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int64 0
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| premises
stringlengths 118
4.1k
| paragraph
stringlengths 111
4.06k
| conclusion
stringlengths 15
240
| question
stringlengths 14
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stringlengths 54
2.02k
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stringlengths 51
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int64 1
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
631 |
['Assuming cougars have (part) ears, we know that hot spots are most recognizable when they occur beneath plates that move with higher velocities.', 'It is fair to say that cougars have (part) ears.']
|
Assuming cougars have (part) ears, we know that hot spots are most recognizable when they occur beneath plates that move with higher velocities. It is fair to say that cougars have (part) ears.
|
It is the case that hot spots are most recognizable when they occur beneath plates that move with higher velocities.
|
The notion that 'hot spots are most recognizable when they occur beneath plates that move with higher velocities' is untrue.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Hot spots are most recognizable when they occur beneath plates that move with higher velocities.', 1: 'Cougars have (part) ears.'}
| 1 |
185 |
['Should it be the case that most agriculture relies on yearly rain, it follows that old toys become treasures when they come out of storage after a few weeks.', "The statement 'old toys become treasures when they come out of storage after a few weeks' can be considered false."]
|
Should it be the case that most agriculture relies on yearly rain, it follows that old toys become treasures when they come out of storage after a few weeks. The statement 'old toys become treasures when they come out of storage after a few weeks' can be considered false.
|
The claim that most agriculture relies on yearly rain does not reflect reality.
|
The claim that most agriculture relies on yearly rain does not reflect reality.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Most agriculture relies on yearly rain.', 1: 'Old toys become treasures when they come out of storage after a few weeks.'}
| 1 |
732 |
['Given that organisms have structures, it can be inferred that all States have laws allowing abused persons to obtain orders of protection in a civil proceeding.', 'The statement that states organisms have structures is right.']
|
Given that organisms have structures, it can be inferred that all States have laws allowing abused persons to obtain orders of protection in a civil proceeding. The statement that states organisms have structures is right.
|
The idea that all States have laws allowing abused persons to obtain orders of protection in a civil proceeding is true.
|
Some people mistakenly believe that all States have laws allowing abused persons to obtain orders of protection in a civil proceeding.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'All States have laws allowing abused persons to obtain orders of protection in a civil proceeding.', 1: 'Organisms have structures.'}
| 1 |
404 |
['Should it be the case that fish eat meals, it follows that schools spend a lot of money on electricity and other energy uses.', 'The claim that schools spend a lot of money on electricity and other energy uses does not correspond with reality.']
|
Should it be the case that fish eat meals, it follows that schools spend a lot of money on electricity and other energy uses. The claim that schools spend a lot of money on electricity and other energy uses does not correspond with reality.
|
The statement that states fish eat meals is false.
|
The statement 'fish have eyesights' can be considered false.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Fish eat meals.', 1: 'Schools spend a lot of money on electricity and other energy uses.'}
| 1 |
194 |
['One may reasonably assume that if some people mistakenly believe that organic gardening begins with soil and compost, then adult flamingos are pink because of their diet, but their offspring are born white.', 'If some people mistakenly believe that organic gardening begins with soil and compost, then the claim that adult flamingos are pink because of their diet, but their offspring are born white does not correspond with reality.']
|
One may reasonably assume that if some people mistakenly believe that organic gardening begins with soil and compost, then adult flamingos are pink because of their diet, but their offspring are born white. If some people mistakenly believe that organic gardening begins with soil and compost, then the claim that adult flamingos are pink because of their diet, but their offspring are born white does not correspond with reality.
|
The claim that organic gardening begins with soil and compost is true.
|
The claim that organic gardening begins with soil and compost does not correspond with reality.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Organic gardening begins with soil and compost.', 1: 'Adult flamingos are pink because of their diet, but their offspring are born white.'}
| 1 |
564 |
['It is a fact that either arthritis occurs more than half of the time in the fingers, wrists, shoulders, knees, and ankles or predators feed on preys.', "Whenever it is true that arthritis occurs more than half of the time in the fingers, wrists, shoulders, knees, and ankles, 'many insecticides work by disrupting ACh synapses' is true.", 'On the condition that predators feed on preys, it is definitely the case that many insecticides work by disrupting ACh synapses.']
|
It is a fact that either arthritis occurs more than half of the time in the fingers, wrists, shoulders, knees, and ankles or predators feed on preys. Whenever it is true that arthritis occurs more than half of the time in the fingers, wrists, shoulders, knees, and ankles, 'many insecticides work by disrupting ACh synapses' is true. On the condition that predators feed on preys, it is definitely the case that many insecticides work by disrupting ACh synapses.
|
We can assume that many insecticides work by disrupting ACh synapses.
|
We can assume that many insecticides work by disrupting ACh synapses.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Many insecticides work by disrupting ACh synapses.', 1: 'Arthritis occurs more than half of the time in the fingers, wrists, shoulders, knees, and ankles.', 2: 'Predators feed on preys.'}
| 1 |
401 |
['We know that at least one of two things is true: either most black seeds contain carbohydrates or forgiveness is one of the big issues of human beings, or some zippers are part of jeans.', "Assuming either most black seeds contain carbohydrates or forgiveness is one of the big issues of human beings, we know that the notion that 'silicosis is similar to pneumonia' is untrue.", "Once we know some zippers are part of jeans, we also know that the notion that 'silicosis is similar to pneumonia' is untrue."]
|
We know that at least one of two things is true: either most black seeds contain carbohydrates or forgiveness is one of the big issues of human beings, or some zippers are part of jeans. Assuming either most black seeds contain carbohydrates or forgiveness is one of the big issues of human beings, we know that the notion that 'silicosis is similar to pneumonia' is untrue. Once we know some zippers are part of jeans, we also know that the notion that 'silicosis is similar to pneumonia' is untrue.
|
The notion that 'silicosis is similar to pneumonia' is untrue.
|
Those that suggest silicosis is similar to pneumonia are right.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [3].
If (Either [1] or [2].), then (Not [0].).
If [3], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Silicosis is similar to pneumonia.', 1: 'Most black seeds contain carbohydrates.', 2: 'Forgiveness is one of the big issues of human beings.', 3: 'Some zippers are part of jeans.'}
| 1 |
530 |
['Given that visualization is one of the oldest forms of healing, it can be inferred that chemotherapy affects both normal and tumor cells.', 'One may reasonably assume that if visualization is one of the oldest forms of healing, then the claim that chemotherapy affects both normal and tumor cells does not correspond with reality.']
|
Given that visualization is one of the oldest forms of healing, it can be inferred that chemotherapy affects both normal and tumor cells. One may reasonably assume that if visualization is one of the oldest forms of healing, then the claim that chemotherapy affects both normal and tumor cells does not correspond with reality.
|
The claim that visualization is one of the oldest forms of healing is false.
|
The claim that visualization is one of the oldest forms of healing is false.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1].
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Visualization is one of the oldest forms of healing.', 1: 'Chemotherapy affects both normal and tumor cells.'}
| 1 |
656 |
['Assuming some people mistakenly believe that if prions contain no nucleic acid and are therefore different from any other infectious disease, then herbicides are available to control most weeds before and after planting, we know that dogs are the ones that kill and maul kids and babies all the time.', 'Those that suggest dogs are the ones that kill and maul kids and babies all the time are wrong.']
|
Assuming some people mistakenly believe that if prions contain no nucleic acid and are therefore different from any other infectious disease, then herbicides are available to control most weeds before and after planting, we know that dogs are the ones that kill and maul kids and babies all the time. Those that suggest dogs are the ones that kill and maul kids and babies all the time are wrong.
|
Whenever it is true that prions contain no nucleic acid and are therefore different from any other infectious disease, 'herbicides are available to control most weeds before and after planting' is true.
|
Once we know prions contain no nucleic acid and are therefore different from any other infectious disease, we also know that herbicide is a chemical.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then [2].
Not [2].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
|
{0: 'Prions contain no nucleic acid and are therefore different from any other infectious disease.', 1: 'Herbicides are available to control most weeds before and after planting.', 2: 'Dogs are the ones that kill and maul kids and babies all the time.'}
| 1 |
441 |
['Should it be the case that the claim that facial liposuction redefines the chin and jaw line does not reflect reality, it follows that most scorpions hide under logs, rocks, boards and clutter.', 'The claim that most scorpions hide under logs, rocks, boards and clutter does not reflect reality.']
|
Should it be the case that the claim that facial liposuction redefines the chin and jaw line does not reflect reality, it follows that most scorpions hide under logs, rocks, boards and clutter. The claim that most scorpions hide under logs, rocks, boards and clutter does not reflect reality.
|
It is reasonable to believe that facial liposuction redefines the chin and jaw line.
|
Facial liposuction is a safe procedure when done by a trained and skilled physician.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Facial liposuction redefines the chin and jaw line.', 1: 'Most scorpions hide under logs, rocks, boards and clutter.'}
| 1 |
132 |
["So long as simple polymers are all very insulating, and the most common one is polyethylene, 'gerunds are verbals' is true.", 'The claim that gerunds are verbals is false.']
|
So long as simple polymers are all very insulating, and the most common one is polyethylene, 'gerunds are verbals' is true. The claim that gerunds are verbals is false.
|
It is not true that simple polymers are all very insulating, and the most common one is polyethylene.
|
It is not true that simple polymers are all very insulating, and the most common one is polyethylene.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Simple polymers are all very insulating, and the most common one is polyethylene.', 1: 'Gerunds are verbals.'}
| 1 |
233 |
['It is rational to believe that either either some fish oil reduces blood pressure or coffee shops have windows or recent evidence shows that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate.', 'It is a common misconception that either some fish oil reduces blood pressure or coffee shops have windows.']
|
It is rational to believe that either either some fish oil reduces blood pressure or coffee shops have windows or recent evidence shows that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate. It is a common misconception that either some fish oil reduces blood pressure or coffee shops have windows.
|
The claim that recent evidence shows that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate is true.
|
Recent evidence suggests that the brain contains unique isoforms of tTGase.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [0].
Not (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Recent evidence shows that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate.', 1: 'Some fish oil reduces blood pressure.', 2: 'Coffee shops have windows.'}
| 1 |
173 |
['It is rational to believe that either ball lightning seems to prefer enclosed spaces and has even been reported inside aeroplanes or if camels are their primary means of transportation, while sheep and goats are bought and sold, then trumpeters breed well in captivity.', 'Once we know ball lightning seems to prefer enclosed spaces and has even been reported inside aeroplanes, we also know that honeybees do sting, but they only sting once.', 'When if camels are their primary means of transportation, while sheep and goats are bought and sold, then trumpeters breed well in captivity is true, it follows that honeybees do sting, but they only sting once.']
|
It is rational to believe that either ball lightning seems to prefer enclosed spaces and has even been reported inside aeroplanes or if camels are their primary means of transportation, while sheep and goats are bought and sold, then trumpeters breed well in captivity. Once we know ball lightning seems to prefer enclosed spaces and has even been reported inside aeroplanes, we also know that honeybees do sting, but they only sting once. When if camels are their primary means of transportation, while sheep and goats are bought and sold, then trumpeters breed well in captivity is true, it follows that honeybees do sting, but they only sting once.
|
The statement 'honeybees do sting, but they only sting once' can be considered true.
|
Honeybees are the most important natural carriers of pollen.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or (If [2], then [3].).
