona Periodicals: Local genealogical and historical societies often publish periodicals which may contain abstracted early birth, marriage and death information.
See also Arizona Statewide Indexes and Collections at the Family History Library.
Archives, Libraries & Societies
Statewide archives, libraries, historical and genealogical societies of Arizona have collections that can be of great value in Arizona research. Individual counties usually have historical and genealogical societies as well. Contact the Arizona Archives, Societies and Libraries listed below for specific information on availability of records and how to access their collections online, in person or through a local agent that will search the records for a fee.
Tips
• The information given on a birth or death certificate is given by an informant. Learn the relationship of the informant to determine the accuracy of the record.
• If you are unable to locate vital records recorded by governments; search for a church record of christening, marriage, death or burial. A family Bible may have been used to record family births, marriages and deaths.
• Privacy laws may restrict your access to some vital records. Copies of vital records recorded in the last 100 years may be unavailable to anyone except a direct relative.
• If the survival of a baby was in question, the birth may not have been recorded. Search for a delayed birth record if the child survived.
• Search for Vital Records in the Family History Library Catalog by using a Place Search and then choosing Vital Records. Search for Arizona to locate records filed by the State and then search the name of the county to locate records kept by the county.
References
1. Arizona Department of Health Services, Office of Vital Records. Vital Records. Accessed 28 May 2011.
2. Arlene H. Eakle, "Have you searched and searched for a marriage without finding it?" accessed 8 January 2011.
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
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Bongino challenge of Sen. Cardin looks crazy, but he has a compelling story
July 19, 2011 at 5:47 am
By Len Lazarick
Len@MarylandReporter.com
See video of this interview here.
Dan Bongino concedes that his campaign as a conservative Republican to unseat Democratic Sen. Ben Cardin next year looks pretty crazy.
He gave up a 12-year career in the Secret Service, where he had led the protection details for Presidents Barack Obama and George W. Bush, forgoing his government pension. He’s got seven months of savings set aside, his wife is pregnant with their second child and, of course, he’s never run for public office.
Dan Bongino, a Republican challenging U.S. Sen. Ben Cardin in 2012, talks about his candidacy.
“One day, I just came home and said to my wife, ‘I really think we’re in a bad spot in this country,’ ” and it needed someone like him in public office. “I said, ‘I think we can win.’ ”
He’s not the only candidate who wants to take on Cardin. Two other Republicans have already filed, as have four Democrats. But Bongino, 36, fully recognizes that he’s got a compelling life story, and he tells it well. It’s the kind of narrative that has already garnered him three appearances on Fox News in June and a feature package on CNN, as well as multiple talk-radio interviews.
The life story
Raised in poverty with his two brothers by a single mother in New York City — “baloney and Cheerios for dinner,” he says — he was a NYPD cop for four years, earned bachelor’s and master’s degrees in psychology, joined the Secret Service, traveled to 27 countries, helped break up a fraud ring and last year got an MBA from Penn State. While he swears high respect for Obama and his family personally, he strongly disagrees with the policies of the man he would have taken a bullet for.
“I think it’s time for really normal middle-class guys to take a stand, and if I don’t win, maybe people pay attention, maybe we make a dent, maybe the next time out a Republican wins,” Bongino said. “If I didn’t think I could win, I wouldn’t have done it.”
He said political consultants have shown him numbers that convince him he has a shot of defeating a man who has been in elected office since before Bongino was born.
Bongino doesn’t know Cardin, just his politics.
“I’m sure he’s a wonderful man. He seems like a really nice guy,” he said. “What has he done that entitles him to really lead Maryland? What does he know about what middle-class families are going through?”
The beef with Cardin
What’s Bongino’s beef with Cardin?
“Let’s just stick with the big three,” Bongino said: education, health care and the economy.
On schools, Cardin “claims these grand intentions, and then he does the exact opposite,” voting against charter schools in D.C. and against federal vouchers to give parents choices. Schools in Baltimore and Prince George’s County are some of the worst in the state, Bongino said, but Cardin doesn’t support ways to get out of them.
“He’s beholden to unions,” he said. “He supports the system. He doesn’t support the students.”
On health care, where Cardin is considered one of the most knowledgeable lawmakers, Bongino said the senator supports socialized medicine and forced choices for care.
And Cardin, he said, represents the philosophy that the government knows how to spend your money better than you do.
“I’m not anti-government,” Bongino insists. The government has a legitimate role in defense, public safety, courts and even public education, though he says it’s “monopolized services that could be provided more effectively in the private sector.”
Flatter, broader tax code
On taxes, Bongino said he would be standing with the freshmen Republicans in Congress against higher taxes. He supports a broader, flatter tax code with zero subsidies and exemptions, and no net tax increase.
“A flatter, broader tax code does benefit the economy, since the cost of compliance goes way down,” he said. “Think of how many tax lawyers would be out of business.”
Regardless of how high taxes might be, over time they’re going to generate about 18% of gross domestic product, he said. People will figure out ways to do other things with their money. Right now, we’re spending 24% of GDP. “Do we want to do what works or do we want to do what sounds good?”
He also thinks government benefits have “made poverty so comfortable.”
“Poverty’s uncomfortable, but it’s the greatest incentive to get out of it. When we made poverty comfortable, you know what you get. You get more poverty. That’s not help.”
Bongino thinks his lack of political experience is “a badge of honor.” He said he doesn’t hear any cries from the right or the left that “we need more politicians.”
“I don’t have a voting record,” he said. “I’m glad I’ve not had to make any deals.”
That helps explain why he got into the race with the backing of Brian Murphy, the businessman and political novice who challenged Gov. Bob Ehrlich last year.
The Cardin campaign declined to comment on Bongino or any of his complaints about Cardin. But on Friday, Cardin announced he had raised $1 million in the last three months, and had $1.8 million cash on hand – about 100 times what Bongino has raised in the first few weeks of his campaign.
“I strive every day to tackle the serious challenges facing Marylanders and our entire nation,” Cardin said in a statement. “Helping to create and protect quality jobs, keeping our Bay healthy and our drinking water clean, and protecting seniors from efforts to slash Medicare and Social Security are at the top of my daily agenda.”
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Armenia's Taperakan village faces forgery, paper says
PanARMENIAN.Net - Chorrord Ishkanutyun paper receives many alarming reports from Armenian citizens who say other people are registered in their houses.
According to the paper’s data, the village Taperakan in Armenia’s Ararat province also sees excessive registration.
The number of nearly all families' members here has been inflated, village mayor Mihran’s home seeing the largest number of those registered, paper says.
As a result, 500 extra people are registered in this 2500-resident village.
Partner news
Top stories
Earlier, ArmRosgasprom CJSC addressed Armenia’s Public Services Regulatory Commission with an offer to reconsider natural gas price.
Armenian defense ministry’s spokesman described the maneuvers as ordinary exercises conducted several times a year.
Participants will learn basic skills in protecting IT systems and data as well as how to investigate computer-facilitated crimes.
“I wish to further promote the beauty of Armenian art and its principles of tolerance and respect to diversity,” Mnatsakanyan said.
Partner news
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Nothing puzzles me more than time and space; and yet nothing troubles me less, as I never think about them. Lamb, Charles
This quote is about cosmos · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Lamb, Charles ...
Charles Lamb (10 February 1775 - 27 July 1834) was an English essayist, best known for his Essays of Elia and for the children's book Tales from Shakespeare, which he produced along with his sister, Mary Lamb (17641847).
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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An old young man, will be a young old man. Franklin, Benjamin
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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212 - The Extra Degree
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ulpvr2o2myodrtnm2eovi6qswcpf2ygr
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Life is a loss of time. Kocher, Gerhard
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212 - The Extra Degree
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2013-05-18T08:24:32.000Z
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wddfnployaq67ypby5nxe5aoqwhramrb
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We have left undone those things which we ought to have done; and we have done those things which we ought not to have done. Book Of Common Prayer
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212 - The Extra Degree
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yl2bwyyjrruzf4vii4nxgkfgjrcy4m7q
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Rochester Rehabilitation Center
Info Map
Search:
Location
1000 Elmwood Ave, Rochester NY, 14620
Hours (as of September 2009)
Monday - Friday: 8:30AM to 5:00PM
Phone
585 271 2520
Accessible
Yes
Email
<info AT rochesterrehab DOT org>
Website
http://www.RochesterRehab.org
http://www.DriveOnROCKS.org
Facebook Page
Rochester Rehabilitation is a nonprofit organization and member agency of the Al Sigl Community of Agencies.
For more information about them and how they can help, please call extension 798.
See also DriveOn for information about the Drive On program.
Comments:
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2009-06-04 22:22:55 I obtained my driver's license with the help of Rochester Rehab's training, guidance and support. Thank you! —PeteB
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Posts: 1,366 | Thanked: 1,173 times | Joined on Jan 2006
#1
http://www.vodafonebusinessshop.co.u...nding.usbmodem
maybe I dont need to carry that extra 3g phone anymore
Mike C
Posts: 66 | Thanked: 7 times | Joined on Oct 2005 @ Europe
#2
This is a very cool device, it supports (when the network does) HSDPA speeds of up to 7.2mbs (3.6 out of the box, 7.2 via new firmware)
I will try it, what about the drivers?
__________________
Some are wise, others are foolish
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"uncompressed_offset": 297581036,
"url": "www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/12/S10/S6/abstract",
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This article is part of the supplement: Proceedings of the Eighth Annual MCBIOS Conference. Computational Biology and Bioinformatics for a New Decade
Proceedings
Enhancing the accuracy of HMM-based conserved pathway prediction using global correspondence scores
Xiaoning Qian1*, Sayed ME Sahraeian2 and Byung-Jun Yoon2*
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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BMC Bioinformatics 2011, 12(Suppl 10):S6 doi:10.1186/1471-2105-12-S10-S6
Published: 18 October 2011
Abstract
Background
Comparative network analysis aims to identify common subnetworks in biological networks. It can facilitate the prediction of conserved functional modules across different species and provide deep insights into their underlying regulatory mechanisms. Recently, it has been shown that hidden Markov models (HMMs) can provide a flexible and computationally efficient framework for modeling and comparing biological networks.
Results
In this work, we show that using global correspondence scores between molecules can improve the accuracy of the HMM-based network alignment results. The global correspondence scores are computed by performing a semi-Markov random walk on the networks to be compared. The resulting score naturally integrates the sequence similarity between molecules and the topological similarity between their molecular interactions, thereby providing a more effective measure for estimating the functional similarity between molecules. By incorporating the global correspondence scores, instead of relying on sequence similarity or functional annotation scores used by previous approaches, our HMM-based network alignment method can identify conserved subnetworks that are functionally more coherent.
Conclusions
Performance analysis based on synthetic and microbial networks demonstrates that the proposed network alignment strategy significantly improves the robustness and specificity of the predicted alignment results, in terms of conserved functional similarity measured based on KEGG ortholog (KO) groups. These results clearly show that the HMM-based network alignment framework using global correspondence scores can effectively find conserved biological pathways and has the potential to be used for automatic functional annotation of biomolecules.
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Research article
Transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic analysis of UV-B signaling in maize
Paula Casati1, Mabel Campi1, Darren J Morrow2, John F Fernandes2 and Virginia Walbot2*
Author affiliations
1 Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
2 Department of Biology, 385 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
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Citation and License
BMC Genomics 2011, 12:321 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-321
Published: 16 June 2011
Abstract
Background
Under normal solar fluence, UV-B damages macromolecules, but it also elicits physiological acclimation and developmental changes in plants. Excess UV-B decreases crop yield. Using a treatment twice solar fluence, we focus on discovering signals produced in UV-B-irradiated maize leaves that translate to systemic changes in shielded leaves and immature ears.
Results
Using transcriptome and proteomic profiling, we tracked the kinetics of transcript and protein alterations in exposed and shielded organs over 6 h. In parallel, metabolic profiling identified candidate signaling molecules based on rapid increase in irradiated leaves and increased levels in shielded organs; pathways associated with the synthesis, sequestration, or degradation of some of these potential signal molecules were UV-B-responsive. Exposure of just the top leaf substantially alters the transcriptomes of both irradiated and shielded organs, with greater changes as additional leaves are irradiated. Some phenylpropanoid pathway genes are expressed only in irradiated leaves, reflected in accumulation of pathway sunscreen molecules. Most protein changes detected occur quickly: approximately 92% of the proteins in leaves and 73% in immature ears changed after 4 h UV-B were altered by a 1 h UV-B treatment.
Conclusions
There were significant transcriptome, proteomic, and metabolomic changes under all conditions studied in both shielded and irradiated organs. A dramatic decrease in transcript diversity in irradiated and shielded leaves occurs between 0 h and 1 h, demonstrating the susceptibility of plants to short term UV-B spikes as during ozone depletion. Immature maize ears are highly responsive to canopy leaf exposure to UV-B.
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Research article
High risk of HIV in non-brothel based female sex workers in India
Rakhi Dandona1*, Lalit Dandona1, Juan P Gutierrez2, Anil G Kumar1, Sam McPherson3, Fiona Samuels3, Stefano M Bertozzi2,4 and the ASCI FPP Study Team1
Author Affiliations
1 Health Studies Area, Centre for Human Development, Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad, India
2 Division of Health Economics and Policy, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
3 Research and Evaluation Unit, International HIV/AIDS Alliance, Brighton, UK
4 CIDE, Mexico City, Mexico
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BMC Public Health 2005, 5:87 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-5-87
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/87
Received:22 December 2004
Accepted:20 August 2005
Published:20 August 2005
© 2005 Dandona et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Heterosexual contact is the most common mode of HIV transmission in India that is largely linked to sex work. We assessed the non-use of condoms in sex work and with regular sex partners by female sex workers (FSWs), and identified its associations that could assist in planning HIV prevention programmes.
Methods
Detailed documentation of various aspects of sex work, and sexual behaviour with regular sex partners, was done through confidential interviews for 6648 FSWs in 13 districts in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Multivariate analysis was done to understand condom non-use with clients.
Results
5010 (75.4%), 1499 (22.5%), and 139 (2.1%) FSWs were street-, home-, and brothel-based, respectively. Of the total 6648 FSWs, 6165 (92.7%) had penetrative vaginal/anal sex with at least one client in the last 15 days, and of these 2907 (47.2%; 95% CI 41.2–53.2%) reported non-use of condom with at least one of her last three clients. Lack of knowledge that HIV could be prevented (odds ratio 5.01; 95% CI 4.38–5.73), no access to free condoms (odds ratio 3.45; 95% CI 2.99–3.98), being street-based as compared with brothel-based (odds ratio 3.36; 95% CI 1.87–6.04), and no participation in FSW support groups (odds ratio 2.02; 95% CI 1.50–2.70) were the most significant predictors of condom non-use with clients. Other associations included lower social support, lower income, age >24 years, illiteracy, and living in medium-size urban or rural areas. Of the 2582 who had penetrative sex with regular sex partner within the last 7 days, 2428 (94%; 95% CI 92.1–95.9%) had not used condom at last sex, and 1032 (41.8%) had neither used condom consistently with clients nor with regular sex partner.
Conclusion
About half the FSWs do not use condom consistently with their clients in this Indian state putting them at high risk of HIV infection. Non-brothel-based FSWs, who form the majority of sex workers in India, were at a significantly higher risk of HIV infection as compared with brothel-based FSWs. With their high vulnerability, the success of expansion of HIV prevention efforts will depend on achieving and sustaining an environment that enables HIV prevention with the non-brothel based FSWs.
Background
Around the world, the number of people living with HIV continues to rise despite the fact that effective prevention strategies exist. India has the largest number of people living with HIV, an estimated 5.1 million in the year 2003, after South Africa [1,2]. Heterosexual contact has been estimated to be the most common mode of transmission of infection in India, and six Indian states have been categorised as high prevalence states because HIV prevalence in these states exceeds 5% among the high-risk individuals and 1% among the women attending antenatal clinics [1]. In these six states, HIV is estimated to be transmitted through heterosexual sex to a large degree and is linked to sex work in four states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu, and through injecting drug use in the other two states of Manipur and Nagaland [1,2].
Epidemiologically, great majority of new HIV infections in Asia occur in individuals who are at high risk – sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, and injecting drug users, and their immediate long-term sex partners [3-5]. Increasing prevalence of HIV in sex workers is an indication of increasing probability of a generalised epidemic [2]. A high prevalence of HIV in female sex workers (FSWs) has been reported recently from some parts of India, including the state of Andhra Pradesh [6,7] This occurrence means that adequately resourced efforts focused on achieving good coverage among those individuals at high risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV may prevent further spread of HIV in broader population. There is evidence that the HIV prevention programmes for FSWs can be highly effective in preventing HIV transmission [8-11]. Recent modelling to assess the impact of four types of interventions on prevention of HIV transmission in India has suggested FSW interventions that promote use of condoms in addition to other safe sex practices to be the most effective in preventing HIV transmission as compared with interventions focussing on treatment of sexually transmitted infections, prevention of mother-to-child transmission and provision of the highly active antiretroviral therapy [12].
Of the 835 government-supported targeted intervention programmes for high-risk individuals in India, 199 (23.8%) target FSWs and 171 (20.5%) target truckers, and the remaining target migrant workers, street children, prisons, men who have sex with men, intravenous drug users, and others [13]. These interventions follow a comprehensive approach to reduce HIV transmission and include behaviour change communication, counseling and provision of health care support, treatment for sexually-transmitted infections, and creation of an enabling environment to facilitate behaviour change [13]. One of the main foci of behaviour change in the HIV prevention efforts for FSWs is encouraging correct and consistent use of condom between them and their clients [2,8-11,13-16], as condoms reduce the risk of HIV transmission [17,18].
In this background, we assessed the non-use of condom for penetrative sex for a large sample of FSWs in the state of Andhra Pradesh, which is one of the high HIV prevalence states in India. This study was carried out as part of an impact assessment study of the Frontiers Prevention Project (FPP). The FPP aims to reduce the spread of HIV within the population through provision of HIV interventions in a geographically defined area that reduce risk behavior and STI prevalence among FSWs, men who have sex with men, and people living with HIV/AIDS by working in close collaboration with these population groups. FPP is being implemented in India (the state of Andhra Pradesh), Ecuador and Cambodia. We report data on condom use in sex work for penetrative sex between FSWs and their clients, and between FSWs and their regular sex partners in Andhra Pradesh, India.
Methods
The objectives of this baseline study were to document the socio-demographic and sex work characteristics of FSWs, analyse these data to identify issues that needed particular attention for prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, and compare these baseline data later with a follow-up study to assess the impact of the FPP. The methods relevant to this paper are mentioned below.
This study was approved by the Ethics Committees of the Administrative Staff College of India, Mexico's National Institute of Public Health, the International HIV/AIDS Alliance, and by the Indian Health Ministry's Screening Committee, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi. Permissions were obtained from the Andhra Pradesh State AIDS Control Society, the agency coordinating HIV/AIDS control activities in the state, to carry out the study.
Study area
Forty geographic sites in 13 districts of the Telangana and Rayalseema regions of Andhra Pradesh state were identified where access to FSWs was considered feasible through non-governmental organisations having links with them. Each geographic site consisted of one or more close-by locations (cities/towns/villages) where FSWs were accessible. The total number of locations included in the 40 geographic sites were 72, of which 25 were rural and 47 were urban of various sizes, according to the Census of India definitions. [19]. The total sample size required of FSWs at the 40 geographic sites was estimated as 6,500 to detect a significant change in the various aspects of high-risk sexual behaviour between the baseline and follow-up studies. The sample size of the FSWs in each site was aimed to be proportional to their estimated number and type in that site, which was based on enumeration with the help of FSWs.
Data collection
Data collection questionnaire was developed by an international team with multidisciplinary background through review of worldwide literature including previously used questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with FSWs to better understand the local context in Andhra Pradesh, and pre-pilot studies were conducted to capture a variety of issues related to the socio-economic context of FSWs, the sexual practices between FSWs and their clients and with regular sex partners, and awareness about HIV and sexually transmitted infections. An international technical advisory group provided input regarding the refinement of questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed in English, was translated in Telugu, the local language, following which it was back-translated into English in order to ensure accurate and relevant meaning and intent of the questions. Extensive training of the interviewers was done by a variety of survey experts and FSW representatives in order to address technical and ethical issues as well as to promote cultural sensitivity.
Data were collected between July 2003 and April 2004. At each study location, FSW facilitators helped contact and recruit FSW respondents more than 15 years of age for this study. Standardised procedures were followed for contacting respondents, which included approaching them with the help of FSW facilitators (peers) and convincing them of the confidentiality of the interviews. Written informed consent for participation was obtained from each respondent. Trained interviewers did one-to-one interviews confidentially in private settings that were selected in consultation with FSW facilitators. The names of respondents were not recorded and hence cannot be linked to the data. The data collection process in the field involved supervision of the work of interviewers by a Quality Control Supervisor and a Field Manager in each of the two field teams. Data were entered in an LSD (Sistemas Integrales, Santiago, Chile) database, and all data entries made by a data entry operator were fully checked by another operator to minimise errors in data entry.
Data analysis
SPSS software was used for data analyses, and the different types of FSWs were defined as:
Street-based FSWs if they primarily solicited their clients on streets (such as cinema, park, bus-stand, railway station, hotel / lodge) and provided services at hotel/lodge or a place of client's choice.
Home-based FSWs if they primarily solicited their clients at home either directly or through a mediator and provided services at their homes.
Brothel-based FSWs if they primarily solicited clients through an agent (such as pimp, madam) or mediator and provided services at a brothel. Brothel was defined as a place of sex work with at least 2 FSWs working under control of an agent.
The main outcome variable assessed in this analysis was the no or inconsistent use of condom for penetrative vaginal/anal sex between FSWs and their clients. Non-use of condom with all the last 3 clients or at least with one of the last 3 clients was considered as no or inconsistent condom use for this analysis. The 95% confidence intervals of these estimates of condom non-use were adjusted for the design effect of cluster sampling, based on intra cluster variance for these variables [20]. Univariate and multivariate analyses were done to understand the association of no or inconsistent use of condom for penetrative vaginal/anal sex with clients with other characteristics to identify those that may play a significant role in determining the use of condom. In the multiple logistic regression model, the effect of each category of a multi-categorical variable was assessed by keeping the first or the last category as reference. All the variables were introduced simultaneously in the model. Possible interactions between different variables in the model were assessed, where necessary. Use of condom for the last penetrative vaginal/anal sex between FSWs and their regular sex partners was also assessed. Regular sex partner was defined as a man who was not a client and with whom the FSW had sexual contacts.
Results
FSW characteristics
A total of 7251 FSW were contacted of whom 6648 (91.7%) participated in the study. Among these, 5010 (75.4%), 1499 (22.5%), and 139 (2.1%) were street-, home-, and brothel-based FSWs, respectively. The age range of FSWs was 16 to 54 years with mean age of 27.3 years, 2698 (40.6%) were currently married, 2833 (42.6%) were previously married, 1117 (16.8%) were never married, 4966 (74.7%) had no schooling, and 3105 (46.7%) were also involved in work other than sex work.
Sex work
Details of sex work are summarised in Table 1 for the different types of FSWs. Among the 5851 (88.%) FSWs who had worked in the last 7 days from the day of interview, the number of paying clients ranged from 1 to 49 with the mean number of paying clients being 7.5 in those 7 days. The income from sex work in these 7 days ranged from Rs. 10 to 13000, and the mean income per day was Rs. 96 (US$ 2.1). Street-based FSWs had lower income from sex work as compared with the home- and brothel-based FSWs.
Table 1. Distribution of variables related to sex work for the different types of FSWs.
Of the 6648 FSWs, 1594 (23.9%; 95% CI 19.4–28.6%; design effect 20.2) reported having never used condom. Among the 5010 FSWs who reported having ever used condom, 2942 (58.7%) reported having access to free condoms and 2468 (83.9%) of these had received condoms for free within the last 30 days from the day of interview. Non-governmental organisations were the main source of free condoms (71.6%) followed by clinic/hospital (10.3%). The other sources reported were condom outlet box, another FSW/peer educator, and pimp/madam.
Client characteristics
Data were documented for each FSW on her last three clients (if she had that many clients) within the 15 days from the day of interview. Among the 6648 FSWs, 6,171 (92.8%) had at least one client in the last 15 days and the remaining 477 (7.2%) FSWs did not engage in sex work in those 15 days. Detailed data were documented on the last three clients for 5472 (82.4%) FSWs, on last two for 408 (6.1%), and on one client only for 288 (4.3%). In total, data were available on 17529 clients of 6171 FSWs who had at least one client in the last 15 days. Client characteristics as reported by the FSWs are summarised in Table 2.
Table 2. Distribution of client characteristics as reported by the FSWs.
Use of condom between FSWs and their clients
Of the 6171 FSWs who had at least one client in the last 15 days, 6165 (99.9%) had had penetrative vaginal/anal sex with at least one client. This penetrative sex was predominantly vaginal with only 12 (0.2%) and 49 (0.8%) reporting anal and oral sex with clients – the anal/oral sex was in addition to vaginal sex. 2907 (47.2%; 95% CI 41.2–53.2%; design effect 23.0) FSWs had either not used condom at all or not used with all the clients with whom penetrative sex was done (for a maximum of the last 3 clients on whom data were available). The proportion of no or inconsistent use of condom with clients was 53.7%, 30.2% and 13.3% for the street-, home- and brothel-based FSWs, respectively.
With multiple logistic regression analysis (Table 3), the highest odds ratio predicting for no or inconsistent use of condom for penetrative vaginal/anal sex were for FSWs who did not know that HIV could be prevented, followed by those who did not have access to free condoms in the last 30 days, who did not participate in FSW support group, street- and home-based FSWs, and those who had low social support score. The other variables significantly associated with condom non-use are shown in Table 3. We also assessed the interactions between some variables in another logistic regression model. Knowledge that HIV can be prevented interacted significantly with access to free condoms in the last 30 days, education level of FSW, and rural-urban area where the FSW was sampled from (p < 0.001); and there was also significant interaction between participation in FSW support group and social support score (p < 0.001). The level of knowledge that HIV can be prevented varied significantly among the FSWs among the 40 geographic sites ranging from 14.1% to 95.2%, and there was a direct linear correlation between this knowledge and consistent use of condom (p < 0.001) (Figure 1).
Table 3. Association of select variables with no or inconsistent use of condom for penetrative vaginal/anal sex by FSWs with their clients in multiple logistic regression.
Figure 1. Relation between FSWs having knowledge that HIV could be prevented and inconsistent or no use of condom with clients for penetrative vaginal/anal sex in the 40 geographic sites.
Dynamics of condom use
A total of 17517 (99.9%) clients had penetrative vaginal/anal sex with FSWs. Of these clients, 10860 (61.9%) used condom, 6418 (36.6%) did not use, and information on condom use was not available for 239 (2.5%) clients. Among the 10860 clients who had used condom – FSWs had suggested using condom to 6816 (62.8%) clients, and of these 2697 (39.6%) clients had to be convinced to use condom; 2070 (19.1%) clients themselves had suggested using condom; and both the FSWs and clients had suggested using condom with 1971 (18.1%) clients. Condom was supplied by FSWs for 7531 (69.3%) clients. Among the 6418 clients who did not use condom for penetrative sex, FSWs had condoms available with them at the time of sex for 830 (12.9%) of these clients.
Considering only the last client for each FSW with whom she had penetrative vaginal/anal sex, the clients who did not use condom were more likely to be middle-aged or old (p < 0.001), married (p < 0.001), and with lower economic status (p < 0.001) as reported by the FSWs.
Use of condom between FSWs and their regular sex partners
A total of 3642 (54.8%) FSWs reported having a regular sex partner (husband, lover, boyfriend) of whom 2582 (70.9%) had had penetrative sex with him within the last 7 days from the day of interview. 2428 (94%; 95% CI 92.1–95.9%; design effect 4.3) FSWs had not used condom for the last penetrative sex with their regular sex partners. The major reason cited for not using condom was do not use because he is my regular partner (1802, 73.9%) followed by not aware of condom (364, 14.9%), he does not like it (178, 7.3%), want to have children (118, 4.8%), and others (not mutually exclusive).
