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Wednesday, June 04, 2008
To Whom Is She Referring?
Condi Rice, speaking before the AIPAC Conference said:-
The opportunity before us has been created by painstaking work since 2001, painstaking work that rejected the leadership of Yasser Arafat and said that it could not be that peace would be made by a corrupt leader who had one foot in terrorism. (Applause.)
That couldn't be Olmert, could it? He is, it seems, corrupt but for terrorism? Maybe she means that he pushed for the disengagement and therefore is responsible, one foot much, for what's going on with the Qassams reaching Gaza and environs as far as Ashkelon with Ashdod and Kiryat Gat next?
P.S.
Here's another extract:-
Now, we [Ariel Sharon] had a wonderful relationship because I saw him as a man of courage and a man who deeply believed in the democratic Jewish state, but also in the desire for peace. And he once told me a story that I will never forget. It was before Israel’s disengagement from Gaza, and he said that he went out to talk with Israeli settlers, because he, of course, had been the father of the settlement movement. He went to one family and he explained to them why it was important to share the land. And this man said, “Let me show you something.” And he showed Sharon the mezuzah above their house, and he told Sharon, “You personally put that mezuzah there. You told us that this was good for Israel, for us to settle here, and now you tell us that we have to leave for the good of Israel.” Sharon was deeply pained by that. I could see it even as he told the story. But that is what great leaders do: They make hard decisions confidently for the sake of peace.
Really? That's what they do?
P.P.S.
JTA added:-
Condoleezza Rice at an AIPAC conference stressed the urgency of establishing a Palestinian state.
"The expansion of violence in the Middle East makes the establishment of a peaceful Palestinian state more urgent, not less," the U.S. secretary of state said Tuesday at the American Israel Public Affairs Committee policy conference in Washington.
"The present opportunity is not perfect by any means, but it is better than any other in recent years and we need to seize it. Israelis have waited too long for the security they desire and deserve, and Palestinians have waited too long amidst daily humiliations for the dignity of a Palestinian state."
Rice's remarks were greeted with silence.
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sfhddoc's bookmarks
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The essential ingredient in politics is timing. Trudeau, Pierre Elliott
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The Right Honourable Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau PC, CC, CH, QC, MA, LL.D, FRSC (October 18, 1919 September 28, 2000) was the fifteenth Prime Minister of Canada from April 20, 1968 to June 3, 1979, and from March 3, 1980 to June 30, 1984.
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212 - The Extra Degree
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Quotes about jazz
These are quotes tagged with "jazz". You can also search for quotes containing the word jazz.
"It seems to me monstrous that anyone should believe that the jazz rhythm expresses America. Jazz rhythm expresses the primitive savage."
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"The further jazz moves away from the stark blue continuum and the collective realities of Afro-American and American life, the more it moves into academic concert-hall lifelessness, which can be replicated by any middle class showing off its music lessons."
Jones, Imamu Amiri Baraka on jazz
"Jazz is the big brother of the blues. If a guy's playing blues like we play, he's in high school. When he starts playing jazz it's like going on to college, to a school of higher learning."
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"Something was still there, that something that distinguishes an artist from a performer: the revealing of self. Here I be. Not for long, but here I be. In sensing her mortality, we sensed our own."
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"Jazz is the art of skipping obvious convention while still following it."
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Difference between revisions of "Blackpool"
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Lancashire : Blackpool
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[[Image:BlackpoolTower_Owl.jpg|thumb|200px|Blackpool Tower]]
[[Image:BlackpoolTower_Owl.jpg|thumb|200px|Blackpool Tower]]
'''Blackpool''' is a seaside resort town in the [[North West England|North West]] of [[England]].
+
'''Blackpool''' is a seaside resort town in the [[North West England|North West]] of [[England]].The Town is 25 Miles south of [[Lancaster]],20 Miles north-west of [[Preston]],40 Miles north-west of [[Bolton]] and 60 north-west of [[Manchester]].
==Understand==
==Understand==
Revision as of 13:36, 9 September 2011
Blackpool Tower
Blackpool is a seaside resort town in the North West of England.The Town is 25 Miles south of Lancaster,20 Miles north-west of Preston,40 Miles north-west of Bolton and 60 north-west of Manchester.
Contents
Understand
Over 6 million people visit Blackpool each year, making it Britain's number one holiday resort. Many come for the two largest attractions, Pleasure Beach Blackpool and Blackpool Tower, although the town features many other smaller attractions including three piers, numerous amusement arcades, seven miles of beaches and pedestrian promenade, and a vibrant nightlife.
Following a heyday in the first half of the twentieth century as the working classes gained freedom and disposable income, Blackpool has struggled to find a new role with the advent of package holidays to the mediterranean. It has long used the Blackpool Illuminations light show to extend its tourist season into the autumn months, and has recently been campaigning the government to allow the redevelopment of its central seafront Golden Mile with Las Vegas-style casino hotels in an attempt to become a gambling haven.
While many tourists go to Blackpool nowadays for party weekends (often hen or stag groups), an older clientele enjoys the nostalgia of the town. The Tower Ballroom remains a global mecca for ballroom dancing and many remember Reginald Dixon playing his Wurlitzer organ with songs such as "Oh I do like to be beside the seaside" - synonymous with the town.
Get in
By car
Blackpool can be reached via the M55 from the M6.
By bus
Local bus services run from Preston, Lancaster, Nelson, Southport and Fleetwood. Long distance bus services, and charters, run from virtually everywhere in Great Britain.
By train
The trains run to Blackpool North and Blackpool South stations from Preston, Nelson and many other destinations. Blackpool North is the main station but for a day trip to the Pleasure Beach, change at Kirkham and take the Blackpool South line; the last station before Blackpool South is the Pleasure Beach Blackpool.
By plane
Blackpool has its own with scheduled flights to/from Alicante, Belfast, Dublin, Faro, Geneva, Girona, Ibiza, Isle of Man, Mahon, Malaga, Murcia, Mallorca, and Tenerife.
An increasing number of charter flights now operate from Blackpool Airport.
Blackpool Airport is one of the fastest growing airports in the UK and is served by budget airline Jet2. Ryanair now no longer operate from Blackpool Airport.
By boat
The closest ferries from Blackpool are Fleetwood to Larne and Heysham (near Morecambe) to Douglas (Isle of Man) and Belfast, operating in Summer only.
Get around
The Blackpool Tramway has antique electric trams on its original 1885 tram system which runs along the complete length of the sea front from Starr Gate near Blackpool Airport to Fleetwood at the northern end of the Fylde coast.
The town is well served by buses; the main operators within the town are Blackpool Transport [1] and Stagecoach [2]. Note that Blackpool Transport altered or renumbered most of its routes in July 2010. Until the change, every route had distinctive colour-coded buses but this system has been abandoned and the buses are now deployed on any route. Both operators sell day tickets but with very few exceptions these are only accepted on their own buses.
Horse-drawn "landaus" offer an old-fashioned alternative to modern taxis for journeys along the seafront.
See
"Bid me discourse, I will enchant thine ear"
The inscription above the stage in Blackpool Tower's ballroom is from the poem Venus and Adonis by William Shakespeare.
• Blackpool Tower, [3] - a Victorian alike of the Eiffel Tower, the view from the top is worth seeing, but gets busy at the peak of the tourist season. Blackpool Tower is one of the famous towers in the UK. Once inside, you climb through seven levels of attractions, including a circus, bug zone, Out of This World, aquarium, and ballroom (for you film buffs, this is the lavish ballroom seen in the 1996 Japanese film Shall We Dance?), before going up in a glass elevator to the observation deck.
• The Piers [4] - Blackpool is the only British resort with three piers. The North pier costs 50p to go on, and is relaxed. The central pier has something for everyone, and the South Pier is loud and rollicky. North Pier is the oldest and largest of the three coastal piers in Blackpool, Lancashire, England.
• Pleasure Beach Blackpool [5] is perhaps Britain's largest funfair, with eleven roller-coasters including the original Roller Coaster which gave the rides their name. This has been eclipsed by more modern coasters, including Britain's tallest roller coaster ride the "Pepsi Max Big One" (more commonly known simply as "The Big One") which is over 200 feet high. Other roller coasters include the Irn Bru Revolution and Big Dipper. Rides require 2-9 £1 tickets, or a £30 all day wristband, which is a few pounds cheaper when bought online. As well as the adult rides, children's rides area, and sidestalls, the park also has some excellent architecture to see. The park began life as a funfair on the sands in the Victorian era, and by the 1930s some permanent buildings arrived in the style of the day - Art Deco. In particular don't miss the station of the Roller Coaster ride, and the White Tower at the south entrance to the park, both of which have "streamline moderne" influences just like some of the classic trams which operate on the seafront nearby.
Do
• The Winter Gardens, Blackpool. [6]
• Many shows are happening at the Winter Gardens this year including Russell Brand and Blackpool Fringe
• Blackpool Pleasure Beach [7] - fun fair and roller coaster rides. New for 2011 Nickelodeonland themed on the TV Channels favourite characters
• The Grand Theatre, A 1100-seat theatre designed by Frank Matcham in 1894. [8]
• Go to watch the town's long suffering football team Blackpool FC play at Bloomfield Road and witness their recent revival!
• Dancing on Ice - a popular ice show located near blackpool pleasure beach.
• Have a donkey ride on the sands.
• What's on in Blackpool, [9] month by month view Blackpool Events
• Blackpool Illuminations, [10]. Stretching for 6 miles along the Blackpool Promenade 'The Lights', as they're fondly called, consist of spectacular displays using over one million light bulbs. A vast collection of characters and themes are displayed, along with lasers, and searchlights. Free.
• Blackpool Shows, [11] Details of shows in Blackpool for Opera House, Legends - Central Pier and Tower, North Pier, Pleasure Beach and Blackpool Tower
Buy
A stick of Blackpool rock(candy) with your name written right the way through it and a mandatory "Kiss Me Quick" hat on Blackpool's Golden Mile.
Eat
Fish and Chips. Chippys are everywhere in Blackpool. Along all the piers and the seafront it is impossible to walk along wthout passing dozens of chippys.
• Harry Ramsden's, 60-63 The Promenade, FY1 4QU, 01253 294386, [12]. 11:30 - 21:00 Sunday to Thursday. 22:00 close Friday and Saturday. Part of the "world famous" Harry Ramsden's chain located on the promenade. Ideally located near many of Blackpool's attractions and the sea front. Offers eat-in and take away services.
• Mandarin, 27 Clifton Street, Blackpool, FY1 1JD, 01253 622687, [13]. Award winning Cantonese restaurant established over 46 years ago. A regular recommendation from hotel owners and taxi drivers.
• West Coast Rock Cafe, 5-7 Abingdon St, FY1 1DG (Directly opposite the Winter Gardens), 01253 751283, [14]. A legendary Blackpool restaurant loved by the locals and visited by the stars! Winner of Restaurant of the Year 2009 & 2011. Great 100% Burgers, the best Steaks in town, succulent Barbecued Ribs, Chicken, Pizza, Pasta and loads more. Only place to go for Tex-Mex food for over 20 years. http://www.facebook.com/WestCoastRockCafe
Drink
Blackpool's night life is varied and numerous. There are clubs and pubs to suit everybody who comes to Blackpool looking for an evening out, With so much going on in Blackpool it is difficult to decide where to go.
• The famous Funny Girls transvestite show bar.
• Blue Room, opposite Syndicate nightclub.
• The Last Orders pub, in North Shore. Drink with the locals.
• Syndicate superclub. largest nightclub in britain with a revolving dance floor.
• Sanuk. Another popular nightclub with young people, on the front near the north pier
• Tache. Blackpool's alternative/rock night club. Behind blackpool bus station.
• The Auctioneer, Lytham Road South Shore. A Wetherspoons favourite with its good value drinks and food
• Duple Club, 96 Bond Street South Shore Blackpool, 01253 341647. The Duple CIU club with it's traditional Blackpool Bingo and nightly entertainment welcomes all guests to visit whilst in Blackpool. Good Value Drinks and a Friendly including families with children Welcome.
• The Dutton Arms, Corner of Wateroo Road and the Promenade. The Dutton Arms is The Party Pub of South Shore Blackpool. Popular DJ's at the weekend and late closing. Unfortunately a large fire destroyed most of the building on 25 January 2010" As of early July 2010 contractors have been seen undertaking refurbishment.
• The Old Bank Inn, 46 Bond Street, South Shore, Blackpool (From the promenade turn into Rawcliffe St (between Colonial & Queens Hotel) and we are directly infront of you, on the corner of Bond St & Rawcliffe St; close to both The Pleasure Beach & Blackpool FC Football Club.), 01253 408807, [15]. 10.00am - midnight/01.00am. The Old Bank Inn is South Shores premier venue for both locals and visitors to Blackpool. A fantastic line up of entertainment both day and night, with live bands on Saturday nights (limited during winter months Nov-Feb, please check details). No need for drinks promotions, cheap drinks all day/everyday and you don't need to be a local - all customers are charged the same price.
• The Albert and the Lion, Corner of Adelaide Street West and the Promenade. The JD Wetherspoons latest addition to Blackpool opened on 2nd July 2010 and can be found almost under the Blackpool Tower at the junction of The Promenade and Adelaide Street West. As always a Blackpool favourite with its competitively priced food and drinks
• Rose & Crown, 22 Corporation Street, FY1 1EJ (2 minutes from the Grand Theatre, 3 minutes from the Winter Gardens), 01253 299821, [16]. Continental style eating and drinking in the centre of Blackpool. This locally owned pub has the largest outdoor seating area in the town centre - and it's heated! Steaks, Burgers, Pasta, Toasties. Paninins, Curry, Fish, Pies. Plus of course a great Sunday Lunch!
• Pump and Truncheon, 13 Bonny Street, FY1 5AR (Located just behind the Golden Mile (behind Tussauds) next to the Law courts), [17]. One of the most famous old pubs in town. The only building on this part of the Golden Mile that survived the great fire of Blackpool. Great real ales and traditionally cooked food. Wooden and stone floors and a roaring fire complement the old style feel of this famous little pub!
• The Sun Inn, 88 Bolton Street, FY1 6AA (Less than 100 yards from the Promenade, right next to South Shore Yates), [18]. An independent local family owned Pub that isn't tied to anyone. With Real Ales, Big Screen Sport TV and famous Pie and Peas.
Stay safe
Visits to Blackpool are generally incident-free. During Friday and Saturday nights, the busiest areas of the town centre such as Talbot Square and Queen Street can become very crowded and somewhat rowdy, but there is a large and generally good-natured police presence. The sea front and piers are usually crowded so are generally safe.
You should take care in the Central Drive area at night, and avoid back-alleys anywhere in the town centre after dark. In particular there are a small number of street prostitutes operating in these areas after 11PM, who approach single males who are under the influence of alcohol. Do not accept any offers of sex; you will be risking being mugged by the prostitute and/or a male accomplice.
Gay male visitors should avoid the Middle Walk cruising area; a gay man was recently murdered here and there have been several violent homophobic attacks. Lighting in this area has been improved and there are regular police patrols. Note that the "gay quarter" around Talbot Road, Dickson Road and Queen Street is as safe as the rest of the town centre. It is now being heavly monitored with CCTV.
Sleep
It used to be said that Blackpool had a million tourist beds. These were mostly in small guest houses, and these have changed as customer expectations have increased - most have renovated simple bedrooms into en suite rooms, typically turning three rooms into two bedrooms with en suite bathrooms. Blackpool still enjoys a huge number of beds, and this keeps the market competitive and the prices low.
At the higher end of things, Blackpool has a number of larger hotels, including the Imperial Hotel which is used by politicians during political party conferences which take place at the Winter Gardens.
Self Catering
• Marton Mere Caravan Park, (Marton Mere Holiday Village), Mythop Road, FY4 4XN. (3 Miles from Blackpool) Tel:+44 1253 767544, [19].
• Ashdean Holiday Flats, 42 Dean Street, Tel:+44 1253 345640, [20].
• Cleveland Court Holiday Apartments, 23 Withnell Road, Tel:+44 1253 348406, [21]
• Gladwyn Holiday Flats, 15 Alexandra Road, Tel: +44 1253 346870 [22]
• Canberra Holiday Flats, 12, Coop Street, FY1 5AJ, +44 1253 624803, [23].
• West Beach Holiday Apartments, 35 Lytham Road, Tel:+44 1253344769 [24]
Budget
• The Sandpiper Bed and Breakfast, 20 Withnell Road, +44 1253 341910, [25]. checkin: 2pm; checkout: 10am. The Sandpiper Bed and Breakfast is situated in Blackpool's South Shore, just a few hundred yards from the Promenade and Beach. Within an easy two minutes walk you can reach Blackpool's most popular attractions including the Pleasure Beach, Sandcastle Waterworld, the South Pier and G Casino. The Sandpiper Bed and Breakfast Blackpool offers great value accommodation for families and couples. All our rooms are spotlessly clean and comfortable and you can access the Bed and Breakfast and your room at all times. We serve a great cooked breakfast if required or a room only option if you prefer a lie in. Double rooms from £30.
• The Chesterfield Hotel, '5 Wellington Road, +44 1253 345979, [26]. Friendly hotel just off The Central Promenade midway between Blackpool Tower and Blackpool Pleasure Beach, managed and owned by brother and sister Julie and Steve Clarke since 1990. 9 rooms in total - 2 of them are Family Rooms (up to 4 people) and the rest are doubles, all with toilet and shower facilities, freshly laundered bed-linen, colour TV and tea/coffee making facilities with unlimited free tea and coffee available every day. English Breakfast every morning.You can buy full three-meals course as well - it is £11.95 per adult or £5.95 per child. There is a bar lounge area in the basement which is open every night from 8pm till around midnight.with happy hour from 8pm till 9pm when most drinks are £1.80 a pint/35 ml spirit! Pets are welcome free of charge. Rooms are from £30.
• The New Lyngarth, 55-57 Banks Street, +44 1253 622814, [27]. checkin: 13.30; checkout: 10.30. Recently refurbished situated in the gay quarter from £15.00.
• Norbreck Castle Hotel [28] Queen's Promenade, Blackpool. A 480 Bedroom Hotel, set in a prime location on the Promenade, offering breathtaking views of the Irish Sea. Rooms from £25 a night.
• Dave Hotel Blackpool [29] Queens Promenade, Blackpool. Rooms from £20 a night.
• Grand Metropole Blackpool Hotel146-148 Promenade Blackpool, Lancashire.
• The Savoy Hotel Promenade, Blackpool North Shore, near Blackpool's many attractions.
• Britannia Hotels Promenade, Blackpool [30] 3 hotels in Blackpool. Rooms from £30 a night. Near Pleasure Beach.
• Robin Hood Hotel, at the St. Stephen's Ave. tram stop, one block north. 10 rooms, Single £27, double £54. Rooms 1, 5, and 9 have sea views, relaxing lounge, non-smoking.
• The Kimberley Hotel 585-589 New South Promenade, Tel: +44 1253 341184 [31] A 50 Bedroom Hotel, set in a prime location on the New South Promenade, offering breathtaking views of the Irish Sea. Rooms from £25 a night. This hotel hosts meetings of the far-right British National Party so may not be to the taste of non-white or gay tourists.
• New Osborne House Hotel, 3 Trafalgar Road, FY1 6AW (near the South Shore), +44 1253 346444, [32]. Rooms from £20 a night.
• The Address Blackpool, Set in the Heart of Blackpool Close to All Attractions Including the Pleasure Beach and the Opera House,Tel: +44 01253 624 238 [33] Single £25, double £50. Ground Floor Rooms with disabled access and free parking. Relaxing lounge with licensed bar, non-smoking.
• Moorbank House, Tel: +44 1253 344385 [34] Single from £30, double from £40. Ground Floor rooms and free parking, relaxing lounge with licensed bar, non-smoking.
• The Kingscliff Hotel, Blackpool[35].
• Heywood House[36], 30 Rawcliffe Street Blackpool South Shore,Tel: +44 1253 344413 Relaxing lounge with pool table, non-smoking throughout.
• Salendine House Hotel, 44 St.Chads Rd Blackpool (Near South Shore),Tel: +44 1253 346749 [37] Close to promenade, friendly family run B&B, Licensed Bar.
• Chaplins Hotel[38], 15 Albert Road Central Blackpool, Tel: +44 1253 294440. 3* accommodation.
Mid-range
• Canasta Hotel[39], 288 Promenade +44 1253 290 501. 30 bedroomed licensed sea front hotel.
• Blackpool Hotel Rossi[40], 263 Promenade, Tel: +44 1253 341731.
• Staymor Hotel[41], 555 New South Promenade. Tel: +44 (0) 1253 341487
• The Wembley Hotel[42], 275 Promenade, Tel: +44 1253 346154. Family hotel, all 16 rooms en-suite, licensed bar. Prices start at £17.50pppn
• Norbreck Castle Hotel [43]. Address: Promenade. Facilities include a swimming pool and gym. Hotel rooms from £17.50pppn.
Splurge
• Big Blue Hotel[44], Ocean Boulevard, Pleasure Beach, Tel: +44 1253 400045. Offers 4 star contemporary accommodation right next to the Pleasure Beach.
• Imperial Hotel[45], North Promenade, North Shore, Tel: +44 (0)1253 623971,
Get out
Take a tram north to Fleetwood, formerly one of the UK's major fishing ports. Visit its famous market and go to the outlet mall called "Freeport". If peacefulness is what is required then catch a bus or train to "Lytham" ,"Ansdell","Fairhaven" or "St Annes-on-sea". Under the resort name of "Lytham St Annes", These charming family seaside towns offer something different and traditional to Blackpool.
This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6202.0 - Labour Force, Australia, Aug 2008 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 11/09/2008
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
PRINCIPAL LABOUR FORCE SERIES TREND ESTIMATES
EMPLOYED PERSONS
The trend estimate of employed persons rose from 8,652,500 in August 1998 to 9,056,400 in September 2000. The trend then fell slightly to 9,037,500 in December 2000, before generally rising to stand at a high of 10,734,900 in August 2008.
UNEMPLOYED PERSONS
The trend estimate of unemployed persons generally fell from 727,100 in August 1998 to 583,000 in September 2000, before rising to 681,100 in October 2001. The trend generally fell to 459,600 in February 2008, before rising slightly to stand at 474,200 in July 2008.
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
The trend unemployment rate generally fell from 7.8% in August 1998 to 6.0% in September 2000, before rising to 7.0% in October 2001. The trend generally fell to 4.1% in February 2008, before rising slightly to stand at 4.2% in August 2008.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
2901.0 - Census Dictionary, 2011
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/05/2011
Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product
2011 Census Dictionary >> Glossary >> Undercounting and/or underenumeration
Undercounting and/or underenumeration
Although census collectors direct extensive efforts toward locating dwellings and households within their workload, locating them all is sometimes not possible. Some dwellings may not be identified. For example, in commercial areas, flats above or behind shops may be difficult to find. Also, particularly where contact is not made at delivery, flats behind or attached to private dwellings may not be included in the Census. Analysis of the undercount in previous Censuses has shown that people away from their usual residence on Census Night (for example, travelling, camping, staying in a non-private dwelling, or visiting friends) are more likely to be missed than people at home on Census Night.
Even when a household is found, undercount is possible if not all members of the household are included on the form (for example, if there are more than six people in the household and no extra forms are obtained) or if the household, or a member of the household, refuses to cooperate and complete a Census form.
A measure of the extent of underenumeration is obtained from the Post Enumeration Survey (PES). The official population estimates produced by the ABS take into account the results of the PES. However, the Census counts are not adjusted.
See also Post Enumeration Survey (PES).
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Mistakes? We Don’t Need No Stinkin’ Mistakes
Posted by BLASTanna under Marketing
From http://blog.act-on.com 295 days ago
Made Hot by: smallbizwoman on July 27, 2012 10:36 pm
Marketing experts including Ardath Albee, Matt Heinz, Carmen Hill, Craig Rosenberg and marcus Sheridan discuss content marketing mistakes to avoid.
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Research
Nonexistence of nontrivial solutions for the p(x)-Laplacian equations and systems in unbounded domains of ℝ n
Akrout Kamel
Author Affiliations
Department of mathematics and informatics. Tebessa university. Algeria
Boundary Value Problems 2011, 2011:50 doi:10.1186/1687-2770-2011-50
Published: 30 November 2011
Abstract
In this paper, we are interested on the study of the nonexistence of nontrivial solutions for the p(x)-Laplacian equations, in unbounded domains of ℝn. This leads us to extend these results to m-equations systems. The method used is based on pohozaev type identities.
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Case Report
An invasive adenocarcinoma of the accessory parotid gland: a rare example developing from a low-grade cribriform cystadenocarcinoma?
Shin-ichi Nakatsuka1*, Hiroshi Harada2, Hiroshi Fujiyama3, Koji Takeda3, Koji Kitamura4, Hayato Kimura1, Teruaki Nagano1, Mahito Ito4 and Yuji Asada3
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Pathology, Kansai Rosai Hospital, 3-1-69 Inabaso, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-8511, Japan
2 Department of Pathology and Research, Sakai Municipal Hospital, 1-1-1 Minami-Yasui-cho, Sakai-ku, Sakai, Osaka 590-0064, Japan
3 Department of Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, Kansai Rosai Hospital, 3-1-69 Inabaso, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-8511, Japan
4 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kansai Rosai Hospital, 3-1-69 Inabaso, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-8511, Japan
For all author emails, please log on.
Diagnostic Pathology 2011, 6:122 doi:10.1186/1746-1596-6-122
Published: 7 December 2011
Abstract
Low-grade cribriform cystadenocarcinoma (LGCCA) is a rare tumor of the salivary gland that exhibits clinically indolent behavior. In this paper, we present a case of invasive adenocarcinoma of the accessory parotid gland in a young male that exhibited histology suggestive of an association of LGCCA. A 27-year-old man presented with a subcutaneous tumor in his left cheek. The tumor was separated from the parotid gland and located on the masseter muscle. The tumor was resected, and the postoperative histological diagnosis was adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified (ANOS). The tumor exhibited papillary-cystic and cribriform proliferation of the duct epithelium and obvious stromal infiltration. Some tumor nests were rimmed by myoepithelium positive for smooth muscle actin, p63, and cytokeratin 14, indicating the presence of intraductal components of the tumor. Tumor cells exhibited mild nuclear atypia, and some of them presented an apocrine-like appearance and had cytoplasmic PAS-positive/diastase-resistant granules and hemosiderin. Other cells had foamy cytoplasm with microvacuoles. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the almost all of the tumor cells were strongly positive for S-100. These histological findings suggest the possibility that ANOS might arise secondarily from LGCCA. This is an interesting case regarding the association between ANOS and LGCCA in oncogenesis.
Virtual Slides
The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1226764594634693 webcite.
Keywords:
accessory parotid gland; low-grade cribriform cystadenocarcinoma; adenocarcinoma; not otherwise specified; salivary duct carcinoma; S-100
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Herbicide
Ecotoxicology:
Herbicide
Characteristic Cogengrass circular infestations are often targets of herbicides. Credit: Greg Leach
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Sidney Draggan Ph.D.
A herbicide is any of a number of chemical substances intended to kill vegetation. Since the vast majority of herbicides are non-selective in their lethal action, there may be widespread adverse ecological consequences from their use. These outcomes include not only organism death, but may involve mutagenic, developmental and carcinogenic effects to animals and plants.
Herbicides are in broad use for agriculture, golf courses, utility corridors, residential and other land uses. The earliest herbicides were inorganic chemical substances, although modern herbicides are dominated by organic compounds. Presently, there is massive application of chemical herbicides; in the USA alone 480 million kilograms are applied annually.
Widespread herbicide use beginning in the 1940s is responsible for numerous species extinctions, including birds, amphibians, fish and arthropods. In many cases, herbicide use is a contributory cause along with habitat destruction to species endangerment. Many herbicides have persistent effects in the environment, retaining their toxicity as they remain in soils for decades in some cases; furthermore, some herbicides are highly soluble, so that they may enter aquatic systems, where non-selective lethal effects can occur. Often the herbicides undergo chemical change after release into the environment; in some cases, the altered chemicals may have different toxicity effects upon plants and animals. Herbicide use has been linked to certain human diseases and mortality, as well as some types of reproductive and endocrine system impacts.
Environmental accumulation
Soil treated with salt herbicide may
may become sterile to all life.
Even though herbicides are intended for certain plant organisms, the net result of their use is accumulation in large amounts in the environment (for example, the soil, aquatic, biotic and atmospheric systems). These effects are amplified by the following phenenoma: (a) high solubility of many classes of herbicides; (b) magnification of concentrations of herbicides upon entry into the food chain and successive concentriation in lipids for higher species in that chain; and (c) persistence of many herbicides and transformation to other harmful metabolites upon residence in soil, water and biota.
In surface waters of the world atrazine and 2,4 D are ubiquitous, even in western countries that have generally stringent water quality criteria. Atrazine is generally toxic to most fish species at concentrations on the order of one part per billion in water. To understand the magnitude of the ocean accumulation, note that in one month of peak discharge 650 metric tons of herbicide are discharged to the Gulf of Mexico.
Biotransformation
Herbicides are taken up by not only plant, but also animal and bacterial organisms. The process often results in toxicity to the uptake organism, and may engender a chemical transformation in the herbicide itself. These chemical changes are important not only to understand the toxicity within the affected organism, but also to analyze the persistence of each herbicide in the environment and the generation of metabolites that may have different ecological effects from the original herbicide.
Very few herbicides are stable within living organisms. Only the chlorinated aliphatic molecules and glyphosate evince strong stability. For the rest, linkages of alkyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, amido, nitrile, or halogenated groups are subject to enzymatic or chemical attack via hydrolysis or redox reactions; subsequently, these reactive sites may enable conjugation with sugars, amino acids and thiol-peptides. Generally plants cannot break down aromatic rings, although bacteria are often quite adept at such biotransformation.
Ecological effects
Bioaccumulative effects in plants and higher animals are well known, whereby plants can typically concentrate an herbicide or heavy metal by a factor of 1000 from its environmental concentration in soil or water; correspondingly, higher animals can concentrate a given herbicide by a factor of 2000. Many classes of herbicides act across a wide variety of species. Organo-chlorine compounds, for example, act broadly to inhibit cellular adenosine triphosphatase activity that broadly underlies animal metabolism, and these substances also interfere with fundamental renal and liver function.
Dicamba is toxic to mammals by ingestion or inhalation; it is also toxic to coldwater fishes when present in water bodies. Glyphosate was originally thought to have low ecological impacts, but is now known to have significant adverse impacts upon amphibians, fish, beneficial insects and nitrogen fixing bacteria. Many aliphatics such as acrolein are strongly toxic to fish and wildlife.
While the preponderance of ecological impacts are strictly deleterious, there are a number of lower organisms whose growth is actually stimulated by herbicide treatment. In particular some bacteria, fungi, mites, nematodes and springtails evince initial growth flourishes upon treatment by a minority of herbicides. It is unclear, however, whether longer term deleterious mutations and fitness reductions are masked by initial growth spurts that are in response to initial stimulation.
Amphibians
Malformations in amphibians are common
outcomes of herbicide exposure.
Amphibians are sensitive to many herbicides and their populations have experienced significant decline, and are known to have occasioned mutagenic and reproductive effects from herbicide exposure. Habitat degradation and fragmentation are the greatest sources of amphibian population decline, but herbicides are important contributory factors to such habitat degradation. There are many mechanisms associated with herbicidal action upon amphibians including interference with enzyme activity and mutations, both of which reduce behavioral and reproductive fitness, and hence generally lead to amphibian population declines.
It should be noted that research illustrates herbicide action is likely to be synergistically negative upon amphibian populations with other stressors including parasites, nitrate fertilizer addition to aquatic habitats and climatic oscillations. Atrazine, a very common herbicide, is known to produce de-masculation, birth abnormalities and estrogen imbalance in certain frog species, including the Northern leopard frog.
Fish
American minnow is sensitive to low concentrations
of atrazine and toxophene. USGS
Many herbicides are toxic to fish at very low concentrations; for example, toxaphene is lethal to the American minnow (Pimephales promelas) at concentrations on the order of 50 nanograms per liter in natural waters. A number of herbicides are known to induce hepatic and renal lesions in fish; detailed attribution to specific herbicides is often difficult, since it is common for several herbicides to be found in a given aquatic environment. In systematic analyses of mass fish kills, it is characteristic that herbicide and pesticide causes are responsible for the majority of such mass kill incidents. The common herbicide atrazine also induces abnormal tissue growth, reduction in egg production and hormonal change in P. promelas, for concentration levels substantially less than the U.S. EPA chronic exposure limits. Trifluralin is toxic to many fish species, having a 96 hour LC50 of 20 parts per billion for Rainbow trout.
Birds
The Peregrine Falcon became endangered due
to herbicide and pesticide use from 1950 to 1980
Source: Kevin Cole
Numerous bird species whose populations are in serious decline have been studied intensively for causation; an extremely high fraction of these cases have demonstrated that herbicide use is implicated in the decline or entrance into an extinction vortex. Due to sucessive concentration of herbicides in the food chain, raptors are exceptionally vulnerable to its persistance in the environment; notable victims of herbicide use include the Peregrine Falcon, Sharp-shinned Hawk, Coopers Hawk, Eurasian Sparrowhawk, Osprey, Bald Eagle, and White-tailed Eagle. Such other species as Brown Pelicans and several Heron species are subject to significant mortality from herbide use.
Besides direct effects, there were notable consistency in secondary impacts, chiefly from herbicide killing of arthropod prey and from seed reduction due to herbicide applications. In terms of acute toxicity dosage of 275 parts per million of propanil is lethal to mallard ducks.
Some herbicides—for example organophosphates—are extremely toxic to avafauna. Diazinon, for example is one hundred times more toxic to birds than mammals on a dosage basis; as an example from one observation set, 900 Canada geese were killed from a flock of 2500 due to diazinon application in one localized wintering area. Diazinon's use has been banned in many locations where bird populations are already rare or endangered, or where notice has been taken of its lethality.
Mammals
As early as 1966 the National Cancer Insitute conducted research indicating the herbicides 2,4 D and
2.4,5 T induce abnormal fetuses in mice and rats; these syndromes include increased fetus death, as well as eyeless fetuses, occurrences of cleft palates, systic kidneys and enlarged palates. Other studies with reindeer and golden hamsters have shown tetragenic and mutation effects of 2.4 D and 2,4,5 T. Furthermore, these same two herbicides cause eye lesions in most mammals.
Paraquat and diquat are two herbicides known to be toxic to mammals. Sethyoxydim in as low a dosage of 40 parts per million has been shown to decrease litter size, reduce fetal weights, cause severe maternal weight loss, increased fetal resorptions and spontaneous abortions in rabbits; this same herbicide causes liver and bone marrow toxicity in dogs.