If [1], then [0].
If (If [2], then [3].), then [0].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Honeybees do sting, but they only sting once.', 1: 'Ball lightning seems to prefer enclosed spaces and has even been reported inside aeroplanes.', 2: 'Camels are their primary means of transportation, while sheep and goats are bought and sold.', 3: 'Trumpeters breed well in captivity.'}
| 1 |
428 |
['When most vipers wait for prey is true, it follows that women eat typical american diets.', 'It is fair to say that most vipers wait for prey.']
|
When most vipers wait for prey is true, it follows that women eat typical american diets. It is fair to say that most vipers wait for prey.
|
Many people rightly believe that women eat typical american diets.
|
The statement that states women eat typical american diets is false.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Women eat typical american diets.', 1: 'Most vipers wait for prey.'}
| 1 |
567 |
['On the condition that some people can never again wear dentures because of friable tissues and xerostomia, it is definitely the case that sexual harassment can occur between individuals of the same or opposite sex.', 'When some people can never again wear dentures because of friable tissues and xerostomia is true, it follows that it is not true that sexual harassment can occur between individuals of the same or opposite sex.']
|
On the condition that some people can never again wear dentures because of friable tissues and xerostomia, it is definitely the case that sexual harassment can occur between individuals of the same or opposite sex. When some people can never again wear dentures because of friable tissues and xerostomia is true, it follows that it is not true that sexual harassment can occur between individuals of the same or opposite sex.
|
The claim that some people can never again wear dentures because of friable tissues and xerostomia has no merit.
|
The statement that states some people can never again wear dentures because of friable tissues and xerostomia is right.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1].
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Some people can never again wear dentures because of friable tissues and xerostomia.', 1: 'Sexual harassment can occur between individuals of the same or opposite sex.'}
| 1 |
967 |
['At least one of two things is true: llamas are quirky-looking barnyard animals frequently seen munching crackers at a petting zoo, or chain is units.', 'Provided that llamas are quirky-looking barnyard animals frequently seen munching crackers at a petting zoo, we know that either proteins have factors or liberals think that industry pollutes and destroys the environment.', 'Provided that chain is units, we know that either proteins have factors or liberals think that industry pollutes and destroys the environment.']
|
At least one of two things is true: llamas are quirky-looking barnyard animals frequently seen munching crackers at a petting zoo, or chain is units. Provided that llamas are quirky-looking barnyard animals frequently seen munching crackers at a petting zoo, we know that either proteins have factors or liberals think that industry pollutes and destroys the environment. Provided that chain is units, we know that either proteins have factors or liberals think that industry pollutes and destroys the environment.
|
There is good reason to believe that either proteins have factors or liberals think that industry pollutes and destroys the environment.
|
It is not the case that either proteins have factors or liberals think that industry pollutes and destroys the environment.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (Either [0] or [1].).
If [3], then (Either [0] or [1].).
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
|
{0: 'Proteins have factors.', 1: 'Liberals think that industry pollutes and destroys the environment.', 2: 'Llamas are quirky-looking barnyard animals frequently seen munching crackers at a petting zoo.', 3: 'Chain is units.'}
| 1 |
758 |
['One may reasonably assume that if creativity is the wave of the future, then some organic compounds cause diseases.', 'It is a simple truth that creativity is the wave of the future.']
|
One may reasonably assume that if creativity is the wave of the future, then some organic compounds cause diseases. It is a simple truth that creativity is the wave of the future.
|
It is reasonable to believe that some organic compounds cause diseases.
|
It is a common misconception that some organic compounds cause diseases.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Some organic compounds cause diseases.', 1: 'Creativity is the wave of the future.'}
| 1 |
626 |
['Should it be the case that government has functions, it follows that anthrax usually is a fatal disease with no symptoms observed.', 'The claim that anthrax usually is a fatal disease with no symptoms observed is false.']
|
Should it be the case that government has functions, it follows that anthrax usually is a fatal disease with no symptoms observed. The claim that anthrax usually is a fatal disease with no symptoms observed is false.
|
Some people mistakenly believe that government has functions.
|
We know that the claim that government has cities is false.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Government has functions.', 1: 'Anthrax usually is a fatal disease with no symptoms observed.'}
| 1 |
96 |
['Assuming the statement, if conditioning is a class that is designed to tone muscles rather than give an aerobic workout, then dodges are evasions, does not hold, we know that field work is what is missing in botany.', 'It is not true that field work is what is missing in botany.']
|
Assuming the statement, if conditioning is a class that is designed to tone muscles rather than give an aerobic workout, then dodges are evasions, does not hold, we know that field work is what is missing in botany. It is not true that field work is what is missing in botany.
|
Whenever it is true that conditioning is a class that is designed to tone muscles rather than give an aerobic workout, 'dodges are evasions' is true.
|
The claim that if conditioning is a class that is designed to tone muscles rather than give an aerobic workout, then dodges are evasions is false.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then [2].
Not [2].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
|
{0: 'Conditioning is a class that is designed to tone muscles rather than give an aerobic workout.', 1: 'Dodges are evasions.', 2: 'Field work is what is missing in botany.'}
| 1 |
781 |
['Given that infested animals are often restless, focusing on their discomfort rather than eating, it can be inferred that either calcites contain calcium or some scientists think that they exude some type of sedatious drug from their bodies.', 'The claim that infested animals are often restless, focusing on their discomfort rather than eating is true.']
|
Given that infested animals are often restless, focusing on their discomfort rather than eating, it can be inferred that either calcites contain calcium or some scientists think that they exude some type of sedatious drug from their bodies. The claim that infested animals are often restless, focusing on their discomfort rather than eating is true.
|
It is rational to believe that either calcites contain calcium or some scientists think that they exude some type of sedatious drug from their bodies.
|
The statement that states either calcites contain calcium or some scientists think that they exude some type of sedatious drug from their bodies is false.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Either [0] or [1].).
[2]
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
|
{0: 'Calcites contain calcium.', 1: 'Some scientists think that they exude some type of sedatious drug from their bodies.', 2: 'Infested animals are often restless, focusing on their discomfort rather than eating.'}
| 1 |
499 |
['Either one or both of these statements are true: mechanization of agriculture is much more advanced in rich countries than in poor countries, or the statement that states either fear can generate super-human feats or sea pink grows best in full sun, with sandy, well draining soil is false.', 'It is not the case that mechanization of agriculture is much more advanced in rich countries than in poor countries.']
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: mechanization of agriculture is much more advanced in rich countries than in poor countries, or the statement that states either fear can generate super-human feats or sea pink grows best in full sun, with sandy, well draining soil is false. It is not the case that mechanization of agriculture is much more advanced in rich countries than in poor countries.
|
The statement that states either fear can generate super-human feats or sea pink grows best in full sun, with sandy, well draining soil is false.
|
The statement that 'fear is based in reality on an exaggeration of real danger' is incorrect.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Not (Either [0] or [1].).).
Not [2].
Therefore, Not (Either [0] or [1].)..
|
{0: 'Fear can generate super-human feats.', 1: 'Sea pink grows best in full sun, with sandy, well draining soil.', 2: 'Mechanization of agriculture is much more advanced in rich countries than in poor countries.'}
| 1 |
74 |
['We know that either some modern lights depend upon the passage of electricity through a gas or either most lungs have large air capacity or houses have (part) foundation stones.', 'Assuming some modern lights depend upon the passage of electricity through a gas, we know that coyotes eat the baits and become immune to rabies.', 'If either most lungs have large air capacity or houses have (part) foundation stones, then coyotes eat the baits and become immune to rabies.']
|
We know that either some modern lights depend upon the passage of electricity through a gas or either most lungs have large air capacity or houses have (part) foundation stones. Assuming some modern lights depend upon the passage of electricity through a gas, we know that coyotes eat the baits and become immune to rabies. If either most lungs have large air capacity or houses have (part) foundation stones, then coyotes eat the baits and become immune to rabies.
|
The statement that states coyotes eat the baits and become immune to rabies is right.
|
Most coyotes live in habitats.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or (Either [2] or [3].).
If [1], then [0].
If (Either [2] or [3].), then [0].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Coyotes eat the baits and become immune to rabies.', 1: 'Some modern lights depend upon the passage of electricity through a gas.', 2: 'Most lungs have large air capacity.', 3: 'Houses have (part) foundation stones.'}
| 1 |
89 |
["One may reasonably assume that if poodles exhibit symptoms, then the statement 'ovulation sometimes can be harder to predict if a woman's cycles are irregular' can be considered false.", "The statement 'poodles exhibit symptoms' is true."]
|
One may reasonably assume that if poodles exhibit symptoms, then the statement 'ovulation sometimes can be harder to predict if a woman's cycles are irregular' can be considered false. The statement 'poodles exhibit symptoms' is true.
|
The statement 'ovulation sometimes can be harder to predict if a woman's cycles are irregular' can be considered false.
|
The statement, ovulation contributes to the decrease, but the majority of eggs are ultimately absorbed by the body, does not hold.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].).