Of the 2464 FSWs who had had penetrative vaginal/anal sex with at least one client in the last 15 days and also had penetrative vaginal/anal sex with their regular sex partner in the last 7 days, 1032 (41.8%) FSWs had neither used condom consistently with clients nor had used with regular sex partner and 1102 (44.7%) had used condom consistently with clients but not used with regular sex partner. The former group tended to be street-based FSW (p < 0.001), having no knowledge about HIV prevention (p < 0.001), more than 24 years of age (p = 0.003), ever married (p < 0.001), and illiterate (p < 0.001) as compared with the FSWs who had used condom consistently with their clients but had not used with their regular sex partner.
Discussion
The national HIV prevalence in India is still estimated to be low but there is a serious HIV epidemic in six states where the majority of the infections are acquired sexually [1,2]. We have reported data on condom non-use for a large sample of FSWs from the state of Andhra Pradesh, where HIV prevalence among FSWs was estimated to be 16%, ranging from 8–41% in seven surveillance sites in 2004 [21]. These data on the different types of FSWs from various urban and rural areas of the state using a standard methodology would allow relatively broader understanding of issues that are relevant for HIV prevention programmes, and for promoting use of condom in particular.
The FSWs who participated in this study may not be representative of all FSWs as they were recruited through FSW facilitators suggesting a bias towards those who are better connected with their peers, and hence the results should be interpreted within this limitation. It is also possible that some respondents would have over-reported use of condom, therefore the actual use of condom may be lower than that reported.
Non-use of condom
Nearly half of the FSWs had not used condom consistently with all the clients in this study. In another assessment in this state in year 2000, only 25.9% and 8.5% FSWs had reported use of condom with all clients in the preceding one-month [7]. From the perspective of HIV prevention programmes, we found substantial differences in use of condom between the different types of FSWs, with the street-based FSWs nearly 3.5 times less likely to use condoms with clients as compared with the brothel-based FSWs. The street-based FSWs are also the highest in proportion among the different types of FSWs in India, including Andhra Pradesh [22].
Knowledge that HIV can be prevented was a strong predictor of consistent use of condom for penetrative sex between FSWs and their clients. Another variable strongly associated with consistent condom use was access to free condoms. These findings reinforces that knowledge about HIV and access to free condoms are vital for promoting increased use of condoms in FSWs in India. In addition, the FSW demographic characteristics that predict inconsistent use of condom with their clients were – age more than 24 years, currently married, illiterate, lower income, poor social support, family unaware of sex work, and no participation in FSW support groups. These characteristics can be used to define target groups for HIV intervention programmes. Some client characteristics associated with non-use of condom were also identified which can be used to promote condom use by these vulnerable clients.
Condom use for penetrative sex with the regular sex partner was negligible, and 41.8% FSWs had neither used condom consistently with clients and nor had used with their regular sex partner in the last sexual act. It may be difficult to promote use of condom between FSWs and their regular sex partners as married and cohabitating couples, in general, use condom less frequently because of various reasons [23]. However, as is highlighted by these data a significant proportion of FSWs have unprotected sex with clients and their regular sex partners, and it is possible that the regular sex partners of FSWs are not necessarily monogamous. Therefore, HIV transmission from regular sex partners may increasingly contribute to the overall spread of HIV as the use of condom increases with the clients. These data have also highlighted the dynamics of condom use ranging from FSW convincing the client to use condom, the client convincing FSW to use condom, to condom being available with FSW but not used at the time of sex with client. Although the overall use of condom was low, when it was used it was primarily at the suggestion of FSW, though a significant proportion of clients also asked for the condom to be used. Further research is necessary to better understand whether the demand from client for use of condom or the ability of FSW to convince the client to use condom is more effective in promoting condom use.
HIV prevention
Context and environment
Effective HIV prevention requires strategies and policies that help reduce vulnerability of FSWs to HIV infection by creating a social, legal and economic environment in which prevention is possible. In India, as elsewhere, creating an enabling environment for behaviour change among the individuals who are at a higher risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV is an integral part of the HIV interventions [13]. We discuss the findings of this study within this context for HIV prevention in sex workers in India.
It is estimated that about 1.1% of the adult women in India could be engaged in sex work [24], most of whom are estimated to be non-brothel based [22]. The non-brothel based FSWs, especially street-based, were at a higher risk of HIV infection as compared with brothel-based FSWs in this study. Because the Indian society discriminates against FSWs as immoral women, not many of them acknowledge that they are sex workers. Only one-third of FSWs in this study reported that their families were aware of their sex work. FSWs with lower social support score were relatively less likely to use condom consistently. These women, for the most part, remain inaccessible to HIV prevention programmes, thereby undermining the efforts of HIV prevention. Acknowledgment of being a sex worker is more of an issue with the non-brothel based FSWs as compared with the brothel-based FSWs because being in a brothel can be interpreted as an acknowledgment that she is a sex worker.
This also makes it difficult to organize non-brothel based FSWs as a group that could be empowered to protect themselves and participate in the HIV prevention efforts. A model from India has been reported to be successful in empowering FSWs in Sonagachi, Kolkatta [11,25]. However, there are also examples of not so successful peer-based HIV interventions in brothel-based FSWs in Mumbai, India who were not interested in conducting education sessions for their peers after being trained, and their madams did not allow them to leave the brothels to conduct education programmes [26]. Only 9% of FSWs in our study reported participation in FSW support group, and these women reported higher use of condom with clients. Even though the number of brothel-based FSWs in this study was small, these data highlight that the risk behaviour for HIV was lower in the brothel-based FSWs as compared with the others, thereby, suggesting that sex workers working together as a group can promote condom use with clients.
Accessibility to and empowerment of non-brothel based FSWs is also very closely linked to the legal environment related to sex work in the country. As recently as June 2004, a participatory intervention programme for HIV prevention among FSWs in Goa, India was put to an abrupt end because the Government of Goa demolished the red-light area of FSWs in its effort to eradicate prostitution and rehabilitate FSWs [27]. The women displaced from this area reported rape, increased violence, reduced ability to negotiate condom use, and multiple partners following this act [27]. The legal context of sex work in India is quite complex, and FSWs are held by police under the Immoral Traffic Prevention Act that deals with human trafficking [28]. Prostitution by itself is not a crime under this Act unless it amounts to nuisance but prostitution-related activities such as running a brothel, making a living on prostitution earnings of another person, or procuring a person for prostitution are a crime. In reality, this Act is more often used to book sex workers and not pimps or clients and is also a source of corruption for the police [29,30], and impedes the provision of HIV prevention for FSWs [27].
In terms of economic vulnerability, the mean income per day for FSWs in this study ranged from Rs. 82, Rs. 135, and Rs. 174 for street-, home- and brothel-based FSWs, respectively. The FSWs with income of Rs. 500 or less in a week were more likely not to use condom consistently with all clients. Therefore, within the context of negligible social empowerment, lack of organized FSW groups, less number of paying clients to earn money, and lower income, it is not always feasible for FSWs to demand the use of condom with the clients.
Approach to prevention
With increased annual budget for the National AIDS Control Programme, expansion of antenatal screening, increased provision of anti-retroviral treatment, and constitution of a National Parliamentarian Forum to generate political support for HIV programmes, the HIV epidemic is one of the top national public health priorities in India [31]. Significant HIV prevention interventions for FSWs are currently on-going in India [13], and would continue to be expanded to increase the coverage of HIV prevention programmes. However, many of the examples of HIV interventions in sex workers available from India are for brothel-based sex workers, and not many for the non-brothel based sex workers who are the majority in the country. Data from this study have indicated significant differences between the brothel- and non-brothel-based FSWs in terms of risk of HIV infection, and therefore, the HIV prevention efforts require strategies to access non-brothel-based sex workers in order to narrow down these differences. The context and environment is also different for the brothel- and non-brothel-based FSWs. The efforts to expand coverage of HIV prevention activities amongst sex workers will depend on achieving and sustaining an environment that enables HIV prevention, which in turn is dependent on the sensitivity of these efforts to the varied contexts of these women. Some examples of such attempts are available globally, including from India [8,25]. There are also lessons to be learnt if the prevention efforts do not involve sex workers as primary stakeholders in these programmes [32,33] or when legal environment disrupts the prevention efforts [27].
Conclusion
It seems necessary that the HIV prevention programmes with female sex workers in India expand beyond generic programmes to be tailored effectively to reach the different types of female sex workers in their local context, especially non-brothel based female sex workers. More comprehensive prevention efforts are needed that include changing the social and legal context of sex work, which would create an environment for sustained reduction of HIV risk in female sex workers.
Competing interests
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
RD contributed to the study design, data collection, data analysis and interpretation, and drafted the manuscript. LD contributed to the study design, data collection, and data analysis and interpretation. JPG contributed to the study design, data interpretation, and coordination. GAK contributed to the data management, analysis and interpretation. SM, FS and SMB contributed to the study design, data interpretation and coordination. All named authors read, commented on and approved the final version of the manuscript. The ASCI FPP Study Team contributed to the planning of the study logistics, data collection and interpretation, and the members of this Team other than the named authors include (in alphabetical order): G Md Mushtaq Ahmed, Md Akbar, Md Abdul Ameer, Ch Arjun, N Arjun, M Sai Baba, C Satish Babu, J Kishore Babu, I Balasubrahmanyam, V S Udaya Bhaskar, T Gangadhar, P Gopal, Lavanya Gotety, Shaik Omar Hussain, V Indira, S Krishna, P Kiran Kumar, Ch Sri Jaya Lakshmi, T Uma Maheshwar, P Chandra Mouli, S Radhakrishnan, K Raghu, S P Ramgopal, A Srinivas Rao, A Srinivasa Rao, K Hanumantha Rao, N Ananda Rao, P Venkateswara Rao, Parsa V R Rao, D Ravinder, A Srinivas Reddy, G Brahmananda Reddy, S Krishna Reddy, G Uma Sankar, A Satyam, Y S Sivan, P V Sridhar.
Acknowledgements
We thank the female sex workers for participating in this study, and the various peer facilitators, non-governmental organisations, the Andhra Pradesh State AIDS Control Society and its Technical Resource Unit, and the International HIV/AIDS Alliance and India HIV/AIDS Alliance for supporting and facilitating this study. The Frontiers Prevention Project, including this study, is supported by a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agency or the other organisations that supported and facilitated this study.
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Pre-publication history
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Short Report
In search of work/life balance: trainee perspectives on part-time obstetrics and gynaecology specialist training
Amanda Henry1*, Sarah Clements2, Ashley Kingston1 and Jason Abbott1
Author Affiliations
1 School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
2 Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, Australia
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Research Notes 2012, 5:19 doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-19
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/5/19
Received:14 September 2011
Accepted:10 January 2012
Published:10 January 2012
© 2011 Henry et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Part-time training (PTT) is accessed by approximately 10% of Australian obstetrics and gynaecology trainees, a small but increasing minority which reflects the growing demand for improved work/life balance amongst the Australian medical workforce. This survey reports the attitudes and experiences of both full-time and part-time trainees to PTT.
Methods
An email-based anonymous survey was sent to all Australian obstetrics and gynaecology trainees in April 2009, collecting demographic and training status data, data on personal experiences of PTT and/or trainees, and attitudes towards PTT.
Results
105 responses were received (20% response rate). These indicated strong support (90%) from both full-time (FT) and part-time (PT) trainees for the availability of PTT. PT trainees were significantly more likely than FT trainees to be female with children. Improved morale was seen as a particular advantage of PTT; decreased continuity of care as a disadvantage.
Conclusions
Although limited by poor response rate, both PT and FT Australian obstetric trainees were supportive of part-time training. Both groups recognised important advantages and disadvantages of this mode of training. Currently, part-time training is accessed primarily by female trainees with family responsibilities, with many more trainees considering part-time training than the number that access it.
Keywords:
Education; Medical; Graduate; Personnel staffing and scheduling; Physicians; Women; Inservice training
Background
Part-time trainees represent a small but increasing number of Australian obstetrics and gynaecology (RANZCOG) trainees, from 2% in 2006 to 7% in 2009 [Unpublished data, RANZCOG Training Services Department]. RANZCOG specialty training is a six-year full-time equivalent course, which a trainee usually commences in PGY3 or PGY4. Training includes 4 years of hospital-based training in both obstetrics and gynaecology, and 2 years of Elective training during which time special interest areas may be pursued in a variety of training settings, subject to prospective approval [1]. Assessments are based on both workplace performance and external examination.
Demand among the wider Australian medical workforce for improved work/life balance, including flexible training options, is high among both men and women, and often unmet [2]. Data on training outcomes for part-time training (PTT) regardless of specialty is scant. The data that do exist supports good outcomes for PTT in both the short and long term [3,4]. Arguments against access to PTT include perceived/potential negative impacts on FT trainees and poor patient care [3]. The current study aimed to examine RANZCOG trainee attitudes regarding PTT, including driving factors towards PTT, perceptions by PT trainees of their training, and perceptions of full-time trainees of their part-time colleagues.
Methods
An anonymous survey was sent by email to all RANZCOG trainees in April 2009, with 3 subsequent reminders. The survey contained sections for all trainees to complete, regardless of training status, and an additional section for those trainees who were currently, or who had previously been, part-time trainees.
Data collected included non-identifying demographic data; current and past training status, full-time (FT) or part-time (PT); whether trainees had ever considered PTT or were considering it in future, including reasons both for considering PTT and why it was decided against if applicable; what trainees (both FT and PT) who had ever worked with PT trainees saw as the major advantages and disadvantages of PTT; whether trainees were broadly supportive of PTT ("Do you support the concept of part-time training?"), and the reasons for their answer. PT trainees were asked questions which evaluated their PT training experience.
The survey was approved for distribution by the Continuing Professional Development Committee of RANZCOG and ethics approval was obtained from the University of NSW. Data were entered into an Excel spread sheet and analysed using SPSS Statistics 17.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago Ill). Chi-square test and Fisher exact tests were used, as appropriate, to test for significant differences between categorical variables. All statistical tests were 2 sided with statistical significance defined as a probability value of < .05.
Results and discussion
105 valid responses were received, a response rate of 20% for the total 2009 trainee body: 89 responses (85% of total) were from FT trainees, 15 from PT trainees (11 currently in PTT, 4 previously in PTT), and 1 respondent did not provide their training status.
Demographic characteristics of FT and PT respondents are shown in Table 1. More PT respondents were female and had children than FT respondents. Major stated reasons for PT training were caring for children (67%) and better exam preparation (40%). Of the 9 PT trainees who had sat exams, 7 of 9 passed the written and 7 of 7 the oral specialist Membership exams at their first attempt. Three of 15 PT trainees had not yet sat exams and 3 did not answer this question. PT trainees generally felt that their clinical experience and choice of rotations were equivalent to the corresponding period of FT training, education better or equivalent, research opportunities better or equivalent, but continuity of care worse. Half would have interrupted their training if PT training was not available, and two-thirds intend to undertake PT work at consultant level.
Table 1. Demographic characteristics of PT and FT trainees
Of the FT respondents, 26% had previously considered PTT and 44% were considering it in the future. Caring for children (79%) and stress/exams (26%) were major reasons for considering PTT. Extended length of training (91%) and financial considerations (61%) were the major reasons PTT had not been undertaken in this group.
The perceived advantages and disadvantages of working with PT trainees are shown in Table 2. Both FT (27%) and PT respondents (38%) nominated poor continuity of care as the major disadvantage of working with PT trainees, and improved morale and flexible rostering as major advantages. Both FT and PT respondents viewed flexible rostering as an advantage, though more PT respondents viewed it as such.
Table 2. Impact on training for trainees who have worked with part-time trainees
90% of all respondents were supportive of the concept of PTT, with little difference between PT and FT. Most cited work/life balance, improved morale, a general need for flexibility during a long training program, and family commitments as reasons for their support of PTT. The view that the availability of flexible, family-friendly training is important for the specialty training college to be viewed positively by both trainees and the wider Australian community was frequently expressed.
The main limitation of this survey is the disappointing response rate of 20.3%, which is lower than previously published surveys of RANZCOG trainees [5,6]. This was likely partly due to the web-based distribution format using the newly introduced RANZCOG email addresses for all trainees. Technical issues and unfamiliarity with this method of College correspondence may have led to many trainees being unaware of, or not accessing, their RANZCOG emails during the survey period. Given the small total number of PT trainees, it may also reflect that many trainees do not see PTT as an issue of concern. A comparison of gender and age data did not show significant differences between trainees who responded to the survey and those who did not [Unpublished data, RANZCOG Training Services Department], which indicates that the sample may still be representative of the wider trainee body despite the low response rate.
It is anticipated that the distribution and response issues that hampered this survey will be substantially less in future, as use of online course materials during medical school is now almost universal in internet-capable settings [7], and 65% of medical graduates in a recent local survey were sufficiently familiar with social media to have a Facebook account [8]. 'Trainee email' should therefore by the time of follow-up surveys be a well-integrated, routine use of electronic media amongst RANZCOG trainees. To ensure a robust and representative response rate, we would also recommend that future surveys incorporate one paper mail-out, to capture trainees on leave and those who remain infrequent users of information technology.
The findings of the survey were broadly in line with trainee surveys of other specialties and from overseas. The strong support for the concept of PT training (90%) is comparable to that found in an American paediatrics residency of 88% [4] but higher than the 60% found in an Australian paediatric job-share program [9]. Family responsibility was the primary motivator of PTT in this survey, a finding that has been corroborated in other studies [10,11]. Given this motivator, the demography of PT trainees being more likely to be women with children is unsurprising. Similar to one previous report [4], many FT respondents report contemplating PTT, but are deterred by financial issues and increased duration of training. This implies that there is a pool of potential PT trainees who would contemplate PTT were it not for these negative factors.
The advantages of part-time work (improved morale, flexible roster) were identified more often than the disadvantages (poor continuity of care, difficulty with rosters, increased workload) by both PT and FT trainees. While PT respondents nominated certain advantages of PT training (flexible rostering) more often than FT trainees, they also nominated potential disadvantages more often, which would suggest that a more balanced view is held by these trainees. It is also encouraging that when compared with their American paediatric colleagues, Australian obstetric FT trainee respondents were less likely to nominate increased workload (12% vs. 43%) and difficulties with rostering (14% vs. 52%) as issues [4].
Both access to and the outcomes from PT training are passionately debated from a scant evidence base. Partly the uncertainty regarding outcome is due to small numbers of PT trainees - even in the UK, where PT training has been available for many years, only 11% of specialist obstetric trainees work PT [12], and a US survey of a residency program that supports PT options had only 24 PT trainees over a 10 year period [4]. In a UK cohort, 120 PT trainees rated their clinical experience equivalent to, and educational experience better than, FT trainees [13], as did our PT obstetrics and gynaecology trainees. In the longer term, UK follow-up of PT trainees from 1972-93 found most finished training by age 40 and 73% held consultant or academic posts [3], while USA specialty board scores have been found to be equivalent amongst FT and PT paediatric trainees [4]. There are no identifiable reports in the literature to substantiate inferior outcomes for PT training. In this survey, there was no self-reported evidence of poor exam outcomes for PT respondents, although the small sample size is acknowledged. Priorities for further study include correlation of training status with outcomes of training and long-term career paths.
Conclusions
Although limited by poor response rate, the survey found strong support amongst both FT and PT Australian obstetrics and gynaecology trainees for PTT. This training is currently mostly accessed by women with children due to family responsibilities, but over 50% of trainees contemplate PTT, and this unmet need for flexible training is an important issue for postgraduate medical training programs to acknowledge. Although both FT and PT trainees recognise potential clinical difficulties with PTT, these were outweighed by advantages such as improved morale and flexible rostering.
Abbreviations
FT: Full-time; PGY: Post-graduate year; PT: Part-time; PTT: Part-time training; RANZCOG: Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists; UK: United Kingdom; USA: United States of America.
Competing interests
At the time of the survey distribution, AH was the Chair of the Trainees' Committee of the RANZCOG. JA is the Chair of the NSW Training Accreditation Committee of the RANZCOG. This was an unfunded study. The survey was distributed electronically and free of charge by the Training Services Department of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists to registered RANZCOG trainees of the year 2009.
Authors' contributions
AH revised the original survey, obtained approval for survey distribution from the RANZCOG, obtained ethics approval, analysed the survey data, and was principally responsible for writing the manuscript. SC created the original survey and performed the literature search. AK converted the survey into a form suitable for electronic distribution, and created and maintained the survey database. JA provided the original study concept, and participated in creation and revision of the survey. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We wish to extend our thanks to Training Services staff at RANZCOG College House, in particular Maggie Van Tonder, for help in survey distribution and for providing non-identifying demographic data regarding the trainee body.
References
1. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists: Training Program Handbook 2011. RANZCOG Publications; 2011.
Accessed at: http://ranzcog.edu.au/specialist-itp-training-handbook-and-curriculum.html webcite Dec 2011
2. Australian Medical Association:
AMA Work-Life Flexibility Survey, 19 June-13 July 2007 Report of Findings. AMA. 2008.
Accessed at: http://ama.com.au/node/4168 webcite, June 2010
3. Matheson KH, Biggs JSG:
BMJ. 1994, 309:29-31. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
4. Kamei RK, Chen HC, Loeser H: Residency is not a race: our Ten-Year Experience with a Flexible Schedule Residency Training Option.
Acad Med 2004, 79:447-452. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
5. Obermair A, Tang A, Charters D, Weaver E, Hammond I: Survey of surgical skills of RANZCOG trainees.
Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2009, 49:84-92. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
6. Chinnock M, Robson S: Obstetric trainees' experience in vaginal breech delivery: implications for future practice.
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007, 11:900-903.
7. Kamin C, Souza KH, Heestand D, Moses A, O'Sullivan P: Educational Technology Infrastructure and Services in North American Medical Schools.
Acad Med 2006, 81:632-637. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
8. Macdonald J, Sohn S, Ellis P: Privacy, professionalism and Facebook: a dilemma for young doctors.
Med Ed 2010, 44:805-13. Publisher Full Text
9. Valentine JP, Martin CJ: Job sharing at a children's hospital: evaluation by medical staff.
BMJ 1996, 312:115-116. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
10. Evans J, Goldacre MJ, Lambert TW: Views of UK medical graduates about flexible and part-time working in medicine: a qualitative study.
Med Educ 2000, 34:355-362. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
11. Holmes AV, Cull WL, Socolar RR: Part-time Residency in Pediatrics: Description of Current Practice.
Pediatrics 2005, 166:32-7.
12. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists: Summary of the EWTR RCOG Trainees Survey 2010.
2010.
Accessed at: http:/ / www.rcog.org.uk/ our-profession/ supporting-trainees/ ewtr-trainees-survey webcite
13. Goldberg I, Paice E: Flexible specialist training compared with full-time training.
Hosp Med 1999, 60:286-289. PubMed Abstract
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< Remembrance of Events That Occur In The Past
Next >
(4) Pearls Of Great Size: In the Colossal Cave adventure you open a colossal oyster to reveal a colossal pearl. There's also a huge pearl in Steinbeck's The Black Pearl. If such a pearl did exist, would it really be that valuable? A marginally bigger chunk of gold is marginally more valuable because it's divisible, but pearls are used in their entirety for decoration. There must be a point beyond which marginally larger pearls stop being marginally more valuable. Clearly this happens well beyond the point where marginally larger pearls become marginally tackier.
Comments:
Posted by Brian Danger Hicks at Mon Oct 04 2004 14:58
The thing I always wondered about pearls was why nobody cares that they don't have truely natural pearls, but jewlers and whatnot are getting all pissy that you can buy gem-quality man-made diamonds now.
Also, I had to keep myself from saying "perl" instead of "pearl". It was hard.
Posted by Leonard at Mon Oct 04 2004 15:34
I also had difficulty not talking about whether it was really worth it to make Perl larger.
The easy answer to your query is that the pearl trade isn't controlled by a vicious cartel that artificially mantains scarcity. I don't know what the real answer is, but it's probably somewhat related.
Posted by Frances at Mon Oct 04 2004 16:11
I suspect pearls are like diamonds, sizewise. Anybody can buy a diamond under a karat. A .99 diamond is worth much less than a karat, so that's what people go for. After a karat, the price increases exponentially rather than on a continuous scale. However, the tackiness increases exponentially also. Have you seen the website of the company which will make a diamond out of the carbon from the ashes of your dearly departed? Then you can wear grandma as a ring or pendant!
Posted by Susie at Mon Oct 04 2004 19:05
Ok, First, Eew! Second, I would rather have a real pearl and a fake diamond than the other way around (although you're right as far as cost go). Of course, I have a very big (but not exponentially tacky), real, pretty, diamond, but no pearls.
[Main] [Edit]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
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Energy consumption per employee and energy intensity in services
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Highland, UtahEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States > Utah > Utah County > Highland
Contents
Quick History
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Highland City Cemetery
11000 North (SR 92) 6200 West
Highland, Utah, 84003
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Principles of Family History ResearchEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 21:20, 8 April 2008 by DiltsGD (Talk | contribs)
Genealogical or family history research is the process of searching records to find information about your relatives and using those records to link individuals to earlier and later generations.
This article describes a process for doing genealogical and family history research. In addition to following a process, research includes knowing about the records that have the information you seek. For discussions of specific records to use in your research, see the research outlines available on FamilySearch, or on this wiki for the country, state or province of interest. You may also find information about records in the genealogical handbooks.
This article is intended for persons who are interested in learning in depth about family history research. For a brief overview of the research process, see A Guide to Research.
Table of Contents
STEP 1: Identify What You Know
Use Appropriate Forms
Recall Information
Gather Family Information
Gather Low-Hanging-Fruit Sources
Record Useful Information
Organize Your Records
STEP 2: Decide What You Want to Learn
Identify Several Individuals or Families
Select One Individual or Family
Identify Questions
Select One Research Objective
Prepare a Research Log
STEP 3: Select Records to Search.
Identify a Category of Sources
Choose a Record Type
Select Specific Records
Describe the records on a Research Log
STEP 4: Obtain and Search the Records.
Obtain the Records
View the Records
Search the Records
Record the Results
STEP 5: Use the Information.
Evaluate the Evidence
Transfer the Information
Organize the New Records
Share the Information
Prepare Name for Temple Ordinances
Restart the Research Cycle
For Further Reading
Appendixes
Using This Article
This article explains the basic steps of the research process. Figures illustrate the text while blue boxes provide important background information. Key points (maxims) are highlighted. A short bibliography of books about research methods under “For Further Reading” is at the end of this outline. The appendix includes a useful summary diagrams of the research process and record types.
Your Genealogical Quest
There are many reasons why people begin researching their family history. A person may want to join a lineage society, such as the National Society, Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), or find the town in the old country where the family originated. Others seek to understand their own traits and characteristics by learning about grandparents and other relatives, or they may want to have a reunion of all the descendants of a pioneer settler. Latter-day Saints (Mormons) desire to share religious blessings with their deceased relatives. All of these, and many others, are good reasons.
Regardless of the reasons, each person seeking to learn about their family history is embarking on a quest. Just like the journeys of pioneer ancestors, such quests may seem almost impossible or never-ending. However, a quest is just an “over-all” goal and like every other journey, proceeds one step at a time.
As with every journey, you will have to set and reach several intermediate goals in succession during this quest. If family history, goals often focus on learning about an ancestor or family. Later in the research process, you will learn how to further break these goals into specific achievable research objectives that will keep you on the path, goal by goal toward achieving your quest.
At least part of the overall quest should involve sharing what you find. For example, publish a family history, put up a web site, or contribute to the Pedigree Resource File.
Research Process
Research is done in cycles. You will complete a series of steps and then repeat the steps again, using the new knowledge you have gained. An illustration of the research cycle is found later in this article.
