id
int64 0
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| premises
stringlengths 118
4.1k
| paragraph
stringlengths 111
4.06k
| conclusion
stringlengths 15
240
| question
stringlengths 14
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stringclasses 3
values | arg
stringlengths 54
2.02k
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stringlengths 51
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int64 1
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
671 |
['When potassium is an important plant nutrient for several reasons is true, it follows that fertilization takes place within the coral.', 'The claim that fertilization takes place within the coral has no merit.']
|
When potassium is an important plant nutrient for several reasons is true, it follows that fertilization takes place within the coral. The claim that fertilization takes place within the coral has no merit.
|
The claim that potassium is an important plant nutrient for several reasons is false.
|
The claim that potassium is an important plant nutrient for several reasons is true.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Potassium is an important plant nutrient for several reasons.', 1: 'Fertilization takes place within the coral.'}
| 1 |
109 |
['On the condition that pulsars are believed to be neutron stars that are spinning very rapidly, it is definitely the case that ducks eat by dabbling straining plankton and tasty morsels from the water through their bills.', 'Provided that ducks eat by dabbling straining plankton and tasty morsels from the water through their bills, we know that success is located in awards ceremony.']
|
On the condition that pulsars are believed to be neutron stars that are spinning very rapidly, it is definitely the case that ducks eat by dabbling straining plankton and tasty morsels from the water through their bills. Provided that ducks eat by dabbling straining plankton and tasty morsels from the water through their bills, we know that success is located in awards ceremony.
|
When pulsars are believed to be neutron stars that are spinning very rapidly is true, it follows that success is located in awards ceremony.
|
When pulsars are believed to be neutron stars that are spinning very rapidly is true, it follows that success is located in awards ceremony.
|
TRUE
|
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [0], then [2].
If [2], then [1].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
|
{0: 'Pulsars are believed to be neutron stars that are spinning very rapidly.', 1: 'Success is located in awards ceremony.', 2: 'Ducks eat by dabbling straining plankton and tasty morsels from the water through their bills.'}
| 1 |
661 |
['It is rational to believe that either actors consume drinks or phagocytosis is the type of endocytosis where an entire cell is engulfed.', 'Should it be the case that actors consume drinks, it follows that blades can cut through different materials.', "Whenever it is true that phagocytosis is the type of endocytosis where an entire cell is engulfed, 'blades can cut through different materials' is true."]
|
It is rational to believe that either actors consume drinks or phagocytosis is the type of endocytosis where an entire cell is engulfed. Should it be the case that actors consume drinks, it follows that blades can cut through different materials. Whenever it is true that phagocytosis is the type of endocytosis where an entire cell is engulfed, 'blades can cut through different materials' is true.
|
The statement that states blades can cut through different materials is right.
|
Blades have (part) hilts.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Blades can cut through different materials.', 1: 'Actors consume drinks.', 2: 'Phagocytosis is the type of endocytosis where an entire cell is engulfed.'}
| 1 |
379 |
['Once we know if honey bees stay in hives during the winter, and form clusters when temperatures fall, then encryption is used for all messages after a simple handshake is used to define a secret key, we also know that some wetlands have traps set up for wild cats, dogs, mongoose, and even pigs.', 'On the condition that honey bees stay in hives during the winter, and form clusters when temperatures fall, it is definitely the case that encryption is used for all messages after a simple handshake is used to define a secret key.']
|
Once we know if honey bees stay in hives during the winter, and form clusters when temperatures fall, then encryption is used for all messages after a simple handshake is used to define a secret key, we also know that some wetlands have traps set up for wild cats, dogs, mongoose, and even pigs. On the condition that honey bees stay in hives during the winter, and form clusters when temperatures fall, it is definitely the case that encryption is used for all messages after a simple handshake is used to define a secret key.
|
It is reasonable to believe that some wetlands have traps set up for wild cats, dogs, mongoose, and even pigs.
|
We know that the claim that some wetlands have traps set up for wild cats, dogs, mongoose, and even pigs is false.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].
If [1], then [2].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Some wetlands have traps set up for wild cats, dogs, mongoose, and even pigs.', 1: 'Honey bees stay in hives during the winter, and form clusters when temperatures fall.', 2: 'Encryption is used for all messages after a simple handshake is used to define a secret key.'}
| 1 |
625 |
['There is good reason to believe that either lymphatic vessels comprise a series of segments, separated by valves or fascists believe their race is biologically superior to other races.', 'One may reasonably assume that if lymphatic vessels comprise a series of segments, separated by valves, then pattern dithering is most useful in filling a larger area with a desired color.', 'Assuming fascists believe their race is biologically superior to other races, we know that pattern dithering is most useful in filling a larger area with a desired color.']
|
There is good reason to believe that either lymphatic vessels comprise a series of segments, separated by valves or fascists believe their race is biologically superior to other races. One may reasonably assume that if lymphatic vessels comprise a series of segments, separated by valves, then pattern dithering is most useful in filling a larger area with a desired color. Assuming fascists believe their race is biologically superior to other races, we know that pattern dithering is most useful in filling a larger area with a desired color.
|
The claim that pattern dithering is most useful in filling a larger area with a desired color holds true.
|
The claim that pattern dithering is most useful in filling a larger area with a desired color holds true.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Pattern dithering is most useful in filling a larger area with a desired color.', 1: 'Lymphatic vessels comprise a series of segments, separated by valves.', 2: 'Fascists believe their race is biologically superior to other races.'}
| 1 |
603 |
['We know that at least one of two things is true: physicists learn to tie a knot, or snails feed on decay plant matter.', "So long as physicists learn to tie a knot, 'if banks use a money making scheme called fractional reserve banking , then dugongs are referred to as 'sea cows' because their diet consists mainly of sea-grass' is true.", "Whenever it is true that snails feed on decay plant matter, 'if banks use a money making scheme called fractional reserve banking , then dugongs are referred to as 'sea cows' because their diet consists mainly of sea-grass' is true."]
|
We know that at least one of two things is true: physicists learn to tie a knot, or snails feed on decay plant matter. So long as physicists learn to tie a knot, 'if banks use a money making scheme called fractional reserve banking , then dugongs are referred to as 'sea cows' because their diet consists mainly of sea-grass' is true. Whenever it is true that snails feed on decay plant matter, 'if banks use a money making scheme called fractional reserve banking , then dugongs are referred to as 'sea cows' because their diet consists mainly of sea-grass' is true.
|
Once we know banks use a money making scheme called fractional reserve banking , we also know that dugongs are referred to as 'sea cows' because their diet consists mainly of sea-grass.
|
Whenever it is true that banks use a money making scheme called fractional reserve banking , 'most dugongs reach maturity' is true.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).
If [3], then (If [0], then [1].).
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
|
{0: 'Banks use a money making scheme called fractional reserve banking .', 1: "Dugongs are referred to as 'sea cows' because their diet consists mainly of sea-grass.", 2: 'Physicists learn to tie a knot.', 3: 'Snails feed on decay plant matter.'}
| 1 |
92 |
["Whenever it is true that some people mistakenly believe that whales are the largest animals ever to live and reside in the oceans and coastal areas, 'chronic pain is difficult to define or describe' is true.", 'Assuming some people mistakenly believe that whales are the largest animals ever to live and reside in the oceans and coastal areas, we know that the claim that chronic pain is difficult to define or describe is false.']
|
Whenever it is true that some people mistakenly believe that whales are the largest animals ever to live and reside in the oceans and coastal areas, 'chronic pain is difficult to define or describe' is true. Assuming some people mistakenly believe that whales are the largest animals ever to live and reside in the oceans and coastal areas, we know that the claim that chronic pain is difficult to define or describe is false.
|
The claim that whales are the largest animals ever to live and reside in the oceans and coastal areas is true.
|
Some whales have bridges.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Whales are the largest animals ever to live and reside in the oceans and coastal areas.', 1: 'Chronic pain is difficult to define or describe.'}
| 1 |
451 |
['Given that the claim that scent flowers appear in summer has no merit, it can be inferred that most thistles contain active compounds.', 'The claim that most thistles contain active compounds does not correspond with reality.']
|
Given that the claim that scent flowers appear in summer has no merit, it can be inferred that most thistles contain active compounds. The claim that most thistles contain active compounds does not correspond with reality.
|
It is reasonable to believe that scent flowers appear in summer.
|
Scent flowers emerge in summer.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Scent flowers appear in summer.', 1: 'Most thistles contain active compounds.'}
| 1 |
652 |
['When many tourmalines owe their color to a mixture of metal ions is true, it follows that copper sulfate comes in several forms depending on how finely it is ground.', "So long as copper sulfate comes in several forms depending on how finely it is ground, 'a mall is an outlet' is true."]
|
When many tourmalines owe their color to a mixture of metal ions is true, it follows that copper sulfate comes in several forms depending on how finely it is ground. So long as copper sulfate comes in several forms depending on how finely it is ground, 'a mall is an outlet' is true.
|
When many tourmalines owe their color to a mixture of metal ions is true, it follows that a mall is an outlet.
|
If many tourmalines owe their color to a mixture of metal ions, then malls have (part) readsides.
|
Uncertain
|
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [0], then [2].
If [2], then [1].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
|
{0: 'Many tourmalines owe their color to a mixture of metal ions.', 1: 'A mall is an outlet.', 2: 'Copper sulfate comes in several forms depending on how finely it is ground.'}
| 1 |
822 |
['At least one of two things is true: either partial inheritance is a variation of class inheritance or suede is the first commercial programming language to incorporate ambiguity at a fundamental level, or laboratory glassware contains a large amount of silica and boric oxide.', 'Those that suggest either partial inheritance is a variation of class inheritance or suede is the first commercial programming language to incorporate ambiguity at a fundamental level are wrong.']
|
At least one of two things is true: either partial inheritance is a variation of class inheritance or suede is the first commercial programming language to incorporate ambiguity at a fundamental level, or laboratory glassware contains a large amount of silica and boric oxide. Those that suggest either partial inheritance is a variation of class inheritance or suede is the first commercial programming language to incorporate ambiguity at a fundamental level are wrong.
|
It is the case that laboratory glassware contains a large amount of silica and boric oxide.
|
It is the case that laboratory glassware contains a large amount of silica and boric oxide.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [0].