[1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: "Ovulation sometimes can be harder to predict if a woman's cycles are irregular.", 1: 'Poodles exhibit symptoms.'}
| 1 |
609 |
['When it is not true that most hardcore criminals are victims of poverty and child abuse is true, it follows that casino gambling is more of a reality in Nevada than anywhere else.', 'Provided that it is not true that most hardcore criminals are victims of poverty and child abuse, we know that the claim that casino gambling is more of a reality in Nevada than anywhere else does not correspond with reality.']
|
When it is not true that most hardcore criminals are victims of poverty and child abuse is true, it follows that casino gambling is more of a reality in Nevada than anywhere else. Provided that it is not true that most hardcore criminals are victims of poverty and child abuse, we know that the claim that casino gambling is more of a reality in Nevada than anywhere else does not correspond with reality.
|
It is true that most hardcore criminals are victims of poverty and child abuse.
|
It is true that most hardcore criminals are victims of poverty and child abuse.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Most hardcore criminals are victims of poverty and child abuse.', 1: 'Casino gambling is more of a reality in Nevada than anywhere else.'}
| 1 |
0 |
['Provided that it is not the case that jellyfish is one of the most ancient organisms on earth, we know that annulment is different from divorce in that a divorce ends a valid marriage.', 'Once we know it is not the case that jellyfish is one of the most ancient organisms on earth, we also know that the claim that annulment is different from divorce in that a divorce ends a valid marriage does not correspond with reality.']
|
Provided that it is not the case that jellyfish is one of the most ancient organisms on earth, we know that annulment is different from divorce in that a divorce ends a valid marriage. Once we know it is not the case that jellyfish is one of the most ancient organisms on earth, we also know that the claim that annulment is different from divorce in that a divorce ends a valid marriage does not correspond with reality.
|
The statement 'jellyfish is one of the most ancient organisms on earth' can be considered true.
|
Some jellyfish have eyes.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Jellyfish is one of the most ancient organisms on earth.', 1: 'Annulment is different from divorce in that a divorce ends a valid marriage.'}
| 1 |
392 |
["Whenever it is true that it is a common misconception that chlorine is a building block for nearly all chemical processes, 'county governments play a pivotal role in determining the nation's land-use patterns' is true.", "Given that it is a common misconception that chlorine is a building block for nearly all chemical processes, it can be inferred that we know that the claim that county governments play a pivotal role in determining the nation's land-use patterns is false."]
|
Whenever it is true that it is a common misconception that chlorine is a building block for nearly all chemical processes, 'county governments play a pivotal role in determining the nation's land-use patterns' is true. Given that it is a common misconception that chlorine is a building block for nearly all chemical processes, it can be inferred that we know that the claim that county governments play a pivotal role in determining the nation's land-use patterns is false.
|
We can assume that chlorine is a building block for nearly all chemical processes.
|
The statement that 'chlorine is a building block for nearly all chemical processes' is incorrect.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Chlorine is a building block for nearly all chemical processes.', 1: "County governments play a pivotal role in determining the nation's land-use patterns."}
| 1 |
476 |
['Provided that the statement that states most pecan trees attain large size is false, we know that dopamine is one of the most important neurotransmitters involved in the human sexual response.', 'Should it be the case that the statement that states most pecan trees attain large size is false, it follows that some people mistakenly believe that dopamine is one of the most important neurotransmitters involved in the human sexual response.']
|
Provided that the statement that states most pecan trees attain large size is false, we know that dopamine is one of the most important neurotransmitters involved in the human sexual response. Should it be the case that the statement that states most pecan trees attain large size is false, it follows that some people mistakenly believe that dopamine is one of the most important neurotransmitters involved in the human sexual response.
|
most pecan trees attain large size.
|
The statement, most pecan trees attain large size, does not hold.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Most pecan trees attain large size.', 1: 'Dopamine is one of the most important neurotransmitters involved in the human sexual response.'}
| 1 |
799 |
['Either openings are part of surfaces or bulbs increase each year.', "The statement that 'openings are part of surfaces' is incorrect."]
|
Either openings are part of surfaces or bulbs increase each year. The statement that 'openings are part of surfaces' is incorrect.
|
It is a simple truth that bulbs increase each year.
|
It is a simple truth that bulbs increase each year.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Bulbs increase each year.', 1: 'Openings are part of surfaces.'}
| 1 |
519 |
["Whenever it is true that the statement that states bugs are very, very common is false, 'adaptation is the phenomenon most usually considered as the main effect of selection' is true.", 'Should it be the case that the statement that states bugs are very, very common is false, it follows that some people mistakenly believe that adaptation is the phenomenon most usually considered as the main effect of selection.']
|
Whenever it is true that the statement that states bugs are very, very common is false, 'adaptation is the phenomenon most usually considered as the main effect of selection' is true. Should it be the case that the statement that states bugs are very, very common is false, it follows that some people mistakenly believe that adaptation is the phenomenon most usually considered as the main effect of selection.
|
The statement that states bugs are very, very common is right.
|
It is not the case that bugs are very, very common.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Bugs are very, very common.', 1: 'Adaptation is the phenomenon most usually considered as the main effect of selection.'}
| 1 |
107 |
['When the claim that shadows are followers is false is true, it follows that meats are high in purines.', 'Provided that the claim that shadows are followers is false, we know that we know that the claim that meats are high in purines is false.']
|
When the claim that shadows are followers is false is true, it follows that meats are high in purines. Provided that the claim that shadows are followers is false, we know that we know that the claim that meats are high in purines is false.
|
The idea that shadows are followers is true.
|
The statement 'shadows are followers' can be considered false.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Shadows are followers.', 1: 'Meats are high in purines.'}
| 1 |
708 |
['We know that at least one of two things is true: some women actually use a speculum to observe the cervix, or those that suggest transactional law is the polar opposite of litigation are wrong.', 'Some people mistakenly believe that some women actually use a speculum to observe the cervix.']
|
We know that at least one of two things is true: some women actually use a speculum to observe the cervix, or those that suggest transactional law is the polar opposite of litigation are wrong. Some people mistakenly believe that some women actually use a speculum to observe the cervix.
|
Those that suggest transactional law is the polar opposite of litigation are wrong.
|
Those that suggest transactional law is the polar opposite of litigation are wrong.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].).
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Transactional law is the polar opposite of litigation.', 1: 'Some women actually use a speculum to observe the cervix.'}
| 1 |
634 |
['At least one of two things is true: most plants grow many places, or engineering is a broad discipline which is often broken down into several sub-disciplines.', "The statement that 'most plants grow many places' is incorrect."]
|
At least one of two things is true: most plants grow many places, or engineering is a broad discipline which is often broken down into several sub-disciplines. The statement that 'most plants grow many places' is incorrect.
|
Those that suggest engineering is a broad discipline which is often broken down into several sub-disciplines are right.
|
Those that suggest engineering is a broad discipline which is often broken down into several sub-disciplines are right.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Engineering is a broad discipline which is often broken down into several sub-disciplines.', 1: 'Most plants grow many places.'}
| 1 |
223 |
['Either one or both of these statements are true: some gingkoes reduce inflammation, or fungi are found all over the globe in many different kinds of habitats.', 'Assuming some gingkoes reduce inflammation, we know that it is a common misconception that some oranges grow in other places in the United States like Florida.', "Whenever it is true that fungi are found all over the globe in many different kinds of habitats, 'it is a common misconception that some oranges grow in other places in the United States like Florida' is true."]
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: some gingkoes reduce inflammation, or fungi are found all over the globe in many different kinds of habitats. Assuming some gingkoes reduce inflammation, we know that it is a common misconception that some oranges grow in other places in the United States like Florida. Whenever it is true that fungi are found all over the globe in many different kinds of habitats, 'it is a common misconception that some oranges grow in other places in the United States like Florida' is true.
|
It is a common misconception that some oranges grow in other places in the United States like Florida.
|
It is a common misconception that some oranges grow in other places in the United States like Florida.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then (Not [0].).
If [2], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Some oranges grow in other places in the United States like Florida.', 1: 'Some gingkoes reduce inflammation.', 2: 'Fungi are found all over the globe in many different kinds of habitats.'}
| 1 |
327 |
['It is a fact that either if bibliographies refer the reader to both English and foreign language works, then arthritis is defined as an inflammation of a joint or most many factors influence immune responses.', 'The claim that if bibliographies refer the reader to both English and foreign language works, then arthritis is defined as an inflammation of a joint does not correspond with reality.']
|
It is a fact that either if bibliographies refer the reader to both English and foreign language works, then arthritis is defined as an inflammation of a joint or most many factors influence immune responses. The claim that if bibliographies refer the reader to both English and foreign language works, then arthritis is defined as an inflammation of a joint does not correspond with reality.
|
The statement 'most many factors influence immune responses' can be considered true.
|
It is not true that most many factors influence immune responses.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [0].
Not (If [1], then [2].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Most many factors influence immune responses.', 1: 'Bibliographies refer the reader to both English and foreign language works.', 2: 'Arthritis is defined as an inflammation of a joint.'}
| 1 |
102 |
['When feed additives themselves have no nutrient value is true, it follows that chipmunks are omnivores, dining on various types of foods that are found mostly on the ground.', "Whenever it is true that chipmunks are omnivores, dining on various types of foods that are found mostly on the ground, 'light is emitted when nitric oxide reacts with an oxidant' is true."]
|
When feed additives themselves have no nutrient value is true, it follows that chipmunks are omnivores, dining on various types of foods that are found mostly on the ground. Whenever it is true that chipmunks are omnivores, dining on various types of foods that are found mostly on the ground, 'light is emitted when nitric oxide reacts with an oxidant' is true.
|
Assuming feed additives themselves have no nutrient value, we know that light is emitted when nitric oxide reacts with an oxidant.
|
Those that suggest if feed additives themselves have no nutrient value, then light is emitted when nitric oxide reacts with an oxidant are wrong.
|
FALSE
|
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [0], then [2].
If [2], then [1].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
|
{0: 'Feed additives themselves have no nutrient value.', 1: 'Light is emitted when nitric oxide reacts with an oxidant.', 2: 'Chipmunks are omnivores, dining on various types of foods that are found mostly on the ground.'}
| 1 |
704 |
["Provided that the claim that group plants together to create habitats attractive to birds is false, we know that optimization refers to the process of fine-tuning each car to achieve it's top performance.", "Whenever it is true that the claim that group plants together to create habitats attractive to birds is false, 'the claim that optimization refers to the process of fine-tuning each car to achieve it's top performance does not correspond with reality' is true."]
|
Provided that the claim that group plants together to create habitats attractive to birds is false, we know that optimization refers to the process of fine-tuning each car to achieve it's top performance. Whenever it is true that the claim that group plants together to create habitats attractive to birds is false, 'the claim that optimization refers to the process of fine-tuning each car to achieve it's top performance does not correspond with reality' is true.
|
It is reasonable to believe that group plants together to create habitats attractive to birds.
|
The claim that group plants together to create habitats attractive to birds is false.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Group plants together to create habitats attractive to birds.', 1: "Optimization refers to the process of fine-tuning each car to achieve it's top performance."}
| 1 |
475 |
['Either most states have programs to assist people who have print handicaps or either meals contribute to good nutrition or many organs are more sensitive at certain times and under certain conditions than at others.', 'Assuming most states have programs to assist people who have print handicaps, we know that topology is a branch of mathmatics that concerns itself with the study of surfaces.', 'Should it be the case that either meals contribute to good nutrition or many organs are more sensitive at certain times and under certain conditions than at others, it follows that topology is a branch of mathmatics that concerns itself with the study of surfaces.']
|
Either most states have programs to assist people who have print handicaps or either meals contribute to good nutrition or many organs are more sensitive at certain times and under certain conditions than at others. Assuming most states have programs to assist people who have print handicaps, we know that topology is a branch of mathmatics that concerns itself with the study of surfaces. Should it be the case that either meals contribute to good nutrition or many organs are more sensitive at certain times and under certain conditions than at others, it follows that topology is a branch of mathmatics that concerns itself with the study of surfaces.
|
It is true that topology is a branch of mathmatics that concerns itself with the study of surfaces.
|
It is a common misconception that topology is a branch of mathmatics that concerns itself with the study of surfaces.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or (Either [2] or [3].).