For successful research, follow these steps:
1. Identify what you know.
2. Decide what you want to learn.
3. Select records to search.
4. Obtain and search the records.
5. Use the information.
Next Page
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Salt Lake Canyon Rim Family History Center
From FamilySearch Wiki
(Difference between revisions)
Line 65: Line 65:
:*''11 printers''
:*''11 printers''
:*'' 1 Digital Imaging computer, film reader, scanner, and printer''
:*'' 1 Digital Imaging computer, film reader, scanner, and printer''
:*'' 1 Multi function printer(''
+
:*'' 1 Multi function printer''
:*Center Services
:*Center Services
Revision as of 03:34, 8 December 2011
This article describes the services and resources available at a Family History Center, a branch facility of the Family History Library.
(Add a brief paragraph about your center here and the area it serves. Information in italics below is guidance for you and should be deleted as you fill out the page. Remove italics from other text by selecting the text and clicking the "I" box in the Toolbar above.)
Contents
Center Contacts and Hours
Location & Map:
1. 2980 South 2790 East, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
• YSA Building (Young Single Adult Building)
• Parking on west side of building.
• Enter on west side of building
1. (Link to map using Google or other map sites)
Phone: 801-468-5835
E-mail: Ut_saltlakecanyonrim@ldsmail.net
Open Hours:
Monday closed
Tues, Wed, Thurs. 10 am - 4 pm
Wed, Thurs eve. 7pm - 9 pm
Sat By appointment
Sun By appointment
Holiday Schedule:
Closed December 10 thru January 2
Calendar and Events
Upcoming Events
Class Schedule
Staff Training Meetings
Third Tuesday, 7 pm - 8 pm, YSA Building
Center Resources
Collections
• Family History Library Catalog: This center has the ability to order any of the films and fiche available through the Family History Library Catalog.
• (List additional collections you have such as the types of books and microfilm you have on indefinite loan; though you will not want to list every single item you have. Just give visitors to this page a general idea of your resources.)
Databases and Software
• FHC Portal: This center has access to the Family History Center Portal page which gives free access in the center to premium family history software and websites that generally charge for subscriptions. Hardware and Equipment
• 11 computers
• 11 printers
• 1 Digital Imaging computer, film reader, scanner, and printer
• 1 Multi function printer
• Center Services
Staff Research Specialties
(Include sections for any other services your center provides. Add additional sections for those services. See the Mesa and Logan FHC pages for examples.)
Resources in the Local Area
(This section is to highlight other resources in your area that will be helpful for individuals doing research there in your location, if there are any, such as government offices, historical societies, etc.)
Links
(Include links to other websites of interest to those who visit your center such as links to the city, county and state wiki pages where your center is located.)
Volunteer at the Center
(Include information here about the volunteers you are looking for.)
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Bibliography: Religions in Star Trek
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Title: Religions in Star Trek
Authors: Ross S. Kraemer and William Cassidy and Susan L. Schwartz
Year: 2001
Type: NONFICTION
Series: Star Trek: Nonfiction
ISFDB Record Number: 1085730
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Molecules 2008, 13(11), 2837-2847; doi:10.3390/molecules131102837
Article
Microwave Accelerated Aza-Claisen Rearrangement
Institute of Chemical Sciences, Department of Organic Chemistry, P. J. Šafárik University, Moyzesova 11, SK-040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 7 October 2008; in revised form: 28 October 2008 / Accepted: 4 November 2008 / Published: 14 November 2008
Download PDF Full-Text [263 KB, uploaded 17 November 2008 10:43 CET]
Abstract: A study of microwave-induced and standard thermal Overman rearrangement of selected allylic trichloroacetimidates 1a-1f, 6-8 to the corresponding acetamides 2a-2f, 9-11 is reported. The microwave-assisted rearrangement of trifluoroacetimidate 13 is also described. Using this methodology, an efficient access to versatile allylic trihaloacetamides building synthons was established.
Keywords: Overman rearrangement; Imidate; Microwave irradiation
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Gajdošíková, E.; Martinková, M.; Gonda, J.; Conka, P. Microwave Accelerated Aza-Claisen Rearrangement. Molecules 2008, 13, 2837-2847.
AMA Style
Gajdošíková E, Martinková M, Gonda J, Conka P. Microwave Accelerated Aza-Claisen Rearrangement. Molecules. 2008; 13(11):2837-2847.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Gajdošíková, Eva; Martinková, Miroslava; Gonda, Jozef; Conka, Patrik. 2008. "Microwave Accelerated Aza-Claisen Rearrangement." Molecules 13, no. 11: 2837-2847.
Molecules EISSN 1420-3049 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Polymers 2011, 3(4), 1833-1848; doi:10.3390/polym3041833
Article
Gold-Poly(methyl methacrylate) Nanocomposite Films for Plasmonic Biosensing Applications
1 Physics Department, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W., Montréal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada 2 Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W., Montréal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 30 August 2011 / Accepted: 24 October 2011 / Published: 25 October 2011
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Inorganic Hybrids and Their Applications)
Download PDF Full-Text [937 KB, uploaded 25 October 2011 09:37 CEST]
Abstract: Gold-poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites are prepared by an in situ method, by irradiating spin-coated films containing the polymer and the gold precursor dissolved in acetone. The reduction of gold ions results in the formation of Au that nucleates and grows within the polymer film. It is shown that, depending on the energy source, gold nanoparticles with different shapes can be formed. Nanocomposites prepared through UV-, thermal-, and MW-irradiation, respectively, show a low sensitivity toward the environment. However, by annealing the samples at temperatures well above the glass transition temperature of the polymer, the response to dielectric environment appears to be enhanced significantly. The sensitivity of samples synthesized through the three different methods is found to be comparable, around 100 nm/RIU. The increased sensitivity of the annealed sample is accounted for by the increased mobility of both polymer chains and gold nanoparticles in the rubbery state of the material and the presence of the monomer. Gold nanoparticles “freed” from the strong interaction with the polymer are now able to feel the molecules from the surrounding environment. The results show that, by using adequate post-synthesis heat treatments, gold-polymer nanocomposites can be used as plasmonic sensing platforms.
Keywords: gold-PMMA; gold-nanocomposite; plasmonic sensor
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Alsawafta, M.; Badilescu, S.; Paneri, A.; Truong, V.-V.; Packirisamy, M. Gold-Poly(methyl methacrylate) Nanocomposite Films for Plasmonic Biosensing Applications. Polymers 2011, 3, 1833-1848.
AMA Style
Alsawafta M, Badilescu S, Paneri A, Truong V-V, Packirisamy M. Gold-Poly(methyl methacrylate) Nanocomposite Films for Plasmonic Biosensing Applications. Polymers. 2011; 3(4):1833-1848.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Alsawafta, Mohammed; Badilescu, Simona; Paneri, Abhilash; Truong, Vo-Van; Packirisamy, Muthukumaram. 2011. "Gold-Poly(methyl methacrylate) Nanocomposite Films for Plasmonic Biosensing Applications." Polymers 3, no. 4: 1833-1848.
Polymers EISSN 2073-4360 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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(Preparation of the Reactants of HRP Oxidase Assay)
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__NOTOC__
==HRP Assay Figures==
==HRP Assay Figures==
Revision as of 18:53, 8 October 2012
Project name Main project page
Previous entry Next entry
Preparation of the Reactants of HRP Oxidase Assay
• The reactants listed in HRP Oxidase Assay were weighed out.
• The phosphate buffer was made with white granules of sodium phosphate dibasic (FW 268.07, heptahydrate) instead of potassium phosphate. The substitution is not detrimental to the procedure since the ion of interest is the phosphate group. The total volume chosen for the buffer is 60 mL.
• Calculation for obtaining Na2HPO4:
0.020 mol of Na2HPO4 × of Na2HPO4 = 53.61 g of Na2HPO4
x60 mL = = 3.22 g of Na2HPO4
• The required weight for 4-iodophenol is 0.810 g to make 0.0025 M. The actual weighed amount was 0.8109 g. This amount is dissolved in 700 μM dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, polar aprotic solvent) due to its immiscibility in water.
• Dissolved 25 mg of 4-aminoantipyrine (AAP) into 50 mL of water.
• Weighed out 1 mg of the brown granular solid of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and dissolved it in 1 mL water.
• To obtain 0.0017 M of hydrogen peroxide, added 1 mL 30% of the clear and colorless liquid into 100 mL of water. Then, collected 1 mL from the solution to dilute it into 50 mL of the 0.2 M phosphate buffer.
• Placed the settings of the spectrophotometer on kinetics, at 25°C, 510 nm from the methods function.
• In reference to the document of Novy, Patel, and Wang (MDK), the group has chosen to prepare the sample solution with the most linearity. The sample solution has the following concentration of reactants listed in the table below.
• Transferred the reactants to a plastic disposable sample cell using a micropipet. NOTE: The HRP was added last when the sample was already inside the chamber. The addition of HRP initiates the reaction.
• The solution sample appeared as clear and colorless liquid solution before the reaction. At the end of the reaction, the sample was ruby-red at the top of the sample cell and clear and colorless at the bottom. There is a defined separation between the two color phases.
• There was difficulty of replicating the sample concentration from MDK. A run using a volume of 35 μL of AAP and 2.5 μL of HRP had a flat signal indicating the possibilities of having no or slow reaction occurring. Increasing the concentration of HRP made the reaction occur at an instant.
• For the following day, the agenda would be to ascertain the appropriate volume of AAP while keeping the same concentration.
properties 4-iodophenol AAP H2O2 HRP
Molarity18 mM156.25 μM1.7 mM2.3 μM
Volume10 μL 750 μL50 μL
HRP Assay Figures
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I was trying to find a company in my area who already produces canned food products that would be able to produce mine as well. I would like to be able to concentrate on the rest of the business enterprise. Any suggestions?
share|improve this question
1 Answer
Have you tried your chamber of commerce? I would think they'd likely be familiar with companies in your local area that may be able to meet your needs.
The following websites may also be helpful in your research:
• Salesgenie.com: Salesgenie.com is the leading provider of fast, targeted online access to the highest quality sources of business and consumer sales lead data available for sales professionals. Its database give you access to 14 million U.S. businesses and 210 million consumers and helps you profile your best customers.
• HarrisInfo.com: Harris InfoSource provides a directory of 36,0000 U.S. manufacturers available online, in electronic databases, and in print.
• ThomasNet.com: ThomasNet is a comprehensive resource for finding information on suppliers of industrial products and services in North America.
• DNB.com: Dun & Bradstreet focuses on being one of the world's leading suppliers of business information, services, and research. Its database contains statistics on more than 100 million companies in more than 200 countries.
I lifted these from the FAQ on the US Chamber of Commerce website.
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Third Severed Right Foot Washes Up On Valdes Island
rating: 0+x
Basic Information
February 15, 2008: Over the span of seven months, three severed, right, human feet have washed up on the beaches of three different islands in British Columbia, near Vancouver, Canada.
Update: As of August 27, 2010, the count was up to nine actual feet, plus two morbid hoax feet (one plastic, the other an animal foot in a sock and shoe). The most recent actual human foot was found on Whidbey Island in Washington State, many miles south of the early findings.
See Also
Sources
Bibliography
3. Telegraph article about the 8th foot found
4. Vancouver Sun article about the 9th foot, includes summary of the 8 before it and the hoaxes.
Game and Story Use
• Well, obviously, some people are missing their right feet. The question is why?
• A group of cultists based in the Gulf Islands have voluntarily removed their right feet as they believe that the appendages in question are offensive to their worshipped deity.
• A group of medical students playing an elaborate joke have been randomly depositing the right feet of unidentified corpses on the beaches of Gulf Islands.
• A group of cultists have been forcibly removing right feet from randomly selected victims in order to sacrifice them to the sea-dwelling deity that they worship.
• The sacrifice is chained by their right foot … everything upwind of it has been eaten…
• A lone lunatic has been murdering people, dismembering their bodies, and throwing them in the drink — but by some strange quirk of fate, only their right feet have been washing up on shore.
• As suggested in the linked blog post above, the feet may be from the bodies from an un-recovered plane crash in the region, but that would be a pretty bizarre coincidence if the bodies all lost their right feet.
• The feet could be spontaneously generated, and have never been attached to a body, such as being the manifestations of a ghost of a person who'd died when their foot was cut off.
• Human cloning lab, run by a Mad Scientist with a foot fetish. His lab is on one of the islands, and his disposal methods leave something to be desired.
• Years of inbreeding have lead to a creepy little family that's evolving to no longer be entirely human. Just as how some lizards can shed their tails, this creepy island tribe can shed and regrow their feet.
• Their monster manual entry includes "Treasure Type: A, + 1d4 Right Feet". :)
• Enforcement methods of the Pacific Northwest branch of the mafia?
Page tags: crime event news
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License
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Connexions
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You are here: Home » Content » Study Guide for Part IV
About: Study Guide for Part IV
Module by: Ruth Dunn. E-mail the author
View the content: Study Guide for Part IV
Metadata
Name: Study Guide for Part IV
ID: m33856
Language: English (en)
Summary: Minority Studies: A Brief Sociological Text is a very, very brief textbook suitable for use as a supplemental or stand-alone text in a college-level minority studies Sociology course. Any instructor who would choose to use this as a stand-alone textbook would need to supply a large amount of statistical data and other pertinent and extraneous Sociological material in order to "flesh-out" fully this course. Each module/unit of Minority Studies: A Brief Sociological Text contains the text, course objectives, a study guide, key terms and concepts, a lecture outline, assignments, and a reading list.
Subject: Social Sciences
Keywords: Aging, Minority Studies, Sociology
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 3.0
Authors: Ruth Dunn (ruth.dunn@hccs.edu)
Copyright Holders: Ruth Dunn (ruth.dunn@hccs.edu)
Maintainers: Ruth Dunn (ruth.dunn@hccs.edu)
Latest version: 1.2 (history)
First publication date: Feb 12, 2010 2:12 pm -0600
Last revision to module: Mar 13, 2010 7:49 am -0600
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XML: m33856_1.2.cnxml XML that defines the structure and contents of the module, minus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Source Export ZIP: m33856_1.2.zip ZIP containing the module XML plus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Version History
Version: 1.2 Mar 13, 2010 7:49 am -0600 by Ruth Dunn
Changes:
None
Version: 1.1 Feb 14, 2010 5:19 pm -0600 by Ruth Dunn
Changes:
None
How to Reuse and Attribute This Content
If you derive a copy of this content using a Connexions account and publish your version, proper attribution of the original work will be automatically done for you.
If you reuse this work elsewhere, in order to comply with the attribution requirements of the license (CC-BY 3.0), you must include
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• the title of the work: Study Guide for Part IV
• the Connexions URL where the work can be found: http://cnx.org/content/m33856/1.2/
See the citation section below for examples you can copy.
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The following citation styles comply with the attribution requirements for the license (CC-BY 3.0) of this work:
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Dunn, R. Study Guide for Part IV, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/m33856/1.2/, Mar 13, 2010.
American Medical Assocation (AMA) Manual of Style:
Dunn R. Study Guide for Part IV [Connexions Web site]. March 13, 2010. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m33856/1.2/.
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Dunn, R. (2010, March 13). Study Guide for Part IV. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m33856/1.2/
Chicago Manual of Style (Bibliography):
Dunn, Ruth. "Study Guide for Part IV." Connexions. March 13, 2010. http://cnx.org/content/m33856/1.2/.
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Ruth Dunn, "Study Guide for Part IV," Connexions, March 13, 2010, http://cnx.org/content/m33856/1.2/.
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News
Digg Upgrades to the CC0 Waiver
Fred Benenson, May 27th, 2009
Joining the likes of Flickr and the Personal Genome Project, Digg has now chosen our CC0 Waiver for their content. Daniel Burka writes on the official Digg blog about their choice:
As of today, we’ve taken that one step further by upgrading our public domain license to the Creative Commons Zero (CC0) [waiver]. The CC0 [waiver] expresses that content posted on Digg is public domain even internationally. A minor point maybe, but our previous public domain [dedication] was only clear within the USA. When a friend from Creative Commons suggested that we move to a CC0 license, to even more clearly affirm our intentions, it seemed obvious. And, as we try to always do when we change something that affects the content that you (our users) submit to Digg, we’re trying to keep you informed about it.
Congrats to the Digg team for taking the step in the right direction for the public domain! Read more about why using CC0 for your public domain content is important here and here.
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Error!
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CCNet Status Widget for the OS X Dashboard
0
kicks
CCNet Status Widget for the OS X Dashboard (Unpublished)
The CCNet Dashboard Widget for OS X shows the status of CCNet automated software builds in an easily accessible way for people running Apple's operating system.
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Wikia
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m (1 revision: SRD upload)
Latest revision as of 06:33, August 11, 2009
This material is published under the OGL
StaggeredEdit
A character whose nonlethal damage exactly equals his current hit points is staggered. A staggered character may take a single move action or standard action each round (but not both, nor can she take full-round actions).
A character whose current hit points exceed his nonlethal damage is no longer staggered; a character whose nonlethal damage exceeds his hit points becomes unconscious.
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
August 10, 2006
Google Video On Google Homepage
This is Google's new homepage. Or it's just another experiment. But this time, many people were able to see this page today.
Google replaces Froogle and Groups with Google Video, the service that had a lot of updates lately. If you click on more, a small rectangle appears and it has only three services: the disappearing Froogle and Groups and Google Books. You have to click on even more to see the complete list of services.
Google lists on the homepage only the most used services and Google Video has a slightly bigger popularity than Google Groups and Froogle and has a prominent tendency of growth.
If you can't see the new homepage, here's a mirror.
Related:
Google design experiments
New design in Google Video
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BE.109:Presenting your work
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 17:59, 14 November 2007 by Atissa (Talk | contribs)
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BE.109 Laboratory Fundamentals of Biological Engineering
Home Getting started Lab Presenting your work People Schedule
DNA engineering Protein engineering Systems engineering Bio-material engineering
Guidelines for maintaining your lab notebook
• How to maintain a good lab notebook.
Guidelines for oral presentations
Guidlines for writing a lab report
Guidelines for editing OpenWetWare
• Some BE.109 specific guidelines for editing OpenWetWare.
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User:Alessandro R. Ferrari
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I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
Alessandro R. Ferrari (wants you to see his teeth)
I'm a student in the MSc course of Medical Biotechnology at University of Bari in Italy. I learned about OpenWetWare from iGEM, and I've joined because I'm in love with synthetic biology and as a biotechnologist I want to get in touch with labs around the world where I can work in.
Education
• Year, PhD, Institute
• Year, MS, Institute
• Year, BS, Institute
Research interests
1. Interest 1
2. Interest 2
3. Interest 3
Publications
1. Goldbeter A and Koshland DE Jr. . pmid:6947258. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
2. JACOB F and MONOD J. . pmid:13718526. PubMed HubMed [Paper2]
leave a comment about a paper here
3. Mark Ptashne. A genetic switch. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004. isbn:0879697164. [Book1]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
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carfor12's bookmarks
"The worst thing that happens to you may be the best thing for you if you don't let it get the best of you."
Rogers, Will on adversity
15 fans of this quote
"There is nothing so stupid as an educated man, if you get him off the thing he was educated in."
Rogers, Will on experts
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"A man can learn only two ways, one by reading, and the other by association with smarter people."
Rogers, Will on learning
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"Opportunity is missed by most people because it comes dressed in overalls and looks like work."
Edison, Thomas A. on opportunity
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"If you do what you've always done, you'll get what you've always gotten."
Robbins, Anthony on results
3 fans of this quote
"Question everything. Learn something. Answer nothing."
Motto, Engineer's on questions
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"Hope is the companion of power, and mother of success; for who so hopes strongly has within him the gift of miracles."
Smiles, Samuel on hope
44 fans of this quote
"The experience gathered from books, though often valuable, is but the nature of learning; whereas the experience gained from actual life is one of the nature of wisdom."
Smiles, Samuel on wisdom
"We cannot advance without new experiments in living, but no wise man tries every day what he has proved wrong the day before."
Adams, James Truslow on wisdom
"In much wisdom is much grief; and he that increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow."
Bible on wisdom
5 fans of this quote
"He has only half learned the art of reading who has not added to it the more refined art of skipping and skimming."
Balfour, Arthur James on books - reading
3 fans of this quote
"The world may be full of fourth-rate writers but it's also full of fourth-rate readers."
Barstow, Stan on books - reading
4 fans of this quote
"He that loves a book will never want a faithful friend, a wholesome counselor, a cheerful companion, an effectual comforter. By study, by reading, by thinking, one may innocently divert and pleasantly entertain himself, as in all weathers, as in all fortunes."
Barrow on books - reading
9 fans of this quote
"Read nothing that you do not care to remember, and remember nothing you do not mean to use."
Blackie, Professor on books - reading
8 fans of this quote
"There are worse crimes than burning books. One of them is not reading them."
Brodsky, Joseph on books - reading
18 fans of this quote
"Many of us spend our lives searching for success when it is usually so close that we can reach out and touch it."
Conwell, Russel H. on opportunity
"If opportunity doesn't knock, build a door."
Berle, Milton on opportunity
4 fans of this quote
"Nothing is so beautiful as spring -- when weeds, in wheels, shoot long and lovely and lush; Thrush's eggs look little low heavens, and thrush through the echoing timber does so rinse and wring the ear, it strikes like lightning to hear him sing."
Hopkins, Gerard Manley on spring
"Be discreet in all things, and so render it unnecessary to be mysterious."
Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington on discretion
"I cannot and do not live in the world of discretion, not as a writer, anyway. I would prefer to, I assure you -- it would make life easier. But discretion is, unfortunately, not for novelists."
Roth, Philip on discretion
"Words are, of course, the most powerful drug used by mankind."
Kipling, Rudyard on words
4 fans of this quote
"If you've got the guts to stick it out... you're going to make it."
Hays, Brian on perseverance
7 fans of this quote
"Propaganda does not deceive people; it merely helps them to deceive themselves."
Hoffer, Eric on propaganda
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"It is not love that should be depicted as blind, but self-love."
Voltaire on love
8 fans of this quote
"Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider."
Bacon, Francis on books - reading
10 fans of this quote
"A distracted existence leads us to no goal."
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang Von on goals
5 fans of this quote
"That is a good book which is opened with expectation, and closed with delight and profit."
Alcott, Amos Bronson on books - reading
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"I am not a speed reader. I am a speed understander."
Asimov, Isaac on books - reading
15 fans of this quote
"Books are men of higher stature; the only men that speak aloud for future times to hear."
Barrett, E.S. on books - reading
5 fans of this quote
"Boredom is just the reverse side of fascination: both depend on being outside rather than inside a situation, and one leads to the other."
Sontag, Susan on bores and boredom
3 fans of this quote
"The man who suspects his own tediousness is yet to be born."
Aldrich, Thomas B. on bores and boredom
3 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"I have a fear of being boring."
Bale, Christian on bores and boredom
"Boredom is like a pitiless zooming in on the epidermis of time. Every instant is dilated and magnified like the pores of the face."
Baudrillard, Jean on bores and boredom
3 fans of this quote
"Reading is a basic tool in the living of a good life."
Adler, Mortimer J. on books - reading
20 fans of this quote
"Beware of the person of one book."
Aquinas, St. Thomas on books - reading
14 fans of this quote
"To feel most beautifully alive means to be reading something beautiful, ready always to apprehend in the flow of language the sudden flash of poetry."
Bachelard, Gaston on books - reading
9 fans of this quote
"A minute's success pays the failure of years."
Browning, Robert on success
3 fans of this quote
"The wise person has long ears and a short tongue."
Proverb, German on wisdom
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"Your success and happiness lies in you. Resolve to keep happy, and your joy and you shall form an invincible host against difficulties."
Keller, Helen on success
6 fans of this quote
"The prisoner is not the one who has committed a crime, but the one who clings to his crime and lives it over and over."
Miller, Henry on prison
3 fans of this quote
But wait... my book has more: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 next
Carol Ford's quote collection
I'm female, taken from Canada and made my book on 26th October 2009.
My book as a pdf
Short profile
Stay at home housewife
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I am a stay at home housewife, mother of one, grandmother to three gorgeous children. I enjoy reading, writing, listening to music, and spending time with my family
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Age does not matter if the matter does not age. Romulo, Carlos Pena
This quote is about age and aging · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Romulo, Carlos Pena ...
General Carlos P. Rmulo (b. January 14, 1899, Camilng, Tarlac - d. December 15, 1985, Manila) was the President of the Fourth Session of U.N. General Assembly from 1949-1950, and chairman of the UN Security Council. He had served with General Douglas MacArthur in the Pacific, was Ambassador to the US, and became the first Asian to win the Pulitzer Prize in journalism in 1942.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
No people is wholly civilized where a distinction is drawn between stealing an office and stealing a purse. Roosevelt, Theodore
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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"url": "reaganiterepublicanresistance.blogspot.com/2011/05/worlds-only-brand-new-100-original-1950.html",
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23 May 2011
World's Only 'Brand-New', 100% Original 1950 Chevrolet Coupe!
Legend has it that a Modesto, California couple purchased the car in 1950, only for the wife to be widowed shortly thereafter when her husband died trying to save a drowning woman. The distraught lady placed the sleek Chevy in storage for 12 years, but later traded it for a new 1962 Rambler ($1650) from a nearby dealer: he recently sold the same car for $60,000.
And surely worth it, the car dealer decided from the start to preserve it, so he barely took it out of the garage for 45 years... thus the all-original mint condition and an odometer reading a mere 437 original miles (!)
What a beautiful example... my dad's first car was a '51 Chevy:
Gracias, Roberto~
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Your Morning Dump… where the players and Doc each share responsibility
John - Red's Army May 19, 2012 The Morning Dump 7 Comments
Every morning, we compile the links of the day and dump them here… highlighting the big storyline. Because there's nothing quite as satisfying as a good morning dump.
“Once they picked up their intensity, I didn’t think we really played with a sense of urgency in the third or fourth quarter,” Pierce said. “That’s a chance where you have a team on its back, you’re up 15 and you really take their confidence. We didn’t do that. You give a team some life, they went on a run and it just carried over all the way through the third and fourth quarter. That was really on us.”
WEEI: Pierce: Second half meltdown was really on us
“In that stretch I had to do a better job of slowing us down and getting us into the next set. I had to demand that guys get into the right spots offensively. It’s a calculation for me of when we’re doing a good job in random and when we’re not in that stretch. And in that 15-2 run we didn’t do a good job.
“But in the first half we did make those shots. In the second half when we weren’t making those shots we had to slow it down. But it all comes down to defense. We may have lost our composure, but we’re a veteran team and we’re better than that. We should have responded better.”
Herald: Rondo laments fast pace
"And once we did, we never really returned to playing basketball the way we played in the first half," he said.
Rivers took responsibility for not being able to get his team back on track.
"You know, whenever that happens I always think that's me," Rivers said. "I always think there's something the coach can do to slow them down, to get them back in their sets, to get them back in their rhythm, and I couldn't do it."
ESPN Boston: Doc Rivers: "We lost our composure"
Everyone's to blame. Doc.. the players… all of them. The Celtics came out of the half looking to do the same thing they were doing to start the game… and they were. Then the whistles game. And you can say what you want about the whistles, but the Celtics never adjusted. They just stopped playing their game and they let Philly live.
I'm not going to blame the refs. I'll just be blunt about it: Blaming the refs is loser talk. Losers blame refs, winners figure out a way to win. The Celtics, to their credit, are not blaming the refs. There were bad calls.. TERRIBLE calls… but the Celtics still had chances down the stretch. If they had just grabbed a few offensive rebounds, run a play or two, or maybe not had Ray Allen guarding Andre Iguodala down the stretch… we'd be talking about escaping with a 3-1 series lead.
So bemoan the calls if you want, but blaming the refs for a loss… nope.
On page 2: KG's off night
"Doc calls all the plays; Rondo obviously is involved with the play-calling," explained Garnett. "We consolidate the ball here… I thought Brandon came out, had a hot hand; [Paul] came out had a hot hand. At times I played well, but it's all in the flow of the offense. Other than that, it's not pointing a finger, or nothing like that. It's just how our offense runs."
ESPN Boston: C's can't use ticket to recent success
This was bound to happen. I know we got used to KG nailing those jumpers at a ridiculous rate, but the fact remains that the shots he takes are a low percentage shot. Every once in a while, he's going to have an off night.
