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Which of the following fats the highest concentration of saturated fatty acids -
|
<p> Saturated fatty acids:- Fats yield fatty acids and glycerol on hydrolysis. Fatty acids are divided into saturated fatty acids such as lauric acid, palmitic and stearic acids and Unsaturated fatty acids which are fuher divided into MUFA and PUFA. Approximate saturated fatty acid composition in : Coconut oil - 92 Butter/ ghee- 83 Palmolein-39 Ground nut- 19 Safflower-9 Sunflower -12 Soyabean-14 Mustard-4 Vanaspati-46 {Reference: Park&;s textbook of community medicine 23 rd edition, pg no. 611}
| 3 |
Butter
|
Palm oil
|
Coconut oil
|
Margarine
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Nutrition and health
|
64b177fc-9955-41b1-9755-a458e3bfc465
|
single
|
Most common cause of Hirsutism :
|
Ans. is a i.e. Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD) Hirsutism is defined as excessive growth of androgen dependant sexual hair or male distribution of hair in a female. "The most common cause of hirsutism is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome." "Polycystic ovarian syndrome accounts for 70 - 80% of cases of hirsutism, with idiopathic hirsutism being the second most frequent cause." Pathophysiology of Hirsutism : Figure showing effect of androgen on pilosebaceous unit Ted androgen leads to Ted sebum production acne formation. It conves vellus follicles to terminal follicles leading to hirsutism. Under the influence of androgens, terminal hairs that were previously not dependent on androgens reve to a vellus form and balding results. Elevated androgen levels play a major role in determining the type and distribution of hair. Within a hair follicle, testosterone is conveed by the enzyme 5a reductase to dihydrotestosterone (active metabolite). DHT conves sho, soft vellus hair to coarse terminal hair. This conversion is irreversible. Only hairs in androgen - sensitive areas are changed in this manner to terminal hairs. The sites affected are : upper hp - chin side burns - chest lines alba of the lower abdomen Ethinicity and familial tendency also influence hirsutism. Causes of Hirsutism : Remember : Hirsutism is associated with excess androgen production (either from ovaries or adrenals), so any cause which increases androgens causes hirsutism. Most of the testosterone is bound to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and is considered biologically inactive. Testosterone which is not bound to SHBG is considered biologically active, therefore any factor which decreases
| 1 |
Polycystic ovary disease
|
Arrhenoblastoma
|
Cushing syndrome
|
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
81f1a89f-68ed-48b5-841c-6d22ad976dde
|
single
|
Family consisting of a mother and her children is
| null | 4 |
Problem family
|
Broken family
|
Dysfunctional family
|
Matrifocal family
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
5857d38f-a72b-402f-8fbd-59ee9a7780e3
|
single
|
In Shigella dysentery associated hemolytic uremic syndrome, the false statement is
|
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)Salient featuresLaboratory findingsVessel wall disorder characterized by deposition of localized platelet and thrombi within the renal vasculature (afferent aerioles and glomerular capillaries are most commonly affected).Presents with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (microangiopathic destruction of RBC), thrombocytopenia or bleeding (microangiopathic destruction of platelets), renal failure.MC organism isE. coli 0157:H7 all over the world.Shigella dysenteriae type I is MC in India and Bangladesh1. Anemia: Microangiopathic hemolyticRed blood cell fragmentation on peripheral smearHelmet cells/Burr cells 2. Thrombocytopenia 3. WBC counts rise 4. LDH levels are elevated out of propoion to degree of hemolysis5. Coombs' test is negative6. Tests of coagulation are normal (exclude DIC) with the Exception of - elevatedfibrin degradation products (explains hypofibrinogenemia)(Refer: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, pg no: 970, 1283)
| 3 |
Leucocytosis
|
Neurological abnormalities
|
Hepatic failure
|
Thrombotic angiopathy
|
Pathology
|
All India exam
|
b31e655d-448b-479f-8c59-e4101f59f627
|
multi
|
Which of the following is proof of eyes being open for few hours after death
|
Kevorkian sign (fragmentation & segmentation of retinal vessels) is a sign seen in retina; which is independent of eye opening. it appears within minutes after death and stays there for about an hour. Tache noir is the dust deposition in the sclera in the form of two triangles on either side of iris when eyes are open. it is brown in color and later turns black. appears after 3-4 hours after death.
| 2 |
Kevorkian sign
|
Tach noir
|
Both of above
|
None of above
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Thanatology
|
65b8d8aa-14fa-4674-82c7-75a67db2618d
|
multi
|
Most common complication seen with prostatitis is
|
PROSTATITIS In both acute and chronic prostatitis, the seminal vesicles and posterior urethra are usually also involved. Acute prostatitis Aetiology Acute prostatitis is common, but underdiagnosed. The usual organism responsible is Escherichia coli, but Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus, Streptococcus faecalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia may be responsible. The infection may be haematogenous from a distant focus or it may be secondary to acute urinary infectionClinical features General manifestations overshadow the local: the patient feels ill, shivers, may have a rigor, has 'aches' all over, especially in the back, and may easily be diagnosed as having influenza. The temperature may be up to 39degC. Pain on micturition is usual, but not invariable. The urine contains threads in the initial voided sample, which should be cultured. Perineal heaviness, rectal irritation and pain on defaecation can occur; a urethral discharge is rare. Frequency occurs when the infection involves the bladder. Rectal examination reveals a tender prostate; one lobe may be swollen more than the other, and the seminal vesicles may be involved. A frankly fluctuant hygiene abscess is uncommon. Treatment Treatment must be rigorous and prolonged or the infection will not be eradicated and recurrent attacks may ensue. Spread of infection to the epididymides and testes may occur. Prolonged treatment with an antibiotic that penetrates the prostate well is indicated (trimethoprim or ciprofloxacin) Chronic prostatitis Many urologists find the diagnosis of chronic prostatitis and 'prostatodynia' very difficult, for many men present with perigenital pain, testicular pain, prostatic pain exacerbated by sexual intercourse or pain that apparently renders sexual intercourse out of the question. Psychosexual dysfunction in such patients may be the underlying problem. The diagnosis of chronic prostatitis has to be based on: * persistent threads in voided urine; * prostatic massage showing pus cells with or without bacteria in the absence of urinary infection. Aetiology This is thought to be the sequela of inadequately treated acute prostatitis. While pus is present in the prostatic secretion, the responsible organism is often difficult to find. Other organisms such as Chlamydia species may be responsible for chronic abacterial prostatitis. Clinical features The clinical features are extremely varied. Only men with symptoms of posterior urethritis, prostatic pain and perigenital pain accompanied by intermittent fever and pus cells or bacteria in the post-prostatic massage specimen should be diagnosed as having chronic prostatitis. Diagnosis The three-glass urine test is valuable. If the first glass with the initial voided sample shows urine containing prostatic threads, prostatitis is present. Rectal examination of the prostate may be normal or may show a soft, boggy and tender prostate. Examination of the prostatic fluid obtained by prostatic massage should show pus cells and bacteria. Urethroscopy may reveal inflammation of the prostatic urethra, and pus may be seen exuding from the prostatic ducts. The verumontanum is likely to be enlarged and oedematous. In many men with the symptoms described above, all investigations are normal. Treatment Antibiotic therapy should be administered only in accordance with bacteriological sensitivity tests. Trimethoprim or ciprofloxacin penetrate well into the prostate. If Trichomonas or anaerobes are the responsible agent, a rapid response is obtained from administration of metronidazole (200mg t.d.s. for 7 days to both paners). If Chlamydia is suspected, doxycycline is the antibiotic treatment of choice. There is little evidence that prostatic massage helps in eradicating the infection. Ref: Bailey and love 27th edition Pgno : 1475
| 1 |
Epididymitis
|
Orchitis
|
Sterility
|
Seminal vesciculitis
|
Surgery
|
Urology
|
d1306a58-1cad-454f-965b-30c615d7944c
|
single
|
Which CrPc is related to -
|
Cr.P.C. 1973- It provides the mechanism for punishment of offences against the substantive criminal law.It deals with the police duties in arresting offenders, dealing with absconders, in the production of documents and in investigating offences. Ref: K.S. Narayan Reddys Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 29 th edition, Page-3.
| 4 |
Withdrawal of cases by Session Judge
|
Withdrawal of cases by Judicial magistrate
|
Withdrawal of cases by executive magistrate
|
Reasons to be recorded
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Medico legal procedures
|
d36dd21b-4bc1-4bf4-a27a-84fa7dc1c164
|
single
|
HIV-E is more common
|
Since HIV/AIDS was first repoed in Thailand in 1984, 1,115,415 adults had been infected as of 2008, with 585,830 having died since 1984. ... In 2009 the adult prevalence of HIV was 1.3%. As of 2016, Thailand had the highest prevalence of HIV in Southeast Asia at 1.1 percent, the 40th highest prevalence of 109 nations According to the researchers, the shoer survival time measured in the studies suggests that HIV subtype E, which is the most common HIV subtype in Thailand, may be more virulent than other subtypes of the virus. The first study followed 228 men over a 14-year period staing in 1991. Ref Harrison20th edition pg 987
| 4 |
India
|
Africa
|
Europe
|
Thailand
|
Medicine
|
Infection
|
156d9420-f9fd-48d2-85c0-2f277fd5236b
|
single
|
The socioeconomic status of community is best indicated by -
|
Infant Moality Rate is the ratio of infant deaths registered in a given year to the total number of live bihs in same year,expressed as rate per 1000 live bihs. IMR is universally regarded as not only as the most impoant indicator of health status of community but also as the level of living of people and effectiveness ofMCH services in paicular. Parks textbook of preventive and social medicine.K Park. Edition 23.Pg no: 567
| 1 |
IMR
|
Under 5 moality rate
|
Maternal moality rate
|
Perinatal moality rate
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
obstetrics,pediatrics and geriatrics
|
6181106a-2995-47d5-b664-9163b7daa0a8
|
single
|
Investigation of choice for posterior chethral stricture is
|
Investigation of choice :
a) Anterior Urethral stricture ⇒ Retrograde Urethrogram.