If [1], then [0].
If (Either [2] or [3].), then [0].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Topology is a branch of mathmatics that concerns itself with the study of surfaces.', 1: 'Most states have programs to assist people who have print handicaps.', 2: 'Meals contribute to good nutrition.', 3: 'Many organs are more sensitive at certain times and under certain conditions than at others.'}
| 1 |
213 |
['If tapirs have a short fur , with colors that are reddish-brown to grey to nearly black , then aardvarks have (part) chest cavities.', 'Many people rightly believe that tapirs have a short fur , with colors that are reddish-brown to grey to nearly black .']
|
If tapirs have a short fur , with colors that are reddish-brown to grey to nearly black , then aardvarks have (part) chest cavities. Many people rightly believe that tapirs have a short fur , with colors that are reddish-brown to grey to nearly black .
|
It is rational to agree that aardvarks have (part) chest cavities.
|
The notion that 'aardvarks have (part) chest cavities' is untrue.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Aardvarks have (part) chest cavities.', 1: 'Tapirs have a short fur , with colors that are reddish-brown to grey to nearly black .'}
| 1 |
135 |
["We know that either if porcelain is made of very fine white clay, from south China's porcelain stone deposits, then entomologists study caterpillars or some birds eat fish.", "On the condition that if porcelain is made of very fine white clay, from south China's porcelain stone deposits, then entomologists study caterpillars, it is definitely the case that allergies increase after traumas.", 'Provided that some birds eat fish, we know that allergies increase after traumas.']
|
We know that either if porcelain is made of very fine white clay, from south China's porcelain stone deposits, then entomologists study caterpillars or some birds eat fish. On the condition that if porcelain is made of very fine white clay, from south China's porcelain stone deposits, then entomologists study caterpillars, it is definitely the case that allergies increase after traumas. Provided that some birds eat fish, we know that allergies increase after traumas.
|
The statement 'allergies increase after traumas' is true.
|
Allergies can develop in anyone.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3].
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].
If [3], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Allergies increase after traumas.', 1: "Porcelain is made of very fine white clay, from south China's porcelain stone deposits.", 2: 'Entomologists study caterpillars.', 3: 'Some birds eat fish.'}
| 1 |
246 |
["Given that the notion that 'tidal water provides habitats' is untrue, it can be inferred that either indirect effects occur when the interaction between two species is influenced by a third species or electric currents produce magnetic fields and build a simple electromagnet.", 'The claim that either indirect effects occur when the interaction between two species is influenced by a third species or electric currents produce magnetic fields and build a simple electromagnet does not correspond with reality.']
|
Given that the notion that 'tidal water provides habitats' is untrue, it can be inferred that either indirect effects occur when the interaction between two species is influenced by a third species or electric currents produce magnetic fields and build a simple electromagnet. The claim that either indirect effects occur when the interaction between two species is influenced by a third species or electric currents produce magnetic fields and build a simple electromagnet does not correspond with reality.
|
The idea that tidal water provides habitats is true.
|
Tidal water makes swimming in the warmest cove.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then (Either [1] or [2].).
Not (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Tidal water provides habitats.', 1: 'Indirect effects occur when the interaction between two species is influenced by a third species.', 2: 'Electric currents produce magnetic fields and build a simple electromagnet.'}
| 1 |
970 |
['It is rational to believe that either great gerbils live in family groups and occupy one burrow per family or we know that the claim that some laboratory rats reach population size is false.', 'Those that suggest great gerbils live in family groups and occupy one burrow per family are wrong.']
|
It is rational to believe that either great gerbils live in family groups and occupy one burrow per family or we know that the claim that some laboratory rats reach population size is false. Those that suggest great gerbils live in family groups and occupy one burrow per family are wrong.
|
We know that the claim that some laboratory rats reach population size is false.
|
Those that suggest some laboratory rats reach population size are right.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].).
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Some laboratory rats reach population size.', 1: 'Great gerbils live in family groups and occupy one burrow per family.'}
| 1 |
891 |
['Assuming most fawns eat green vegetation, we know that adventitious roots arise from the lower side of the rhizomes.', 'Some people mistakenly believe that adventitious roots arise from the lower side of the rhizomes.']
|
Assuming most fawns eat green vegetation, we know that adventitious roots arise from the lower side of the rhizomes. Some people mistakenly believe that adventitious roots arise from the lower side of the rhizomes.
|
We know that the claim that most fawns eat green vegetation is false.
|
It is true that most fawns eat green vegetation.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Most fawns eat green vegetation.', 1: 'Adventitious roots arise from the lower side of the rhizomes.'}
| 1 |
619 |
['It is a fact that either either large intestines perform basic functions or most cribs have sides with bars that can be lowered and raised by an adult or those that suggest some ants enter kitchens are wrong.', 'The claim that either large intestines perform basic functions or most cribs have sides with bars that can be lowered and raised by an adult does not correspond with reality.']
|
It is a fact that either either large intestines perform basic functions or most cribs have sides with bars that can be lowered and raised by an adult or those that suggest some ants enter kitchens are wrong. The claim that either large intestines perform basic functions or most cribs have sides with bars that can be lowered and raised by an adult does not correspond with reality.
|
Those that suggest some ants enter kitchens are wrong.
|
The notion that 'ants have legs' is untrue.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or (Not [0].).
Not (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Some ants enter kitchens.', 1: 'Large intestines perform basic functions.', 2: 'Most cribs have sides with bars that can be lowered and raised by an adult.'}
| 1 |
815 |
['It is rational to believe that either some chimpanzees respond to death or the claim that political events are cultural activities has no merit.', 'The claim that some chimpanzees respond to death does not correspond with reality.']
|
It is rational to believe that either some chimpanzees respond to death or the claim that political events are cultural activities has no merit. The claim that some chimpanzees respond to death does not correspond with reality.
|
The claim that political events are cultural activities has no merit.
|
We know that the claim that deer see slightly differently than do humans is false.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].).
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Political events are cultural activities.', 1: 'Some chimpanzees respond to death.'}
| 1 |
365 |
['When steps involve reaction is true, it follows that thulium reacts with hydrogen chloride to produce hydrogen gas and thulium chloride.', 'When thulium reacts with hydrogen chloride to produce hydrogen gas and thulium chloride is true, it follows that wishbones have (part) sections.']
|
When steps involve reaction is true, it follows that thulium reacts with hydrogen chloride to produce hydrogen gas and thulium chloride. When thulium reacts with hydrogen chloride to produce hydrogen gas and thulium chloride is true, it follows that wishbones have (part) sections.
|
Should it be the case that steps involve reaction, it follows that wishbones have (part) sections.
|
Given that step is a fast paced rhythmic dance done in the absence of music, it can be inferred that wishbones have (part) sections.
|
Uncertain
|
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [0], then [2].
If [2], then [1].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
|
{0: 'Steps involve reaction.', 1: 'Wishbones have (part) sections.', 2: 'Thulium reacts with hydrogen chloride to produce hydrogen gas and thulium chloride.'}
| 1 |
812 |
['Assuming simple brine consists of water and salt, we know that some plants receive protection.', 'The claim that some plants receive protection has no merit.']
|
Assuming simple brine consists of water and salt, we know that some plants receive protection. The claim that some plants receive protection has no merit.
|
The statement, simple brine consists of water and salt, does not hold.
|
The claim that physical activity is important for good health does not reflect reality.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Simple brine consists of water and salt.', 1: 'Some plants receive protection.'}
| 1 |
26 |
['Should it be the case that tendons can eventually fray and tear, it follows that allowable error is expressed in units of concentration or percent of concentration.', "When tendons can eventually fray and tear is true, it follows that the statement 'allowable error is expressed in units of concentration or percent of concentration' can be considered false."]
|
Should it be the case that tendons can eventually fray and tear, it follows that allowable error is expressed in units of concentration or percent of concentration. When tendons can eventually fray and tear is true, it follows that the statement 'allowable error is expressed in units of concentration or percent of concentration' can be considered false.
|
It is a common misconception that tendons can eventually fray and tear.
|
The statement 'tendons grow taut, then slack' can be considered false.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1].
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Tendons can eventually fray and tear.', 1: 'Allowable error is expressed in units of concentration or percent of concentration.'}
| 1 |
642 |
['Provided that studies show that smoking causes developmental delays in fetuses and infants, we know that love is part of life.', "Provided that studies show that smoking causes developmental delays in fetuses and infants, we know that the notion that 'love is part of life' is untrue."]
|
Provided that studies show that smoking causes developmental delays in fetuses and infants, we know that love is part of life. Provided that studies show that smoking causes developmental delays in fetuses and infants, we know that the notion that 'love is part of life' is untrue.
|
The claim that studies show that smoking causes developmental delays in fetuses and infants does not reflect reality.
|
Many people rightly believe that studies show that smoking causes developmental delays in fetuses and infants.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1].
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Studies show that smoking causes developmental delays in fetuses and infants.', 1: 'Love is part of life.'}
| 1 |
417 |
['Assuming if mixed doubles refer to a man and a woman, then bullying is unconscionable meanness and a precursor to violence, if left unchecked, we know that cats tend to develop diabetes that mimics the adult onset diabetes seen in humans.', 'On the condition that mixed doubles refer to a man and a woman, it is definitely the case that bullying is unconscionable meanness and a precursor to violence, if left unchecked.']
|
Assuming if mixed doubles refer to a man and a woman, then bullying is unconscionable meanness and a precursor to violence, if left unchecked, we know that cats tend to develop diabetes that mimics the adult onset diabetes seen in humans. On the condition that mixed doubles refer to a man and a woman, it is definitely the case that bullying is unconscionable meanness and a precursor to violence, if left unchecked.
|
We can assume that cats tend to develop diabetes that mimics the adult onset diabetes seen in humans.
|
Most cats require nutrition.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].