Well, last night was the off night. We gotta live with it. 3-12 from the field looks bad.. but if he hits 3 more shots he's beating the odds on those long two's by a healthy margin. The bigger issue is when he stops attacking and starts passing way too much. Doc said KG played passively last night. If the Celtics are going to win, they need an aggressive Kevin Garnett. I'd rather see 18 shots in the box score than 12. Chances are good if KG's shooting that much, he'll find the flow.
Related links: CSNNE: KG comes back down to earth | Globe: Limiting Garnett has been Philly's golden ticket | Allen stops Garnett
The rest of the links:
ESPN Boston: Rondo's King of the Rock | Game Center: The hard way | CSNNE: Rondo: I need to do a better job of executing our offense | The one that got away | Celtics let Sixers steal one that was all but theirs | WEEI: Celtics blow opportunity to take lead | Rivers: "The free throw line tells the story" | Herald: Celtics stray from plan in collapse | Correct mindset, fear boost Sixers | Celtics now out of control | Dooling studies life in the game | Globe: Arrogance has its disadvantages | Disappearing act | Defense let up in 2nd half
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Command & Conquer: Generals - Zero Hour/USA Air Force General vs. China Nuke General
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
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This mission allows you to utilize and practice your air power skills. Without them, this mission would be next to impossible.
Severe time constraints are placed on you to destroy the five Nuclear Missiles before they decimate your base. In addition to this, the Chinese tanks are upgraded with nuclear shells and are much more deadly to your troops. Overlords are constantly threatening to overrun your defenses – while Nuke Cannons sit outside the protective range of your Patriots to rain down destruction on your base.
Colonel Burton will be overwhelmed trying to destroy all of the Nuke Cannons, and he is at great risk from the upgraded tanks. He may be able to “dodge the bullet,” but the nuclear radiation that comes with the blast can prove deadly.
Throughout practically the entire Zero Hour campaigns, successful strategies can be utilized without the use of air power. (The exception to this is the powerful Helixes in the Chinese missions.)
But in this mission, air power is absolutely critical. A protective ring of Raptors will protect your base from Nuke Cannons – while Aurora bombers can destroy the Nuclear Missiles and the anti-air units protecting them.
[edit] Walkthrough
Build a Reactor, second bulldozer, Barracks and Supply Center. Immediately research the Capture command, upgrade the Reactor and build a second supply helicopter.
Key Strategies
• Capture all three oil derricks on the bottom part of the map. Don’t worry about defending the two furthest away. They may be destroyed later in the mission, but in the meantime you will receive essential funds to build your war machine. (Those Aurora bombers are expensive!)
• Build three Airfields, using six King Raptors to patrol your base and six Aurora bombers to help destroy the Nuclear Missiles.
• Use Colonel Burton, then Pathfinders to destroy infantry units so that your King Raptors will focus on the larger targets.
Create three Rangers and send them to capture the three oil derricks along the bottom of the map. Eventually two of them will be destroyed, but by then your supply levels will be healthier.
Build three Patriots spaced far enough away so that your Airfields and Particle Cannons can fit within their protective range.
Build a War Factory, an Airfield, then a Strategy Center. Start building four Raptors, then breaking them into pairs of two to guard your base.
Although not necessary, building a Humvee at this time will help control infantry units attacking your base.
Start building a second Airfield. Build a fourth Patriot to protect your base. Build two more Raptors and have them patrol another section of your base. Start building two Aurora bombers.
Enlist Colonel Burton and have him patrol the front of your base, destroying all infantry units possible. This will enable your King Raptors to target the armored units instead.
Build a third Air Field and add four more Aurora bombers.
Note: This entire mission can be won without building a single Particle Cannon, but it will certainly speed up the process at the end of the game if you have multiple Particle Cannons. There are a lot of anti-air defenses at the China base and it takes a while to destroy them all from the air.
You should still have funds available at this point. A Supply Drop Zone will help ensure continued supplies rolling in.
Upgrade Countermeasures and Laser Missiles to add strength to your air power.
The mission can be beat with just the three Airfields.
Important: As soon as you reach level 3 of your General’s Powers, create at least three Pathfinders to control infantry. Your King Raptors are horrible at targeting these ground troops and Nuke Cannons can sneak through your defenses while they are targeting these minions. Station one Pathfinder to the east and the others to the northeast and nothwest of your base. (HINT: Instead of them you can use commanches to kill infantry. Just order them to guard the area. They are also quite good at destroying tanks, as there are not many gattling tanks in this mission).
Offensive Operations:
It is possible to knock out the Nuclear Missile in the middle of the map with four Aurora bombers with no casualties.
Next use Carpet Bombs, A10 Missile Strikes or your extra two Auroras to target the anti-air units in front of the Nuclear Missiles on the west side of the map.
Use the Auroras again to destroy the closest Nuclear Missile on this side of the map.
The Nuclear Missile further back on the west side of the map has more air defense and the above strategy should be repeated. Replace any Auroras that are lost.
There are a number of garrisoned buildings on the east side of the map that will cause issues for your Aurora bombers, but the same tactics will work to destroy the next two Nuclear Missiles.
The above engagements can be carried out in a calm and deliberate manner. You should be able to destroy all five of the Nuclear Missiles with plenty of time to spare.
Important: You can still lose the game at this point. The Nuke General has a powerful Missile Strike that can destroy your Airfields and leave you vulnerable to continued Nuke Cannon attacks.
Although your King Raptors patrolling your base have worked quite well on “autopilot,” don’t forget to occasionally “baby-sit” your base, as Nuke Cannons can eventually sneak through your defenses if you become lax.
Be sure your Pathfinders are still in position and any lost Raptors are replaced.
The Nuke General does not rebuild his structures, so you can now start targeting away at his base.
It is suggested to build a few Particle Cannons to speed up the destruction of the China base from space.
First target his Command Center so you won’t have to deal with the Missile Strikes against your base. This can best be accomplished with Particle Cannon blasts or with your General’s Powers, as the structure is well-defended with anti-air units.
Then target the Weapons Factories and Airfield.
It is not necessary to launch a ground assault, although this is certainly an option.
It is not necessary to destroy armor, infantry, Bunkers, Gattling Cannons and garrisoned buildings to achieve victory.
Mission accomplished!
[edit] HH Alternative Strategy
This mission is the easiest of all the generals challenges if you do it right.
Launch your economy by building a supply center at both of the two nearby platforms. Also build a barracks and two infantry men to capture the derricks along the southern edge of the map. Now you will have some serious money coming in.
Build eight commanches, fanning them out on the borders of your base one at a time, and eventually pairing them (four pairs). Make sure they are far enough outside your base to easily knock out nuke cannons before they shoot. This base defense will hold for the entire game without maintenance, just upgrade the stealth and countermeasures. Now build three airfields and 12 auroras. Once you have 12 auroras, take out the first three nuke silos with four each.
At this point, they will probably be all shot down, and your opponent will fire a generals power at one airfield. No matter, build more auroras at the other airfields and take out the remaining silos. If you need to, build two more auroras to take out the airfield. Then spend some money on a particle cannon or two to help clean up.
[edit] MS Alternative strategy
This mission can't go wrong as long as you take care of your flyings. Do NOT take the drone upgrade from your general powers!!!! Take the carpet bomber.
Building the base: Build a second dozer,a power plant & baracks. Build 2 supply platforms, 3 rangers and upgrade building. Build one extra supply gatherer at each platform. You should have $25 dollar left at this point. Send out the rangers (build a fouth as soon as you can afford it) to capture the 4 platforms (3 at the bottom, one above the base. Money wise you should be fine the rest of the mission.
Build 2 airfields. Start building your strategy centre.
Defensive: Build 4 commanches, one covering the north entranche, 2 covering the centre entranche and one covering the east flank, put them on patrol!. research flares (or whatever that is called) the defense on your planes.
By now your strategy centre should be online. Use your carpet bomber to destroy his airfield. He will not rebuild it and if done correctly NO choppers will ever reach your base. Still I raconment to build some patriots just in case.
Now start building 8 auroras. As soon as the first 4 are ready, select them all, fly them to the west end of the map (carefull for those gattlings) and attack the most middle nuclear silo, the one that came online first. The countdown is probably somewhere around 7 minutes. All your aroras should survive because of flares and protective laser.
4 silos to go and, about 10-11 minutes to do so..... Wait ill all 8 auroras are done and use the remainder of your money to build extra commanches and upgrade to stealth, again you should not need it but why not... Make 4 pairs of auroras and fly them to the south east corner of the map. Focus on the North-West corner, use spy satelite you should see 2 gatlings. Use pair 1,2 and 3 to target the most left gatling and pair 4 to target the most right gatling. Make sure that they arrive in one wave, if you find this difficult select them all, target the left gatling and then select one pair and give it a different target. Again a lot of rockets are fired at your planes, but hey youre the airforce general :D.
Repeat the wave you just did and destroy both silo's.
2 silos to go and about 9 minutes do so....
Now your generals powers should be at least level 3 which give you acces to a level 2 A10 strike. Use this strike to destoy his Northern War factory.
Select all your aurora"s fly them to the Northwest corner of the map and make a bombrun to the Eastern base. Pair one gattling, pair 2 war factory, pair 3&4 Silo. Again if you make the wave perfect no aurora is shot down.
By now your carpet bomb should be ready again. Maybe even paired with the rest of your generals powers. Use it to wreak havok on the defenses of the last silo.
Make sure all your commanches are on guard because he might attack you with a few tanks.
Now a final wave of auroras can take out the last silo, and some buildings around it. More is better as they cover eachother with the lasers.
Now the nuclear threat is done. The airfields and war factories destroyed, and as general Tao says himself "it is not my men you should fear" :D. if too many auroras have been shot down he might launch attacks from his command centre. Worst case you always have the option to make a suicide run with auroras, but if you have one pair killing the gattling and 3 pair the command centre still most should come home.
Now its just mopping up. A few options: Auroras take out the few remaining gattlings and commanches the solid building. Building a asault gatherer with 5 rocketeers and 3 snipers can be fun.... building extra airfields and king raptors is fun.... Building 12 particle cannons and using generals powers is lame, but still a option.
One final note, if you expierence high casualties among your auroras you can consider replacing the first 2 by stealth bombers with bunker busters, and clear out the towers and the battle bunkers.. Makes the mop up easyer as well.... This probably cost you around 2 minutes on the clock, but hey, as long as the nukes dont fire :D
Enjoy victory and replay it as it is a cool mission :D.
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Total Annihilation/The Gate to Barathrum
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
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Core resistance continue to increase during the fighting on Tergiverse IV. It was clear that they had began considering Arm commander as serious threat. If another gate would be captured, the Arm would be deep within Core territory.
[edit] Mission Briefing
Capture the Core Gate.
Priority Critical Core resistance is increasing, a sure indication that we near another Gate - and through that Gate another Core world. This battle will secure Tergiverse IV for Arm and open another door. We must prevail!
Info Feed There is a depression to the northeast. The Gate is thought to be located there. Expect stiff resistance from the guards posted there. The combined use of air and ground units will be especially effective on this mission.
END
[edit] Details
Map for Core Campaign, mission 11: The Gate to Barathrum
Starting units: Commander, 2 Brawler Gunships, 2 Jethros, 2 Zippers, 1 Zeus, and 1 Fido.
Start a base and begin gathering energy and metal. Build up and get a Vehicle Lab started, followed by a Radar Tower (placed on a hilltop found just northwest of the starting point). Metal is scarce on this map, so scavenging metal from nearby rocks may be a good idea. Core will send some small airstrikes early on, but they shouldn't be a major concern. Build a Construction Vehicle and five or six Flash tanks and Samsons.
Next, build an Aircraft Plant, ordering it to build Freedom Fighters and Thunder Bombers. When the vehicles and air support are ready, move towards the butte to the northeast. There is a geothermal vent in this area that can supply most of the energy resources the Arm forces will need for the remainder of the battle. After building a Geothermal Power Plant, head to the top of the butte and build a Guardian Plasma Cannon.
While the cannon is under construction, build another Radar Tower nearby. Move some Samsons up to the Butte to defend the construction and make sure the patrolling aircraft pass through the area as well. Continue scouting for more sources of metal and remember to salvage metal from enemy units as well.
Once the Guardian is ready, pick off a few easy targets before moving Arm's forces north to the depression. Pulverizers and Gaat Guns guard either side of the depression. Fly in some air strikes to take down the defenses, but be sure not to attack the Gate as you head east. There are a handful of ground troops near the Gate that will require some ground vehicles to take out safely, but the remainder of the Core forces should be safely taken out from the air.
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Canillo
From Wikitravel
Europe : Iberia : Andorra : Canillo
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Canillo [1] is a parish (administrative division) and town 12km NE of the capital of Andorra between Andorra La Vella and the French border at Pas de la Casa (2085m).
[edit] Get in
Take the CG1 direction Soldeu, Pas de la Casa and France for 12km
[edit] Get around
[edit][add listing] See
• Sant Joan de Caselles,Phone +376 844 141. Jul-Aug every day, 10AM-1PM; 3PM-6PM. Free-guided tours. The rest of the year only at mass hours. This is a 11th – 12th century church, one of the most beautiful build from Andorra. Lombard Romanesque style At 1 km from Canillo, direction to Pas de la Casa.
• Meritxell Sanctuary 9:15AM-1PM & 3PM-6PM (July and August from 9:15AM-7PM). From Sep to Jun: Closed Tu. Dedicated to the Virgin of Meritxell, Patron Saint of Andorra. Her Saint’s day, Andorra’s National Holiday, is celebrated on September 8. Initially dated from 12th century, but the built was destroyed by a fire, and a new sanctuary was built (inaugurated in 1976). Free admission.
• The cross of seven arms. M-F from 8AM-5PM. It is in the track between Canillo and Prats. Gothic style. Initially had 7 arms, but one was lost. The original one it is in the Council hall.
• Canillo town Very interesting sight to visit because of the buildings of the old core.
[edit][add listing] Do
The Palau de Gel is an Olympic size ice skating rink and entertainment complex. It has a restaurant, bar, swimming pool, meeting rooms, and children's play zone.
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[edit] Get out
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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8731.7 - Building Approvals, Northern Territory, Jun 2002
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
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5609.0 - Housing Finance, Australia, Jul 2012 Quality Declaration
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ABBREVIATIONS
$m million dollars
ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics
ADI Authorised Deposit-taking Institution
APRA Australian Prudential Regulation Authority
ARIMA autoregressive integrated moving average
n.e.c. not elsewhere classified
RFC Registered Financial Corporation
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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5439.0 - International Merchandise Imports, Australia, Oct 2000
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• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Replaces: 5320.0. Also available on AusStats 5439.0.65.001.
Presents the total imports (international trade basis) for the reference month and the two previous months, together with commodity aggregates at the one-digit level of the Standard International Trade Classification (Revision 3). No analysis is provided.
See also 5368.0.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Modern Applied Science, Vol. 4, No. 2, February, 2010
Editor MAS
Abstract
Modern Applied Science, Vol. 4, No. 2, February, 2010
Full Text: Untitled
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Modern Applied Science ISSN 1913-1844 (Print) ISSN 1913-1852 (Online)
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Template:Contributor inviteEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
We welcome user additions to FamilySearch Historical Records wiki articles. Guidelines are available to help you make changes. Thank you for any contributions you may provide. If you would like to get more involved join the WikiProject FamilySearch Records.
• This page was last modified on 3 April 2012, at 19:53.
• This page has been accessed 844 times.
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User talk:JanmallochEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Welcome...
Hello Janmalloch!
The Welcoming Committee is here to support you and offer you a warm welcome to a Community that loves Family History. We thank you for your contributions! Please continue editing and consider joining in Projects Seeking Contributors or a live Community Meeting where you may meet other experienced users and contributors.
This message is posted on your Talk Page which is associated with your personal User Page. Try creating a User Page about yourself by clicking on your name under "Personal Tools" at the bottom of the navigation bar. It's a great place to practice new skills and lets others know something about you and your genealogical interests. We hope you like this place and decide to join in.
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Newfoundland and LabradorEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 03:02, 28 September 2011 by Larry0011 (Talk | contribs)
News and Events
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1. What information do you wish to locate about your ancestor? To choose the sources you need to search first, please click on RECORD SELECTION TABLE: Newfoundland_and_Labrador, which will help you decide.
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Resources for individual helpEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 21:52, 3 January 2013 by JensenFA (Talk | contribs)
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Changes related to "Ogden FamilySearch Library/Resources"
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Difference between revisions of "Autopsy Forensic Browser"
From Forensics Wiki
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(Infobox + wikified.)
m (Autopsy moved to Autopsy Forensic Browser: Move to full name.)
Latest revision as of 18:51, 15 May 2006
Autopsy
Maintainer: Brian Carrier
OS: Web-based
Genre: Analysis
License: GPL
Website: sleuthkit.org/autopsy/
The Autopsy Forensic Browser (Autopsy) is a graphical interface to the command line digital investigation analysis tools in The Sleuth Kit. Together, they can analyze Windows and UNIX disks and file systems (NTFS, FAT, UFS1/UFS2, Ext2/Ext3).
The Sleuthkit and Autopsy are both Open Source and run on UNIX platforms. As Autopsy is HTML-based, you can connect to the Autopsy server from any platform using a web browser. Autopsy provides a "File Manager"-like interface and shows details about deleted data and file system structures.
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Journal of Chemistry
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 135815, 14 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/135815
Research Article
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Studies of Axially Ligated Zn(II)5,10,15,20-meso-tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrin with Oxygen and Nitrogen Donors
Department of Chemistry, University of Jammu, New Campus, Baba Sahib Ambedkar Road, Jammu&Kashmir, Jammu 180 006, India
Received 8 December 2011; Revised 8 July 2012; Accepted 9 July 2012
Academic Editor: Franck Rabilloud
Copyright © 2013 Gauri D. Bajju et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Reaction of 5,10,15,20-meso-tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrin[H2(p-Cl)pp] with zinc(II)acetate(Zn(OAc)2) and phenols results in the formation of corresponding axially ligated zinc(II)-meso-tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrin (X-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP) (X = phenolates and pyridinates). The four-coordinated zinc porphyrin accepts one axial ligand in 1 : 1 molar ratio to form five-coordinated complex, which is purified by column chromatography and characterized by IR spectra, 1H NMR, electronic absorption spectra, elemental analysis, mass spectroscopy, and TGA/DTA studies. IR spectra confirms the appearance of Zn– at 500–400 cm−1, Zn– at 650–570 cm−1 and Zn–O at 650–350 cm−1. 1H NMR spectra show that the protons of the Phenolic ring axially attached to the central metal ion are merged with the protons of the tetraphenyl rings of the porphyrin moiety. Absorption spectra reveal that complexes are accompanied by blue shift (hypsochromic shift) for phenolates and red shift (bathchromic shift) for pyridinates in comparison with the basic Zporphyrin emission bands. Mass Spectra determine the m/z ratio. The percentage of each element is confirmed by elemental analysis. According to the thermal studies, the complexes have a higher thermal stability and the decomposition temperature of these complexes depends on the axial ligation. The invitro antifungal activity of the complexes synthesized above had been done by disc diffusion method against the pathogen “Fusarium spp.,” which shows that with the increase in the concentration of the complexes, the colony diameter decreases and hence percent inhibition increases.
1. Introduction
The chemistry of porphyrins and related compounds dates back to eighteenth century. The porphyrin molecules and their derivatives in different forms are currently utilized in a variety of applications that span medicine (Photodynamic therapy) PDT [1], optoelectronics [2, 3], nanofabrication [46], organic chemistry (catalysis) [7], photovoltaics [8], and so on. Metal complexes of tetrapyrollic macrocycles play a key role with respect to life on earth because of their implications in a variety of enzymatic systems [9]. In general, the chemistry of different metalloporphyrins is controlled by the complexed metal and the kind of peripherally and/or axially fixed substituents. These factors influence the electronic density distribution within the core of the macrocycle, and thus determine its reactivity and stability as well. The electronic properties of porphyrins can be changed by introducing suitable substituents at the meso-positions or β-position. Synthetic porphyrins, especially meso-tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives substituted at the para-positions with soluble acidic, basic and neutral groups are of potential interest in medicinal chemistry because they can form chelates either with some toxic heavy metals or with gamma-ray emitting radioisotopes [1012]. Substitution with halogens (–F, –Cl, –Br) at meso-phenyl position has been shown to enhance catalytic activity [13] and nonlinear optical properties [14]. Also, the phenomenon that metalloporphyrins are coordinated to axial ligands is very common especially in green plant and photosynthetic bacteria, where such coordination impacts a significant effect on both the primary charge separation in the reaction center and energy transfer in antenna systems [15]. This ability of metalloporphyrins to attach additional ligands also determines their role in enzyme and catalytic processes. A great number of experimental results have been reported over the past three decades concerning the axial ligation properties of these substituted metalloporphyrins with S, O, P, and N bases [16]. Recently, many efforts have been focused on the molecular recognition of biointerest by zinc porphyrins [17, 18]. A binding mode of the pyridine group of the nicotine guest coordinated to the Zn atom of the host was found [19]. The interaction of metalloporphyrins with donor molecules either in their ground or excited states can strongly influence the absorption properties and the efficiency of energy- or electron-transfer processes of porphyrin derivatives [16]. Thus, understanding the effects of axial ligands on the electronic spectra and redox properties of metalloporphyrins is a basic but important subject because of its biological relevance. These investigations have shed light on how axial ligands induce changes in the electronic absorption and other spectral features of zinc(II) derivatives. Generally, the axial coordination of oxygen donors to the metal center represents the supramolecular binding motif. This self-assembly strategy has been successfully applied for the construction of molecular square, coordination polymer and other types of structures [2022]. It is also known that histidine side chains of proteins have been shown to be important for catalysis in biological systems [23]. Zinc porphyrin cation radicals were extensively studied using an electrochemical EPR technique [24]. The factors affecting the electronic structures of zinc porphyrin cation radical were also examined by Spiro and Coworkers using Resonance Raman Spectra [25] but however, the reactions examined were rather limited.
In the present work, zinc(II)-5,10,15,20-meso-tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrin containing different phenolates and pyridinates were synthesized and characterized by various physicochemical techniques. Studies revealed that in these complexes, different phenols and pyridines are bonded at fifth-coordinated site via zinc atom.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials and Methods
Pyrrole (Fluka, Switzerland) was distilled over potassium hydroxide pellets under reduced pressure before use. para-chloro-benzaldehyde is procured from Aldrich, USA and used without further purification. Propionic acid used in the synthesis was obtained from Qualigens (India) and used as such. zinc(II)acetate (Zn(OAc)2) were purchased from E. Merck, India. Silica gel (200–300 mesh) and Silica gel (TLC grade, particle size = 75 μ procured from Merck, Germany) were used for column and thin layer chromatography, respectively. Aluminium oxide (basic type I) purchased from Fluka, Switzerland, was activated at 150°C for at least 24 h [26]. Anhydrous sodium sulphate (Na2SO4), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and calcium chloride (CaCl2) procured from Ranbaxy Labs. Ltd. (India). Chloroform (Merck) was dried over anhydrous calcium chloride at least for three days before use.
2.2. Detection Method
The optical absorption spectra of the compounds were recorded on a Hitachi U-3400, lambda 35 UV-Vis. Spectrophotometer and Elico spectral treats UV-Vis. spectrophotometer using a pair of matched quartz cells of 10 mm path length at an ambient temperature. Absorbance data were obtained as follows. A fixed aliquot of X--t(p-Cl)PP (X = phenols and pyridines) was diluted to 2.5 mL giving a total metalloporphyrins concentration of ~ M. The oscillator strength () of the transitions in absorption spectra were calculated from the expression [27] where is the molar absorption coefficient in dm3 mol−1 cm−1, and is the full width at half maximum in cm−1. The 1H NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 400 Ultra shield Spectrometer in CDCl3 using tetramethylsilane (TMS) as internal standard. Porphyrin solutions (0.5 mL) of 10−2 to 10−3 in CDCl3 were used for 1H NMR studies. The δ values reported are in ppm with number of protons involved followed by the positions of protons. Inrared spectra were recorded on PERKIN ELMER spectrometer at room temperature in KBr Pellets. In Infrared spectroscopy, the detection of metal-nitrogen (M–N), metal-axial ligand (M–X) vibration and metalloporphyrins with different pure metal isotopes were studied over a large frequency range. The elemental analysis of the precursor H2-t(p-Cl)PP and its axially ligated zinc(II) derivatives were performed on Elemental Analyzer CHNS-932, LECO, USA at a temperature of about 1000°C using helium as carrier gas and oxygen for combustion. The MALDI mass spectra were recorded on Burker Daltonics spectrophotometer MALDI Data System in positive linear higher power of detection at an accelerating voltage of 20 KV and laser power tuned depending on the sample and the spectra were recorded at room temperature and methanol as solvent. The thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and differential thermal analyses (DTA) were performed on a Linseis STA PT-1000 in air atmosphere at a heating rate of 10°C/min. Antifungal activity of the complexes has been done by disc-diffusion method against the pathogen “Fusarium spp.
5,10,15,20-meso-tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrin[H2t(p–Cl)PP]. The preparation of H2t(p–Cl)PP was carried out by the condensation of pyrrole with p-chlorobenzaldehyde in refluxing propionic acid [2830]. H2t(p–Cl)PP prepared was purified by column chromatography using CHCl3 as eluent. UV-Vis ((nm)) (MtOH/CHCl3) (2.5%,v/v): 425.5, 519, 559, 599.5, 653.2; 1H NMR (CDCl3) (δ, ppm): −2.93(S,2H,N–H), 8.89(S,8H,β-pyrrole), 8.25(d,8H,), 7.75(d,8H,); IR Spectra (in KBr): ν(N–H) at 3499 cm−1, ν(C–H) at 2966 cm−1, ν(C–N) at 1340 cm−1, ν(C=C) at 1591 cm−1, ν(C–N) at 2342 cm−1, ν(C–Cl) at 798.7 cm−1; CHN: Anal. Calcd. (%), C44H26N4Cl4: C = 70.15; H = 3.45; N = 7.44. Found: C = 70.29; H = 3.52; N = 7.46.
Zinc(II)5,10,15,20-meso-tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrin[Zn(II)-t(p–Cl)PP]. Zn(OAc)2·2H2O(37 mg, 0.17 mmol) in methanol (10 mL) and 5,10,15,20-meso-tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrin (50 mg, 0.056 mmol) dissolved in chloroform (10 mL) were taken in a 250 mL conical flask. The reaction mixture was stirred at about 60–70°C for 2-3 h. The colour instantly changed to reddish purple, and the solution became homogeneous. After completion, the solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and reduced in vacuo. Redissolve the resulting solid in a minimum amount of hot chloroform (50 mL). Purify on a silica column eluting with chloroform. The -t(p–Cl)PP band should be reddish purple and elute first. The yield was 52 mg (98%). UV-Vis (CH2Cl2) ( (nm)): 423, 549, 588; 1H NMR (CDCl3): 8.93(S,8H,β-pyrrole-H), 8.20(d,8H,Ar-H), 7.74(m,10H); IR Spectra (in KBr): ν(C–H) at 2966.2 cm−1, ν(C–Cl) at 798.3 cm−1, ν(Zn–) at 470 cm−1; CHN: Anal. Calcd. (%), C44H24N4Cl4Zn: C = 64.59; H = 2.93; N = 6.85. Found: C = 64.50; H = 2.94; N = 6.70.
Zinc(II)5,10,15,20-meso-tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrinphenoxide[X-Zn(II)-t(p-Cl)PP]
Zinc(II)5,10,15,20-meso-tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrin ( moles; 0.564 g) in 15 mL of CHCl3 and phenol (X) ( moles) in methanol was refluxed for 1 hour. After concentrating, the reaction mixture was extracted with 2 N NaOH solution and chloroform as an eluent. The compound recovered after extraction was passed through Na2SO4. The solvent was recovered under reduced pressure and chromatographed through basic alumina using chloroform as an eluent, recrystallized with Petroleum ether, and characterized by UV-visible and 1H NMR spectra. The colour of the complex formed depends upon the nature of axially ligated phenols (Scheme 2(a)).