Arthropods
A fundamental outcome of herbicide use is dramatic reduction of numbers of insects, in many cases due simply to large scale reduction in host plant organisms; a more basic truism is the reduction in biodiversity as a consequence of the success of vast expanses of "weed free" crops. It is precisely the presence of diverse flora in untreated areas that gives rise to the greatest diversity and abundance of insects. Pollinating insects, including bees, have shown particular vulnerability to herbicide applications. Colony collapse disorder, or the widespread reduction in honeybee populations, are suggested as linked to intensive herbicide use as a causative factor, likely due to the large reduction of forage habitat to honeybees; monocultures produced by effective herbicide use are not suitable for multi-season pollen forage required by honeybees. The LD50 dose of propanil for bee toxicity is 240 micrograms per bee. Even glyphosate is known to be toxic to bees at the level of 0.1 milligram per bee. 2,4-D is highly toxic to bees, with lethality occurring at a dose of eleven micrograms per bee.
Herbicides have toxic effects on aquatic arthropods; for example, trifluorin is toxic to daphnia, a group of small aquatic crustaceans at dosage of one half part per million for the 96 hour LC50. Paraquat has a similar level of toxicity to daphnia, evincing a 96 hour LC50 of 1.2 parts per million.
Plants
Endangered Pimelea spicata: extinction
threatened by glyphosate. Source: Peter Halasz
Since most herbicides are notably non-selective, there are massive adverse impacts to native vegetation from the broad scale worldwide use of herbicides. Many plant communities are significantly damaged and fragmented, with particular impacts on rare and endangered flora, which have a limited range and limited number of metapopulations. Roadside spraying and aerial application of crop herbicides are particularly responsible for major losses of individual species, as well as habitat area.
Unintended consequences of herbicidal control of invasive plants can cause endangerment or extirpation of entire populations of endangered plants. For example, the endangered shrub, Pimelea spicata, has had entire metapopulations endangered by glyphosate applications intended to eradicate bitou bush.
Human health effects
One of the most widely used herbicides is 2,4-D, which has been classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. One Southeast Asian study with over 3000 subjects showed the rated of birth defects quadrupled with exposure to one parent of the herbicide 2,4,5-T . Paraquat is a well established human toxin, whose lethal ingestion dose may be as low as 1.5 grams; death usually occurs from respiratory or renal failure.
Studies in 2008 found atrazine to increase gene activity linked to abnormal human birth weight when over-expressed in the placenta. Atrazine, the second most common herbicide applied in the USA, also targeted a gene that has been amplified in the uterus of women with unexplained infertility. 2,4-D a common herbicide and 2,4,5-T are implicated in human reproductive failure and miscarriage according to reports in the New York Times. In a Minnesota study of 1537 children, parental exposure to glyphosate was correlated with increased birth defects. Pre-natal exposure to the herbicide nitrofen has produced increased mortality of babies, with noted malformations of cardiac tissue.
A number of herbicides exhibit pronounced carcinogenic effects that pose risks for consumers and farmworkers. For example, epidemiological research shows increased risk of cancer, notably soft-tissue sarcomas and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, in people occupationally exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides. Triazine herbicide exposure has evinced strong correlation with increases in breast cancer incidence.
The herbicide glyphosate is most often applied under the formulation and trade name of Roundup, a substance which produces symtoms of sore throat, abdominal pain and vomiting; however, it is thought that some of these effects are due to the presence of the surfactant polyoxyethyleneamine.
For the herbicide alachlor the EPA has recognized skin and eye irritation; renal, spleen and liver damage risk; and cancer of the lining of nasal cavity and eyelids. The use of alachlor as a herbicide has been banned by the European Union.
Worldwide view
Herbicides are widely used worldwide, with the earliest uses arising in developed countries; application methods typically involve aerial spraying or truck-borne spray rigs. The earliest uses involved many chemicals that are persistent in the environment. In western countries the use of many persistent herbicides toxic to animals have been banned, but many of these substances such as DDT remain in widespread use in China, Brazil, India and many underdeveloped countries.
Herbicides were a cornerstone feature of the so-called green revolution which promised the increase of crop production in the 1970s. Unfortunately the green revolution resulted in unintended consequences of massive ecological damage, extensive herbicide and pesticide soil residues and prdigious loss of topsoils concomitant with the tillage practices associated with these intensive chemical practices. In many world locations, such as the North China Plain, the green revolution actually produced unsustainable peaks in production, such that crop yields have been systematically declining for the last two decades.
In Europe, over 64,000 tonnes of herbicide per annum are applied to agricultural uses, with France and Germany the principal users of herbicides; however, on a land intensity basis, both Belgium and the Netherlands exceed the French and German per hectare application. Triazines are the most common type of herbicides used in Europe, although some european countries began a ban on certain triazines starting in the 1990s.
In North America, triazines are the most commonly used class of herbicide for the USA. However, glyphosate is extremely widely used in the USA as well, with an estimated application of over 100 million pounds per annum.
In Asia, triazines are highly widespread, being the most applied herbicide in China.
Classes of herbicides
There are a large number of chemical compounds in use as herbicides including organic and inorganic molecules.
Organic chemicals
Molecular structure of the herbicide 2,4-D Phenoxycarboxylic acids
This class includes phenoxyacetic acids as well as phenoxypropionic and phenoxybutyric acid herbicides. The most well known chemical of this group is 2,4 D, a rather water soluble phenoxyacetic acid. Also in this group is 2,4,5-T, the main ingredient in Agent Orange, a well known defoliant used in the Vietnam War.
Upon degradation, all phenoxycarboxylic acids undergo hydrolysis and the respective substituted phenols being the chief metabolites, which are deemed persistent in the environment because of the number of chlorine atoms. Phenoxyacetic acids are important plant growth regulators, which disrupt plant protein synthesis and hormone balance.
Benzoates
Salvia reflexa, a species targeted by benzoates.
Source: G.A.Cooper, USDA
This is a relatively recent class of herbicides, only becoming recognized in the 1990s. The most notable element of the class is pyrithiobac, which can control plant species within the genus Amaranthus and other broadleaf herbs such as Salvia reflexa, Senna occidentalis and Sida spinosa.
Benzonitriles
Dichlobenil and some of the hydroxybenzonnitriles are the most widely used benzonitriles. The killing effects of substituted iodine are especially pronounced. Benzonitriles act by photosynthetic inhibition and by interruption of oxidative phosphorylation. The benzonitriles are used chiefly as selective post-emergent chemicals, primarily in grain farming
Benzothiadiazoles
Bentazon, first introduced to commercial use in 1968, is the prime example of this herbicide class. This molecule was advanced for application for cereal crop purposes to combat weed species resistant to 2,4-D. It is specifically utilized for soybeans, maize, wheat, barley and rice farming. Bentazon is a particularly lethal molecule with respect to post-emergent application to compositae, Convolvulaceae, Brassicaceae, Cyperaceae, Amaranthaceae, Solanaceae, Polygonaceae and Ambrosiaceae families.
Triazines
Non-Hodgkins lymphoma is linked to triazine. The chief compounds within this class are chlortriazines and methylthiotriazines. The killing efficacy of triazines increase with the introduction of methoxy, chloro or alkylthiogroups into the molecule. As a class the triazines are diverse with respect to their persistence and selectivity. The chief mechanism of action is inhibition of photosynthesis. Major uses of triazines are in the tropics for corn cultivation. Even though triazines are subject to photodegradation, soil persistence is notable, since all residues do not remain on the surface. Metabolites of the triazines are frequently found in groundwater where the triazines have been applied.
Acetamides
Acetochlor is a prominent example of this herbicide class; it may be used in pre- or post-emergent treatments of most annual grasses and an assortment of broadleaf vegetation. The first chlorinated acetamide to be used was alachlor, which is employed in a range of agricultural applications including soybeans, groundnuts, sorghum, maize and cotton crops. Butachlor is invoked for growing rice as well as sorghum, groundnuts and potatoes.
Aliphatics
Aliphatics such as acrolein have been used since the 1930s, but chiefly in control of aquatic vegetation. Dalapon was developed for use in control of certain perennial grasses, especially for agricultural applications such as sugarcane, coffee, tea and orchard crops.
Ureas and phenylureas
Molecular structure of the herbicide Diuron. Phenylureas such as diuron and monouron were the earliest widely used ureas. Subsequently thiadiazolylureas have been added to the arsenal of urea herbicides; the majority of these chemicals are phenyl substituted. Most of these molecules are absorbed via leaves and roots of the affected plants.
Sulphonylureas are a special class of phenylureas; these chemicals act by inhibition of acetolactate synthesis. This set of herbicides hydrolyzes most swiftly in a low pH environment. These molecules are also absorbed by roots or leaves and are transported via xylem and phloem. The first sulphonylurea introduced to the market wa sulphuron in the year 1981; its use rapidly penetrated into the cereal market.
Aromatic acids
The aromatic acids behave as growth regulators after they are taken up through roots or leaves. Benzoic acid derivatives, and particularly dicamba, are notable herbicides in widespread use. Dicamba is applied in forestry, viticulture and grassland settings. Dicamba is non-selective and kills most broadleaf plants and legumes. Picloram is another widely used aromatic acid, manifesting much higher persistence than dicamba. Some of the aromatic acids have been banned for use as early as 1979 due to acute toxicity.
Carbamates and thiocarbamates
Carbamates are esters of carbanilic acid and are represented by compunds such as asulam and desmedipham. Asulam, first studied in 1965, is applied in post emergent circumstances to sugarcane and orchard crops. It achieves growth stunting and necrosis in targeted plant species. Desmedipham is used in post-emergent applications for sugarbeet growing, and is targeted against annual broadleaf species such as Solanum nigrum. Sonchus arvensis and Ambrosia artemisiifolia. The thiocarbamates are extremely volatile and may evaporate to become air pollutants if not formulated to bond with soil. They are also highly toxic to a broad range of plants; for example, they may deform maize seedlings, unless there is a safener incorporated into the formulation. Furthermore carbamates are generally toxic to key animal species; for example, carbaryl is acutely toxic to earthworms and bees.
Cineoles
An example of this class is cinmethylin, whose efficacy appears to depend upon inhibition of mitosis in meristemic plant parts. This herbicide is targeted on certain annual grasses, broadleaf plants and sedges. Its degradation is inhibited in some rice crops where anaerobic conditions reduce microbial activity.
Cyclohexanediones
This class of herbicides is most effective in targeting annual and perennial grasses. Cycloxidim, an example of this group, kills annual and perennial grasses and does not act on broadleaf species. A surfactant or oil adjuvant is required in formulation for maximum efficacy. Sethoxydim is another member of the cyclohexanedione class, which chemical is used to control annual and perennial grasses for crops such as alfalfa, cotton and sunflowers.
Dinitroanilines
This class of molecules has low water solubility and high volatility; moreover, these chemicals have strong adsorption characteristics to soil particles. Although seed germination is not inhibited, root growth impacts are the major route of action. Benefin is an example compound used in lettuce and tobacco crops to kill such plants as genera Setaria, Digitaria. Brachiaria and Cenchrus.
Diphenyl ethers
This class of herbicides is regarded as chiefly contact application, since they are not effectively translocated by plants. Acifluorfen, an example of this class, is used to kill Brassica kaber, Datura stramonium, Sesbania exaltata and Sorghum halepense. Bifenox is used to control certain broadleaf weeds such as Kochia scoparia and Datura carota.
Imidazolidinones and imidazolinones
The imidazolidinone buthidazole acts against a plethora of broadleaf and grass species including Elytrigia repens and Teraxacum offinale. Imazaquin is an example of the imidazolinone family, which acts on a wide range of broadleaf plants including member of the genera Ipomoea and Euphorbia.
Imines
A chief example of this class is CGA-248757, which is used at above ground control of certain broadleaf species; it has no effect in the root zone. Species killed by this herbicide include Arbutilon theophrasti, and the compound is sufficiently potent that three grams per hectare may be utilized for effective control.
N-Phenylphthallmides
Flumiclorac is a premier example of this herbicide class. Target plants evince severe damage symptoms within 24 hours of application in conditions of intense sunlight. Example weeds that are killed by this chemical are Amaranthus species and Euphorbia maculata.
Nitriles
Bromoxynil is a good example of a nitrile herbicide, with efficacy against a gamut of broad leaved species including Chorispora tenella, Chenopodium album, and Capsella bursa-pastoris. Besides use for rye, triticale, oats, sorghum, maize and wheat, this compound is also used in a wide variety of industrial, rail right-of-way and roadside applications. Dichlobenil is used against certain plants with rhizomal propagation such as Cyperus rotunda, but also for more conventionally rooted species such as Poa annua.
Organic arsenicals
These chemicals are applied in foliar exposures and are considered among the most persistent herbicides; furthermore, they are strongly adsorbed by soils and have a low mobility in all soils except very sandy varieties, where they may offer moderate mobility. Example compounds include cacodylic acid and monosodium methanearsonate.
Organo-chlorines
There are a large variety of organo-chlorines such as DDT. These substances tend to be low in water solubility and accordingly high in biomagnification, making them toxic to many animal species. While these substances are banned for commercial use in the USA and some other western countries, they remain in widespread use in developing countries.
Oxadiazoles and oxydiazolidines
The oxadiazole class is typified by oxadiazon, a chemical used in agricultural applications for tea, banana, rubber, onion, garlic, potato and rice. This herbicide is most often used against bulb, rhizome and other deep rooted species, including Cynodon dactylon and Lollium perenne; it is also applied for killing of a variety of genus Urtica taxa. When used a post-emergent, oxadiazon is only effective in the very early growth stage of the target species. Methazole is a representative of the oxydiazolidines, and is used for a range of annual and perennial weeds for diverse crops such as grapes, oats, maize, wheat and soybeans.
Phenols
The first organic herbicide used commercially was a phenolic molecule, introduced in 1932. While that particular cresol is no longer in broad usage, modern cousins are quite widely applied. For example, dinoseb, the most toxic of the substituted dintrophenols, is employed in bean, pea and potato crops.
Phenylpyridazines
Pyridate, an example of the phenylpyridazines, is used in agricultural settings which produce onions, rapeseed, alfalfa and grapes. Usage of this compound started in farms in the year 1974. Initial damage to plants is noted by withering at leaf edges within one day, and the death is complete after four to nine more days.
Phenyl Triazinones
Sulfentrazone is one of the newer herbicides, appearing only in the year 1991. Sida spinosa, Cucumis melo and Cassia occidentalis are target species for killing. By adding a surfactant to the formulation, sulfentrazone can also be applied for control of cyperus esculentus.
Phthalamates
Naptalam can be applied either in pre- or post-emergent methods attacking broadleaf species such as Xanthium strumarium and certain annual grasses such as Setaria faberi. This herbicide is specifically used for cucumber, watermelon, and other melon crops. Targeted weeds experience a pronounced antigeotrophic syndrome, where roots fail to achieve the customary downward curvature.
Phosphonic acid derivatives
By far the most widely used chemical in this class is glyphosate, whose mode of killing is inhibition of an enzyme involved in the synthesis of the amino acids tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine. It is absorbed through leaves and transported to growing points. Because of this route of action, flyphosate is effective only on actively growing plants, and not useful as a preemergent. gluphosinate is widely lethal to a wide range of plants and is suitable only for use for certain crops which have been genetically engineered.
Pyrazollums
Difenzoquat can be viewed as an example of the pyrazollum class. This herbicide is employed in post-emergent applications to control wild oats; its efficacy is enhanced by formulation with a non-ionic surfactant. The pathology of treated plants follows a course of chlorotic symtoms to meristems, followed by necrosis.
Pyridazinones and pyridinones
The pyridazinones typically attack the photsynthetic function, with a noticable whitening of leaf vein tissue. Norflurizon is an example compound in this class of fluorinated organics. This pre-emergent chemical is used to kill a number of plant species including the grasses Eleusine indica and Panicum dichotomiflorum, as well as broadleaf taxa such as Cirsium arvense and species within the genus Portulaca. Fluridone was developed as an aquatic herbicide for application on the water surface or benthic environment; the kill is effective for members of the genera Najas, Elodea, Potamageton and Utricularia.
Pyridines and related nitrogenous compounds
Pyrichlor is a notable pyridine herbicide whose uses include roadside and industrial land uses. Thiazophyr is another widely used compound in this class, whose uses include a number of agricultural applications such as soybeans, cotton, vineyards, peanuts and certain fruit crops. Paraquat and diquat are other widely applied herbicides in this class; both are effective applied on above ground plant parts and are fast acting.
Quinollinecaroxylic acids
Quinclorac is an auxin type herbicide that is chiefly deployed in both transplanted rice seedlings and direct seeded rice farming. It is effective against species such as convolvulus arvensis and Echinocloa crus-galli. Quinclorac is a persistent chemical in the soil environment, containing potentially damaging levels of phytotoxins to any future crops rotated into the treated zone at least a year from application.
Tetrahydropyrimidinones
These compounds are expected to be most useful in controlling a broad range of monocots, dicots and sedges in protecting rice crops. Their bleaching action is similar to fluoride compounds in the pyridazinone class. Specific species killed by include Scirpus juncoides, Cyperus difformis, Monochoria vaginalis, Cyperus serotinus and Eleocharis acicularis.
Triazinones
Metribuzin, as an example of the triazinone class, is highly toxic to many broadleaf annuals including Datura stramonium and members of the genus Brassica.
Triazoles
The triazoles exert plant killing by bleaching action exerted on leaves and shoots. Amitrole is a prominent representative of this class, and causes particular damage to meristems.
Triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilides
Flumetsulam is a prime representative of this herbicide class, and it exhibits damage mechanisms of chlorosis similar to other fluorine bearing herbicides. Most of the weed species that are acted upon by flumetsam are broadleaved plants and not grasses.
Uracils
Substituted uracils have been known to demonstrate herbicidal action for almost five decades. Prominent examples of this class are terbicil and bromacil. The lithium salts of bromacil are utilized in citrus and pineapple farming applications; this formulation is also used in brush control, and in control of individual broadleaf species such as Tribulus terrestris.
Inorganic chemicals
Sodium compounds
The earliest known use of herbicides was in 146 BC, when the Romans sterilized agricultural lands of Carthage using sodium chloride. Between 1896 and the 1930s a variety of sodium salts came into usage including sodium chlorate, sodium arsenite, sodium nitrite, sodium metaborate and sodium tetraborate; none of these remain in systematic use in modern times.
Heavy metal sulphates
Arriving in the marketplace at a similar timeframe of the early 1900s copper and ferrous sulfates were used until the dominance of organic compounds arose in the 1940s.
Low biological impact methods
In the past several decades there is emerging interest in reducing the widespread ecological impacts of chemicals of historic herbicide usage. Thus some research has focussed upon formulations that avoid acute toxicity to organisms, especially non-target species. An example of such a herbicide is corn meal gluten, which has virtually no toxicity, but acts by inhibiting seed germination in certain plant species.
References
• Nora Benachour, Séralini Gilles-Eric. 2008. Glyphosate Formulations Induce Apoptosis and Necrosis in Human Umbilical, Embryonic, and Placental Cells. Chemical Research in Toxicology, volume 22, issue 1
• Martin Jekel and Thorsten Reemtsma. 2006. Organic pollutants in the water cycle: properties, occurrence, analysis and environmental relevance of polar compounds. Wiley-VCH. 350 pages
• World Health Organisation. 1987. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: An updating of IARC Monographs volumes 1 to 42. Supplement 7, WHO, Lyon, France
• A.Santos and M.Flores. 1995. Effects of glyphosate on nitrogen fixation of free-living heterotrophic bacteria. Letters in Applied Microbiology 20 (6)
• V.S.Rao and Vallurupalli Sivaji Rao. 2000. Principles of weed science. Science Publishers. 555 pages
• Michael J. Lannoo. 2005. Amphibian declines: the conservation status of United States species. University of California Press. 1094 pages
• Raj Grover and Allan Cessna. 1991. Environmental chemistry of herbicides, Volume 2. CRC Press. 312 pages
• Wilhelm Schauml, Hugo Kulow and Kurt Schreckenbach. 1992. Fish diseases, Volume 2. Taylor & Francis. 164 pages
• Daniel Schlenk. 2001. Target Organ Toxicity in Marine and Freshwater Teleosts: Organs. CRC Press. 382 pages
• Michael Begon and Alastair H. Fitter. 1995. Advances in Ecological Research, Volume 26. Academic Press. 404 pages
• New York Times. May 8, 1970. [Report of Globe, Arizona herbicide spraying and miscarriages]
• Wil D. Verwey. 1977. Riot control agents and herbicides in war: their humanitarian, toxicological, ecological, military, polemological, and legal aspects. BRILL Publishing. 377 pages
• Donald Tillitt, Diana Papoulias, Jeffrey Whyte and Catherine Richter. 2010. Atrazine Reduces Reproduction in Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas), U.S. Geological Survey. J.Aquatic Toxicology.
• Ian Newton and Keith Brockie. 1998. Population limitation in birds. Academic Press. 594 pages
• M.K.Kettles, S.R.Browning, T.S.Prince, and S.W.Horstman. 1997. Triazine herbicide exposure and breast cancer incidence: an ecologic study of Kentucky counties. Environ Health Perspect. 105(11): 1222–1227.
• Michelle Frey. 2000. Occurrence of Herbicides/Pesticides in Drinking Water. American Water Works Association. 119 pages
• Tyrone Hayes, Kelly Haston, Mable Tsui, Anhthu Hoang, Cathryn Haeffele, and Aaron Vonk. 2003. Atrazine-Induced Hermaphroditism at 0.1 ppb in American Leopard Frogs. Environmental Health Perspectives 111: 568
• R.Saracci, M.Kogevinas, R.Winkelmann. 1991. Cancer mortality in workers exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols. Elsevier
• Erik Paredis, Gert Goeminne, Wouter Vanhove and Frank Maes. 2009. The Concept of Ecological Debt: Its Meaning and Applicability in International Policy. Academia Press. 288 pages
• D.A.Wardlea, K.S.Nicholsona, K.I.Bonner and G.W.Yeates. 1999. Effects of agricultural intensification on soil-associated arthropod population dynamics, community structure, diversity and temporal variability over a seven-year period. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. Volume 31, Issue 12, pages 1691-1706
Citation
C Michael Hogan (Lead Author);Sidney Draggan Ph.D. (Topic Editor) "Herbicide". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth October 25, 2010; Last revised Date April 29, 2013; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Herbicide?topic=49494>
The Author
Standing within a gentoo penguin colony on King George Island, Antarctica, Dr. C. Michael Hogan served a term as Editor in-Chief of the Encyclopedia of Earth which ended in 2012. In addition to authoring a number of papers for the Encyclopedia of Earth, he is a physicist who has published over 1220 peer reviewed articles in other journals and government monographs in the fields of molecular biology, quantum spinwaves, atmospheric physics, biogeochemistry, hydrological modeling, species populat ... (Full Bio)
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Patrick County, VirginiaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States Virginia Patrick County
Guide to Patrick County Virginia genealogy. Birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, family history, immigration records, and military records.
Virginia
Online Records
Patrick County, Virginia
Map
Location in the state of Virginia
Location of Virginia in the U.S.
Facts
Founded 1790
County Seat Stuart
Courthouse
Contents
Patrick County, Virginia Courthouse
Patrick County Courthouse
101 Blue Ridge Street
P O Box 148
Stuart, Virginia 24171-0148
Phone: 540-694-73213
Clerk Circuit Court has birth, and death records 1853-1896
marriage, divorce, probate and land records from 1791[1]
Beginning Dates for Patrick County, Virginia Government Records
Birth Marriage Death Census Land Probate
1853 1791 1853 1820 1791 1791
Patrick County, Virginia History
Governor Patrick Henry (1736-1799)
The county was named after Virginia Governor Patrick Henry (1736-1799).
Parent County
1790--Patrick County was created 26 November 1790 from Henry County.
County seat: Stuart [2]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
• Lost censuses: 1790, 1800, 1810, 1890
Patrick County, Virginia Places/Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Patrick County, Virginia Genealogy Resources
Vapatrick.jpg
African American
Bible Records
Images of the Virginia Historical Society's family Bible collection have been digitized:
Additional Bible records include:
Cemeteries
• Baughan, Mrs. Charles C. "Hylton Family Cemetery, Patrick County, Virginia," [and family notes] The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 21, No. 3 (Jul.-Sep. 1977):172-174. Available at American Ancestors ($).
Census
Historical populations
Census Pop. %±
1800 4,331
1810 4,695 8.4%
1820 5,089 8.4%
1830 7,395 45.3%
1840 8,032 8.6%
1850 9,609 19.6%
1860 9,359 −2.6%
1870 10,161 8.6%
1880 12,833 26.3%
1890 14,147 10.2%
1900 15,403 8.9%
1910 17,195 11.6%
1920 16,850 −2.0%
1930 15,787 −6.3%
1940 16,613 5.2%
1950 15,642 −5.8%
1960 15,282 −2.3%
1970 15,282 0.0%
1980 17,647 15.5%
1990 17,473 −1.0%
2000 19,407 11.1%
Source: "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau.
For tips on accessing Patrick County, Virginia census records online, see: Virginia Census.
1790 - Lost, but a substitute is available, see Taxation.
1800 - Lost, but a substitute is available, see Taxation.
1810 - Lost, but a substitute is available, see Taxation.
1840
• Douthat, James L. 1840 Mountain Empire of Virginia Census. Signal Mountain, Tenn.: Mountain Press, 2001. FHL Collection 975.5 X2d 1840. Free online surname index and purchase details at Mountain Press website. [Includes Patrick County.]
1890 Union Veterans
Church Records
Baptist
Early Baptist churches (with years constituted):
1. Jack's Creek (1804)[3]
2. Smith's River[3] is discussed in Virginia Appalachian Notes, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Aug. 1986): FHL Book 975.5 D25v v. 10 (1986).
Patrick County fell within the bounds of the Strawberry Association.
Quaker
Early monthly meetings (with years of existence):
• Blue Ridge Mission (1883-1916) aka Broadway[4]
Genealogy
More than 50 genealogies have been published about Patrick County families. To view a list, visit Patrick County, Virginia Genealogy.
Land and Property
Local Histories
Maps
Migration
• Elliott, Katherine B. Emigration to Other States from Southside Virginia. 2 vols. South Hill, Virginia: K.B. Elliott, 1966. Vol. 1 of original edition available at FHL; 1983 reprints (both volumes) available at FHL; 1990-1992 reprints (both volumes) also available at FHL. [Includes individuals who migrated out of Patrick County to other parts of the country.]
Military
Revolutionary War
• A Census of Pensioners for Revolutionary or Military Services: With their Names, Ages, and Places of Residence, as Returned by the Marshalls of the Several Judicial Districts, Under the Act for Taking the Sixth Census]. 1841. Digital versions at U.S. Census Bureau and Google Books et. al. 1967 reprint: FHL Collection 973 X2pc 1840. [See Virginia, Eastern District, Patrick County on page 132.]
• Rejected or Suspended Applications for Revolutionary War Pensions. Washington, D.C., 1852. Reprinted by Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1969, and 1991. Reprints include "an Added Index to States." FHL Collection 973 M24ur; digital version at Ancestry ($). [Includes veterans from this county; Virginia section begins on page 238.]
War of 1812
Patrick County men served in the 18th Regiment.[5]
• List of Pensioners on the Roll, January 1, 1883; Giving the Name of Each Pensioner, the Cause for Why Pensioned, the Post-Office Address, the Rate of Pension Per Month, and the Date of Original Allowance... Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1883. FHL Collection 973 M2Lp v. 5; digital versions at Google Books and Internet Archive. [See Vol. 5, Virginia, Patrick County, p. 97. Identifies War of 1812 veterans living in this county in 1883.]
Civil War
Regiments. Service men in Patrick County, Virginia served in various regiments. Men often joined a company (within a regiment) that originated in their county. Listed below are companies that were specifically formed in Patrick County, Virginia:
• Information about the Companies that served from Patrick County can be found at:
(1) FHL book 975.5695 H2h titled History of Patrick County, Virginia, pages 97-164
(2) FHL book 975.5 M2vr v. 29 titled A Guide to Virginia Military Organizations 1861-1865
- 4th Regiment, Virginia State Line (Cavalry and Infantry) (Confederate). Company H.[6]
- 5th Battalion, Virginia Reserves (Confederate)[7]
- 6th Regiment, Virginia Infantry (Confederate)[8]
- 12th Regiment, Virginia Infantry (Confederate)
- 21st Regiment, Virginia Cavalry (Confederate). Company G 2nd.[9]
- 24th Regiment, Virginia Cavalry (Confederate). Company H.[10]
- 24th Regiment, Virginia Infantry (Confederate). Company I.[11]
- 29th Regiment, Virginia Infantry (Confederate). Company E.[12]
- 42nd Regiment, Virginia Infantry (Confederate). Company H (Patrick Henry Volunteers).[13]
- 50th Regiment, Virginia Infantry (Confederate). Company H (Wise Yankee Catchers) and Company K (Patrick Boys).[14]
- 51st Regiment, Virginia Infantry (Confederate).[15]
- 58th Regiment, Virginia Infantry (Confederate). Company H (Patrick Grays).[16]
- The Orange Artillery (Confederate)
Records and histories are available, including:
Naturalization
Newspapers
The Virginia Newspapers Project identifies local Patrick County, Virginia newspapers.
Professor Tom Costa and The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia have created a database of all runaway advertisements for slaves, indentured servants, transported convicts, and ship deserters listed in the Virginia Gazette and other Virginia newspapers (1736-1803), see: The Geography of Slavery in Virginia.
Private Papers
Virginia, Historical Society Papers, 1607-2007
Probate Records
A free index to Patrick County, Virginia wills and administrations (1791-1800) is available at the <a href="http://lva1.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/F/?func=file&file_name=find-b-clas08&local_base=CLAS08">Library of Virginia</a> website.
Taxation
How can Virginia tax lists help me?
• [1791-1799] Land Tax, 1791-1799, Magazine of Virginia Genealogy, Vol. 24, No. 2 (May 1986); Vol. 24, No. 3 (Aug 1986).
• [1791] Baughan, Barbara C. and Betty A. Pilson. Miscellaneous Records of Patrick County, Virginia. Westminster, Md.: Willow Bend Books, 1999. FHL 975.5695 P28ba [Includes 1791 land tax.]
• [1791-1814] Heinegg, Paul. "Patrick County Personal Property Tax List, 1791-1814," Free African Americans.com. [Heinegg abstracted free blacks listed in these records.]
• [1800] County Tax List, 1800, Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr. 2004).
• [1810] Schreiner-Yates, Netti. A Supplement to the 1810 Census of Virginia: Tax Lists of the Counties for which the Census is Missing. Springfield, Va.: Genealogical Books in Print, 1971. Available at FHL. [The source for this publication is the 1810 personal property tax list. Patrick County is included because the 1810 Census for that county has been destroyed.]
• [1810] Tax List, 1810, Southwest Virginian. Norton VA: Dec 1980. Vol. 3 Iss. 18.
• [1815] Ward, Roger D. 1815 Directory of Virginia Landowners (and Gazetteer). 6 vols. Athens, Georgia: Iberian Pub. Co., 1997-2000. Available at FHL. [The source for this publication is the 1815 land tax. Patrick County is included in Vol. 2.]
Vital Records
Indexes to Patrick County, Virginia births, marriages, and deaths are available online. These collections are incomplete, but are easy to search. Courtesy: FamilySearch - free.
Birth
• 1853-1896 - Patrick County Birth Index 1853-1896. Batch C868645 at FamilySearch - free.[17]
Marriage
• 1791-1912 - Patrick County Marriage Index 1791-1812. Batch M868644 at FamilySearch - free.[17]
Death
Patrick County, Virginia deaths are included in the Library of Virginia's Death Index of Virginia, 1853-1896, sponsored by The Virginia Genealogical Society, available online - free.
• 1853-1870 - Patrick County Death Index 1853-1870. Batch B868645 at FamilySearch - free.[17]
Vital Record Substitutes
The Virginia Historical Society's Marriage and Obituary Index, 1736-1820 (newspaper abstracts) is available for free online. Images of the original index cards are browseable, arranged alphabetically by surname.
Patrick County, Virginia Genealogy Societies and Libraries
• Bassett Historical Center, Bassett, Virginia. Website includes collection description. Excellent resource for family history research in Henry, Patrick, Floyd, Franklin and Pittsylvania counties in Virginia, the city of Martinsville, Virginia, and Rockingham, Stokes and Surry counties in North Carolina.[18]
Patrick County, Virginia Genealogy Websites
References
1. Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Patrick County, Virginia. Page 718 At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.
2. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
3. 3.0 3.1 Robert Baylor Semple and George William Beale, A History of the Rise and Progress of the Baptists in Virginia (Pitt and Dickinson, 1894), 338-339. Digital version at Google Books.
4. Jay Worrall, The Friendly Virginians: America's First Quakers (Athens, Ga.: Iberian Publishing Company, 1994), 537-539. FHL Book 975.5 K2wj.
5. Stuart Lee Butler, A Guide to Virginia Militia Units in the War of 1812 (Athens, Ga.: Iberian Pub. Co., 1988), 166. FHL Book 975.5 M2bs.
6. The Virginia State Line: Organizational Structure of the Virginia State Line, Ranger95.com, accessed 11 June 2012.
7. Patrick County Historical Society, History of Patrick County, Virginia (Stuart, Va.: Patrick County Historical Society, 1999). FHL Book 975.5695 H2h.
8. Michael A. Cavanaugh, 6th Virginia Infantry (Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, 1988). FHL Book 975.5 M2vr v. 43.
9. John E. Olson, 21st Virginia Cavalry (Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, c1989). FHL Book 975.5 M2vr v. 57.
10. Darryl Holland, 24th Virginia Cavalry (Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, 1997). FHL Book 975.5 M2vr v. 128.
11. Ralph White Gunn, 24th Virginia Infantry (Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, 1987). FHL Book 975.5 M2vr v. 34.
12. John Perry Alderman, 29th Virginia Infantry (Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, 1989). FHL Book 975.5 M2vr v. 53.
13. John Chapla, 42nd Virginia Infantry (Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, 1983). FHL Book 975.5 M2vr v. 5.
14. John C. Chapla, 50th Virginia Infantry (Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, 1997). FHL Book 975.5 M2vr v. 129.
15. History of Patrick County, Virginia (Stuart, Va.: Patrick County Historical Society, 1999), 100-101. FHL Book 975.5695 H2h.
16. Robert J. Driver, Jr. 58th Virginia Infantry (Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, 1990). FHL Book 975.5 M2vr v. 68.
17. 17.0 17.1 17.2 Genealogical Society of Utah, Parish and Vital Records List (July 1998). Microfiche. Digital version at https://www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/images/3/37/Igivirginia.pdf.
18. Alice J. Sweeney, "Bassett Historical Center," The Virginia Genealogical Society Newsletter, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Aug. 2002):1-3, available online at: http://www.vgs.org/vgsn2804.pdf.