Not (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Laboratory glassware contains a large amount of silica and boric oxide.', 1: 'Partial inheritance is a variation of class inheritance.', 2: 'Suede is the first commercial programming language to incorporate ambiguity at a fundamental level.'}
| 1 |
855 |
["Once we know those that suggest iron deficiency occurs if the amount of iron absorbed is too little to meet the body's demands are wrong, we also know that fish hatcheries look at genetics for different reasons than huge sizes and catchability.", "Once we know those that suggest iron deficiency occurs if the amount of iron absorbed is too little to meet the body's demands are wrong, we also know that the statement, fish hatcheries look at genetics for different reasons than huge sizes and catchability, does not hold."]
|
Once we know those that suggest iron deficiency occurs if the amount of iron absorbed is too little to meet the body's demands are wrong, we also know that fish hatcheries look at genetics for different reasons than huge sizes and catchability. Once we know those that suggest iron deficiency occurs if the amount of iron absorbed is too little to meet the body's demands are wrong, we also know that the statement, fish hatcheries look at genetics for different reasons than huge sizes and catchability, does not hold.
|
Many people rightly believe that iron deficiency occurs if the amount of iron absorbed is too little to meet the body's demands.
|
Iron deficiency is common in premenopausal women.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: "Iron deficiency occurs if the amount of iron absorbed is too little to meet the body's demands.", 1: 'Fish hatcheries look at genetics for different reasons than huge sizes and catchability.'}
| 1 |
390 |
['We know that either genetic factors influence responses or antennas are part of receivers.', 'When genetic factors influence responses is true, it follows that some substances derive from fatty acid.', "So long as antennas are part of receivers, 'some substances derive from fatty acid' is true."]
|
We know that either genetic factors influence responses or antennas are part of receivers. When genetic factors influence responses is true, it follows that some substances derive from fatty acid. So long as antennas are part of receivers, 'some substances derive from fatty acid' is true.
|
It is a simple truth that some substances derive from fatty acid.
|
The claim that some substances derive from fatty acid is false.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Some substances derive from fatty acid.', 1: 'Genetic factors influence responses.', 2: 'Antennas are part of receivers.'}
| 1 |
577 |
['It is a fact that either owls has-part wings or dogs build muscle memory by doing the same number of weave poles all the time.', 'We know that the claim that owls has-part wings is false.']
|
It is a fact that either owls has-part wings or dogs build muscle memory by doing the same number of weave poles all the time. We know that the claim that owls has-part wings is false.
|
It is rational to agree that dogs build muscle memory by doing the same number of weave poles all the time.
|
It is rational to agree that dogs build muscle memory by doing the same number of weave poles all the time.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Dogs build muscle memory by doing the same number of weave poles all the time.', 1: 'Owls has-part wings.'}
| 1 |
985 |
["Assuming the statement 'bulls carry their antlers into late winter or early spring' can be considered false, we know that if forests cover about a quarter of the world's land surface, excluding Greenland and Antarctica, then guys eat sandwiches.", "The claim that if forests cover about a quarter of the world's land surface, excluding Greenland and Antarctica, then guys eat sandwiches does not correspond with reality."]
|
Assuming the statement 'bulls carry their antlers into late winter or early spring' can be considered false, we know that if forests cover about a quarter of the world's land surface, excluding Greenland and Antarctica, then guys eat sandwiches. The claim that if forests cover about a quarter of the world's land surface, excluding Greenland and Antarctica, then guys eat sandwiches does not correspond with reality.
|
The statement 'bulls carry their antlers into late winter or early spring' is true.
|
Most bulls use antlers.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then (If [1], then [2].).
Not (If [1], then [2].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Bulls carry their antlers into late winter or early spring.', 1: "Forests cover about a quarter of the world's land surface, excluding Greenland and Antarctica.", 2: 'Guys eat sandwiches.'}
| 1 |
422 |
['Once we know it is a common misconception that a quiche is a tart, we also know that humpbacks lobtail more when the seas are rough and stormy.', 'We know that the claim that humpbacks lobtail more when the seas are rough and stormy is false.']
|
Once we know it is a common misconception that a quiche is a tart, we also know that humpbacks lobtail more when the seas are rough and stormy. We know that the claim that humpbacks lobtail more when the seas are rough and stormy is false.
|
It is true that a quiche is a tart.
|
Some people mistakenly believe that a quiche is a tart.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'A quiche is a tart.', 1: 'Humpbacks lobtail more when the seas are rough and stormy.'}
| 1 |
211 |
['When cardinal system Drains the head, dorsal body wall and kidneys is true, it follows that healthy soil is a living natural resource.', 'We can assume that cardinal system Drains the head, dorsal body wall and kidneys.']
|
When cardinal system Drains the head, dorsal body wall and kidneys is true, it follows that healthy soil is a living natural resource. We can assume that cardinal system Drains the head, dorsal body wall and kidneys.
|
It is a simple truth that healthy soil is a living natural resource.
|
Healthy soils grow healthy plants.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Healthy soil is a living natural resource.', 1: 'Cardinal system Drains the head, dorsal body wall and kidneys.'}
| 1 |
171 |
["So long as if cheatgrass helps fires spread faster, and the weed returns before most other plants after a fire, then an outlook is attitude, 'most buds produce blossoms' is true.", 'Some people mistakenly believe that most buds produce blossoms.']
|
So long as if cheatgrass helps fires spread faster, and the weed returns before most other plants after a fire, then an outlook is attitude, 'most buds produce blossoms' is true. Some people mistakenly believe that most buds produce blossoms.
|
The statement 'if cheatgrass helps fires spread faster, and the weed returns before most other plants after a fire, then an outlook is attitude' can be considered false.
|
The statement 'if cheatgrass helps fires spread faster, and the weed returns before most other plants after a fire, then an outlook is attitude' can be considered false.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (If [0], then [1].), then [2].
Not [2].
Therefore, Not (If [0], then [1].)..
|
{0: 'Cheatgrass helps fires spread faster, and the weed returns before most other plants after a fire.', 1: 'An outlook is attitude.', 2: 'Most buds produce blossoms.'}
| 1 |
165 |
['If if some animals experience seasonal hibernation, then most infants suffer from the moderate to severe form of the disease and require hospitalization, then fatigue decreases awareness and reflexes.', 'If some animals experience seasonal hibernation, then most infants suffer from the moderate to severe form of the disease and require hospitalization.']
|
If if some animals experience seasonal hibernation, then most infants suffer from the moderate to severe form of the disease and require hospitalization, then fatigue decreases awareness and reflexes. If some animals experience seasonal hibernation, then most infants suffer from the moderate to severe form of the disease and require hospitalization.
|
The idea that fatigue decreases awareness and reflexes is true.
|
The statement, fatigue decreases awareness and reflexes, does not hold.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].
If [1], then [2].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Fatigue decreases awareness and reflexes.', 1: 'Some animals experience seasonal hibernation.', 2: 'Most infants suffer from the moderate to severe form of the disease and require hospitalization.'}
| 1 |
238 |
["Whenever it is true that the claim that heaters are located in offices does not correspond with reality, 'hamsters are friendly and easily tamed' is true.", 'On the condition that the claim that heaters are located in offices does not correspond with reality, it is definitely the case that the claim that hamsters are friendly and easily tamed does not correspond with reality.']
|
Whenever it is true that the claim that heaters are located in offices does not correspond with reality, 'hamsters are friendly and easily tamed' is true. On the condition that the claim that heaters are located in offices does not correspond with reality, it is definitely the case that the claim that hamsters are friendly and easily tamed does not correspond with reality.
|
The claim that heaters are located in offices holds true.
|
Heaters are located in houses.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Heaters are located in offices.', 1: 'Hamsters are friendly and easily tamed.'}
| 1 |
188 |
['If it is not the case that fanconi anemia is also a risk factor for developing acute myelogenous leukemia, then moral hazard is a risk factor that affects the underwriting decision.', 'The claim that moral hazard is a risk factor that affects the underwriting decision has no merit.']
|
If it is not the case that fanconi anemia is also a risk factor for developing acute myelogenous leukemia, then moral hazard is a risk factor that affects the underwriting decision. The claim that moral hazard is a risk factor that affects the underwriting decision has no merit.
|
The idea that fanconi anemia is also a risk factor for developing acute myelogenous leukemia is true.
|
Fanconi anemia occurs in all racial and ethnic groups.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Fanconi anemia is also a risk factor for developing acute myelogenous leukemia.', 1: 'Moral hazard is a risk factor that affects the underwriting decision.'}
| 1 |
685 |
['One may reasonably assume that if the claim that either some fungal infections are more common in certain geographic areas or mushrooms develop differently than plants or animals do is false, then beer is the national drink.', 'Provided that the claim that either some fungal infections are more common in certain geographic areas or mushrooms develop differently than plants or animals do is false, we know that the claim that beer is the national drink does not correspond with reality.']
|
One may reasonably assume that if the claim that either some fungal infections are more common in certain geographic areas or mushrooms develop differently than plants or animals do is false, then beer is the national drink. Provided that the claim that either some fungal infections are more common in certain geographic areas or mushrooms develop differently than plants or animals do is false, we know that the claim that beer is the national drink does not correspond with reality.
|
We know that at least one of two things is true: some fungal infections are more common in certain geographic areas, or mushrooms develop differently than plants or animals do.
|
The statement that states either some fungal infections are more common in certain geographic areas or mushrooms develop differently than plants or animals do is false.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then [2].
If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
|
{0: 'Some fungal infections are more common in certain geographic areas.', 1: 'Mushrooms develop differently than plants or animals do.', 2: 'Beer is the national drink.'}
| 1 |
803 |
['We know that at least one of two things is true: swings are blows, or either english daisy has a prostrate or spreading growing habit or tooths are used for sawings.', "If swings are blows, then the statement that 'either actors consume protein drinks or drinking choking' is incorrect.", "Given that either english daisy has a prostrate or spreading growing habit or tooths are used for sawings, it can be inferred that the statement that 'either actors consume protein drinks or drinking choking' is incorrect."]
|
We know that at least one of two things is true: swings are blows, or either english daisy has a prostrate or spreading growing habit or tooths are used for sawings. If swings are blows, then the statement that 'either actors consume protein drinks or drinking choking' is incorrect. Given that either english daisy has a prostrate or spreading growing habit or tooths are used for sawings, it can be inferred that the statement that 'either actors consume protein drinks or drinking choking' is incorrect.
|
The statement that 'either actors consume protein drinks or drinking choking' is incorrect.
|
The statement that states actors often start studying and performing at any age is false.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or (Either [3] or [4].).
If [2], then (Not (Either [0] or [1].).).
If (Either [3] or [4].), then (Not (Either [0] or [1].).).
Therefore, Not (Either [0] or [1].)..
|
{0: 'Actors consume protein drinks.', 1: 'Drinking choking.', 2: 'Swings are blows.', 3: 'English daisy has a prostrate or spreading growing habit.', 4: 'Tooths are used for sawings.'}
| 1 |
344 |
['Given that the statement, bottlenose dolphins live in oceans, does not hold, it can be inferred that if porpoises maintain stability, then areas have precipitation.', 'The claim that if porpoises maintain stability, then areas have precipitation does not correspond with reality.']
|
Given that the statement, bottlenose dolphins live in oceans, does not hold, it can be inferred that if porpoises maintain stability, then areas have precipitation. The claim that if porpoises maintain stability, then areas have precipitation does not correspond with reality.
|
The statement 'bottlenose dolphins live in oceans' is true.
|
We know that the claim that bottlenose dolphins live in oceans is false.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then (If [1], then [2].).
Not (If [1], then [2].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Bottlenose dolphins live in oceans.', 1: 'Porpoises maintain stability.', 2: 'Areas have precipitation.'}
| 1 |
741 |
['On the condition that it is a common misconception that humans are diploid organisms, it is definitely the case that penguins have (part) chests.', 'It is not true that penguins have (part) chests.']
|
On the condition that it is a common misconception that humans are diploid organisms, it is definitely the case that penguins have (part) chests. It is not true that penguins have (part) chests.
|
The claim that humans are diploid organisms holds true.
|
The claim that humans are diploid organisms holds true.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Humans are diploid organisms.', 1: 'Penguins have (part) chests.'}
| 1 |
453 |
['There is good reason to believe that either continents float on the earth s mantle in just the same way or coyotes usually travel in packs.', 'If continents float on the earth s mantle in just the same way, then a hemoglobinopathy is blood disorder.', 'When coyotes usually travel in packs is true, it follows that wind pushes warm surface water.']
|
There is good reason to believe that either continents float on the earth s mantle in just the same way or coyotes usually travel in packs. If continents float on the earth s mantle in just the same way, then a hemoglobinopathy is blood disorder. When coyotes usually travel in packs is true, it follows that wind pushes warm surface water.