Zinc(II)5,10,15,20-meso-tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrin-pyridine[X-Zn(II)-t(p-Cl)PP]
Pyridine ( moles) (X) and [Zn-t(p-Cl)PP] in 1 : 1 molar ratio were stirred without heating. After completion of reaction as again indicated by TLC, the reaction mixture is extracted with distilled water. The extracted portion containing compound was evaporated by vacuum pump, and the dried product was then dissolved in chloroform and filtered through anhydrous sodium sulphate and evaporated by vacuum pump. The purification of the product was done by column chromatography through basic alumina using chloroform as the eluent. The dried product was crystallized with chloroform and recrysatllized with petroleum ether. Finally, the compound was characterized by UV-Vis and 1H NMR spectra (Scheme 2(b)).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Infrared Spectroscopy
Vibrational wave numbers are frequently used in the elucidation of the relative strength of interaction between the metal and the ligand and are affected by their oxidation state and mode of bonding between them. The IR Spectra of free base porphyrin(H2-t(p-Cl)PP) and its axially ligated zinc(II) metal derivatives containing the -Cl group at meso-phenyl position showing strong absorption band at 798 cm−1 (800–600 cm−1) agree well within the literature [31, 32]. The IR absorption spectra of (H2-t(p-Cl)PP) and their corresponding axially ligated Zn(II)acetate(OAc)2 with different phenolates and pyridinates as axial ligand is shown in (Table 1). The metallation of porphyrin was confirmed by the absence of vibrational frequencies occurring due to imino groups of the porphyrin ring and the appearance of Zn– band in the range of 500–400 cm−1. The incorporation of various phenolates and pyridinates in (X-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP) (X = different phenolates and pyridinates as axial ligands) was confirmed by the appearance of Zn–O and Zn– vibrational frequencies in the range of 650–350 cm−1 and 650–570 cm−1, respectively. The axially ligated derivatives cause a slight variation in the value of vibrational frequencies. For example, In the spectra p-NH2phO-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP (Figure 1), aromatic ν(C–H) at 2964.1 cm−1, ν(C–N) at 1351.6 cm−1, ν(C=C) at 1590 cm−1, ν(C=N) at 2360 cm−1, ν(C–O) at 1207 cm−1, ν(C–Cl) at 799.3 cm−1, ν(Zn–) at 482 cm−1, and ν(Zn–O) at 496.3 cm−1. An additional vibrational stretching frequency due to -NH2 group of phenol lies at 3298 cm−1 and 3371 cm−1 for ν and ν, respectively. On comparing this complex with p-NH2py-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP (Figure 2), aromatic ν(C–H) at 2965 cm−1, ν(C–N) at 1094 cm−1, ν(C=C) at 1652 cm−1, ν(C=N) 2354 cm−1, ν(C–Cl) at 798.6 cm−1, ν(Zn–) at 495 cm−1, ν(Zn–) at 618 cm−1. Again for this complex, additional vibrational stretching frequencies for and ν appear at 3280 cm−1 and 3450 cm−1, respectively. The other vibrational frequencies as in case of p-OCH3phO-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP (see, Supplementary Material: Figure A1 available online at doi: 10.1155/2013/135815) are attributed to the vibrational stretching frequency of the methoxy group as subsituent at the para position of the phenyl ring of the phenol axially ligated via zinc atom.
Table 1: Main Infrared absorption frequencies corresponding to various groups in [X-ZnII-t(p-Cl)PP] [X = phenolates and pyridinates].
Figure 1: IR spectra of p-NH2phO-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP.
Figure 2: IR spectra of p-NH2py-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP.
3.2. 1H NMR Spectroscopy
1H NMR was widely used as an analytical tool and the new structural insights that resulted were a major reason for the revival of interest in porphyrins chemistry. The 1H NMR spectra of the p-chloro-meso-tetraphenylporphyrin and their Zn(II) derivatives containing different phenolates and pyridinates as axial ligand are highly characteristic and establish the structural integrity of these compounds in solution and data accumulated in Table 2. The 1H NMR spectra of free-base porphyrins (H2TPP) give three characteristic proton resonances: (a) β-pyrrole protons, (b) imino protons, and (c) meso-aryl protons. The substituent in β-positions and peripheral phenyl groups alters these proton resonances. The integrated intensity of the resonances agrees well with the number of protons. The presence of electron-withdrawing chloro group at the para position of the meso-phenyl ring causes a slight deshielding effect of the β-pyrrole protons resulting in a slight downfield shift of meso-substituted porphyrins relative to simple meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) [33]. This shielding and deshielding of the β-pyrrole protons is most likely a consequence of meso –C–C– dihedral angle much greater than 0°, thereby placing the β-pyrrole protons in a more shielded/deshielded environment produced by the anisotropic effect of substituent ring current. The inner imino protons of the H2TPP resonate at −2.79 ppm, while those of H2-t(p-Cl)PP appear at −2.93 ppm, this peak however disappeared in metallated porphyrin because the two H-atoms are replaced by Zn metal ion. This is a great movement to high field on the basis of strong shielding effect of porphyrin ring. The meso-aryl protons of H2TPP resonates as a singlet at 8.19 ppm of ortho and 7.59 ppm of meta and para protons, respectively, and are shifted marginally depending upon the nature of the substituents attached at the meso-phenyl position as in case of H2-t(p-Cl)PP, for which the resonance occurs at at 8.25 ppm of ortho and 7.75 ppm of meta protons, that is, resonance is shifted downfield relative to H2TPP. In axially ligated zinc compounds of H2-t-(p-Cl)PP, a slight difference in the proton resonance is observed depending upon the nature of ligand axially ligated (Table 2). The 1H NMR spectra of p-NH2phO-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP (Figure 3), indicates that the β-pyrrole protons resonate as a singlet at 8.95 ppm, the meso-aryl ortho protons resonate as duplet at 8.27 ppm and meso-aryl meta and para protons resonate as duplet at 7.79 ppm, respectively. The amino protons of para-amino phenolate axially ligated via zinc atom resonate as duplet at 5.6 ppm, which is downfield (deshielded) with respect to p-NH2py-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP (Figure 4). In case of p-NH2py-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP, the β-pyrrole protons resonate as a singlet at 8.27 ppm, the meso-aryl ortho protons resonate as duplet at 8.16 ppm, and meso-aryl meta and para protons resonate as duplet at 7.46 ppm, respectively. The amino protons of para-amino pyridinate resonate as singlet at 5.4 ppm, which is upfield (shielded). Thus, for p-NH2py-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP resonance of protons occur slightly upfield with respect to p-NH2phO-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP because shielding power of nitrogen is more than oxygen due to its less electronegative value than oxygen and hence display spectra towards upfield.
Table 2: 1H NMR data of free base H2-t(p-Cl)PP and axially ligated ZnII-t(p-Cl)PP showing chemical shift (δ in ppm) values in CDCl3 at 298 K.
Figure 3: 1H NMR spectra p-NH2phO-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP in CDCl3 at 298 K.
Figure 4: 1H NMR spectra p-CH3py-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP in CDCl3 at 298 K.
3.3. Absorption Spectroscopy
The optical absorption spectrum is an important phenomenon to distinguish between the free base porphyrins and their metalloderivatives based on profound theoretical analysis of the experimental and quantum-chemical data of the previously mentioned monograph [34]. According to this interpretation the absorption spectra of porphyrins do not exhibit bands of transitions because of the symmetry of the n orbitals and anti symmetry of the n orbitals with respect to the plane of the porphyrin molecule. All bands are of origin. The Soret band is due to an electronic transition to the highest energy vacant orbital. In substituted porphyrins is split into two states and which are close in energy, as a result of the reduced symmetry of the π-electron cloud. The electronic transitions to state (or and ) are allowed, therefore the intensity of the Soret band is always very high (). Bands I and III of the visible region belong to quasi-forbidden electronic transitions. The reasons for transitions and being allowed, which is responsible for the appearance of band I and III. Bands II and IV are of vibrational origin, that is they are vibrational satellites of bands II and III, respectively. A factor that must be considered in the interpretation of the spectra in the visible and ultraviolet region is that the phenyl and substituted phenyl rings cannot be coplanar with the porphine nucleus. Examination of molecular models indicates that the four benzene rings have partial rotations that cannot bring them within 60° of being coplanar with the resonating porphine system. Since the average angle of the attached rings is probably considerably greater than this is apparent that resonance interactions between two aromatic systems must be greatly reduced from what would be expected if they were coplanar. Hence, the bathochromic shifts and spectral intensifications observed are considerably less than what would be expected in simpler aromatic systems with greater freedom of rotation. Generally, the absorption spectra of Zn(II)porphyrins are quite “normal” in that they exhibit the expected B and Q bands. The optical absorption spectral data of Zn(II) metal derivatives containing different phenolates and pyridinates as axial ligand in chloroform is shown in Table 3. The absorption spectra of H2t(p-Cl)PP exhibit the typical Soret band at 425.5 nm and four Q-bands, that is, Qy(1,0), Qy(0,0), Qx(1,0), and Qx(0,0) at 519 nm, 559 nm, 599.5 nm, and 653.2 nm, respectively. On metallation, the porphyrin ring deprotonates forming dianionic ligand. The metal ions behaved as Lewis acids accepting lone pairs of electrons from dianionic porphyrin ligands. Unlike most transition-metal complexes, their colour is due to absorption(s) within the porphyrin ligands involving the excitation of electrons from to porphyrin ring orbital [35]. Therefore, all bands are of origin. Since, the porphyrin ring belongs to the point group, the number of peaks in UV-visible spectra were decreased when Zn(II) ion inserted into the porphyrin because the metalloporphyrin belongs to the -point group. The position and intensity of the absorption bands in UV-vis spectra varies with the nature of the substituted axial ligands. It is of interest to note that among the different ligands attached to the metal ion, oxygen donors have blue shift (hypsochromic shift) of B and Q bands whereas nitrogen donors have broadened Soret and visible bands, which are slightly red-shift (Bathochromic shift) relative to their free-base metal porphyrins. This unusual Red/blue shift and changes in the absorption bands could be explained on the basis of four-orbital approach of Gouterman [36]. When a comparative study of optical absorption spectral data of p-CH3phO-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP (see, Supplementary Material: Figure A2(c)), in chloroform is done with respect to p-CH3py-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP (see, Supplementary Material: Figure A2(d)), a slight red shift, that is, to longer wavelength was observed for p-CH3py-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP because pyridine (nitrogen donors) which are basic in nature and the nonbonding electron pair present on the heteroatom nitrogen are free to donate, therefore, require lesser energy for transition and are red shifted whereas in case of phenols (oxygen donors) which are acidic in nature and the phenyl ring present in phenol is electron withdrawing which attracts the lone pair of electrons present on the oxygen, thereby, reduce the tendency to donate the electron and therefore, require higher energy for transition and are blue shifted. Thus, ZnTPP preferentially binds “hard” ligands with donor atoms that have relatively high electronegativities and low polarizabilities such as N or O donor ligands while ligands with less electronegative, more polarizable donor atoms such as S, P, or unsaturated N cause a larger red shift because they allow negative charge to be transferred to the porphyrin ring. When the optical absorption spectra of axially ligated Zn-t(p-Cl)PP is recorded in different solvents (Table 4) and the spectra of p-NH2phO-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP is displayed in (Figure 5), which shows only marginal changes in values, absorption coefficient () and oscillator strength () values are observed. The data also reveal that a change in polarity of the solvent does not significantly alter the position of the transition but there is a significant increase in “Fwhm” () and “” values of transitions by increasing the polarity of the solvent. In polar solvents such as methanol, ethanol, CH2Cl2, and CHCl3, the - bands undergo red shifts. This is so since excited state is more polar than the ground state and hence stabilization is greater relative to the ground state in polar solvents but as we move from polar to nonpolar solvents such as benzene, toluene, and CCl4, however, the complexes usually displayed a spectral drift for a period of time. It is observed that for all the axially ligated Zn(II) derivatives, B and Q bands exhibit a red shift on increasing the polarity of the solvents in the order: MtOH > CH2Cl2 > CHCl3 > benzene (Table 4). For example, in case of p-NH2phO-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP (Figure 5), values in MtOH were observed at 425, 596, and 558 nm, respectively, while in benzene, the values were observed at 416, 546, and 540 nm, respectively. However, both B(0,0) and Q(0,0) exhibits only a small change in the values. The magnitude of change of the “” values in axially ligated Zn(II) metal derivatives of porphyrins reveal the relative strength of interaction.
Table 3: Optical absorption data of X-ZnII-t(p-Cl)PP (X = phenolates and pyridinates as axial ligands) in CHCl3 showing max together with log ε and 1/2.
Table 4: Optical absorption data of X-ZnII-t(p-Cl)PP (X = phenolates and pyridinates as axial ligands) in different solvents at different concentration.
Figure 5: Optical absorption spectra of p-NH2phO-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP in different solvents.
3.4. Elemental Analysis
The purity of Zn(II) metal derivatives of 5,10,15,20-meso-tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrin containing different phenolates and pyridinates as axial ligand are also characterized by their elemental analysis and data is accumulated in Table 5.
Table 5: Elemental analytical data of X-ZnII-t(p-Cl)PP (X = phenolates and pyridinates as axial ligand) along with their calculated values.
3.5. Mass Spectroscopy
Mass spectroscopy is a key analytical method for qualitatively identifying the different porphyrinic forms. The MALDI mass [37] spectral data of axially ligated zinc(II) metal derivative containing different phenolates and pyridinates as axial ligand is accumulated in Table 6. The spectra obtained were used to identify the molecular ion peak formed by the complex.
Table 6: Mass data for X-ZnII-t(p-Cl)PP (X = phenolates and pyridinates as axial ligand).
3.6. Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA Studies)
Thermogravimetric analyses were performed in an air atmosphere at a heating rate of 10°C/min to examine thermal stability of the compound. The TG curve of o-NH2PhO-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP (Figure 6) show a continuous weight loss starting from 100 to 800°C, when a stable oxide of ZnO is formed. The TG curve shows an initial weight loss due to loss of one amino (–NH2) moiety up to temperature 154.7°C (observed weight loss = 1.6%, calculated weight loss = 1.72%). This is followed by a steady loss of 55.5% due to loss of the meso-chloro-phenyl groups up to temperature of 394.3°C (calculated weight loss = 55.4%). At 498°C, about 77.2% of the total mass had been lost; corresponding to the collapse of macrocyclic ligand. Simultaneously, there were three exothermal peaks at 340, 540, and 585°C on the DTA curve, corresponding to the decomposition of ligand (H2-t(p-Cl)PP) (300°C–600°C). The small exothermic peak at 340°C correspond to the loss of chains whereas large exothermic peak at 540°C resulting into total loss of the porphyrin ring skeleton.
Figure 6: TG curve (a) and DTA curve (b) of o-NH2phO-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP.
3.7. Biological Evaluation
3.7.1. Antifungal Studies
In vitro antifungal activity of some of the investigated compounds were tested by agar plate technique [38] against the Pathogen “Fusarium spp” by the poisoned food method using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) (glucose 20 g, starch 20 g, agar-agar 20 g in 1000 mL distilled water) nutrient as the medium [39]. Solution of the test compounds in DMSO (100, 200, and 300 ppm concentrations) were prepared and mixed with the PDA. The medium was then poured into sterilized Petri-Plates and the spores of fungi were placed on the medium with the help of inoculum’s needle inside laminar flow. The plates were inoculated with seven days old culture of the pathogen by placing 2 mm bit of the compound under investigation with different concentration in the centre of plates. The inoculated plates were incubated at 27°C for 5 days. The linear growth of fungus in control and treatment were recorded at different concentrations of the complexes after 5 days. The growth of “Fusarium spp” over control was calculated as where I = percent inhibition, C = mean growth of fungus in (mm) in control, and T = mean growth of fungus in (mm) in treatment.
Table 7 shows that on increasing the concentration of the complex, the colony diameter of the fungus decreases and hence percent inhibition increases. On increasing the concentration of the complex, the percent inhibition also increases, which shows linear relationship between concentration and percent inhibition. The increase in the antimicrobial activity is due to faster diffusion of metal complexes as a whole through the cell membrane or due to combined activity effect of the metal, the axial ligand, and the macrocyclic porphyrin ligand. Such increased activity of the metal complexes can be explained on the basis of Overtone’s Concept [40] and the Tweedy’s chelation theory [41]. The variation in the effectiveness of different complexes against the pathogen depends either on the impermeability of the cell membrane that surrounds the cell favours the passage of only lipid soluble materials due to that liphophilicity is an important factor to control the antimicrobial activity. On chelation, the polarity of the metal ion will be reduced to a greater extent due to overlap of the ligand orbital and partial sharing of the positive charge of the metal ion with donor groups. Antifungal activity of o-NH2py-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP and p-NH2phO-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP are displayed in Figures 7(a) and 7(b).
Table 7: In vitro efficacy of axially ligated ZnII-t(p-Cl)PP complexes against “Fusarium spp”. Colony diameter of control = 90 mm.
Figure 7: (a) Antifungal activity of p-NH2py-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP. (b) Anti-fungal activity of p-NH2phO-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP.
4. Conclusion
On the basis of physicochemical and spectral evidences it is found that all the complexes with a general formula X--t(p-Cl)PP (X = different phenolates and pyridinates) in which the four coordinate zinc porphyrin will accept one and only one axial ligand in 1 : 1 molar ratio to form five coordinated complexes. The proposed structure for the complexes under investigation with general formula [X-Zn-t(p-Cl)PP] is given as Scheme 1.
Scheme 1: Proposed structure of axially ligated zinc(II) porphyrins.
Scheme 2: General scheme for the preparation of 5,10,15,20-meso-tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrin zinc(II) containing different phenolates and pyridinates as axial ligand.
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• Title: Contre-offensive Copernicus
• Authors: K.-H. Scheer
• Year: 1980-00-00
• ISBN-10: 2-265-01298-X
• ISBN-13: 978-2-265-01298-1
• Publisher: Fleuve Noir
• Pub. Series: Fleuve Noir - Anticipation
• Pub. Series #: 995
• Pages: 218
• Binding: pb
• Type: NOVEL
• Title Reference: Contre-offensive Copernicus
• Cover: Roy Virgo
• ISFDB Record Number: 385070
• Notes: Probable first printing.
DL = 2nd trimester 1980.
No price on book.
Artist not credited on book but signature "Virgo" is readable on cover.
Translated and adapted by Ruth J. Pechner.
Original title given as _Gegenschlag Kopernikus_.
• Bibliographic Comments: Add new Publication comment (CNTRFFNSVC1980)
Cover art hosted by ISFDB
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Sensors 2010, 10(3), 2003-2026; doi:10.3390/s100302003
Article
Distributed Power Allocation for Sink-Centric Clusters in Multiple Sink Wireless Sensor Networks
Lei Cao 1 , Chen Xu 1,* , Wei Shao 1 , Guoan Zhang 1 , Hui Zhou 1 , Qiang Sun 1 and Yuehua Guo 2
1 Department of Electronic and Information, The University of Nantong, Nantong Jiangsu, China 2 Department of Sciences, The University of Nantong, Nantong Jiangsu, China
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 6 January 2010; in revised form: 21 January 2010 / Accepted: 7 February 2010 / Published: 11 March 2010
Download PDF Full-Text [420 KB, uploaded 11 March 2010 14:07 CET]
Abstract: Due to the battery resource constraints, saving energy is a critical issue in wireless sensor networks, particularly in large sensor networks. One possible solution is to deploy multiple sink nodes simultaneously. Another possible solution is to employ an adaptive clustering hierarchy routing scheme. In this paper, we propose a multiple sink cluster wireless sensor networks scheme which combines the two solutions, and propose an efficient transmission power control scheme for a sink-centric cluster routing protocol in multiple sink wireless sensor networks, denoted as MSCWSNs-PC. It is a distributed, scalable, self-organizing, adaptive system, and the sensor nodes do not require knowledge of the global network and their location. All sinks effectively work out a representative view of a monitored region, after which power control is employed to optimize network topology. The simulations demonstrate the advantages of our new protocol.
Keywords: wireless communication; sensor networks; multiple sink; clustering hierarchy; power control
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MDPI and ACS Style
Cao, L.; Xu, C.; Shao, W.; Zhang, G.; Zhou, H.; Sun, Q.; Guo, Y. Distributed Power Allocation for Sink-Centric Clusters in Multiple Sink Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors 2010, 10, 2003-2026.
AMA Style
Cao L, Xu C, Shao W, Zhang G, Zhou H, Sun Q, Guo Y. Distributed Power Allocation for Sink-Centric Clusters in Multiple Sink Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors. 2010; 10(3):2003-2026.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Cao, Lei; Xu, Chen; Shao, Wei; Zhang, Guoan; Zhou, Hui; Sun, Qiang; Guo, Yuehua. 2010. "Distributed Power Allocation for Sink-Centric Clusters in Multiple Sink Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 10, no. 3: 2003-2026.
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Sensors 2012, 12(5), 6102-6116; doi:10.3390/s120506102
Review
Inertial Sensor-Based Methods in Walking Speed Estimation: A Systematic Review
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 28 February 2012; in revised form: 26 April 2012 / Accepted: 29 April 2012 / Published: 10 May 2012
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
Download PDF Full-Text [277 KB, uploaded 10 May 2012 11:59 CEST]
Abstract: Self-selected walking speed is an important measure of ambulation ability used in various clinical gait experiments. Inertial sensors, i.e., accelerometers and gyroscopes, have been gradually introduced to estimate walking speed. This research area has attracted a lot of attention for the past two decades, and the trend is continuing due to the improvement of performance and decrease in cost of the miniature inertial sensors. With the intention of understanding the state of the art of current development in this area, a systematic review on the exiting methods was done in the following electronic engines/databases: PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, SportDiscus and IEEE Xplore. Sixteen journal articles and papers in proceedings focusing on inertial sensor based walking speed estimation were fully reviewed. The existing methods were categorized by sensor specification, sensor attachment location, experimental design, and walking speed estimation algorithm.
Keywords: walking speed; ambulatory; spatio-temporal parameters; biomechanics; inertial sensors; gait segmentation; review
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MDPI and ACS Style
Yang, S.; Li, Q. Inertial Sensor-Based Methods in Walking Speed Estimation: A Systematic Review. Sensors 2012, 12, 6102-6116.
AMA Style
Yang S, Li Q. Inertial Sensor-Based Methods in Walking Speed Estimation: A Systematic Review. Sensors. 2012; 12(5):6102-6116.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Yang, Shuozhi; Li, Qingguo. 2012. "Inertial Sensor-Based Methods in Walking Speed Estimation: A Systematic Review." Sensors 12, no. 5: 6102-6116.
Sensors EISSN 1424-8220 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Estimated Cost
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User:Jean Wang
From OpenWetWare
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Jinyu Wang (an artistic interpretation)
• Jinyu Wang, Jean
• HKUST [1]
• 318, UG HALL1, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
• 404, Block 66, Tao Yuan Cun, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Baku systematically destroys Azerbaijan’s indigenous population
PanARMENIAN.Net - On May 8-10, Nagorno Karabakh hosted an extended meeting of organizing committee of international conference on “Indigenous people of the Caucasus-Caspian Region.
Apart from Armenian representatives, the committee comprises science workers and public figures from Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Turkey, European countries, the U.S. and Russia.
As Talysh delegation member Mortza Kasempuv told PanARMENIAN.Net the conference aims to call international community’s attention to the rights of indigenous people residing in the Caspian region, particularly in Azerbaijan.
“Iran is our homeland, where all the rights of indigenous people are exercised. Official Baku’s policy aims to wipe all national minorities of Azerbaijan, Talysh, Lezgians, Avars and Udis off the face of the country. We were evicted from our historical lands: Lankaran, Astara, Masallı, Lerik and Goranboy. Azerbaijan must recognize all the nations residing in its territory to ensure peace,” Kasempuv said.
“There are no Talysh schools in Azerbaijan, language and culture are forbidden, repression is exerted against Talysh activists,” he said.
The Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic was a short-lived self-proclaimed autonomous republic in Azerbaijan that lasted from June to August 1993.
Talysh prople speak the Talysh language, one of the Northwestern Iranian languages. It is spoken in the northern regions of the Iranian provinces of Gilan and Ardabil and the southern parts of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
Partner news
Top stories
Possible ways to advance the peaceful settlement of Nagorno Karabakh conflict were in the focus of the discussion.
A meeting between Edward Nalbandian and Azerbaijani FM Elmar Mammadyarov will be held on the sidelines of the event.
Bergen began by recounting his 1997 meeting with Bin Laden in Afghanistan after a long process of negotiations.
Arman Kirakosyan urged Azerbaijan to accept suggestions of Minsk Group to achieve a breakthrough in Karabakh settlement.
Partner news
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ASCII Art Improves CTR in Google AdWords Ads, Study Shows
Apr 23, 2008 • 7:17 am | (0) by | Filed Under Google AdWords
Loren Baker reports at Search Engine Journal that copy that stands out from the crowd gets higher click through rates. He explains that a campaign which utilized ASCII art (e.g. //~vw^v^vw~\\ and the like) got a 50% higher CTR than without the art.
Barry mentioned in January over at Search Engine Land that such a practice can "spice up your ads," but that Google may filter out such art because it obviously gives one an unfair advantage over the other. Loren says that Google has been doing the same thing to the individual who reported the findings.
Meanwhile, it'd be interesting to discover if the CTRs are yielding higher conversions or if there's a higher bounce rate than previously as well. The data there is lacking.
Forum discussion continues at Sphinn.
Previous story: Google: The Most Popular Brand (for Three Years Straight)
blog comments powered by Disqus
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"url": "www.werelate.org/wiki/Place:Sileby,_Leicestershire,_England",
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Place:Sileby, Leicestershire, England
Watchers
NameSileby
Alt namesSeglebisource: Domesday Book (1985) p 162
Siglebisource: Domesday Book (1985) p 162
Siglesbiesource: Domesday Book (1985) p 162
TypeVillage
Coordinates52.717°N 1.1°W
Located inLeicestershire, England
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Sileby is a former industrial village and civil parish in the Soar Valley in Leicestershire, between Leicester and Loughborough. Nearby villages include Barrow upon Soar, Mountsorrel, Ratcliffe-on-the-Wreake, Seagrave and Cossington.
The origins of the village date back to around 840 AD.
The area was settled by the Danes - Leicestershire forming part of the Danelaw along with other counties in the vicinity. The name Sileby may in fact come from the Danish name 'Sighulf'.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Sileby. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Benfluorex
Jump to: navigation, search
Benfluorex
Systematic (IUPAC) name
2-[1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propan-2-ylamino]
ethyl benzoate
Identifiers
CAS number 23602-78-0
ATC code C10AX04
PubChem 2318
Chemical data
Formula C19H20F3NO2
Mol. mass 351.363 g/mol
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability ?
Metabolism ?
Half life ?
Excretion Renal
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.
?
Legal status
Routes Oral
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Benfluorex is an anorectic and hypolipidemic agent. Clinical studies have shown it may improve glycemic control and decrease insulin resistance in people with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes;[1][2] it is marketed in France as an adjuvant antidiabetic.
Benfluorex is structurally related to fenfluramine.
Benfluorex has been baned in France and the European Union because of links to thickening of heart valves and heart attacks.
Cite error: <ref> tags exist, but no <references/> tag was found
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
2903.0.55.002 - How Australia Takes a Census, 2006
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 08/06/2006 First Issue
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
MEDIA RELEASE
June 08, 2006
Embargoed 11:30am (AEST)
50/2006
More farmers part of the 2006 Agricultural Census than previously
More farmers will take part in the 2006 Agricultural Census, to be launched later this month, than ever before says the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).
Around 160,000 genuine farm businesses are expected to be confirmed to be operating as at the 30 June 2006 as a result of its five-yearly agricultural census. This is a significant increase on currently available estimates of farm numbers which put the number at about 130,000.