If [1], then [2].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Cats tend to develop diabetes that mimics the adult onset diabetes seen in humans.', 1: 'Mixed doubles refer to a man and a woman.', 2: 'Bullying is unconscionable meanness and a precursor to violence, if left unchecked.'}
| 1 |
907 |
["So long as the statement that states china has a long tradition of preventative health care is false, 'either snow begins in the atmosphere as water condenses into a tiny droplet or spilled water can lead to property damage and personal injury' is true.", 'Once we know the statement that states china has a long tradition of preventative health care is false, we also know that it is a common misconception that either snow begins in the atmosphere as water condenses into a tiny droplet or spilled water can lead to property damage and personal injury.']
|
So long as the statement that states china has a long tradition of preventative health care is false, 'either snow begins in the atmosphere as water condenses into a tiny droplet or spilled water can lead to property damage and personal injury' is true. Once we know the statement that states china has a long tradition of preventative health care is false, we also know that it is a common misconception that either snow begins in the atmosphere as water condenses into a tiny droplet or spilled water can lead to property damage and personal injury.
|
The claim that china has a long tradition of preventative health care holds true.
|
The claim that china has a long tradition of preventative health care holds true.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then (Either [1] or [2].).
If (Not [0].), then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'China has a long tradition of preventative health care.', 1: 'Snow begins in the atmosphere as water condenses into a tiny droplet.', 2: 'Spilled water can lead to property damage and personal injury.'}
| 1 |
921 |
['Once we know some rheas have toes, we also know that influenza viruses are transmitted to people.', 'It is true that some rheas have toes.']
|
Once we know some rheas have toes, we also know that influenza viruses are transmitted to people. It is true that some rheas have toes.
|
influenza viruses are transmitted to people.
|
Most influenza viruses are transmitted to people.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Influenza viruses are transmitted to people.', 1: 'Some rheas have toes.'}
| 1 |
3 |
['It is a fact that either either zinc sulfate is considered to be the most effective foot rot treatment or houses are made of metal or self control is birth control.', "The statement that 'either zinc sulfate is considered to be the most effective foot rot treatment or houses are made of metal' is incorrect."]
|
It is a fact that either either zinc sulfate is considered to be the most effective foot rot treatment or houses are made of metal or self control is birth control. The statement that 'either zinc sulfate is considered to be the most effective foot rot treatment or houses are made of metal' is incorrect.
|
It is a simple truth that self control is birth control.
|
Self control is the rule of the day.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [0].
Not (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Self control is birth control.', 1: 'Zinc sulfate is considered to be the most effective foot rot treatment.', 2: 'Houses are made of metal.'}
| 1 |
134 |
['Provided that democrats are proponents of a well-funded system of public schools, we know that if some crude hydrocarbons affect integrity, then herbivores seek meals.', 'We can assume that democrats are proponents of a well-funded system of public schools.']
|
Provided that democrats are proponents of a well-funded system of public schools, we know that if some crude hydrocarbons affect integrity, then herbivores seek meals. We can assume that democrats are proponents of a well-funded system of public schools.
|
Provided that some crude hydrocarbons affect integrity, we know that herbivores seek meals
|
If birds stand on legs, then herbivores seek meals.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).
[2]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
|
{0: 'Some crude hydrocarbons affect integrity.', 1: 'Herbivores seek meals.', 2: 'Democrats are proponents of a well-funded system of public schools.'}
| 1 |
355 |
['Should it be the case that the claim that either box turtles have a small home range or smoking is the single most preventable cause of death and illness is false, it follows that blind people ride bikes.', 'On the condition that the claim that either box turtles have a small home range or smoking is the single most preventable cause of death and illness is false, it is definitely the case that those that suggest blind people ride bikes are wrong.']
|
Should it be the case that the claim that either box turtles have a small home range or smoking is the single most preventable cause of death and illness is false, it follows that blind people ride bikes. On the condition that the claim that either box turtles have a small home range or smoking is the single most preventable cause of death and illness is false, it is definitely the case that those that suggest blind people ride bikes are wrong.
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: box turtles have a small home range, or smoking is the single most preventable cause of death and illness.
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: box turtles have a small home range, or smoking is the single most preventable cause of death and illness.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then [2].
If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
|
{0: 'Box turtles have a small home range.', 1: 'Smoking is the single most preventable cause of death and illness.', 2: 'Blind people ride bikes.'}
| 1 |
877 |
["Whenever it is true that it is a common misconception that eagles face life, 'bananas are rich in potassium, which is essential for the function of nerves and muscles' is true.", "The statement that 'bananas are rich in potassium, which is essential for the function of nerves and muscles' is incorrect."]
|
Whenever it is true that it is a common misconception that eagles face life, 'bananas are rich in potassium, which is essential for the function of nerves and muscles' is true. The statement that 'bananas are rich in potassium, which is essential for the function of nerves and muscles' is incorrect.
|
It is a simple truth that eagles face life.
|
The statement 'eagles face life' can be considered false.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Eagles face life.', 1: 'Bananas are rich in potassium, which is essential for the function of nerves and muscles.'}
| 1 |
768 |
['One may reasonably assume that if congregation is the large group interaction where mass teaching or information transfer takes place, then investigations point to follow preliminary conclusions.', 'We can assume that congregation is the large group interaction where mass teaching or information transfer takes place.']
|
One may reasonably assume that if congregation is the large group interaction where mass teaching or information transfer takes place, then investigations point to follow preliminary conclusions. We can assume that congregation is the large group interaction where mass teaching or information transfer takes place.
|
Those that suggest investigations point to follow preliminary conclusions are right.
|
Those that suggest investigations point to follow preliminary conclusions are right.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Investigations point to follow preliminary conclusions.', 1: 'Congregation is the large group interaction where mass teaching or information transfer takes place.'}
| 1 |
836 |
['Once we know lipomas are tumors, we also know that popcorn is located in carnivals.', 'The statement that states lipomas are tumors is right.']
|
Once we know lipomas are tumors, we also know that popcorn is located in carnivals. The statement that states lipomas are tumors is right.
|
Many people rightly believe that popcorn is located in carnivals.
|
It is a common misconception that popcorn is located in carnivals.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Popcorn is located in carnivals.', 1: 'Lipomas are tumors.'}
| 1 |
561 |
['We know that at least one of two things is true: most wood frogs use water, or a freelance is a worker.', 'One may reasonably assume that if most wood frogs use water, then if some human development creates edge habitats, then most bats are small.', 'If a freelance is a worker, then if some human development creates edge habitats, then most bats are small.']
|
We know that at least one of two things is true: most wood frogs use water, or a freelance is a worker. One may reasonably assume that if most wood frogs use water, then if some human development creates edge habitats, then most bats are small. If a freelance is a worker, then if some human development creates edge habitats, then most bats are small.
|
Provided that some human development creates edge habitats, we know that most bats are small
|
Provided that some human development creates edge habitats, we know that most bats are small
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).
If [3], then (If [0], then [1].).
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
|
{0: 'Some human development creates edge habitats.', 1: 'Most bats are small.', 2: 'Most wood frogs use water.', 3: 'A freelance is a worker.'}
| 1 |
892 |
['Either if valsartan reduces blood pressure, then electricity makes many things possible in our daily lives or religion allows one to test the grounds of the spiritual and physical realms.', 'Assuming if valsartan reduces blood pressure, then electricity makes many things possible in our daily lives, we know that physical hazards have a direct physical effect on the body.', 'If religion allows one to test the grounds of the spiritual and physical realms, then physical hazards have a direct physical effect on the body.']
|
Either if valsartan reduces blood pressure, then electricity makes many things possible in our daily lives or religion allows one to test the grounds of the spiritual and physical realms. Assuming if valsartan reduces blood pressure, then electricity makes many things possible in our daily lives, we know that physical hazards have a direct physical effect on the body. If religion allows one to test the grounds of the spiritual and physical realms, then physical hazards have a direct physical effect on the body.
|
The statement 'physical hazards have a direct physical effect on the body' can be considered true.
|
The statement 'physical hazards have a direct physical effect on the body' can be considered true.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3].
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].
If [3], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Physical hazards have a direct physical effect on the body.', 1: 'Valsartan reduces blood pressure.', 2: 'Electricity makes many things possible in our daily lives.', 3: 'Religion allows one to test the grounds of the spiritual and physical realms.'}
| 1 |
225 |
["Whenever it is true that the claim that if society is the environment for the human organisms found living in it, then american taxpayers are the lowest taxed of any major industrial nation has no merit, 'plants feed bees' is true.", "The statement 'plants feed bees' can be considered false."]
|
Whenever it is true that the claim that if society is the environment for the human organisms found living in it, then american taxpayers are the lowest taxed of any major industrial nation has no merit, 'plants feed bees' is true. The statement 'plants feed bees' can be considered false.
|
Given that society is the environment for the human organisms found living in it, it can be inferred that american taxpayers are the lowest taxed of any major industrial nation.
|
It is not the case that if society is the environment for the human organisms found living in it, then american taxpayers are the lowest taxed of any major industrial nation.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then [2].
Not [2].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
|
{0: 'Society is the environment for the human organisms found living in it.', 1: 'American taxpayers are the lowest taxed of any major industrial nation.', 2: 'Plants feed bees.'}
| 1 |
820 |
['If some people mistakenly believe that some bucks have scent glands, then if cats exhibit diseases, then an immunoelectrophoresis is electrophoresis.', 'On the condition that some people mistakenly believe that some bucks have scent glands, it is definitely the case that the claim that if cats exhibit diseases, then an immunoelectrophoresis is electrophoresis does not correspond with reality.']
|
If some people mistakenly believe that some bucks have scent glands, then if cats exhibit diseases, then an immunoelectrophoresis is electrophoresis. On the condition that some people mistakenly believe that some bucks have scent glands, it is definitely the case that the claim that if cats exhibit diseases, then an immunoelectrophoresis is electrophoresis does not correspond with reality.
|
The idea that some bucks have scent glands is true.
|
The idea that some bucks have scent glands is true.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then (If [1], then [2].).
If (Not [0].), then (Not (If [1], then [2].).).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Some bucks have scent glands.', 1: 'Cats exhibit diseases.', 2: 'An immunoelectrophoresis is electrophoresis.'}
| 1 |
369 |
['On the condition that some people mistakenly believe that animals to digest meals, it is definitely the case that airplanes are used for flying.', "Whenever it is true that some people mistakenly believe that animals to digest meals, 'it is not true that airplanes are used for flying' is true."]
|
On the condition that some people mistakenly believe that animals to digest meals, it is definitely the case that airplanes are used for flying. Whenever it is true that some people mistakenly believe that animals to digest meals, 'it is not true that airplanes are used for flying' is true.
|
The statement 'animals to digest meals' can be considered true.
|
The statement 'animals to digest meals' can be considered true.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Animals to digest meals.', 1: 'Airplanes are used for flying.'}
| 1 |
681 |
["Whenever it is true that some animals possess attributes, 'it is not true that aphids come in many colours such as green, yellow, brown, pink or black' is true.", 'It is fair to say that some animals possess attributes.']
|
Whenever it is true that some animals possess attributes, 'it is not true that aphids come in many colours such as green, yellow, brown, pink or black' is true. It is fair to say that some animals possess attributes.
|
It is not true that aphids come in many colours such as green, yellow, brown, pink or black.
|
The statement 'aphids come in many colours such as green, yellow, brown, pink or black' is true.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].).