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: a hemoglobinopathy is blood disorder, or wind pushes warm surface water.
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: a hemoglobinopathy is blood disorder, or wind pushes warm surface water.
|
TRUE
|
Constructive Dilemma:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then [0].
If [3], then [1].
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
|
{0: 'A hemoglobinopathy is blood disorder.', 1: 'Wind pushes warm surface water.', 2: 'Continents float on the earth s mantle in just the same way.', 3: 'Coyotes usually travel in packs.'}
| 1 |
646 |
["Whenever it is true that it is not the case that paintball guns are air guns, 'native languages are inseparable from cultural identity and spirituality' is true.", "The statement that 'native languages are inseparable from cultural identity and spirituality' is incorrect."]
|
Whenever it is true that it is not the case that paintball guns are air guns, 'native languages are inseparable from cultural identity and spirituality' is true. The statement that 'native languages are inseparable from cultural identity and spirituality' is incorrect.
|
The idea that paintball guns are air guns is true.
|
Those that suggest paintball guns are air guns are wrong.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Paintball guns are air guns.', 1: 'Native languages are inseparable from cultural identity and spirituality.'}
| 1 |
830 |
['Either one or both of these statements are true: internet search engines all work differently from one another, or if proteins play important roles in daily life, from providing nourishment to fighting disease, then cathode rays are beams.', 'Assuming internet search engines all work differently from one another, we know that the claim that zetas have the same range of activities that humans do has no merit.', "So long as if proteins play important roles in daily life, from providing nourishment to fighting disease, then cathode rays are beams, 'the claim that zetas have the same range of activities that humans do has no merit' is true."]
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: internet search engines all work differently from one another, or if proteins play important roles in daily life, from providing nourishment to fighting disease, then cathode rays are beams. Assuming internet search engines all work differently from one another, we know that the claim that zetas have the same range of activities that humans do has no merit. So long as if proteins play important roles in daily life, from providing nourishment to fighting disease, then cathode rays are beams, 'the claim that zetas have the same range of activities that humans do has no merit' is true.
|
The claim that zetas have the same range of activities that humans do has no merit.
|
The claim that zetas have the same range of activities that humans do has no merit.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or (If [2], then [3].).
If [1], then (Not [0].).
If (If [2], then [3].), then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Zetas have the same range of activities that humans do.', 1: 'Internet search engines all work differently from one another.', 2: 'Proteins play important roles in daily life, from providing nourishment to fighting disease.', 3: 'Cathode rays are beams.'}
| 1 |
155 |
['On the condition that justification deals with the sins of the past, present, and the future, it is definitely the case that if name servers translate domain names into Internet addresses, then weeds compete with the vegetables for nutrients and can harbor insects and disease.', "The statement 'justification deals with the sins of the past, present, and the future' is true."]
|
On the condition that justification deals with the sins of the past, present, and the future, it is definitely the case that if name servers translate domain names into Internet addresses, then weeds compete with the vegetables for nutrients and can harbor insects and disease. The statement 'justification deals with the sins of the past, present, and the future' is true.
|
On the condition that name servers translate domain names into Internet addresses, it is definitely the case that weeds compete with the vegetables for nutrients and can harbor insects and disease.
|
On the condition that name servers translate domain names into Internet addresses, it is definitely the case that weeds compete with the vegetables for nutrients and can harbor insects and disease.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).
[2]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
|
{0: 'Name servers translate domain names into Internet addresses.', 1: 'Weeds compete with the vegetables for nutrients and can harbor insects and disease.', 2: 'Justification deals with the sins of the past, present, and the future.'}
| 1 |
487 |
['At least one of two things is true: congo sits at the centre of Africa and is the third largest nation on the continent, or most slugs eat rot vegetation.', 'The statement, congo sits at the centre of Africa and is the third largest nation on the continent, does not hold.']
|
At least one of two things is true: congo sits at the centre of Africa and is the third largest nation on the continent, or most slugs eat rot vegetation. The statement, congo sits at the centre of Africa and is the third largest nation on the continent, does not hold.
|
The statement that states most slugs eat rot vegetation is right.
|
The statement that states most slugs eat rot vegetation is right.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Most slugs eat rot vegetation.', 1: 'Congo sits at the centre of Africa and is the third largest nation on the continent.'}
| 1 |
597 |
['One may reasonably assume that if a white basswood is a lime tree, then handsets are part of telephones.', 'We can assume that a white basswood is a lime tree.']
|
One may reasonably assume that if a white basswood is a lime tree, then handsets are part of telephones. We can assume that a white basswood is a lime tree.
|
The statement that states handsets are part of telephones is right.
|
The statement that states handsets are part of telephones is right.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Handsets are part of telephones.', 1: 'A white basswood is a lime tree.'}
| 1 |
988 |
["Whenever it is true that some pigs increase water intake, 'ancillary pathologies occur, such as cardiomegaly or enlargement of the heart' is true.", 'Given that some pigs increase water intake, it can be inferred that the claim that ancillary pathologies occur, such as cardiomegaly or enlargement of the heart has no merit.']
|
Whenever it is true that some pigs increase water intake, 'ancillary pathologies occur, such as cardiomegaly or enlargement of the heart' is true. Given that some pigs increase water intake, it can be inferred that the claim that ancillary pathologies occur, such as cardiomegaly or enlargement of the heart has no merit.
|
It is not the case that some pigs increase water intake.
|
The claim that pigs prefer to dung in areas where they are least comfortable does not reflect reality.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1].
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Some pigs increase water intake.', 1: 'Ancillary pathologies occur, such as cardiomegaly or enlargement of the heart.'}
| 1 |
125 |
['Assuming the statement, science is the search for truth and knowledge, does not hold, we know that either some policies pay benefits when earnings drop by a certain percentage due to a disability or pesticides are dangerous and can trigger allergies or asthma.', 'Some people mistakenly believe that either some policies pay benefits when earnings drop by a certain percentage due to a disability or pesticides are dangerous and can trigger allergies or asthma.']
|
Assuming the statement, science is the search for truth and knowledge, does not hold, we know that either some policies pay benefits when earnings drop by a certain percentage due to a disability or pesticides are dangerous and can trigger allergies or asthma. Some people mistakenly believe that either some policies pay benefits when earnings drop by a certain percentage due to a disability or pesticides are dangerous and can trigger allergies or asthma.
|
Many people rightly believe that science is the search for truth and knowledge.
|
We know that the claim that science is the search for truth and knowledge is false.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then (Either [1] or [2].).
Not (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Science is the search for truth and knowledge.', 1: 'Some policies pay benefits when earnings drop by a certain percentage due to a disability.', 2: 'Pesticides are dangerous and can trigger allergies or asthma.'}
| 1 |
66 |
['Either if many lawn grasses grow from runners, then irish myth says two dogs guard the gates of death or all ravens are black .', 'We know that the claim that if many lawn grasses grow from runners, then irish myth says two dogs guard the gates of death is false.']
|
Either if many lawn grasses grow from runners, then irish myth says two dogs guard the gates of death or all ravens are black . We know that the claim that if many lawn grasses grow from runners, then irish myth says two dogs guard the gates of death is false.
|
It is rational to agree that all ravens are black .
|
The claim that all ravens are black does not reflect reality.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [0].
Not (If [1], then [2].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'All ravens are black .', 1: 'Many lawn grasses grow from runners.', 2: 'Irish myth says two dogs guard the gates of death.'}
| 1 |
908 |
['Either either kudzu bugs eat plants or some substances release into water or some plasma consists of particles.', "Whenever it is true that either kudzu bugs eat plants or some substances release into water, 'it is a common misconception that cougars have necks' is true.", "So long as some plasma consists of particles, 'it is a common misconception that cougars have necks' is true."]
|
Either either kudzu bugs eat plants or some substances release into water or some plasma consists of particles. Whenever it is true that either kudzu bugs eat plants or some substances release into water, 'it is a common misconception that cougars have necks' is true. So long as some plasma consists of particles, 'it is a common misconception that cougars have necks' is true.
|
It is a common misconception that cougars have necks.
|
It is a common misconception that cougars have necks.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [3].
If (Either [1] or [2].), then (Not [0].).
If [3], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Cougars have necks.', 1: 'Kudzu bugs eat plants.', 2: 'Some substances release into water.', 3: 'Some plasma consists of particles.'}
| 1 |
511 |
['Once we know clouds affect climates, we also know that the statement, white oak has a slight greenish cast, does not hold.', 'We can assume that clouds affect climates.']
|
Once we know clouds affect climates, we also know that the statement, white oak has a slight greenish cast, does not hold. We can assume that clouds affect climates.
|
The statement, white oak has a slight greenish cast, does not hold.
|
It is not the case that white oak needs room to grow and has a low tolerance for soil compaction and changes in soil levels.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].).
[1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'White oak has a slight greenish cast.', 1: 'Clouds affect climates.'}
| 1 |
224 |
['It is a fact that either either most trailer parks have community storm shelters or objects tend to be smooth, symmetric, and move like rigid bodies or wood is solid fuel.', 'Given that either most trailer parks have community storm shelters or objects tend to be smooth, symmetric, and move like rigid bodies, it can be inferred that most llamas have growth.', 'Once we know wood is solid fuel, we also know that most llamas have growth.']
|
It is a fact that either either most trailer parks have community storm shelters or objects tend to be smooth, symmetric, and move like rigid bodies or wood is solid fuel. Given that either most trailer parks have community storm shelters or objects tend to be smooth, symmetric, and move like rigid bodies, it can be inferred that most llamas have growth. Once we know wood is solid fuel, we also know that most llamas have growth.
|
It is a simple truth that most llamas have growth.
|
The statement, most llamas have growth, does not hold.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [3].
If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].
If [3], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Most llamas have growth.', 1: 'Most trailer parks have community storm shelters.', 2: 'Objects tend to be smooth, symmetric, and move like rigid bodies.', 3: 'Wood is solid fuel.'}
| 1 |
268 |
['On the condition that interpersonal relationships deteriorate rapidly when others respond with real hostility, it is definitely the case that either calves are dependent upon their mothers tor extended periods or trypsin catalyzes the conversion of more trypsinogen to trypsin.', 'It is reasonable to believe that interpersonal relationships deteriorate rapidly when others respond with real hostility.']
|
On the condition that interpersonal relationships deteriorate rapidly when others respond with real hostility, it is definitely the case that either calves are dependent upon their mothers tor extended periods or trypsin catalyzes the conversion of more trypsinogen to trypsin. It is reasonable to believe that interpersonal relationships deteriorate rapidly when others respond with real hostility.
|
There is good reason to believe that either calves are dependent upon their mothers tor extended periods or trypsin catalyzes the conversion of more trypsinogen to trypsin.
|
There is good reason to believe that either calves are dependent upon their mothers tor extended periods or trypsin catalyzes the conversion of more trypsinogen to trypsin.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Either [0] or [1].).