b) Posterior Urethral stricture ⇒ Anterograde urethrogram.
| 2 |
Retrograde Urethrogram
|
Anterograde Urethrogram
|
IV Pydogram
|
Ascending Urethrogram
|
Surgery
| null |
9c2acb88-d7fe-4016-8343-9096ac160aa7
|
single
|
Which of following substances inhibit succinate dehydrogease in Kreb cycle?
|
Inhibitors of TCA Cycle
Aconitase noncompetitively inhibited by Flouroacetate
Alpha Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase noncompetitively inhibited by Arsenite
Succinate Dehydrogenase is competitively inhibited by Malonate.(Inhibitor of complex II of ETC).
Harper 30th edition pg-162
| 3 |
Flouroacetate
|
Arsenite
|
Malonate
|
Fluoride
|
Biochemistry
| null |
6030ce68-8764-4568-b7d8-847daac9a920
|
single
|
The hormonal factor responsible for circadian rhythm is formed from which amino acid?
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Tryptophan In circadian rhythm maintenance melatonin is involved which is derived from tryptophan.Tryptophan is a precursor for synthesis of niacin (nicotinic acid), serotonin and melatonin.
| 2 |
Tyrosine
|
Tryptophan
|
Phenylalanine
|
Histidine
|
Biochemistry
| null |
ea914074-919b-4669-93b9-4a667c75f234
|
single
|
Glycolipids are mostly found in
|
Glycolipids are mostly seen in Brain and spinalcord Two types of glycolipids are : ganglioside ,cerebroside
| 2 |
Hea
|
Brain
|
Spinalcord
|
Tetanus
|
Anatomy
|
General anatomy
|
3ce78960-74cb-49d1-95d9-5bb949cd9ce1
|
single
|
All of the following are cluster A personality disorders except:
|
Avoidant personality disorder is a cluster C personality disorder.
| 4 |
Schizoid personality disorder
|
Schizotypal personality disorder
|
Paranoid personality disorder
|
Avoidant personality disorder
|
Psychiatry
| null |
088e0510-c5b8-479c-896c-ea885642759f
|
multi
|
Which emphysema is associated with Alpha- 1 antitrypsin deficiency:
|
Emphysema can be classified based on pattern of enlargement of air spaces as: Panacinar Associated with a1AT deficiency Diffuse loss of parenchymal tissue mainly in lower lobes In this, air spaces are abnormally large within and across the acinar unit Centriacinar Most commonly associated with cigarette smoking Enlarged air spaces in association with respiratory bronchioles involves upper lobes more frequently and superior pa of lower lobes. Alpha 1 antitrypsin : Anti elastase proteincoded by gene PiMM gene. Any mutation in this gene lead to abnormal formation of alpha 1 antitrypsin protein which leads to Pan acinar emphysema in basal pa of lung.
| 1 |
Panacinar emphysema
|
Paraseptal emphysema
|
Centriacinar emphysema
|
Irregular emphysema
|
Medicine
|
COPD and Asthma
|
f1370c8d-3612-4a5f-80cb-6d3c27014ee8
|
single
|
Somatic passivity is seen in?
|
Somatic passivity is a Schneiderian first rank of Schizophrenia. Ref : Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 21st ed
| 4 |
Depression
|
Hypomania
|
Body dysmorphic disorder
|
Paranoid Schizophrenia
|
Psychiatry
|
All India exam
|
0b6a93f0-c3ef-436a-885b-fe39bf08a0f9
|
single
|
With accommodation at rest, total refractory power of crystalline lens is
|
Answer- B. 16DThe diopteric power of reduced eye is + 6OD, of which + 44D is contributed by cornea and + 16D by the crystalline lens.
| 2 |
14D
|
16D
|
18D
|
20D
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
03f95e33-c298-4c91-aff8-c08d5f233c16
|
multi
|
Most common type of schizophrenia is:
|
Paranoid
| 2 |
Simple
|
Paranoid
|
Catatonic
|
Undifferentiated
|
Psychiatry
| null |
6eb58c24-1219-49ac-9589-8f204c1150d3
|
single
|
Two of 3 family members have dinner at a local restaurant and, within 48 hours, start experiencing double vision, difficulty in swallowing and speaking, and breathing problems. These symptoms are consistent with which of the following?
|
Campylobacter botulinum growing in food produces a potent neurotoxin that causes diplopia, dysphagia, respiratory paralysis, and speech difficulties when ingested by humans. The toxin is thought to act by blocking the action of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions. Botulism is associated with high mortality; fortunately, C. botulinum infection in humans is rare. Activation of cyclic AMP is important in cholera disease, not botulism. Clostridia are gram-positive and have no endotoxin. Ingestion of the botulism toxin initiates the disease. The actual organism may or may not be alive when ingested. An enterotoxin, by definition, would affect the intestinal tract.
| 3 |
Activation of cyclic AMP
|
Endotoxin shock
|
Ingestion of a neurotoxin
|
Invasion of the gut epithelium by an organism
|
Microbiology
|
Bacteria
|
0797a3a2-0505-40e0-9a75-f96a03c8f91a
|
multi
|
All are seen in carcinoid syndrome
|
Carcinoid syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome comprising the signs and symptoms that occur secondary to carcinoid tumors. The syndrome includes flushing and diarrhea, and less frequently, hea failure, vomiting and bronchoconstriction. It is caused by endogenous secretion of mainly serotonin and kallikrein. Ref: Internet sources
| 2 |
Diarrhoea
|
Constipation
|
Liver metastasis
|
5-HT secretion
|
Surgery
|
Urology
|
9dab2645-0c44-4678-a5e1-cbe758b523de
|
multi
|
Which of the following combination of iron can be given both IM and IV
| null | 1 |
Iron dextran
|
Iron Sorbitol Citrate Solution
|
ferrous Sulphate
|
ferrous Humourate
|
Pharmacology
| null |
b93d67b9-257a-474f-8cda-3fad29025b3a
|
multi
|
Which of the following is coagulase-negative staphylococcus?
|
Coagulase-positive StaphylococciBesides Staph.aureus, few others are coagulase positive like Staph.intermedius and Staph.hyicusCoagulase-negative StaphylococciStaph.epidermidis; Staph.hemolyticus and Staph.saprophyticusRef: Ananthanarayan; 7th edition; Page no: 200
| 2 |
Staph. aureus
|
Staph. epidermidis
|
Staph. Intermedius
|
Staph. Hyicus
|
Microbiology
|
Bacteriology
|
4562156c-e43a-4a0b-a9e3-50c3c7dfce72
|
single
|
A patient present with the following lesions.Investigation shows cocci in long chains.The diagnosis is
|
The image shows presence of classical " honey coloured crusts" which are seen in Impetigo contagiosa.
| 2 |
Bullous impetigo
|
Impetigo contagiosa
|
Furuncle
|
Cellulitis
|
Dental
| null |
f5a6b097-bf3a-4ccf-a82f-53bcb826871d
|
single
|
Mucin clot test is done to detect-
|
mucin clot test. A test of synol fluid precipitation in acetic acid, formerly used to determine whether inflammatory ahritis was present in a joint. Other tests have replaced it, such as the cell count, cultures, Gram stain, and crystal examination Also helps in detection of hyaluronic acid in synol fluid Ref Davidson 23rd edition pg 1015
| 3 |
Mucin in stool
|
Protein in CSF
|
Hyaluronate in Synol fluid
|
Protein in pleural fluid
|
Medicine
|
Miscellaneous
|
78a528af-5c71-44c1-8022-65d1e66e7216
|
single
|
Diagnosis on CXR is?
|
Ans. (d) Pneumo mediastinumIn the area of arrows a continuous diaphragm sign is noted. Normally diaphragm is seen below lungs only. This kind of presentation is noted in pneumo-mediastinum.
| 4 |
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
|
Bochdalek hernia
|
Pneumothorax
|
Pneumo-mediastinum
|
Medicine
|
Pleural Effusion & Pneumothorax
|
93a9bb0b-d2e1-4dbd-9fe8-e3e900af1f20
|
single
|
Which of the following is not an adverse effect of chronic amiodarone therapy?