This increase is the result of the ABS using the Australian Business Register as the population frame used to identify farm businesses which has identified a significant number of mainly smaller businesses which have previously slipped through the net.
According to Gemma Van Halderen, head of the ABS's Agriculture Program, greater coverage by the Agricultural Census is vital to understanding the progress and future prospects of all agricultural industries and their products, as well as their farm practices.
"Better representation of businesses involved in agriculture will provide a huge improvement in the usefulness of agricultural census statistics to industry groups and government policy makers," Gemma said.
"Industries consisting of many smaller farms, such as horticulture and beef cattle stand to benefit most from this increase in coverage," she said.
The 2006 Agricultural Census is being officially launched on 19 June in Canberra with a key note speech by the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minster for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, the Hon. Sussan Ley MP, who is the Member for Farrer in the Australian Parliament and a beef and wool producer.
The Agricultural Census is a once in five year opportunity for farmers to contribute to information about their sector. All businesses which produce agricultural commodities, including meat, grain, vegetables, flowers, and even honey, are included in the census.
This media release was distributed to the media on 7 June 2006.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Research article
Multilevel examination of minor salivary gland biopsy for Sjögren's syndrome significantly improves diagnostic performance of AECG classification criteria
Patrizia Morbini*, Antonio Manzo, Roberto Caporali, Oscar Epis, Chiara Villa, Carmine Tinelli, Enrico Solcia and Carlomaurizio Montecucco
Arthritis Res Ther 2005, 7:R343-R348 doi:10.1186/ar1486
No comments have yet been made on this article.
Post a comment
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Apache w/ PHP and MySQL Support (MIPSel)
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 19:45, 7 September 2006 by Ramuk (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Originally by Nick and edited by BurnHard, frontalot, Cathedrow & Ralf from linkstationwiki.org
Installing Apache w/ PHP and MySQL Support. (LAMP)
Contents
Opening Comments
LAMP (or L.A.M.P.) refers to a set of free software programs commonly used together to run dynamic Web sites or servers:
Apache, along with PHP and MySQL, is very straight forward to install on a stock LinkStation 2 with the OpenLink firmware installed. If you have experience with building these packages, or compiling in general, it is a snap. If you have little or no experience in such matter, just follow the guide -- everything is reversible.
If you have not already done so, visit the Openlink section and follow the instructions for installing the telnet enabled firmware. You will also need to download and install the MIPSel Tools before continuing.
A Remark on "--prefix"
The prefix argument, which you will see in every section below, allows you to install Unix packages to alternate locations. This is very important is the case of the LinkStation since all three packages take over 75 megs to install. You will not be able to install these packages to your root partition and doing so would be very bad.
I chose to create an "opt" directory under "/mnt/hda" to install each of these packages too, using a separate directory for each. This was done to keep the packages separated and easy to manage in the future. You may, of course, alter your install locations in any way but, if you are new to this, I suggest following my example.
It's also a good idea to create a directory to download stuff when using wget, lets use /mnt/hda/misc
MySQL
Begin with MySQL. If you do not wish to compile MySQL support into your system, please skip to the next section.
cd /mnt/hda/misc
• Download the latest recommended release of MySQL from http://www.mysql.com (4.1.20, at the time of this edit).
wget http://www.mirrorservice.org/sites/ftp.mysql.com/Downloads/MySQL-4.1/mysql-4.1.20.tar.gz
tar -zxvf mysql-4.1.20.tar.gz
cd mysql-4.1.20
groupadd mysql
(Not sure if this is necessary, just following instructions from dev.mysql.com)
• [Ralf] without this MySQL will try to run as root, but you need several special settings for this - better stick to the extra mysql user
useradd -g mysql mysql
./configure --prefix=/mnt/hda/opt/mysql --with-readline
make
make install
cp support-files/my-small.cnf /etc/my.cnf
• [Ralf] there are more sample configuration files which you can try, e.g. my-small.cnf. Read the beginning of the files for a description
cd /mnt/hda/opt/mysql
bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
This creates databases
chown -R root .
chown -R mysql var
chgrp -R mysql .
[Ralf] MySQL 5 seems to require the following extra actions:
• Create a MySQL password file:
libexec/mysqlmanager --passwd --user mysql >> /etc/mysqlmanager.passwd
• At the following prompt enter
mysql
You should now have a fully functioning version of MySQL on your LinkStation. Now we can set up the server to start like any other service.
Go back to where you have build MySQL
/mnt/hda/misc/mysql-4.1.20
cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d
chmod 755 /etc/init.d/mysql.server
You can now start your MySQL daemon as follows:
/etc/init.d/mysql.server start
PLEASE REMEMBER TO SET A PASSWORD FOR THE MySQL root USER ! To do so, start the server, then issue the following commands:
/mnt/hda/opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root password 'new-password'
/mnt/hda/opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root -h 'servername' password 'new-password'
Start up and shutdown at boot
ln -s /etc/init.d/mysql.server /etc/rc.d/rc2.d/S99mysql.server
ln -s /etc/init.d/mysql.server /etc/rc.d/rc6.d/K92mysql.server
ln -s /etc/init.d/mysql.server /etc/rc.d/rc0.d/K92mysql.server
Important Memory Usage Note:
MySQL takes just under 25% of the LinkStation's total available memory when running. This should be taken into serious consideration if you choose to install MySQL support with your web server.
• TODO: Need to get the server running automatically at boot.
[Ralf] Here is how to start MySQL 5 automatically at boot. I guess it works quite similar with MySQL 4.X.
cd /etc/rc.d
ln -s ../init.d/mysql.server rc2.d/S99mysql
ln -s ../init.d/mysql.server rc2.d/K99mysql
Apache 1.3.xx
Apache itself is the next install. If you are not planning on installing PHP, you may ignore the "--enable-module=so" attribute below.
I decided to install Apache 1.3 because that is what my web host uses. Installing Apache 2 would be very similar and the following instructions can be easily adapted by reading the INSTALL document in the Apache 2 tarball.
cd /mnt/hda/misc
Download the latest version of Apache 1.3 from http://www.apache.org (1.3.36, at the time of this edit).
wget http://apache.rmplc.co.uk/httpd/apache_1.3.36.tar.gz
tar -zxvf apache_1.3.36.tar.gz
cd apache_1.3.36
./configure --prefix=/mnt/hda/opt/apache --enable-module=so
make
make install
You should get this message -
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| You now have successfully built and installed the |
| Apache 1.3 HTTP server. To verify that Apache actually |
| works correctly you now should first check the |
| (initially created or preserved) configuration files |
| |
| /mnt/hda/opt/apache/conf/httpd.conf
| |
| and then you should be able to immediately fire up |
| Apache the first time by running: |
| |
| /mnt/hda/opt/apache/bin/apachectl start
| |
| Thanks for using Apache. The Apache Group |
| http://www.apache.org/ |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
You will, at the very least, need to change your port to 81 (or some other port).
vi /mnt/hda/opt/apache/conf/httpd.conf
Search for '80' -- change it to '81' (or some other port).
I also suggest changing the root directory to the files to "/mnt/hda/share/www" so you can have easy access to them over the Samba share. Search for 'DocumentRoot' and change the first reference (roughly line 288) to the above path. Search again and you will find another reference to change (around line 313).
Finally, start the server.
/mnt/hda/opt/apache/bin/apachectl start
Copy that start up script to /etc/init.d and include in startup shutdown
cp /mnt/hda/opt/apache/bin/apachectl /etc/init.d
ln -s /etc/init.d/apachectl /etc/rc.d/rc2.d/S99apachectl
ln -s /etc/init.d/apachectl /etc/rc.d/rc6.d/K92apachectl
ln -s /etc/init.d/apachectl /etc/rc.d/rc0.d/K92apachectl
• TODO: Flush out the config file editing instructions.
PHP
Last we will set up PHP. I decided to install the latest version of PHP4 because, again, this is what my web host uses. You may decide to install PHP5, which would requires only 1 slightly different step below.
IMPORTANT
Pay special attention to the 'configure' command below. If you installed the above packages to an alternate location you will need to update the paths in the proper attribute.
cd /mnt/hda/misc
Download the latest version of PHP4 from http://www.php.net (4.4.2, at the time of this edit).
wget http://uk2.php.net/get/php-4.4.2.tar.bz2/from/uk.php.net/mirror
It may download as a file called 'mirror' if so
mv mirror php-4.4.2.tar.bz2
bunzip2 php-4.4.2.tar.bz2
tar -xvf php-4.4.2.tar
cd php-4.4.2
This is all one command and should be input on one line
./configure --prefix=/mnt/hda/opt/php4 --with-mysql=/mnt/hda/opt/mysql
--with-apxs=/mnt/hda/opt/apache/bin/apxs --with-config-file-path=/mnt/hda/opt/php4/lib
If you're wanting swisscenter you need to
./configure --prefix=/mnt/hda/opt/php4 --with-apxs=/mnt/hda/opt/apache/bin/apxs
--with-mysql=/mnt/hda/opt/mysql --with-zlib --with-zlib-dir --with-gd --enable-gd
--with-jpeg-dir=/usr/local --with-png-dir=/usr/local --with-config-file-path=/etc
--enable-mbstring
Should get this
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| License: |
| This software is subject to the PHP License, available in this |
| distribution in the file LICENSE. By continuing this installation |
| process, you are bound by the terms of this license agreement. |
| If you do not agree with the terms of this license, you must abort |
| the installation process at this point. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *** NOTE *** |
| The default for register_globals is now OFF! |
| |
| If your application relies on register_globals being ON, you |
| should explicitly set it to on in your php.ini file. |
| Note that you are strongly encouraged to read |
| http://www.php.net/manual/en/security.globals.php |
| about the implications of having register_globals set to on, and |
| avoid using it if possible. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
make
You will get a message
Build complete.
(It is safe to ignore warnings about tempnam and tmpnam).
Then to finish
make install
Copy over the default config file.
IMPORTANT
If you altered the "--with-config-file-path" attribute, above, you will need to change the below command to copy to the appropriate path.
cp php.ini-dist /mnt/hda/opt/php4/lib
Open up apache's conf file and verify that the following line is included:
vi /mnt/hda/opt/apache/conf/httpd.conf
LoadModule php4_module libexec/libphp4.so (for PHP4)
LoadModule php4_module libexec/libphp5.so (for PHP5)
If it is not, add it. Also add the following two lines just below the LoadModule command:
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php .phtml
AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps
Restart Apache and PHP should now be working.
/etc/init.d/apachectl restart
• TODO: More information on configuration of PHP
• TODO: Information on adding additional modules to PHP
Personal tools
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"warc_url": "http://ccforum.com/content/12/2/R57"
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Research
Development of a triage protocol for patients presenting with gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a prospective cohort study
Aneesa M Das1, Namita Sood2, Katherine Hodgin3, Lydia Chang4 and Shannon S Carson4*
Author Affiliations
1 Sleep Institute of Augusta, 3685 Wheeler Road, Suite 101, Augusta, GA 30909, USA
2 201 Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
3 University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Mailbox C272, Denver, CO 80262, USA
4 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 130 Mason Farm Road, 4th Floor Bioinformatics Building, CB# 7020, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7020, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
Critical Care 2008, 12:R57 doi:10.1186/cc6878
See related commentary by Wira and Sather, http://ccforum.com/content/12/3/154
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://ccforum.com/content/12/2/R57
Received:28 January 2008
Revisions received:8 April 2008
Accepted:22 April 2008
Published:22 April 2008
© 2008 Das et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Introduction
Many patients presenting with acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage (GIH) are admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for monitoring. A simple triage protocol based upon validated risk factors could decrease ICU utilization.
Methods
Records of 188 patients admitted with GIH from the emergency department (ED) were reviewed for BLEED criteria (visualized red blood, systolic blood pressure below 100 mm Hg, elevated prothrombin time [PT], erratic mental status, and unstable comorbid disease) and complication within the first 24 hours of admission. Variables associated with early complication were reassessed in 132 patients prospectively enrolled as a validation cohort. A triage model was developed using significant predictors.
Results
We studied 188 patients in the development set and 132 in the validation set. Red blood (relative risk [RR] 4.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.04, 10.07) and elevated PT (RR 3.27, 95% CI 1.53, 7.01) were significantly associated with complication in the development set. In the validation cohort, the combination of red blood or unstable comorbidity had a sensitivity of 0.73, a specificity of 0.55, a positive predictive value of 0.24, and a negative predictive value of 0.91 for complication within 24 hours. In simulation studies, a triage model using these variables could reduce ICU admissions without increasing the number of complications.
Conclusion
Patients presenting to the ED with GIH who have no evidence of ongoing bleeding or unstable comorbidities are at low risk for complication during hospital admission. A triage model based on these variables should be tested prospectively to optimize critical care resource utilization in this common condition.
Introduction
Acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage (GIH) can be caused by a wide spectrum of lesions, including those in the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts. Because acute GIH can be life-threatening in some patients, a large proportion of patients presenting with this condition to US hospitals are admitted and monitored in the intensive care unit (ICU) [1]. ICU admission of these patients can contribute to significant hospital costs [2-4]. However, only 19% to 28% of patients with GIH experience complications that require ICU interventions [5-8]. For the remaining patients, their initial episode of bleeding is self-limited and they are stabilized in the emergency department (ED). Consequently, costly and often scarce ICU resources are used for stable patients. Several studies have shown that there is a great deal of variation between hospitals in the proportion of patients with GIH who are managed in the ICU versus a regular medical or surgical floor [6-9]. It is likely that availability of resources accounts for some of this practice variation, but it remains clear that most physicians are not confident about which patients presenting with GIH can be safely managed without ICU monitoring after stabilization in the ED. Development and implementation of a reliable method to identify patients with acute GIH who are at low risk for early complications would decrease ICU admissions in most hospitals and could improve overall care to critically ill patients by appropriate allocation of resources.
Several investigators have sought to define clinical variables to identify patients with GIH who are at high risk for complication during hospitalization. The most effective approaches involve endoscopic assessments in the ED [10-14]. Immediate endoscopy, however, is not feasible in the ED in most hospitals. Many other approaches are specific for acute upper or acute lower GIH [7,8,15-17], but the source of the bleed is not always known prior to endoscopy. Kollef and colleagues [6,18] identified the BLEED criteria: (a) ongoing Bleeding, (b) Low systolic blood pressure (BP), (c) Elevated prothrombin time (PT), (d) Erratic mental status, and (e) unstable comorbid Disease as risk factors for complication of GIH at any time during hospitalization after an initial 24 hours of stabilization. However, it is not known how well these variables predict the likelihood of complication within the first 24 hours after admission from the ED. Determination of early risk would be necessary in assessing whether patients should be admitted to an ICU for management and monitoring versus a regular hospital floor.
The purpose of our study was to evaluate variables from the BLEED criteria for their ability to predict complications from GIH within the first 24 hours of hospitalization. A further objective was to define the utility of the predictive variables for use in a functional triage protocol for hospital admission from the ED.
Materials and methods
This study was conducted in three phases. First, variables were assessed in a retrospective cohort of 188 patients (development set). Second, predictive variables were reassessed using a prospective cohort of 132 patients (validation set). Finally, the utility of the predictive variables for use in a triage model was assessed in a simulation study using the validation cohort which was compared to actual practice during that time period. The study was conducted at the University of North Carolina Hospitals, a 700-bed tertiary care hospital. The University of North Carolina Institutional Review Board reviewed and approved the study protocol.
Development set
All adult patients admitted to the hospital from the ED for GIH from September 1998 to August 1999 were identified from hospital databases, and their medical records were obtained for data abstraction. Patients were excluded if they were less than 18 years of age, if they were directly admitted from a physician's office or from another hospital, if they had a previous diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, or if they were previously enrolled in the study. Data were collected using a uniform data sheet. Two investigators abstracted data, and 10% of charts were reviewed to ensure inter-rater reliability.
Variables
In addition to patient demographics, the following variables identified in the ED were recorded: presence of chronic disease, presenting symptoms, neurologic dysfunction, comorbidities, heart rate, BP, hematocrit, platelet count, and coagulation studies. After discharge from the ED, admission unit, admitting service, radiographic or endoscopic evaluations, and ICU and hospital outcomes were measured.
Definitions
Consistent with previous descriptions of the BLEED criteria [6,18], ongoing bleeding in the ED was defined as red blood by emesis or nasogastric (NG) aspirate or hematochezia at the time of evaluation in the ED. Low systolic BP was a systolic BP below 100 mm Hg at any time in the ED. Elevated PT was defined as 1.2 times the upper limit of the normal range. Erratic mental status included syncope, confusion, or coma in the ED. Unstable comorbid disease was defined as any condition other than GIH which would require admission to the ICU.
Outcomes
A complication was defined as death or rebleeding in the first 24 hours of hospitalization after being admitted from the ED. Rebleeding was defined as documentation of any hematemesis, red blood per NG tube, hematochezia or melena associated with a decrease in hematocrit greater than 6%, or a decrease in systolic BP to less than 90 mm Hg.
Validation set
All patients consecutively admitted to the hospital from the ED with a diagnosis of GIH between August 2004 and January 2005 were prospectively identified by daily review of ED admissions. Patient records were reviewed for the same predictor variables and outcomes as in the development set, with the addition of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores, which were calculated from the most physiologically abnormal values obtained in the ED [19]. Three investigators abstracted data, and 20% of charts were reviewed to ensure inter-rater reliability.
Triage simulation
A triage model for guiding admission of patients from the ED to the hospital floor or critical care units was created. Variables that proved to be consistently useful predictors of complications within the first 24 hours of admission in both cohorts were used to designate patients in the validation cohort as critical care admissions or floor admissions. Critical care included either ICU (1:2 nurse-to-patient ratio) or critical care stepdown (1:4 nurse-to-patient ratio). Numbers of patients admitted to critical care or floor care using the predictive variables were compared with actual physician practice during the study periods as a resource utilization analysis, and the incidence of complications occurring on the floor was compared in both groups as a safety analysis.
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or percentage. Associations between BLEED variables, APACHE II score (dichotomized at a score of 15), and the outcome complication within 24 hours of admission were performed using chi-square tests and expressed as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for each variable and for combinations of variables were calculated from standard 2 × 2 tables, including 95% CIs. When specific variables were not measured, values were considered normal. All statistical analyses were performed with STATA 8.0 software (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA).
Results
One hundred eighty-eight adults admitted to the University of North Carolina Hospitals from the ED with GIH between September 1998 and August 1999 were identified from hospital databases for the development set. One hundred thirty-two adults were admitted to the University of North Carolina Hospitals from the ED with GIH between August 2004 and January 2005 and followed prospectively for the validation set. The baseline characteristics of both patient groups are shown in Table 1. Patients in the two groups were similar in age and gender, but a higher proportion of patients in the validation set manifested melena or bright red blood per rectum in the ED. For the validation set, patients spent an average of 6.9 ± 3.4 hours in the ED. Nineteen of 22 patients with hematemesis or red blood by NG tube aspiration underwent endoscopy a median of 8.6 (6.8 to 16.3) hours after presentation. Hospital length of stay was 3.5 ± 4.7 days.
Table 1. Patient characteristics
A total of 23 (12.2%) patients in the development set had complications in the first 24 hours after admission from the ED, and 22 (16.7%) patients in the validation set had complications in the first 24 hours. Three patients from the development set (none in the first 24 hours) and 5 patients from the validation set (2 in the first 24 hours) died during the hospitalization. Only two deaths from the development set and one from the validation set were attributable to complications of GIH.
Table 2 includes results of bivariate analyses of the development set for the association of individual BLEED criteria with the outcome complication within 24 hours. The presence of red blood (hematemesis, red blood per NG tube, or red blood per rectum) and elevated PT were significantly associated with early complication in the development set (RR 4.53, 95% CI 2.04, 10.07, and RR 3.27, 95% CI 1.53, 7.01, respectively). An APACHE II score of greater than 15 was evaluated in the validation set and was not significantly associated with early complication (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.24 to 2.32; P = 0.608).
Table 2. Risk of early complication associated with BLEED variables in the development set (n = 188)
Table 3 compares the performance of combinations of the five BLEED criteria for predicting complications within 24 hours for patients in the development and validation sets. The presence of any of the five variables was analyzed for the first analysis. Subsequent analyses included fewer variables in order to reduce the model and improve specificity. The presence of red blood, elevated PT, or unstable comorbidity was analyzed because of the significant association of red blood and elevated PT with early complication and because the presence of an unstable comorbidity along with GIH would likely lead to critical care admission for monitoring regardless of other risk factors. The final model included only red blood or unstable comorbidity, recognizing that a significant number of patients with elevated PT would also present with red blood, and there was likely significant overlap between the two variables. The three combinations performed similarly with regard to sensitivity for both the development and validation sets. Specificity was slightly lower in the validation cohort for each combination. The combination of red blood or unstable comorbidity had the highest specificity compared with the other combinations. The three combinations had similarly high negative predictive values in both cohorts.
Table 3. Performance of models in predicting complications within 24 hours of admission from the emergency department
Figure 1 uses likelihood ratios to show the probability of complication according to the presence or absence of the risk factors. Risk is plotted relative to prevalence of complications according to published series [5-8]. The low-risk group has no red blood or unstable comorbidity in the ED and the high-risk group has one of these risks present. These risk factors distinguish clearly between high-risk and low-risk groups.
Figure 1. Probability of complication within 24 hours for patients designated as high risk (presence of red blood by emesis or nasogastric aspirate or hematochezia in emergency department and/or unstable comorbidity) or low risk (neither risk factor), plotted by prevalence of complication in a given patient population. LR, likelihood ratio.
A triage model for admitting patients from the ED to the hospital floor or critical care units was created using combinations of risk factors. The presence of risk factors in the ED would designate a patient as high risk for complication within 24 hours of hospital admission. Based on the model, high-risk patients would be admitted to a critical care floor for monitoring and further management. Low-risk patients could be admitted to the hospital floor. The actual number of patients who were admitted to different levels of care as part of usual care was compared with admission decisions that would have been made using the triage model. The incidence of complications occurring in patients at each level of care was also compared (Table 4). Compared with actual physician practice, a triage model using the presence of any of the BLEED criteria would result in an increase in the number of patients admitted to critical care units (84 versus 76) without any reduction in the number of patients experiencing early complication on the floor. The combination of red blood or unstable comorbidity would result in fewer critical care admissions than usual care (66 versus 76) with no increase in the number of floor patients who experience complications (6 in both models).
Table 4. Triage model simulations for validation cohort
Discussion
The results of this study indicate that, of the previously published BLEED criteria, ongoing bleeding (as indicated by the presence of red blood in the ED in the form of hematemesis, red blood per NG tube, or hematochezia) and elevated PT are the most strongly associated with complication within the first 24 hours of hospital admission. In the absence of either of these variables, patients who would otherwise not require ICU admission due to other comorbidities could potentially be admitted to a regular hospital or surgical ward for observation and further diagnostic testing. Because of significant overlap between patients with ongoing bleeding and elevated PT, a triage model based upon the presence of ongoing bleeding or unstable comorbidity could result in the fewest critical care admissions without any increase in the number of patients experiencing complications on the medical or surgical ward.
These data indicate that the majority of patients with symptoms of GIH do not have signs of active bleeding when they present to the ED. Furthermore, they are very unlikely to have recurrence of hemorrhage or other complications, especially after resuscitation with intravenous fluids, red blood cell transfusions, and correction of coagulopathy in the ED. Critical care resources should be reserved for patients who need interventions to stop active bleeding or for management of other persistent organ failures that occur as a result of the GIH. This triage model provides an objective measure that could help to identify these two groups of patients. The model is very simple and would be easy to implement in most ED settings.
The primary outcome in the study by Kollef and colleagues that originally defined the BLEED criteria was complication 'occurring after a period of 24 hours of stabilization during which time no evidence of active bleeding was observed' [6]. However, when using risk criteria at the time of hospital admission to decide where a patient should be initially managed, evidence of instability within the initial 24 hours is most important. It is highly unlikely that a patient monitored in an ICU for 24 hours who has no evidence of instability during that period would remain in the ICU for subsequent days. Therefore, our primary outcome of interest was complication during the first 24 hours of admission from the ED. While our average time in the ED was 6.9 ± 3.4 hours, almost all patients spent at least 2 hours in the ED for resuscitation. Similar to Kollef and colleagues [6,18], we used rebleeding as our primary outcome signifying instability. Rebleeding does not always require ICU care, but bleeding associated with hemodynamic instability or a notable change in hematocrit typically leads to critical care admission in most settings. Our criterion for a significant episode of rebleeding was more stringent than that of Kollef and colleagues. In our study, patients had to demonstrate evidence of rebleeding associated with a systolic BP of less than 90 mm Hg or a decrease in hematocrit of at least 6.0% (as opposed to 3.0% in the study of Kollef and colleagues). We chose this criterion because smaller levels of blood loss could be managed outside of a critical care unit if not associated with hemodynamic compromise, and we wanted to better account for hemodilution that resulted from infusions of crystalloids during resuscitation in the ED.
The triage variables in the study were analyzed in a cohort identified retrospectively and reanalyzed in a subsequent cohort that was identified and followed prospectively. Specificities for the predictive models were lower in the validation cohort, possibly due to more effective detection of complications in patients followed prospectively. However, negative predictive values remained high, and the triage model simulation illustrates that there would be no increase in complications on the floor using this model compared with usual care. Figure 1 illustrates that the triage model distinguishes well between patients at high risk and low risk for complication. When stringent criteria are used to define complication, reflecting complications that would result in ICU admission, the prevalence rate is lower and the resulting number of patients experiencing a serious complication on the floor would be low.
It would be ideal to develop a triage model with both higher sensitivity and higher specificity than usual care to optimize resource utilization and minimize risk. However, it is difficult to achieve both objectives with a simple functional model. Other prediction models for complication from GIH which require calculation of APACHE II scores in the ED have been published [5,20]. In our study, APACHE II was not predictive of complication within the first 24 hours. In addition, reliable calculation of APACHE II scores is likely to be cumbersome in most busy EDs, and the problem of inter-rater reliability would require constant training and retraining of personnel. A shock index (heart rate/systolic BP) has been used in one model to assess risk for active bleeding in patients who required angiograms when bleeding persisted despite endoscopy [21]. In our more heterogeneous cohort, the shock index was not predictive of complication within the first 24 hours. Other variables such as heart rate or initial hemoglobin level did not perform as well as the BLEED criteria. Protocols that involve endoscopy in the ED would be the most effective method of assessment for triage decisions [10,11], but this is not a resource that is available to all EDs, particularly at night.
This study was performed in a single institution with a relatively small sample size and thus may not be able to be generalized to other hospitals. However, this study builds on work by Kollef and colleagues [6] which validated the BLEED criteria in two different teaching hospitals. Interestingly, ongoing bleeding was the only variable that was a significant predictor of complication in both of the hospitals that they studied.
Another limitation is that complications in patients without evidence of ongoing bleeding may have been prevented by being admitted to the ICU rather than the floor. However, patients admitted to the ICU who did not have persistent shock received the same medications and interventions as similar patients admitted to the floor, with the exception of more intense monitoring in the ICU. Therefore, since the rate of rebleeding was very low in these patients, the additional monitoring was of little value considering the resources involved. All patients had access to endoscopy within 24 hours of admission and the only patients who received it emergently were patients demonstrating evidence of ongoing bleeding, a variable that would have resulted in ICU admission anyway. Ultimately, a prospective before-and-after study, or ideally, a randomized controlled trial would be necessary to confirm that a triage model using these variables would effectively reduce the use of critical care resources without compromising patient outcome. These data provide support for the safety and validity of such an intervention.
Conclusion
Patients presenting to the ED with symptoms of GIH who do not have evidence of ongoing bleeding (hematemesis, red blood per NG tube, or hematochezia) or unstable comorbidities are at low risk for recurrent bleeding and death. A triage protocol based upon these variables may be able to reduce the number of critical care admissions for these patients without increasing the number of complications that occur on hospital wards. The use of objective measures to guide management of critical care beds can maximize the availability of a scarce resource.