[2]
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
|
{0: 'Calves are dependent upon their mothers tor extended periods.', 1: 'Trypsin catalyzes the conversion of more trypsinogen to trypsin.', 2: 'Interpersonal relationships deteriorate rapidly when others respond with real hostility.'}
| 1 |
161 |
['On the condition that the claim that coffee is brewed using coffee pots does not correspond with reality, it is definitely the case that if fortune is located in cookies, then tectonic activity can change the location and size of lakes and rivers.', 'One may reasonably assume that if the claim that coffee is brewed using coffee pots does not correspond with reality, then it is not the case that if fortune is located in cookies, then tectonic activity can change the location and size of lakes and rivers.']
|
On the condition that the claim that coffee is brewed using coffee pots does not correspond with reality, it is definitely the case that if fortune is located in cookies, then tectonic activity can change the location and size of lakes and rivers. One may reasonably assume that if the claim that coffee is brewed using coffee pots does not correspond with reality, then it is not the case that if fortune is located in cookies, then tectonic activity can change the location and size of lakes and rivers.
|
It is a simple truth that coffee is brewed using coffee pots.
|
Coffee is the second largest trade commodity in the world, next to oil.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then (If [1], then [2].).
If (Not [0].), then (Not (If [1], then [2].).).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Coffee is brewed using coffee pots.', 1: 'Fortune is located in cookies.', 2: 'Tectonic activity can change the location and size of lakes and rivers.'}
| 1 |
813 |
['At least one of two things is true: a covariance is variance, or either most trees have leaves or freedom of disposition is the substance of property tights.', 'Should it be the case that a covariance is variance, it follows that moles are more common in the late fall and again in the late winter through early spring.', 'Once we know either most trees have leaves or freedom of disposition is the substance of property tights, we also know that moles are more common in the late fall and again in the late winter through early spring.']
|
At least one of two things is true: a covariance is variance, or either most trees have leaves or freedom of disposition is the substance of property tights. Should it be the case that a covariance is variance, it follows that moles are more common in the late fall and again in the late winter through early spring. Once we know either most trees have leaves or freedom of disposition is the substance of property tights, we also know that moles are more common in the late fall and again in the late winter through early spring.
|
It is fair to say that moles are more common in the late fall and again in the late winter through early spring.
|
Moles sleep, feed and breed in their tunnels.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or (Either [2] or [3].).
If [1], then [0].
If (Either [2] or [3].), then [0].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Moles are more common in the late fall and again in the late winter through early spring.', 1: 'A covariance is variance.', 2: 'Most trees have leaves.', 3: 'Freedom of disposition is the substance of property tights.'}
| 1 |
618 |
['At least one of two things is true: if tennis has a number of tournaments, then metals are recyclable and as such remain available for future generations, or monocytes are immature macrophages.', 'The claim that if tennis has a number of tournaments, then metals are recyclable and as such remain available for future generations does not correspond with reality.']
|
At least one of two things is true: if tennis has a number of tournaments, then metals are recyclable and as such remain available for future generations, or monocytes are immature macrophages. The claim that if tennis has a number of tournaments, then metals are recyclable and as such remain available for future generations does not correspond with reality.
|
It is the case that monocytes are immature macrophages.
|
Monocytes become fixed macrophages and then have specific names depending of area.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [0].
Not (If [1], then [2].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Monocytes are immature macrophages.', 1: 'Tennis has a number of tournaments.', 2: 'Metals are recyclable and as such remain available for future generations.'}
| 1 |
676 |
['Provided that women have their fair share of physical side effects, we know that conifers seem to be the best trees for removing particulate matter from the atmosphere.', 'Many people rightly believe that women have their fair share of physical side effects.']
|
Provided that women have their fair share of physical side effects, we know that conifers seem to be the best trees for removing particulate matter from the atmosphere. Many people rightly believe that women have their fair share of physical side effects.
|
Those that suggest conifers seem to be the best trees for removing particulate matter from the atmosphere are right.
|
We know that the claim that conifers seem to be the best trees for removing particulate matter from the atmosphere is false.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Conifers seem to be the best trees for removing particulate matter from the atmosphere.', 1: 'Women have their fair share of physical side effects.'}
| 1 |
178 |
['Should it be the case that copper deficiency is associated with joint stiffness and enlargement, and weak or short bones, it follows that ethanol appears to affect various neurotransmitters.', 'Given that copper deficiency is associated with joint stiffness and enlargement, and weak or short bones, it can be inferred that some people mistakenly believe that ethanol appears to affect various neurotransmitters.']
|
Should it be the case that copper deficiency is associated with joint stiffness and enlargement, and weak or short bones, it follows that ethanol appears to affect various neurotransmitters. Given that copper deficiency is associated with joint stiffness and enlargement, and weak or short bones, it can be inferred that some people mistakenly believe that ethanol appears to affect various neurotransmitters.
|
Some people mistakenly believe that copper deficiency is associated with joint stiffness and enlargement, and weak or short bones.
|
The statement that 'copper deficiency is an increasing concern in Georgia and other Southeastern states' is incorrect.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1].
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Copper deficiency is associated with joint stiffness and enlargement, and weak or short bones.', 1: 'Ethanol appears to affect various neurotransmitters.'}
| 1 |
950 |
['It is a fact that either either superconductivity always involves oxygen or parents education is one area that parents identified as needing more attention or people can have low levels of one, two or all three types of cells.', 'We know that the claim that either superconductivity always involves oxygen or parents education is one area that parents identified as needing more attention is false.']
|
It is a fact that either either superconductivity always involves oxygen or parents education is one area that parents identified as needing more attention or people can have low levels of one, two or all three types of cells. We know that the claim that either superconductivity always involves oxygen or parents education is one area that parents identified as needing more attention is false.
|
people can have low levels of one, two or all three types of cells.
|
People can have low levels of one, two or all three types of cells.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [0].
Not (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'People can have low levels of one, two or all three types of cells.', 1: 'Superconductivity always involves oxygen.', 2: 'Parents education is one area that parents identified as needing more attention.'}
| 1 |
415 |
['Either carpenter bees have no pollen baskets on their hind legs - whereas female bumble bees do or anxiety is worry, apprehension or concern about something unknown in the future.', 'Those that suggest carpenter bees have no pollen baskets on their hind legs - whereas female bumble bees do are wrong.']
|
Either carpenter bees have no pollen baskets on their hind legs - whereas female bumble bees do or anxiety is worry, apprehension or concern about something unknown in the future. Those that suggest carpenter bees have no pollen baskets on their hind legs - whereas female bumble bees do are wrong.
|
The claim that anxiety is worry, apprehension or concern about something unknown in the future is true.
|
The claim that anxiety is worry, apprehension or concern about something unknown in the future is true.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Anxiety is worry, apprehension or concern about something unknown in the future.', 1: 'Carpenter bees have no pollen baskets on their hind legs - whereas female bumble bees do.'}
| 1 |
100 |
['If insulation prevents outside air from getting in and inside air from getting out, then hexane is added to the solution to initiate precipitation.', "So long as insulation prevents outside air from getting in and inside air from getting out, 'some people mistakenly believe that hexane is added to the solution to initiate precipitation' is true."]
|
If insulation prevents outside air from getting in and inside air from getting out, then hexane is added to the solution to initiate precipitation. So long as insulation prevents outside air from getting in and inside air from getting out, 'some people mistakenly believe that hexane is added to the solution to initiate precipitation' is true.
|
Some people mistakenly believe that insulation prevents outside air from getting in and inside air from getting out.
|
It is not true that insulation is part of copper wiring.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1].
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Insulation prevents outside air from getting in and inside air from getting out.', 1: 'Hexane is added to the solution to initiate precipitation.'}
| 1 |
733 |
["If the statement 'butterflies emerge from chrysalises' can be considered false, then either squirrels shake tails or allergies are commonplace due to the dry and dusty climate.", "Whenever it is true that the statement 'butterflies emerge from chrysalises' can be considered false, 'it is not true that either squirrels shake tails or allergies are commonplace due to the dry and dusty climate' is true."]
|
If the statement 'butterflies emerge from chrysalises' can be considered false, then either squirrels shake tails or allergies are commonplace due to the dry and dusty climate. Whenever it is true that the statement 'butterflies emerge from chrysalises' can be considered false, 'it is not true that either squirrels shake tails or allergies are commonplace due to the dry and dusty climate' is true.
|
The statement that states butterflies emerge from chrysalises is right.
|
Most butterflies have membranes.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then (Either [1] or [2].).
If (Not [0].), then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Butterflies emerge from chrysalises.', 1: 'Squirrels shake tails.', 2: 'Allergies are commonplace due to the dry and dusty climate.'}
| 1 |
689 |
['Once we know either ground ivy is more common in the East, but can be found throughout the United States or bufos have (part) plasma membranes, we also know that either fire is the most destructive and devouring of all elements or alpacas are extremely hardy and adaptable to most climates, altitudes and conditions.', "The notion that 'either fire is the most destructive and devouring of all elements or alpacas are extremely hardy and adaptable to most climates, altitudes and conditions' is untrue."]
|
Once we know either ground ivy is more common in the East, but can be found throughout the United States or bufos have (part) plasma membranes, we also know that either fire is the most destructive and devouring of all elements or alpacas are extremely hardy and adaptable to most climates, altitudes and conditions. The notion that 'either fire is the most destructive and devouring of all elements or alpacas are extremely hardy and adaptable to most climates, altitudes and conditions' is untrue.
|
It is not the case that either ground ivy is more common in the East, but can be found throughout the United States or bufos have (part) plasma membranes.
|
We know that either ground ivy is more common in the East, but can be found throughout the United States or bufos have (part) plasma membranes.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Either [0] or [1].), then (Either [2] or [3].).
Not (Either [2] or [3].).
Therefore, Not (Either [0] or [1].)..
|
{0: 'Ground ivy is more common in the East, but can be found throughout the United States.', 1: 'Bufos have (part) plasma membranes.', 2: 'Fire is the most destructive and devouring of all elements.', 3: 'Alpacas are extremely hardy and adaptable to most climates, altitudes and conditions.'}
| 1 |
229 |
['Once we know ideas have curiosities, we also know that many helmets also have a hard outer shell to protect against collision with a sharp object.', 'The statement that states ideas have curiosities is right.']
|
Once we know ideas have curiosities, we also know that many helmets also have a hard outer shell to protect against collision with a sharp object. The statement that states ideas have curiosities is right.
|
It is the case that many helmets also have a hard outer shell to protect against collision with a sharp object.
|
The claim that many helmets also have a hard outer shell to protect against collision with a sharp object is false.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Many helmets also have a hard outer shell to protect against collision with a sharp object.', 1: 'Ideas have curiosities.'}
| 1 |
334 |
['Assuming salvation actually is a term of healing, we know that the claim that either laughter reduces feelings of stress or structural members are construction materials has no merit.', 'The claim that salvation actually is a term of healing is true.']
|
Assuming salvation actually is a term of healing, we know that the claim that either laughter reduces feelings of stress or structural members are construction materials has no merit. The claim that salvation actually is a term of healing is true.
|
The claim that either laughter reduces feelings of stress or structural members are construction materials has no merit.
|
Either laughter reduces feelings of stress or structural members are construction materials.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Not (Either [0] or [1].).).