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Monterey County, CaliforniaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 14:55, 29 March 2012 by Cgmills (Talk | contribs)
United States > California > Monterey County
Contents
Historical Facts
Wikipedia has more about this subject: Monterey County, California
Parent County
18 February 1850: Monterey County was created as an original county. County seat: Salinas [1]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
Places/Localities
Populated Places
Aromas
Big Sur
Boronda
Bradley
Carmel
Carmel Highlands
Carmel Valley Village
Castroville
Chualar
Del Rey Oaks
Fort Hunter Liggett
Fort Ord
Gilroy
Gonzales
Greenfield
Jolon
Lockwood
Lucia
King City
Gorda
Marina
Monterey
Pacific Grove
Pajaro
Parkfield
Pebble Beach
Prunedale
Salinas
San Ardo
San Benancio
San Lucas
Sand City
Seaside
Soledad
Spreckels
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Bible Records
Biography
Cemeteries
CASTROVILLE
Castroville Public Cemetery District
8442 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039
List of Burials - Contributed by Jodi Brewster (belukha6@yahoo.com) 5 Aug 2003 Updated 10 Jun 2003
http://files.usgwarchives.net/ca/monterey/cemeteries/castroville-dates.txt
EL CARMETO
Pacific Grove
BillionGraves
FORT ORD
Whitcher Family Cemetery
Monterey County Herald, CA June 6, 1999
Final resting place far from today’s uproars by Mary Barker
GONZALES
Gonzales Cemetery District
Highway 1 & S. Alto St., Gonzales, CA 93926
KING CITY
King City District Cemetery
1010 Broadway Street, King City, CA 93930
Place to document burials
http://cagenweb.com/montereybbs/viewforum.php?f=34
MONTEREY
Cementerio El Encinal and Monterey City Cemetery
Fremont at Camino Aguajito, Del Rey Oaks, CA 93940
http://www.monterey.org/cemetery/
list of burials http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~westroot/cemetery/encinal.html
Mission Memorial Park
1915 Ord Grove Avenue, Sand City, CA 93955
Presidio of Monterey Cemetery, Presidio of Monterey
The Presidio of Monterey is located in the City of Monterey. It is an “Active Post” and it is closed to the public. The cemetery is located within the Presidio and is classified as “Inactive”, that is, all of the gravesites have been used or reserved prior to 1 May 1975 per Army Regulation 210-190. ACCESS TO THE PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY IS LIMITED TO ACTIVE MILITARY, RETIRED MILITARY, EMPLOYEES, AND SPONSORED GUESTS.
Information page http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~westroot/cemetery/rpc.html
References:
1. Presidio of Monterey, Monterey, Monterey County, CA by David Johnson, 4 Aug, 2005 (Part of California Tombstone Project)
http://www.rootsweb.com/~cemetery/california/californ.html
2. Monterey County Herald, CA May 30, 2010
Event re-dedicates Presidio of Monterey Cemetery
Royal Presidio Chapel de San Carlos de Borromeo, Monterey, California
Information page
http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~westroot/cemetery/rpc.html
San Carlos Catholic Cemetery
792 Fremont Street, Del Rey Oaks, CA 93940
Place to document burials
http://cagenweb.com/montereybbs/viewforum.php?f=32
PACIFIC GROVE
El Carmelo Cemetery and the Little Chapel by-the-Sea
Asilomar Blvd, Pacific Grove, CA 93950
List of Burials - Contributed by: Kristina Magill <kam1242@attbi.com> 24 Sep 2002
http://files.usgwarchives.net/ca/monterey/cemeteries/elcarmelo-ac.txt
Old list of burials, Updated 24 Sep. 2004
http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~westroot/cemetery/elcaf.html
Full obits of burials – compiled by Mary S. Taylor, ongoing
http://cagenweb.com/montereybbs/viewforum.php?f=9
List of burials compiled from diverse sources – compiled by Mary S. Taylor
http://cagenweb.com/montereybbs/viewforum.php?f=33
References:
1 Carmel Pine Cone, CA Dec. 16, 2010
P.G. Cemetery costs skyrocket
2. Cedar Street Times, Pacific Grove, CA Aug. 28, 2010
Darlene Billstrom is back in charge
3. Cedar Street Times, Pacific Grove, CA Aug. 28, 2010
El Carmelo Cemetery: Keeping it neat for the ages
4. Pacific Grove Hometown Bulletin, CA Jan. 18, 2006 p12
Board and Batten, Pacific Grove Heritage Society
El Carmelo Cemetery
(From the Dec 89/Jan 1990 Newsletter of the Pacific Grove Heritage Society.)
5. Carmel Pine Cone, CA March 9, 2005
Last Hometown adds 800 eternal bunk beds
By KIRSTIE WILDE
6. Monterey Peninsula Herald, CA Jan. 5, 1963
New Partner in P.G. Mortuary
7. Monterey Peninsula Herald, CA May 29, 1947 p2
El Carmelo Cemetery Entrance Changed
8. Pacific Grove Tribune, CA June 1, 1945
El Carmelo Cemetery Transferred
Mutual Agreement Made By Cemetery Board And City
PRUNEDALE
Queen of Heaven Cemetery & Mausoleum
18200 Damian Way, Prunedale, CA 93907
SALINAS
Garden of Memories Memorial Park (I.O.O.F.)
768 Abbot St., Salinas, CA 93901
List of Burials - Submitted by Val Hoover 26 Jul 2005
http://files.usgwarchives.net/ca/monterey/cemeteries/garden-of-memories.txt
Place to document burials
http://cagenweb.com/montereybbs/viewforum.php?f=31
Yamat Cemetery
1165 Abbott Street, Salinas, CA 93905
Healey Mortuary and Crematory
405 N. Sanborn Road, Salinas, CA 93905
Old Calvary Catholic Cemetery
Salinas, Monterey County, CA
Index of Burials - Submitted by Val Hoover 26 Jul 2005
http://files.usgwarchives.net/ca/monterey/cemeteries/old-cavalry-catholic.txt
SAN LUCAS
San Lucas Cemetery
Monterey County, CA
List of Burials - Submitted by Betsy Wood 15 Jan 2007
http://files.usgwarchives.net/ca/monterey/cemeteries/san-lucas.txt
SOLEDAD
Soledad Cemetery District
1711 Metz Road, Soledad, CA 93960
MONTEREY COUNTY
Sands Cemetery, Monterey County, CA
All Markers in the Sands Cemetery were wooden and burned one summer when a fire swept through the area. There are some more recent stones in the Sands Cemetery but for the “old wooden markers” we only have word of mouth as to who is buried there & their approximate dates.
List of Burials - Submitted by Betsy Wood 13 Jan 2007
http://files.usgwarchives.net/ca/monterey/cemeteries/sands.txt
Pleyto (Pleito) Cemetery, Carmel Valley, Monterey County, CA
Pleyto or Pleito Cemetery was moved when the San Antonio Dam was built in 1967 and today it is called Cemetery Cove. (Part of CA Tombstone Project)
List of burials Submitted by Betsy Wood 13 Jan 2007
http://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/ca/monterey/cemeteries/pleyto.txt
http://cagenweb.com/monterey/cempleyto.html
Census
Church History and Records
LDS Ward and Branch Records
• Monterey
• Pacific Grove
• Salinas
Court Records
Superior Court of California – County of Monterey
Case Lookup – Index
https://www.justicepartners.monterey.courts.ca.gov/Public/JPPublicIndex.aspx
Probate Notes
http://www.monterey.courts.ca.gov/Probate/ProbateNote.aspx
Probate/Guardianship. Conservatorship Case Fillings
http://www.monterey.courts.ca.gov/Probate/
http://www.monterey.courts.ca.gov/Documents/Administration/Access-to-Administrative-and-Court-Records.pdf
Requesting Court Case File and Adjudicative Records (divorce, criminal, complaints, judgments, traffic tickets, case information) Mostly available at the clerk’s office at the court location where record was originally filed. Requests to inspect and copy case file and other adjudicative records prepared for or filed or used in a court proceeding may be made at the courthouse where they are filed. There is a copying fee of $0.50 per page, which must be paid in advance. Please direct requests for access to administrative records maintained by the Monterey County Superior Court to:
PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE Superior Court of California
County of Monterey 240 Church Street
Salinas, CA 93901
Phone: (831) 775-5400 x3020
Fax: (831) 775-5499
Mediainfo@monterey.courts.ca.gov
Crime and Criminals
Directories
Ethnic, Political, or Religious Groups
Germans
Gazetteers
Genealogy
History
Land and Property
Maps
Migration
Military History and Records
Naturalization and Citizenship
Newspapers
(note: some of these dates may be off due to incomplete holdings lists and variations in titles of the newspapers)
BIG SUR
Big Sur Gazette (1978-1981)
CARMEL and CARMEL VALLEY
Carmel Californian (1936-1937)
Carmel Cottager (1934)
Carmel Cymbal (1926-1941)
Carmel Cymbal and Masten’s Gazette (1941-1942)
Carmel, Pebble Beach, Carmel Valley Spectator (1949)
Carmel Pine Cone (1915-present)
Carmel Pine Cone and Carmel Valley Outlook (1981-1993)
Carmel Pine Cone Cymbal (1942-1962)
Carmel Spectator (1949-1955)
Carmel Sun (1992-1994)
Carmel Valley News (1951-1955)
Carmel Valley Sun (1983-1990)
Carmel Valley Outlook (1979-1981)
Carmel Valley Weekly Sun (1990-1993)
Carmel Village Daily (1933)
Masten’s Gazette (1941)
Paisano (1948)
Peninsula Spectator (1959)
Spectator (1949-1950)
CASTROVILLE and MOSS LANDING
Castroville News (1936-1942)
Castroville Times (1950-1952)
Castroville Times Journal (1950)
Castroville Times and Moss Landing Harbor News (1952-1975)
North County News (1975-1982)
FORT ORD
Fort Ord Panorama (1980-1982)
GONZALES
Gonzales Tribune (1956-1991)
GREENFIELD
Greenfield News (1952-1991)
KING CITY
King City Rustler (1901-1997)
Rustler and King City Herald (1961-1964)
Semi Weekly Rustler (1936-1937)
MARINA
Marina Tribune (1981-1982)
Marina Weekly Tribune (1979)
MONTEREY
Army News (1904)
At Ease (1990)
Monterey American (1913-1916)
Monterey Argus (1887-1888)
Monterey Bay Labor News 1955-1985
Monterey Bay News (1947-1950)
Monterey Bay and Pacific Grove/Pebble Beach Tribune (1985)
Monterey Bay Tribune (1985-1987)
Monterey County Herald (1992-present)
Monterey County Journal (1864)
Monterey County Post (1929-1933)
Monterey Daily Cypress 1889-1922)
Monterey Democrat (1868-1889)
Monterey Enterprise (?)
Monterey Evening Herald (1909-1910)
Monterey Gazette (1863-1868)
Monterey Herald (1986-1992)
Monterey Labor News (1937)
Monterey New Era (1890-1909)
Monterey News Daily and Monterey Trader (1940)
Monterey Peninsula Herald (1929-1992)
Monterey Sentinel (1855-1856)
Monterey Trader (1933-1951)
Monterey Union (1862)
Montereyan (1951-1955)
Peninsula Advocate (1910-1911)
Peninsula Daily Herald (1927-1929)
Peninsula Daily Herald and Monterey Daily Cypress and Monterey American (1923-1927)
Peninsula Merchants’ Semi-Monthly Bulletin (1915-1916)
PACIFIC GROVE
Pacific Grove Beacon (1994-1995)
Pacific Grove Daily Review (1892-1926)
Pacific Grove Monarch (1987-1992)
Pacific Grove News (1916)
Pacific Grove/Pebble Beach Tribune (1976-1984)
Pacific Grove Progress (1916)
Pacific Grove Review (1888-1912)
Pacific Grove Tide (1936-1943)
Pacific Grove Tribune (1943-1951, 1984-1985)
Pacific Grove Weekly Tribune (1978-1979)
Peninsula Pelican (1925)
Peninsular Review and Pacific Grove Daily Review (1926-1932)
SALINAS
Monterey County Labor News (1942-1954)
Monterey County Post (1929-1933)
North Monterey County Fortnighter (1983-1989)
Owl (1894)
Salinas Californian (1942-present)
Salinas Daily Index (1894-1928)
Salinas Daily Journal (1889-1897)
Salinas Daily Post and Monterey County Post (1933-1942)
Salinas Democrat (1889-1896)
Salinas Index (1895-1904)
Salinas Index Journal (1928-1942)
Salinas Index Weekly (1873-1925)
Salinas Labor News (1937-1942)
Salinas Morning Post (1936-1942)
Salinas Standard (1869-1872)
Salinas Valley Rustler (1906-1923)
Salinas Valley Settler (1889)
Salinas Village Crier (1942)
Salinas Weekly Index (1883-1895)
Salinas Weekly Journal (1867-1915
SEASIDE
Free Weekly Sentinel (1987)
Right-On Post (1970)
Seaside News Sentinel (1950-1970)
Seaside Post (1969-1970)
Seaside Post News Sentinel (1970-1988)
Seaside Post Sentinel (1970)
Seaside Sentinel (1988-1996)
Seaside Weekly Sentinel (1987-1988)
SPRECKELS
Spreckles Courier (1909-1914)
WATSONVILLE
Watsonville Rustler (1888-1897)
References:
1. “Californian.” In the California Weekly, vol. 1, August 27, 1909, p629.
2. “Californian.” In the Grizzly Bear, vol. 2, Feb. 1908 p23
3. Denny, Melcena Burns. “California’s First newspaper Printed without a Letter ‘W’ on Flimsy Cigarette Paper.” In Montana, the Magazine of Western History, vol. 15, no. 4, October 1965 p29-41.
4. Dethlefs, Helen. “First California Newspaper Founded 100 Years Ago, August 15, 1846.” In California Publisher, August 1946, p11.
5. “First newspaper in California.” In The Pony Express, September 1946 p2.
6. Harding, Geroge L. “The Origin of California’s First printing Press.” In Book Club of California, Quarterly news-letter 2:5-8, June 1934.
7. “The Salinas Californian; Newspaper’s Growth Tied to a Dream.” In California Publisher, Vol. 1, Nos 2 & 3, Nov-Dec 1971, p34-35.
8. “Newspaper Holdings of the California State Library” compiled by Marianne Leach
On-line
• Carmel Pine Cone, Carmel http://www.pineconearchive.com/
• Monterey County Herald, Monterey http://www.montereyherald.com/news
• Monterey County Weekly, Monterey http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/
• Monterey County News Topix http://www.topix.com/county/monterey-ca
• Cedar Street Times, Pacific Grove http://www.cedarstreettimes.com/
• Pacific Grove Hometown Bulletin http://www.pgbulletin.com/archives.php
• King City Rustler http://www.kingcityrustler.com/v2_main_page.php
• Salinas Californian http://www.thecalifornian.com/apps/pbcs.dll/frontpage
• South County News – Gonzales, Greenfield, King City, Soledad http://southcounty.kionrightnow.com/
Obituaries
Periodicals
Probate Records
Repositories
Archives, Libraries and Museums
County Courthouse
Monterey Courthouse, 1200 Aguajito Rd, Monterey, CA 93940; (831) 647-5800
History - Monterey County Courthouse Completed 1878
http://www.monterey.courts.ca.gov/General_Information/History.aspx
The military and social capital of Alta California during Spanish and Mexican rule, the town of Monterey naturally became the county seat when the 27 original counties were formed in, 1850. But when it was learned that the railroad was to go through the valley and not along the coast, the government center was moved to Salinas. After the house used as a courthouse burned, this much larger brick Victorian building was commissioned. The courthouse remained in use while the current one was being constructed around it, and then was demolished. Today a courtyard, lily pond, and commemorative sculpture occupy the site.
Marina Courthouse, 3180 Del Monte Blvd, Marina, CA 93933; (831) 883-5300
King City Courthouse, 250 Franciscan Way, King City, CA 93930; (831) 386-5200
Salinas Courthouse, 240 Church St, Salinas, CA 93901; (831) 775-5400
Family History Centers
Societies
Taxation
Vital Records
Birth
Marriage
Divorce
Death
Voters Registers
The following is a list of original voter registration records recently transferred from Monterey County Elections Department to the Monterey County Historical Society archival facility in Salinas. To access records, see: http://www.mchsmuseum.com/
Great Register of Voters:
Ledger Books:
1866-1870 1 book
1870 1 book
1881-1883,1886,1888,1890 1 book
1892 (Vol. 1, Vol. 2) 2 books
1896 (Vol. 1, Vol. 2) 2 books
1898 (Vol. 3) 2 books
1900 (Vol. 1,Vol. 2) 2 books
1902 (Vol. 1, Vol. 2) 2 books
1904 (Vol. 1, Vol.2) 2 books
1906-1907 (Vol. 1, Vol. 2) 2 books
1908-1909 (A-L, M-Z) 2 books
1910-1911 (A-L, M-Z) 2 books
1912-1913 (A-L, M-Z) 4 books
1914-1915 (A-L, M-Z) 2 books
Scattered records:
Voter affidavits*:
1922-23 (Affidavits, Pleyto precinct)
1930-31 (Affidavits, Blanco precinct)
Indexes (no voter affidavits):
1938, August primary (Greenfield precincts No.1 and No. 2)
Description of collection:
The ledger books1 titled Great Register of Voters are the original handwritten manuscripts kept by the County Clerk’s (Registrar of Voters) office of the County of Monterey beginning in 1866.2 The entries are made in alphabetical sections (with alpha sub-sections) and show chronological appearance of voters as they were sworn and registered to vote. The entries include place of nativity (birthplace); age of voter; place of residence (post office or precinct); date and place of naturalization, if applicable; whether citizen by virtue of Treaty of Hildago or citizen by virtue of father’s naturalization (and in later years a woman’s citizenship status by marriage); occupation; date of appearance to be sworn; and date of registration. Later registration data includes a physical description of the voter and party affiliation. The Registrar of Voters also appended notes to the entries to indicate reasons for cancellation whether due to removal to another county or state, transfer to another county due to change of boundary lines (i.e. to San Benito County in 1874), death, incarceration or “Section 1106” (failure to vote). These notations usually contained dates if known. Copies of the list of voters not thus cancelled, were made every two years and sometimes more frequently if a special election occurred (polling lists). These copies of uncancelled voters were sent to the state and other repositories on a routine basis. Microfilm of these typeset lists is available at the California State Library in Sacramento, California, and other repositories.3
These original handwritten Great Register ledger books have not been microfilmed or transcribed. There was a partial transcription done of the 1890 Great Register as part of a census substitute project4 but the transcription does not include cancellation information.
Note: The Great Register books contain information for years other than marked on the book spines. For example, the 1866-1870 Great Register contains several entries made after 1870 when cancellations were noted and the 1890 Great Register shows voter registration dates which occurred years earlier.
• Voter affidavits are registration forms signed by the voters and contain birth date, birth place, residence address, occupation, party affiliation and sometimes cancellation information.
• List of records
1 Some years are missing.
2 Beginning in the year 1866, California state law required a list of voters to be kept.
3 Monterey County (California) County Clerk. Great Register of Voters 1867, 1869, 1872,
1875-1876, 1879-1880, 1884, 1886, 1888, 1890, 1892, 1894, 1896, 1898.
(Salt Lake City: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1975).
4 Bettyann Lockwood Hedegard, ed., 1890 great register of Monterey County, California.
(Salinas, CA: Monterey County Genealogy Society, c1993).
Courtesy of Junel Davidsen
Websites
References
1. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
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Orem FamilySearch CenterEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 17:12, 15 October 2011 by KathrynGZ (Talk | contribs)
This article describes the services and resources available at a FamilySearch Center, a branch facility of the Family History Library.
Orem Family History Training Center
A.K.A
Utah South Area Family History Training Center
Specializing in Family History and New FamilySearch Training
The Utah South Area Family History Training Center has temporarily relocated to Orem, Utah, and is a Family History unit of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The mission of this Center is to provide quality training in genealogical research and computer technology for those with family history callings and others who have a desire to learn or improve their skills in meeting their personal genealogy goals.
New FamilySearch Class
Oct 19, 2011
Basic Computer Class
Nov 1, 2011
Five-Day Comprehensive Class
Nov 7 – 11, 2011
New FamilySearch Class
Nov 15, 2011
• Special Topics classes on Thursday nights covering Ancestral Quest, RootsMagic and Legacy Family Tree.
Click here for details.
Click here for full class schedule information, or to register for classes.
Contact, Location & Hours
Director: Jay W. Grant
Phone: 801-356-9114
Email: ut_southtrainingfacility@ldsmail.net
Located at 1075 S. Geneva Rd., in Orem (in the Orem University 3rd Stake Building)
Regular Schedule:
• Mon: 9 - 5
• Tue: 9 - 5
• Wed: 9 - 5
• Thu: 9 - 5
• Fri: 9 - 5
See calendar for special dates.
Databases & Software
• Ancestry.com (Library version)
• Heritage Quest
• Footnote.com
• AmericanAncestors.org
• Godfrey Memorial Library
• US Civil War Research Database
• US Civil War Letters and Diaries
• Images of the American Civil War
• FindMyPast
• TheGenealogist
• British Library 19th C Newspapers
• WorldVitalRecords
• Pedigree Resource File
• Personal Ancestral File
• Family Insight
• RootsMagic
• Ancestral Quest
• Legacy
Description of some of the above databases
Footnote is a subscription-based website that features searchable,
original documents that provide users a view of the events, places and people
that shaped the American nation and the world. The site will have over 25
million digital images by the end of 2007. Footnote is currently working with
FamilySearch to index the American Revolutionary War Pension files. Additional
projects with FamilySearch are under development.
Individuals with Footnote subscriptions will be able to sign in with the
same Footnote username and password they use at home in order to save, annotate,
and upload content.
Godfrey Memorial Library has an extensive collection of essential
resources to assist genealogical and historical research. Resources include
newspapers, city and business directories, vital records, printed census
records, state, county, and local histories, as well as numerous family
histories, family bible records, and service and pension records.
Heritage Quest online includes the complete set of U.S. Federal Census
images from 1790 to 1930 including names and indexes for many of the sets. Users
will be able to find people and places located in over 20,000 published family
and local histories and PERSI, an index of over 1.9 million genealogy and local
history articles. Other online databases include Revolutionary War Pension,
Bounty-Land Warrant Application files, and the Freedman Bank Records.
Access to this service will be limited to 1,400 family history centers in
North America. Patrons should contact their local family history center to see
if this service is available. Family history center directors should contact
Family History Center Support with questions.
World Vital Records provides access to research helps and has a wide
variety of international records, including more than 60 parish registers,
Scottish death records, UK marriages, and Irish prisoner records. There are more
than 300 newspapers with 100,000 pages added a month, and over 500 online
databases, including vital, military, land, pension records, reference
materials, family histories, maps, gazetteers, and international coops. With the
recent Quintin Publications partnership, World Vital Records will soon have more
than 10,000 databases online. At least one new database is added every business
day.
Online Training
Useful Links
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DataBase updation thru JSP
Go4Expert Member
21Mar2008,14:19 #1
Hello ..
for updating my database tables(SQL server 05) i am using JSP with the form tag embedded in the same page.......but updation is not going perfectly ..the values inserted even take s null value and violating the table constraints.........kindly suggest me the way to update my database ..........
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Abstract and Applied Analysis
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 210156, 10 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/210156
Research Article
Finite-Time Attractivity for Diagonally Dominant Systems with Off-Diagonal Delays
1Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
2Institute of Mathematics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10307, Vietnam
3Center for Dynamics, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
Received 23 April 2012; Accepted 6 June 2012
Academic Editor: Agacik Zafer
Copyright © 2012 T. S. Doan and S. Siegmund. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
How to Cite this Article
T. S. Doan and S. Siegmund, “Finite-Time Attractivity for Diagonally Dominant Systems with Off-Diagonal Delays,” Abstract and Applied Analysis, vol. 2012, Article ID 210156, 10 pages, 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/210156
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Doug Drexler - Summary Bibliography
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Other views: Awards Alphabetical Chronological
Nonfiction Series Cover Art Interior Art
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Publication Listing
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• Title: A Fire Upon the Deep
• Authors: Vernor Vinge
• Year: 2011-08-16
• ISBN-10: 0-765-32982-4
• ISBN-13: 978-0-765-32982-0
• Publisher: Tor
• Price: $14.99
• Pages: 417
• Binding: tp
• Type: NOVEL
• Title Reference: A Fire Upon the Deep
• Cover: Boris Vallejo
• ISFDB Record Number: 355282
• Notes: Data from Amazon (date) and Locus Magazine #609 as of 2012-09-29.
• Bibliographic Comments: Add new Publication comment (FRPNTHDPZN2011)
Cover art supplied by Amazon
Verification Status
Reference Status
Primary Not Verified
Clute/Nicholls Not Verified
Clute/Grant Not Verified
Contento1 (anth/coll) Not Verified
Locus1 Not Verified
Reginald1 Not Verified
Reginald3 Not Verified
Tuck Not Verified
Miller/Contento Not Verified
Bleiler1 (Gernsback) Not Verified
Currey Not Verified
Primary (Transient) Not Verified
Bleiler78 Not Verified
OCLC/Worldcat Not Verified
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Primary3 Not Verified
Primary4 Not Verified
Primary5 Not Verified
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Bibliography: Biolog: Gordon R. Dickson
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Title: Biolog: Gordon R. Dickson
Author: Jay Kay Klein
Year: 1980
Type: ESSAY
Series: Biolog
ISFDB Record Number: 115408
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Low Activity
Ratings and Reviews
Analyzed 2 days ago based on code collected 2 days ago.
Community Rating
4.75
Average Rating: 4.8/5.0
Number of Ratings: 3
Number of Reviews: 0
My Review of Phergie
You have not rated or reviewed this project. Click below to rate/review.
0
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Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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Inactive
Estimated Cost
Analyzed 1 day ago based on code collected 1 day ago.
Project Cost Calculator
$ .00
2,843 lines
1 person-years
$ 32,950 *
*Using the Basic COCOMO Model
Estimate seems way too high?
Ohloh scans all files at any given code location to calculate the cost estimate.
Ohloh lets you exclude files and direc-tories from this calculation on the Code Locations page. You can get a more realistic estimate by excluding:
• External dependencies or libraries
• Non-code files
About Cost Estimates
• Software cost estimation is tricky business even when all the variables are known -- knowlegdge which we certainly don't have.
• We calculate the estimated cost of the project using the Basic COCOMO model.
• For those familiar with the details, we are using coeffcients a=2.4 and b=1.05.
• Please note that COCOMO was created to model large institutional projects, which often don't compare well with distributed open-source projects.
• COCOMO is meant to include the design, specification drafting, reviewing and management overhead that goes along with producing quality software.
• This model seems to be most accurate with mature, large projects. Young projects with little activity are typically overvalued.
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1307.1 - Economic Indicators, New South Wales, Aug 1998
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 14/08/1998
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
An up-to-date overview of economic trends in New South Wales. Key economic trends are highlighted in overview and main features section at the front of the publication, followed by detailed tables and graphs. The key monthly economic indicators included are: employment, unemployment, new motor vehicle registrations, building approvals, retail sales, finance and international trade. Also includes the quarterly indicators: tourism, private new fixed capital expenditure, production of electricity and gas and estimated resident population.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6202.0 - Labour Force, Australia, Dec 2012 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 17/01/2013
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
We're students, and we don't have a car. A client would like to meet up, but at a location that isn't far to get to by car, but is a pain by subway/taxi.
It would be awesome if we could handle the entire exchange over phone and email. What is a nice way to say this to a client? Is the truth the best approach here?
The project is a new website, by the way.
share|improve this question
8 Answers
up vote 15 down vote accepted
Don't mean to offend you, but if you think it "is a pain" to meet with your client then maybe you should rethink the whole business-owner thing. If they were hours away, that's a different story but it seems like you're saying it's just plain inconvenient. I'm concerned about your commitment to your clients and the long-term viability of your business.
Having said that, if I've made an incorrect assumption and it is truly a burden to travel to their location, then one way to handle it is to charge them for your travel and leave it up to them. If it's worth their while to pay extra to have you there in person, great. You've covered any expense and extra time. If they don't think it's worth it, then they'll be happy to save themselves some money and conduct business by phone/skype/email.
share|improve this answer
Just ask for a preliminary meeting over the phone, to review the project, discuss milestones, whatever.
Once you know the project is likely to happen, then maybe it's worth investing the $40 of a taxi ride to actually shake hands with the customer. Just pad your quote with the $40 and you're good.
share|improve this answer
This is a plausible excuse if the prospect is out of town (non local). Or the job or deliverable fee will not be sufficient to justify the time and expense of an in-person meeting.
Usually, for projects of several thousand dollars and up, most customers will expect face time at the start if you're in the same metropolitan area.
Let's say you are bidding a project of $2000, the prospect is in California and you are in Florida. Reasonably they should not expect you to prospect in-person. But then let's say the same sized job is in a different borough of NYC from you: YES, you should meet the client face to face.
Another factor is the possibility of repeat business. One area where you can stand out from the pack is to meet face to face for a relatively modest project, which may lead to ongoing business.
share|improve this answer
You should keep in mind that there are things about how you run your business that the client will not care about. Whether or not you have a car is one of those things. If you have not explicitly put those facts on the table up front, then I believe there are certain reasonable expectations for the client. If the distance is such that another company like yours could easily get there, then you should do the same. And I don't think billing for time/expense in this case is appropriate. If I was the client I would be concerned about your company's inability to perform these basic business functions. Asking for a face to face meeting in the same "city" or location is not an exceptional request. Something which is a hardship specifically for you, because of your choice or situation, is not the client's problem.
share|improve this answer
You have to pick your battles carefully, and the same applies to clients. If they are not worth your time, just move on and look for another one. However, this doesn't seem to be your case.
That said, business is about building relationships. As DiPietro said, if meeting clients is a nuisance to you, I suggest you become an accountant and let somebody else manage the front office of your business. Better yet, sell your business.
share|improve this answer
Suggest an alternative place that is easy to get to?
Or skip it.
share|improve this answer
In my not so humble opinion, it depends on the price you're charging for the work.
If it is a $100-200 job, then expecting to meet you in person is unreasonable on their part. If it's a $3000 job, then the expectation of reasonable and you should go.
Since you're a student, it's likely that it'll be on the lower end of the scale. Assuming they know you're students, if they wish to meet, let them come to you.
share|improve this answer
As a student, you can learn a lot simply by meeting your clients, and as a new business, you need to do everything in your power to get in front of potential clients.
Unless the travel time by car--public transportation doesn't count--is more than a couple of hours, I'd suggest you make the meeting without asking for travel fees. In cases where the travel time is more than two hours, try to assess your client's commitment by learning more about their goals and budget.
I started in business eleven years ago by knocking on doors and traveling up to three hours without a commitment from or imposing a charge to my clients. Only when we got too busy did I begin charging for travel. The effort paid off, we're still around after a decade, and I wouldn't change a thing.
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U-boot bootloader
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(Preparation)
(Get the ELDK)
Line 150: Line 150:
If you don't have a cross toolchain installed, download the DENX Embedded Linux Development Kit (ELDK) from [http://ftp.sunet.se/pub/Linux/distributions/eldk/3.1.1/ppc-linux-x86/iso/ppc-2005-03-07.iso http://ftp.sunet.se/pub/Linux/distributions/eldk/3.1.1/ppc-linux-x86/iso/ppc-2005-03-07.iso], install it and spend some time getting familiar with it.
If you don't have a cross toolchain installed, download the DENX Embedded Linux Development Kit (ELDK) from [http://ftp.sunet.se/pub/Linux/distributions/eldk/3.1.1/ppc-linux-x86/iso/ppc-2005-03-07.iso http://ftp.sunet.se/pub/Linux/distributions/eldk/3.1.1/ppc-linux-x86/iso/ppc-2005-03-07.iso], install it and spend some time getting familiar with it.
+
It's a good idea to verify it w/ md5sum:
+
9a5e5869d8061f962274d41713b0610e ppc-2005-03-07.iso
===ELDK Installation===
===ELDK Installation===
Revision as of 15:53, 6 October 2006
Contents
U-Boot for the LinkStation
LinkStation port version 2.0
2 September 2006
http://www.linuxnotincluded.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/linkstation/u-boot.html
Copyright (c) 2006 Mihai Georgian
E-mail your questions and comments at u-boot (at) linuxnotincluded (dot) org (dot) uk.
WARNING!
There is a possibility that you could brick your NAS with these instructions. Please make sure that you read the entire page carefully. The LinkStation port of U-Boot described here supports only the PowerPC based Linkstation and KuroBox. This version of U-Boot will certainly BRICK the MIPSel LinkStation LS2 (model HD-HLAN-2)
Das U-Boot
U-Boot is a universal boot loader released with full source code under the Gnu Public License (GPL). For an overview of U-Boot, you can read Introduction to Das U-Boot, the universal open source bootloader .
Supported Hardware
The LinkStation port of U-Boot described here supports the following PowerPC models:
1. LinkStation version 1 (model HD-HLAN-1)
2. KuroBox standard
3. LinkStation HG (model HD-HGLAN)
4. KuroBox HG
WARNING!
There is a possibility that you could brick your NAS with these instructions. Please make sure that you read the entire page carefully. This version of U-Boot will certainly not work on the the LinkStation version 2 (model HD-HLAN-2) as the LinkStation version 2 is based on a MIPS processor. The MIPS processor is completely different from the PowerPC processor and attempting to flash a LinkStation version 2 with PowerPC firmware it is guaranteed to make it completely unusable.
To find out more about the different LinkStation and KuroBox models, visit: Buffalo/Melco Network Attached Storage Variants.
Features
• supports serial console and net console (nc)
• supports erasing and programming of the on-board flash ROM
• supports file downloading
• over the serial line
• over the network (tftp, bootp, dhcp, nfs)
• from the hard drive (supports both normal ext2 and LinkStation modified "ext2" file systems)
• boots Linux (supports both U-Boot images and LinkStation "flashimg" images, including the original kernel from flash)
• boots in EM mode
• uses the LinkStation buttons as a minimal console
• the power button (the big button at the front) to stop / start the boot process and to select the image to boot
• the reset button to switch between consoles
Supported Commands
? - alias for 'help'
base - print or set address offset
bdinfo - print Board Info structure
boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd'
bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd'
bootm - boot application image from memory
bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol
cmp - memory compare
coninfo - print console devices and information
cp - memory copy
crc32 - checksum calculation
dhcp - invoke DHCP client to obtain IP/boot params
diskboot- boot from IDE device
echo - echo args to console
erase - erase FLASH memory
ext2load- load binary file from a Ext2 filesystem
ext2ls - list files in a directory (default /)
flinfo - print FLASH memory information
go - start application at address 'addr'
help - print online help
ide - IDE sub-system
loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode)
loads - load S-Record file over serial line
loop - infinite loop on address range
md - memory display
mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing)
mtest - simple RAM test
mw - memory write (fill)
nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol
nm - memory modify (constant address)
pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space
ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host
printenv- print environment variables
protect - enable or disable FLASH write protection
rarpboot- boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol
reset - Perform RESET of the CPU
run - run commands in an environment variable
saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage
setenv - set environment variables
tftpboot- boot image via network using TFTP protocol
version - print monitor version
RAM Build and Uloader
Normally, U-Boot resides in the on-board flash and starts executing at reset. It initialises the CPU, the memory controller and the serial port and then relocates itself at the upper end of the RAM area. After relocation, U-Boot completes the hardware initialisation and then it either proceeds to boot the OS kernel or displays a command prompt and waits for operator input.