[1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Aphids come in many colours such as green, yellow, brown, pink or black.', 1: 'Some animals possess attributes.'}
| 1 |
339 |
['We know that either cool evenings help reduce heat stress during the day or cigarette butts can cause bushfires.', 'Given that cool evenings help reduce heat stress during the day, it can be inferred that seizures affect about half of the children diagnosed with the syndrome.', "So long as cigarette butts can cause bushfires, 'seizures affect about half of the children diagnosed with the syndrome' is true."]
|
We know that either cool evenings help reduce heat stress during the day or cigarette butts can cause bushfires. Given that cool evenings help reduce heat stress during the day, it can be inferred that seizures affect about half of the children diagnosed with the syndrome. So long as cigarette butts can cause bushfires, 'seizures affect about half of the children diagnosed with the syndrome' is true.
|
It is true that seizures affect about half of the children diagnosed with the syndrome.
|
It is true that seizures affect about half of the children diagnosed with the syndrome.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Seizures affect about half of the children diagnosed with the syndrome.', 1: 'Cool evenings help reduce heat stress during the day.', 2: 'Cigarette butts can cause bushfires.'}
| 1 |
419 |
['At least one of two things is true: plant roots create a zone of nutrient depletion around themselves, or silicates are the most common minerals on Earth.', 'Provided that plant roots create a zone of nutrient depletion around themselves, we know that fibrinolysis is initiated by plasminogen activators in blood.', "Whenever it is true that silicates are the most common minerals on Earth, 'fibrinolysis is initiated by plasminogen activators in blood' is true."]
|
At least one of two things is true: plant roots create a zone of nutrient depletion around themselves, or silicates are the most common minerals on Earth. Provided that plant roots create a zone of nutrient depletion around themselves, we know that fibrinolysis is initiated by plasminogen activators in blood. Whenever it is true that silicates are the most common minerals on Earth, 'fibrinolysis is initiated by plasminogen activators in blood' is true.
|
It is true that fibrinolysis is initiated by plasminogen activators in blood.
|
The claim that fibrinolysis is initiated by plasminogen activators in blood has no merit.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Fibrinolysis is initiated by plasminogen activators in blood.', 1: 'Plant roots create a zone of nutrient depletion around themselves.', 2: 'Silicates are the most common minerals on Earth.'}
| 1 |
829 |
["Whenever it is true that if physical science include chemistry, then some opossums kill chickens, 'mold spores are also in full swing all summer and can even be found indoors year-round' is true.", "So long as physical science include chemistry, 'some opossums kill chickens' is true."]
|
Whenever it is true that if physical science include chemistry, then some opossums kill chickens, 'mold spores are also in full swing all summer and can even be found indoors year-round' is true. So long as physical science include chemistry, 'some opossums kill chickens' is true.
|
The claim that mold spores are also in full swing all summer and can even be found indoors year-round holds true.
|
The claim that mold spores are also in full swing all summer and can even be found indoors year-round does not correspond with reality.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].
If [1], then [2].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Mold spores are also in full swing all summer and can even be found indoors year-round.', 1: 'Physical science include chemistry.', 2: 'Some opossums kill chickens.'}
| 1 |
951 |
['Should it be the case that antivirals are medicine, it follows that some people mistakenly believe that paper towels absorb moisture readily and can be continually replaced also.', 'Those that suggest antivirals are medicine are right.']
|
Should it be the case that antivirals are medicine, it follows that some people mistakenly believe that paper towels absorb moisture readily and can be continually replaced also. Those that suggest antivirals are medicine are right.
|
Some people mistakenly believe that paper towels absorb moisture readily and can be continually replaced also.
|
Some people mistakenly believe that paper towels absorb moisture readily and can be continually replaced also.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].).
[1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Paper towels absorb moisture readily and can be continually replaced also.', 1: 'Antivirals are medicine.'}
| 1 |
454 |
['On the condition that the claim that some water kills lilies has no merit, it is definitely the case that retrievers are pets.', 'It is not the case that retrievers are pets.']
|
On the condition that the claim that some water kills lilies has no merit, it is definitely the case that retrievers are pets. It is not the case that retrievers are pets.
|
The idea that some water kills lilies is true.
|
Some water produces during respiration.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Some water kills lilies.', 1: 'Retrievers are pets.'}
| 1 |
63 |
['Either if molestation is sexual assaults, then some people experience a crisis when they reach mid-life or some people have straight hair while others have curly or wavy hair.', 'Assuming if molestation is sexual assaults, then some people experience a crisis when they reach mid-life, we know that environmental rules are an important driving force behind our cleaner air and water.', "Whenever it is true that some people have straight hair while others have curly or wavy hair, 'environmental rules are an important driving force behind our cleaner air and water' is true."]
|
Either if molestation is sexual assaults, then some people experience a crisis when they reach mid-life or some people have straight hair while others have curly or wavy hair. Assuming if molestation is sexual assaults, then some people experience a crisis when they reach mid-life, we know that environmental rules are an important driving force behind our cleaner air and water. Whenever it is true that some people have straight hair while others have curly or wavy hair, 'environmental rules are an important driving force behind our cleaner air and water' is true.
|
The statement that states environmental rules are an important driving force behind our cleaner air and water is right.
|
An abdominoplasty is an operation.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3].
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].
If [3], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Environmental rules are an important driving force behind our cleaner air and water.', 1: 'Molestation is sexual assaults.', 2: 'Some people experience a crisis when they reach mid-life.', 3: 'Some people have straight hair while others have curly or wavy hair.'}
| 1 |
759 |
["Either if squids use their tentacles to catch other animals, then serifs are the small cross strokes that are found at the ends of a letter's main strokes or the notion that 'inflorescences usually cymes, thyrses or cincinni' is untrue.", "The statement 'if squids use their tentacles to catch other animals, then serifs are the small cross strokes that are found at the ends of a letter's main strokes' can be considered false."]
|
Either if squids use their tentacles to catch other animals, then serifs are the small cross strokes that are found at the ends of a letter's main strokes or the notion that 'inflorescences usually cymes, thyrses or cincinni' is untrue. The statement 'if squids use their tentacles to catch other animals, then serifs are the small cross strokes that are found at the ends of a letter's main strokes' can be considered false.
|
The notion that 'inflorescences usually cymes, thyrses or cincinni' is untrue.
|
The notion that 'inflorescences usually cymes, thyrses or cincinni' is untrue.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or (Not [0].).
Not (If [1], then [2].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Inflorescences usually cymes, thyrses or cincinni.', 1: 'Squids use their tentacles to catch other animals.', 2: "Serifs are the small cross strokes that are found at the ends of a letter's main strokes."}
| 1 |
360 |
['When animals engage in physical activities is true, it follows that some materials are capable of carrying electricity more effectively than other materials.', 'Many people rightly believe that animals engage in physical activities.']
|
When animals engage in physical activities is true, it follows that some materials are capable of carrying electricity more effectively than other materials. Many people rightly believe that animals engage in physical activities.
|
The claim that some materials are capable of carrying electricity more effectively than other materials holds true.
|
The claim that some materials are capable of carrying electricity more effectively than other materials holds true.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Some materials are capable of carrying electricity more effectively than other materials.', 1: 'Animals engage in physical activities.'}
| 1 |
237 |
['One may reasonably assume that if many people tend to gain weight during the winter months, then staplers are located in work.', "So long as many people tend to gain weight during the winter months, 'it is not the case that staplers are located in work' is true."]
|
One may reasonably assume that if many people tend to gain weight during the winter months, then staplers are located in work. So long as many people tend to gain weight during the winter months, 'it is not the case that staplers are located in work' is true.
|
The statement that 'many people tend to gain weight during the winter months' is incorrect.
|
The statement that 'many people tend to gain weight during the winter months' is incorrect.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1].
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Many people tend to gain weight during the winter months.', 1: 'Staplers are located in work.'}
| 1 |
112 |
['Either many obtect pupae are enclosed within a cocoon or the claim that performance management is about planning and communicating to get things done does not correspond with reality.', "The statement that 'many obtect pupae are enclosed within a cocoon' is incorrect."]
|
Either many obtect pupae are enclosed within a cocoon or the claim that performance management is about planning and communicating to get things done does not correspond with reality. The statement that 'many obtect pupae are enclosed within a cocoon' is incorrect.
|
The claim that performance management is about planning and communicating to get things done does not correspond with reality.
|
The claim that performance management is about planning and communicating to get things done does not correspond with reality.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].).
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Performance management is about planning and communicating to get things done.', 1: 'Many obtect pupae are enclosed within a cocoon.'}
| 1 |
640 |
['If events result in death, then some badgers consume vegetables.', "So long as events result in death, 'the claim that some badgers consume vegetables does not reflect reality' is true."]
|
If events result in death, then some badgers consume vegetables. So long as events result in death, 'the claim that some badgers consume vegetables does not reflect reality' is true.
|
The statement that 'events result in death' is incorrect.
|
The statement that 'events result in death' is incorrect.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1].
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Events result in death.', 1: 'Some badgers consume vegetables.'}
| 1 |
532 |
['Once we know those that suggest a flower garden is a garden are wrong, we also know that if education is viewed as a moral activity that produces servant leaders for the church and world, then most rapes occur when people are out alone at night.', 'Given that those that suggest a flower garden is a garden are wrong, it can be inferred that it is not true that if education is viewed as a moral activity that produces servant leaders for the church and world, then most rapes occur when people are out alone at night.']
|
Once we know those that suggest a flower garden is a garden are wrong, we also know that if education is viewed as a moral activity that produces servant leaders for the church and world, then most rapes occur when people are out alone at night. Given that those that suggest a flower garden is a garden are wrong, it can be inferred that it is not true that if education is viewed as a moral activity that produces servant leaders for the church and world, then most rapes occur when people are out alone at night.
|
It is a simple truth that a flower garden is a garden.
|
It is a simple truth that a flower garden is a garden.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then (If [1], then [2].).