|
Impoant drugs that can cause hypothyroidism are iodides, lithium, and amiodarone. Amiodarone inhibits the peripheral conversion of T4 toT3, also interferes with thyroid hormone action and cause hypothyroidism and rarely hypehyroidism may develop on chronic use. Pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis is the most serious toxicity of prolonged use. (REF: ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D TRIPATHI-6th edition...Page No-516)
| 4 |
Pulmonary Fibrosis
|
hypothyroidism
|
hypehyroidism
|
Systemic lupus erythematosis
|
Pharmacology
|
Cardiovascular system
|
fe8e13ab-6ab8-4a07-9666-677f0a3464b5
|
single
|
Excretory urography is contraindicated in: March 2011
|
Ans. C: Multiple myeloma Contraindication to excretory/intravenous urography are 1) iodine sensitivity or previous reaction to contrast media, 2) pregnancy, 3) intractable cardiac or renal failure and 4) multiple myeloma
| 3 |
Renal aery hypeension
|
Single kidney
|
Multiple myeloma
|
Trauma
|
Radiology
| null |
cd158e83-3342-4988-bf6d-99598af1fafd
|
single
|
Best site for taking biopsy for viral oesophagitis is?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Edge of the ulcer o In viral esophagitis d/t Herpes simplex the biopsy sample is taken from the edge of the ulcer.
| 1 |
Edge of ulcer
|
Base of ulcer
|
Adjacent indurated area around ulcer
|
Surrounding normal mucosa
|
Pathology
| null |
94e91aa1-baaf-4545-aa8a-04d2af59cc89
|
single
|
Which of the following antiretrol drugs does not cause peripheral neuropathy
|
Lamivudine E-Emtricitabine and Lamivudine are safest NIs these are not assoscated with peripheral neuropathy or pancreatitis Refer KDT 6/e p771, 772
| 1 |
Lamivudine
|
Stavudine
|
Didanosine
|
Zalcitabine
|
Anatomy
|
General anatomy
|
52c18385-4888-427e-adf8-99407dbe45c0
|
single
|
A 48 year old woman was admitted with a history of weakness for two months. On examination, she has enlarged cervical lymph nodes and spleen. Her hemoglobin was 10.5 g/dl, platelet count 2.7 x 109/L and total leukocyte count 40 x 109/L, which included 80% mature lymphoid cells with coarse clumped chromatin. Bone marrow revealed a nodular lymphoid infiltrate. The peripheral blood lymphoid cells were positive for CD 19, CD5, CD20 and CD23 and were negative for CD79B and FMC-7. The histopathological examination of the lymph node in this patient, will most likely exhibit effacement of lymph node arachitecture by:
|
Patient in the question stem is showing features of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Histopathological examination in a case of CLL shows diffuse effacement of lymphocyte architecture by small to medium sized lymphocytes with clumped chromatin, indistinct or absent nucleoli and scanty cytoplasm. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a clonal malignancy of B lymphocytes. It is manifested clinically by immunosuppression, bone marrow failure, and organ infiltration with lymphocytes. Ref: Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment, 2012, Chapter 13
| 4 |
A pseudofollicular pattern with proliferation centers
|
A monomorphic lymphoid proliferation with a nodular pattern
|
A predominantly follicular pattern
|
A diffuse proliferation of medium to large lymphoid cells with high mitotic rate
|
Pathology
| null |
4ada601f-4935-46c1-8154-240e065c3f89
|
single
|
Secular trend is demonstrated by
| null | 2 |
Pic chart
|
Line diagram
|
Scatter diagram
|
Pictogram
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
649091d0-3746-4a59-9f9a-8d82094b0196
|
single
|
In blood culture the ratio of blood to reagent is -
|
Specifics for <a href=" and panels</a> are as follows: Specimen type - Whole blood Container - Culture bottles (one aerobic and one anaerobic) for blood and green-top tube (heparin) for fungus and mycobacteria (if warranted by clinical suspicion) Collection method - Venipuncture Specimen volume - Adults: 10-20 mL per culture set; Pediatric patients: 1.0-3.0 m The blood is inoculated into the bottle containing blood culture medium in the blood to the broth ratio of 1:10 .but in children where the amount of blood drawn is little a ratio of 1:5 may be achieved REF: MEDSCAPE
| 3 |
1:05
|
1:20
|
1:10
|
:100
|
Microbiology
|
general microbiology
|
08d67e18-dcbe-4d02-bfa6-20484201e86c
|
single
|
A diabetic patient developed cellulite is due to S. aureus, which was found to be methicillin resistant on the antibiotic sensitivity testing. All of the following antibiotics will be appropriate except:
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Imipenem(Ref: Harrison, 18th/e, p. 1168 and 17th/e, p. 879)"The carbapenem imipenem has excellent activity against methicillin - sensitive S. aureus but not M.R.S.A." Because MRSA is resistant to all Beta-lactam antibiotics including cephalosporins and carbapenems.
| 2 |
Vancomycin
|
Imipenem
|
Teicoplanin
|
Linezolid
|
Microbiology
|
Bacteria
|
0105e842-90f2-41c3-82d9-17449b008bc5
|
multi
|
A patient using a contact lens develops a corneal infection. Laboratory diagnosis of acanthamoeba keratitis was established. The following is the best drug for treatment –
|
PHMD is the drug of choice. Chlorhexidene is an alternative
"Treatment with PHMB or chlorhexidene is often combined with propamidine and neomycine". — Infections of eye
| 4 |
Propamidine
|
Neosporine
|
Ketoconazole
|
Polyhexamethylene biguanide
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
d2d5e575-5957-424d-a7c2-ba4c9369e14e
|
single
|
Profuse watery diarrhea in an immuno-compromised child is due to:
|
Cryptosporidium induces severe and protracted diarrhea in AIDS patients.
| 1 |
Cryptosporidium
|
Amoeba
|
Giardia
|
Lactose intolerance
|
Pediatrics
|
Disorders of Gastrointestinal System Including Diarrhea
|
c57112e6-7a0e-4686-86bf-423d179589a3
|
single
|
Heat Rupture is characterized by-
|
Among the given options, only irregular margins are seen in heat rupture.
| 2 |
Regular margins
|
Irregular margins
|
Ruptured blood vessels
|
Ruptured Red Blood cells/clotted blood
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
6c5321c9-5568-4582-b20f-40d8ce8cfe94
|
single
|
A patient presents with mild jaundice. On examination he had splenomegaly and his USG abdomen showed gallstones. Peripheral smear showed generalized red cell targeting and occasional cells with angular crystals of hemoglobin C. Formation of hemoglobin C requires substitution of glutamic acid with which of the following amino acid?
|
Hemoglobin C is formed by a single amino acid substitution with lysine for glutamine at codon 6. Patients with homozygous hemoglobin C presents with mild hemolytic anemia with splenomegaly, mild jaundice, and pigment (calcium bilirubinate) gallstones. The peripheral blood smear shows generalized red cell targeting and occasional cells with angular crystals of hemoglobin C. Persons heterozygous for hemoglobin C are clinically normal. Ref: Linker C.A., Damon L.E., Damon L.E., Andreadis C. (2013). Chapter 13. Blood Disorders. In M.A. Papadakis, S.J. McPhee, M.W. Rabow (Eds),CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2013.
| 3 |
Valine
|
Leucine
|
Lysine
|
Arginine
|
Pathology
| null |
1afa67c8-29c8-4e35-a080-495b4966f24a
|
multi
|
In a Anti-moem burn which is NOT true:
|
D i.e. Non albuminous bulla
| 4 |
Line of redness
|
Increase in enzymes
|
Vesicle formation
|
Nonalbu minus bulla
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
0caffce6-cf34-413d-bda6-1b6c68f43014
|
multi
|
True about HCG: September 2012
|
Ans. B i.e. Prevent involution of corpus luteum Beta-HCG HCG is secreted by: Synctiotrophoblasts Structurally HCG has: 2 subunits, It is a glycoprotein
| 2 |
Produced by cytotrophoblast
|
Prevent involution of corpus luteum
|
Value reaches maximum level at 20 week of pregnancy
|
Its secretion stas after 2 day of ovulation
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
fced41ab-8259-402e-9432-ad84c2c8a183
|
multi
|
Which is NOT a clinical feature of Addison's disease -
|
there is no hypocalcemia , there is weakness and fatiguability , hyperkalemia , hyponatremia, hypotension, hypoglycemia( Harrison 17 pg 2263)
| 3 |
Hypoglycemia
|
Hyponatremia
|
Hypocalcemia
|
Hyperkalemia
|
Medicine
|
Endocrinology
|
1a9291c6-0a9f-419c-9165-afe0b7937d3e
|
single
|
Commonest stone in case of UTI
|
Phosphate or struvite stones are infection stones associated with urea-splitting organisms i.e. Proteus, Pseudomonas, Providencia, Klebsiella, Staphylococci and Mycoplasma. The high ammonium concentration desired from urea-splitting organisms results in an alkaline urinary pH, required for the precipitation of phosphate crystals. Ref : Bailey & Love 25/e p1296
| 1 |
Phosphate
|
Urate
|
Cysteine
|
Calcium oxalate
|
Anatomy
|
Urology
|
9705a10d-a159-4160-8cb8-84a1aed061a6
|
single
|
Cryopercipitate is Rich in which of the following clotting factor
|
ref Robbins 7/e p664 Cryoprecipitate is prepared from plasma and contains fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, factor VIII, factor XIII and fibronectin. Cryoprecipitate is the only adequate fibrinogen concentrate available for intravenous use. Cryoprecipitateis available in pre-pooled concentrates of five units.