U-Boot for the LinkStation can be configured for a RAM build. The only differences between the ROM and RAM builds are the absence of the basic initialisation code (which can only run from ROM) and the link address. You can test your RAM build using uloader.o which is a kernel module that was written specifically for the purpose of loading and starting a RAM build of U-Boot.
Even for the same model, there are hardware differences between the individual LinkStations and, due to these differences, U-Boot might not work properly in some instances. For example, your flash chip might not be supported by the current version of the U-Boot port. It is strongly recommend you test thoroughly U-Boot on your LinkStation using a RAM build before building the ROM version and attempting to burn it into flash. Once you have the RAM build up and running you can use it to install (burn) the ROM version.
Source Code
U-Boot for the LinkStation is distributed as a patch for U-Boot version 1.1.4. You can compile it using either a cross toolchain or, if you have a development environment installed, natively on your LinkStation. I used the DENX Embedded Linux Development Kit (ELDK) version 3.1.1 which comes with gcc 3.3.3 (gcc version 3.3.3 20040412 (Red Hat Linux 3.3.3-7)) with specific patches for PowerPC.
Uloader is distributed as a gzip-ed tar archive which contains the full source code, the binary module, uloader.o, compiled for the original LinkStation kernel and a simple bash script which uses uloader to load a RAM build of U-Boot and start it. Two tar archives are provided. The source code is the same in both archives. The binary module in the first archive has been compiled for the original LinkStation kernel 2.4.17_mvl21-sandpoint. The binary module in the second archive has been compiled for the original LinkStation HG kernel 2.4.20_mvl31-ppc_linkstation.
Installing U-Boot for LinkStation
WARNING!
Do not attempt to use this port of U-Boot on a the LinkStation version 2 (HD-HLAN-2) as it uses a MIPS processor which is completely different from the PowerPC processor used in the LinkStation version 1.
WARNING!
There is a possibility that you could brick your NAS with these instructions. Please make sure that you read the entire page carefully. When installing firmware on an embedded computer things can go wrong. The power can go down in the middle of the flash or the flash operation can fail rendering your LinkStation unusable. If you are not prepared to lose your LinkStation, do not attempt to install U-Boot.
Introduction
U-Boot for the LinkStation is distributed as a source patch against u-boot-1.1.4. To compile it you will need either a cross toolchain installed on your PC or native development tools installed on your LinkStation. These instructions assume that you are running Linux on a X86 PC and that you are using a cross toolchain.
To allow testing of U-Boot on your LinkStation without burning it into flash, a kernel module named uloader.o is provided. Uloader allows you to use Linux to load a RAM build of U-Boot and start it. The RAM build of U-Boot is very close to the ROM build. The only differences are the absence of the basic initialisation code (which cannot run from RAM) and the link address. It is strongly recommended that you test U-Boot on your LinkStation using a RAM build before building the ROM version and attempting to burn it into flash. Once you have the RAM build up and running you can use it to install (burn) the ROM version.
Get telnet Access
Try to connect to your LinkStation using telnet. If you see the telnet command prompt, read CGI Exploit (PowerPC) original method of Hacking the LinkStation about how to get telnet access.
If the above method doesn't work for you, read Turn your LinkStation into a Kuro Box (PowerPC) for other methods to get telnet access.
The above methods do not work for the LinkStation HG. For this model, the only solution is to load a telnet-enabled version of the firmware. Read the pages about OpenLink and the firmware flasher
You can also try to flash a modified version of the original firmware.
Install the Serial Console
Read Add a Serial port to the PowerPC Linkstation to learn how to install the serial console.
WARNING!
Installing the serial console is not an absolute requirement and it will void your warranty. U-Boot can be installed and controlled without it. However, the serial console will give you the best control over both U-Boot and Linux.
Install nc
If you haven't installed the serial console you will need to install nc (net console) on your workstation (not on the LinkStation). Nc comes standard with most Linux distributions. For more information, visit the netcat home page http://netcat.sourceforge.net or http://www.vulnwatch.org/netcat for the Windows version.
Get the ELDK
If you don't have a cross toolchain installed, download the DENX Embedded Linux Development Kit (ELDK) from http://ftp.sunet.se/pub/Linux/distributions/eldk/3.1.1/ppc-linux-x86/iso/ppc-2005-03-07.iso, install it and spend some time getting familiar with it.
It's a good idea to verify it w/ md5sum: 9a5e5869d8061f962274d41713b0610e ppc-2005-03-07.iso
ELDK Installation
Mount the EDLK ISO
Install at say /home/EDLK directory. And install the necssary tool chain for the PPC:
./install -d /home/EDLK ppc_6xx
In preparation for building, export directories /home/EDLK/usr/bin, /home/EDLK/bin and /home/EDLK/ppc-linux/usr/bin as follows:
• export PATH=/home/EDLK/usr/bin:/home/EDLK/bin:/home/EDLK/usr/ppc-linux/bin:$PATH
Preparation
Create the build directory and set the environment variable UBOOT_BUILD to the path to it
# mkdir <your_build_directory>
# export UBOOT_BUILD=<your_build_directory>
# cd $UBOOT_BUILD
Download the tarball for u-boot-1.1.4 from ftp://ftp.denx.de/pub/u-boot/u-boot-1.1.4.tar.bz2
Download the LinkStation patch, u-boot-1.1.4-list-2.01.diff.gz
Download the uloader module for your LinkStation / KuroBox model.
Both tar files contain the same sources but the binary has been compiled against the corresponding version of the kernel.
Untar u-boot-1.1.4 and apply the patch.
# tar xjf u-boot-1.1.4.tar.bz2
# cd u-boot-1.1.4
# gunzip -c ../u-boot-1.1.4-list-2.01.diff.gz | patch -p1 -u
Untar the uloader archive. The archive contains the source code, a binary module compiled for the original LinkStation kernel and a simple bash script to load and start a RAM build of U-Boot. The binary in uloader-2.4.17.tar.gz has been compiled against 2.4.17_mvl21-sandpoint and the binary in uloader-2.4.20.tar.gz has been compiled against 2.4.20_mvl31-ppc_linkstation. If you have a different kernel version, you may need to recompile the module for your kernel. Compiling the module requires a fully configured LinkStation kernel tree and gcc 2.95 (cross compiler).
LinkStation 1 / KuroBox standard
# cd ..
# tar xjf uloader-2.4.17.tar.bz2
# cd u-boot-1.1.4
LinkStation HG / KuroBox HG
# cd ..
# tar xjf uloader-2.4.20.tar.bz2
# cd u-boot-1.1.4
Source your ELDK environment
# . <path_to_your_ELDK>/config_6xx
Configure
Edit include/configs/linkstation.h and set the following variables for your environment:
CONFIG_IPADDR_LS - the IP address of your LinkStation while running U-Boot (mandatory)
CONFIG_SERVERIP_LS - the IP address of the NFS/TFTP/DHCP/BOOTP server, normally the address of your workstation (mandatory)
CONFIG_NCIP_LS - the address of the computer running net console, normally the address of your workstation (optional. If the define is missing, CONFIG_NCIP_LS will be set to the same value as CONFIG_SERVERIP_LS
RAM Build
For LinkStation 1 / KuroBox standard run:
make linkstation_HDLAN_RAM_config
make linkstation_HDLAN_RAM
The name of the resulting binary is u-boot-hd.ram.bin
For LinkStation HG / KuroBox HG run:
make linkstation_HGLAN_RAM_config
make linkstation_HGLAN_RAM
The name of the resulting binary is u-boot-hg.ram.bin
Minimal Console
This port of U-Boot to the LinkStation is designed to allow some control over the boot process even in the absence of a console. For this, it uses the power button (the big button at the front) and the reset button (the small red button at the back).
When the LinkStation is switched on, the power LED starts blinking and, very quickly, it starts booting the kernel from flash. If U-Boot is installed, the power LED will change from blinking quickly to blinking very slowly. This means that U-Boot has taken over and it is counting down the boot delay before booting the kernel. The default boot delay is 10 sec. From the moment when the power LED starts blinking slowly and for the duration of the boot delay, you can control the boot process with the power and reset buttons.
The Power Button
If you push the power button and keep it pressed for more than 1 sec, the boot process will stop and the LinkStation will wait for a command. A stopped boot process is indicated by the power LED being lit solid. The effect is the same a pressing 's' on the console.
A long push of the power button acts as a toggle. If the boot delay count down is in progress, a long push of the power button stops the boot process. If the boot process is stopped (U-Boot is at the command prompt, even if you can't see it), a long push of the power button restarts the boot process resetting the boot delay to its original value.
By default U-Boot supports three pre-configured boot commands:
1. The first boot command will attempt to load and boot a file named boot/vmlinux.UBoot from the first hard disk partition, /dev/hda1. The file can be in any of the U-Boot bootable formats but uImage is the preferred format. If the file is missing or corrupted, U-Boot will fall back to booting the original kernel from flash.
2. The second boot command will boot the original kernel from flash.
Please note that the original kernel for the LinkStation 1 / KuroBox standard has a bug in the function that calibrates the decrementer and it will stop for up to 180 sec during boot. This bug is not an U-Boot bug but a kernel bug which is uncovered by the fact that U-Boot activates the decrementer where the original boot loader does not.
The original kernel for LinkStation HG / KuroBox HG does not suffer from the above problem.
3. The third boot command will attempt to boot in emergency mode (EM). It does this by passing the argument root=/dev/ram0 to the kernel.
LinkStation / LinkStation HG owners should avoid booting in EM mode as the root password for this mode on the LinkStation is unknown. The original kernel for the LinkStation / KuroBox standard and for some of the earlier LinkStation HG / KuroBox HG models ignores the root argument. These models will boot normally from the on-board flash when the EM boot command is used. Read the section on EM mode if your LinkStation HG / KuroBox HG has a kernel that doesn't boot in EM mode using this boot command.
You can cycle through the boot commands with the power button.
To see which of the three commands U-Boot is going to execute, press the power button quickly. The HDD LED (the third from the top) will start blinking. The number of times the LED blinks, shows the number of the active boot command. For example, a pattern short on - short off - short on - long off, means that the boot command number 2 is active. U-Boot will repeat the blinking cycle for a total duration of about 5 sec counting from the moment the power button is released.
A short press of the power button while the HDD LED is blinking will advance the boot command to the next one.
The Reset Button
Two consoles are currently configured, the serial console and the net console. The first console is the net console (nc) and the second console is the serial console.
The reset button can be used, similarly to the power button, to switch consoles. A press on the reset button (here, it doesn't matter how long you keep the button pressed) displays the currently active console using the HDD LED. Repeatedly pressing the reset button while the HDD LED is blinking will toggle between the two consoles. The blinking pattern is different from the one showing the boot command. The pattern which shows that the second (serial) console is active is short off - short on - short off - long on. U-Boot will repeat the blinking cycle for a total duration of about 5 sec counting from the moment the reset button is released.
Load and Test
Mount the LinkStation SMB public share and copy the following files to it:
For LinkStation 1 / KuroBox standard
# mount -t smbfs -o password="" //<your_linkstation_name_or_ip>/share/mnt
# cp u-boot-hd.ram.bin /mnt
# cp ../uloader-2.4.17/uloader.o /mnt
# cp ../uloader-2.4.17/u-boot-load.sh /mnt
# umount /mmt
For LinkStation HG / KuroBox HG
# mount -t smbfs -o password="" //<your_linkstation_name_or_ip>/share/mnt
# cp u-boot-hg.ram.bin /mnt
# cp ../uloader-2.4.20/uloader.o /mnt
# cp ../uloader-2.4.20/u-boot-load.sh /mnt
# umount /mmt
Most people don't have the serial port installed and this is why the net console is the default console. If you installed the serial port, open another window and use minicom to connect to your LinkStation serial console. The serial port settings are 57600,N,8, the same as the settings used by the original Linux kernel.
The net console is the default console so you need to have nc installed. Open another window and run board/linkstation/nc.sh. To quit nc, press ^T (control-T).
# cd $UBOOT_BUILD/u-boot-1.1.4
# board/linkstation/nc.sh <ip_of_your_linkstation>
Where <ip_of_your_linkstation> is CONFIG_IPADDR_LS (see Configure U-Boot above). When you run nc.sh nothing will be written to the screen. This is normal as Linux is not using the net console.
From your original window, use telnet to connect to the LinkStation and launch U-Boot. Replace lshg in the example below with the name / IP address of your LinkStation. Replace myroot with the login you created when you gained telnet access. Type the commands shown in bold below.
# telnet lshg
Trying 192.168.0.58...
Connected to lshg.
Escape character is '^]'.
BUFFALO INC. Link Station series HD-HGLAN (IEMITSU)
HD-HGLAN6C5 login: myroot
Linux (none) 2.4.20_mvl31-ppc_linkstation #3 Thu May 19 13:34:18 JST 2005 ppc unknown
root@HD-HGLAN6C5:~# cd /mnt/share
root@HD-HGLAN6C5:/mnt/share# ./u-boot-load-hg.sh
root@HD-HGLAN6C5:/mnt/share# exit
Connection closed by foreign host.
#
If you have a serial console you should see the initial U-Boot startup messages. Even if the default console is the net console, U-Boot sends startup messages to the serial port until it initialises the network controller.
U-Boot 1.1.4 LiSt 2.0 (Sep 2 2006 - 16:49:46) LinkStation HG / KuroBox HG
CPU: MPC8245 Revision 1.4 at 262.144 MHz: 16 kB I-Cache 16 kB D-Cache
DRAM: 128 MB
FLASH: 4 MB
*** Warning - bad CRC, using default environment
00 0b 10ec 8169 0200 ff
00 0c 1283 8212 0180 ff
00 0e 1033 0035 0c03 ff
00 0e 1033 0035 0c03 ff
00 0e 1033 00e0 0c03 ff
Watch the net console window. After a few seconds, time needed by U-Boot to initialise the network controller and the IDE controller you should see the U-Boot messages.
RTL8169#0
IDE: Bus 0: OK
Device 0: Model: Maxtor 7Y250P0 Firm: YAR41BW0 Ser#: Y62W8PDE
Type: Hard Disk
Supports 48-bit addressing
Capacity: 239372.4 MB = 233.7 GB (490234752 x 512)
Boot in 10 seconds ('s' to stop)...
Press 's' on your keyboard to stop the boot process.
If you want to use only the serial console, watch the power LED of your LinkStation. When it starts blinking very slowly, use the power button to stop the boot process. Wait for the power LED to go dim and press and hold the power button until the LED lights up brightly indicating that the boot process has stopped. Now press the reset button twice and you should see the U-Boot command prompt (=>) in your minicom window. You can now control U-Boot from the minicom window.
When using nc on the LinkStation 1 / KuroBox standard, you will notice that the console is quite unresponsive and loses characters quite often. This is due to the way U-Boot implements the net console. U-Boot calls the net console driver in the main command loop. The driver starts the network controller, and waits for a net console packet. If no packet is received within 1 msec, the driver shuts down the network controller. I have increased the the net console driver timeout from the original 1 msec to 50 msec and, as a result, the net console has become somewhat usable. If a character is not echoed back to you, it was lost. Keep typing it until you see it echoed to the screen. After a while you will get a feel of the best typing speed to minimise the character loss.
Once you get the U-Boot command prompt, start testing it. Read the documentation and try each command you are interested in. A very important command is flinfo which displays information about the flash chip. If the information displayed is correct for your flash, check the flash erase and flash write commands. To do this, you will need to find an empty sector, one for which each byte is 0xFF. Hint: check the last flash sector first, chances are that it's empty. When you are testing commands that write to the flash, always remember that you can write a single byte but you can only erase whole sectors.
WARNING!
Test the flash commands thoroughly before deciding to burn U-Boot into flash. Write at least 128 kB to the flash to test potential timeout problems.
The flash routines in this version of U-Boot for the LinkStation should be able to identify and handle any CFI flash which uses the AMD standard command set. However, they were tested only on a LinkStation with a Fujitsu MBM29PL32TM flash chip and on a LinkStation HG with a ST Micro M29DW324DB flash chip.
ROM Build
Once you are happy with the RAM build, you are ready for the ROM build.
For LinkStation 1 / KuroBox standard run:
make linkstation_HDLAN_config
make linkstation_HDLAN
The name of the resulting binary is u-boot-hd.flash.bin
For LinkStation HG / KuroBox HG run:
make linkstation_HGLAN_config
make linkstation_HGLAN
The name of the resulting binary is u-boot-hg.flash.bin
Install
WARNING!
There is a possibility that you could brick your NAS with these instructions. Please make sure that you read the entire page carefully. Be very careful not to flash your hardware with the wrong U-Boot build. Flashing any RAM build or flashing a ROM build for the LinkStation 1 / KuroBox standard into the LinkStation HG / KuroBox HG or viceversa will "brick" your device.
This is especially true if you are flashing from Linux as U-Boot has safety checks to avoid flashing the wrong build.
Flashing U-Boot from U-Boot
WARNING!
If your power LED is blinking, do NOT flash from u-boot. Your LS is likely going to reboot itself. If this happens before the flash has completed, you will create a brick.
The RAM build of U-Boot can be used to load and flash the ROM build. This is the preferred method.
Boot your LinkStation normally. Open a telnet session and create a directory to hold the U-Boot flash image.
root@linkstation:~# cd /mnt/share
root@linkstation:/mnt/share# mkdir u-boot
Copy the U-Boot flash image to your LinkStation SMB share in the directory u-boot.
Load the RAM build of U-Boot and at the U-Boot command prompt type:
=> run upgrade
U-Boot will attempt to load the ROM build from the directory share/u-boot/ on the third partition of the hard drive. If the load is successful, it will do the following:
1. unprotect the bootloader area;
2. erase the bootloader area;
3. copy the loaded file to the bootloader area;
4. verify the copy;
Here is the output of run upgrade
=> run upgrade
Loading 0:3:share/u-boot/u-boot-hg.flash.bin
174668 bytes read
Un-Protected 3 sectors
Flash erase: first = 55 @ 0xfff00000
last = 57 @ 0xfff20000
Flash erase: Done
Erased 3 sectors
Copy to Flash... done
Total of 174668 bytes were the same
=>
When the above sequence finishes, U-Boot returns to the command prompt (=>). Depending on your flash chip, the flash operation can take a long time. Wait patiently and do not try to power down or otherwise interrupt the flash or you will end up with a "brick".
Reboot:
=> reset
The power LED should start blinking slowly and, if you have a serial console, you should see the U-Boot startup messages. Your LinkStation is now running U-Boot.
Flashing U-Boot from Linux
Connect to your LinkStation using either the serial port or telnet.
For LinkStation 1 / KuroBox standard run:
# cd /mnt/share/u-boot
# dd if=u-boot-hd.flash.bin of=/dev/fl2 bs=1k
# cmp u-boot-hd.flash.bin /dev/fl2
For LinkStation HG / KuroBox HG run:
# cd /mnt/share/u-boot
# dd if=u-boot-hg.flash.bin of=/dev/mtd1 bs=1k
# cmp u-boot-hg.flash.bin /dev/mtd1
The above commands for LinkStation HG / KuroBox HG will work on devices with the original kernel version 2.4.20 and may work on earlier devices using kernel version 2.4.17. Please check which device corresponds to the bootloader partition on your hardware.
If the Flash Fails
If the flash was not written correctly but U-Boot returns at the command prompt, try to re-run run upgrade.
If the same happens when you attempt to install U-Boot from Linux, try to dd again.
If your flash fails completely, for example due to a power failure, all is not completely lost. You can still use a JTAG cable to re-flash your Linkstation. Unfortunately, this is a relatively complicated and expensive solution as it involves acquiring or building the JTAG cable and soldering the header for it on the LinkStation motherboard. For more information on how to use a JTAG cable with the LinkStation you can visit: Add a Jtag Port.
EM Mode
WARNING!
for the LinkStation / LinkStation HG users
Do not attempt to boot into EM mode using the method described here. The password for the EM mode is unknown for all LinkStation models.
Once you have U-Boot installed in the on-board flash, you can boot in EM mode even if the third boot command described above doesn't work.
Stop the boot countdown by pressing 's' in your net console window and, at the U-Boot command prompt, run:
=> run writeng
=> run flboot
The above commands write "NGNG" to 0xFFF70000 and boot from the on-board flash. To revert to normal boot by writing "OKOK" to 0xFFF70000, run:
=> run writeok
=> boot
Advanced configuration
The initial U-Boot configuration can be changed by editing the file include/configs/linkstation.h.
In all the examples below, please note the backslash-zero (\0) at the end of the strings and the space-backslash ( \) at the end of each lines and do not change them.
Change the name of the default boot file
Search for the lines containing:
"hdpart=0:1\0" \
"hdfile=boot/vmlinux.UBoot\0" \
and change them to the values you want. Partition 0:1 means disk 0, partition 1. Obviously, you can only change the partition number. The name of the file must be given relative to the root of the partition.
Change the default console to the serial console
Search for the lines containing:
"stdin=nc\0" \
"stdout=nc\0" \
"stderr=nc\0" \
"conscmd1=run nc\0" \
"conscmd2=run ser\0" \
and change them to:
"stdin=serial\0" \
"stdout=serial\0" \
"stderr=serial\0" \
"conscmd1=run ser\0" \
"conscmd2=run nc\0" \
Change the default boot command to boot from flash
Search for the lines containing:
"bootcmd1=run hdboot;run flboot\0" \
"bootcmd2=run flboot\0" \
and change them to:
"bootcmd1=run flboot\0" \
"bootcmd2=run hdboot;run flboot\0" \
Links
Forum Discussions
Resources
Old versions
Personal tools
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Study on the Evaluation Criterions and Methods for the Supermarket Food Suppliers Based on IAHP
Xiaoping Li
Abstract
By investigating classified management of suppliers of supermarkets, this paper establishes the evaluation index system of food suppliers of supermarkets, studies standards of evaluation index, and then implements the synthetical evaluation to 30 suppliers of Suguo supermarket by employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process with interval judgment and interval eigenvalue method , this paper makes some suggestions for Suguo supermarket to manage food suppliers.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Business and Management ISSN 1833-3850 (Print) ISSN 1833-8119 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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Friday, July 23, 2010
Ben-Dror vs. New Israel Fund
If you'll recall, Ben-Dror Yemini published a letter attacking the NIF from within, from a participant at one of their sponsored Shtil seminars. Here.
Were it not for the presence of politics, we all would have had so much in common. But the radical left was so present in the room that it seemed obvious that everyone was speaking in one voice. All the sentences began with "we" and not "I". It seemed like no issue was complex nor were there different views regarding the issue. The IDF was a conquering army, Israel was a colonial state, only the Palestinians suffered and this was the only real issue at heart.
It has been two weeks since and I am still disturbed by what I have experienced...Is the Fund itself openly working towards removing the "Jewishness" from the State? Is the Fund trying to turn Israel into a country for all her inhabitants alongside a Palestinian state? Is the Fund backing the fact that the aim of the Palestinian society sector within "Shatil" is to strengthen the expression of the Palestinian nation, and that on the Jewish side of the spectrum the aim is to strengthen freedom of religion and not Jewish identity and the national expression of the Jews in their homeland? Is the Fund backing the fact that Shatil's sector for immigrant absorption is dealing just with that and not promoting or legitimizing immigration? I cannot help but wonder why the Fund defines its political right limitations (for example, the advert looking for social activists for the Golan Heights was postponed by the notice board of Shatil), but does not restrict its political left: for example, denouncing any form of violence or violation of the law by organizations and their activists.
Are you aware of this "atmosphere" amongst the leaders of organizations which the Fund supports? Can the Fund give coverage to the issue of loathing and denouncing Israel and its institutions? I have never participated in struggles or protests, only with building and developing. My allegiance to the Fund and Shatil was uncompromising after the publication of the report. I was their strongest defender and I absolutely identified with their goals and activities. I can say unequivocally, that this has been one of the main causes of the feelings of my feelings of late.
I am not complaining about specific people...I feel that you, as manager of the Fund, would want to hear and know these things. Perhaps the Fund and all of its leaders should currently be hearing this voice not from a high perch of criticism but rather from its legitimacy in the eyes of social activists such as me. In the eyes of people who up until today, thought that they belonged to the liberal left but cannot be part of it or its activities anymore without feeling that they are harming their existence as Jews in a Jewish state. I know that your previous home was the Jewish federation of San Francisco and I also know that one of the aims, amongst others, of this organization, is to strengthen Israel as a Jewish and democratic state. This is a good enough reason for me to believe that you still represent this vital goal today. These are tough times to be an Israeli both at home and abroad. I as an Israeli Jew, who believes in "Tikun Olam" and trying to build a more just and egalitarian society and who has devoted and will continue to devote her efforts to achieve this goal, could not carry on in life without writing this letter to you with all its honesty and pain.
I hope to hear from you soon,
All my regards,
Shlomit
Israel
Details: here; and here; and here.
Just you should know (pardon my Yiddish inflection), there's a full-page ad by the other participants, from the most radical lefties, crying they've been done foul. I am not going to translate it (it's in Hebrew).
Ben-Dror has (devastatingly) responded here in Hebrew.
His bottom line: you're bad even if you do good things, just like the ambulance driver saving a victim but on the way to the hospital causes a traffic accident himself.
- - -
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BME103:W930 Group7
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
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(Research and Development)
(Protocols)
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5. Sample Description:
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Patient 1 ID: 91562
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Patient 2 ID: 25235
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+
(see table above for listed volumes of each reagent)
<br>
<br>
Revision as of 04:21, 14 November 2012
BME 103 Fall 2012 Home
People
Lab Write-Up 1
Lab Write-Up 2
Lab Write-Up 3
Course Logistics For Instructors
Photos
Wiki Editing Help
Contents
OUR TEAM
Name: Jake Turner
PCR Machine Engineer
Name: Tyler Allen
PCR Machine Engineer, Graphic Designer
Name: Khalil Pathan
Experimental Protocol Planner
Name: Pahul Singh
Experimental Protocol Planner
Name: Frea Mehta
Research and Development Specialist
Name: Paul Song
Research and Development Specialist
<gflash>560 315 http://www.youtube.com/embed/x5yPkxCLads?rel=0</gflash>
LAB 1 WRITE-UP
Initial Machine Testing
The Original Design
This is a solidworks rendering of the OpenPCR machine. The OpenPCR is an affordable alternative to costly clinical machines used to amplify particular DNA sequences. This interfaces with any computer with the proper software downloaded and the process of thermal cycling to conduct a variety of tests. This could be anything from paternity tests to test for genetic markings of cancer.
Experimenting With the Connections
When we unplugged the display (part 3) from the power supply (part 6), the machine did not have power. The blue display screen did not turn on and appeared completely black.
When we unplugged the white wire that connects the power supply (part 6) to the heat block (part 2), the machine temperature on the display screen appeared incorrectly. Part 6 is responsible for recording the the internal temperature of the machine throughout the test.
Test Run
Our first Open PCR test was conducted on Wednesday, October 24, 2012. While running our open PCR test, we experienced nothing but problems. We set the cycles to the appropriate temperatures and time intervals; the Initial cycle on 95°C for 30 seconds, the Denaturing cycle on 95°C for 30 seconds, the Annealing cycle on 55°C for 30 seconds, the Extending cycle on 72°C for 30 seconds, the final cycle on 72°C for 180 seconds, and the final hold at 20°C. Initially, our open PCR appeared to be running correctly for the desired two hour time interval. However, due to a cycling error, our timer extended to nearly three hours. Not only did our test exceed the desired time interval, but our time would not wind down. Our test constantly moved up and down between the times of two hours thirty minutes and two hours and fifty minutes. When our time got close to two thirty, more time would be added to our test. Also, our laptop was experiencing errors. Our laptop received an application error notice multiple times, each time disrupting our process. As a result of these complications, when the two hours elapsed we only reached step seventeen of thirty. We were forced to prematurely end our test. Therefore, we could not receive sufficient results.
Improving The OpenPCR
One way to improve on the quality and production of the Open PCR machine is to maximize the number of loading wells and shorten the cycle time. The Open PCR machine takes too long to test only 16 samples of DNA. Also, the latch to get to the loading wells served as a hassle. It was tough to open while being careful with the expensive machine at the same time. If you are using the Open PCR as a learning tool, as we have, the machine should be transparent or constructed to be easily disassembled so students can get a better view of the job and responsibility each part completes. However, the machine is constructed with some positive qualities. The machine is affordable, and it is light weight and compact making it easily transportable. The bright glowing screen can easily be read, and the test runs very quietly. While the machine is testing, no extra work needs to be done. It is very easy to start the test and patiently wait for it to end.
Protocols
Polymerase Chain Reaction
1. Within a polymerase chain reaction everything is controlled by temperature. The high temperature(95 C) causes melting of DNA templates and primers by disrupting the hydrogen bonds. Next is annealing. The temperature is dropped down to 65 temporarily(20 seconds) to allow a piece of DNA to bind to your product from the initial step. The polymerase binds to the DNA template and DNA synthesis begins. Next is elongation, the DNA polymerase synthesizes a new DNA strand. This process is repeated to replicate numerous strands of DNA.
2.
1. Heat denaturation-
a. Heat the reactant , which causes melting of the DNA
b. A DNA molecule sequence is targeted which is then separated into two strands
c. Separation is because of hydrogen bonds breaking
2. Primer annealing
a. Then you lower the temperature to 65 which allows a piece of the DNA to bind to the initial step product.
b. Each strand of DNA molecule becomes annealed with an oligonucleotide primer complementary to either end of the target sequence.
3. Primers extension
a. DNA polymerase is added and complementary strands are synthesized at 65-75 C
b. Causes synthesis of a new strand in the direction of 5 to 3 direction
3. The components of the PCR master mix are as follows:
- nonrecombinant modified form of Taq DNA polymerase
- dNTPs
- 3mM MgCl2
- reaction buffers - pH 8.5 - ( allows for a better amplification of the DNA)
- 400μM dATP
- 400μM dGTP
- 400μM dCTP
- 400μM dTTP
4.
Reagent Volume
Template DNA (20ng) .2 µL
10 µM forward primer 1.0 µL
10 µM reverse primer 1.0 µL
GoTaq master mix 50.0 µL
dH20 47.8 µL
Total volume 100.0 µL
5. Sample Description:
Patient 1 ID: 91562
Patient 2 ID: 25235
(see table above for listed volumes of each reagent)
Flourimeter Measurements
Steps to set up Fluorimeter:
1. Remove all contents from the black box.
2. After removing the lid, flip the box upside down.
3. One side of the box will detach. Fold this side up and create a cave like opening (as seen above).
4. Place the Fluorometer device within the upside down box.
5. Lastly, place the smartphone in the black stand with the camera facing into the box.
Steps to saving images:
1. Obtain a computer and install the ImageJ software.
2. After taking the pictures needed, connect the smartphone to the computer with a USB cable.
3. Once connected, open the folder containing the smartphone (found in My Computer or Devices).
4. Create a folder on the desktop (this will be used to temporarily store the pictures).
5. Copy and paste the pictures form the smartphone folder (DCIM) to the desktop one.
6. Open the ImageJ software and click File and the Open.
7. From this Open menu, select the preferred picture from the folder on the desktop containing the pictures.
This will transfer the data into ImageJ
Research and Development
Specific Cancer Marker Detection - The Underlying Technology
PCR produces amplification in the presence of cancer SNP by creating around 100 billion copies of certain sequences found in the DNA. This process can take only a couple hours. During the process, Primers are added to the extracted DNA, where it attaches to the ends of specific DNA segments. Nucleotides are added so that they can create new copies of the DNA. Finally, DNA polymerase is added and works to make new DNA copies by attaching matching nucleotides. With increased temperatures, the double helix of the target sequence separates. Primers attach onto targeted regions on the separated strands and the polymerase attaches free floating nucleotides on the new strands. The process of separating and reattaching of the targeted sequence is repeated and in the end, around a billion of DNA present will be those of the DNA segments that has been targeted and contains the SNP.
The gene we are looking at is rs17879961, a gene that indicates susceptibility to breast and colorectal cancer. It is located on chromosome 22 and codes for a cell-cycle regulatory kinase responsible for DNA repair processes in BRCA1, a gene that is responsible for breast cancer.
In normal patients, the gene sequence is as follows:
GGAAGTGGGTCCTAAAAACTCTTACA[T]TGCATACATAGAAGATCACAGTGGC
But in patients susceptible to cancer, the gene sequence undergoes a slight change:
GGAAGTGGGTCCTAAAAACTCTTACA[C]TGCATACATAGAAGATCACAGTGGC
This is a change from an ATT codon to an ACT, a switch from isoleucine to threonine.
The NCBI database is used to isolate the sequence used and determine specific primers.
(BONUS points: Use a program like Powerpoint, Word, Illustrator, Microsoft Paint, etc. to illustrate how primers bind to the cancer DNA template, and how Taq polymerases amplify the DNA. Screen-captures from the OpenPCR tutorial might be useful. Be sure to credit the source if you borrow images.)
Results
Sample Integrated Density DNA μg/mL Conclusion
PCR: Negative Control 267793 0 Negative
PCR: Positive Control 27409968 2 Positive
PCR: Patient 1 ID 91562, rep 1 3511064 0.238984 Negative
PCR: Patient 1 ID 91562, rep 2 15099598 1.09290 Positive
PCR: Patient 1 ID 91562, rep 3 8451848 0.603051 Negative
PCR: Patient 2 ID 25235, rep 1 17311845 1.25591 Positive
PCR: Patient 2 ID 25235, rep 2 9289657 0.200563 Negative
PCR: Patient 2 ID 25235, rep 3 28825322 2.10429 Positive
KEY
• Sample = Sample denotes the sample of DNA used in a given trial. Each sample represents one extraction of DNA from one of two patients. The multiple trials per patient guarantee accurate results that a single trial could not, for example false positives and false negatives can impact the results and multiple trials will somewhat eliminate the error of one trial.
• Integrated Density =
• DNA μg/mL = To calculate the concentration of DNA, we created a calibration curve using the given concentrations of DNA for the negative and positive control samples - 0 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL, respectively. This yielded the equation y = (X-267793)/(13571087.5) where y = the concentration of DNA in μg/mL and X = the integrated density for a given sample.
• Conclusion = DNA concentrations of over 1 μg/mL yielded positive results; if the concentration was less than 1 μg/mL, the sample yielded negative results
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BME103:W930 Group9 l2
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
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(Thermal Cycler Engineering)
(Research and Development)
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'''Illustration'''
'''Illustration'''
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[[Image:CF.png|500px|DNA Amplification]]
+
[[Image:Cf1.png|250px|DNA Amplification]]
<!-- ##### DO NOT edit below this line unless you know what you are doing. ##### -->
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Revision as of 13:45, 28 November 2012
BME 103 Fall 2012 Home
People
Lab Write-Up 1
Lab Write-Up 2
Lab Write-Up 3
Course Logistics For Instructors
Photos
Wiki Editing Help
Contents
OUR TEAM
Name: Tyler Ray
Research and development scientist
Name: Seth Howell
R&D
Name: Ryan
Open PCR machine engineer
Name: Hamas
Protocol
Name: Deanna
Open PCR machine engineer
Name: Daniela
R&D
Everyone has contributed to this project even though there are only two usernames. Every person used these two users to make edits to the wiki. Dr. Haynes said that this would be sufficient enough to give each member full participation credit for this project
LAB 2 WRITE-UP
Thermal Cycler Engineering
Our re-design is based upon the Open PCR system originally designed by Josh Perfetto and Tito Jankowski.