If (Not [0].), then (Not (If [1], then [2].).).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'A flower garden is a garden.', 1: 'Education is viewed as a moral activity that produces servant leaders for the church and world.', 2: 'Most rapes occur when people are out alone at night.'}
| 1 |
126 |
['There is good reason to believe that either classroom experiments relate to energy or river otters are a state endangered species in Ohio and are protected.', "The statement that 'classroom experiments relate to energy' is incorrect."]
|
There is good reason to believe that either classroom experiments relate to energy or river otters are a state endangered species in Ohio and are protected. The statement that 'classroom experiments relate to energy' is incorrect.
|
It is a simple truth that river otters are a state endangered species in Ohio and are protected.
|
The statement 'river otters are a state endangered species in Ohio and are protected' can be considered false.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'River otters are a state endangered species in Ohio and are protected.', 1: 'Classroom experiments relate to energy.'}
| 1 |
259 |
['We know that either thermometers check temperature increases in the area, and gas detectors measure the amount of gas or the claim that monarch caterpillars feed on plants does not correspond with reality.', "The statement that 'thermometers check temperature increases in the area, and gas detectors measure the amount of gas' is incorrect."]
|
We know that either thermometers check temperature increases in the area, and gas detectors measure the amount of gas or the claim that monarch caterpillars feed on plants does not correspond with reality. The statement that 'thermometers check temperature increases in the area, and gas detectors measure the amount of gas' is incorrect.
|
The claim that monarch caterpillars feed on plants does not correspond with reality.
|
The claim that monarch caterpillars feed only on milkweed does not correspond with reality.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].).
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Monarch caterpillars feed on plants.', 1: 'Thermometers check temperature increases in the area, and gas detectors measure the amount of gas.'}
| 1 |
742 |
["Either one or both of these statements are true: if proper nutrition is also essential for growth and repair of body tissue, then china accounts for the bulk of the decline in global ending stocks, or the statement that 'plastic bins are light and easy to move' is incorrect.", 'It is not the case that if proper nutrition is also essential for growth and repair of body tissue, then china accounts for the bulk of the decline in global ending stocks.']
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: if proper nutrition is also essential for growth and repair of body tissue, then china accounts for the bulk of the decline in global ending stocks, or the statement that 'plastic bins are light and easy to move' is incorrect. It is not the case that if proper nutrition is also essential for growth and repair of body tissue, then china accounts for the bulk of the decline in global ending stocks.
|
The statement that 'plastic bins are light and easy to move' is incorrect.
|
The statement that 'plastic bins are light and easy to move' is incorrect.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or (Not [0].).
Not (If [1], then [2].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Plastic bins are light and easy to move.', 1: 'Proper nutrition is also essential for growth and repair of body tissue.', 2: 'China accounts for the bulk of the decline in global ending stocks.'}
| 1 |
761 |
['Should it be the case that faith establishes reality and truth, including in science, it follows that either ergodic theory is also important in studying the geometry of manifolds with negative curvature or most fathers teach siblings.', "The statement 'faith establishes reality and truth, including in science' is true."]
|
Should it be the case that faith establishes reality and truth, including in science, it follows that either ergodic theory is also important in studying the geometry of manifolds with negative curvature or most fathers teach siblings. The statement 'faith establishes reality and truth, including in science' is true.
|
At least one of two things is true: ergodic theory is also important in studying the geometry of manifolds with negative curvature, or most fathers teach siblings.
|
The claim that either ergodic theory is also important in studying the geometry of manifolds with negative curvature or most fathers teach siblings does not reflect reality.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Either [0] or [1].).
[2]
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
|
{0: 'Ergodic theory is also important in studying the geometry of manifolds with negative curvature.', 1: 'Most fathers teach siblings.', 2: 'Faith establishes reality and truth, including in science.'}
| 1 |
137 |
['We know that at least one of two things is true: either light is therefore a very important factor in determining the true color of rubies or thrive business sells products, or most cats have mouths.', 'Once we know either light is therefore a very important factor in determining the true color of rubies or thrive business sells products, we also know that sprinklers react to temperatures in individual rooms.', 'Should it be the case that most cats have mouths, it follows that sprinklers react to temperatures in individual rooms.']
|
We know that at least one of two things is true: either light is therefore a very important factor in determining the true color of rubies or thrive business sells products, or most cats have mouths. Once we know either light is therefore a very important factor in determining the true color of rubies or thrive business sells products, we also know that sprinklers react to temperatures in individual rooms. Should it be the case that most cats have mouths, it follows that sprinklers react to temperatures in individual rooms.
|
The idea that sprinklers react to temperatures in individual rooms is true.
|
It is not true that sprinklers react to temperatures in individual rooms.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [3].
If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].
If [3], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Sprinklers react to temperatures in individual rooms.', 1: 'Light is therefore a very important factor in determining the true color of rubies.', 2: 'Thrive business sells products.', 3: 'Most cats have mouths.'}
| 1 |
7 |
['There is good reason to believe that either drug taking is a moral and a volitional matter or faith is the belief that Hashem exists.', 'The statement, drug taking is a moral and a volitional matter, does not hold.']
|
There is good reason to believe that either drug taking is a moral and a volitional matter or faith is the belief that Hashem exists. The statement, drug taking is a moral and a volitional matter, does not hold.
|
It is the case that faith is the belief that Hashem exists.
|
It is the case that faith is the belief that Hashem exists.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Faith is the belief that Hashem exists.', 1: 'Drug taking is a moral and a volitional matter.'}
| 1 |
502 |
['At least one of two things is true: women generally have fewer migraines as they get older, or a crag is a cliff.', 'The claim that women generally have fewer migraines as they get older has no merit.']
|
At least one of two things is true: women generally have fewer migraines as they get older, or a crag is a cliff. The claim that women generally have fewer migraines as they get older has no merit.
|
Those that suggest a crag is a cliff are right.
|
Those that suggest a crag is a cliff are right.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'A crag is a cliff.', 1: 'Women generally have fewer migraines as they get older.'}
| 1 |
831 |
['When it is a common misconception that if topical therapy is the usual treatment, such as with clotrimazole or nystatin, then lemurs are white and black with a ring tail is true, it follows that maple syrup is made from the sweet sap that is stored in the trunk of the sugar maple.', 'The claim that maple syrup is made from the sweet sap that is stored in the trunk of the sugar maple has no merit.']
|
When it is a common misconception that if topical therapy is the usual treatment, such as with clotrimazole or nystatin, then lemurs are white and black with a ring tail is true, it follows that maple syrup is made from the sweet sap that is stored in the trunk of the sugar maple. The claim that maple syrup is made from the sweet sap that is stored in the trunk of the sugar maple has no merit.
|
When topical therapy is the usual treatment, such as with clotrimazole or nystatin is true, it follows that lemurs are white and black with a ring tail.
|
When topical therapy is the usual treatment, such as with clotrimazole or nystatin is true, it follows that lemurs are white and black with a ring tail.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then [2].
Not [2].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
|
{0: 'Topical therapy is the usual treatment, such as with clotrimazole or nystatin.', 1: 'Lemurs are white and black with a ring tail.', 2: 'Maple syrup is made from the sweet sap that is stored in the trunk of the sugar maple.'}
| 1 |
762 |
['We know that either single vaccines leave children vulnerable to the diseases for a longer period of time or elk are hardier - elk have a natural immunity to most diseases.', 'It is not the case that single vaccines leave children vulnerable to the diseases for a longer period of time.']
|
We know that either single vaccines leave children vulnerable to the diseases for a longer period of time or elk are hardier - elk have a natural immunity to most diseases. It is not the case that single vaccines leave children vulnerable to the diseases for a longer period of time.
|
It is true that elk are hardier - elk have a natural immunity to most diseases.
|
It is true that elk are hardier - elk have a natural immunity to most diseases.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Elk are hardier - elk have a natural immunity to most diseases.', 1: 'Single vaccines leave children vulnerable to the diseases for a longer period of time.'}
| 1 |
851 |
['It is rational to believe that either osteoporosis causes bones to thin and become more brittle and weak or psychometry is the ability to discern information from the vibration of an object.', 'One may reasonably assume that if osteoporosis causes bones to thin and become more brittle and weak, then folktales are usually easier to learn than other types of traditional literature.', 'One may reasonably assume that if psychometry is the ability to discern information from the vibration of an object, then folktales are usually easier to learn than other types of traditional literature.']
|
It is rational to believe that either osteoporosis causes bones to thin and become more brittle and weak or psychometry is the ability to discern information from the vibration of an object. One may reasonably assume that if osteoporosis causes bones to thin and become more brittle and weak, then folktales are usually easier to learn than other types of traditional literature. One may reasonably assume that if psychometry is the ability to discern information from the vibration of an object, then folktales are usually easier to learn than other types of traditional literature.
|
It is a simple truth that folktales are usually easier to learn than other types of traditional literature.
|
Some folktales are animal tales, religious tales, or catch tales.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Folktales are usually easier to learn than other types of traditional literature.', 1: 'Osteoporosis causes bones to thin and become more brittle and weak.', 2: 'Psychometry is the ability to discern information from the vibration of an object.'}
| 1 |
407 |
["Provided that abortion is America's number one killer of children, we know that we know that the claim that abortion is certainly the taking of innocent human life is false.", "abortion is America's number one killer of children."]
|
Provided that abortion is America's number one killer of children, we know that we know that the claim that abortion is certainly the taking of innocent human life is false. abortion is America's number one killer of children.
|
We know that the claim that abortion is certainly the taking of innocent human life is false.
|
We know that the claim that abortion is certainly the taking of innocent human life is false.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].).
[1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Abortion is certainly the taking of innocent human life.', 1: "Abortion is America's number one killer of children."}
| 1 |
692 |
['At least one of two things is true: pregnant women are also of special concern because of the developing fetus, or american sheep are big, meaty, and fast-growing, so other countries are hungry for our genetics.', 'The claim that pregnant women are also of special concern because of the developing fetus does not reflect reality.']
|
At least one of two things is true: pregnant women are also of special concern because of the developing fetus, or american sheep are big, meaty, and fast-growing, so other countries are hungry for our genetics. The claim that pregnant women are also of special concern because of the developing fetus does not reflect reality.
|
Those that suggest american sheep are big, meaty, and fast-growing, so other countries are hungry for our genetics are right.
|
Those that suggest american sheep are big, meaty, and fast-growing, so other countries are hungry for our genetics are right.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'American sheep are big, meaty, and fast-growing, so other countries are hungry for our genetics.', 1: 'Pregnant women are also of special concern because of the developing fetus.'}
| 1 |
353 |
["So long as an insult is a message, 'employees have issues' is true.", 'It is the case that an insult is a message.']
|
So long as an insult is a message, 'employees have issues' is true. It is the case that an insult is a message.
|
The idea that employees have issues is true.
|
The claim that employees have issues does not correspond with reality.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Employees have issues.', 1: 'An insult is a message.'}
| 1 |
153 |
['Should it be the case that either equity is close kin to justice or many constructivists believe also that learning is a social process, it follows that randomization helps significantly in learning many concepts.', 'The statement that states randomization helps significantly in learning many concepts is false.']
|
Should it be the case that either equity is close kin to justice or many constructivists believe also that learning is a social process, it follows that randomization helps significantly in learning many concepts. The statement that states randomization helps significantly in learning many concepts is false.
|
The claim that either equity is close kin to justice or many constructivists believe also that learning is a social process does not reflect reality.
|
We know that either equity is close kin to justice or many constructivists believe also that learning is a social process.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Either [0] or [1].), then [2].