| 4 |
Factor 2
|
Factor5
|
Factor 7
|
Factor 8
|
Anatomy
|
General anatomy
|
f1d292e5-8c6d-48d5-8c37-3b525d8182c0
|
single
|
Jefferson fracture is:
|
Ans. B. C1 fracture* Jefferson's fracture: Sudden severe load on the top of the head may cause a 'bursting' force which fractures the ring of the atlas.* There is no encroachment on the neural canal and, usually, no neurological damage.
| 2 |
C2 fracture
|
C1 fracture
|
Fracture of talus
|
Atlanto- axial dislocation
|
Orthopaedics
|
Spinal Injuries
|
990082ae-2f82-497f-a609-28e1cc4d84aa
|
single
|
All are true statements regarding Lemborexant except :
|
Lemborexant FDA approved drug for the treatment of insomnia which got its approval after two Phase III clinical trials namely SUNRISE I and SUNRISE II. Useful in insomnia ,characterized by difficulties with sleep onset and/or sleep maintenance. Orexin neuropeptide signaling system plays a role in wakefulness. Blocking the binding of wake-promoting neuropeptides orexin A and orexin B to orexin receptors OX1R and OX2R is thought to suppress wake drive. Lemborexant binds to orexin receptors OX1R and OX2R and acts as a competitive antagonist with stronger inhibition effect to OX2R most common adverse effect is somnolence
| 2 |
It is used in the treatment of Insomnia
|
It is an orexin receptor agonist
|
It is useful in patients with difficulties with sleep onset/maintenance
|
The most common adverse effect is somnolence
|
Pharmacology
|
Sedative-Hypnotics and Parkinsonism
|
16c43379-c012-47f0-a30e-b75c283b368a
|
multi
|
Which of the following is/are criteria for the expectant management in pre-eclampsia excepts
|
Ans. b. B.P.>140/90 mm HgCriteria for severe Preeclampsia:A persistent SBP of > 160 mm Hg systolic or DBP of > 110 mmHgPersistent severe epigastric painCerebral or visual disturbancesOliguria <400ml/24hrProtein excretion of > 5gm/dayHELLP syndromeRetinal haemorrhage, exudates or papilledemaIntrauterine growth restriction of the foetusPulmonary oedema
| 2 |
Platelet count <100000 ml
|
B.p.>140/90 mm Hg
|
Urine output < 400mUday
|
Persistent headache
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
a3a86f81-ff1b-4bda-ac03-15a86ef780f3
|
multi
|
All are complication of formula fed baby over human milk fed baby except :
|
Ans. is d i.e. Vit. K deficiency Formula feeds contain a host of vitamin and minerals, as well as trace elements (zinc, mangnese, copper, iodine) and electrolytes. in formula feeds vitamin K is added in higher levels than in breast milk to reduce the risk of hemorrhagic diseases in new born. So, vitamin K deficiency can never be a complication of formula fed babies. Now let's see what Ghai 6/e. p 164 121. 177 has to say on the rest of options. Option ''a i.e. Necrotizing enterocolitis "Ail iiust all panel neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) are aificially fed prior to the onset of illness. Breast milk is protective for NEC." Option "b" i.e. Otitis media "Otitis media is one of the most common infections of early childhood. Anatomic features which make this age group paicularly susceptible to ear infection include shoer, more horizontally placed and compliant eustachian tube, which permits reflux of nasopharyngeal secretions into the middle year. A high incidence of bacterial carriage in the adenoids may also contribute to the frequency of otitis media in children. Other risk factors include exposure to cigarette smoke, over crowding, bottle feeding, cleft palate, allergic rhinitis, Down's syndrome and disorders of mucocilliary transpo." Option "c" i.e. Hypocalcemia period there is transient hypoparathyroidism. As a result, less phosphate is excreted in the urine. Human milk is low in phosphate, but cow's milk is rich in phosphate. Immature parathyroid in the neonates can not easily cope with excess phosphate in cow's milk leading to hypocalcemia in top fed babies".
| 4 |
Necrotizing enterocolitis
|
Otitis media
|
Hypocalcemia
|
Vit K deficiency
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
2b2d8823-a395-4d9b-86eb-6d2fb3386920
|
multi
|
All of the following are true about type 1 HLA except?
|
Ans. (d) First line defense mechanism(Ref: R 9th/pg 191)a. True; It is present on all nucleated cells including antigen presenting cells as well as plateletsb. True; It activates cytotoxic T cell and kill virus infected cellc. True; It is present on platelets also, which are non- nucleated cellsd. False; It is a part of adaptive immunity (second line defense mechanism)
| 4 |
Present on APC
|
Activate cytotoxic T cell and kill virus infected cell
|
Present on nucleated cells
|
First line defense mechanism
|
Pathology
|
Immunity
|
22f23423-e211-4b5f-a40f-45d5e0ae224c
|
multi
|
Jeeps disease is known as
|
Pilonidal sinus is seen in drivers mainly hairy jeep drivers in military.
| 4 |
Hemorvhoids
|
Fissure in ano
|
Fistula in ano
|
Pilonidal sinus
|
Surgery
| null |
8b4a922b-bf1b-44b4-83c0-f0e57cd6cda1
|
single
|
nosocamial infection after how many hours ?
|
*Any infection causing illness that was not present or in its incubation period when the subject entered hospital or received treatment in outpatient clinic. *Infections are considered Nosocomial if they first appear 48 hours or more after hospital admission or within 30 days after discharge. *"Nosocomial" comes from two Greek words- "nosus" meaning "disease"+"komeion" meaning "to take care of"----disease contracted by a patient while under medical care. ref : harrisons 21st ed
| 1 |
48hrs
|
72hrs
|
7 days
|
1 day
|
Medicine
|
All India exam
|
ed77e81f-62e5-4fba-95e3-eb3db0a17d42
|
single
|
Thermoregulatory response activated by cold is-
|
* In cold environment, muscular contractions are increased and there is increased heat production Increased muscular contraction can be due to: 1) Increased tone of muscles. 2) Voluntary activities like foot stamping, hand rubbing, spoing activities etc. * Hypothalamic stimulation in cold environment brings about the following effects which help against cold- 1) Cutaneous vasoconstriction. 2) Shivering (involuntary muscular contractions). 3) Horripilation / Piloerection (standing up of body hair). 4) Adipose tissue lipolysis (generates heat).
| 3 |
Cutaneous vasodilatation
|
Anorexia
|
Increased voluntary activity
|
Increased respiration
|
Surgery
| null |
e1d56fd5-9b2f-4867-9c66-77d62105d66e
|
single
|
Chlaymydia in asymptomatic carriers, the most sensitive test is -
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Nucleic acid amplification test . Recently Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT), have'been developed for chlamydial infections. . These tests are well suited for screening ( asymptomatic carriers) as well as diagnosis. . These tests are the most sensitive and specific chlamydial diagnostic methods available, they are also the most expensive. . The tests are ? - Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - Ligase chain reaction ( LCR) - Transcription mediated amplification (TCR) - DNA strand displacement amplification (SDA)
| 2 |
Tissue culture
|
Nucleic acid amplification test
|
Serology
|
Serum electrophoresis
|
Microbiology
| null |
b424d443-cbe0-4a5f-a439-0fa9e36b3e4f
|
single
|
20 yr old female diagnosed previously with adenocarcinoma stomach and on examination following is seen;
|
Sister Mary joseph nodule - Cutaneous metastatic deposit around umbilicus (Not Lymph node) Lymph Node involvement in Ca stomach - Involvement of left supraclavicular LN - Virchow's Node (Aka Troisier's Sign) - Involvement of Axillary LN - Irish nodes - Palpable intraperitoneal metastasis on digital rectal examination - Blummer's shelf
| 1 |
Sister Mary joseph nodule
|
Umbilical granuloma
|
Infected umbilical hernia
|
Irish node
|
Surgery
|
FMGE 2019
|
732916f9-0891-490f-9e2b-3b32a876981f
|
single
|
Hypertrichosis is seen with following drugs EXCEPT:
|
(Barbiturates) (276-H 16th) (301-345-H17th)Hypertrichosis - Occurs in use of phenytoin, minoxidil, or cyclosporine, Diazoxide, Androgens, oral contraceptives containing androgenic progestins.