System Design
The image above portrays the main heating block located inside the OpenPCR.
Consequently, the entire dimensions of the OpenPCR will increase accordingly, to fit the new 5x5 heating block.
An example is shown in the image above, indicating that the lid of the device
will increase to accommodate the new heating block.
The KeyPad will be detachable, and will be connected through the USB connection.
This KeyPad will help the user to better control the cycles and
and other factors such as time and temperature.
Key Features
The key features of the new design include
Instructions
Protocols
Materials
PCR Protocol
DNA Measurement Protocol
Research and Development
Background on Disease Markers
The disease our group chose to look at was cystic fibrosis. It is a recessive trait caused by mutations in a gene on the 7th chromosome that "Causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs, digestive tract, and other areas of the body"([1]). This disease is life threatening and has a prevalence (at birth) of 1 in 2000 to 3000 in Europe and 1 in 3500 in the U.S. [2]. The marker used is a two nucleotide deletion and has identy rs200007348 and a description of the phenotype along with location in the chromosome. can be found at [3].
Primer Design
Forward primer
5'AAAAAAACAATCTTTTAAACAC3'
Reverse Primer
3'TGTTTACTTACCGTAGCTTC5'
The disease allele will give a positive result in open pcr because both the forward and reverse primers match that allele perfectly. The non-disease allele will not give a positive result because there is a frameshift mutation between the two alleles. Two nucleotides are added into the non-disease allele (between the second, and third nucleotides before the 5' end of the reverse primer). This means that the first two nucleotides willl bind to the reverse primer, but the rest will not, and exponential replication of the disease-carrying allele will be impossible.
Illustration
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lm_arquette's bookmarks
"Regret for the things we did can be tempered by time; it is regret for the things we did not do that is inconsolable."
Harris, Sidney J. on regret
12 fans of this quote
"When you can think of yesterday without regret and tomorrow without fear, you are near contentment."
Unknown, Source on contentment
"Make it a rule of life never to regret and never to look back. Regret is an appalling waste of energy; you can't build on it; it's only good for wallowing in."
Mansfield, Katherine on regret
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lindsay arquette's quote collection
I'm female and made my book on 15th September 2007.
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Marriage is the death of hope. Allen, Woody
This quote is about marriage · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Allen, Woody ...
Woody Allen (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg on December 1, 1935) is a three-time Academy Award-winning American film director, writer, actor, musician, and comedian. His large body of work and cerebral film style have made him one of the most widely respected and prolific filmmakers in the modern era. Allen writes and directs his movies and has also acted in the majority of them. For inspiration, Allen draws heavily on literature, philosophy, psychology, European cinema and, most important, New York City, where he was born and in which he has lived all his life.
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Reviewers, with some rare exceptions, are a most stupid and malignant race. As a bankrupt thief turns thief-taker in despair, so an unsuccessful author turns critic. Shelley, Percy Bysshe
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Percy Bysshe Shelley (August 4, 1792 July 8, 1822) was one of the major English romantic poets and is esteemed by some scholars the finest lyric poet in the English language. He is perhaps most widely famous for such anthology pieces as Ozymandias, Ode to the West Wind, To a Skylark, and The Masque of Anarchy; but his major works were long visionary poems such as Adonais and Prometheus Unbound. Shelley's unconventional life and uncompromising idealism made him a notorious and much denigrated figure in his own life, but he became the idol of the following two or three generations of poets (including the major Victorian poets Robert Browning, Alfred Tennyson, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Algernon Charles Swinburne, as well as William Butler Yeats.) He was also famous for his association with contemporaries John Keats and Lord Byron, and, like them, for his untimely death at a young age. He was married to the famous novelist Mary Shelley, author of Frankenstein.
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Posts Tagged ‘SR-10
By our pocket protectors ye shall know us…
source: thocp.net/TI
When your correspondent reported to Business School, he was prepared to work on sharpening his slide rule skills. Every entering student up to that fateful year was required to use one to accomplish the capacious calculations involved in deriving present values, discovering internal rates of return, and the like. But students entering in 1974 were the first class required to purchase an “electronic calculator.” Your correspondent bought his first, a Texas Instruments SR-10.
So one can imagine his satisfaction at learning that the TI SR-10 is honored in CIO Magazine‘s list of “The 50 Greatest Gadgets of the Last 50 Years” (as indeed it has been by its inclusion in the permanent collection of the Smithsonian Institute)… Scan the full list for a roster of gizmos and devices that have changed lives over the last half-century.
As we reach for fresh batteries, we might strain to hear Nero’s noodling on the fiddle, as it was on this date in 64 CE that Rome began to burn.
The Great Fire of Rome
Written by LW
July 18, 2009 at 12:01 am
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RuneScape/Doric's Quest
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[edit] Doric's Quest
Description: Doric the dwarf is happy to let you use his anvils but first he would like you to run an errand for him.
Starting Point: The small houst north of Falador with anvils inside. Once inside, talk with Doric.
Difficulty: Easy
Length: Short
Requirements: 15 mining if you want to mine the iron.
Items needed: A pick axe if you want to mine the ores. Money if you want to buy the ores.
Doric will tell you he needs some materials for his amulets. He wants you to get him 6 lumps of clay, 4 copper ores, and 2 iron ores. Since the Dwarven Mine is nearby, head there. Go east and then north to find a path onto the mountain. On the mountain, walk south and look for a ladder around buildings and dwarves. Climb down the ladder to enter the Dwarven Mines.
To your east, there is a path. Go down it to see a dwarf you can trade. He sell ores. You can buy the ores needed here if they are in stock. If not, you will have to either mine the ores yourself or buy them from other players. When you come down the ladder, just go south to see a group of rocks. Iron, copper, and tin rocks will be there. If you explore the mines further and prospect rocks, you should come upon clay rocks.
When you have all the ores needed, return to Doric to finish the quest.
Reward: 180 coins, 1300 mining experience, and the ability to use Doric's anvils.
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(By train)
(By taxi)
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* <listing name="Bradford Town Taxis" alt="" directions="" address="78 Morley Street" phone="+44 (0)1274 636293 or +44 (0)1274 638751" email="" fax="" url="" hours="24/7" price="No call out charge"></listing>
* <listing name="Bradford Town Taxis" alt="" directions="" address="78 Morley Street" phone="+44 (0)1274 636293 or +44 (0)1274 638751" email="" fax="" url="" hours="24/7" price="No call out charge"></listing>
+
* The City Centre has many taxi ranks, but it is often cheaper to call a private hire service in advance.
===By bus===
===By bus===
Revision as of 20:22, 26 February 2012
For other places with the same name, see Bradford (disambiguation).
Bradford [1] is a city in West Yorkshire, a county in the north of England, in the United Kingdom.
Bradford's New City Park, centered around the 'mirror pool' water feature.
Contents
Understand
The City of Bradford has a population of approximately 300,000 and is part of the West Yorkshire conurbation, adjacent to Leeds and at the foothills of the Pennines close to the Yorkshire Dales. Originally founded by the Saxons, the name is a corruption of "Broad Ford", reflecting the watercourse which ran through the fledgling town.
The city expanded rapidly in the 19th century, based on the wool industry and was the wool capital of the world. The population grew from 16,000 to 100,000 in the first half of the 19th century and continued to expand. The legacy of Bradford's economic past remains today, with large mill complexes such as Lister's Mill (Manningham Mills) dotting the landscape and fine Neo-Gothic Architecture in the City Centre reflecting the city's importance.
The city has a diverse range of cultures, as many immigrants from Ireland and Germany came to the city in the 19th century, people from Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania and Latvia came to the city during the second world war and latterly many South Asian immigrants came to the city in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly from the Mirpur area of Kashmir, but some from other parts of Pakistan, India and Bangladesh.
The traditional industries of Bradford declined during the 1970s and 1980s, so Bradford is now in the process of re-inventing itself. Bradford is UNESCO's first city of film and the city has a UNESCO World Heritage site at Saltaire.
Get in
By plane
• Leeds-Bradford International Airport [2] - the 737 and the 747 buses run frequently to the airport.
By road
• The M62 motorway crosses the Pennine belt and Bradford's own motorway the M606 is a spur off it.
By bus
Local Buses
• There is a fast bus service from Leeds, the X6 which is every 20 minutes Monday to Saturday during the day. The 72 bus is a frequent bus link between the town and Leeds. The fast X6 bus runs to Huddersfield in the opposite direction. Metrohas all the details of local bus travel.
Megabus Services
National Express
• National Express [4] serves the city with links to Manchester, Birmingham and London and other cities.
By train
Bradford city centre has two railway stations, located about 15 minutes walk apart. If you are travelling from most places in the UK, the easiest option is often to travel into Leeds and then catch a connecting service into one of the Bradford stations (journey time from Leeds of about 20 minutes).
• Bradford Forster Square - Train from this station go to Leeds, Ilkley and Skipton.
• Bradford Interchange - Trains from Bradford Interchange go west to Manchester Victoria station, Blackpool North via Preston and Huddersfield and eastwards to Leeds and York. There are direct trains to London operating from the Interchange, but it is often easier to travel to London via Leeds. The Interchange is conveniently located next to the bus station.
Get around
By taxi
• Bradford Town Taxis, 78 Morley Street, +44 (0)1274 636293 or +44 (0)1274 638751. 24/7. No call out charge.
• The City Centre has many taxi ranks, but it is often cheaper to call a private hire service in advance.
By bus
• West Yorkshire Metro [5] - Bus timetables and journey planner.
See
The Wool Exchange Building in the City Centre.
• Bronte Country.
• Five Rise Locks.
• Little Germany. Stunning architecture - especially the area known as Little Germany - a unique collection of 85 buildings constructed between 1855 and 1890, during the peak of Bradford's wool textile industry, now a popular residential and business area. 55 of the 85 buildings are listed because of their architectural and historical importance.
• Saltaire. Saltaire. A well-preserved mid 19th century industrial town, which is located within Bradford. The site is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In the mill itself you will find a large David Hockney exhibition, two restaurants and numerous shops - well worth a visit.
• St Ives. The St Ives Estate is a wonderful Country Park with woodlands, open moor, and a wildflower meadow, and paths throughout. The Adventure Playground is a fantastic feature for the children, and Coppice Pond offers both fishing opportunities, and a chance to feed the ducks.
Museums
• National Media Museum, [6]. The wonderful museum - as featured so memorably in Bill Bryson's book Notes from a Small Island. A wealth of information and exhibits from the history of photography, film and television, as well as the IMAX cinema. Free.
• Colour Museum, [7].
• Industrial Museum, [8]. Early museum with displays of owrking textile machinery. Also working horse museum and mill manager's house on the same site.
• Peace Museum, [9].
• Bolling Hall Museum - a beautiful hall, partly going back to medieval times, comes as quite a surprise on the ring road only about a mile from the centre.
Do
Theatre
Bradford has a wealth of theatres and performing companies to enjoy, watch, and participate in, both amateur and professional. Theatre venues include the Alhambra Theatre, Bradford University's Theatre In The Mill, the Priestley Centre, and St George's Hall. Theatre companies to get involved with, include Lost Dog at Theatre in The Mill, the Asian Theatre School (also at Theatre In the Mill, though operated by Red Ladder from Leeds), Page to Stage at the Priestley Theatre, and madcap theatre/caberet, and comedy promoters/performers (specialising in new writing), Komedy Kollective Theatre Company.
Cinema
Bradford is blessed with a useful number of film venues ranging from "arthouse" to "mainstream" flicks, and is also the home to many budding filmmakers, some of whom are based at Bradford University, and offer opportunities for students to get involved. The National Media Museum also operates two film festivals, the Bradford Film Festival, and the the Animation Festival (Bradford Film Festival [10]).
• National Media Museum. 2 screens.
• Cineworld.
• Odeon, (X6, 15, 72 or 636 bus from Bradford Interchange).
Live Music
All styles of music are available in Bradford, from rock, pop, indie, jazz, opera, to dance, and the latest listings can be found at alive.co.uk. Bradford's most well known musical group is New Model Army, who have released numerous albums. Their live shows are not to be missed. Live venues include the Gassworks, St George's Hall, the University Union bars, and the Beehive. The Bradford Mela takes place every summer at Peel Park. Formally part and parcel of the now defunct Bradford Festival, this is now a free-standing gypsy event, fusing Eastern musical influences with Western commercialism.
• Skewed Circus, Hilton Hotel, [11]. Skewed Circus aims to recreate the vibrancy of the Bradford Festival, combining stand-up, breakdancing, rock, dance music, hip hop, juggling, fire-eating, facepainting, and not-for-profit/charity info stalls. Music and comedy will take place once a month.
Sport
Bradford City AFC and Bradford Bulls RLFC represent the city at football and rugby league respectively.
Learn
• Bradford University [12] - one of the best schools for optometry, pharmacy and digital media in England. It is also home to a world-renowned Department of Peace Studies.
Buy
Eat
Once famous for its woolen textile manufacturing, Bradford is now known as one of the best cities in Britain to have a curry.
• Chowdreys Restaurant (Chowdreys Restaurant), 342 Great Horton Road, Bradford, BD7 1QJ, 01274 579374, [13]. Seating two hundred people Chowdreys Restaurant serves the best in Indian / Kashmiri food, with a wide variety of meat and non-meat dishes.
• Kebabish Original, 49 Great Horton Road. Serves curries and grills. Meat and fish is cooked over a charcoal grill and is without doubt one of the top restaurants in the UK. The grilled food is superior to the curry. Try the Chicken Tikka
• Akbars, [14]. A modern style curry house with contemporary feel and superb value for money. The restaurant is always packed - always book as far in advance as possible to avoid disappointment. £10.
• Karachi Restaurant, 15/17 Neal Street, +44 (0)1274 732015, [15]. M-Th 11AM-1AM F-Sa 11AM-2AM. This cheap and cheerful Pakistani/Indian restaurant is a Bradford institution. Mains roughly £4.50..
• Kashmir Restaurant, 25/27 Morley Street, +44 (0)1274 726513. 11AM - 3AM. . Excellent. Not just cheap - a main meal will cost including starter will cost about £6 per person. The oldest established curry cafe in Bradford. Absolutely phenomenal food. Recommended in the Rough Guide to Britain. [16][17]Known to locals. Easily the best curry in the UK
• The Love Apple, [18]. Quality food and drink with full table service in a relaxed atmosphere, art exhibitions, music, dance and funky loving people.
• Mumtaz - Great Horton Road - a very good up-market Pakistani restaurant, whose 'out' department has supplied Harrods among others. [19]
• Nawaab's, 32 Manor Road, +44 (0)1274 720731. Very average curry restaurant in Bradford, just up from Valley Parade. Portions are thankfully small but dull. Never packed. Relaxed atmosphere and good people watching; try the Nirali special. * Omar Khan's, 30 Little Horton Lane, +44 (0)1274 720030.
• Omar's, 45 Stony Lane, +44 (0)1274 641321. Renowned for its "family sized naan" and "naan & curry challenge".
• Native Land Restaurant, 34 Great Horton Road. 18:00-.... Great authentic Chinese food located nearby the Alhambra theatre. Make sure you order the aubergines.
• Zouk Tea bar & grill, 1310, Leeds Road, Bradford, 01274 258025, [20]. 10am - 12am. Award winning Indian restaurant by far the best in Bradford.
Drink
• Cork & Bottle, Barkerend Road (near cathederal), [21]. Newly refurbished in 2005 after several decades of dereliction. Oldest pub in Bradford now serves thirteen guest Ales.
• Fighting Cock, 21-23 Preston Street, [22]. The Best range of real ales in the city. Plus a great selection of specialist bottled beers. A 10 min walk out of the city centre but well worth it!
• Sir Titus Salt, Unit B Windsor Baths, Morley Street. Good decor and a selection of ales available. Its a Weatherspoons, so you know what to expect.
• Sun Hotel, 124 Sunbridge Road. Long established gay pub. Gay clubs and gay nights in other clubs change on a regular basis. Consult Yorkshire's gay paper Shout! [23] for the latest listing. The most amazing gay club you could ever go to! It's the most popular gay club in Bradford.
• Walkabout, Glydegate Square.
• The Corn Dolly, 10, Bolton Rd, Bradford, West Yorkshire. A great pub just off the beaten track. A free house with a good amount of guest ales. Great food too.
• The Shoulder of Mutton, 28, Kirkgate, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD1 1QL. A little Samuel Smiths pub. All the regular Smiths' favourites on draft. A typical locals pub, in that if you aren't a regular, the people in there stare at you like you are some kind of freak until you leave out of fear. Traditional decor. And a great beer garden if you can figure out what time of the day the sun is overhead?
• Westleigh Hotel, 28-30 Easby Rd, BD7 1QX, 01274727089. A large pub/hotel near Dennis Bellamy Halls and other student accommodation, also close the university. Defiantly one of the cheapest freehouses in Bradford. A lovely atmosphere with an eclectic mix of students and locals. Traditional decor, mostly friendly staff. Karaoke night every Tuesday and you get a free shot for every song. Help For Heroes Pubquiz every Thursday with a free meal at the end. They do a very nice Sunday roast for £5.00. Large smoking area out the front.
Sleep
There is a wide range of accommodation options in and around Bradford. Whether it is student accommodation for the college and university or businessmen and women.
Stay safe
The city has a fairly high rate of crime, so avoid wandering off the beaten track. If you come to an area that is rundown/derelict, heavily vandalised or has gangs of young males hanging around, you should turn around as you are probably in the wrong place. However the area around the clubs (such as Revolution and Tokyo) near the city centre is suprisingly quiet, and you are unlikely to see much trouble, and they are well-policed.
Get out
The Pennines and the Yorkshire Dales are all within reach of the Bradford district, with plenty of hotels available for people to check into. The nearby spa town of Harrogate is also within reach and well worth a visit.
• Todmorden - A lovely Victorian town about 30 minutes away by train. A bustling market, fine restaurants and striking natural beauty are all included within the town. Population : 14,000
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Revision as of 11:39, 3 August 2009 by Hasan travel (Talk | contribs)
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Açıkçası projeyi bitirip arşivledikten sonrası hakkında hiçbir fikrim yok şuan.Ama bu konuda birbirimize yardım edebilirsek çok sevinirim.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Continued by 6321.0.55.001
The March 2004 edition will be the first quarterly publication and first electronic publication.
Number of disputes, employees involved, working days lost and working days lost per 1,000 employees in industrial disputes involving stoppages of work of 10 working days or more, classified by State, industry, duration, cause and method of settlement.
More detailed data are released on request.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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From the 1960 issue onwards, the title has been Year Book Western Australia.
The Western Australian Year Book is a contemporary reference book with many subjects that either changed in the later series after 1957.
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Census data presented here are based on Usual Residence and have been confidentialised to protect the privacy of respondents. This may lead to slight differences in totals.
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These fact sheets contain data about the most advantaged and disadvantaged Local Government Areas by IRSAD, and the most advantaged and disadvantaged Statistical Areas Level 2 (SA2s) by IRSAD.
IRSAD is the Index of Relative Socio-Economic Advantage and Disadvantage.
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Study protocol
The Ischemic Stroke Genetics Study (ISGS) Protocol
James F Meschia1*, Thomas G Brott1, Robert D Brown1, Richard JP Crook2, Michael Frankel3, John Hardy4, José G Merino5, Stephen S Rich6, Scott Silliman5 and Bradford Burke Worrall7
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A
2 Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A
3 Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
4 National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
5 University of Florida/Shands Hospital, Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A
6 Department of Public Health Sciences and Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A
7 University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Neurology 2003, 3:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2377-3-4
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/3/4
Received:21 February 2003
Accepted:8 July 2003
Published:8 July 2003
© 2003 Meschia et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL.
Abstract
Background
The molecular basis for the genetic risk of ischemic stroke is likely to be multigenic and influenced by environmental factors. Several small case-control studies have suggested associations between ischemic stroke and polymorphisms of genes that code for coagulation cascade proteins and platelet receptors. Our aim is to investigate potential associations between hemostatic gene polymorphisms and ischemic stroke, with particular emphasis on detailed characterization of the phenotype.
Methods/Design
The Ischemic Stroke Genetic Study is a prospective, multicenter genetic association study in adults with recent first-ever ischemic stroke confirmed with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Patients are evaluated at academic medical centers in the United States and compared with sex- and age-matched controls. Stroke subtypes are determined by central blinded adjudication using standardized, validated mechanistic and syndromic classification systems. The panel of genes to be tested for polymorphisms includes β-fibrinogen and platelet glycoprotein Ia, Iba, and IIb/IIIa. Immortalized cell lines are created to allow for time- and cost-efficient testing of additional candidate genes in the future.
Discussion
The study is designed to minimize survival bias and to allow for exploring associations between specific polymorphisms and individual subtypes of ischemic stroke. The data set will also permit the study of genetic determinants of stroke outcome. Having cell lines will permit testing of future candidate risk factor genes.
Background
Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and twin studies strongly support an inherited component to stroke risk, but except for rare mendelian and mitochondrial stroke syndromes, the molecular basis for inherited ischemic stroke risk remains ill defined. The ability to identify high-risk patients through genetic testing could make screening for treatable intermediate phenotypes more cost-effective. For example, identification of patients with a high genetic risk of cervical carotid atherosclerosis might enable the efficient use of endarterectomy for primary stroke prevention [1]. In addition, a clear and comprehensive understanding of genetic risk may promote advances in gene therapy and in the development of novel pharmaceutical agents.
Herein we describe the protocol of an ongoing prospective, multicenter study, the Ischemic Stroke Genetics Study (ISGS). This study uses a candidate gene approach in which rates of variant polymorphisms of the candidate genes are compared between patients with ischemic stroke and stroke-free control subjects.
Selection of Candidate Genes for ISGS
The candidate genes for this study include the gene encoding β-fibrinogen and the genes encoding platelet glycoprotein (GP) receptors Ia/IIa, Ib/IX/V, and IIb/IIIa. In selecting candidate genes for an association study, effects of polymorphisms on structure, function, or expression of a gene product should be considered. Failure to consider the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism when searching for polymorphisms associated with stroke might result in mistaking association for causation [2]. We studied genes related to thrombosis because the importance of thrombosis in acute ischemic stroke has been established conclusively in numerous clinical trials of treatment and prevention [3-8]. We focused on genetic variations in the fibrinogen gene cluster because of the efficacy of fibrinolytic agents in the acute treatment of ischemic stroke. In addition, we studied genes encoding for platelet receptors because of the efficacy of platelet anti-aggregant therapy in preventing first-time and recurrent ischemic strokes.
To restrict the choice of polymorphisms worthy of further study, we constructed an evidence table from reports appearing in MEDLINE-indexed English language journals describing cross-sectional or longitudinal studies of at least one thrombosis gene polymorphism in at least 100 patients with stroke. Results were classified as positive or negative according to whether a significant association (P < 0.05) was found between stroke (or carotid atherosclerosis) and a polymorphism. Because it is biologically plausible that a prothrombotic polymorphism may exert a differential effect across different ages, sexes, and ethnic groups, we classified studies as having positive results even if they had only one positive subgroup. We considered a polymorphism worthy of further study if it was not already a clearly established stroke risk factor and if at least one association study was positive.
Regarding a possible relationship to stroke risk, most studies of hemostasis genes have been inconclusive at best and unconvincing at worst. On the basis of the evidence, we concluded that the polymorphisms of factor VII R353Q, factor XIII Val34Leu, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G, and prothrombin G20210A were not worthy of further investigation because large studies had consistently yielded negative results (Table 1). For similar reasons, we decided not to study factor V R506Q (G1691A; i.e., the factor V Leiden mutation), despite its apparent association with cerebral vein thrombosis [9]. Although unknown point mutations in the coding regions of these genes may relate to stroke and relevant variations in gene expression elements may exist, we decided to focus on more immediately high-yield candidate genes.
Table 1. Association Studies of Thrombosis Genes in Ischemic and Carotid Atherosclerosis
The results of three large European studies listed in Table 1 led us to conclude that the β-fibrinogen gene might be a promising candidate. Fibrinogen is a 340,000-Da GP consisting of three polypeptide chains: α, β, and γ. The genes that encode these polypeptides reside on chromosome 4q in a cluster. In a study of the β-fibrinogen G455A polymorphism, Kessler et al. [10] did not find an overall association between genotype and stroke, but heterozygosity for the A allele was associated with large-vessel ischemic stroke (P = 0.045). Schmidt et al. [11] observed an association between carotid atherosclerosis and the C148T polymorphism in a population-based cross-sectional study of persons with normal neurologic status. Carotid atherosclerosis was seen in 53.6% of persons with the C/C genotype, 54.1% of those with the C/T genotype, and 88% of those with the T/T genotype (P = 0.003). Abnormal results on carotid ultrasonography were significantly more common in the T/T genotype group (OR, 6.29; 95% CI, 1.91 to 20.71). Data from the study by Carter et al. [12] on the G448A polymorphism of the β-fibrinogen gene suggested that mechanisms linking fibrinogen and the development of cerebrovascular disease may be different in men and women.
Several studies listed in Table 1 suggested that polymorphisms of genes controlling the three platelet glycoprotein receptors Ia/IIa, Ib/IX/V, and IIb/IIIa, which play a role in adhesion, might also be promising candidate risk factors for stroke. GP Ia/IIa (integrin α2β1) is involved in collagen-induced platelet aggregation. It does not bind collagen monomers, but it does bind collagen fibrils and immobilized collagen. Binding of GPIa/IIa to collagen induces a conformational change in receptor structure that enhances affinity. Thus, one platelet GP of interest is GPIa. Carlsson et al. [13] compared the GPIa (α2) C807T genotype distribution in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attacks with that in hospitalized patients without cerebrovascular disease and in healthy blood donors. An association between the polymorphism and stroke was not seen overall. However, there was an overrepresentation of the C807T polymorphism in patients with stroke age 50 years or younger (n = 45) versus age-matched controls (OR, 3.02; 95% CI, 1.20 to 7.61). No such overrepresentation was detected in older patients.
The second platelet GP of interest is GPIbα, a transmembranous platelet GP (molecular weight, 143,000) that forms noncovalent complexes with GPIbβ, GPIX, and GPV to form the GPIb/IX/V receptor, which is involved in shear stress-induced platelet activation by binding to von Willebrand factor (vWF). This receptor may be particularly relevant in large-vessel atherosclerotic ischemic stroke because high shear stresses like those seen in atherosclerotic arteries increase ligand-receptor affinity. The receptor may also have a role in so-called aspirin failure, in which patients suffer stroke despite taking daily aspirin prophylaxis. Cyclooxygenase inhibition by aspirin has little effect on initial aggregation in response to shear forces. One GPIbα polymorphism is referred to as "VNTR" because it consists of a variable number of tandem repeats of 39 base pairs, each repeat leading to a 13-amino acid addition that pushes a vWF-binding domain further away from the platelet membrane surface. Another is human platelet antigen-2 (HPA-2), a mutation that codes for either a thr (HPA-2a) or met (HPA-2b) at position 145. The HPA-2 site resides next to the vWF and high-affinity thrombin binding sites.
In a case-control study of these polymorphisms, Gonzalez-Conejero et al. [14] found that cerebrovascular disease was associated with both the C/B genotype of the VNTR polymorphism (OR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.16 to 7.07; P = 0.0114) and the β allele of the HPA-2 polymorphism. Of the 104 patients with cerebrovascular disease, 22.11% carried at least one β allele compared with 10.58% of controls (OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.04 to 5.63; P = 0.0244). Neither polymorphism showed significant differences related to age, sex, or type of cerebrovascular disease. Both polymorphisms also correlated with coronary artery disease, but neither correlated with deep vein thrombosis. This is the converse of what Ridker et al. [15] and others found for factor V Leiden. Taken together, the studies suggest that polymorphisms predisposing to arterial thrombosis may differ from polymorphisms predisposing to deep vein thrombosis. This hypothesis supports the rationale for a hemostasis candidate-gene association study such as ISGS, which investigates ischemic stroke specifically and does not regard all acute thrombotic events, whether arterial or venous, as a single clinical entity.
The third candidate platelet GP gene controls GPIIb/IIIa (integrin αIIbβ3), a transmembranous heterodimer with several ligands, including fibrinogen, fibrin, fibronectin, and vWF. Many receptors are involved in platelet adhesion and many agonists stimulate platelet aggregation, but platelet aggregation requires GPIIb/IIIa. When platelets aggregate, GPIIb/IIIa binds to fibrinogen and vWF. Binding to vWF gains importance under conditions of high shear stress. Carter et al. [16] found no overall association between the P1A2 polymorphism of the GPIIb/IIIa gene and cerebral infarction confirmed by computed tomography (CT). However, a subgroup analysis showed significant genotype distribution differences in nonsmokers. The risk of stroke was greater in nonsmokers heterozygous for the P1A2 allele than in those homozygous for P1A2 (OR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.19 to 4.74; P = 0.01). Information on young stroke patients was limited (n = 37), but in a logistic regression model that included P1A genotype status, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes, the OR for stroke in those possessing the A2 allele was 1.68 (95% CI, 1.00 to 2.82; P = 0.05). This study highlights the need for further studies of the interaction between genes and environmental factors, in this case smoking, in attempts to elucidate inherited stroke risk.
Aims
The primary aim of ISGS is to test the association between ischemic stroke and the following putative risk factor polymorphisms: β-fibrinogen C148T, G448A, and G455A; GPIa C807T; GPIbα HPA-2 and VNTR; and GPIIb/IIIa P1A. Exploratory aims are to investigate whether any association found between ischemic stroke and the panel of tested polymorphisms is contingent on sex, age, ethnic origin, smoking status, or stroke subtype and to investigate whether hemostatic gene sequence variations are associated with 90-day functional outcome after acute ischemic stroke.
Methods
Design and Overview
The ISGS is a prospective multicenter study using a case-control design (Fig. 1). Patients and control subjects are screened at one of five clinical centers (Appendix 1 – 1), stroke status is verified, the index stroke for each patient is subtyped, and baseline clinical and demographic data are collected. Blood samples are collected from all enrolled patients and control subjects by means of a one-time venipuncture. The samples are shipped to a central DNA bank for processing and storage, and the processed DNA samples are sent to a central genetics laboratory for genotyping. The genotype data are then merged with the clinical, stroke, and follow-up data and analyzed to ascertain potential associations between stroke risk and genes for β-fibrinogen and platelet GPIa, GPIbα, or GPIIb/III.
Additional file 1.
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Figure 1. Overview of flow of samples and data from study subjects to genetic analyses.
Study Population
Patients With Stroke (Cases)
Each patient with suspected stroke admitted to a participating center is evaluated by a study neurologist according to current standards for care [17,18]. The evaluation includes patient history, physical examination, CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MR) of the head, and laboratory testing. Where clinically indicated, the evaluation may also include carotid ultrasonography; MR, CT, or digital subtraction angiography; transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography; resting and ambulatory electrocardiography; intracranial arterial imaging; and additional blood testing.
Adult men and women who meet the following criteria are entered into the study: 1) diagnosis of first-ever ischemic stroke confirmed by the study neurologist on the basis of history, physical examination, and head imaging by CT or MR; 2) enrollment within 30 days after onset of stroke symptoms; 3) attained 18th birthday by the time of enrollment; 4) complete blood cell count, casual or fasting blood glucose, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time available; and 5) written informed consent from the patient or surrogate.
Stroke is defined according to the World Health Organization criteria [19] as rapidly developing signs of a focal or global disturbance of cerebral function with symptoms lasting 24 hours or longer or leading to death, with no apparent cause other than vascular origin. A diagnosis of ischemic stroke is made only if the patient has a clinical diagnosis of stroke and if a CT scan or MR of the brain done after onset of symptoms either is normal or shows the relevant infarct. Patients with hemorrhagic transformation of an infarct remain eligible.
Time of stroke onset is defined as the time when the subject was last noted to be at baseline neurologic status. If the patient awoke with stroke symptoms, the time of onset is taken as the last time the patient was known to be awake and without any symptoms of stroke. We restrict enrollment to within 30 days after onset of symptoms from the first-ever stroke to avoid potential survival bias [20-23]. The date of enrollment is the date of obtaining signed informed consent.
Exclusion criteria parallel those of the Siblings With Ischemic Stroke Study (SWISS) [24]. Patients who are already enrolled in SWISS are not eligible for participation in ISGS.
To be able to assess the extent to which enrolled patients represent all potential subjects, clinical study coordinators at each site keep logs of every eligible stroke patient who is offered participation in the study, whether or not they are enrolled. The logs will contain initials and date of birth of the eligible stroke patients, date of screening, sex, and race/ethnicity.
Controls
Controls are adult men and women who have attained their 18th birthday at the time of enrollment, have not had a stroke, are unrelated by blood to patients enrolled in the study, and who give written informed consent to participate in the study. We confirm that controls have not had a prior stroke by means of the Questionnaire for Verifying Stroke-free Status (QVSS), a structured interview that was validated in an adult population (age, > 60 years) using systematic review of electronic medical records as the benchmark [25]. The QVSS was further validated in an independent population using history and physical examination by a study neurologist as the benchmark [26]. Interviewers administering the QVSS may exclude a subject they judge to be an unreliable historian on the basis of a global impression of moderate or severe impairment of speech, language, hearing, or memory. Hospitalized patients being treated for coronary or peripheral vascular disease are not eligible for enrollment as controls, but nonhospitalized subjects with a history of these conditions are eligible.
Cases and controls are matched one-to-one. Matching criteria are sex and age (within 3 years for patients who are younger than 30 years and within 5 years for patients who are 30 years or older). We recruit controls mainly from among spouses and unrelated friends of the patients. Each center has a backup plan for recruiting community volunteers should there be a lag in recruitment of properly matched controls [27].
Data Collection
The schedule for data collection is shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Events Table for the Ischemic Stroke Genetics Study
Structured Interview
A structured interview is conducted by the study coordinator with each patient (case) or surrogate and each control subject to explain the study, obtain informed consent, and obtain standardized information on baseline medication and demographic, medical, social, and behavioral variables. Information regarding race and ethnicity is recorded according to self-report. A proband-derived family history is taken for all living or deceased full siblings, all biological children, and both biological parents [28]. Investigators do not independently verify stroke status of family members as part of this protocol. Self-reported cerebrovascular histories are obtained for all patients and control subjects by administering the QVSS during the baseline interview [25].
Medical Records
Study coordinators review the medical records of the initial evaluation of stroke cases to complete case report forms for documenting eligibility and baseline data and to construct the abstracted medical record used for stroke subtyping. The following information is recorded on the case report forms: patient history, physical examination, CT or MR of the head, white blood cell count, platelet count, and hemoglobin concentration, casual or fasting blood glucose, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time, vital signs (height, weight, blood pressure, and temperature), international normalized ratio, lipid profile, plasma homocysteine concentration, and size and location of the symptomatic cerebral infarct as seen on head imaging.