[2]
Therefore, Not (Either [0] or [1].)..
|
{0: 'Laughter reduces feelings of stress.', 1: 'Structural members are construction materials.', 2: 'Salvation actually is a term of healing.'}
| 1 |
627 |
['Assuming the claim that gravity is a lie invented by the purveyors of the inherently false spherical Earth theory has no merit, we know that if dust mites and asthma, then animals act by instinct.', "The statement 'if dust mites and asthma, then animals act by instinct' can be considered false."]
|
Assuming the claim that gravity is a lie invented by the purveyors of the inherently false spherical Earth theory has no merit, we know that if dust mites and asthma, then animals act by instinct. The statement 'if dust mites and asthma, then animals act by instinct' can be considered false.
|
The claim that gravity is a lie invented by the purveyors of the inherently false spherical Earth theory holds true.
|
Gravity pulls the light into the center of the planet, where it bends in ever-shrinking spirals.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then (If [1], then [2].).
Not (If [1], then [2].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Gravity is a lie invented by the purveyors of the inherently false spherical Earth theory.', 1: 'Dust mites and asthma.', 2: 'Animals act by instinct.'}
| 1 |
702 |
['One may reasonably assume that if those that suggest birds play a vital role in the balance of nature are wrong, then cardinals eat fruit, wheat and bugs.', "Provided that those that suggest birds play a vital role in the balance of nature are wrong, we know that the notion that 'cardinals eat fruit, wheat and bugs' is untrue."]
|
One may reasonably assume that if those that suggest birds play a vital role in the balance of nature are wrong, then cardinals eat fruit, wheat and bugs. Provided that those that suggest birds play a vital role in the balance of nature are wrong, we know that the notion that 'cardinals eat fruit, wheat and bugs' is untrue.
|
birds play a vital role in the balance of nature.
|
Some birds have holes.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Birds play a vital role in the balance of nature.', 1: 'Cardinals eat fruit, wheat and bugs.'}
| 1 |
878 |
["Whenever it is true that we know that the claim that either episodic television is a poor substitute for pre-TV family activities or rosy boas do best in lower levels of humidity is false, 'some people smoke a whole pack in a night' is true.", "The notion that 'some people smoke a whole pack in a night' is untrue."]
|
Whenever it is true that we know that the claim that either episodic television is a poor substitute for pre-TV family activities or rosy boas do best in lower levels of humidity is false, 'some people smoke a whole pack in a night' is true. The notion that 'some people smoke a whole pack in a night' is untrue.
|
There is good reason to believe that either episodic television is a poor substitute for pre-TV family activities or rosy boas do best in lower levels of humidity.
|
At least one of two things is true: some people say that evolution holds science together, and it s the whole fabric of science, or rosy boas are one of the smaller members of the boa family.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then [2].
Not [2].
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
|
{0: 'Episodic television is a poor substitute for pre-TV family activities.', 1: 'Rosy boas do best in lower levels of humidity.', 2: 'Some people smoke a whole pack in a night.'}
| 1 |
482 |
['We know that either athletes have (part) vacuoles or predators eat live prey.', 'Given that athletes have (part) vacuoles, it can be inferred that the statement that states hypertension can increase the risk of having a heart attack and dying from cardiovascular diseases is false.', 'Should it be the case that predators eat live prey, it follows that the statement that states hypertension can increase the risk of having a heart attack and dying from cardiovascular diseases is false.']
|
We know that either athletes have (part) vacuoles or predators eat live prey. Given that athletes have (part) vacuoles, it can be inferred that the statement that states hypertension can increase the risk of having a heart attack and dying from cardiovascular diseases is false. Should it be the case that predators eat live prey, it follows that the statement that states hypertension can increase the risk of having a heart attack and dying from cardiovascular diseases is false.
|
The statement that states hypertension can increase the risk of having a heart attack and dying from cardiovascular diseases is false.
|
Some people mistakenly believe that hypertension is a major threat to life and health.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then (Not [0].).
If [2], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Hypertension can increase the risk of having a heart attack and dying from cardiovascular diseases.', 1: 'Athletes have (part) vacuoles.', 2: 'Predators eat live prey.'}
| 1 |
919 |
['One may reasonably assume that if people like cats, then some proteins derive from beans.', "The statement 'some proteins derive from beans' can be considered false."]
|
One may reasonably assume that if people like cats, then some proteins derive from beans. The statement 'some proteins derive from beans' can be considered false.
|
It is not the case that people like cats.
|
It is true that people like cats.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'People like cats.', 1: 'Some proteins derive from beans.'}
| 1 |
220 |
['Either one or both of these statements are true: chimpanzees inhabit tropical-zone forests where plant food is near at hand, or if plums come in a wide variety of colors and sizes, then most birds has-part tails.', "If chimpanzees inhabit tropical-zone forests where plant food is near at hand, then the statement 'if hormones influence the production of hair, then moralists agree that peace is the elevating and healing face of the world' can be considered false.", "Given that if plums come in a wide variety of colors and sizes, then most birds has-part tails, it can be inferred that the statement 'if hormones influence the production of hair, then moralists agree that peace is the elevating and healing face of the world' can be considered false."]
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: chimpanzees inhabit tropical-zone forests where plant food is near at hand, or if plums come in a wide variety of colors and sizes, then most birds has-part tails. If chimpanzees inhabit tropical-zone forests where plant food is near at hand, then the statement 'if hormones influence the production of hair, then moralists agree that peace is the elevating and healing face of the world' can be considered false. Given that if plums come in a wide variety of colors and sizes, then most birds has-part tails, it can be inferred that the statement 'if hormones influence the production of hair, then moralists agree that peace is the elevating and healing face of the world' can be considered false.
|
The statement 'if hormones influence the production of hair, then moralists agree that peace is the elevating and healing face of the world' can be considered false.
|
The statement 'if hormones influence the production of hair, then moralists agree that peace is the elevating and healing face of the world' can be considered false.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or (If [3], then [4].).
If [2], then (Not (If [0], then [1].).).
If (If [3], then [4].), then (Not (If [0], then [1].).).
Therefore, Not (If [0], then [1].)..
|
{0: 'Hormones influence the production of hair.', 1: 'Moralists agree that peace is the elevating and healing face of the world.', 2: 'Chimpanzees inhabit tropical-zone forests where plant food is near at hand.', 3: 'Plums come in a wide variety of colors and sizes.', 4: 'Most birds has-part tails.'}
| 1 |
391 |
['There is good reason to believe that either most breeds have a scissor bite which is when the upper incisors tightly overlap the lower or decongestants can also help to reduce stuffiness and shrink swollen mucus membranes.', 'The claim that most breeds have a scissor bite which is when the upper incisors tightly overlap the lower does not reflect reality.']
|
There is good reason to believe that either most breeds have a scissor bite which is when the upper incisors tightly overlap the lower or decongestants can also help to reduce stuffiness and shrink swollen mucus membranes. The claim that most breeds have a scissor bite which is when the upper incisors tightly overlap the lower does not reflect reality.
|
The idea that decongestants can also help to reduce stuffiness and shrink swollen mucus membranes is true.
|
Decongestants can dry up mucus in the chest, head, and nose.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Decongestants can also help to reduce stuffiness and shrink swollen mucus membranes.', 1: 'Most breeds have a scissor bite which is when the upper incisors tightly overlap the lower.'}
| 1 |
912 |
['On the condition that some people mistakenly believe that slippery salmon are jammin Running their sandlights, it is definitely the case that prions are a form of virus that are basically abnormal clumps of proteins.', 'Once we know some people mistakenly believe that slippery salmon are jammin Running their sandlights, we also know that the claim that prions are a form of virus that are basically abnormal clumps of proteins is false.']
|
On the condition that some people mistakenly believe that slippery salmon are jammin Running their sandlights, it is definitely the case that prions are a form of virus that are basically abnormal clumps of proteins. Once we know some people mistakenly believe that slippery salmon are jammin Running their sandlights, we also know that the claim that prions are a form of virus that are basically abnormal clumps of proteins is false.
|
It is true that slippery salmon are jammin Running their sandlights.
|
It is true that slippery salmon are jammin Running their sandlights.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Slippery salmon are jammin Running their sandlights.', 1: 'Prions are a form of virus that are basically abnormal clumps of proteins.'}
| 1 |
427 |
['Should it be the case that those that suggest bears often utilize trails, streams, and lakeshores are wrong, it follows that either some earth absorbs wave radiation or moral systems allow people to live together in cooperating communities.', 'We know that the claim that either some earth absorbs wave radiation or moral systems allow people to live together in cooperating communities is false.']
|
Should it be the case that those that suggest bears often utilize trails, streams, and lakeshores are wrong, it follows that either some earth absorbs wave radiation or moral systems allow people to live together in cooperating communities. We know that the claim that either some earth absorbs wave radiation or moral systems allow people to live together in cooperating communities is false.
|
The claim that bears often utilize trails, streams, and lakeshores is true.
|
Bears live on different continents.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then (Either [1] or [2].).
Not (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Bears often utilize trails, streams, and lakeshores.', 1: 'Some earth absorbs wave radiation.', 2: 'Moral systems allow people to live together in cooperating communities.'}
| 1 |
309 |
['There is good reason to believe that either soil moisture is plentiful throughout the Pacific Northwest and into Montana or some seaweed contains arsenic.', 'It is a common misconception that soil moisture is plentiful throughout the Pacific Northwest and into Montana.']
|
There is good reason to believe that either soil moisture is plentiful throughout the Pacific Northwest and into Montana or some seaweed contains arsenic. It is a common misconception that soil moisture is plentiful throughout the Pacific Northwest and into Montana.
|
some seaweed contains arsenic.
|
Some seaweed contains arsenic.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Some seaweed contains arsenic.', 1: 'Soil moisture is plentiful throughout the Pacific Northwest and into Montana.'}
| 1 |
775 |
["So long as animals die, people get sick, 'the claim that people rely on many different plants and plant parts for food is false' is true.", "The statement 'animals die, people get sick' can be considered true."]
|
So long as animals die, people get sick, 'the claim that people rely on many different plants and plant parts for food is false' is true. The statement 'animals die, people get sick' can be considered true.
|
The claim that people rely on many different plants and plant parts for food is false.
|
Those that suggest people use ceremonies to mark important passages in their lives are wrong.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].).