| 3 |
Minoxidil
|
Cyclosporine
|
Barbiturates
|
Phenytoin
|
Medicine
|
Drugs
|
e8bcf735-2968-4704-a55e-2ae706d6fe7c
|
multi
|
Tafenoquine - anti TB drug has been approved in July 2018 for
|
orally active 8 amino qinolone. It is a heame polymerase inhibitor. it is a prodrug and is active againist all liver forms includung hypnozoits. Molucular target is not exactly kmown
| 2 |
Radicle cure of P falciparum
|
Radicle cure of P vivax
|
Clinical cure of P falciparum
|
Clinical cure of P vivax
|
Pharmacology
|
All India exam
|
5c025311-06f3-474d-b902-40705765ee7e
|
single
|
Difference b w the incidence in exposed and non exposed group is best given by
|
attributable risk : Attributable Risk(AR) (sometimes called Attributable Propoion or Attributable Fraction) is a measure of the prevalence of a condition or disease. Given a group of people exposed to a risk, it&;s the fraction who develop a disease or condition. ref : park 21st ed
| 3 |
relative risk
|
attributable risk
|
population attributable risk
|
odd's ratio
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
All India exam
|
c8c881e1-934a-45b5-8d98-241692c75dbc
|
single
|
A 55-year old man presented with a two-day history of headache, fever and generalized weakness. He had received a cadaveric kidney transplant 5 years earlier. His medications included 5 mg oftacrolimus twice a day and 10 mg of prednisone daily. On neurologic examination, he was confused and incoherent Cranial nerves were normal, but he had a hazy left retina. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain with the administration of gadolinium showed multiple enhancing lesion in both cerebral hemispheres. The most probable diagnosis is -
|
Nocardiosis is an infectious disease affecting either the lungs (pulmonary nocardiosis) or the whole body (systemic nocardiosis). It is due to infection by a bacterium of the genus Nocardia, most commonly Nocardia asteroides or Nocardia brasiliensis. It is most common in adult males, especially those with a weakened immune system. In patients with brain nocardia infection, moality exceeds 80%; in other forms, moality is 50%, even with appropriate therapy. It is one of several conditions that have been called "the great imitator". Cutaneous nocardiosis commonly occurs in immunocompetent hosts Signs and symptoms Pulmonary infection Produces a virulent form of pneumonia (progressive) Night sweats, fever, cough, chest pain Pulmonary nocardiosis is subacute in onset and refractory to treatment with standard antibiotics Symptoms are more severe in immunocompromised individuals Radiologic studies show multiple pulmonary infiltrates, with a tendency to central necrosis Neurological infection: Headache, lethargy, confusion, seizures, sudden onset of neurological deficit CT scan shows cerebral abscess Nocardial meningitis is difficult to diagnose Cardiac conditions: Nocardia has been highly linked to endocarditis as a main manifestation In recorded cases, it has caused damage to hea valves whether natural or prosthetic Lymphocutaneous disease: Nocardial cellulitis is akin to erysipelas but is less acute Nodular lymphangeitis mimics sporotrichosis with multiple nodules alongside a lymphatic pathway Chronic subcutaneous infection is a rare complication and osteitis may ensue May be misidentified and treated as a staph infection, specifically superficial skin infections Cultures must incubate more than 48 hours to guarantee an accurate test Ocular disease: Very rarely, nocardiae cause keratitis Generally there is a history of ocular trauma Disseminated nocardiosis: Dissemination occurs through the spreading enzymes possessed by the bacteria Disseminated infection can occur in very immunocompromised patients It generally involves both lungs and brain Fever, moderate or very high can be seen Multiple cavitating pulmonary infiltrates develop Cerebral abscesses arise later Cutaneous lesions are very rarely seen If untreated, the prognosis is poor for this form of disease Ref Davidson 23rd edition pg 712
| 3 |
Cerebral toxoplasmosis
|
Listeria monocytogenes infection
|
Nocardia asteroides infection
|
Miliary tuberculosis
|
Medicine
|
Miscellaneous
|
84a2a07c-4e4f-4ad2-a06a-1dc00ed34f6c
|
multi
|
Positive Screening test for Diabetes Mellitus:-
|
Screening test is a search for an unrecognized disease/defect in Apparently healthy individuals by means of RAPIDLY APPLIED TESTS. RBS is used for screening of Diabetes mellitus. Rest all tests are diagnostic tests. Screening tests of impoant diseases: Leprosy - Hypoanesthesia HIV - ERS Breast cancer - Mammography Cervical cancer - Visual inspection with 5% acetic acid > PAP smear Prostate cancer - PSA + DRE > PSA > DRE Lung cancer - chest X-ray Oral cancer - Bimanual oral palpation.
| 1 |
RBS > 200mg/dl
|
GTT > 200mg/dl
|
HbA1C > 6.5 %
|
FBS > 126 mg/dl
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV, NPV
|
d7642af5-decf-48cb-8b76-0686ca3dc383
|
single
|
Vascular sign of narath is seen in-
|
Vascular sign of Narath *Normally femoral pulse is felt in the groin against head of the femur. *In posterior dislocation of hip the vessels fall back unsuppoed, so femoral aerial pulsation, which isn't felt against the head of the femur will be feeble or even, may not be palpable. Ref: Textbook of Ohopaedics by kotwal p.25
| 1 |
Dislocation of hip
|
Dislocation of knee
|
Dislocation of elbow
|
Dislocation of shoulder
|
Orthopaedics
|
Pelvis and Hip injuries
|
ab0aec7c-4eaf-45bc-b2c0-f0dfc3170cde
|
single
|
Most frequent tooth to be impacted is
|
Impacted tooth Is the tooth that has failed to erupt completely or paially to its correct position in the dental arch and its eruption potential has been lost. Order of frequency Mandibular 3rd molar (i.e. Lower 3rd molar) Maxillary 3rd molar (Upper 3rd molar) Maxillary canine
| 2 |
Upper third molar
|
Lower third molar
|
Upper premolar
|
Lower premolar
|
Surgery
|
Head and neck
|
aa920f42-c195-43e9-9878-20de967df6c7
|
single
|
The gold standard investigation for renal aery stenosis in an 21 year old girl :
|
Angiography is the gold standard and definitive means to diagnose RAS, except for the risk of contrast reaction. In screening for stenosis of the main renal aeries and differentiation from fibromuscular dysplasia, the use of 3D contrast enhanced MRA provides optimum method for its detection and allows the demonstration of small accessory renal aeries and segmental branches Doppler evaluation has limited application as screening modality. The clinical signs of renal aery stenosis include Renovascular hypeension and azotaemia.
| 3 |
Renal scan
|
Ultrasound Doppler
|
Renal angiography
|
3D Contrast-enhanced MRA
|
Radiology
|
Genitourinary radiology
|
1ee1ab36-e7f7-425e-a494-e2448718e494
|
single
|
Premature fusion of coronal, sphenofrontal and frontoethmoidal sutures is seen in?
|
Premature fusion of coronal, sphenofrontal and frontoethmoidal sutures is seen in Turricephaly 1. Turricephaly Cone-shaped head caused by premature fusion of coronal, sphenofrontal and frontoethmoidal sutures 2. Dolicocephaly Due to premature closure of sagittal suture produces a long and narrow skull Also called scaphocephaly.It is the most common form of craniosynostosis 3. Plagiocephaly Asymmetrical distoion or flattening of one side of the skull 4. Trigonocephaly Caused by premature fusion of metopic suture - Keel-shaped forehead and hypotelorism Increased risk for associated developmental abnormalities of the forebrain
| 1 |
Turricephaly
|
Dolicocephaly
|
Plagiocephaly
|
Trigoncephaly
|
Pediatrics
|
Abnormalities of Head Size
|
12e460b9-96aa-49b7-93ca-e64913fe881a
|
single
|
Pulled elbow means
|
Pulled elbow occurs in children between 2-5 years of age. The head of radius is pulled paly out of annular ligament when child is lifted by the wrist. The child stas crying and is unable to move an affected limb. There might be swelling at the elbow.its not possible to see the subluxated head in x-ray as it is still cailaginous. Treatment includes head reduced by fully supinating the forearm and applying direct pressure overhead of radius. a sudden click is heard or felt as the head goes back. Ref: Essential Ohopaedics, Maheswari & Mhaskar, Edition 9, Page no: 105
| 2 |
Fracture of head of radius
|
Subluxation of head of radius
|
Fracture dislocation of elbow
|
Fracture ulna
|
Orthopaedics
|
Elbow injuries
|
77e4d9ff-3fbc-4601-b616-233d8137f18a
|
single
|
Most common site of lymphangiosarcoma is
|
Most common site of lymphangiosarcoma is arm following mastectomy, Occurs commonly after radical lymph nodes dissection- stewa treves syndrome Reference- SRB - 5th edition, sarcoma, page 311.
| 4 |
Liver
|
Spleen
|
Retroperitoneum
|
Post mastectomy arm
|
Surgery
|
Vascular surgery
|
e2f1527d-989d-49a6-99c3-be1855662f79
|
single
|
The following ocular structure in not derived from surface ectoderm:
|
B i.e. Sclera
| 2 |
Crystalline lens
|
Sclera
|
Corneal epithelium
|
Epithelium of lacrimal glands
|
Anatomy
| null |
0dac3eae-f650-42af-958d-7476ef07dbf7
|
multi
|
One of the following is not true of International Classification of Disease -
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., It was devised by UNICEF ICD was devised by WHO.