The clinical coordinator also constructs the abstracted medical record used for subtyping of the index stroke by copying admission notes, physician progress notes, discharge summaries, radiology reports, electrocardiograms, echocardiography reports, laboratory reports, and rehabilitation notes.
Investigators and coordinators use standardized definitions for major medical and surgical comorbid conditions (Appendix 2 – see 2). Because blood pressure typically falls during the first few days after an acute ischemic stroke, we have adopted a modification of the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study (NOMASS) technique [29], in which we use the systolic and diastolic blood pressure values measured after admission to the hospital floor (or intensive care unit) rather than measurements taken by the emergency medical service or in the emergency department. Blood pressure is measured from the left brachial artery (if attainable) with a sphygmomanometer, with the patient sitting upright. If the patient is bedbound, the measurement is made with the head of the bed elevated to at least a 45° angle.
Additional file 2.
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Characterization of Ischemic Stroke
An on-site, study-appointed neurologist confirms the diagnosis of ischemic stroke and the time of stroke onset by interviewing patients or any available observers present when the stroke was first noticed [30]. The examiner seeks corroborating evidence (such as ambulance reports) and carefully screens for the possibility of onset during sleep. The severity of the neurologic deficit is assessed within 48 hours of the patient's enrollment in the study by means of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) [31] administered by a certified examiner. The first CT or MR obtained is used to measure infarct size by means of standardized criteria (Appendix 3 – see 3).
Prestroke functional status is assessed retrospectively by the study coordinator with the Oxford Handicap Scale [32]. Acute poststroke functional status is assessed with the Oxford Handicap Scale [32], Barthel Index [33,34], and Glasgow Outcome Scale [35] within 48 hours of enrollment.
Subtyping of the index ischemic stroke is done centrally on the basis of the abstracted medical record by a neurologist adjudicator blinded to genotype data and personal indentifiers. Because final subtype diagnosis has been shown to vary from initial diagnosis in approximately one-third of cases [36], the adjudicator uses all available and relevant information obtained after completion of the stroke work-up. The Trial of ORG10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) [37], Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project (OCSP) [38], and Baltimore-Washington Young Stroke Study (BWYSS) [39] classification systems are used for subtyping.
Additional file 3.
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Follow-up of Stroke Patients
Patients with stroke are followed up by the study coordinator at the center from which they were recruited. The coordinator reassesses patients by using the Oxford Handicap Scale, Barthel Index, and Glasgow Outcome Scale by telephone interview 90 ± 14 days after onset of stroke symptoms. Coordinators preferentially interview the patients themselves. However, if acquired deficits of speech, language, or cognition prevent the patient from participating in the telephone outcomes assessment, a surrogate history is taken from a caregiver or live-in relative. Coordinators will also record mortality and history of cause of death from collateral sources.
Genetic Data
The study coordinator at the local center obtains two tubes of peripheral blood from each patient and each control subject, collected in a 10-mL (8.5-mL draw) acid-citrate-dextrose solution A (ACD) tube. The blood samples are shipped to a central DNA bank by overnight courier and assigned a unique repository identifier. Lymphocytes are isolated, and 0.5 mL of blood is retained in the original tube as a quality control specimen for identity testing. Isolated lymphocytes are cryopreserved using controlled-rate freezing and stored at the liquid phase of nitrogen.
The DNA bank prepares high-quality, high-molecular-weight DNA from the cell pellet using a modification of the salting-out procedure of Miller et al. [40]. Quality control studies on DNA consist of estimation of quantity by OD260/OD280 ratio, estimation of integrity by gel electrophoresis and restriction digestion, and verification of identity by microsatellite analysis and sex determination.
Transformation of lymphocytes is done using Epstein-Barr virus and phytohemagglutinin. Lymphocyte cultures are expanded to produce sufficient stock for 10 to 12 ampules. All cell cultures are done in the absence of antibiotics. Cryopreservation is again done by controlled-rate freezing. Samples are stored at the liquid phase of nitrogen. In-house and remote fail-safe stocks are generated. The following routine quality control studies for cell culture are performed: recovery of frozen stock and determination of viability, sterility testing for bacterial and fungal contamination, testing for mycoplasma contamination by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and confirmation of the identity of the culture by comparing the DNA fingerprint of the culture with that of the quality control specimen. If the first attempt fails, a second aliquot of cryopreserved lymphocytes can be transformed.
Genotyping is done at a central genetics laboratory. Currently, the following sequencing methods are used, but the laboratory will be responsive to technological advances in the field.
PCR is carried out in a 75-μL volume on 40-ng genomic DNA by use of plain primers under standard conditions with a 57° to 52°C (0.5°C/cycle) "touch-down" annealing temperature. To remove excess unincorporated primers that would compete as sequencing primers in the cycle sequencing reaction, the amplified product is filtered with MultiScreen PCR filters (Millipore) and resuspended in 50 μL. The sequencing reaction is carried out using the BigDye Terminator cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems) as per the manufacturer's conditions. To remove excess dye terminators, the sequencing product is purified by ethanol precipitation and resuspended in 10 μL of HiDi formamide. The samples are then denatured and electrophoresed on an ABI 3100 capillary analyzer. Data analysis is carried out with a software suite (ABI) consisting of Sequencing Analysis (base calling), Factura (heterozygous base detection), and Sequence Navigator (sequence comparison).
Adverse Events
All adverse events and serious adverse events will be recorded by the study coordinators and forwarded to the statistical center. Potential physical risks are minimal and relate to the one-time phlebotomy. An independent medical safety monitor will review summary reports of adverse events and serious adverse events periodically and will forward assessments to the study Principal Investigator.
Outcome Measures
The main end point of the study is whether any of the polymorphisms (the β-fibrinogen polymorphisms C148T, G448A, and G455A and the platelet GP polymorphisms GPIa C807T, GPIbα HPA-2 and VNTR, and GPIIb/IIIa P1A) are associated with ischemic stroke. Thus, patients with stroke will be compared with controls as to frequency and distribution of these polymorphisms. Other end points include potential associations among these polymorphisms and individual subtypes of ischemic stroke, ethnic origin, or 90-day poststroke functional outcome and mortality. Additional analyses will include testing for interactions between inherited susceptibility (genotype) and environmental exposures (e.g., smoking).
Data Analyses
Several types of analyses will be performed to assess the relationships between outcome (binary and continuous) and risk factors (both genetic and environmental). The statistical techniques we use to analyze the data depend on the distribution of the independent (predictor) and dependent (outcome) variables. When the outcome variables are categorical (i.e., stroke [yes/no]) we will use chi-square tests and logistic regression techniques; when the outcome variables are continuous (with or without inclusion of collected longitudinal data), we will use repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) techniques.
Cases will be compared with controls with respect to predictor variables of interest and with respect to genotypes that may provide increased risk for stroke. Where needed, adjustments for potential covariates (age, sex, hypertension, etc.) will also be included in these analyses. To perform the above comparisons, we will use logistic regression, a statistical technique for modeling the relationship of a binary outcome and a set of independent (or predictor) variables [41].
For our case-control comparisons, a second series of analyses relates to the distribution of polymorphisms within the selected candidate genes in the cases (stroke positive) and controls (stroke negative). Each subject will be characterized by the polymorphism (or mutation) found at each candidate gene. Different analytical strategies need to be employed for the different candidate loci under study. For the fibrinogen gene cluster, it is proposed that the genotype be considered as a binary variable, that is, as a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with two possible alleles, since the outcome of polymorphisms in genes of this cluster has resulted in apparent increased risk for ischemic heart disease through increased circulating fibrinogen levels. Thus, initial analyses using members of the fibrinogen cluster (or with other candidate genes such as GPIbα) will focus on each case/control being classified by the presence of a risk allele (yes/no), with comparison of SNP allele frequencies between groups (stroke/control).
For other candidate genes (GPIbα, etc.), distributions of genotypes or strata determined by alleles or haplotypes can be established for comparison. For example, GPIbα has a series of polymorphisms that may define an allele of interest. Extending SNPs to haplotypes has the advantage of increased information, yet decreased power in small samples due to the increased number of possible haplotypes to be tested. Restriction of haplotypes by "binning" may provide some increase in power, yet it assumes previous knowledge of risk haplotypes. These few haplotypes can be used to establish strata in the analyses proposed. In separate analyses, the SNP/polymorphism status can be considered to be an exposure variable. Thus, risk factor distributions can be compared between "exposed" subjects (with a polymorphism in a candidate gene) and those "not exposed" (without a polymorphism). For levels of continuous risk factors, this analysis will compare means by analysis of variance methods. For dichotomous risk factors, contingency table methods can be used.
In the case-control analyses, each candidate locus can be analyzed individually as a potential modifier of disease risk (stroke) and as a determinant of other intermediate (continuous trait) end points. To evaluate the relationships between gene interaction (gene-gene) and interaction between inherited susceptibility (genotype) and environmental exposures (e.g., hypertension or smoking), several strategies can be employed. One approach is stratification by genotype at each candidate locus, with analysis of "case" status with the second genetic (or environmental) exposure. For dichotomous exposures, this reduces to a comparison of contingency tables within genotype strata.
A second approach uses logistic regression. Logistic regression can be used for continuous risk factors within genotype strata. Similarly, multivariate logistic regression can be used to predict group membership (stroke vs. control) based on age, sex, environmental risk factors that appear significant in univariate analyses, and genotype(s), with first-order interaction terms of genotype with environment and gene 1 with gene 2.
Sample Size and Study Power
We intend to enroll a total of 900 participants, including 450 patients with ischemic stroke (cases) and 450 stroke-free volunteers (controls), at five academic medical centers in the United States over 3 years. Estimates of potential for recruitment were based on the assumption that the rates of hospitalized stroke cases at the five participating hospitals will remain at 1999 levels throughout the patient recruitment phase of the study.
We anticipate that the study population will be approximately two-thirds white and one-third African American, giving sample sizes of approximately 300 each for white patients with stroke and control subjects and 100 each for African American patients with stroke and control subjects. Thus, for the above analyses, we are concerned primarily with dichotomous outcomes with fixed sample sizes (100, 300, or 450 stroke cases and 100, 300, or 450 controls). Power for any analyses involving continuous measures can be approximated using an independent t test comparison between the incident cases and controls. In the case-control study, the power to address specific issues relating to the genetic associations is dependent on the sample size available, the frequency of the polymorphisms (in the fibrinogen cluster and other candidate genes), and the size of the effect to be detected.
The power is determined on the basis of the frequency of the SNP in the control group and the detectable difference in SNP allele frequency in the control group. For example, if an SNP has a frequency of 0.40 in the total group of controls (n = 450), we can detect (with 75% power) a 20% difference in cases [(0.20)(0.40) = 0.08] or frequencies greater than 0.48 or less than 0.32 in cases. This is obviously a small difference (or a relatively weak genetic relative risk). Using this same example, we would have 46% power in whites and 22% power in African Americans. For the African American group, we generally have power for relatively high-frequency polymorphisms in controls (approximately 45%-50%) and detectable differences of 40% in cases (0.20 difference). Thus, we could detect an SNP allele frequency of 0.70 in cases and 0.45 in controls with 80% power.
In general, the power to detect gene-environment interaction effects is less than that for main effects and is dependent on the type of interaction. For example, using methods discussed by Goodman [42], the power to detect interactions for multiple scenarios is possible. For these scenarios, 2 × 2 tables can be used to describe the overall main effects of genetic and environmental risks (i.e., both the genetic and the environmental risk factors display a main effect size [odds ratio] of about 4).
For large interactions we have > 99% statistical power. Only in the smallest subgroup would power be appreciably affected. For example, for the African American group (100 cases and 100 controls), with the same distribution of individuals as above, the power to detect the large interactions (OR of 0.33 in controls, OR of 5.33 in cases) would still be ~99%, while the power to detect the modest interaction (OR of 0.80 in controls, OR of 1.50 in cases) would be reduced to 13%.
Ethical Considerations
Local institutional review boards (IRBs) governing each clinical center have approved the study protocol. Written informed consent is obtained for every study subject. To the extent permitted by local IRBs, surrogate consent is permitted for patients rendered incompetent by stroke to avoid biasing the study toward discovery of risk factors for mild or moderate stroke but not severe stroke.
Genetic information has the potential to adversely affect insurability and employability [43,44]. An individual's genetic information could also lead to stigmatization within a family and a community [45]. Because of the highly sensitive nature of genetic information, we have developed the following plan to prevent intentional or unintentional misuse of genetic data, which is in keeping with the Privacy Workshop Planning Subcommittee Guidelines of the National Action Plan on Breast Cancer [46].
Every ISGS investigator who obtains or has access to genotypic data is blinded to individual personal identifiers, and every investigator who obtains or has access to individual personal identifiers is blinded to genotypic data. Personal identifiers are defined as individual names, addresses, phone numbers, fax numbers, and e-mail addresses. Personal identifiers and linkage codes are kept only at the clinical center where the study subject was enrolled and will not be recorded on case report forms or stored in the study electronic database. Experimental research data are not placed in a participant's medical record. There have been various opinions regarding whether family members should be considered human subjects in pedigree research and when it is permissible to waive consent [28,47-49]. In ISGS, no personal identifiers are collected on family members.
The protocol of ISGS calls for centrally banking DNA and creating immortalized cell lines. Unlike the situation in clinical trial research, no broad consensus on research ethics exists among investigators and eligible participants in the field of human molecular genetics research. Of recent contention are procedures for ensuring ethical future use of stored genetic material [50,51]. The potential for future use of DNA should be anticipated, even if the specific studies cannot be known. A future-use agreement should respect genetic privacy rights and autonomy of human subjects while encouraging scientific inquiry. Establishing a transparent and ethically sound future-use agreement for research in this field facilitates multicenter collaborations and future research. After reviewing available policy statements from genetics societies and governmental agencies, we developed the following list of key principles, which are incorporated into a future-use agreement governing DNA banked for this study: 1) Subjects must provide informed consent to the original study at the time of DNA collection. 2) The original study must have a rigorous procedure in place to protect privacy of study subjects prior to DNA collection. 3) Patients should have the option to consent to, or refrain from, participation in future research at the time of the initial consent process. 4) Levels of consent must be clear, explicit, and exclusive (e.g., original study only, any stroke study, any study). 5) Applications for future use need to be reviewed formally. 6) Study investigators can release DNA for future use only after determining whether the new study conforms to the type of research permitted by the donor. 7) All specimens are stripped of direct personal identifiers before future use. 8) Anonymous data sets with genetic information from different studies may be merged for hypothesis-generating analyses. We believe that this carefully developed, publicly scrutinized future-use agreement is a unique strength of this study and hope that this proactive approach will avoid some of the rancorous misunderstandings that other investigative groups have encountered in genetic and pedigree research [51].
Discussion
Defining the molecular basis for the inherited component to ischemic stroke risk will require converging lines of evidence from various methodologies, including genomewide screens [24] and candidate gene association studies. Collection of DNA samples from a large cohort of ischemic stroke pedigrees is logistically challenging. Collection of DNA samples from patients with stroke and unrelated stroke-free controls is more feasible.
Some stroke genetics research has been done in the context of epidemiological studies; for example, a study by Ridker and colleagues [15] tested for an association between factor V Leiden and stroke. One limitation of this approach is that there may be relatively few stroke end points in an epidemiological study, particularly because stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular death are often combined as the primary end point. Furthermore, for various reasons, epidemiological studies may include a selected population, for example, only one sex or a limited socioeconomic stratum. The use of such highly selected samples may compromise the ability to generalize the findings of a genetic association study.
Genetic association can be studied within the context of a clinical trial of an intervention for primary prevention. In a prevention study, DNA would be available both from patients with stroke and from stroke-free controls, but the intervention may alter the outcome (stroke) sufficiently to confound interpretation of the results of a genetic association study.
A genetic study in the context of a randomized trial of treatment of stroke patients is a robust study design when the goal is to discover genetic determinants of stroke outcome or response to therapy (pharmacogenomics). However, such a study design may not achieve the goal of discovering genetic risk factors for stroke because no genetic material from stroke-free controls outside of the study would be available. Furthermore, highly restrictive criteria for eligibility into a clinical trial can drastically limit the representativeness of a study population. For example, in one study of intra-arterial thrombolysis for treatment of acute ischemic stroke, 12,323 patients with stroke were screened, and only 180 patients were selected [4]. Other stroke studies include only patients with nondisabling strokes [52], or include only patients with moderate to severe strokes [4]. Because ISGS is a dedicated stroke genetic association study, it has broad eligibility criteria relative to clinical trials of drugs or devices. We expect this to enhance the external validity of the results of the study.
Additionally, we have given careful attention to appropriate selection of controls [27]. The controls are concurrently enrolled at the same centers as are the patients, and controls are also screened for a medical history of stroke or transient ischemic attack and for the presence of symptoms of stroke or transient ischemic attack which may have occurred in the absence of a corresponding medical history.
A unique strength of ISGS is that the protocol was specifically developed to permit valid future pooled analyses with the ongoing affected sibling pair linkage study SWISS [24,53], which uses genome-wide screening within a cohort of pedigrees to identify chromosomal regions – rather than specific polymorphisms – that are linked to stroke. Conducting a candidate gene association study in cases and controls has advantages compared with the genome-wide linkage approach in siblings. Isolated cases are more likely to be available than sibling pairs, increasing the potential for statistical power. Furthermore, determination of phenotype is often retrospective in genome-wide linkage studies because it is rarely possible to enroll all affected members of a pedigree shortly after onset of stroke. In contrast, the case-control approach allows prospective phenotyping of all subjects at the time of onset of stroke, which may be more reliable than retrospective phenotyping. This is an advantage because ischemic stroke has a heterogeneous phenotype, and distinctions between specific clinical subtypes of ischemic stroke may be relevant [54,55]. To address the heterogeneity of the ischemic stroke phenotype, ischemic stroke is subtyped by a genotype-blinded adjudicator in both ISGS and SWISS.
ISGS and SWISS also use the same definitions for ischemic stroke and comorbidity and the same criteria for classifying stroke mechanism. Both studies use the same key exclusion criteria; for example, both studies exclude iatrogenic and vasospastic ischemic stroke patients and exclude the same mendelian and mitochondrial disorders. In addition, the stroke-free status of controls in ISGS and of discordant siblings in SWISS is verified using the same structured interview instrument (i.e., the QVSS [25]). We anticipate that the two studies will complement each other in contributing to the broad, long-term objective of defining the molecular basis for inherited ischemic stroke risk.
List of abbreviations
BWYSS, Baltimore-Washington Young Stroke Study
CT, Computed tomography
GP, Glycoprotein
ISGS, Ischemic Stroke Genetics Study
MR, Magnetic resonance imaging
NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
OCSP, Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project
OR, Odds ratio
PCR, Polymerase chain reaction
QVSS, Questionnaire for Verifying Stroke Status
SWISS, Siblings With Ischemic Stroke Study
TOAST, Trial of ORG10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment
vWF, von Willebrand factor
Competing interests
None declared.
Authors' contributions
Dr. Meschia is the principal investigator in ISGS, developing and writing the protocol from its inception to the final version. Drs. Brott, Brown, Frankel, Merino, Silliman and Worrall are site investigators who contributed to developing and writing the final protocol. Dr. Hardy and Mr. Crook contributed to writing the portions of the manuscript that refer specifically to DNA sequencing and analysis. Dr. Rich contributed to writing the portion of the manuscript that refers to the statistical analytical plan.
Acknowledgements
This study is supported by NIH NINDS RO1 NS-42733 (J.F.M.)
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Pre-publication history
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Methodology article
Simultaneous detection of mRNA and protein stem cell markers in live cells
Won Jong Rhee and Gang Bao*
Author Affiliations
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Biotechnology 2009, 9:30 doi:10.1186/1472-6750-9-30
Published: 2 April 2009
Abstract
Background
Biological studies and medical application of stem cells often require the isolation of stem cells from a mixed cell population, including the detection of cancer stem cells in tumor tissue, and isolation of induced pluripotent stem cells after eliciting the expression of specific genes in adult cells. Here we report the detection of Oct-4 mRNA and SSEA-1 protein in live carcinoma stem cells using respectively molecular beacon and dye-labeled antibody, aiming to establish a new method for stem cells detection and isolation.
Results
Quantification of Oct-4 mRNA and protein in P19 mouse carcinoma stem cells using respectively RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry confirmed that their levels drastically decreased after differentiation. To visualize Oct-4 mRNA in live stem cells, molecular beacons were designed, synthesized and validated, and the detection specificity was confirmed using control studies. We found that the fluorescence signal from Oct-4-targeting molecular beacons provides a clear discrimination between undifferentiated and retinoic acid-induced differentiated cells. Using deconvolution fluorescence microscopy, Oct-4 mRNAs were found to reside on one side of the cytosol. We demonstrated that, using a combination of Oct-4 mRNA-targeting molecular beacon with SSEA-1 antibody in flow cytometric analysis, undifferentiated stem cells can be clearly distinguished from differentiated cells. We revealed that Oct-4 targeting molecular beacons do not seem to affect stem cell biology.
Conclusion
Molecular beacons have the potential to provide a powerful tool for highly specific detection and isolation of stem cells, including cancer stem cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells without disturbing cell physiology. It is advantageous to perform simultaneous detection of intracellular (mRNA) and cell-surface (protein) stem cell markers in flow cytometric analysis, which may lead to high detection sensitivity and efficiency.
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Eastern Canadian Shield taiga
Eastern Canadian Shield taiga
Near Schefferville, Quebec, Canada Photograph by Lynda Dredge/Used with permission of the Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Mark McGinley
This large ecoregion occupies a significant part of northern Quebec and most of Labrador, stretching from Hudson and James Bay to the west, southern Ungava Bay to the north, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east.
The mean annual temperature in this [ecoregion] ranges from -6°C to 1°C, with lower temperatures occurring closer to Hudson Bay and warmer temperatures in eastern Labrador. Mean summer temperatures range from 5.5°C to 10°Celsius (C), and mean winter temperatures range from -18°C to -1°C. Mean annual precipitation varies greatly between 300-400 millimeters (mm) in the area directly south of Ungava Bay to 1000 mm in the southeastern part of this ecoregion. This large ecoregion is characterized by a range of low, mid and high subarctic ecoclimates, and experiences cool summers and very cold winters, with the exception of the coastal barrens, influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and characterized by short, cool moist summers, and longer winters.
The physiography of this ecoregion is rough and undulating, and is composed mainly of massive Archean granites, granitic gneiss, and acidic intrusives with some sedimentary rock found along the coast. Glaciation has given this ecoregion a rolling, morainal plain with numerous small, shallow lakes. Permafrost is found throughout the ecoregion in isolated patches, especially in wetlands.
The western portion of this ecoregion is composed of the Larch Plateau and the Richmond Hills and has a hummocky surface with elevations ranging from 150 meters (m) above sea level (asl) near the coast of James Bay to 450 m asl further east, precipitation to flow eastward to Ungava Bay and westward to Hudson Bay. Kaniapiskau Plateau forms the core of Lake Plateau in the central and south-central area, and is composed of massive granulite and charnockite Archean rocks. Portions of the plateau reach elevations of 915 m asl. An escarpment runs from northwest to southeast through the center of the ecoregion overlooking the Labrador Hills, which are composed of folded Precambrian sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Their surfaces are in the form of sinuous ridges and valleys formed by down-warped, folded, and faulted strata. Summit elevations here range from 360 m asl to 730 m asl. Along the Atlantic coast, steep-sided, rounded mountains with deeply incised U-shaped valleys and fjords extending inland along the Labrador Sea coast. Discontinuous, sandy, bouldery morainal veneers dominate its surfaces. The southeastern edge of the ecoregion is level to gently undulating peatland, interrupted only by a few conspicuous eskers, exposed bedrock highs, and shallow rivers.
Biological Distinctiveness
Snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus). (Photograph by Vicki Nolan)
Vegetation consists of open, stunted stands of black spruce (Picea mariana) (climax species) and tamarack, with secondary quantities of white spruce (P. glauca) and dwarf birch (Betula spp.), willow (Salix spp.), ericaceous shrubs (Ericaceae), cottongrass (Eriophorum spp.), lichens and moss. Poorly-drained sites support sedge (Carex spp.), Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum) cottongrass, and sphagnum moss (Sphagnum spp.). The northwestern boundary of this ecoregion is where the tree limit is reached in Quebec, and trembling aspen reaches its northern limit in the Mecatina River ecoregion in Labrador. Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) is restricted to rare sites of medium-textured materials. The Kingarutuk-Fraser River area and Mealy Mountains form extensive tundra barrens with continuous vegetation cover restricted to depressions where snow accumulates and provides moisture throughout the growing season. Throughout the south, open coniferous forest is transitional to the closed coniferous boreal forest to the south, and the tundra and alpine tundra communities in the northern part of this ecoregion. In the south, open stands of lichen, and black and white spruce with feathermoss understory dominate. Toward Ungava Bay in the north, vegetative cover becomes more sparse and more open. Along the Atlantic Coast, low, closed to open white spruce forest with a moss understory is found on most slopes; however, coastal heath dominates along headlands and ridges, and cliff summits are mainly exposed bedrock with mosses and lichens limited to cracks. Salt marshes and plateau bogs are common on large marine terraces near the coast as well. In the eastern tip, extensive string bogs with open water dominate, and are surrounded by sedges, brown mosses, and sphagnum mosses.
Caribou (Rangifer spp.), moose (Alces alces), black bear (Ursus americanus), wolf (Canis lupus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), arctic fox (Alopex lagopus), wolverine (Gulo gulo), snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), grouse (Dendragapus spp.), osprey (Pandion haliaetus), raven (Corvus corax), and waterfowl are species common in this ecoregion. The Atlantic [coastal zone|Coast]] of this ecoregion forms part of the Atlantic migratory flyway and provides important habitat for seabird colonies, as well as seal (Phocidae) whelping areas. This ecoregion also provide important habitat for peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and the eastern harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus), both endangered species in Canada.
Outstanding features of this ecoregion include most of the year-round range of the George River barren ground caribou herd (Rangifer tarandus ssp. arcticus), the world’s largest migrating herd with an estimated 800,000 animals. String bogs are widespread in this ecoregion and may be considered among the most extensively developed examples in North America. In addition, a small (estimated to be less than 300 animals) and very rare population of land-locked freshwater seals inhabits Lac des Loups Marins, Quebec.
Conservation Status
Habitat Loss and Degradation
Approximately 95 percent of the ecoregion’s natural habitat remains intact. About 5 percent of the ecoregion is permanently flooded from hydro-electric projects.
Remaining Blocks of Intact Habitat
The majority of the ecoregion remains intact.
Degree of Fragmentation
Little habitat fragmentation; some fragmentation may result locally from flooding by hydro-electric dams.
Degree of Protection
There are no protected areas in this ecoregion that meet IUCN I-III protection standards.
Types and Severity of Threats
Near Great Whale River, Quebec, Canada. (Photograph by N. Zinger)
Future hydro-electric projects are proposed for many of the ecoregion’s major rivers, particularly in Quebec. Locally, mining activity is significantly increasing in some areas (e.g. Voisey’s Bay, Labrador) and a real threat of logging exists in the southeastern portion of the ecoregion in Labrador. Caribou harvest must be closely managed so as not to threaten the George River herd in the future, particularly if a population crash occurs as has happened in the past.
Suite of Priority Activities to Enhance Biodiversity Conservation
Protected areas need to be permanently established. The following are some important candidate sites:
• Mealy Mountains National Park - southeast Labrador
• Lac Joseph - Atikonak proposed provincial wilderness reserve - southwest Labrador
• Lac Guillaume-Delisle - west-central Quebec
• Lac a l’eau claire - west-central Quebec
• Baie aux feuilles - northeast Quebec
• Lac Burton-Riviere Roggan et la pointe Louis XIV - west-central Quebec
• Riviere Koroc - northeast Quebec
• Monts Pyramides - northeast Quebec
• Lac Cambrien - northeast Quebec
• Canyon Eaton - northeast Quebec
• Collines Ondulees - northeast Quebec
• Confluence des rivieres de la Baleine et Wheeler - northeast Quebec
• Lac Bienville - central Quebec
Conservation Partners
• Action: Environment
• Grand Conseil des Cris
• Newfoundland/Labrador Environmental Association
• Protected Areas Association of Newfoundland and Labrador
• The Nature Conservancy, Quebec
• UQCN - Union Québecoise pour la Conservation de la Nature
• World Wildlife Fund Canada, Quebec Region
Disclaimer: This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the World Wildlife Fund. Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the World Wildlife Fund should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.
Citation
World Wildlife Fund (Lead Author);Mark McGinley (Topic Editor) "Eastern Canadian Shield taiga". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth April 23, 2007; Last revised Date July 23, 2012; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Eastern_Canadian_Shield_taiga>
The Author
Known worldwide by its panda logo, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) leads international efforts to protect endangered species and their habitats. Now in its fifth decade, WWF works in more than 100 countries around the globe to conserve the diversity of life on Earth. With nearly 1.2 million members in the U.S. and another 4 million worldwide, WWF is the world's largest privately financed conservation organization. WWF directs its conservation efforts toward three global goals: 1) saving endangered ... (Full Bio)
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Stotfold, YorkshireEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
England Yorkshire Yorkshire Parishes, S-YWest Riding of Yorkshire Stotfold
Contents
Parish History
STOTFOLD, an extra-parochial district, in the union of Doncaster, S. division of the wapentake of Strafforth and Tickhill, W. riding of York, 7 miles (N. W.) from Doncaster; containing 9 inhabitants. [1]
Resources
Civil Registration
Birth, marriages and deaths were kept by the government, from July 1837 to the present day. The civil registration article tells more about these records. There are several Internet sites with name lists or indexes. A popular site is FreeBMD.
Church records
To find the names of the neighbouring parishes, use England Jurisdictions 1851. In this site, search for the name of the parish, click on the location "pin", click Options and click List contiguous parishes.
Contributor: Include here information for parish registers, Bishop’s Transcripts, non conformist and other types of church records, such as parish chest records. Add the contact information for the office holding the original records. Add links to the Family History Library Catalog showing the film numbers in their collection
Non Conformist Churches
Census records
Census records from 1841-1891 are available on film through a Family History Center or at the Family History Library. The first film number is 464283. To view these census images online, they are available through the following websites for a fee ($) or free:
• FamilySearch has some of the British Censuses available.
• FindMyPast ($) has all available census records including images, and is free at Family History Centers and the Family History Library and some public and academic libraries.
• Ancestry.co.uk ($) has now all available census records but free at Family History Centers and the Family History Library and at numerous public and academic libraries. The library versions are known as AncestryInstitution.com.
• The Genealogist.co.uk ($) has all available censuses and is free at Family History Centers and the Family History Library and various other libraries.
• FreeCen is a UK census searches. It is not complete and individuals are always asked to consider helping out with transcriptions.
Probate records
Records of wills, administrations, inventories, indexes, etc. were filed by the court with jurisdiction over this parish. Go to Yorkshire Probate Records to find the name of the court having primary jurisdiction. Scroll down in the article to the section Court Jurisdictions by Parish.
Maps and Gazetteers
Maps are a visual look at the locations in England. Gazetteers contain brief summaries about a place.
Web sites
Contributor: add any relevant sites that aren’t mentioned above.
References
1. Lewis, Samuel A., A Topographical Dictionary of England (1848), pp. 229-234.
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• This page was last modified on 29 April 2013, at 14:20.
• This page has been accessed 157 times.
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California GenealogyEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 06:09, 4 May 2008 by Jbparker (Talk | contribs)
Most archives, historical societies, and genealogical societies have special collections and indexes of genealogical value. You must usually search these in person. A published collection for early California is Marie E. Northrop, Spanish-Mexican Families of Early California: 1769-1850, Two Volumes. (New Orleans, Louisiana: Polyanthos, 1976; FHL book 979.4 F2n).
Some notable manuscript collections of compiled genealogies for California are:
Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) Collection. This collection consists of transcripts of Bible records, cemetery records, church records, marriages, deaths, obituaries, and wills. It was microfilmed in 1971 at the DAR Library, Washington, D.C., and is available on 42 films at the Family History Library (FHL films 844409-50, 844435-449, and others). The volumes are generally arranged by county and many have individual indexes.
The Spanish-American Mission Collection. This is a collection of family group records showing the ancestry of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from the Southwest. It is on microfilm at the Family History Library (FHL Spanish America films 940001-6).
Society of Mayflower Descendants (California) Collection. This is a large collection of alphabetized family group records for California families. It was microfilmed in 1974 at the Society's headquarters in San Francisco and is at the Family History Library (FHL films 963193-230 and 965671-85).
Web Sites
http://www.ancestorhunt.com/california-genealogy.htm
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Mexico Language and LanguagesEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 23:18, 20 March 2013 by Kimberlygailbrown (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Mexico Language and Languages
Most materials used in Mexican research are written in Spanish. However, you do not need to speak or read Spanish to do research in Mexican records. However, you will need to know some key words and phrases to understand the records.
The official language of Mexico is Spanish, which is spoken by 90 percent of the people. Indian languages of the Aztecs, Mayans, and other tribes are still spoken throughout the country. Originally there may have been more than 200 roots of native languages.
In 1889, Antonio García Cubas estimated that 38% of Mexicans spoke an indigenous language, down from 60% in 1820. By the end of the 20th century, this figure had fallen to 6%.
In the early history of Mexico after the Spanish conquest, the spiritual leaders knew Latin, and where schools were established, Latin was a required subject. So you may find some Latin terms included in church records.
Hundreds of native languages and dialects existed although very few written records survived the European conquest. Of these the Náuatl language, spoken by the Aztecs of the Central Plateau region, is predominant, followed by the Mayan of the Yucatan Pennisula and Northern Central America. The Zapoteco, Mixteco, and Otomi languages, follow in importance.
In the early records a great many Indian words, especially names and localities, found their way into the Spanish language. Many of them were modified to make them more pronounceable to the Spanish conquerors.
Spanish phonetics may affect the way names appear in genealogical records. For example, the names of your ancestor may vary from record to record in Spanish. For help in understanding name variations, see Mexico Names, Personal.
Language Aids
The Family History Library provides the following aids:
The following English-Spanish dictionaries can also aid you in your research. You can find these publications listed below and similar material at many research libraries:
Cassell’s Spanish-English, English-Spanish Dictionary New York: Macmillan, 1978. (FHL book 743.21 C272c 1978.)
Velázquez de la Cadena, Mariano. A New Pronouncing Dictionary of the Spanish and English Languages New York: Appleton- Century-Crofts, 1942. (FHL book 463.21 V541n.) y también volumen 2 del mismo.
Diccionario de Autoridades (Dictionary of Authorities). 3 vols. Madrid: Edit. Gredos, 1963. (FHL book 463 D56ld.)
Additional language aids, including dictionaries of various dialects and time periods, are listed in the "Place Search" section of the Family History Library Catalog under:
MEXICO- LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES
They are also listed in the "Subject" section of the Family History Library Catalog under:
SPANISH LANGUAGE- DICTIONARIES
And remember that a great free resource is always translate.google.com.