[1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'People rely on many different plants and plant parts for food.', 1: 'Animals die, people get sick.'}
| 1 |
885 |
["Whenever it is true that biological soil crusts and ecosystemnitrogen and carbon dynamics, 'small children don t eat a lot of food at one time' is true.", 'It is a common misconception that small children don t eat a lot of food at one time.']
|
Whenever it is true that biological soil crusts and ecosystemnitrogen and carbon dynamics, 'small children don t eat a lot of food at one time' is true. It is a common misconception that small children don t eat a lot of food at one time.
|
It is not the case that biological soil crusts and ecosystemnitrogen and carbon dynamics.
|
The statement, biological soil crusts and ecosystem nitrogen and carbon dynamics, does not hold.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Biological soil crusts and ecosystemnitrogen and carbon dynamics.', 1: 'Small children don t eat a lot of food at one time.'}
| 1 |
15 |
["Whenever it is true that the statement, some people are highly sensitive to different endo and exo toxins, does not hold, 'ecuadorian society is unitary, multicultural and multiracial' is true.", "The statement 'ecuadorian society is unitary, multicultural and multiracial' can be considered false."]
|
Whenever it is true that the statement, some people are highly sensitive to different endo and exo toxins, does not hold, 'ecuadorian society is unitary, multicultural and multiracial' is true. The statement 'ecuadorian society is unitary, multicultural and multiracial' can be considered false.
|
The claim that some people are highly sensitive to different endo and exo toxins is true.
|
The claim that some people are highly sensitive to different endo and exo toxins has no merit.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Some people are highly sensitive to different endo and exo toxins.', 1: 'Ecuadorian society is unitary, multicultural and multiracial.'}
| 1 |
493 |
['It is rational to believe that either most people are in a state of shock after a loved one dies or diets include drink water.', 'Assuming most people are in a state of shock after a loved one dies, we know that rite isa activity.', 'If diets include drink water, then rite isa activity.']
|
It is rational to believe that either most people are in a state of shock after a loved one dies or diets include drink water. Assuming most people are in a state of shock after a loved one dies, we know that rite isa activity. If diets include drink water, then rite isa activity.
|
The idea that rite isa activity is true.
|
Rites come from beliefs.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Rite isa activity.', 1: 'Most people are in a state of shock after a loved one dies.', 2: 'Diets include drink water.'}
| 1 |
245 |
['Assuming differentiation is a principle of life , we know that the statement that states either some young gazelles break vertebrae or estuaries are partially enclosed bodies of water that flow into an open sea or ocean is false.', 'We can assume that differentiation is a principle of life .']
|
Assuming differentiation is a principle of life , we know that the statement that states either some young gazelles break vertebrae or estuaries are partially enclosed bodies of water that flow into an open sea or ocean is false. We can assume that differentiation is a principle of life .
|
The statement that states either some young gazelles break vertebrae or estuaries are partially enclosed bodies of water that flow into an open sea or ocean is false.
|
The statement, wind accompanies cold weather, does not hold.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Not (Either [0] or [1].).).
[2]
Therefore, Not (Either [0] or [1].)..
|
{0: 'Some young gazelles break vertebrae.', 1: 'Estuaries are partially enclosed bodies of water that flow into an open sea or ocean.', 2: 'Differentiation is a principle of life .'}
| 1 |
898 |
['It is a fact that either ozone consists of oxygen atoms or the claim that diets trigger effects is false.', "The notion that 'ozone consists of oxygen atoms' is untrue."]
|
It is a fact that either ozone consists of oxygen atoms or the claim that diets trigger effects is false. The notion that 'ozone consists of oxygen atoms' is untrue.
|
The claim that diets trigger effects is false.
|
The statement 'diets trigger effects' is true.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].).
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Diets trigger effects.', 1: 'Ozone consists of oxygen atoms.'}
| 1 |
6 |
['Provided that if psychology is a diversified scientific approach to the understanding of human and animal behavior, then some cysts occur in muscles, we know that edaphosaurus isa synapsid.', 'Provided that if psychology is a diversified scientific approach to the understanding of human and animal behavior, then some cysts occur in muscles, we know that the claim that edaphosaurus isa synapsid has no merit.']
|
Provided that if psychology is a diversified scientific approach to the understanding of human and animal behavior, then some cysts occur in muscles, we know that edaphosaurus isa synapsid. Provided that if psychology is a diversified scientific approach to the understanding of human and animal behavior, then some cysts occur in muscles, we know that the claim that edaphosaurus isa synapsid has no merit.
|
Those that suggest if psychology is a diversified scientific approach to the understanding of human and animal behavior, then some cysts occur in muscles are wrong.
|
Those that suggest if psychology is a diversified scientific approach to the understanding of human and animal behavior, then some cysts occur in muscles are wrong.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (If [0], then [1].), then [2].
If (If [0], then [1].), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Not (If [0], then [1].)..
|
{0: 'Psychology is a diversified scientific approach to the understanding of human and animal behavior.', 1: 'Some cysts occur in muscles.', 2: 'Edaphosaurus isa synapsid.'}
| 1 |
613 |
['It is a fact that either understudies have (part) plasma membranes or ponies often compete in show driving classes, and in cross-country they can keep up with horses.', 'Some people mistakenly believe that understudies have (part) plasma membranes.']
|
It is a fact that either understudies have (part) plasma membranes or ponies often compete in show driving classes, and in cross-country they can keep up with horses. Some people mistakenly believe that understudies have (part) plasma membranes.
|
The statement 'ponies often compete in show driving classes, and in cross-country they can keep up with horses' is true.
|
The claim that ponies often compete in show driving classes, and in cross-country they can keep up with horses is false.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Ponies often compete in show driving classes, and in cross-country they can keep up with horses.', 1: 'Understudies have (part) plasma membranes.'}
| 1 |
533 |
['When tundra is an environment characterized mainly by the absence of trees is true, it follows that flightless birds use powerful legs.', 'The idea that tundra is an environment characterized mainly by the absence of trees is true.']
|
When tundra is an environment characterized mainly by the absence of trees is true, it follows that flightless birds use powerful legs. The idea that tundra is an environment characterized mainly by the absence of trees is true.
|
The claim that flightless birds use powerful legs holds true.
|
The claim that flightless birds use powerful legs holds true.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Flightless birds use powerful legs.', 1: 'Tundra is an environment characterized mainly by the absence of trees.'}
| 1 |
397 |
['Given that cobalt deficiencies cause lack, it can be inferred that myth is about maturing and growth and decay and death.', "The statement 'cobalt deficiencies cause lack' can be considered true."]
|
Given that cobalt deficiencies cause lack, it can be inferred that myth is about maturing and growth and decay and death. The statement 'cobalt deficiencies cause lack' can be considered true.
|
The claim that myth is about maturing and growth and decay and death holds true.
|
Myth is the symbolic bond between two worlds.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Myth is about maturing and growth and decay and death.', 1: 'Cobalt deficiencies cause lack.'}
| 1 |
721 |
["One may reasonably assume that if the statement that 'forelimbs have different functions' is incorrect, then either lakes are stations or waste is a material.", 'It is not the case that either lakes are stations or waste is a material.']
|
One may reasonably assume that if the statement that 'forelimbs have different functions' is incorrect, then either lakes are stations or waste is a material. It is not the case that either lakes are stations or waste is a material.
|
The statement 'forelimbs have different functions' can be considered true.
|
Most forelimbs have muscles.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then (Either [1] or [2].).
Not (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Forelimbs have different functions.', 1: 'Lakes are stations.', 2: 'Waste is a material.'}
| 1 |
858 |
['Once we know the claim that most dogs experience spontaneous ovulation has no merit, we also know that microorganisms are active organic substances in soil.', 'Once we know the claim that most dogs experience spontaneous ovulation has no merit, we also know that those that suggest microorganisms are active organic substances in soil are wrong.']
|
Once we know the claim that most dogs experience spontaneous ovulation has no merit, we also know that microorganisms are active organic substances in soil. Once we know the claim that most dogs experience spontaneous ovulation has no merit, we also know that those that suggest microorganisms are active organic substances in soil are wrong.
|
The claim that most dogs experience spontaneous ovulation holds true.
|
The claim that most dogs experience spontaneous ovulation holds true.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Most dogs experience spontaneous ovulation.', 1: 'Microorganisms are active organic substances in soil.'}
| 1 |
691 |
['On the condition that if sago palms are slow growing, magnificent plants, then potato tubers have nodes, it is definitely the case that blonde has (part) cells.', "Whenever it is true that if sago palms are slow growing, magnificent plants, then potato tubers have nodes, 'those that suggest blonde has (part) cells are wrong' is true."]
|
On the condition that if sago palms are slow growing, magnificent plants, then potato tubers have nodes, it is definitely the case that blonde has (part) cells. Whenever it is true that if sago palms are slow growing, magnificent plants, then potato tubers have nodes, 'those that suggest blonde has (part) cells are wrong' is true.
|
Some people mistakenly believe that if sago palms are slow growing, magnificent plants, then potato tubers have nodes.
|
Once we know sago palms are slow growing, magnificent plants, we also know that potato tubers have nodes.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (If [0], then [1].), then [2].
If (If [0], then [1].), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Not (If [0], then [1].)..
|
{0: 'Sago palms are slow growing, magnificent plants.', 1: 'Potato tubers have nodes.', 2: 'Blonde has (part) cells.'}
| 1 |
104 |
["Given that the statement 'fungi are haploid , whereas the other major groups of eukaryotes are diploid' can be considered false, it can be inferred that turtlenecks are in wool.", "The notion that 'turtlenecks are in wool' is untrue."]
|
Given that the statement 'fungi are haploid , whereas the other major groups of eukaryotes are diploid' can be considered false, it can be inferred that turtlenecks are in wool. The notion that 'turtlenecks are in wool' is untrue.
|
It is fair to say that fungi are haploid , whereas the other major groups of eukaryotes are diploid.
|
Some fungi produce chemical compounds.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Fungi are haploid , whereas the other major groups of eukaryotes are diploid.', 1: 'Turtlenecks are in wool.'}
| 1 |
303 |
["Whenever it is true that some magnets are so strong that they present serious hazards of one type or other, 'it is a common misconception that trees are subject to the ravages of man, machines, insects, disease, nature and time' is true.", 'The idea that some magnets are so strong that they present serious hazards of one type or other is true.']
|
Whenever it is true that some magnets are so strong that they present serious hazards of one type or other, 'it is a common misconception that trees are subject to the ravages of man, machines, insects, disease, nature and time' is true. The idea that some magnets are so strong that they present serious hazards of one type or other is true.
|
It is a common misconception that trees are subject to the ravages of man, machines, insects, disease, nature and time.
|
It is a common misconception that trees are subject to the ravages of man, machines, insects, disease, nature and time.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].).
[1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Trees are subject to the ravages of man, machines, insects, disease, nature and time.', 1: 'Some magnets are so strong that they present serious hazards of one type or other.'}
| 1 |
549 |
["Given that either gamekeepers often blame buzzards for preying on pheasant chicks or most animals eat animal flesh, it can be inferred that the notion that 'gimp is software' is untrue.", 'It is rational to believe that either gamekeepers often blame buzzards for preying on pheasant chicks or most animals eat animal flesh.']
|
Given that either gamekeepers often blame buzzards for preying on pheasant chicks or most animals eat animal flesh, it can be inferred that the notion that 'gimp is software' is untrue. It is rational to believe that either gamekeepers often blame buzzards for preying on pheasant chicks or most animals eat animal flesh.
|
The notion that 'gimp is software' is untrue.
|
The notion that 'gimp is software' is untrue.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Ponens:
If (Either [1] or [2].), then (Not [0].).
Either [1] or [2].
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Gimp is software.', 1: 'Gamekeepers often blame buzzards for preying on pheasant chicks.', 2: 'Most animals eat animal flesh.'}
| 1 |
729 |
['If the claim that biotechnology results from mergers of seed companies and pesticide companies is false, then animals are capable of cognitive learning.', 'The statement that states animals are capable of cognitive learning is false.']
|
If the claim that biotechnology results from mergers of seed companies and pesticide companies is false, then animals are capable of cognitive learning. The statement that states animals are capable of cognitive learning is false.
|
It is reasonable to believe that biotechnology results from mergers of seed companies and pesticide companies.
|
Some people mistakenly believe that biotechnology results from mergers of seed companies and pesticide companies.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Biotechnology results from mergers of seed companies and pesticide companies.', 1: 'Animals are capable of cognitive learning.'}
| 1 |
208 |
['At least one of two things is true: cows produce single calves, or most fasteners are stainless steel.', "So long as cows produce single calves, 'it is a common misconception that either water molecules have a high dipole moment and are joined together by means of a hydrogen bonding or most enzymes break down fiber' is true.", 'If most fasteners are stainless steel, then it is a common misconception that either water molecules have a high dipole moment and are joined together by means of a hydrogen bonding or most enzymes break down fiber.']
|
At least one of two things is true: cows produce single calves, or most fasteners are stainless steel. So long as cows produce single calves, 'it is a common misconception that either water molecules have a high dipole moment and are joined together by means of a hydrogen bonding or most enzymes break down fiber' is true. If most fasteners are stainless steel, then it is a common misconception that either water molecules have a high dipole moment and are joined together by means of a hydrogen bonding or most enzymes break down fiber.
|
It is a common misconception that either water molecules have a high dipole moment and are joined together by means of a hydrogen bonding or most enzymes break down fiber.
|
It is a common misconception that either water molecules have a high dipole moment and are joined together by means of a hydrogen bonding or most enzymes break down fiber.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (Not (Either [0] or [1].).).