| 2 |
It is revised once in 10 years
|
It was devised by UNICEF
|
The 10th revision consists of 21 major chapters
|
It is accepted for National and International use
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
89983de3-54ae-4936-bf1d-35aee78643b7
|
multi
|
Operations for varicose veins are best accomplished by-
| null | 1 |
Stripping
|
Multiple subcutaneos ligatures
|
Subfascial ligatures
|
Division and ligation at the superficial venous system
|
Surgery
| null |
4484cd54-b70a-4f84-8b97-5dd27fae4b8e
|
single
|
All of the following metabolic functions occur in the mitochondria, Except:
|
B i.e. Biosynthesis of fatty acids
| 2 |
Beta-oxidation of fatty acids
|
Biosynthesis of fatty acids
|
Protein synthesis
|
Citric acid cycle
|
Physiology
| null |
87cb85b5-41dc-4f2f-b30d-c96c52fce614
|
multi
|
Management of a child with severe PEM having loose stools includes ________
|
Management of a child with severe protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) having stools includes Use of low sodium ORS for Rehydration 5ml/Kg every 30 min for first 2 hours. Donot give IV fluids unless the child is in shock Give ReSoMal (low sodium rehydration solution for malnutrition) 5ml/Kg every 30 min for first 2 hr orally or NasoGastric tube Then give 5-10 ml/Kg in alternate hours for upto 10 hr. The amount depends on stool loss and eagerness to drink. Feed in the other alternate hour. Give ReSoMal after each watery stool as preventive strategy. Treatment of hypoglycemia in malnutrition: If conscious: 10% glucose (50mL) or a feed or 1 teaspoon sugar under the tongue, whichever is the quickest. If unconsious : Immediately give sterile 10% glucose (5ml/Kg) by IV. Composition Low-osmolar ORS (mmol/L) ReSoMal(mmol/L) Glucose 75 125 Sodium 75 45 Potassium 20 40 Chloride 65 70 Citrate 10 7 Magnesium -- 3 Zinc -- 0.3 Copper -- 0.045 Osmolarity (mOsmol/L) 245 300 Ref: Nelson textbook of pediatrics 21st edition Pgno: 340,341
| 4 |
Initiation of IV fluids immediately
|
Administration of 50ml of 10% glucose orally, if unconsious
|
Continuation of aggressive hydration, even after dehydration resolves
|
Use of low-sodium oral rehydration solution (ORS) for rehydration 5 ml/Kg every 30 min for the first 2 hours
|
Pediatrics
|
Nutrition
|
bd1ee837-ece0-4b6c-adbe-c087e675d060
|
multi
|
Which one of the following statements truly represents bell's paralysis -
|
Bell's paralysis is a lower motor neuron type of facial nerve palsy of unknown etiology, i.e., idiopathic nature.
Lower motor neuron type of palsy causes ipsilateral paralysis, therefore bell's palsy causes ipsilateral facial paralysis.
Except for facial nerve paralysis, another neurological examination is normal.
| 3 |
Hemiparesis and contralateral facial nerve paralysis
|
Combined paralysis of the facial, trigeminal, and abducens nerves
|
Idiopathic ipsilateral paralysis of the facial nerve
|
Facial nerve paralysis with a dry eye
|
ENT
| null |
8a1c8005-d053-4dea-bb2f-67ed1b22ffdb
|
multi
|
0steomas, adenomatous polyps of intestine & periampullary carcinomas are seen in
|
Gardner's Syndrome Gardner's syndrome is combination of familial polyposis coli and ceain extra-colonic lesions such as multiple osteomas (paicularly of the mandible and maxilla), sebaceous cysts and connective tissue tumours. mnemonics: GARDEN In FOREST Gardener syndrome Familial polyposis coli, Osteoma Retinal epithelium hyperophy Supernumerary Teeth TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY 6TH EDITION HARSH MOHAN PAGE NO:585,586 IMAGE REF:
| 4 |
Cowden syndrome
|
Peutz Jegers syndrome
|
FAP
|
Gardener syndrome
|
Pathology
|
G.I.T
|
adf72e18-fb18-4391-9372-2ee1c755432d
|
single
|
All are contents of the Femoral traingle except
|
Femoral triangle : Lateral - Saorius Medial - Adductor longus Base - Inguinal ligament Contents - Femoral nerve, Femoral aery, Femoral vein,deep inguinal lymphatics, nerve to pectineus. Ref : Gray's Anatomy The Anatomical Basics of Clinical Practice 41 e pg 1362.
| 3 |
Femoral nerve
|
Femoral vein
|
Superficial inguinal lymphatics
|
Nerve to pectineus
|
Anatomy
|
Lower limb
|
832bf3b6-96e2-4cc2-82f3-9844279544c5
|
multi
|
Fatty acids are stored as ?
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., TriglyceridesTriglycerides (TGs) are formed by esterification of one molecule of glycerol with three molecules of fatty acids. Therefore, they are also called as triacylglycerol (acyl for fatty acid). Fatty acids esterified through their carboxyl group, resulting in a loss of negative charge and formation of neutral fat.Triglyceride = Glycerol + 3 fatty acidsTriglycerides are the major storage form of energy. They are stored mainly in adipocytes (fat cells) of adipose tissue.
| 2 |
Cholesterol
|
Triglycerides
|
Sphingomyelin
|
None
|
Biochemistry
| null |
c7a532d5-482a-4246-b5d9-ce26236f519d
|
multi
|
Mainstay of treatment of glue ear:-
|
Glue ear: - Long standing collection of serous / mucoid fluid in the middle ear cavity.- CHL (25-30 DB)- B curve on Tympanometry Mainstay treatment of glue ear should be treat the cause, like if its adenoids or tumor so removing it would be the treatment. But the cause is not mentioned in the question. So the mainstay treatment should be myringotomy in the anterio-inferior quadrant with grommet tube inseion.Option A - Radical mastoidectomy is done in the case of unsafe cholesteatoma, removal of glomus tumor.Option C - temporal bone reaction en bloc removal is done in a cancer of middle ear.
| 2 |
Radical Mastoidectomy
|
Myringotomy + aeration to middle ear
|
Temporal bone resection
|
Tonsillectomy & adenoidectomy
|
ENT
|
FMGE 2018
|
9957ba25-3fbb-4650-b6c9-881ceebc06f5
|
single
|
Bilateral centrocaecal scotoma more marked with red than white colour is a feature of:
|
Ans. Tobacco amblyopia
| 1 |
Tobacco amblyopia
|
Leber's disease
|
Papilledema
|
Quinine amblyopiafs
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
f6db5e4c-3491-48de-a595-d60986ca5892
|
single
|
Area of the brain most commonly undergoing atrophy in Alzheimer's disease:
|
Ans. a. Temporoparietal (Ref: Harrison 19/e p2598, 18/e p3304-3308)Area of the brain most commonly undergoing atrophy in Alzheimer's disease is Temporoparietal.'Pathologically, atrophy is distributed throughout the medial temporal lobes, as well as lateral and medial parietal lobes and lateral frontal cortex.'- Harrison 18th/3305Alzheimer's DiseaseAD can occur in any decade of adulthood, but it is the MC cause of dementia in the elderly.AD most often presents with an insidious onset of memory loss followed by a slowly progressive dementia over several years.Dementia from Alzheimer's disease is the classical prototype of cortical dementias.Alzheimer's dementia is the MC cortical dementiaQ.Predominantly affects the temporoparietal cortex (although frontal lobe is also frequently involved)Pathology:Pathologically, atrophy is distributed throughout the medial temporal lobes, as well as lateral and medial parietal lobes and lateral frontal cortex.Microscopically, there are neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (INFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau filaments, and accumulation of amyloid in blood vessel walls in cortex and leptomen ingesQ.At autopsy, the earliest and most severe degeneration is found in the medial temporal lobe (entorhinal/perirhinal cortex and hippocampus), lateral temporal cortex, and nucleus basalis of MeynertQ.Characteristic microscopic findings: Neuritic plaques and NFTsQ.Neurofibrillary tangles are intracellular accumulations that may appear extracellularly after degeneration of neuron (neuronal death)Q.A histopathological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is made in cases of progressive dementia when beta-amyloid plaques (Neuritic/Senile plaques) co-occur with Neurofibrillary TanglesQ.Decreased levels of ACH, its synthetic enzyme choline acetyltransferase and nicotinic cholinergic receptors are the primary biochemical abnormality observed in ADQ.Beta-Amyloid Plaques (Extracellular)Neurofibrillary Tangles (Intracellular)* Formed by extracellular accumulation of beta amyloid deposits.* Neuritic or senile beta- amyloid plaques are an early histopathological sign of AD* Amyloid beta-protein accumulated in single neuritic plaques is toxic to surrounding structures and adjacent neurons.* Clinicopathological studies have shown that amyloid burden does not directly correlate with severity or duration of dementia* Formed by intracellular accumulation of hyper phosphorylated microtubule binding protein 'tau'.* NFT's occur in many neurodegenerative diseases and/or a group of diseases called 'taupathies' (Frontotemporal dementia, Pick's disease).* The co-occurrence of beta-amyloid plaques with NFT's suggests a diagnosis of AD.* NFT's are toxic to the neurons and neurons with NFT's eventually die and degenerate leaving a residual 'ghost tangle', in the extracellular space reminding of the pyramidal cell body in which it was initially formed.* Ciinicopathoiogical studies have shown that dementia correlates more strongly with NFT's than with senile plaques (beta- amyloid)Epidemiology:Most important risk factors for AD: Old age and positive family history.Factors associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease* Increasing ageQ* Female sexQ* Lower educational attainmentQ* Family history of dementiaQ* Environmental factors (Al, Hg, Viruses and Prions)* Genetic factors: Amyloid Precursor Protein on chromosomes 21Q, adult with trisomy 21 (Down's)QClinical Manifestations:The cognitive changes of AD tend to follow a characteristic pattern, beginning with memory impairment and spreading to language and visuospatial deficits.Changes in environment (such as vacations or hospital stays) may be disorienting.Language becomes impaired-first naming, then comprehension, and finally fluency.In some patients, aphasia is an early and prominent feature.Apraxia emerges, and patients have trouble performing learned sequential motor tasks.Visuospatial deficits begin to interfere with dressing, eating, or even walking, and patients fail to solve simple puzzles or copy geometric figures.Approximately 10% of AD patients develop Capgras' syndrome, believing that a caregiver has been replaced by an impostor.Often death results from malnutrition, secondary infections, pulmonary emboli, heart disease, or, most commonly, aspiration.As AD progresses, more distributed but usually posterior-predominant cortical atrophy becomes apparent, along with atrophy of the medial temporal memory structures.Slowly progressive decline in memory and orientation, normal results on laboratory tests, and an MRI or CT scan showing only distributed or posteriorly predominant cortical and hippocampal atrophy is highly suggestive of AD.Treatment:DonepeziI (target dose, 10 mg daily),Rivastigmine (target dose, 6 mg twice daily or 9.5-mg patch daily)Galantamine (target dose 24 mg daily, extended-release)Memantine (target dose, 10 mg twice daily)TacrineDue to hepatotoxicity, tacrine is no longer used.Memantine appears to act by blocking overexcited A-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors.