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YukonEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 16:53, 3 December 2012 by Kehoemw (Talk | contribs)
This article is about a territory of the northwest part of Canada. For other uses, see the Yukon (disambiguation) page.
News and Events
Topics
Other Heading
The Research Forums have been closed. For a limited time the Canadian Research Forum will be available in read-only mode.
Welcome to the Yukon,
Larger than life
Canada Yukon
Typical mining camp on Bonanza Creek, Yukon, during the Klondike Gold Rush abt 1898
Cities, Towns and Local Advisory Areas
Source: Yukon Department of Health and Social Services and Yukon Bureau of Statistics
Getting Started
1. What information do you wish to locate about your ancestor? To choose the sources you need to search first, please click on RECORD SELECTION TABLE: Yukon , which will help you decide.
2. From the above Record Selection Table, which sources do you wish to check in this county? To check the availability of your sources of interest as well as to check the websites that have them online, please click on this county's SOURCES LINKS TABLE .
3. Do you know the location that you wish to search in this county? If so, please check for some possible sources and some online information about your location of interest, by clicking on this county's POPULATED PLACES TABLE .
4. For further information regarding your sources of interest, see "Yukon Topics" ABOVE left side and click on the source of interest.
Remember that you should always try to get an original copy of that source to verify information.
Please be aware that this is a growing Pilot program, with new information being added on a regular basis.
NOTE: If you would like to participate in contributing information into this WIKI program, please go to the "Create a New Page" section of this screen, and follow the guidelines.
WELCOME ABOARD! More sharers of information = more information available for everyone!
Template:Yukon
Major Repositories
Migration Routes
Yukon River · Big Salmon River · Chilkoot Trail · All Canadian Routes
Research Tools
RESEARCH GUIDES
BYU Research Outline for British Columbia, Canada
BYU Research Outline for Alberta, Canada
Help Expand the Wiki
In order to make this wiki a better research tool, we need your help! Many tasks need to be done. You can help by:
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Corgi - Books Published in 1965
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Publications:
#FN7217 Marooned, 1965, 5/-, 314pp, pb Martin Caidin
#FS7126 Of Demons and Darkness, 1965, 5/-, xii+303pp, pb, coll John Collier
#FS7263 Earth Abides, 1965, 5/-, 316pp, pb George R. Stewart
#FS7295 The City and the Stars, 1965, 5/-, 254pp, pb Arthur C. Clarke [VERIFIED]
#GN7114 Something Wicked This Way Comes, 1965, 3/6, 215pp, pb Ray Bradbury
#GN7240 Dandelion Wine, 1965, 3/6, 184pp, pb Ray Bradbury
#GN7269 The Novel of the Black Seal, 1965, 3/6, 158pp, pb, coll Arthur Machen [VERIFIED]
#GN7270 The Novel of the White Powder, 1965, 3/6, 158pp, pb, coll Arthur Machen [VERIFIED]
#GN7272 Black Tales, 1965, 3/6, 158pp, pb, anth uncredited [VERIFIED]
#GN7289 Shock II, 1965, pb, coll Richard Matheson
#GS7097 A Stir of Echoes, 1965, 3/6, 158pp, pb Richard Matheson
#GS7125 New Writings in S.F.—2, 1965, 3/6, 191pp, pb, anth John Carnell
#GS7125 New Writings in S.F.—2, 1965, 3/6, 191pp, pb, anth , cover: Sir George F. Pollock John Carnell [VERIFIED]
#GS7142 The Screaming Face, 1965, 3/6, 159pp, pb John Lymington
#GS7143 The Counterfeit Man, 1965, 3/6, 174pp, pb, coll , cover: Sir George F. Pollock Alan E. Nourse [VERIFIED]
#GS7160 The Dark Mind, 1965, 3/6, 158pp, pb Colin Kapp [VERIFIED]
#GS7184 The Illustrated Man, 1965, 3/6, 186pp, pb, coll Ray Bradbury
#GS7185 The Silver Locusts, 1965, 3/6, 181pp, pb, coll Ray Bradbury [VERIFIED]
#GS7186 Fahrenheit 451, 1965, 3/6, 158pp, pb Ray Bradbury [VERIFIED]
#GS7199 New Writings in S.F.—3, 1965, 3/6, 189+[3]pp, pb, anth , cover: Sir George F. Pollock John Carnell [VERIFIED]
#GS7208 Weird Shadows from Beyond, 1965, 3/6, 157pp, pb, anth John Carnell
#GS7262 New Writings in S.F.-4, 1965, 3/6, 186pp, pb, anth , cover: Sir George F. Pollock John Carnell [VERIFIED]
#GS7271 Horror-7, 1965, 3/6, 157pp, pb, anth Frederick Pickersgill
#GS7312 Thirteen French Science-Fiction Stories, Sep 1965, 3/6, 167pp, pb, anth Damon Knight
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Bibliography: Voices From the Night: 27 Stories of Horror and Suspense
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Title: Voices From the Night: 27 Stories of Horror and Suspense
Editor: John Maclay
Year: 1994
Type: ANTHOLOGY
ISFDB Record Number: 1036125
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Reviews:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Marek: Freeze-down/Thaw
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(Materials)
(Materials)
Line 7: Line 7:
*10-50 ml centrifuge tube
*10-50 ml centrifuge tube
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*DMSO, Tissue culture-tested (e.g. Sigma, D2650)
+
*DMSO, Tissue culture (TC)-tested (e.g. Sigma, D2650)
-
*Culture medium
+
*Freeze-down medium
-
**component A (reagent 2 is made up of multiple components)
+
**6% DMSO
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**component B
+
**Cell culture medium
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*equipment 1
+
*Basic TC centriguge (0 - 2500 rpm)
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*equipment 2
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*Freeze down box (this could be simply made from a small styropore box and cotton or from two styropore racks from 15-ml centrifuge tubes )
==Procedure==
==Procedure==
Revision as of 05:14, 18 May 2007
Contents
Overview
This short protocol describes how to freeze down and thaw (or bring up) mammalian cells (e.g. HeLa, KEK293, CHO, Jurkat T cells).
Materials
List reagents, supplies and equipment necessary to perform the protocol here.
• 10-50 ml centrifuge tube
• DMSO, Tissue culture (TC)-tested (e.g. Sigma, D2650)
• Freeze-down medium
• 6% DMSO
• Cell culture medium
• Basic TC centriguge (0 - 2500 rpm)
• Freeze down box (this could be simply made from a small styropore box and cotton or from two styropore racks from 15-ml centrifuge tubes )
Procedure
1. Step 1
2. Step 2
• Step 2 has some additional information that goes with it. i.e. Keep at 4°C.
3. Step 3
1. Step 3 has multiple sub-steps within it.
2. Enumerate each of those.
Notes
1. List troubleshooting tips here.
2. You can also link to FAQs/tips provided by other sources such as the manufacturer or other websites.
3. Anecdotal observations that might be of use to others can also be posted here.
Please sign your name to your note by adding '''*~~~~''': to the beginning of your tip.
Contact
• Who has experience with this protocol?
or instead, discuss this protocol.
Personal tools
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So he said. And blameless Cottus answered him again: “ [655] Divine one, you speak that which we know well: no, even of ourselves we know that your wisdom and understanding is exceeding, and that you became a defender of the deathless ones from chill doom. And through your devising we have come back again from the murky gloom and from our merciless bonds, [660] enjoying what we looked not for, O lord, son of Cronos. And so now with fixed purpose and deliberate counsel we will aid your power in dreadful strife and will fight against the Titans in hard battle.” So he said: and the gods, givers of good things, applauded when [665] they heard his word, and their spirit longed for war even more than before, and they all, both male and female, stirred up hated battle that day, the Titan gods, and all that were born of Cronos together with those dread, mighty ones of overwhelming strength [670] whom Zeus brought up to the light from Erebus beneath the earth. A hundred arms sprang from the shoulders of all alike, and each had fifty heads growing from his shoulders upon stout limbs. These, then, stood against the Titans in grim strife, [675] holding huge rocks in their strong hands. And on the other part the Titans eagerly strengthened their ranks, and both sides at one time showed the work of their hands and their might. The boundless sea rang terribly around, and the earth crashed loudly: wide Heaven was shaken and [680] groaned, and high Olympus reeled from its foundation under the charge of the undying gods, and a heavy quaking reached dim Tartarus and the deep sound of their feet in the fearful onset and of their hard missiles. So, then, they launched their grievous shafts upon one another, [685] and the cry of both armies as they shouted reached to starry heaven; and they met together with a great battle-cry.
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But it soon befell
that Chloreus, once a priest of Cybele,
shone forth in far-resplendent Phrygian arms,
and urged a foaming steed, which wore a robe
o'erwrought with feathery scales of bronze and gold;
while he, in purples of fine foreign stain,
bore light Gortynian shafts and Lycian bow;
his bow was gold; a golden casque he wore
upon his priestly brow; the saffron cloak,
all folds of rustling cambric, was enclasped
in glittering gold; his skirts and tunics gay
were broidered, and the oriental garb
swathed his whole leg. Him when the maiden spied,
(Perchance she fain on temple walls would hang
the Trojan prize, or in such captured gold
her own fair shape array), she gave mad chase,
and reckless through the ranks her prey pursued,
desiring, woman-like, the splendid spoil.
Then from his ambush Arruns seized at last
the fatal moment and let speed his shaft,
thus uttering his vow to heavenly powers:
“Chief of the gods, Apollo, who dost guard
Soracte's hallowed steep, whom we revere
first of thy worshippers, for thee is fed
the heap of burning pine; for thee we pass
through the mid-blaze in sacred zeal secure,
and deep in glowing embers plant our feet.
O Sire Omnipotent, may this my spear
our foul disgrace put by. I do not ask
for plunder, spoils, or trophies in my name,
when yonder virgin falls; let honor's crown
be mine for other deeds. But if my stroke
that curse and plague destroy, may I unpraised
safe to the cities of my sires return.”
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hideData/Identifiers
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Daily Search Forum Recap: January 29, 2013
Jan 29, 2013 • 4:00 pm | (0) by | Filed Under Search Forum Recap
Here is a recap of what happened in the search forums today, through the eyes of the Search Engine Roundtable and other search forums on the web.
Search Engine Roundtable Stories:
• Webmasters Notice Decline In Google Image Search Traffic After Design Update
Last week, Google updated their image search design citing this is better for webmasters. Webmasters were not convinced, they didn't like that searchers can get the high resolution image directly on Google's web page and not be required to click through
• Does Building Too Many Links Too Fast Hurt You In Google?
A WebmasterWorld thread has an SEO asking, what is the recommendation in terms of how many links you should build, in order not to trigger some type of red flag with Google where you trip the "link velocity" threshold. Fun question but the truth is...
• Yahoo Increases Paid Clicks 11% & CPC Prices 1%
Last night, Yahoo announced Q4 2012 earnings and the earnings report under Marissa Mayer was good. It beat expectations, investors were happy and the future is looking a little brighter for Yahoo. That being said...
• Google's Cutts Goes Offline For A Month?!
If there is a hell in this world, I'd imagine it would be a place without internet, no LTE, no email, no web, no blogging, etc. Now, it appears Google's Matt Cutts just went there for the past 30 days or so...
• How Google+ Blocks Spam
The other day, I posted a marketing message on one of my Google+ company accounts for a product I own named ShulCloud (basically a synagogue management software product). The message was about some updates we made to the front end of the web site...
• Silver Android Bullet Above Google's Android Building
Jeremy Joslin from Google posted a picture of what appears to be a new Android figure at Google. It is embedded above the Android building entrance. It kind of looks like a silver bullet but even co
Other Great Search Forum Threads:
Previous story: Webmasters Notice Decline In Google Image Search Traffic After Design Update
blog comments powered by Disqus
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
Cave Spur Mine
From SourceWatch
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is part of the Coal Issues portal on SourceWatch, a project of CoalSwarm and the Center for Media and Democracy. See here for help on adding material to CoalSwarm.
Cave Spur Mine #1 is an underground operation in Harlan County, KY, operated by Cave Spur Coal.
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Contents
Mine Data
• MSHA ID: 1518197
• Operator: Cave Spur Coal LLC
• Controller: Richard Gilliam
• Union:
• County: Harlan
• State: KY
• Latitude: 36.93
• Longitude: -83.01
• 2007 Production (short tons): 333,617
• Coal Type: Bituminous
• Mining Method: Underground
• Mine Status: Active
• Average No. of Employees: 36
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List of Surname County Census Summaries
Watchers
Share
Southwest Virginia Project
Return to Southwest Virginia Project Main Page
See Surname County Census Summaries Explanation for an explanation of this mapping.
Willis HOH VA 1820Marshall HOH VA 1820Cowan HOH NC-VA 1820-1830
Willis HOH NC 1820Cowans in North Carolina 1820-1830
Walker HOH VA 1820Cowans in North Carolina in 1820 Census
Cowan HOH NC 1830
Cowan HOH VA 1830
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
4307.0.55.002 - Apparent Consumption of Alcohol: Extended Time Series, 1944-45 to 2008-09 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 18/01/2011 First Issue
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
BEER
Pure alcohol in beer
Beer has remained the most prevalent alcoholic beverage in Australia, in terms of both volume and pure alcohol, over the past 50 years, although there have been large changes in the pattern of consumption of beer over this period. In 1960-61 beer made up around 76% of total apparent consumption of pure alcohol, but 40 years later (2000-01) had decreased to 50%. In 2008-09 beer comprised 44% of total apparent consumption of pure alcohol (Graph 3).
In per capita terms, apparent consumption of pure alcohol from beer rose strongly in the decade following World War II, followed by a period of slower growth (Graph 4). Apparent consumption of beer peaked in 1973-74 and 1974-75 at an average 9.2 litres of pure alcohol per person aged 15 years and over. Since then, the prevalence of beer has decreased markedly, reaching 4.6 litres of pure alcohol per person in 2004-05 and remaining at this level in the following years. This is half that of the peak in the mid 1970s, and the lowest since 1947-48.
TABLE 2: APPARENT CONSUMPTION OF BEER
Total volume available for consumption
Pure alcohol available for consumption
Year ended 30 June(b)
Volume
'000 litres
Per capita(a)
litres
Volume
'000 litres
Per capita(a)
litres
1949
633 543
109.41
30 410
5.25
1959
1 003 263
144.17
48 157
6.92
1969
1 462 732
169.70
70 211
8.15
1979
1 888 520
176.45
90 649
8.47
1989
1 925 546
148.45
85 819
6.62
1999
1 758 991
118.29
75 607
5.08
2009
1 872 810
106.59
81 148
4.62
(a) Litres per person aged 15 years and over.
(b) See data cube for all years 1944-45 to 2008-09.
Total volume of beer
Graph 5 illustrates the changes in apparent consumption of beer, in volume terms, since World War II. Apparent consumption of beer in Australia peaked during the mid 1970s and early 1980s, at around 1,900 million litres each year. Since then, total apparent consumption of beer has remained relatively steady.
Beer volume data shows, however, that apparent consumption of beer in per capita terms has fallen significantly since the mid-1970s, when the average volume of beer available for consumption was around 190 litres per person aged 15 years and over (Graph 6). By 2008-09 this had decreased to 107 litres per person, the lowest apparent per capita consumption of beer since 1947-48.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Domain Names: Expression that Deserves Protection
This post also available in:
Malagasy · Anaran-tsehatra: Fanehoan-kevitra Mendrika Ho Arovana
Français · Les Noms de domaine, une liberté à protéger.
Español · Nombres de dominio: una expresión que merece ser protegida
If we had to learn and reproduce long numbers or alphanumeric chains each time we wanted to access a website, the Internet wouldn't be what we've all come to know. Undoubtedly, having to write 173.194.42.19 to access Google or 72.21.214.128 for Amazon, for instance, would discourage most users and would be a threat to the logic of open access that characterizes the net.
In order to work as it does, the Internet needs those names — “Google,” “Amazon,” “Yahoo” — that direct us to where we want to go just by typing those words on our keyboard. Computers (or mobiles devices) take care of the rest.
This process is managed by the Domain Name System (DNS). The DNS associates site names (google.com, for instance) with those long and complex numeric addresses and allows users to connect a domain name to an IP address — that which marks the location of the website we want to access to — in a unique way.
In addition, domain names can be conceived as forms of expression and opinion. It thus can be deduced that the institutional design of the administrators of generic top level domain names – gTLD — (that is, the “.com”) and contry code top level domain names – ccTLDs- (the “.ar”, “.br” o “.cl”, for example) are key subjects for analysis.
The Initiative for Freedom of Expression on Internet (iLEI, by its Spanish name), a special program of the Center of Studies for Freedom of Expression and Access to Information at the University of Palermo in Argentina, addresses in its new paper the relationship between freedom of expression, domain names, and the various models adopted for their administration.
Who is administrating?
Image via Shutterstock, copyright: dencg
The responsibility of administrating domain names is imperative for the Internet to work as it does and for sites to be easily found by users.
A high number of pages need some kind of control or coordination. This task is carried out by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). Among other tasks, ICANN is in charge of defining policies about how the system should work and coordinating globally the DNS architecture.
But ICANN is not in charge of administrating and assigning every gTLD and ccTLD. For gTLDs, ICANN delegates this function to some businesses and, for ccTLDs, of particular interest to the project's researchers, to administrative entities in each country.
Therefore, as mentioned by iLEI in their research, domain names can be thought of as a form of expression. Negative interference by states, when assigning or renewing them, can affect users and owners who exercise this fundamental right.
Models of administrating ccTLDs
Various ccTLD administrators around the world share different functions, responsibilities and attributes. These can include basic registration functions, services to members, services to registered users and registering entities, and domain representation on related forums.
ccTLD administrators have adopted different models that, when examined with regard to the right to freedom of expression, have virtues and flaws.
On one hand, we have the so-called “Administrator Model” with strong interference by the state. For these cases, ccTLD administration is under the government's control — no other sector participates.
One example of this model is in Venezuela, where “.ve” is administrated by the National Telecommunications Commission[es] (CONATEL, by its Spanish name), under the authority of the Ministry of People's Power for Telecommunications and Informatics. China might be another example for this kind of model where, although with some variations, the Chinese Academy of Science, under the authority of the Ministry of Informatics Industry of China, controls the CNNIC, which administrates “.CN”.
This model has a disadvantage, though. If we think of a domain name itself as expression, an opinion of public interest or political critique, the higher the degree of government control, the more suspicion might be generated about potential denials of registration or renewals of domains that could be related to government critiques.
Another model might be known as the “Multiple Interested Parties” model. In this case, there is participation of public entities, but also from the civil society. Such is the case in Brazil, where the civil non-profit NIC.br implements the decisions of CGI.br (Internet Steering Committee), a mixed entity made up of government representantives, private sector actors, civil society, and experts. Another case is Canada, where registry administration is the responsibility of the Canadian Internet Registration Authority (CIRA), whose authorities are chose by the users themselves.
Administration according to international standards
As noted by iLEI in the paper, ideally, states would have administrators for registration and renewal of domains, independent of any kind of government intereference. Thus, multi-sector participant models could be useful.
Furthermore, in states with government administrators, a design free of government interference should be guaranteed. To achieve this, it's important to provide administrators with fiscal stability and to guarantee them that removals will require special processes that prevent arbitrary decision-making.
For every case, if we consider that the expressive value of the domain name itself is a form of expression and opinion, registration and renewal administrators should bear in mind international standards that guarantee the exercise of the rights to opinion and expression.
Domain name administrators should adhere to recommendations in the Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression (IACHR), which states that expression of political content deserves the highest level of protection. A denial to register a domain name should be viewed suspiciously an analyzed with an eye toward the website's content, as it may constitute prior censorship, which is specifically banned by IACHR.
Administrators also must adhere to General Comment number 34 on Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The article establishes that the right to not be threatened due to one's opinions must be protected.
The adaptation of the procedures to these standards, carried out by local domain administrators, will guarantee users the capacity to exercise their rights on line.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I'm a tech founder of a startup in the very early stage. I'm looking to add a business development, sales, and marketing co-founder. However this guy is looking to invest 2 hours per day while i'm ready to go almost full time on this (I'm a freelancer).
Duties
Me:
+ Looking to invest around 7-8 hours per day
+ I came up with the idea (i know ideas are useless but whatever)
+ I cover the whole tech side of the startup
+ I already made a small prototype
+ I'm going to get the CEO position
- I live in a country where tech investors are literally rare
The co-founder:
- Looking to invest around 2 hours per day ( looking to go full-time after funding)
+ He'll cover the Business Development and Marketing
+ He'll raise funds and has a decent network
+ The startup really needs some decent business work to operate
+ He lives in a country where tech investors are much more accessible
What would be an appropriate equity to the co-founder considering that he pretty much won't bootstrap at all after joining because the project needs funding so it's our first step. In other words, The only thing that the co-founder would do without a salary is help making a business plan & raising seed funds.
However, My startup's business model requires funding anyways before doing anything in both business dev and marketing.
P.S. I'm already making the full version now.
share|improve this question
show 2 more comments
9 Answers
Having equity in the company dependent on a time commitment is the dumbest idea I've ever heard.
So if your partner can pick up the phone and have one of his college room mates loan 100K to your startup, you think he should get a higher percentage if he spends 8 hours on the phone with this person than if he can do it in one? How long will it take you to write 100K worth of code?
I think you should establish certain goals for both of you to earn your percentage. Right now you own 100% of nothing. Work out an agreement on what you expect from each other. If he raises no money and doesn't develop any sales, he gets nothing. I don't care if he spends 80 hrs a week on it.
Nobody built a startup punching a time clock. There's plenty of crappy jobs that will give you that opportunity.
share|improve this answer
Two things jumped out at me as being very bad.
First, two hours a day? Really that's it? Sorry, but no equity. That is by no means enough time to do "marketing" or "business development". Full time dude. BTW, those terms are extremely nebulous and can mean almost anything. If he is actively doing sales then comp accordingly. However marketing and business development is more of a strategic thing and may have almost zero value to you in the early stages. Sales on the other hand mean you get to eat and consider your marketing message... Which the CEO should have direct control of.
Second, if you are the CEO then you are the one raising funds... otherwise you are a very weak CEO and will have a very hard time acquiring funding. He can certainly introduce you and you can offer to pay him a small percentage of funds acquired through his contacts; but that's not worth any equity. For example, if his contacts lead to acquiring $1M then he might get $50k.
On the other hand, if he's willing to actually invest in your business himself, then that could lead to an equity position. Otherwise it sounds like he's trying to leech off of you.
Rereading this: the CEO is the one in charge of making the business plan. Not this other guy. He might help you with it, but it should 100% be your baby.
All of this kind of feels like maybe you have no idea what you are doing but want the title. I think you need to look deep and decide: do you want someone else to actively run the company or will you step up and figure it out?
Hopefully that didn't make you mad. By way of explanation I was asked this very same question when starting mine a few years back. I'm a developer at heart. Quite frankly at first I had no idea. I liked the title and the idea of control but I certainly didn't know the first thing about raising money, making a business plan or really what it meant to be CEO. Eventually I figured out that if I was going to be on top I better learn.
I have to admit it was painful at first. But once I started to figure it out I was able to see how we had some really bad contracts in place with existing people and how the business was on the path to failure. I turned it around and we are now thriving. If I had let my "bus dev" guy make the calls we'd be out of business today.
share|improve this answer
I'm having a little trouble with the whole "I live in a country where there are few tech investors"; he "lives in a country where tech investors are more accessible" point. Investors may be more accessible in another country, but things get complicated when you're targeting investors abroad.
First: let's assume this guy is a good fit and will be able to get you some investment interest. If he gets an investor in country B (where investors are plentiful), and you live in country A (where you, the company, the product and the culture, taxation and legal jurisdiction which govern the aforementioned apply), where's the investment going to go? What's that investor going to get, in what country and under whose laws?
There's a reason why people invest locally, as in angel groups: they want to be in reach of the money and the people they gave it to. There are examples where people invest across borders, of course, but if you're banking on this person to be your credibility to draw in the money, ask yourself what will happen when the investor invests. In what country is the company they are investing in? Your "hookup" could be as connected as all ...., but does his contact network contain investors savvy in investing in anything with an international office, business entity, founder, etc.?
Other posters have covered other aspects of whether to take this person on, and done so quite thoroughly. I'll just add that you should try to assess his/her real worth more deeply than vague promises of business development and fundraising (which can translate into "sure, I'll make some calls for you") before you commit.
share|improve this answer
2 hours a day and he keeps his day job? He's taking no risk, whatsoever. Zero to a couple of percent equity and a position on the board of advisors sounds about right to me.
share|improve this answer
About 5 years from now I used to have a co-founder for a startup, similar to your case, I worked full time on it (I was living with my parents, and had subtle savings) whilst he was married, with a kid, and thus worked from his home late, and weekends mostly. He kept his regular work and assisted me remotely, I remember calling him many times during his coffee breaks and so. He would stay late night, talked with the customers, contact prospects, give me a hand with support and so on... I am very thankful because all I learned from him.
The description you wrote is more similar to an advisor, not a co-founder. IMHO you are better off with a more committed partner than now, and if you happens to meet people which would fund you, give him a sales commission after that but not more because both marketing and customer development start from day 1.
Good luck!
share|improve this answer
Equity is for employees.
Employees are people that work for the company as their full-time/primary position.
I think you could reach an agreement with him where you set some milestones and a target start date. If the milestones are met, and he joins on/by the target date, then there would be a previously agreed-upon equity package.
However, 2 hours a day from almost any person is not enough to be fully engaged in any sense, or to make a real contribution or save you significant time resources. He is basically acting as an advisor/contractor right now.
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I would turn the question around a bit on this and ask you:
How much is his network seed funding and other skills that this person brings to the table worth to you?
If the answer is 60% of the company I'd offer 50% if it's 30% of the company I'd offer 20% and negotiate but I would also consider whether or not you can get the business off the ground without him or a person like him?
In general for co-founders you want to be equal partners so the equity would be split 50-50 or if you have more then just divide the number. The problem in these scenarios however always is what does the other person want so an equal split is always a good option to go.
share|improve this answer
I think a lot of the answers are pretty harsh. Look at it this way, you might need him more than he needs you. My startup has 5 engineers, including myself, a graphics person, a tech writer, a QA person, and business person. Most are working 10/hours a week, which is just about 2 hours/day. None of us are drawing a salary, it is all equity.
I know if I only offered 1 or 2% percent I'd have an exodus. I need them as much as they need the company. You need to take that into account also.
share|improve this answer
Here is a slightly different perspective based on the following:
1. You don't think you can raise money in the country you live in.
2. You think you need capital prior to actually starting to sell the app.
3. You want to move to a different country upon acquiring funding.
4. This guy is going to handle sourcing of funds, "Business Development" and "Marketing".
5. You want to give some percentage of your company to this guy.
The very first thing to do is establish what "Business Development" and "Marketing" really means. Those are extremely generic terms that could mean almost anything. You will both have to agree on them.
Next, I would suggest you move now. Assuming this guy can find some interested investors they are going to want to meet you in person. I don't know of anyone that is willing to write a significant check to someone they've never met in person. Also, if this is important to you at all then you will want to be right smack in the middle of it.
Finally, establish metrics. 2 hours a day is just silly. Earlier I mentioned paying this guy on commission for finding funds. If that isn't feasible/acceptable, then make any disbursement a condition of sourcing funds. Think about how much money it would take to build what you have so far. Compare that to the amount of funds you expect him to raise. I'd say that you want to distribute no more than 40%.
Bear in mind that the moment you bring an investor to the table those percentages have a high probability of changing. You might think you have 60%, but once the negotiation is done you might end up with only 20%.. or less depending on how it's written.
The point is everything he is bringing to the table needs to be spelled out. Otherwise you are going to find yourself giving up a significant portion of the company for nothing.
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How often do I post a blog?
SO I was told I should have at least three posts a week but do I post a blog every two days or just post all three at once at the beginning of every week? Why was makes more sense?
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Looking for blogs and real life stories about entrepreneurs with a family
I really need to read and learn about startup entrepreneurs that have a family, and are managing to take the big risk and do this crazy thing called "start-up". As I see it from my point of view ( 2 ...
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Help:Editing pages
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 20:30, 17 December 2009 by Cherry2005 (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Important note: When you edit this page, you agree to release your contribution into the public domain. If you don't want this or can't do this because of license restrictions, please don't edit. This page is one of the Public Domain Help Pages, which can be freely copied into fresh wiki installations and/or distributed with MediaWiki software; see Help:Contents for an overview of all pages. See Project:PD help/Copying for instructions.
It's very easy to edit the contents of a wiki. It only takes a few clicks.
1. Click the “Editpage tab at the top of the page.
2. Make changes to the text.
3. Click the “Save page” button.
Simple as that!
Contents
Editing rules, editing conventions, and formatting
The number one rule of wiki editing, is to be bold. Dive in and make changes. Other people can correct mistakes later, so have confidence, and give it a try! There can be all kinds of editing conventions, rules, and philosophy governing the editing of wiki pages, but the "be bold" rule overrides these!
In general try to write clearly and concisely and make sure you are always aiming to do something which improves the wiki contents. An edit might be to contribute whole paragraphs or pages full of information, or it could be as simple as fixing a typo or spelling mistake.
When you need to use some type of formatting e.g. new headings or bold text, you do this using wiki syntax. See Help:Formatting for some of the common types of formatting used.
Edit Summary
Before you save a change, you can enter a short note in the Summary: box describing your changes. Don't worry too much about this, or spend too much time thinking about it, but try to give a little description of what you just changed e.g. "fixed typo" or "added more information about sunflowers".
The summary gets stored alongside your edit, and allows people to track changes in the wiki more effectively.
Preview
It's a good idea to use the “Show preview” button to see what your change will look like, before you save it. This is also related to tracking changes because every time you save, this is displayed to others as a separate change. This isn't something to worry about too much, but it's good to get into the habit of eliminating mistakes in your own work, by using a preview before saving, rather than saving several minor corrections afterwards.
Other types of editing
With wiki edits you can start a new page, move (or rename) a page, or even delete a page:
Remember you should always aim to improve the overall contents of the wiki with your edits.
Discussion
Every article has its own "talk page" where you can ask questions, make suggestions, or discuss corrections. See Help:Talk pages
Language: English
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6th Regiment, Missouri Cavalry (Union)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States U.S. Civil War (Begin) U.S. Civil War (Records) Missouri in the Civil War 6th Regiment, Missouri Cavalry (Union)
Contents
Brief History
The 6th Regiment, Missouri Cavalry was organized February 14, 1862, by consolidation of Wright's, Wood's and Hawkins' Battalions. District of Southeast Missouri, Dept. of Missouri, to October, 1863. District of St. Louis, Mo., Dept. of Missouri, to muster out.[1]
Another source says they were enrolled between 27 June 1861 and 2 August 1862. They were mustered between 1 August 1861 and September 1862. They were discharged between 27 June 1864 and 12 September 1865. They were lead by Colonel Clark Wright.[2]
For more information on the history of this unit, see:
Companies in this Regiment with the Counties of Origin
Men often enlisted in a company recruited in the counties where they lived though not always. After many battles,companies might be combined because so many men were killed or wounded. However if you are unsure which company your ancestor was in, try the company recruited in his county first.
Company A - Captains John H. Paynter, Herman J. Huiskamp, WIlliam A Kirby, Theodore A. Switzer, and Isaac N. Watts - many men from Lebanon, Lacled, Missouri.
Company B - Captains William M. Hackney and Jerome B. Jackson - many men from Rolla, Phelps, Missouri.
Company C - Major Samuel (Bacon) Montgomery, and Captain WIlliam M. Taylor - many from Georgetown, Pettis, Missouri.
Company D - Captains William H. Crocket, Herman F. Heiskamp, Jesse C. Kirby, Mahlon F Stevenson (Stephenson), and Clark Wright - many men from Springfield, Green, Missouri.
Company E - Captains Robert M. Fraker, Austin Hubbard, and and Richard H. Montegomery - many men from Dade County
Company F - Captains Millert A. Frederick and Daniel D. Emmons - many men from Wayne County
Company G - Captains Sidney A. Breese and Samuel N. Wood - many men from Rolla, Phelps, Missouri.
Company H - Captains Edward M. Morris and Francis J. Hopper - many men from Pulaski
Company I - Captains Herbert H. Rottaken, Edmund M. Morris, and Thomas J. Spillman - many men from Rolla, Phelps, Missouri.
Company K - Captains Jacob C. DeGress and Robert M. Frakes - Many men from Roll, Phelps, Missouri.
Company L - Captains Jesse C. Kirby, Roderick D. Russell and Louis VanTeenkiste - many men from Dade County, Missouri
The above information about the companies with partial rosters is found in Kenneth E. Weant's book, Civil War Records Union Troops Missouri Volunteer Calvary, Volume 4.[2]
Other Sources
• Beginning United States Civil War Research gives steps for finding information about a Civil War soldier or sailor. It covers the major records that should be used. Additional records are described in 'Missouri in the Civil War' and 'United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865' (see below).
• National Park Service, The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System, is searchable by soldier's name and state. It contains basic facts about soldiers on both sides of the Civil War, a list of regiments, descriptions of significant battles, sources of the information, and suggestions for where to find additional information.
• Missouri in the Civil War describes many Confederate and Union sources, specifically for Missouri, and how to find them.. These include compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, Internet databases, published books, etc.
• United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865 describes and explains United States and Confederate States records, rather than state records, and how to find them. These include veterans’ censuses, compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, Internet databases, published books, etc.
References
1. National Park Service, The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System, (accessed 5 Oct 2011 ).
2. 2.0 2.1 Kenneth E. Weant, Civil War Records Union Troops Missouri Volunteer Calvary, Volume 4 (Arlington, Texas : K.E. Weant, c2007), pages 14-30. FHL book #977.8 M2wkc v.4
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 24 April 2013, at 17:30.
• This page has been accessed 522 times.
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Jun 082011
Everyone knows (and loves) grep, I’ve also wrote an article on it, but today we’ll see other small utility that have some things in common with it.
In particular I’ll show you: pgrep, grepcidr, ngrep, pdfgrep and taggrepper.
All are command line tools to be used with your favorite shell, I’ll show you some example for every command.
Continue reading »
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[maemo-developers] [maemo-developers] Using the N770/N800 as a remote control.
From: Jon Smirl jonsmirl at gmail.com
Date: Wed Jan 10 04:58:24 EET 2007
On 1/9/07, Brad Midgley <bmidgley at xmission.com> wrote:
> hey
>
> > There is another problem: The N770 has a USB-Host mode (which is
> > necessary if you want to run such IrDA adapters) but it does not power
> > the USB port. I have made an adapter cable to power 5 Volts to an
> > external HDD drive via USB and it worked very well. But I think for a IR
> > transmitter this solution would be very unhandy.
>
> by the time you do all this you'll wonder why you're not using wifi or
> bluetooth to send commands. It would be easier to set up a pc that will
> relay commands over IR or a media pc that will just act on them.