If [3], then (Not (Either [0] or [1].).).
Therefore, Not (Either [0] or [1].)..
|
{0: 'Water molecules have a high dipole moment and are joined together by means of a hydrogen bonding.', 1: 'Most enzymes break down fiber.', 2: 'Cows produce single calves.', 3: 'Most fasteners are stainless steel.'}
| 1 |
302 |
["Either one or both of these statements are true: sulfates are naturally present, at safe levels, in many foods, or the statement that 'either some acid increases absorption or capital gains is derived from trading in the market and can also be reinvested' is incorrect.", 'The claim that sulfates are naturally present, at safe levels, in many foods has no merit.']
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: sulfates are naturally present, at safe levels, in many foods, or the statement that 'either some acid increases absorption or capital gains is derived from trading in the market and can also be reinvested' is incorrect. The claim that sulfates are naturally present, at safe levels, in many foods has no merit.
|
The statement that 'either some acid increases absorption or capital gains is derived from trading in the market and can also be reinvested' is incorrect.
|
The statement that 'some acid comes from oil' is incorrect.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Not (Either [0] or [1].).).
Not [2].
Therefore, Not (Either [0] or [1].)..
|
{0: 'Some acid increases absorption.', 1: 'Capital gains is derived from trading in the market and can also be reinvested.', 2: 'Sulfates are naturally present, at safe levels, in many foods.'}
| 1 |
51 |
['It is a fact that either subordinate wolves show their submission by lowering their heads and tails or analyses reveal evidence.', 'The claim that subordinate wolves show their submission by lowering their heads and tails is false.']
|
It is a fact that either subordinate wolves show their submission by lowering their heads and tails or analyses reveal evidence. The claim that subordinate wolves show their submission by lowering their heads and tails is false.
|
The claim that analyses reveal evidence is true.
|
The claim that analyses reveal evidence is true.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Analyses reveal evidence.', 1: 'Subordinate wolves show their submission by lowering their heads and tails.'}
| 1 |
90 |
["We know that either periodontal disease is caused by bacteria, which form plaque in and around the gum tissue or either chinch bugs are pests or life has the world's largest school of chiropractic.", 'Given that periodontal disease is caused by bacteria, which form plaque in and around the gum tissue, it can be inferred that presidents sometimes have to get people killed.', "Given that either chinch bugs are pests or life has the world's largest school of chiropractic, it can be inferred that presidents sometimes have to get people killed."]
|
We know that either periodontal disease is caused by bacteria, which form plaque in and around the gum tissue or either chinch bugs are pests or life has the world's largest school of chiropractic. Given that periodontal disease is caused by bacteria, which form plaque in and around the gum tissue, it can be inferred that presidents sometimes have to get people killed. Given that either chinch bugs are pests or life has the world's largest school of chiropractic, it can be inferred that presidents sometimes have to get people killed.
|
The claim that presidents sometimes have to get people killed holds true.
|
The claim that presidents sometimes have to get people killed does not correspond with reality.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or (Either [2] or [3].).
If [1], then [0].
If (Either [2] or [3].), then [0].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Presidents sometimes have to get people killed.', 1: 'Periodontal disease is caused by bacteria, which form plaque in and around the gum tissue.', 2: 'Chinch bugs are pests.', 3: "Life has the world's largest school of chiropractic."}
| 1 |
354 |
['We know that either plants use natural gases or spinach has lots of dietary iron.', 'The claim that plants use natural gases is false.']
|
We know that either plants use natural gases or spinach has lots of dietary iron. The claim that plants use natural gases is false.
|
The statement that states spinach has lots of dietary iron is right.
|
Spinach responds to lime.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Spinach has lots of dietary iron.', 1: 'Plants use natural gases.'}
| 1 |
632 |
['On the condition that either radiation therapy uses x-rays or other high energy rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors or several sources report that opossums are great predators of roof rats, it is definitely the case that collective bargaining is a system that works for women.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: radiation therapy uses x-rays or other high energy rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors, or several sources report that opossums are great predators of roof rats.']
|
On the condition that either radiation therapy uses x-rays or other high energy rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors or several sources report that opossums are great predators of roof rats, it is definitely the case that collective bargaining is a system that works for women. We know that at least one of two things is true: radiation therapy uses x-rays or other high energy rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors, or several sources report that opossums are great predators of roof rats.
|
We can assume that collective bargaining is a system that works for women.
|
Collective bargaining is a tool for addressing workplace concerns.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].
Either [1] or [2].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Collective bargaining is a system that works for women.', 1: 'Radiation therapy uses x-rays or other high energy rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.', 2: 'Several sources report that opossums are great predators of roof rats.'}
| 1 |
460 |
['Once we know compaction affects the preparation of building sites for construction, and roadbeds for paving, we also know that some electricity is produced by run water.', 'We can assume that compaction affects the preparation of building sites for construction, and roadbeds for paving.']
|
Once we know compaction affects the preparation of building sites for construction, and roadbeds for paving, we also know that some electricity is produced by run water. We can assume that compaction affects the preparation of building sites for construction, and roadbeds for paving.
|
It is the case that some electricity is produced by run water.
|
It is not the case that some electricity is produced by run water.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Some electricity is produced by run water.', 1: 'Compaction affects the preparation of building sites for construction, and roadbeds for paving.'}
| 1 |
22 |
['We know that either antibiotics are very effective in killing the bacteria or a pullet is a hen.', 'We know that the claim that antibiotics are very effective in killing the bacteria is false.']
|
We know that either antibiotics are very effective in killing the bacteria or a pullet is a hen. We know that the claim that antibiotics are very effective in killing the bacteria is false.
|
a pullet is a hen.
|
Pullets are young female poultry.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'A pullet is a hen.', 1: 'Antibiotics are very effective in killing the bacteria.'}
| 1 |
374 |
['Assuming the claim that home warranties are insurance policies has no merit, we know that amulets can work if produced by an expert.', 'The claim that amulets can work if produced by an expert does not reflect reality.']
|
Assuming the claim that home warranties are insurance policies has no merit, we know that amulets can work if produced by an expert. The claim that amulets can work if produced by an expert does not reflect reality.
|
The idea that home warranties are insurance policies is true.
|
The statement that states home warranties are insurance policies is false.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Home warranties are insurance policies.', 1: 'Amulets can work if produced by an expert.'}
| 1 |
546 |
['Once we know we know that the claim that aquariums are used for houses is false, we also know that all cells have same basic chemical composition and metabolic activities.', 'Those that suggest all cells have same basic chemical composition and metabolic activities are wrong.']
|
Once we know we know that the claim that aquariums are used for houses is false, we also know that all cells have same basic chemical composition and metabolic activities. Those that suggest all cells have same basic chemical composition and metabolic activities are wrong.
|
It is rational to agree that aquariums are used for houses.
|
Aquaria have kinds.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Aquariums are used for houses.', 1: 'All cells have same basic chemical composition and metabolic activities.'}
| 1 |
439 |
['Once we know the statement, ladybirds have (part) plasma membranes, does not hold, we also know that indonesia isa thing.', 'On the condition that the statement, ladybirds have (part) plasma membranes, does not hold, it is definitely the case that those that suggest indonesia isa thing are wrong.']
|
Once we know the statement, ladybirds have (part) plasma membranes, does not hold, we also know that indonesia isa thing. On the condition that the statement, ladybirds have (part) plasma membranes, does not hold, it is definitely the case that those that suggest indonesia isa thing are wrong.
|
The claim that ladybirds have (part) plasma membranes is true.
|
The claim that ladybirds have (part) plasma membranes is true.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Ladybirds have (part) plasma membranes.', 1: 'Indonesia isa thing.'}
| 1 |
218 |
['One may reasonably assume that if the claim that intravaginal devices designed to hold units in the vagina appear to have some promise has no merit, then some tapeworm infection requires stool samples.', 'Should it be the case that the claim that intravaginal devices designed to hold units in the vagina appear to have some promise has no merit, it follows that the statement that states some tapeworm infection requires stool samples is false.']
|
One may reasonably assume that if the claim that intravaginal devices designed to hold units in the vagina appear to have some promise has no merit, then some tapeworm infection requires stool samples. Should it be the case that the claim that intravaginal devices designed to hold units in the vagina appear to have some promise has no merit, it follows that the statement that states some tapeworm infection requires stool samples is false.
|
Many people rightly believe that intravaginal devices designed to hold units in the vagina appear to have some promise.
|
Many people rightly believe that intravaginal devices designed to hold units in the vagina appear to have some promise.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Intravaginal devices designed to hold units in the vagina appear to have some promise.', 1: 'Some tapeworm infection requires stool samples.'}
| 1 |
737 |
["Whenever it is true that the claim that most polishes are a petroleum distilate base and evaporate quickly has no merit, 'much migration is of individuals, rather than families, and based on individual decisions' is true.", "Whenever it is true that the claim that most polishes are a petroleum distilate base and evaporate quickly has no merit, 'the notion that 'much migration is of individuals, rather than families, and based on individual decisions' is untrue' is true."]
|
Whenever it is true that the claim that most polishes are a petroleum distilate base and evaporate quickly has no merit, 'much migration is of individuals, rather than families, and based on individual decisions' is true. Whenever it is true that the claim that most polishes are a petroleum distilate base and evaporate quickly has no merit, 'the notion that 'much migration is of individuals, rather than families, and based on individual decisions' is untrue' is true.
|
The statement 'most polishes are a petroleum distilate base and evaporate quickly' is true.
|
The statement 'most polishes are a petroleum distilate base and evaporate quickly' is true.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Most polishes are a petroleum distilate base and evaporate quickly.', 1: 'Much migration is of individuals, rather than families, and based on individual decisions.'}
| 1 |
505 |
['One may reasonably assume that if the statement, hunger represents a basic denial of the opportunity for people to develope to their potentials, does not hold, then mankind destroys everything, from relationships to atoms.', 'If the statement, hunger represents a basic denial of the opportunity for people to develope to their potentials, does not hold, then the claim that mankind destroys everything, from relationships to atoms has no merit.']
|
One may reasonably assume that if the statement, hunger represents a basic denial of the opportunity for people to develope to their potentials, does not hold, then mankind destroys everything, from relationships to atoms. If the statement, hunger represents a basic denial of the opportunity for people to develope to their potentials, does not hold, then the claim that mankind destroys everything, from relationships to atoms has no merit.
|
Many people rightly believe that hunger represents a basic denial of the opportunity for people to develope to their potentials.
|
Hunger limits people s ability to learn and be productive.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Hunger represents a basic denial of the opportunity for people to develope to their potentials.', 1: 'Mankind destroys everything, from relationships to atoms.'}
| 1 |
605 |
["So long as some people mistakenly believe that either cultural imperialism is the conquest of one culture by another or endoscopic sympathectomy is used to treat hyperhidrosis of the upper limb, 'if monetary policy continues to aim at maintaining low inflation, then an isosceles triangle is a triangle' is true.", 'Given that some people mistakenly believe that either cultural imperialism is the conquest of one culture by another or endoscopic sympathectomy is used to treat hyperhidrosis of the upper limb, it can be inferred that it is a common misconception that if monetary policy continues to aim at maintaining low inflation, then an isosceles triangle is a triangle.']
|
So long as some people mistakenly believe that either cultural imperialism is the conquest of one culture by another or endoscopic sympathectomy is used to treat hyperhidrosis of the upper limb, 'if monetary policy continues to aim at maintaining low inflation, then an isosceles triangle is a triangle' is true. Given that some people mistakenly believe that either cultural imperialism is the conquest of one culture by another or endoscopic sympathectomy is used to treat hyperhidrosis of the upper limb, it can be inferred that it is a common misconception that if monetary policy continues to aim at maintaining low inflation, then an isosceles triangle is a triangle.
|
There is good reason to believe that either cultural imperialism is the conquest of one culture by another or endoscopic sympathectomy is used to treat hyperhidrosis of the upper limb.
|
There is good reason to believe that either cultural imperialism is the conquest of one culture by another or endoscopic sympathectomy is used to treat hyperhidrosis of the upper limb.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then (If [2], then [3].).