| 1 |
Temporoparietal
|
Parieto-occipital
|
Frontoparietal
|
Temporo-occipital
|
Medicine
|
Dementia
|
6765afd4-7ddc-46df-9d87-30241a54a9f6
|
single
|
All of the following statements about parvovirus B-19 are true, except -
| null | 1 |
<10% spread by transplacental route
|
Respiratory route is the primary mode of transmission
|
It is a DNA virus
|
Affects erythroid progenitors
|
Microbiology
| null |
f5d1281f-3c97-4291-a5e9-bc1ddeb699c0
|
multi
|
Protective species or non cariogenic bacteria among the following is/are:
| null | 4 |
Veillonella.
|
Capnocytophega.
|
Streptococcus mitis.
|
Both AB
|
Pathology
| null |
f2ec29a3-a4a1-4c4d-841e-28815afe5d3b
|
multi
|
False about sternocleidomastoid is
|
Actions of sternocleidomastoid - When one sternocleidomastoid muscle contracts, a) It turn the chin to the opposite side, b) It can also tilt the head towards the shoulder of same side Ref : B D Chaurasia's Human Anatomy , sixth edition, volume 3 , pg. no. 89
| 4 |
Arises from sternum and clavicle
|
Inses on mastoid process
|
Motor supply by spinal accessory nerve
|
Tilt the head on opposite side
|
Anatomy
|
Head and neck
|
1ff8ed33-8481-4476-8c2a-7d322caa6054
|
multi
|
All of the following methods are used for the diagnosis of HIV infection in a 2 month old child, except -
|
diagnosis of HIV in 2 month old child is by p24 Sg asday ,PCR&viral culture.ELISA id not used REF:<\p> MICROBIOLOGY ANANTHA NARAYANAN NINTH EDITION PAGE.575
| 3 |
DNA_PCR
|
Viral culture
|
HIV ELISA
|
p24 antigen assay
|
Microbiology
|
Virology
|
1a279fea-ce74-41e2-9636-cc958607b624
|
multi
|
Which of the following is not a good source of vitamin D?
|
Good sources of vitamin D include fatty fish,fish liver oils, egg yolk etc. Milk is not a good source of vitamin D.
Reference: Satyanarayana- Biochemistry, 3rd edition, pg-128
| 2 |
Fatty fish
|
Milk
|
Fish liver oils
|
Egg yolk
|
Biochemistry
| null |
00e4839d-7c88-4c91-b7a0-e78671853ad7
|
single
|
Otoacoustic emissions arise from:
|
Ans. B Outer hair cellsOtoacoustic Emissions (OAEs)Otoacoustic emissions are acoustic signals emitted from the cochlea to middle ear and into the external ear canal where they are recordeD.They are low intensity sounds probably generated by acute mechanical contraction of the outer hair cellsThey are produced either spontaneously or in response to the acoustic stimuliSound produced by outer hair cells moves in reverse direction viz:Outer hair cell ~ Basilar membrane -Perilymph-Oval window -Ossicles -Tympanic membrne -Ear canal.OAEs are present when outer hair cells are healthy.Abscence of OAE indicate structurally damaged or non-functional outer hair cells.?They do not dissappear in eighth nerve pathology as cochlear hair cells are normal." UsesOAEs are used as a screening test of hearing in neonates and to test hearing in uncooperative or mentally challenged individuals after sedation. Sedation does not interfere with OAEs.They help to distinguish cochlear from retrocochlear hearing loss as they are absent in cochlear but not in retrocochlear leisons.OAEs are also useful in diagnosing retrocochlear pathology, especially auditory neuropathy.
| 2 |
Inner hair cells
|
Outer hair cells
|
Both inner and outer hair cells
|
Organ of Coi
|
ENT
| null |
db11829d-93b8-46d4-8fd1-2a398e62bc19
|
multi
|
An obese female having hirsutism on laboratory investigation has a high level of LH and androgens. Likely cause is
|
The clinical and laboratory features of the patient described in the question match with those of PCOS as depicted in the table.
So the most appropriate answer is PCO
| 1 |
PCOS
|
Exogenous steroid ingestion
|
Turner syndrome
|
Kleinfelter syndrome
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
a16ae1c5-cfc4-4bae-8ea0-95679cd94ecd
|
single
|
Common ocular manifestation in Trisomy 13 is :
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e. Bilateral microphthalmos Abnormalities seen in trisomy 13 {Patau's syndrome)MicrophthalmiaMicrocephaly and mental retardationCleft lip and palatePolydactylyCardiac defectsUmbilical herniaRenal defectsRocker bottom feet
| 2 |
Capillary hemangioma.
|
Bilateral microphthalmos.
|
Neurofibroma.
|
Dermoid Cyst.
|
Ophthalmology
|
Anatomy
|
2d173f0f-4a36-4457-a18b-ae3fd441c207
|
single
|
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is seen in ?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Face; 'b' i.e., Neck; 'c' i.e., Nasal cavity Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma o Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common subtype of rhabdomyosarcoma, observed in children. o The tumor can occur at any site but the two most common sites are: i) Head and neck (including face and nose) --> Most common Genitourinary region (including vagina) ---> 2nd most common o Other sites involved are: Extremities Trunk Perianal and anal regions Retroperitonium GIT Intrathoracic Prostate
| 4 |
Face
|
Neck
|
Nasal cavity
|
All
|
Pathology
| null |
90292eb1-a2a4-4f18-b29e-64dff4f759c7
|
multi
|
The role of mitochondria is in all of the following, except:
|
Mitochondria is not involved in Fatty acid biosynthesis. Fatty acid biosynthesis takes place in cytosol.
| 4 |
ATP production
|
Apoptosis
|
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
|
Fatty acid biosynthesis
|
Biochemistry
| null |
3ff9ca43-649d-4b87-b80a-3e69b8548bf7
|
multi
|
Which is the most common type of shock in surgical practice
|
Hypovolemic shock is probably the most common form of shock, and to some degree is a component of all other forms of shock. Hypovolemic shock is due to reduced circulating volume. Reference : Bailey & Love, 27th Edition, page no = 13.
| 2 |
Cardiogenic
|
Hypovolemic
|
Neurogenic
|
Septic shock
|
Surgery
|
General surgery
|
4ced1861-76de-4a21-a7da-1bae3f6a90cb
|
single
|
Swimming pool odor in classical of which inborn error of metabolism?
|
Tyrosinemia - Boiled cabbage odor.
Hawkinsinuria - Swimming pool odor.
Phenylketonuria - Mousey odor.
Multiple carboxylase deficiency - Tomcat urine.
| 2 |
Tyrosinemia
|
Hawkinsinuria
|
Phenylketonuria
|
Multiple carboxylase deficiency
|
Biochemistry
| null |
54de33df-2b58-4f01-90c4-4599d9b5a9dc
|
single
|
Round, ribbon-shaped, ovoid, bowling pin and kidney-bean are all types of root canals seen on
| null | 4 |
Oblique section
|
Longitudinal section
|
Sagittal section
|
Cross section
|
Dental
| null |
22e83403-0a02-4bbd-8869-895ddcd30b6f
|
multi
|
All of the following are the electrocardiographic features of severe hyperkalemia except-
|
Effects of hyperkalaemia on the ECG Serum potassium > 5.5 mEq/L is associated with repolarization abnormalities: Peaked T waves (usually the earliest sign of hyperkalaemia) Ref Harrison 20th edition pg 1456 Serum potassium > 6.5 mEq/L is associated with progressive paralysis of the atria: P wave widens and flattens PR segment lengthens P waves eventually disappear Serum potassium > 7.0 mEq/L is associated with conduction abnormalities and bradycardia: Prolonged QRS interval with bizarre QRS morphology High-grade AV block with slow junctional and ventricular escape rhythms Any kind of conduction block (bundle branch blocks, fascicular blocks) Sinus bradycardia or slow AF Development of a sine wave appearance (a pre-terminal rhythm) Serum potassium level of > 9.0 mEq/L causes cardiac arrest due to: Asystole Ventricular fibrillation PEA with bizarre, wide complex rhythm (Warning! In individual patients, the serum potassium level may not correlate closely with the ECG changes. Patients with relatively normal ECGs may still experience sudden hyperkalaemic cardiac arrest.) Ref Davidson 23rd edition pg 463
| 2 |
Peaked T waves
|
Presenceof U waves
|
Sine waves pattern
|
Loss of P waves
|
Medicine
|
C.V.S
|
927970ae-7aca-45e9-be67-6503306a66f3
|
multi
|
With the use of DMPA contraceptive, the side effects are all of the following EXCEPT:
|
Ans. is 'a' ie change in quantity and quality of breast milk. Change in quantity and quality of breast milk is seen with the use of estrogen contraceptives not progesterone.Infact is a plus point of DMPA that it does not affect lactation. It can be therefore used in the post-partum period, without affecting the lactation.Side effects of Depot Medroxy Progesterone Acetate (DMPA)Weight gain*Irregular menstrual bleeding*Increased incidence of ectopic pregnancy *Increased risk of ovarian cystsProlonged anovulation and infertility after its use is discontinuedOsteoporosis.I could not get any information on the option 'd' (ie increased reproductive tract infection) despite exhaustive search in Williams, Dutta, Shaw's and Park.The only information which I have is that, the risk of vaginitis or vulvovaginitis (Candida) is increased by use of combined pills. Which component of the pill (estrogen or progesterone) is responsible for this is not known.