Key messages
• Many patients who present to the emergency department (ED) with symptoms of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage (GIH) are admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for monitoring, but only 12% to 28% of them experience a complication that requires ICU resources for management. This results in the unnecessary utilization of expensive resources for the majority of the patients.
• Patients presenting to the ED with symptoms of GIH who do not have evidence of ongoing bleeding (hematemesis, red blood per nasogastric tube, or hematochezia) or unstable comorbidities are at low risk for serious complication within the first 24 hours of hospital admission.
• A triage protocol based upon these variables should be studied prospectively to determine whether it could reduce the number of critical care admissions for these patients without increasing the number of complications that occur on hospital wards.
Abbreviations
APACHE II = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; BLEED = ongoing Bleeding, Low systolic blood pressure, Elevated prothrombin time, Erratic mental status, and unstable comorbid Disease; BP = blood pressure; CI = confidence interval; ED = emergency department; GIH = gastrointestinal hemorrhage; ICU = intensive care unit; NG = nasogastric; PT = prothrombin time; RR = relative risk
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
AMD participated in the design of the study, acquisition of data, and data analysis and drafted the manuscript. NS participated in the design of the study, acquisition of data, and data analysis for the development set. KH and LC participated in acquisition of data and in critical review and revision of the manuscript. SSC conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination and in data analysis, and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award 5 T32 HL 007106 29 (awarded to AMD) and by the Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
References
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6. Kollef MH, O'Brien JD, Zuckerman GR, Shannon W: BLEED: a classification tool to predict outcomes in patients with acute upper and lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
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7. Bordley DR, Mushlin AI, Dolan JG, Richardson WS, Barry M, Polio J, Griner PF: Early clinical signs identify low-risk patients with acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
JAMA 1985, 253:3282-3285. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
8. Corley DA, Stefan AM, Wolf M, Cook EF, Lee TH: Early indicators of prognosis in upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
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10. Hay JA, Maldonado L, Weingarten SR, Ellrodt AG: Prospective evaluation of a clinical guideline recommending hospital length of stay in upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage.
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11. Lee JG, Turnipseed S, Romano PS, Vigil H, Azari R, Melnikoff N, Hsu R, Kirk D, Sokolove P, Leung JW: Endoscopy-based triage significantly reduces hospitalization rates and costs of treating upper GI bleeding: a randomized controlled trial.
Gastrointest Endosc 1999, 50:755-761. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
12. Stoltzing H, Ohmann C, Krick M, Thon K: Diagnostic emergency endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal bleeding – do we have any decision aids for patient selection?
Hepatogastroenterology 1991, 38:224-227. PubMed Abstract
13. Saeed ZA, Winchester CB, Michaletz PA, Woods KL, Graham DY: A scoring system to predict rebleeding after endoscopic therapy of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, with a comparison of heat probe and ethanol injection.
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14. Rockall TA, Logan RF, Devlin HB, Northfield TC: Risk assessment after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
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15. Blatchford O, Murray WR, Blatchford M: A risk score to predict need for treatment for upper-gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
Lancet 2000, 356:1318-1321. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
16. Strate LL, Saltzman JR, Ookubo R, Mutinga ML, Syngal S: Validation of a clinical prediction rule for severe acute lower intestinal bleeding.
Am J Gastroenterol 2005, 100:1821-1827. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
17. Das A, Ben-Menachem T, Cooper GS, Chak A, Sivak MV Jr, Gonet JA, Wong RC: Prediction of outcome in acute lower-gastrointestinal haemorrhage based on an artificial neural network: internal and external validation of a predictive model.
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18. Kollef MH, Canfield DA, Zuckerman GR: Triage considerations for patients with acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage admitted to a medical intensive care unit.
Crit Care Med 1995, 23:1048-1054. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
19. Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE: APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system.
Crit Care Med 1986, 311:818-829.
20. Inayet N, Amoateng-Adjepong Y, Upadya A, Manthous CA: Risks for developing critical illness with GI hemorrhage.
Chest 2000, 118:473-478. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
21. Nakasone Y, Ikeda O, Yamashita Y, Kudoh K, Shigematsu Y, Harada K: Shock index correlates with extravasation on angiographs of gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a logistic regression analysis.
Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2007, 30:861-865. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
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File Systems
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 02:34, 10 November 2008 by Wookey (Talk | contribs)
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This page has information about file systems which are of interest for embedded projects.
Contents
Introduction
Most embedded devices use flash memory as storage media. Also, size and bootup time are very important in many consumer electronics products. Therefore, special file systems are often used with differrent features, such as enhanced compression, or the ability to execute files directly from flash.
MTD
Note that flash memory may be managed by the Memory Technology Devices (MTD) system of Linux. See the MTD/Flash FAQ for more information. Most of the filesystems mentioned here are built on top of the MTD system.
UBI
The Unsorted Block Images (UBI) system in the Linux kernel manages multiple logical volumes on a single flash device. It provides a mapping from logical blocks to physical erase blocks, via the MTD layer. UBI provides a flexible partitioning concept which allows for wear-leveling across the whole flash device.
See the UBI page or UBI FAX and Howto for more information.
Partitioning
The kernel requires at least one "root" file system, onto which other file systems can be mounted. In non-embedded systems, often only a single file system is used. However, in order to optimize limited resources (flash, RAM, processor speed, boot up time), many embedded systems break the file system into separate parts, and put each part on it's own partition (often in different kinds of storage.
For example, a developer may wish to take all the read-only files of the system, and put them into a compressed, read-only file system in flash. This will consume the least amount of space on flash, at the cost of some read-time performance (for decompression).
Another configuration might have executable files stored uncompressed on flash, so that they can be executed-in-place, which saves RAM and boot-up time (with a potential small loss of performance).
For writable data, if the data does not need to be persistent, sometimes a ramdisk is used. Depending on the performance needs and the RAM limits, the file data may be compressed or not.
There is no single standard for interleaving the read-only and read-write portions of the file system. This depends heavily on the set of embedded applications used for the project.
Embedded Filesystems
Here are some filesystems designed for and/or commonly used in embedded devices:
JFFS2
CramFS
• CRAMFS - A compressed read-only file system for Linux. The maximum size of CRAMFS is 256MB.
• "Linear Cramfs" is the name of a special feature to use uncompressed file, in a linear block layout with the Cramfs file system. This is useful for storing files which can be executed in-place. For more information on Linear Cramfs, see Application XIP
romfs
SquashFS
• Squash Fs - A (more) compressed read-only file system for Linux. This file system has better compression than JFFS2 or CRAMFS.
It is possible to tune the amount of compression when running mksquashfs. The -b option allows you to specify the block size. A smaller block size generally gives less compression and a larger -b option gives more compression. However there is a downside to this. Data is read from the flash using blocks. So if you use a block size of 128k, and you need a page of 4k, still the compressed equivalent of 128k data will be read from flash. As 128k comprises 32 pages, it will result in 32 pages being read into the buffer cache, even though at the moment of reading you only need one. Often the other 31 pages will be needed as well, but if not you wasted some tiem to read and decompress the unused data. Also you got some unneeded data in the buffer cache (possibly the system even had to kick used pages from the cache in order to make room for these 31 pages).
If you care for the smallest filesystem you probably want to go with the largest block size. However, if your primary concern is performance you might want to experiment a little bit to see what works out best for you (and that could even be applying no compression at all! Mksquashfs has options: -noInodeCompression, -noDataCompression and –noFragmentCompression to control this). If you also applied function reordering (see Boot Time#User-space and application speedups a large block size will probably work out well for you.
YAFFS2
• YAFFS - Yet Another Flash File System - a file system designed specifically for NAND flash.
YAFFS2 is simple, portable, reliable and self-contained. It is widely used in embedded OSes other than Linux, and can also be used stand-alone without an OS, e.g. in bootloaders. When used with Linux it can use MTD or its own flash driver. Similarly it can use the VFS or its own posix layer. It is log-structured, and single-threaded. It does not do compression itself - either compress the data itself or use squashfs on top of YAFFS2.
YAFFS2 is designed to boot quickly (insofar as a log-structured FS that has to scan the flash can). It uses checkpointing so that if a partition was unmounted cleanly then there is no need to rescan the flash on power-up. All the features of the FS are configuable so you can trade off things like maximum file/partition size, flash block size, file granulaity etc. Data is written straight through to the flash except for caching to ensure efficienct use of blocks. YAFFS2 normally uses the OOB are of the flash for its metadata, allowing faster booting as only the OOB needs to be read for flash scan. It can keep its metadata inside the main page area at the expense of some speed.
Despite having been in use on Linux in real products since 2004 it has not yet made it to the mainline.
• Presentation on YAFFS2 by Wookey at ELC Europe 2007: yaffs.pdf
• Presentation from CELF Jamboree 17 comparing YAFFS and JFFS2 on 2.6.10: celf_flash.pdf
YAFFS2 is GPLed, but is also available under dual-licensing terms for use in non-free contexts from Aleph One Ltd.
YAFFS vs. JFFS2 mount time comparisons for 2.6.10
Here are some core results for mount times. (See the Toshiba Jamboree17 presentation for details.)
• hardware: MIPS, 333 MHZ CPU, with 64 MB NAND Flash.
• kernel: 2.6.10 +EBS patch +YAFFS (20061128 version).
• JFFS2 compression option is disabled.
• Key:
• “Initial”: Time for mounting when the mount is just after launching “flash_eraseall”.
• "1000 files”: Time for mounting after creating 1000 files (one file size is 33554 bytes.)
• “JFFS2+EBS” needs to check EBS, and then it does start to scan the blocks normally. Therefore, “Initial” mount time is a little bit slow.
JFFS2 JFFS2+EBS YAFFS
Initial 0.93 sec 1.12 sec 0.27 sec
1000 files 7.34 sec 1.06 sec 2.52 sec
It is unclear whether or not these data are made with a jffs2 driver that has the erase block summary patch applied. This patch is part of the jffs2 driver since 2005-09-07. A patch for an earlier version can be found at: http://www.inf.u-szeged.hu/jffs2/jffs2-summary-20050211.patch (or try your luck at http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.inf.u-szeged.hu/jffs2/mount.php).
LogFS
• logfs - LogFS is a scalable flash filesystem. It is aimed to replace
JFFS2 for most uses, but focuses more on the large devices.
Matt Mackall writes (in July of 2007):
LogFS is a filesystem designed to support large volumes on FLASH. It uses a simple copy-on-write update process to ensure consistency (the "log" in the name is a historical artifact). It's easily the most modern and scalable open-source FLASH filesystem available for Linux and it's well on its way to being accepted in the mainline tree.
Scott Preece writes:
The big win for LogFS (in my limited knowledge of it) is that it stores its tree structure in the media, rather than building it in memory at mount time. This significantly reduces both startup time and memory consumption. This becomes more important as the size of the flash device increases. Read more in LWN (http://lwn.net/Articles/234441) and linux.com (http://www.linux.com/articles/114295).
Some newer flash memory, like MLC (multi-level cell), are not well supported.
LogFS now has it's own mailing list: see http://logfs.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/logfs
AXFS
• AXFS - Advanced XIP File System
• Website: http://axfs.sourceforge.net/
• This file system is designed specifically to support Execute-in-place operations. It uses a bi-phased approach. The first phase is to have the filesystem in flash and run it to collect profile data, stating what pages are used. In the second phase you build a filesystem using these profile data. This filesystem makes all pages metioned in the profile file as XIP data, which can then will be loaded to RAM upon mounting (and executed as XIP). It is also possible to put the XIP pages in NOR flash and run them from there.
PRAMFS
• PRAMFS - Persistent and protected RAM File System
The Persistent/Protected RAM Special Filesystem (PRAMFS) is a full-featured read/write filesystem that has been designed to work with fast I/O memory, and if the memory is non-volatile, the filesystem will be persistent. In addition, it has Execute-in-place support.
NFS
Due to space constraints on embedded devices, it is common during development to use a network file system for the root filesystem for the target. This allows the target to have a very large area where full-size binaries and lots of development tools can be placed during development. One drawback to this approach is that the system will need to be re-configured with local file systems (and most likely re-tested) for final product shipment, at some time during the development cycle.
An NFS client can be built into the Linux kernel, and the kernel can be configured to use NFS as the root filesystem. This requires support for networking, and mechanisms for specifying the IP address for the target, and the path to the filesystem on the NFS host. Also, the host must be configured to run an NFS server. Often, the host also provides the required address and path information to the target board by running a DHCP server.
See the the file Documentation/nfsroot.txt in the Linux kernel source for more information about mounting an NFS root filesystem with the kernel.
Mounting the root filesystem
The root filesystem is mounted by the kernel, using a kernel command line option. Other file systems are mounted from user space, usually by init scripts or an init program, using the 'mount' command.
The following are examples of command lines used for mounting a root filesystem with Linux:
• Use the first partition on the first IDE hard drive:
• root=/dev/hda1
• or in later kernels:
• root=/dev/sda1
• Use NFS root filesystem (kernel config must support this)
• root=/dev/nfs
(Usually you need to add some other arguments to make sure the kernel IP address gets configured, or to specify the host NFS path.)
• Use flash device partition 2:
• root=/dev/mtdblock2
[FIXTHIS - should probably mention initrd's here somewhere]
Special-purpose Filesystems
ABISS
The Active Block I/O Scheduling System is a file system designed to be able to provide real-time features for file system I/O activities.
See ABISS
Layered Filesystems
Layered filesystems enable you to mount read-only media and still have the possibility to write to it. At least, the writing part will end up somewhere else, which is transparantly handled by the layered filesystem. It has been around for quite some time and below are some examples of filesystems already usable on (embedded) Linux systems out-of-the-box.
UnionFS
Sometimes it is handy to be able to overlay file systems on top of each other. For example, it can be useful in embedded products to use a compressed read-only file system, mounted "underneath" a read/write file system. This give the appearance of a full read-write file system, while still retaining the space savings of the compressed file system, for those files that won't change during the life of the product.
UnionFS is a project to provide such a system (providing a "union" of multiple file systems).
See http://www.filesystems.org/project-unionfs.html
See also union mounts, which are described at http://lkml.org/lkml/2007/6/20/18 (and also in Documentation/union-mounts.txt in the kernel source tree - or will be, when this feature is merged.)
aufs
Another UnionFS. Go to http://aufs.sourceforge.net for more details.
mini_fo
Go to http://www.denx.de/wiki/Know.MiniFOHome for more details
Other projects
Multi-media file systems
• XPRESS file system - [See OLS 2006 proceedings, presentation by Joo-Young Hwang]
• I found out at ELC 2007 that this FS project was recently suspended internally at Samsung
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User:Grondak
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 19:47, 18 January 2013 by Wmat (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
I'm a long-time UNIX hacker and electronics enthusiast who is interested in embedded Linux for hobby reasons. Hopefully my contributions will be improvements and not regressions. Tony
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Bell County, KentuckyEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States Kentucky Bell County
Guide to Bell County Kentucky genealogy. Birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, family history, military records, and immigration records.
Kentucky
Online Records
Bell County, Kentucky
Map
Location in the state of Kentucky
Location of Kentucky in the U.S.
Facts
Founded February 28, 1867
County Seat Pineville
Courthouse
Adopt-a-wiki page
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who welcome you to contribute.
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Contents
Bell County Kentucky Courthouse
Beginning Dates for Bell County, Kentucky Government Records
Birth* Marriage Death* Census Deeds Wills
1852 1867 1852 1870 1867 1869
*Many years between 1852 and 1911 are missing
Bell County Courthouse
Courthouse Square Floor FL 1
PO Box 156
Pineville, KY 40977
Phone: 606.337.6143[1]
Bell County Kentucky History
Parent County
1867--Bell County was created 28 February 1867 from Harlan and Knox counties.
County seat: Pineville [2]
Boundary changes
Record Loss
1918, 1976--Disasters caused the loss of some records.
Bell County Kentucky Places / Localities
Populated Places
Arjay Colmar Hutch Ponza
Balkan Cubage Ingram Premier
Beverly Davisburg Ivy Grove Pruden
Binghamtown Davis Station (hist.) Jenson Rella
Black Snake Dorton Branch Kettle Island Stoney Fork
Blackmont East Pineville Laurel Ford Stony Fork Junction
Blanche Edgewood Meldrum Straight Creek
Callaway Ferndale Middlesboro Timsley
Calvin Field Miracle Tuggleville
Capito Fonde Noetown Varilla
Cardinal Fourmile Oaks Wallsend
Cary Frakes Olcott Wasioto
Chenoa Garmeada Pineville Yellow Creek
Clear Creek Springs Harbell
Neighboring Counties
Bell County Kentucky Genealogy Resources
African Americans
United States African Americans Kentucky African Americans
Biographies
Cemeteries
Kentucky cemetery records often identify birth, death, relationship, and military information, as well as religious affiliation.
Census
1870, 1880, 1900, 1910, 1920, and 1930 federal population schedules of Bell County are available online. For tips on accessing census records online, see Kentucky Census. If you're having trouble finding your ancestors in online indexes, try checking printed indexes. Created by local experts familiar with the area's families, these indexes are often transcribed more accurately than online nationwide indexes.
See Kentucky Population Schedule Indexes: Fiche, Film, or Book for more information about statewide printed indexes.
Church
Court
Land
Local Histories
• [1] ~ The Archives of Appalachia
Maps
Military
Civil War
Regiments. Service men in Bell County, Kentucky served in various regiments. Men often joined a company (within a regiment) that originated in their county. Listed below are companies that were specifically formed in Bell County, Kentucky:
- 1st Battalion, Kentucky Mounted Rifles (Confederate). Company E.
Miscellaneous
Newspapers
Obituaries
Probate
Taxation
Vital Records
Birth
• 1874 - Bell County Birth Index 1874. Batch C518101 at FamilySearch - free.[3]
• 1875 - Bell County Birth Index 1875. Batch C518102 at FamilySearch - free.[3]
Marriage
• 1875 - Bell County Marriage Index 1875. Batch M518103 at FamilySearch - free.[3]
• 1876-1878 - Bell County Marriage Index 1876-1878. Batch M518104 at FamilySearch - free.[3]
Unsorted
Bell County Kentucky Genealogy Societies and Libraries
Family History Centers
Bell County Kentucky Genealogy Websites
Bell County Kentucky Genealogy References
1. Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Bell County, Kentucky page 268, At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.
2. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Genealogical Society of Utah, Parish and Vital Records List (July 1998). Microfiche. Digital version at https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/images/f/f1/Igikentuckyaf.pdf.
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Africa: The African Union and its problems
This post also available in:
Español · África: La Unión Africana y sus problemas
Português · África: União Africana e seus problemas
Italiano · I problemi dell'Unione Africana
Ken looks at problems facing the African Union: “The just concluded AU summit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia had two key problems to address: the political crisis in Ivory Coast and the legal battles involving six Kenyans who face charges at the ICC. So far the continental body appears to have failed on its attempts to address both problems.”
World regions
Countries
Languages
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Thursday, 23 February 2006
GOOGLE COPYRIGHT DEFEAT
Another legal blow for Google is reported by Crescent News. The search engine has lost a Californian copyright case at the preliminary injunction stage. At issue were the thumbnail images that Google provides as part of its “image search” service. Perfect 10, a pornographic magazine, convinced Judge Matz that displaying these images could be classed as infringement. However, its claim that Google was also liable for secondary infringement if users clicked on the thumbnail images, which took users to the full-sized image as hosted on the copyright owner’s website did not have a sufficient likelihood of success at trial to serve as the basis of a preliminary injunction. The case will go to trial at an unspecified time in the future.
The IPKat is a great fan of the Google image search but can see why reproducing someone else’s copyright works would be classed as infringement.
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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Volume 17
Part 4
Pages 511-516
July 2010
Received 2 March 2010
Accepted 8 April 2010
Online 19 May 2010
Simultaneous measurement of X-ray specular reflection and off-specular diffuse scattering from liquid surfaces using a two-dimensional pixel array detector: the liquid-interface reflectometer of BL37XU at SPring-8
aResearch Organization of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan,bJapan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Hyogo, Japan, and cDepartment of Photonics, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
Correspondence e-mail: y-yano@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp
An X-ray reflectometer for simultaneous measurement of specular and off-specular reflection of liquid surfaces is described. The reflectometer, equipped with a two-dimensional single X-ray photon-counting pixel array detector obtained the full range of X-ray specular and off-specular reflections in an extremely short time (1 s). Both the specular and off-specular reflection of water exhibited good agreement with the predicted capillary-wave theory within the appropriate instrumental resolution. The approach is also demonstrated on an aqueous solution of 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. The monolayer in which the dodecyl chain faces upwards and the Cl- anion locates next to the imidazolium ring formed on the water surface was found to be laterally homogeneous. The use of a pixel array detector will be particularly powerful for in situ measurements to investigate both out-of-plane and in-plane structures simultaneously, not only for liquid surfaces but also for other thin films.
1. Introduction
Over the past 20 years, X-ray reflectivity measurements using synchrotron X-ray sources have been one of the most powerful tools for investigating the surface phenomena of liquids (Daillant & Gibaud, 1999; Tolan, 1999). Such techniques allow the density profile to be measured along the surface normal on a sub-angstrom spatial resolution. By carefully examining diffuse scattering in the vicinity of specular reflection peaks, structural information parallel to the surface can also be obtained.
The surface morphology of liquid surfaces is governed by thermally excited capillary waves with molecular-size amplitudes and micrometer-order wavelengths (Buff et al., 1965). Sinha et al. have theoretically demonstrated that diffuse scattering from liquid surfaces diverges algebraically at the specular reflection angle, creating large tails that extend into the surrounding off-specular region (Sinha et al., 1988). This theoretical prediction has been verified experimentally for simple molecular liquids (Braslau et al., 1988; Schwartz et al., 1990; Sanyal et al., 1991; Pershan, 2000; Shpyrko et al., 2004) and liquid metals (Pershan, 2000; Shpyrko et al., 2003, 2004; Tostmann et al., 1999). In contrast, scattering that exceeds the predicted capillary contribution has been observed for Langmuir monolayers on a water surface, and provides lateral structural information on the monolayers (Li et al., 1995; Fukuto et al., 1998, 1999, 2004). However, X-ray off-specular diffuse scattering intensities are always difficult to evaluate correctly since the instrumental-resolution dependent weak signals are hidden in large background intensities arising from the signals of other sources. Such measurements, therefore, are usually conducted independently of X-ray reflectivity measurements with a high angle-resolution system.
Previously, we have reported a new liquid-interface reflectometer developed at SPring-8 (Yano et al., 2007, 2009a). This reflectometer is equipped with a two-dimensional single X-ray photon-counting pixel array detector, PILATUS 100K (Dectris, Switzerland), and can achieve an X-ray reflectivity of almost 10-9 with an accumulation time of only 1 s at each angle, exhibiting enormous potential for rapid measurements. Time-resolved measurements with a time resolution of 3 min were performed for the adsorption of a globular protein on an air/water interface (Yano et al., 2009b,c). The PILATUS detector also offers many other advantages such as the ability to collect area images, a wide dynamic range of 106, an excellent point-spread function of one pixel, zero dark noise and the option to set an energy threshold for background suppression (Broennimann et al., 2006; Kraft et al., 2009), enabling measurement of the weak diffuse scattering signals that lie very close to the much stronger specular reflection.
In the present study we exploit the advantages of the two-dimensional pixel array detector to investigate both the X-ray specular reflection and the off-specular diffuse scattering intensities from two different liquid surfaces, a pure water surface and a surfactant monolayer on water. By comparing our results with the well established capillary-wave theory, we show that the reflectometer can accurately measure the X-ray specular reflection and off-specular diffuse scattering intensities in an extremely short time.
2. Scattering from liquid surfaces
2.1. Geometry
The scattering geometry is illustrated in Fig. 1. The incident wavevector kin strikes the liquid surface at an incident angle . The scattered X-rays are characterized by the output wavevector kout, which makes an angle with the surface and an angle 2 with the plane of incidence. The Cartesian components of the wavevector transfer q = kout - kin are defined as
where k = 2/.
Figure 1
X-ray scattering geometry. Incident wavevector kin strikes the liquid surface at an incident angle . The scattered X-rays are characterized by the output wavevector kout, which makes an angle with the surface and an angle 2 with the plane of incidence.
2.2. X-ray specular reflectivity
In the specular reflection condition, the reflectivity is measured as a function of qz when qx = qy = 0, or equivalently = and 2 = 0.
The X-ray specular reflectivity for liquid surfaces is described by the Born approximation (Pershan, 2000, 2009),
where RF is the Fresnel reflectivity for an ideally flat interface and is the intrinsic structure factor normal to the surface, which is expressed as
where <(z)>xy is the lateral average electron density profile. CW(qz, T, ) is the surface roughness term due to capillary waves and is given by
with
where is the surface tension and qmax is the upper cut-off for capillary contributions, which is determined by the condition in which the number of capillary-wave modes is of the order of the number of molecules per unit surface area; this is equivalent to fixing qmax 2/d, where d is of the order of the intermolecular distance. qres is the instrumental resolution, usually defined by the detector slits (Braslau et al., 1988; Pershan, 2009).
2.3. X-ray off-specular diffuse scattering
In off-specular diffuse scattering the scattering intensity is measured under non-specular conditions, i.e. or equivalently qx, qy 0. A -scan method, in which the scattered intensity is measured as a function of at constant , has typically been conducted independently of X-ray reflectivity measurements. In the present study we used the reflection profile, normalized to the peak intensity of the reflection profile at an incident angle of 0.01° (assumed to be equivalent to the incident beam intensity I0), as the off-specular diffuse scattering intensity.
The normalized intensity I/I0 is generally equal to the convolution of the differential cross section d/d with an appropriate instrumental resolution function (Fukuto et al., 1999),
The differential cross section for a homogeneous liquid surface is described by the capillary-wave model (Pershan, 2000, 2009) and can be written as
for = < 2, where A0 is the cross-sectional area of the incident beam, qc is the critical vector, and TF() is the Fresnel transmission factor (Daillant & Gibaud, 1999; Tolan, 1999). The scattering from a homogeneous liquid surface is described by the characteristic power law, , of capillary-wave thermal diffuse scattering.
3. Experimental details
3.1. Liquid interface reflectometer using a pixel array detector
The liquid-interface reflectometer (Yano et al., 2007, 2009a) is installed at the undulator beamline BL37XU at SPring-8 (Terada et al., 2004). The experimental set-up is schematically given in Fig. 2.
Figure 2
Schematic view of the liquid-interface reflectometer at the SPring-8 BL37XU beamline. C1: Si 111 double-crystal monochromator; C2: Ge 111 deflecting-crystal monochromator; Ms: two horizontal deflecting mirrors; IC1 and IC2: ion chambers; XBPM: X-ray beam-position monitor for MOSTAB; S1 and S2: slit systems.
An X-ray energy of 15 keV ( = 0.826 Å) was selected for the X-ray reflectivity measurements. Two horizontal deflecting Rh-coated mirrors eliminated higher harmonics and focused the X-ray beam to a spot about 200 µm in the horizontal direction at the detector position. The design of the liquid-interface reflectometer (Yano et al., 2007, 2009a) is similar to the surface-horizontal spectrometers at other synchrotron facilities described previously (Als-Nielsen et al., 1982; Schlossman et al., 1997). A monochromator stabilization (MOSTAB) system stabilized the X-ray beam intensity by tuning of the Bragg angle of the first crystal of the monochromator (Kudo & Tanida, 2007). The X-ray beam deflected downwards by the Ge 111 crystal (C2) was collimated by the second slit (S2), which runs 50 µm vertically and 500 µm horizontally. The beam flux incident on the sample was about 1012 photons s-1. A trough made of aluminium with a teflon coating (100 cm2, 3 mm deep) was located halfway between the deflection crystal C2 and the detector. A single X-ray photon-counting pixel detector, the PILATUS 100K (Broennimann et al., 2006; Kraft et al., 2009), with an area of 487 × 195 pixels (172 µm pixel-1) was located 538 mm from the center of the trough. The integration time at each incident angle was 1 s. Each pixel of PILATUS contains a charge-sensitive amplifier, a shaper amplifier, a single-level discriminator and a 20-bit counter. The energy threshold of each discriminator was set to 7.5 keV to suppress the low-energy background. The counting-rate capability depends on the operation mode of the storage ring at SPring-8, which is about 100 ns in the multi-bunch operation mode. This condition allows us to detect up to 106 counts pixel-1 s-1 within the dead time of 10%. A set of aluminium sheets of thickness in the range 1-6 mm was employed as an attenuator at the incident angle < 0.9° to prevent the counting rate exceeding 105 counts pixel-1 s-1. The seven axes of the motor drivers as shown in Fig. 3 were synchronized to start by a VME pulse motor controller (Furukawa & Matsumoto, 2004) to shorten the travel time to about 2 s for the change in incident angle.