Not [2].
Therefore, Not (Either [0] or [1].)..
|
{0: 'Equity is close kin to justice.', 1: 'Many constructivists believe also that learning is a social process.', 2: 'Randomization helps significantly in learning many concepts.'}
| 1 |
566 |
['On the condition that either water is formed when two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen or misinformation results in fear and irrational behavior, it is definitely the case that some people mistakenly believe that alcoholism is a chronic, incurable, progressive and fatal illness.', 'At least one of two things is true: water is formed when two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen, or misinformation results in fear and irrational behavior.']
|
On the condition that either water is formed when two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen or misinformation results in fear and irrational behavior, it is definitely the case that some people mistakenly believe that alcoholism is a chronic, incurable, progressive and fatal illness. At least one of two things is true: water is formed when two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen, or misinformation results in fear and irrational behavior.
|
Some people mistakenly believe that alcoholism is a chronic, incurable, progressive and fatal illness.
|
The claim that alcoholism is a chronic, incurable, progressive and fatal illness is true.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If (Either [1] or [2].), then (Not [0].).
Either [1] or [2].
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Alcoholism is a chronic, incurable, progressive and fatal illness.', 1: 'Water is formed when two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen.', 2: 'Misinformation results in fear and irrational behavior.'}
| 1 |
542 |
['It is a fact that either if sympathetic nerves go from the brain to all parts of the body, including the arteries, then color differences relate to size of nanostructures or music can influence our behaviour in ways which are beyond our conscious awareness.', 'Those that suggest if sympathetic nerves go from the brain to all parts of the body, including the arteries, then color differences relate to size of nanostructures are wrong.']
|
It is a fact that either if sympathetic nerves go from the brain to all parts of the body, including the arteries, then color differences relate to size of nanostructures or music can influence our behaviour in ways which are beyond our conscious awareness. Those that suggest if sympathetic nerves go from the brain to all parts of the body, including the arteries, then color differences relate to size of nanostructures are wrong.
|
It is the case that music can influence our behaviour in ways which are beyond our conscious awareness.
|
It is not the case that music can influence our behaviour in ways which are beyond our conscious awareness.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [0].
Not (If [1], then [2].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Music can influence our behaviour in ways which are beyond our conscious awareness.', 1: 'Sympathetic nerves go from the brain to all parts of the body, including the arteries.', 2: 'Color differences relate to size of nanostructures.'}
| 1 |
343 |
['We know that either either many plastics take several decades to decompose or people also experience moral evil, the harmful act of a wicked person or group or if some grain comes from whole grain products, then lobsters live in the cracks and crevices of the arches.', 'Given that either many plastics take several decades to decompose or people also experience moral evil, the harmful act of a wicked person or group, it can be inferred that it is not true that either stems consist of nodes and internodes or oral histories are as old as human beings.', 'If if some grain comes from whole grain products, then lobsters live in the cracks and crevices of the arches, then it is not true that either stems consist of nodes and internodes or oral histories are as old as human beings.']
|
We know that either either many plastics take several decades to decompose or people also experience moral evil, the harmful act of a wicked person or group or if some grain comes from whole grain products, then lobsters live in the cracks and crevices of the arches. Given that either many plastics take several decades to decompose or people also experience moral evil, the harmful act of a wicked person or group, it can be inferred that it is not true that either stems consist of nodes and internodes or oral histories are as old as human beings. If if some grain comes from whole grain products, then lobsters live in the cracks and crevices of the arches, then it is not true that either stems consist of nodes and internodes or oral histories are as old as human beings.
|
It is not true that either stems consist of nodes and internodes or oral histories are as old as human beings.
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: stems consist of nodes and internodes, or oral histories are as old as human beings.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [2] or [3].) or (If [4], then [5].).
If (Either [2] or [3].), then (Not (Either [0] or [1].).).
If (If [4], then [5].), then (Not (Either [0] or [1].).).
Therefore, Not (Either [0] or [1].)..
|
{0: 'Stems consist of nodes and internodes.', 1: 'Oral histories are as old as human beings.', 2: 'Many plastics take several decades to decompose.', 3: 'People also experience moral evil, the harmful act of a wicked person or group.', 4: 'Some grain comes from whole grain products.', 5: 'Lobsters live in the cracks and crevices of the arches.'}
| 1 |
887 |
["So long as penguins go through annual fasting periods, 'spinach is a winter vegetable that grows best in cold weather' is true.", 'It is not the case that spinach is a winter vegetable that grows best in cold weather.']
|
So long as penguins go through annual fasting periods, 'spinach is a winter vegetable that grows best in cold weather' is true. It is not the case that spinach is a winter vegetable that grows best in cold weather.
|
The statement 'penguins go through annual fasting periods' can be considered false.
|
We can assume that penguins go through annual fasting periods.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Penguins go through annual fasting periods.', 1: 'Spinach is a winter vegetable that grows best in cold weather.'}
| 1 |
997 |
['Once we know the claim that emotional disturbances are very common with the onset of delirium does not correspond with reality, we also know that if vets say dogs and cats get cancer more often than people do, then an opera company is a company.', 'The statement that states if vets say dogs and cats get cancer more often than people do, then an opera company is a company is false.']
|
Once we know the claim that emotional disturbances are very common with the onset of delirium does not correspond with reality, we also know that if vets say dogs and cats get cancer more often than people do, then an opera company is a company. The statement that states if vets say dogs and cats get cancer more often than people do, then an opera company is a company is false.
|
It is rational to agree that emotional disturbances are very common with the onset of delirium.
|
It is rational to agree that emotional disturbances are very common with the onset of delirium.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then (If [1], then [2].).
Not (If [1], then [2].).
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Emotional disturbances are very common with the onset of delirium.', 1: 'Vets say dogs and cats get cancer more often than people do.', 2: 'An opera company is a company.'}
| 1 |
825 |
['When either radiation fog can occur in a variety of synoptic conditions or ozone is effective against all types of fungi is true, it follows that either a color scheme is a combination or thunderclaps are thunder.', "So long as either radiation fog can occur in a variety of synoptic conditions or ozone is effective against all types of fungi, 'it is not true that either a color scheme is a combination or thunderclaps are thunder' is true."]
|
When either radiation fog can occur in a variety of synoptic conditions or ozone is effective against all types of fungi is true, it follows that either a color scheme is a combination or thunderclaps are thunder. So long as either radiation fog can occur in a variety of synoptic conditions or ozone is effective against all types of fungi, 'it is not true that either a color scheme is a combination or thunderclaps are thunder' is true.
|
It is not the case that either radiation fog can occur in a variety of synoptic conditions or ozone is effective against all types of fungi.
|
The statement 'radiation fog is most common in autumn and early winter' can be considered false.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Either [0] or [1].), then (Either [2] or [3].).
If (Either [0] or [1].), then (Not (Either [2] or [3].).).
Therefore, Not (Either [0] or [1].)..
|
{0: 'Radiation fog can occur in a variety of synoptic conditions.', 1: 'Ozone is effective against all types of fungi.', 2: 'A color scheme is a combination.', 3: 'Thunderclaps are thunder.'}
| 1 |
56 |
['Provided that fluids Push the liquids, we know that if most astronomers determine orbits, then unity allows people to search and grow at a pace of their choice.', 'The claim that if most astronomers determine orbits, then unity allows people to search and grow at a pace of their choice does not correspond with reality.']
|
Provided that fluids Push the liquids, we know that if most astronomers determine orbits, then unity allows people to search and grow at a pace of their choice. The claim that if most astronomers determine orbits, then unity allows people to search and grow at a pace of their choice does not correspond with reality.
|
The statement 'fluids Push the liquids' can be considered false.
|
It is not the case that fluid comes in various colors and temperatures, with varying bubbles and other complications.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If [0], then (If [1], then [2].).
Not (If [1], then [2].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Fluids Push the liquids.', 1: 'Most astronomers determine orbits.', 2: 'Unity allows people to search and grow at a pace of their choice.'}
| 1 |
400 |
['Either particle acceleration processes both in the corona and the interplanetary medium or accounting is a block-building process.', "The statement 'particle acceleration processes both in the corona and the interplanetary medium' can be considered false."]
|
Either particle acceleration processes both in the corona and the interplanetary medium or accounting is a block-building process. The statement 'particle acceleration processes both in the corona and the interplanetary medium' can be considered false.
|
Many people rightly believe that accounting is a block-building process.
|
Many people rightly believe that accounting is a block-building process.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Accounting is a block-building process.', 1: 'Particle acceleration processes both in the corona and the interplanetary medium.'}
| 1 |
572 |
['We know that either small rivers are a different kettle of fish or most architectural firms use computers for word processing, drafting and financial management.', 'The claim that small rivers are a different kettle of fish has no merit.']
|
We know that either small rivers are a different kettle of fish or most architectural firms use computers for word processing, drafting and financial management. The claim that small rivers are a different kettle of fish has no merit.
|
It is true that most architectural firms use computers for word processing, drafting and financial management.
|
The claim that most architectural firms use computers for word processing, drafting and financial management has no merit.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Most architectural firms use computers for word processing, drafting and financial management.', 1: 'Small rivers are a different kettle of fish.'}
| 1 |
473 |
['Should it be the case that comets are almost always invisible to astronomers until they become active, it follows that counterirritants also provoke a release of endorphins which reduce pain.', "Whenever it is true that comets are almost always invisible to astronomers until they become active, 'we know that the claim that counterirritants also provoke a release of endorphins which reduce pain is false' is true."]
|
Should it be the case that comets are almost always invisible to astronomers until they become active, it follows that counterirritants also provoke a release of endorphins which reduce pain. Whenever it is true that comets are almost always invisible to astronomers until they become active, 'we know that the claim that counterirritants also provoke a release of endorphins which reduce pain is false' is true.
|
The statement 'comets are almost always invisible to astronomers until they become active' can be considered false.
|
The statement that states comets can be spectacular objects seen in the night-time sky is false.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1].
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
|
{0: 'Comets are almost always invisible to astronomers until they become active.', 1: 'Counterirritants also provoke a release of endorphins which reduce pain.'}
| 1 |
468 |
['One may reasonably assume that if california has (part) Berkeley, then umbrellas have (part) handles.', 'It is true that california has (part) Berkeley.']
|
One may reasonably assume that if california has (part) Berkeley, then umbrellas have (part) handles. It is true that california has (part) Berkeley.
|
The claim that umbrellas have (part) handles is true.
|
The claim that umbrellas have (part) handles does not reflect reality.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1]
Therefore, [0].
|
{0: 'Umbrellas have (part) handles.', 1: 'California has (part) Berkeley.'}
| 1 |
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