| 1 |
Change in quantity and quality of breast milk
|
Weight gain
|
Irregular bleeding
|
Increased reproductive tract inflection
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Family Planning
|
3df50189-735b-49da-8bb7-5ef3688322a6
|
multi
|
All of the following are features of atrial myxoma except: September 2008
|
Ans. B: HypeensionFindings of atrial myxoma?Jugular venous pressure may be elevated, and a prominent a wave may be present.A loud S1 is caused by a delay in mitral valve closure due to the prolapse of the tumor into the mitral valve orifice (mimicking mitral stenosis).P2 may be delayed. Its intensity may be normal or increased, depending on the presence of pulmonary hypeension.In many cases, an early diastolic sound, called a tumor plop, is heard. This sound is produced by the impact of the tumor against the endocardial wall or when its excursion is halted.An S3 or S4 may be audible.A diastolic atrial rumble may be heard if the tumor is obstructing the mitral valve.If there is valve damage from the tumor, mitral regurgitation may cause a systolic murmur at the apex.A right atrial tumor may cause a diastolic rumble or holosystolic murmur due to tricuspid regurgitation.The major clinical manifestation are due to valvular "ball-valve" obstruction. Embolization, or a syndrome of constitutional symptoms such as fever, cyanosis, digital clubbing, rash, or petechiae. Sometimes fragmentation and systemic embolization calls attention to these lesion.Patients with familial myxoma may have a variety of features called syndrome myxoma or Carney syndrome, as follows:- Myxomas in breast, skin, thyroid gland, or neural tissue- Spotty pigmentation such as lentigines (i.e., flat brown discoloration of skin), pigmented nevi, or both- Endocrine hyperactivity such as Cushing syndrome- Multiple cerebral fusiform aneurysms may be seen in patients with Carney syndrome.Other described syndromes associated with atrial myxomas include the following:- NAME syndrome features nevi, atrial myxoma, myxoid neurofibroma and ephelides (i.e., freckles (tanned macules found on the skin)).- LAMB syndrome features lentigines, atrial myxoma, and blue nevi.
| 2 |
Clubbing
|
Hypeension
|
Emboli
|
Fever
|
Pathology
| null |
780dcbc5-f37e-45dc-9181-2bc53f95d753
|
multi
|
Fluid, which has high potassium and low sodium contents, is -
| null | 3 |
CSF
|
Ectolymph
|
Endolymph
|
Pleural fluid
|
ENT
| null |
2d5563c7-f34f-4cb1-92d9-a977ffd24d31
|
single
|
A healthy 22-year-old female medical student with normal kidneys decreases her sodium intake by 50% for a period of 2 months. Which of the following parameters is expected to increase in response to the reduction in sodium intake?
|
A reduction in sodium intake leads to a decrease in extracellular fluid volume and therefore a decrease in aerial pressure. The decrease in aerial pressure stimulates renin release, which in turn leads to an increase in the formation of angiotensin II. The angiotensin II increases the renal retention of salt and water (ie, decreases sodium excretion, which returns the extracellular fluid volume nearly back to normal. Atrial natriuretic peptide is released from the two atria of the hea as a result of an increase in the extracellular fluid volume. Therefore, a decrease in sodium intake would tend to decrease the release of atrial natriuretic peptide.
| 4 |
Aerial pressure
|
Atrial natriuretic peptide release
|
Extracellular fluid volume
|
Renin release
|
Physiology
| null |
d73b4d17-0170-4f1a-bafd-6f3a037e022b
|
single
|
'C' wave in JVP is due to-
|
Answer is B (Tricuspid valve bulging into right atrium) The 'C' Wave is a positive wave produced by the bulging of tricuspid valve into the right atrium during right Ventricular isovolumetric systole and by impact of the carotid aery adjacent to the jugular vein.
| 2 |
Atrial contraction
|
Tricuspid valve bulging into right atrium
|
Right atrial filling
|
Rapid ventricular filling
|
Medicine
| null |
3b3c2965-7b04-4d81-813f-60ec82a8558a
|
single
|
Which is the most common complication of this Rash?
|
Ans. (c) Secondary skin infectionsNotice the presence of vesicles on an erythematous base caused by varicella-zoster virus. The most common complication of chicken pox is secondary skin infections.Image source- style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif">
| 3 |
Otitis media
|
Bronchopneumonia
|
Secondary skin infections
|
Reye syndrome
|
Microbiology
|
Bacteria
|
34820fc3-3992-4d91-8c68-613c28ed12f6
|
single
|
A patient while lifting a heavy weight presents with sudden onset pain in the lower back radiating along the postero-lateral thigh and lateral leg to the big toe with numbness. The most likely diagnosis is:
|
C i.e. L4 -- L5 Disc prolapsed Sudden onset lower back pain with radioculopathy while lifting something heavy from ground (i.e. in spinal flexion) indicates acute PIVD (prolapsed of interveebral disc). Pain or paresthesia along posterolateral aspect of lower thigh, anterolateral aspect of knee and leg and dorsal surface of foot covering great toe, 1st web space upto 3rd MTP joint (but never little toe) indicates compression of L5 nerve root (i.e. prolapsed of L4 --L5 disc). Level of Disc Prolapse Compressed Nerve Root Pain and Sensory Loss Motor Weakness Reflex Affected L3-L4 L4 - Over medial malleous - Ankle dorsiflexion (TA) a/t Knee (quadriceps/patella) (ASIA) - Medial aspect (both anterior ASIA - Knee extension (Quadriceps; jerk | & posterior) of lower thigh, knee, leg (calf) and ankle L4 is main root) - Hip/thigh adduction L4-L5 L5 - Dorsal of foot at 3rd MTP - Great toe extensor (EHL; a/t Knee & Ankle jerks are joint (ASIA) ASIA)Q normal; or knee - Posterolateral buttock (+-) & - Foot eversion (peroneii; paradoxically increased due thigh (esp lower), lateral aspect (anterior > posterior) of knee and leg (calf) and dorsum of foot covering great toe, 1st web space & 3rd main root) - Ankle/foot dorsiflexion (TA) - Toe dorsiflexors - Hip abduction (gluteus medius) to weak knee flexion MTP joint but never little toe. - Knee flexion L5-S1 S1 - Lateral aspect of calcaneus (ASIA) - Lateral aspect of ankle & foot (both on dorsal & plantar aspect) involving lateral malleolus, lateral border of foot & little toe - Ankle & foot plantar flexion (gastrocnemius & soleus; main root; ASIA) - Abductor hallucis (great toe flexion; main root) - Hip extension (gluteus maximus) Ankle jerk |
| 3 |
L5 fracture
|
L3 - IA Disc prolapsed
|
L4 - L5 Disc prolapsed
|
L5 - SI Disc prolapse
|
Surgery
| null |
4a462f8b-7399-4ac1-bd84-bc41b5903dc9
|
single
|
In glycolysis, the first committed step is catalysed by
|
Phosphofructokinase catalyzes the committed step of glycolysis, meaning that once fructose 1, 6 - bisphosphate is formed it must go for the glycolytic pathway only.
| 4 |
2, 3 DPG
|
Glucokinase
|
Hexokinase
|
Phosphofructokinase
|
Biochemistry
| null |
cad1680b-8738-4fb2-a8a3-6a6f617faa51
|
multi
|
In pantamograph, if patient chin is placed anterior to the focal trough, the structures appears to be
| null | 1 |
Blurred and Diminished
|
Blurred and Magnified
|
Either magnified or diminished
|
Only Blurred
|
Radiology
| null |
807dfc6c-69aa-4e03-8c35-f1f63bdcb18e
|
single
|
Lacrimal punctum of upper and lower eyelids are?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., They are opposed
| 1 |
They are opposed
|
No relation
|
Upper punctum is medial
|
Upper punctum is lateral
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
1815e659-5d81-45b7-bc3d-346070dd1bd4
|
single
|
Diameter of the optic disc is –
|
Actually, optic disc is vertically oval with vertical diameter 1.88 mm and horizontal diameter 1.76 mm. However, some textbooks (like khurana) have metioned it as circular area of 1.5 mm diameter.
| 2 |
0.5 mm
|
1.5 mm
|
2.5mm
|
3.5 mm
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
4cea28f1-21b2-40a0-a982-944815e1786f
|
single
|
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