Figure 3
Description of the motor drivers. The deflecting crystal (C2) is rotated by an angle described by and B. The slit (S2) is adjusted by x and z. The liquid sample is set on the two translation stages x and z. A set of aluminium sheets of thickness 1-6 mm is set on the translation stage as an attenuator.
The liquid samples were contained in the trough controlled at 298 K. The trough was covered with an acrylic hood with 6 µm-thick mylar windows for the X-ray measurements to suppress liquid evaporation. The accumulation time at each incident angle was 1 s for < 2.0° and 10 s for 2.0° < < 3.0°, meaning the overall time required to measure the reflection intensities for 81 incident angles was 5 min.
3.2. Liquid samples
X-ray reflectivity measurements of a water surface and a monolayer of 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride on water were performed. The 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium salts (hereafter denoted as [Cnmim]Cl, where n is the alkyl chain length) are ionic liquids which have low melting temperatures owing to the low symmetry of the organic cations, which acts to reduce the lattice energy (Seddon, 1997). The [C12mim]Cl salt is a solid at room temperature and acts analogously to cationic surfactants owing to its long alkyl chain. The self-aggregation behavior has been studied previously (Blesic et al., 2007). In the present study we investigated the surface structure of an aqueous [C12mim]Cl solution at the critical micelle concentration (xcmc = 0.02 mol dm-3).
3.3. Data treatments
Fig. 4 shows typical images around the reflection peaks detected by PILATUS. For = 0.7° the reflection intensity was detected through an aluminium attenuator of thickness 1 mm placed 10 mm from the detector, while at 0.9° it was detected directly. The reflection peaks located at around (xz (70, 216) in pixels for all of the incident angles have long tails in the z-direction caused by diffuse scattering from the capillary waves. A small peak, known as a Yoneda wing (Yoneda, 1963), is clearly visible at z 170 for = 0.9° as shown in Fig. 4(b); for = 0.7°, shown in Fig. 4(a), the Debye-Scherrer rings of the aluminium attenuator observed at around z 180-190 almost overwhelm the Yoneda wing.
Figure 4
Enlargement of an X-ray specular reflection image of water obtained on PILATUS. The units of the x- and z-axes are pixels. Measurement conditions: (a) = 0.7°, integration time of 1 s with a 1 mm Al attenuator; (b) = 0.9°, integration time of 1 s without attenuator; (c) = 2.0°, integration time of 10 s without attenuator. Each square corresponds to a pixel with dimensions of 172 µm × 172 µm.
Since this reflection peak was detected over five pixels in the x-direction, we considered the intensity measured five pixels from the center of the peak to be background. The background intensity of 100-150 counts pixel-1 s-1 is almost independent of the X-ray incident angle. A reflection profile I(z) was obtained by summing the signal intensities and subtracting the background as
The factor of 5/6 is the ratio between the five pixels of the signals and the six pixels of the background. The total signal intensity corresponding to the first term in (7) and the background corresponding to the second term are shown in Fig. 5. In the case of = 0.7°, the intensity is reduced to about a tenth by the 1 mm-thick aluminium attenuator placed at - < 2°. After the background subtraction, reflection profiles spanning a range of four orders of magnitudes were obtained. Since the diffuse scattering intensity decreases with the angle , in contrast with the -independent background intensity, the signal-to-background ratio becomes less than 10% in the region - > 1°.
Figure 5
Integrated signal (open circles), integrated background (solid curves) and integrated signal plus background (closed symbols) for the reflection images shown in Fig. 4.
4. Results and discussions
4.1. X-ray specular reflectivity
Fig. 6(a) shows X-ray reflectivity profiles of the liquid surfaces examined. The reflectivity is calculated by summing the reflection profiles (see Fig. 5) around the peak region of n pixels (7 pixels for water and 13 pixels for the aqueous [C12mim]Cl solution) and normalizing this value to the intensity of the incident beam, which was monitored using an ionization chamber. The instrumental resolution, qres in equation (4), is defined for simplicity as the resolution in the qy direction, i.e. qy ksin(), where is related to the number of pixels summed to calculate the reflectivity as n pixels × 0.172 mm pixel-1 (538 mm)-1. In the higher qz range, however, qx should be taken into account in addition to qres to describe the capillary effect correctly (Pershan, 2009). The predicted capillary-wave model for water calculated using equations (2)-(4) with the parameters = 72.0 mN m-1, qmax 2/d = 2/2.8 Å-1 and = 1 (Braslau et al., 1988) shows good agreement with the observed reflectivity in the present qz range.
Figure 6
(a) X-ray reflectivity of water (circles) and aqueous [C12mim]Cl solution (triangles). The solid curve for water is the theoretical prediction calculated using equations (2)-(4) with RF denoted by the dashed curve. The data for the aqueous [C12mim]Cl solution were fitted using a two-box model based on the dodecyl chain layer and the Cl- anion layer. (b) Electron density profiles corresponding to the data fits. The inset shows a schematic of the [C12mim]Cl monolayer arrangement.
In the case of the aqueous [C12mim]Cl solution, the observed data, divided by the capillary-wave term CW(qz, T, ) using parameters = 40 mN m-1 and qmax 2/d = 2/12 Å-1, were fitted using a two-box model. The refined electron density profile is shown in Fig. 6(b). Based on the electron densities of the close-packed structures [0.32 e Å-3 for the alkanes, 0.33 e Å-3 for the imidazolium ring and 0.73 e Å-3 for the Cl- anion (Solutskin et al., 2005; Larriba et al., 2009)], the [C12mim]Cl molecules are considered to form a monolayer in which the dodecyl chain faces upwards and the Cl- anion locates next to the imidazolium ring at a depth of 10 Å.
4.2. X-ray off-specular diffuse scattering
Fig. 7 shows the normalized reflection profile of X-rays incident at angles of = 0.9 and 1.2° detected in 1 s without the Al attenuator. The circles show the results for water, while the triangles show those for the aqueous [C12mim]Cl solution. The central peaks correspond to specular reflections. The dashed and solid curves in Fig. 7 correspond to the theoretically predicted intensities for the capillary-wave model calculated using equations (5) and (6). Since the differential cross section in (6) diverges at qxy = 0, we calculated the diffuse scattering intensities in the region qxy > 10-5 Å-1. The calculated diffuse scattering intensities exhibit good agreement with the observed intensities, especially around the specular region, having instrumental resolutions of qx k(2) and qy ksin(), with (2) 2.3 pixels × 0.172 mm pixel-1 (538 mm)-1 and 3.0 pixels × 0.172 mm pixel-1 (538 mm)-1, which are 1.5 times larger than the FWHMs of the reflection profile at the incident angle of 0.01°. This demonstrates the benefit of the excellent point-spread function of the PILATUS detector. The present result also suggests that the [C12mim]Cl monolayer is not a laterally inhomogeneous layer, which would lead to excess scattering above the predicted capillary-wave fluctuations.
Figure 7
Reflection profiles of liquid surfaces for X-ray incident angles = 0.9 and 1.2°. The solid and dashed curves represent the theoretical predictions based on the capillary-wave model and are calculated using equations (5) and (6). Both of the observed intensities for water (circles) and the aqueous [C12mim]Cl solution (triangles) exhibit good agreement with those for the capillary-wave model.
5. Summary
We performed X-ray reflection measurements of a water surface using a recently developed liquid-interface reflectometer at SPring-8. The reflectometer, equipped with a two-dimensional single X-ray photon-counting pixel array detector, PILATUS, obtained an X-ray reflectivity curve towards 10-10 in 5 min. The detector was also found to be effective in analyzing the weak off-specular diffuse scattering signals in the vicinity of the specular reflection peaks. The results exhibited good agreement with theoretical predictions for ratios of the signal-to-background intensity of larger than 10%. X-ray reflection measurement of an aqueous solution of 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride at the critical micelle concentration was also demonstrated. Based on the specular reflection, 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride was considered to form a monolayer in which the dodecyl chain faces upwards and the Cl- anion locates next to the imidazolium ring on the water surface. The off-specular diffuse scattering indicated that the monolayer was laterally homogeneous because the observed intensity shows good agreement with that predicted by the capillary-wave model.
The present reflectometer accurately obtains the full range of X-ray specular and off-specular reflections in an extremely short time (1 s), having enormous potential to determine the out-of-plane and in-plane structures at an interface simultaneously. The methodology developed in the present work can be applied not only for liquid surfaces but also for other thin films.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K. Iimura (Utsunomiya University), N. Ikeda (Fukuoka Women's University) and T. Takiue (Kyushu University) who made great efforts in developing the present liquid-interface reflectometer at SPring-8, and to P. S. Pershan (Harvard University) for helpful discussions and suggestions about the data analysis. The synchrotron radiation experiments were performed at BL37XU at SPring-8 facility with the approval of the Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) (Proposal Nos. 2009A1686, 2006A1124, 2006B1751, 2007A1737, 2007B1212, 2007B1353). The present study was partly supported by a Grant in Aid for Scientific Research (No. 18045029) in Priority Area `Science of Ionic Liquids' from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.
References
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Blesic, M., Marques, M. H., Plechkova, N. V., Seddon, K. R., Rebelo, L. P. N. & Lopes, A. (2007). Green Chem. 9, 481-490.
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Daillant, J. & Gibaud, A. (1999). X-ray and Neutron Reflectivity: Principals and Applications. Paris: Springer.
Fukuto, M., Heilmann, R. K., Pershan, P. S., Badia, A. & Lennox, R. B. (2004). J. Chem. Phys. 120, 3446-3459.
Fukuto, M., Heilmann, R. K., Pershan, P. S., Griffiths, J. A., Yu, S. M. & Tirrell, D. A. (1998). Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3455-3458.
Fukuto, M., Heilmann, R. K., Pershan, P. S., Yu, S. M., Griffiths, J. A. & Tirrell, D. A. (1999). J. Chem. Phys. 111, 9761-9777.
Furukawa, Y. & Matsumoto, N. (2004). Eighth International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation, pp. 1229-1232.
Kraft, P., Bergamaschi, A., Broennimann, Ch., Dinapoli, R., Eikenberry, E. F., Henrich, B., Johnson, I., Mozzanica, A., Schlepütz, C. M., Willmott, P. R. & Schmitt, B. (2009). J. Synchrotron Rad. 16, 368-375.
Kudo, T. & Tanida, H. (2007). Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 033104.
Larriba, C., Yoshida, Y. & Mora, J. F. (2009). J. Phys. Chem. B, 112, 12401-12407.
Li, Z., Zhao, W., Quinn, J., Rafailovich, M. H., Sokolov, J., Lennox, R. B., Eisenberg, A., Wu, X. Z., Kim, M. W., Sinha, S. K. & Tolan, M. (1995). Langmuir, 11, 4785-4792.
Pershan, P. S. (2000). Colloids Surf. A, 171, 149-157.
Pershan, P. S. (2009). J. Phys. Chem. B, 113, 3639-3646.
Sanyal, M. K., Sinha, S. K., Huang, K. G. & Ocko, B. M. (1991). Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 628-631.
Schlossman, M. L., Synal, D., Guan, Y., Meron, M., Shea-McCarthy, G., Huang, Z., Acero, A., Williams, S. M., Rice, S. A. & Viccaro, P. J. (1997). Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68, 4372-4384.
Schwartz, D. K., Schlossman, M. L., Kawamoto, E. H., Kellogg, G. J., Pershan, P. S. & Ocko, B. M. (1990). Phys. Rev. A, 41, 5687-5690.
Seddon, K. R. (1997). J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 68, 351-356.
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Terada, Y., Goto, S., Takimoto, N., Takeshita, K., Yamazaki, H., Shimizu, Y., Takahashi, S., Ohashi, H., Furukawa, Y., Matsushita, T., Ohata, T., Ishizawa, Y., Uruga, T., Kitamura, H., Ishikawa, T. & Hayakawa, S. (2004). AIP Conf. Proc. 705, 376-379.
Tolan, M. (1999). X-ray Scattering from Soft-Matter Thin Films. Berlin: Springer.
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Yano, Y. F., Uruga, T., Tanida, H., Toyokawa, H., Terada, Y. & Takagaki, M. (2007). J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 83, 012024.
Yano, Y. F., Uruga, T., Tanida, H., Toyokawa, H., Terada, Y., Takagaki, M. & Yamada, H. (2009a). Eur. Phys. Spec. Top. 167, 101-105.
Yano, Y. F., Uruga, T., Tanida, H., Toyokawa, H., Terada, Y., Takagaki, M. & Yamada, H. (2009b). Langmuir, 25, 32-35.
Yano, Y. F., Uruga, T., Tanida, H., Toyokawa, H., Terada, Y., Takagaki, M. & Yamada, H. (2009c). Trans. Mater. Res. Soc. Jpn, 34, 631-638.
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Haynes:TypeIIS Assembly
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Revision as of 21:24, 19 January 2013 by Karmella Haynes (Talk | contribs)
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<- Back to Protocols
Type IIS Assembly
by Karmella Haynes, 2013
Principle: The familiar "BioBrick cloning" enzymes (i.e., EcoRI, NotI, XbaI, SpeI, PstI) are Type II restriction enzymes, which cut the sequences that they specifically bind to. The Type IIS Assembly method uses a Type IIS restriction enzyme, which binds at a specific sequence and cuts at a non-specific location exactly five base pairs away. As a result, the enzyme cleaves away its own binding site and leaves behind the most useful feature of assembly, sticky overhangs. When designed properly, Type IIS sites can be used to perform seamless assembly of parts. As an added convenience, this protocol allows cutting and ligation to occur in a single tube, as a single reaction. Thus, gel purification steps can be eliminated.
This protocol uses the Type IIS restriction enzyme BsmBI (CGTCTCn/nnnn).
Use PCR to prepare the parts
• Multiple parts can be assembled in one step.
• Parts and the destination vector should be amplified by PCR.
• Make sure that none of the parts/ vector have any BsmBI sites!
First, map out your assembly. In this example, three parts, A, B, and C will be assembled and inserted into a Vector.
Design a pair of primers to add BsmBI sites to the ends of a vector backbone. The "cacacca" before BsmBI is used to help restriction enzyme positioning. The "a" after BsmBI is a spacer that is required to generate a correct 4-base sticky end.
Vector Primers
• Forward Primer: 5'-cacaccaCGTCTCa + 15 bp of "Vector right" top strand
• Reverse Primer: 5'-cacaccaCGTCTCa + 15 bp of "Vector left" bottom strand
pSB1A3 Vector Primers - already available in the Haynes lab freezer
• Forward Primer gg0001: 5'-cacaccaCGTCTCaactagtagcggccgct
• Reverse Primer gg0002: 5'-cacaccaCGTCTCatctagatgcggccgcg
Part A Primers
• Forward Primer: 5'-cacaccaCGTCTCa + 4 bp of "Vector left" top strand + 15 bp of "Part A" top strand
Note: For insertion into pSB1A3, "4 bp of vector left" = TAGA
• Reverse Primer: 5'-cacaccaCGTCTCa + 4 bp of "Part B" bottom strand + 15 bp "Part A" bottom strand
Part B Primers
• Forward Primer: 5'-cacaccaCGTCTCa + 15 bp of "Part B" top strand
• Reverse Primer: 5'-cacaccaCGTCTCa + 4 bp of "Part C" bottom strand + 15 bp "Part B" bottom strand
Part C Primers
• Forward Primer: 5'-cacaccaCGTCTCa + 15 bp of "Part C" top strand
• Reverse Primer: 5'-cacaccaCGTCTCa + 4 bp of "Vector right" bottom strand + 15 bp "Part C" bottom strand
Note: For insertion into pSB1A3, "4 bp of Vector right bottom strand" = TAGT
Run separate 50 μL PCR reactions for each part. If you are using plasmid DNA as a template, use no more than 10 ng in order to minimize carry-over into the final bacterial transformation step. Check 10 μL of the reaction on and agarose gel. Purify the remaining 40 μL of PCR products using a Zymo clean and Concentrator kit (or similar PCR clean up kit).
Digestion/ ligation reaction
Dilute the purified PCR product to 20 fmol/μL
• Measure ng/μL of the purified sample.
• The volume of purified DNA (x) you will need to dilute in a final volume of 20 μL = 20 μL final volume * 20 fmols/μL * length in bp * 650 fg/fmol ÷ 1,000,000 fg/ng ÷ measured ng/μL
• Formula: x = length in bp ÷ measured ng/μL * 0.26
Perform BsmBI/ T4 ligase mediated assembly
Reagent Vol. Thermal cycling
• [45°C, 2 min.; 16°C 5 min.] x25
• 60°C, 10 min.
• 80°C, 20 min.
• 4°C, ∞
20 fmol of each DNA part up to 8.0
10x T4 ligase buffer (Promega) 1.0
T4 ligase (NEB) 0.25
BsmBI 0.5
dH2O 0.25
10.0 μL
Bacterial transformation
• Add total volume (10.0 μL) to 50 μL chemically competent cells (e.g., BL21) in a 2.0 mL tube.
• Incubate on ice for 2 min., heat shock at 42°C for exactly 90 sec., immediately place on ice.
• Add 800 μL sterile SOC medium.
• Grow with shaking at 37°C for 30 min.
• Pellet the cells at top speed in a microcentrifuge for 3 min. at room temp.
• Discard the supernatant. Resuspend the cells in 100 μL LB + antibiotic.
• Plate cells on pre-warmed LB agar + antibiotic. Grow overnight at 37°C.
• Quick-transormation (e.g., DH5α-Turbo) is not recommended
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The great question
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Title: The great question
Author: Boaz, Hiram Abiff
Series: The Rice Institute Pamphlet, Volume 20, Number 4
Issue: Issue 4
Date: 1933-10
Citation: Boaz, Hiram Abiff. (1933). "The great question." vol. 20. no. 4, pp. 355-369.
Description: A sermon preached to the eighteenth graduating class of the Rice Institute by the Reverend Hiram Abiff Boaz, Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South.
Citable link to this page: http://hdl.handle.net/1911/8916
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Rights and Usage
• This material is in the public domain and may be freely used, with attribution given to Rice University. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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Nakhon Phanom
From Wikitravel
Asia : Southeast Asia : Thailand : Isaan : Nakhon Phanom
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Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม) is a city in Isaan.
[edit] Understand
Phra That Phanom. Close-up view
Nakhon Phanom is in the northeastern region of Thailand, approximately 734 km northeast of Bangkok and 378 km southwest of Hanoi, Vietnam. It borders Laos on the Khamoun Province or the Tha Khaek district. Nakhon Phanom was prominent during the Vietnam War, serving U.S. forces of the 56th Air Commando Wing stationed at Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base. Their missions were search and rescue and interdiction of the Ho Chi Minh trail in Laos 48 km to the east.
The city has a beautiful landscape, with the Mekong River running adjacent to the city, marking the current border between Thailand and Laos.
The population of Nakhon Phanom is a diverse mix of Thais, Thai-Vietnamese, Thai-Chinese, and perhaps a few Thai-Indians. The main languages spoken are Thai, Isaan, and Vietnamese, Isaan being the most popular of them. The primary culture is Lao, as Isaan was part of Laos until the late 19th century. Ho Chi Minh resided in a small village between the city center and the air base to the west during the late 1920s and early 1930s. A new museum has been constructed; his home is preserved and is open to the public, which draws many Vietnamese tourists.
Although a small town, Nakhon Phanom is famous for its centuries-old temples and beautiful landscape. The city has a reserved and traditional Isaan culture. A traveller may well find the residents of the city very hospitable and kind. The surrounding
Apparently, the main reason for the strong Vietnamese influence is that Vietnamese fled here during the struggle against the colonial French. Most of them returned to Vietnam in 1960, but left a legacy in the city.
The clocktower in the main road near the river comes from their influence, and signs at the local police station and hospital, etc., are written in Thai, English, and Vietnamese. There is also Vietnamese food in local restaurants.
[edit] Get in
[edit] By plane
Nok Air [1] operates flights to Nakhon Phanom. Air Asia [2] also flies to Nakhon Phanom.
[edit] By boat
Since the opening of the bridge it is no longer possible to cross by boat.
[edit] By bridge
Friendship Bridge III between Thailand and Laos is now open. It is around 10 kilometres north of town and the Thai-Laos International bus runs between Nakhon Phanom bus station and Tha Khaek from 7.30am to 4.30pm daily (approximately every hour). It is not possible to cross the bridge by foot.
[edit] By train
Nakhon Phanom has no rail service. The closest station is about four hours away, in Ubon, Udon, or Nong Khai.
[edit] By road
Two of the most common ways of getting to Nakhon Phanom from Bangkok are by road in private tour buses or by government-operated tour buses. These buses start from the central North and Northeastern Bus Terminal (Moh Chit) in Bangkok. The fare for bus travel ranges from 300 to 850 baht, depending on the type of bus. A more convenient and popular bus is operated by the Transport Authority of Thailand. These VIP air conditioned buses operate under the label 99 or 999. These buses are 24-seaters, with seats as comfortable as seats in the business class of an airplane. A toilet is also available inside the bus. The distance between Nakhon Phanom and Bangkok is approximately 740 km. This is about an 11 hr journey. Although it seems long, a bus travelling out of Moh Chit at 19:15 arrives at Nakhon Phanom around 06:30. Buses leaving from Nakhon Phanom to Bangkok at 18:00 arrive at around 05:30.
The bus station itself is not that far from the city centre - about 1.5 km. There are tuk-tuks at the bus station.
[edit] Get around
The most convenient way to get around the city are the famous three-wheelers of the northeast, more commonly referred to as "Sky Lab" There are also buses and vans running to other provinces throughout the day, easily accessible from the central bus terminal or in front of the local market. There are also tuk-tuks.
Sorng thaews are available to get to neighboring towns. Sorng thaews headed south go to Na Gae (yellow), That Phanom (yellow), Chok Amnuay (yellow) and Pla Pak (orange-red). These vehicles originate on the street of the fresh market, about halfway between the fresh market and the south end of the street. near the K-Bank. They run during daylight hours. Sorng thaews to Pla Pak have posted times, but the others do not.
[edit][add listing] See
Tourists looking to escape more crowded and busy tourist locations in the country or who just need a getaway from the hustle and bustle of city life often travel to Nakhon Phanom to relax and see the more local and traditional Thai culture and way of life.
Temples are the most frequented attractions, especially the Phra That Phanom Temple located in Amphoe (District) That Phanom of Nakhon Phanom Province, 53 km from Nakhon Phanom city center.
Nowadays, with only as short commute between Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam, many tourist travel through Nakhon Phanom and Laos to Vietnam. It is approximately a 5 hour journey to get into Vietnam from Nakhon Phanom. Many local travel agents can arrange group visits to the many attractions in Laos and Vietnam. Also with the business in Vietnam growing at ground breaking pace, many business travellers also travel through Nakhon Phanom into Vietnam for business trips, or to seek and learn about more business opportunities.
Travel to Tha Khaek across the Mekong into central Laos following Route 12 has recently become popular both for those seeing to visit the new jungle preserves created by the Democratic People's Republic of Laos as well as visit the location of the famous Ho Chi Minh Trail. Visa entry is now possible on the ferry between the two cities.
• Ho Chi Minh House.
• Old Governor's Mansion. Contains a wide array of historical photographs, including topics such as the fire boats and royal visits to the province. Descriptions are primarily in Thai, often accompanied by limited English translations. Also contained in the building is an English language lending library, open to the public. The library was established by the volunteer teachers from WorldTeach 2009-10, and continues to grow with new contributions.
• Old City Jail Museum.
• Aquarium.
[edit][add listing] Do
Fire Boat on the Mekong River
• Fire Boats Festival. Communities from the province build large scaffolding out of bamboo, which they put on boats and float down the river in the annual fire boat festival. Tin cans are filled with kerosene and stuffed with rags are then arranged on the scaffolding to form images of temples, the king, dragons. At night the boats float down the Mekong River for the appreciation of spectators. Held one night a year, at the end of Buddhist Lent, as determined by the lunar calendar, and usually falls sometime in the month of October. The festival culminates in the floating of the Fire Boats, but a larger festival goes on for a week preceding the end of Buddhist Lent. Other activities include markets all along the river road, long boat races, and an elephant or two.
• That Phanom Festival. In February of each year, a 10-day festival is hosted in That Phanom that attracts people from all over the country and from other countries as well. Due to the proximity to That Phanom, Nakhon Phanom can make a good home base to enjoy this festival.
[edit][add listing] Buy
Nakhon Phanom is famous for its silk fabric and silver ornaments. However, most of the silk pattern and manufacturing is accomplished on handmade looms in the local villages in traditional Lao style, known as Isaan today within Thailand. The silver is manufactured and crafted both within Issan and Laos.
[edit][add listing] Eat
Nakhon Phanom has some of the best sticky rice and grilled chicken with papaya salad in the country.
There are not too many restaurants open in the centre of town at night. A couple may be found along Bamrungmueng Rd, to the left as you face the direction of the river. Menus are totally in Thai, and English is not spoken.
If you are stuck for a meal, order "Pat Pak Ruam" (fried mixed vegetables), and add the word "Guy" (for chicken), "Moo" (for pork), or "Gung" (for prawns). Also ask for "Cow Soo-eye" (steamed rice.) Will give you a tasty and filling feed for around 100 baht, including a large bottle of beer.
Snack type stalls are also available from about 16:00 on Fuangnakom St, which is at right angles to the above road. It is an afternoon/night market,and the road is closed off for the duration. You can buy snacks of fried insects if your taste inclines to this.
[edit][add listing] Drink
[edit][add listing] Sleep
There are several hotels within the city ranging in prices and amenities offered. Among the most popular for travellers are:
• Mae Nam Kong Grand View Hotel, 527 Soonthornvijitra Rd, +66 42 51 356 470. 112 rooms. 600-1,500 baht, but discounts abound. edit
• Nakhon Phanom River View Hotel, 9 Nakhon Phanom Thatphanom Rd, +66 42 522 333, [3]. Located in the Muang district of Nakhon Phanom on Nakhon Phanom-That Phanom Road. It consists of 122 rooms in four types: suite, river view, superior and standard. All rooms are equipped with air conditioning, hot water, shower, TV with international channels, minibar, safe deposit box and more. There is a restaurant, meeting rooms, swimming pool, and bar on the property as well. 1,050- 10,500 baht. edit
• Windsor Hotel, 272 Bamrung Muang Rd, +66 42 511 946. This 5 storey hotel is very dated but quite clean,with hot water in the shower, air-con, TV, bar fridge, and a lift. Coffee is free in the lobby in the mornings. It is situated about 300 m from the river and will cost 40 baht by tuk-tuk from the bus station. Pricing is confusing as they call a twin room a "double" (because there are two beds there) and a "single" is what we call a double because there is one (double) bed in it. Little English is spoken, depending on who is at the counter. But they are very friendly and helpful. twin, 400 baht, double is 350 baht. Fan rooms, 250 baht.. edit
[edit] Get out
• Mukdahan (neighboring province to the south). 14-passenger air-con vans leave from the bus station every 30 minutes in the morning and every 40 minutes after lunch. Service commences at 5:30 am and stops at 5:30 pm. 80 baht. The vans do not have special areas for baggage, so if you have a lot of luggage, take a full-size bus going toward Ubon Ratchathani and get out at the Mukdahan bus station. These are also alternatives to the sorng thaews if you are headed to That Phanom; these vans do not stop at the That Phanom bus station, but do go right by the That Phanom temple. [Bus details accurate 04 May 2013]
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