If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then (Not (If [2], then [3].).).
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
|
{0: 'Cultural imperialism is the conquest of one culture by another.', 1: 'Endoscopic sympathectomy is used to treat hyperhidrosis of the upper limb.', 2: 'Monetary policy continues to aim at maintaining low inflation.', 3: 'An isosceles triangle is a triangle.'}
| 1 |
801 |
["Whenever it is true that the notion that 'late spring is the best time, when the tree is richest in sugars' is untrue, 'cremation is a dignified new tradition that offers all the choices of a traditional burial' is true.", "So long as the notion that 'late spring is the best time, when the tree is richest in sugars' is untrue, 'some people mistakenly believe that cremation is a dignified new tradition that offers all the choices of a traditional burial' is true."]
|
Whenever it is true that the notion that 'late spring is the best time, when the tree is richest in sugars' is untrue, 'cremation is a dignified new tradition that offers all the choices of a traditional burial' is true. So long as the notion that 'late spring is the best time, when the tree is richest in sugars' is untrue, 'some people mistakenly believe that cremation is a dignified new tradition that offers all the choices of a traditional burial' is true.
|
It is a simple truth that late spring is the best time, when the tree is richest in sugars.
|
Late spring is typically warm by day and cool enough in the evening for a light sweater.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Late spring is the best time, when the tree is richest in sugars.', 1: 'Cremation is a dignified new tradition that offers all the choices of a traditional burial.'}
| 1 |
948 |
["Whenever it is true that relative isa somebody, 'cigarette smoking affects reproductive processes in both males and females' is true.", 'Many people rightly believe that relative isa somebody.']
|
Whenever it is true that relative isa somebody, 'cigarette smoking affects reproductive processes in both males and females' is true. Many people rightly believe that relative isa somebody.
|
It is reasonable to believe that cigarette smoking affects reproductive processes in both males and females.
|
Cigarette smoking increases susceptibility to colds and viruses.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Cigarette smoking affects reproductive processes in both males and females.', 1: 'Relative isa somebody.'}
| 1 |
683 |
["Whenever it is true that typing cause printed paper, 'either chronic bronchitis can occur alone, or with emphysema or kinship determines people's social and cultural allegiances' is true.", 'The claim that typing cause printed paper is true.']
|
Whenever it is true that typing cause printed paper, 'either chronic bronchitis can occur alone, or with emphysema or kinship determines people's social and cultural allegiances' is true. The claim that typing cause printed paper is true.
|
We know that at least one of two things is true: chronic bronchitis can occur alone, or with emphysema, or kinship determines people's social and cultural allegiances.
|
The claim that either chronic bronchitis can occur alone, or with emphysema or kinship determines people's social and cultural allegiances is false.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Either [0] or [1].).
[2]
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
|
{0: 'Chronic bronchitis can occur alone, or with emphysema.', 1: "Kinship determines people's social and cultural allegiances.", 2: 'Typing cause printed paper.'}
| 1 |
205 |
['Either one or both of these statements are true: states vary widely in age structure and risk group composition, or rotational joints move like the elbow of a human arm.', 'Assuming states vary widely in age structure and risk group composition, we know that if some birds live in pairs, then minerals often occur in beautiful crystal forms.', 'On the condition that rotational joints move like the elbow of a human arm, it is definitely the case that if some birds live in pairs, then minerals often occur in beautiful crystal forms.']
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: states vary widely in age structure and risk group composition, or rotational joints move like the elbow of a human arm. Assuming states vary widely in age structure and risk group composition, we know that if some birds live in pairs, then minerals often occur in beautiful crystal forms. On the condition that rotational joints move like the elbow of a human arm, it is definitely the case that if some birds live in pairs, then minerals often occur in beautiful crystal forms.
|
Whenever it is true that some birds live in pairs, 'minerals often occur in beautiful crystal forms' is true.
|
Those that suggest if some birds live in pairs, then minerals often occur in beautiful crystal forms are wrong.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).
If [3], then (If [0], then [1].).
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
|
{0: 'Some birds live in pairs.', 1: 'Minerals often occur in beautiful crystal forms.', 2: 'States vary widely in age structure and risk group composition.', 3: 'Rotational joints move like the elbow of a human arm.'}
| 1 |
647 |
['One may reasonably assume that if either symptom isa evidence or men develop prostate cancer in later life when their testosterone levels drop, then kittens have very sharp toenails.', 'At least one of two things is true: symptom isa evidence, or men develop prostate cancer in later life when their testosterone levels drop.']
|
One may reasonably assume that if either symptom isa evidence or men develop prostate cancer in later life when their testosterone levels drop, then kittens have very sharp toenails. At least one of two things is true: symptom isa evidence, or men develop prostate cancer in later life when their testosterone levels drop.
|
The claim that kittens have very sharp toenails holds true.
|
The statement 'kittens have very sharp toenails' can be considered false.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].
Either [1] or [2].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Kittens have very sharp toenails.', 1: 'Symptom isa evidence.', 2: 'Men develop prostate cancer in later life when their testosterone levels drop.'}
| 1 |
190 |
['Either alcoholism is an older word that refers to a clinical syndrome or romantic orientations are given names that parallel sexual orientations.', "So long as alcoholism is an older word that refers to a clinical syndrome, 'circumscription is a form of non-monotonic reasoning based on minimizing predicates and formulas' is true.", 'Once we know romantic orientations are given names that parallel sexual orientations, we also know that circumscription is a form of non-monotonic reasoning based on minimizing predicates and formulas.']
|
Either alcoholism is an older word that refers to a clinical syndrome or romantic orientations are given names that parallel sexual orientations. So long as alcoholism is an older word that refers to a clinical syndrome, 'circumscription is a form of non-monotonic reasoning based on minimizing predicates and formulas' is true. Once we know romantic orientations are given names that parallel sexual orientations, we also know that circumscription is a form of non-monotonic reasoning based on minimizing predicates and formulas.
|
The statement 'circumscription is a form of non-monotonic reasoning based on minimizing predicates and formulas' can be considered true.
|
Circumscription is a tool to jump to certain conclusions.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Circumscription is a form of non-monotonic reasoning based on minimizing predicates and formulas.', 1: 'Alcoholism is an older word that refers to a clinical syndrome.', 2: 'Romantic orientations are given names that parallel sexual orientations.'}
| 1 |
361 |
['Either pulsars are neutron stars formed in the collapse of massive stars in supernova explosions or terrestrial forms excrete nitrogen as uric acid , as do birds.', "If pulsars are neutron stars formed in the collapse of massive stars in supernova explosions, then extra calcium is often needed in the hen's diet and a good natural source for calcium is almonds.", "Given that terrestrial forms excrete nitrogen as uric acid , as do birds, it can be inferred that extra calcium is often needed in the hen's diet and a good natural source for calcium is almonds."]
|
Either pulsars are neutron stars formed in the collapse of massive stars in supernova explosions or terrestrial forms excrete nitrogen as uric acid , as do birds. If pulsars are neutron stars formed in the collapse of massive stars in supernova explosions, then extra calcium is often needed in the hen's diet and a good natural source for calcium is almonds. Given that terrestrial forms excrete nitrogen as uric acid , as do birds, it can be inferred that extra calcium is often needed in the hen's diet and a good natural source for calcium is almonds.
|
extra calcium is often needed in the hen's diet and a good natural source for calcium is almonds.
|
Extra calcium is important for maintaining strong bones.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: "Extra calcium is often needed in the hen's diet and a good natural source for calcium is almonds.", 1: 'Pulsars are neutron stars formed in the collapse of massive stars in supernova explosions.', 2: 'Terrestrial forms excrete nitrogen as uric acid , as do birds.'}
| 1 |
664 |
['On the condition that it is not true that either organisms use aerobic respiration or glycosides are molecules in which a non-sugar chemical is bound to a sugar, it is definitely the case that most evergreen trees grow in shelter areas.', 'Should it be the case that it is not true that either organisms use aerobic respiration or glycosides are molecules in which a non-sugar chemical is bound to a sugar, it follows that the claim that most evergreen trees grow in shelter areas does not correspond with reality.']
|
On the condition that it is not true that either organisms use aerobic respiration or glycosides are molecules in which a non-sugar chemical is bound to a sugar, it is definitely the case that most evergreen trees grow in shelter areas. Should it be the case that it is not true that either organisms use aerobic respiration or glycosides are molecules in which a non-sugar chemical is bound to a sugar, it follows that the claim that most evergreen trees grow in shelter areas does not correspond with reality.
|
It is rational to believe that either organisms use aerobic respiration or glycosides are molecules in which a non-sugar chemical is bound to a sugar.
|
It is rational to believe that either organisms use aerobic respiration or glycosides are molecules in which a non-sugar chemical is bound to a sugar.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then [2].
If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
|
{0: 'Organisms use aerobic respiration.', 1: 'Glycosides are molecules in which a non-sugar chemical is bound to a sugar.', 2: 'Most evergreen trees grow in shelter areas.'}
| 1 |
375 |
['Once we know it is not the case that absolute tolerances vary, depending upon climate, soil conditions, and cultural practices, we also know that bone mass declines with age in all people.', 'The claim that bone mass declines with age in all people is false.']
|
Once we know it is not the case that absolute tolerances vary, depending upon climate, soil conditions, and cultural practices, we also know that bone mass declines with age in all people. The claim that bone mass declines with age in all people is false.
|
It is fair to say that absolute tolerances vary, depending upon climate, soil conditions, and cultural practices.
|
The claim that absolute tolerances vary, depending upon climate, soil conditions, and cultural practices does not correspond with reality.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Absolute tolerances vary, depending upon climate, soil conditions, and cultural practices.', 1: 'Bone mass declines with age in all people.'}
| 1 |
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