Phillips RC9800i has both IR and 802.11g. I got the IR support working
in half an hour and I still haven't gotten around to building a
computer to relay IR signals over 11g.
My media server is located in the basement. I use a UPNP AV player
like the DSM-520 to play the media. There is no general purpose PC
located near the TV. This set up works well to support playing media
from TV's in four different rooms.
The other trouble with using radio is the you have to tell the remote
which room it is in. IR doesn't travel between rooms. If you carry an
IR remote to another room, it won't still control the TV in the first
room.
>
> Brad
> _______________________________________________
> maemo-developers mailing list
> maemo-developers at maemo.org
> https://maemo.org/mailman/listinfo/maemo-developers
>
--
Jon Smirl
jonsmirl at gmail.com
More information about the maemo-developers mailing list
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
..."Methuselahite!" I shall cry again, and I shall slap him boisterously on the back, and he will fall down. Then a pale young poet with serpentine hair will come and say to me (as one did only the other day): "Moods and impressions are the only realities, and these are constantly and wholly changing. I could hardly therefore define my religion...." "I can," I should say, somewhat sternly. "Your religion is to live a long time; and if you stop here a moment longer you won't fulfil it." A new philosophy generally means in practice the praise of some old vice. We have had the sophist who defends cruelty, and calls it masculinity. We have had the sophist who defends profligacy, and calls it the liberty of the emotions. We have had the sophist who defends idleness, and calls it art. It will almost certainly happen--it can almost certainly be prophesied--that in this saturnalia of sophistry there will at some time or other arise a sophist who desires to idealise cowardice. And when we are once in this unhealthy world of mere wild words, what a... Chesterton, Gilbert K.
Excerpt from All Things Considered · This quote is about philosophers and philosophy · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Chesterton, Gilbert K. ...
Chesterton, G(ilbert) K(eith). Born May 29, 1874, London, England. Died June 14, 1936, Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire. A British man of letters. Chesterton was a journalist, a scholar, a novelist and short-story writer, and a poet. His works of social and literary criticism include Robert Browning (1903), Charles Dickens (1906), and The Victorian Age in Literature (1913). Even before his conversion to Roman Catholicism in 1922, he was interested in theology and religious argument. His fiction includes The Napoleon of Notting Hill (1904), the popular allegorical novel The Man Who Was Thursday (1908), and his most successful creation, the series of detective novels featuring the priest-sleuth Father Brown.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Pokémon Gold and Silver/Catching Pokémon
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
The art of capturing Pokémon is no-nonsense that you will need to master. However, there are certain to keep in mind.
• Weaken the Pokémon: Trying to capture a full-health Pokémon shouldn't be attempted. Because you'll miss, and you'll waste a Poké Ball in the process. What you'll want to do is weaken it. You can weaken it to 50% to make it vulnerable to capture, but lowering it to as low as 10%-15% is the best. If you miss, try again. If you miss again, weaken the Pokémon more, and try again. You should capture it. If not, you might have encountered a strong-resistance Pokémon, or a rare Pokémon that will need a stronger type of Poké Ball to capture.
• Statuses: Certain statuses, such as sleep and paralysis, will make a Pokémon easier to capture. If you're having difficulty capturing a Pokémon, even with a higher level Poké Ball, then try using a Pokémon that can cause sleep, such as Jigglypuff. Pokémon that can't struggle, can't escape.
• False Swipe: A move that brings an enemy's health down to 1hp. If used properly, this move can be very useful for catching wild Pokémon. Scyther is a good example of a Pokémon that can use this move.
• Use the Right Poké Ball: The standard Poké Ball will capture a vast majority of the Pokémon, as long as you've weakened them enough. For some Pokémon, a stronger ball will be needed, such as a Great Ball or Ultra Ball. Don't waste these stronger Poké Balls, however. Try your regular Poké Balls several times, try weakening the enemy more, and try capturing it again before you waste a more powerful ball.
• Be Patient: If you kill a Pokémon when you're attempting to capture it, don't fret; it happens. With rare exceptions, you'll get the chance to capture that Pokémon again. Just simply run around the area where you originally ran into it, and chances are you'll run into it again. As a last resort, if you can't seem to find that Pokémon again, use the Jhoto/Kanto Map in your Pokédex, or check out the entry for that Pokémon in your Pokédex to find more locations on where you can find that Pokémon, as well as more vital stats and information that might be of assistance in capturing that Pokémon.
• Once Captured, Don't Neglect!: Some Pokémon might not look like much. Some might not even have any attacks. But use that Pokémon in battle (switching it out after the battle starts if you have to, to get it half of the battle's experience) or use an Exp. Share to build it up. Eventually, these weak Pokémon evolve into strong Pokémon.
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"A REALLY INTELLIGENT INTERVIEWER." -- Lance Henriksen
"QUITE SIMPLY, THE BEST HORROR-THEMED BLOG ON THE NET." -- Joe Maddrey, Nightmares in Red White & Blue
**Find The Vault of Horror on Facebook and Twitter, or download the new mobile app!**
**Check out my other blogs, Standard of the Day, Proof of a Benevolent God and Lots of Pulp!**
Friday, November 27, 2009
VAULT VLOG: So What's Next After Ms. Horror Blogosphere?
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
6305.0.55.001 - Employee Earnings and Hours, Australia, Preliminary, August 2008 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 07/04/2009
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
NOTES
ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION
This publication contains preliminary estimates obtained from a sample survey of employers conducted in respect of August 2008.
The survey is designed to provide statistics on the composition and distribution of employee earnings and hours paid for and how their pay is set. Final estimates will be published in Employee Earnings and Hours, Australia, August 2008 (cat. no. 6306.0), expected to be released in June 2009.
RELATED ISSUE
Employee Earnings and Hours, Australia, August 2008 (cat. no. 6306.0)
ISSUE EXPECTED RELEASE DATE
August 2008 June 2009
CHANGES IN THIS ISSUE
Industry data presented in this publication are based on the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC) 2006, and differ from previous survey data which were based on the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC) 1993. For further information, see paragraphs 18 to 20 of the Explanatory Notes.
NOTES ON ESTIMATES
Care should be taken when comparing estimates of average weekly earnings in this publication with those published quarterly in Average Weekly Earnings, Australia (cat. no. 6302.0) because of differences in the earnings concept being measured, methodological differences between the two surveys and differences in the two samples used. For more information see paragraph 25 of the Explanatory Notes.
The estimates contained in this publication are preliminary and may differ from the final data to be released in Employee Earnings and Hours, Australia, August 2008 (cat. no. 6306.0).
SAMPLING ERROR
For information on sampling error refer to the Technical Note.
INQUIRIES
For further information about these and related statistics, contact the National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070 or Zaneta Georgievski on Perth (08) 9360 5305.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8129.0 - Business Use of Information Technology, 2007-08 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 20/08/2009
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Expanded Contents
NOTES
INTRODUCTION
This release presents detailed indicators on the incidence of use of information technology in Australian business, as collected by the 2007-08 Business Characteristics Survey (BCS).
Collection of these data using the BCS vehicle is part of the ABS' Integrated Business Characteristics Strategy (IBCS). This strategy integrates the collection and quality assurance of data required for input into the Business Longitudinal Database (BLD) and the production of point in time estimates for Business Use of Information Technology (BUIT), innovation and a broad range of other non-financial business characteristics. A key part of the IBCS is the production of annual BUIT and business innovation indicators, with a more detailed set of items for each of these topics collected every second year (i.e in alternating years). The 2007-08 BCS collected detailed information relating to the use of information technology by Australian businesses.
STRUCTURE OF THIS RELEASE
There are two components to this release: web based information and datacubes. Unlike the previous edition of this release, there is no associated PDF. This release includes information related to business IT use; IT security; type of broadband access; web features; ordering system linkages; and, detailed uses of the Internet. Web based information includes the tables and graphs with associated commentary. Detailed data (including some output cross-classified by business size and industry) are presented in the datacubes. Some commentary referred to in this release relates to data only contained within the datacubes.
DATA QUALITY
Data in this release were subject to standard quality assurance processes with additional focus on core business use of IT data items; specifically, placing and receiving orders via the Internet or web, Internet commerce income and type of Internet connection.
Information provided in the Quality Declaration and Explanatory Notes must be taken into consideration when interpreting results, particularly if making comparisons to those reported for previous periods.
The estimates in this release are based on the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC), 2006 edition. Estimates in previous issues of this release were based on the 1993 version of ANZSIC. This change has impacted on direct comparability, more information about this change is provided in the Appendix 1: Changes to industry classification. This Appendix contains data for core IT items such as Internet access and web presence which are collected annually. The data from 2005-06 are presented on the ANZSIC93 basis, while the 2007-08 data are on an ANZSIC06 basis. Data for 2006-07 are presented on both bases.
INQUIRIES
For further information about this publication, contact Andrew Puljic on Perth (08) 9360 5229.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5206.0 - Australian National Accounts: National Income and Expenditure, Mar 1988
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 06/01/1988
Future Releases
• Next Issue: Mar 2013 expected for release on 05/06/2013
Past Releases
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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User:SeanCi
From Appropedia
Jump to: navigation, search
CAPTION TEXT
[edit] About Me
Name: Sean
SOME INFORMATION ABOUT ME. In progress
My name is Sean and I study environmental resources engineering at Humboldt State University.
My favorite page on Appropedia is PAGENAME. Note that this code provides an internal link
[edit] Interests in Environmental Resources Engineering or Appropriate Technology
• INTEREST #1
• INTEREST #2
• INTEREST #3
[edit] Experience in Environmental Resources Engineering or Appropriate Technology
• EXPERIENCE #1
• EXPERIENCE #2
• EXPERIENCE #3
Personal tools
Collaborators
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Research article
A multi-tissue type genome-scale metabolic network for analysis of whole-body systems physiology
Aarash Bordbar1,3, Adam M Feist1,3, Renata Usaite-Black1,2, Joseph Woodcock4, Bernhard O Palsson1,3 and Iman Famili1,2*
Author Affiliations
1 GT Life Sciences, 10520 Wateridge Circle, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
2 Current Affiliation: Intrexon Corporation, 1872 Pratt Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
3 Current Affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 417 Powell-Focht Bioengineering Hall, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0412, USA
4 Genomatica, 10520 Wateridge Circle, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Systems Biology 2011, 5:180 doi:10.1186/1752-0509-5-180
Published: 31 October 2011
Abstract
Background
Genome-scale metabolic reconstructions provide a biologically meaningful mechanistic basis for the genotype-phenotype relationship. The global human metabolic network, termed Recon 1, has recently been reconstructed allowing the systems analysis of human metabolic physiology and pathology. Utilizing high-throughput data, Recon 1 has recently been tailored to different cells and tissues, including the liver, kidney, brain, and alveolar macrophage. These models have shown utility in the study of systems medicine. However, no integrated analysis between human tissues has been done.
Results
To describe tissue-specific functions, Recon 1 was tailored to describe metabolism in three human cells: adipocytes, hepatocytes, and myocytes. These cell-specific networks were manually curated and validated based on known cellular metabolic functions. To study intercellular interactions, a novel multi-tissue type modeling approach was developed to integrate the metabolic functions for the three cell types, and subsequently used to simulate known integrated metabolic cycles. In addition, the multi-tissue model was used to study diabetes: a pathology with systemic properties. High-throughput data was integrated with the network to determine differential metabolic activity between obese and type II obese gastric bypass patients in a whole-body context.
Conclusion
The multi-tissue type modeling approach presented provides a platform to study integrated metabolic states. As more cell and tissue-specific models are released, it is critical to develop a framework in which to study their interdependencies.
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<D <M <Y
Y> M> D>
: And look what else I found (also not yet avaliable in the US): Gamera 2: Advent of Legion and Gamera 3: Gamera Vs. Irys (That link has a funny Gamera caricature as well). Review of Gamera 2 at Stomp Tokyo gives it 4 lava lamps. "Ten thousand cases of beer wasted? How horrible!"
[Main]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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You are here: Home / Data and maps / Datasets / Zones in relation to EU air quality thresholds
Zones in relation to EU air quality thresholds
Created : Nov 08, 2012 Published : Dec 06, 2012 Last modified : Jan 10, 2013 03:21 PM
Topics: ,
2010 - Member States provide an annual assessment of air quality in comparison to EU air quality thresholds
GIS data
Zone exceedance All Pollutants, 2010
• Zone exceedance All Pollutants, 2010 - SQLite
Zone exceedance AsCdNi, 2010
Shape file (polygon features)
Zone exceedance Benzene, 2010
Shape file (polygon features)
Zone exceedance NO2 hour, year, 2010
Shape file (polygon features)
Zone exceedance NOx year, 2010
Shape file (polygon features)
Zone exceedance Ozone vegetation, health, 2010
Shape file (polygon features)
Zone exceedance PM10, hour, year, 2010
Shape file (polygon features)
Zone exceedance SO2, day, hour, 2010
Shape file (polygon features)
Zone exceedance SO2, winter, year, 2010
Shape file (polygon features)
Additional information
INSPIRE compliant metadata set
• INSPIRE compliant metadata set
Metadata
Additional information
Information is reported for the zones designated under the Framework Directive on ambient air quality (96/62/EC). Commission Decision 2004/461/EC provides a questionnaire to be used by the Member States for the annual reporting under the Framework Directive and the related four Daughter Directives 1999/30/EC, 2000/69/EC, 2002/3/EC and 2004/107/EC. Member States have to divide their entire territory into zones. Zones can be regarded as the primary territorial units for assessment and management of air quality under the air quality directives. Consequently, unambiguous definition of all zones is needed. Member States have employed different approaches for the definition of their zones. Some Member States have divided their territory into a single set of zones serving all pollutants. Other Member States have defined a single base set of zones and modified some of the zones for the application to particular pollutants. Where a Member State has distinguished different sets of zones in relation to health protection and ecosystem/vegetation protection respectively, a single location can be situated in several zones, e.g. in a zone defined for all pollutants except lead and in another, larger zone defined for lead.
More information about EU air quality standards is available on the DG Environment web site at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm.
Pursuant to Article 22 of Directive 2008/50/EC, Member States may notify to the Commission when in their opinion the conditions are met in a given zone or agglomeration for postponing the attainment deadline for the limit values for nitrogen dioxide and benzene, or for being exempt from the limit values for PM10. More information is available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/legislation/time_extensions.htm .
Additional information is available in The annual technical overview and analysis of the reports submitted by Member States.
Related content
Figures produced
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
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You are here: Home / Data and maps / Indicators / Total primary energy intensity / Total primary energy intensity (CSI 028/ENER 017) - Assessment published Sep 2005
Total primary energy intensity (CSI 028/ENER 017) - Assessment published Sep 2005
Created : May 19, 2005 Published : Sep 27, 2005 Last modified : Jul 07, 2011 02:50 PM
Topics: ,
Generic metadata
Topics:
Energy (Primary topic)
Tags:
ENER | CSI028 | energy | assessment04 | ENER017 | State and Outlook 2005 | State and Outlook 2005 - Part B | CSI
DPSIR: Response
Typology: Performance indicator (Type B – Does it matter?)
Indicator codes
• CSI 028
• ENER 017
Contents
Key policy question: Has there been a complete decoupling in Europe between economic growth and energy consumption?
Key messages
Economic growth is requiring less additional energy consumption, mainly as a result of structural changes in the economy. However, total energy consumption is still increasing.
Total energy intensity by country
Note: The year for the reference index value is 1995 because GDP for 1990 was not available for all countries
Data source:
Eurostat.
Downloads and more info
Total energy intensity, EU-25
Note: Some estimates have been necessary in order to compute the EU-25 GDP index for 1990
Data source:
Eurostat and Ameco database, European Commission.
Downloads and more info
Key assessment
Total energy consumption in the EU-25 grew at an average annual rate of just below 0.7 % over the period 1990 to 2002, while Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew at an estimated average annual rate of 2 %. As a result, total energy intensity in the EU-25 fell at an average rate of 1.3 % per year. Despite this relative decoupling of total energy consumption and economic growth, total energy consumption increased by 8.4% over the period.
All the EU-25 countries except Portugal, Spain and Latvia experienced a decrease in total energy intensity between 1990 and 2002. The average annual decrease was 3.3% in the new and 1 % in the pre-2004 EU-15 Member States. Despite this converging trend, total energy intensity in the new Member States in 2002 was still significantly higher than in the pre-2004 EU-15 Member States.
Much of the reduction of total energy intensity was due to structural changes in the economy. These included a shift from industry towards services which are typically less energy-intensive, a shift within the industrial sector from energy-intensive industries towards higher value-added, less energy-intensive industries, and one-off changes in some Member States.
Trends in final energy consumption intensity by sector during 1990-2002 suggest that there have been substantial improvements in the energy intensity in the industry and services sectors. In contrast, the transport and households sectors show only limited decoupling of energy consumption from economic growth and population growth, respectively. The lack of improvement in final energy intensity in the household sector is influenced by rising living standards, leading to a larger number of households, lower occupancy levels and increased use of household appliances.
Data sources
More information about this indicator
See this indicator specification for more details.
Contacts and ownership
EEA Contact Info
Cinzia Pastorello
Ownership
EEA Management Plan
2010 (note: EEA internal system)
Dates
First draft created: 2005/05/19 09:44:27.326000 GMT+2
Publish date: 2005-09-27T09:00:00+02:00
Last modified: 2011/07/07 14:50:27.921000 GMT+2
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
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advanced search
Category: Educational Resources > Wildlife > Animal Wildlife
Wilderness Awareness Residential Program
The Wilderness Awareness Residential Program offers an immersion experience in the arts of animal tracking, naturalist and survival skills, and mentoring youth in nature education.
Ratings/Review of this resource:
Address:
PO Box 5000, PMB 137
Duvall , WA 98110
USA
Contact Person: Angie Jordan
Phone: 425 788-1301
Fax: 425 788-1301
E-Mail: angiej@wildernessawareness.org
Website: http://www.wildernessawareness.org/WARPResidentialPrograms.html
Detailed Information:
The Residential Programs are courses designed to give adult students the most comprehensive training available in Wilderness Awareness School's curriculum. They are built upon both ancient and modern roots, and combine indigenous skills with the language of science. The Residential Programs train students to become excellent naturalists, wildlife trackers, and mentors, preparing them to be future leaders in the fields of environmental education, wildlife sciences, and beyond. They accomplish this through the study of wilderness survival, animal tracking, ethnobotany, bird language, cultural mentoring, and more. The programs are run at a college level intensity and classes are based out of our Duvall, Washington campus.
Graduates of these courses have both a deep relationship with the earth and confidence in their ability to apply these skills in a professional setting. All of these elements are incorporated with the aspiration of developing dynamic leaders who help caretake the earth and aid others in establishing healthy connections with their natural environments.
Resources that may be related:
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Community Information Systems provided by Rhiza Labs
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FamilySearch Indexing: Passenger Lists, FAQEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 6 April 2012, at 04:27.
• This page has been accessed 9,203 times.
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Difference between revisions of "Conferences"
From Forensics Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
m (Research Conferences and Workshops)
(Research Conferences and Workshops)
Line 24: Line 24:
;Computer and Enterprise Investigations Conference (CEIC)
;Computer and Enterprise Investigations Conference (CEIC)
:http://ceicconference.com
:http://ceicconference.com
;Computer Security Institute NetSec
:http://www.gocsi.com/netsec/
;Conference on Digital Forensics, Security and Law
;Conference on Digital Forensics, Security and Law
Revision as of 07:24, 12 August 2011
This is a list of conferences in the computer forensics field, and was originally taken from Brian Carrier's list of conferences and journals at http://www.digital-evidence.org/publish/index.html and used with his permission. Brian no longer maintains those listings and points back to this Wiki.
For Dates and Locations of upcoming conferences and training events, see the pages titled Upcoming events (Calls for papers, Conferences and On-Demand Training) and Scheduled Training Courses (Training Classes/Courses scheduled for specific dates/locations).
Research Conferences and Workshops
Research conferences that are related to digital investigation and forensics.
American Academy of Forensic Science
http://www.aafs.org/default.asp?section_id=meetings&page_id=aafs_annual_meeting
Australian Digital Forensics Conference
http://scissec.scis.ecu.edu.au/conferences2008/index.php?cf=2
BlackHat Japan Briefings & Training
http://japan.blackhat.com/
BlackHat Federal Briefings & Training
http://www.blackhat.com/html/bh-link/briefings.html
CanSecWest
http://cansecwest.com/
Computer and Enterprise Investigations Conference (CEIC)
http://ceicconference.com
Conference on Digital Forensics, Security and Law
http://www.digitalforensics-conference.org/
CyberCrime Summit
http://www.cybercrimesummit.com/index.htm
Department of Defense CyberCrime Conference
http://www.dodcybercrime.com/
Detection of Intrusions and Malware & Vulnerability Assessment (DIMVA)
http://www.gi-ev.de/fachbereiche/sicherheit/fg/sidar/dimva/
e-Forensics
http://www.e-forensics.eu/
E-Crime and Computer Evidence (NOTE - Can't find any since 2006)
http://www.ecce-conference.com
EuSecWest
http://eusecwest.com/
EuroForensics-Forensics Sciences Conference and Exhibition
http://www.euroforensics.com/
FIRST Conference
http://www.first.org/conference
French-Speaking Days on Digital Investigations - Journées Francophones de l'Investigation Numérique
http://www.afsin.org/
IFIP International Information Security Conference
http://sec2008.dti.unimi.it/index.php
IFIP WG 11.9 International Conference on Digital Forensics
http://www.ifip119.org/Conferences/
International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security
http://www.ares-conference.eu/conf/
International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies in Forensics (ICTinForensics)
http://www.ICTinForensics.org
International Conference on IT-Incident Management & IT-Forensics
http://www.imf-conference.org
International Symposium on Recent Advances in Intrusion Detection
http://www.ll.mit.edu/IST/RAID2008/
Mobile Forensics World
http://www.MobileForensicsWorld.org/
Open Source Software for Computer and Network Forensics
http://conferenze.dei.polimi.it/ossconf/index.php
Open Web Application Security Project
http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Main_Page
PacSec Conference
http://pacsec.jp/
SANS WhatWorks Summit in Forensics and Incident Response
http://www.sans.org/forensics09_summit/index.php
Security OPUS Information Security Conference
http://www.securityopus.com/index.php
Systematic Approaches to Digital Forensic Engineering (SADFE)
http://conf.ncku.edu.tw/sadfe/
USENIX Annual Technical Conference
http://www.usenix.org/events/
USENIX Security Symposium
http://www.usenix.org/events/
Virus Bulletin Conference
http://www.virusbtn.com/conference/index
Training Conferences
ChicagoCon - White Hats Come Together in Defense of the Digital Frontier
http://www.chicagocon.com
Computer and Enterprise Investigations Conference (CEIC)
http://www.ceicconference.com/
HTCIA International Training Conference and Expo
http://www.htcia.org/index.shtml
IACIS Computer Forensic Training Event
http://www.cops.org/training
Mobile Forensics World Training
http://www.MobileForensicsWorld.org/Training.aspx
Regional Computer Forensics Group Conference (RCFG)
http://www.rcfg.org
SANS Computer Forensics, Investigation, and Response
http://forensics.sans.org/events/
Techno Forensics Conference
http://www.techsec.com/
Techno-Security Conference
http://www.techsec.com/
See also
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
Navigation:
About forensicswiki.org:
Toolbox
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Bibliography: Extemophenia
You are not logged in. If you create a free account and sign in, you will be able to customize what is displayed.
Title: Extemophenia
Author: Janet Barron
Year: 2000
Type: SHORTFICTION
ISFDB Record Number: 102242
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Awards:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Google Hotpot Rolled Into Google Places
Apr 12, 2011 • 8:09 am | (4) by | Filed Under Google Maps
Last Friday, Google announced they are dropping the Google Hotpot name and folding it into Google Places.
Google said, "rolling Hotpot into Google Places helps simplify the connection between the places that are rated and reviewed and the more than 50 million places that already have an online presence through Google Places - places that millions of people search for and find every day on Google."
Google launched Hotpot in November of last year and has continued to expand its presence in Google properties. Google said they have "released an iPhone and Android app, integrated Hotpot recommendations into Google.com and Google Maps, expanded to more than 47 languages and enabled people to share their ratings and reviews to Twitter."
That being said, the rebranding doesn't come as a surprise. Heck, even Google Places has been rebranded a bunch of times. Most recently, Google Places was known as Google Local Business Center, prior to that, Google Maps, Google Local, and so on. So the name changes, especially at Google, is not a surprise.
Forum discussion at WebmasterWorld.
Previous story: The Yuri Gagarin Google Logo - Spaceship Logo
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Place:Maple Glen, Montgomery, Pennsylvania, United States
Watchers
NameMaple Glen
TypeCensus-designated place
Coordinates40.175°N 75.18°W
Located inMontgomery, Pennsylvania, United States
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Maple Glen is a census-designated place (CDP) in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 6,742 at the 2010 census.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Maple Glen, Pennsylvania. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
4713.0 - Population Characteristics, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2006
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 04/05/2010 Final
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Presents information on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians based on information from the 2006 Census. A range of information available from the Census is covered in a general overview of the characteristics of Indigenous Australians. Topics covered include: the demographic and geographic distribution of the population and its growth in recent years; living arrangements; language, religion and disability; education and IT use; work; income; and housing and transport. Also includes information on how to interpret census data on Indigenous peoples.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Research article
Anti-type II collagen antibodies are associated with early radiographic destruction in rheumatoid arthritis
Mohammed Mullazehi1, Marius C Wick3, Lars Klareskog2, Ronald van Vollenhoven2 and Johan Rönnelid1,2*
Author Affiliations
1 Clinical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory C5, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
2 Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Building D2:01, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
3 Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria
For all author emails, please log on.
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2012, 14:R100 doi:10.1186/ar3825
Published: 1 May 2012
Abstract
Introduction
We have previously reported that high levels of antibodies specific for native human type II collagen (anti-CII) at the time of RA diagnosis were associated with concurrent but not later signs of inflammation. This was associated with CII/anti-CII immune complex (IC)-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro. In contrast, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) were associated both with late inflammation and late radiological destruction in the same RA cohort. We therefore hypothesized that anti-CII are also associated with early erosions.
Methods
Two-hundred-and-fifty-six patients from an early RA cohort were included. Baseline levels of anti-CII, anti-CCP and anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin were analyzed with ELISA, and rheumatoid factor levels were determined by nephelometry. Radiographs of hands and feet at baseline, after one and after two years were quantified using the 32-joints Larsen erosion score.
Results
Levels of anti-CII were bimodally distributed in the RA cohort, with a small (3.1%, 8/256) group of very high outliers with a median level 87 times higher than the median for the healthy control group. Using a cut-off discriminating the outlier group that was associated with anti-CII IC-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro, baseline anti-CII antibodies were significantly (p = 0.0486) associated with increased radiographic damage at the time of diagnosis. Anti-CII-positive patient had also significantly increased HAQ score (p = 0.0303), CRP (p = 0.0026) and ESR (p = 0.0396) at the time of diagnosis but not during follow-up. The median age among anti-CII-positive subjects was 12 years higher than among the anti-CII-negative patients.
Conclusion
In contrary to anti-CCP, anti-CII-positive patients with RA have increased joint destruction and HAQ score at baseline. Anti-CII thus characterizes an early inflammatory/destructive phenotype, in contrast to the late appearance of an inflammatory/destructive phenotype in anti-CCP positive RA patients. The anti-CII phenotype might account for part of the elderly acute onset RA phenotype with rather good prognosis.
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Error!
Success!
Rating and labelling your ASP.NET website
0
kicks
Rating and labelling your ASP.NET website (Unpublished)
ICRA (the Internet Content Rating Association) is part of the Family Online Safety Institute, an international, non-profit organization of internet leaders working to develop a safer internet. It is believed that ICRA has been successful in regulating free flow of digital content and protecting children from potentially harmful material.
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
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Wikia
SRD:Improved Initiative
Talk0
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this wiki
Redirected from Improved Initiative (SRD Feat)
This material is published under the OGL
Improved Initiative [General]Edit
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A Fighter may select Improved Initiative as one of his fighter bonus feats.
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If you wish to help EDRI promote digital rights, please consider making a private donation.
Agenda
5 December, 2005
14 December 2005, Brussels, Belgium
Presentation of the 'Worst EU lobbying Award'
Corporate Europe Observatory, LobbyControl, Spinwatch and Friends of the Earth Europe will present a new award for the most offensive case of corporate lobbying in EU capital Brussels. In the press release the Observatory writes: "Backed by almost a billion euros per year, over 10,000 corporate lobbyists roam the corridors of power in Brussels. Ever more inventive and often problematic ways of gaining influence are gaining ground. Pretending to be concerned environmentalists, buying science, funding anarcho-capitalist think-tanks, and securing first class treatment and access by EU bodies, powerful lobby groups manage to get their interests satisfied."
So far, the 'Campaign for Creativity' is heading the list, nominated as a fake NGO brilliantly disguising corporate demands as grassroots concerns when in fact set up to lobby MEPs to vote for US-style software patents.
http://www.corporateeurope.org/worstlobby/
27-31 December 2005, Berlin, Germany, 22nd CCC congress
http://www.ccc.de/
28 January 2006, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Presentation of the Big Brother Awards 2005
http://www.bigbrotherawards.nl
Syndicate:
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A Response to Nick Montfort's "Programming for Fun, Together"
Critical Writing
Language:
Year:
2012
License:
CC Attribution Share Alike
Record Status:
Tags:
Abstract (in English):
A response to Nick Montfort's "Remediating the Social" keynote talk. Rettberg was subsituting for Rita Raley, who was unable to attend the conference due to Hurricane Sandy's impact on New York. Rettberg provides two examples of collaborative procedural writing practices as a contrast to the social programming examples such as the Demoscene Montfort discusses, and some followup questions on the four main points of Montfort's essay.
Images:
Critical writing referenced
The permanent URL of this page:
http://elmcip.net/node/5217
Record posted by:
Scott Rettberg
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David Brin/writings
From Issuepedia
< David Brin
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• 2006-05-17 [Talk|Index] The Other Foe of Free Enterprise § “Few market systems have been permanently ruined by proletarian or peasant uprisings. A great many, on the other hand, have been destroyed by another nemesis of free enterprise... aristocratism.”
• 2006-04-20 [Talk|Index] The Grand American Consensus § “Both libertarians and anarcho-socialists might agree upon a vague, distant goal, and further agree that contemporary American culture is decadent, corrupt, and requiring desperate surgery if that ideal tomorrow is ever to be reached, but they disagree over the nature of the operation needed. Meanwhile, a third point of view – again sharing the same notion of utopia – suggests that radical intervention may be the last thing that's needed.”
• 2006-03-12 [Talk|Index] The Ultimate Goal § A single question for determining someone's political ideology: “If you had your way, and your revolution succeeded, what would the world of your great-grandchildren be like, in a hundred or two hundred or a thousand years?”
• 2006-02-18 [Talk|Index] Models, Maps and Visions of Tomorrow § “Most libertarians know - far better than others - that the hoary old left-right political spectrum is worse than useless. Alas, some of the “better alternatives” only serve to muddy the waters. Here, scientist and science fiction author David Brin suggests a few new models that may be helpful... if taken with a grain of salt.”
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Desa Lagoon Resort is near Highway 53; is near Blue Lagoon Rd; is near Highway 5 Port Dickson - Lukut; is near Baru, J; is near Dato K Padmanabhan, J; is near Lama Kg Chetty, J; is near Pd Town Roundabout; is near Palm Springs Resort Rd; Desa Lagoon Resort is geographically located at latitude(2.4818 degrees) 2° 28' 54" North of the Equator and longitude (101.8495 degrees) 101° 50' 58" East of the Prime Meridian on the Map of Malacca - Melaka.
The locations related to Desa Lagoon Resort are represented by the path the bullet takes from the muzzle of the gun to the target and may not be nearest by road. For example, Desa Lagoon Resort is located 158 metres from Regency Hotel. Desa Lagoon Resort is located 266 metres from Teluk Kemang. Desa Lagoon Resort is located 449 metres from Tg. Tuan Beach Resort. Desa Lagoon Resort is located 742 metres from Port Dickson. Desa Lagoon Resort is located 931 metres from Shell Pd.
Regency Hotel 0.2km, Tg. Tuan Beach Resort 0.4km, Bayu Beach Resort 1.2km, are places to stay (hotel, service apartment, inn) located near Desa Lagoon Resort.
Billion 7.3km, Tesco 53km, Malacca KMA Digital Mall 53.8km, are places to shop (shopping mall, shop houses) located near Desa Lagoon Resort.
D-Paradise Tropical Fruit World Malacca 32km, Kota Laksamana 53.8km, Cheng Ho Cultural Museum 54.6km, are places of interest (attraction) located near Desa Lagoon Resort.
SJK Malim 49.7km, SJK Chao Bao 49.7km, SJK Bachang 51.5km, are places of learning (school, college, university) located near Desa Lagoon Resort.
Rempah Park 54.1km, Sungei Melaka Peta Lokasi 54.5km, Historic City Memorial Garden 55km, are parks, playgrounds, open fields or commons located near Desa Lagoon Resort.
Desa Lagoon Resort
Regency Hotel
Teluk Kemang
Tg. Tuan Beach Resort
Port Dickson
Shell Pd
Bayu Beach Resort
Saturday Night Market
BP, PD
Petronas Pd
Port Dickson
Seri Malaysia
Public Beach 2
Public Beach 1
Telok Kemang Beach
Avillion Village Resort
Teluk Kemang 2#
Corus Paradise Resort
Petronas Pd
Click here to zoom in
Where do you want to go?
Location Information
Latitude °
Longitude °
PlaceName
Category
Desa Lagoon Resort
Methodist Center is about 7 km away.
Caltex, PD is about 7.1 km away.
Billion is about 7.3 km away.
Kfc Port Dickson is about 7.4 km away.
Mbb Pd is about 7.4 km away.
Raptor Migration - Tg Tuan is about 8.3 km away.
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Southeast LinuxFest doesn't have to end
Image by opensource.com
(4 votes)
Monday morning after a great conference can be a downer, but the conference can keep rolling right here. This past weekend's Southeast Linuxfest was full of great technical talks, as well as more community-focused ones, many by opensource.com authors. If you enjoyed their talks, you may also be interested in their stories here:
Speaker SELF talk opensource.com posts
Tarus Balog Tastes great or less filling? Marketing an open source business - How some sales processes don't work for OSS
- Open source for sale
- Marketing an open source business
Greg DeKoenigsberg What education can (and can't) learn from open source - Obama bets big on open ed--with one little catch
- Remixing Euclid
Can professors teach open source?
- More by Greg
Leslie Hawthorn Humanitarian FOSS: Saving the world one bit at a time Humanitarian free and open source software in the local community
Dru Lavigne How can I contribute to open source? Dru Lavigne: Confessions of a community manager (by Ruth Suehle)
If you attended my talk, here are a few of the links to stories I mentioned and promised to post:
And finally, if you enjoyed Tom Callaway's closing keynote and would like to find out if your open source project is doomed to FAIL, add up its points at the opensourceway.org.
What was your favorite SELF talk?
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