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238,499 |
IRF4b and IRF8 negatively influence the MITA-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. (A) EPC cells were seeded onto 24-well plates overnight and cotransfected with MITA, pcDNA3.1, IRF4b, IRF8, and the reporter genes such as NF-κB (left), IL-1β (middle), and IL-8 (right), respectively. The dose of each plasmid was 0.2 μg (0.25 μg for every kind of reporter gene). Luciferase activity was measured at 24 h after transfection. (B) The concentration gradient experiments of IRF4b and IRF8 were performed in the following doses: 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 μg, and MITA and NF-κB were also transfected into EPC cells. The cells were lysed at 24 h for luciferase reporter assays. (C) MITA, IRF4b, IRF8, and the reporter gene of NF-κB were transfected into EPC cells, and the cells were randomly divided into three groups according to the different time points. After being lysed at 12, 18, and 24 h, luciferase reporter assays were performed. ** p < 0.01. All the experiments were performed independent at least three times.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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24,220 |
Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and results in significant morbidity, with an estimated 11.9–26.9 million infections occurring each year (1, 2). The use of vaccination as a public health prevention measure may alleviate significant disease burden, especially as infection arises via human-to-human transmission and there is no known environmental reservoir (3). Currently, both subunit and live oral vaccines against S. Typhi are licensed and recommended for use in high-incidence settings by the WHO (4). The protective efficacy of the Vi (virulence) capsular polysaccharide vaccine in the first year following vaccination is ~69% (5, 6), whereas the live oral Ty21a vaccine offers ~35% protection (5, 7). Neither vaccine is licensed for use in young children and, as one-third of the cases occur under the age of five (1), the development of new vaccines is vital.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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234,085 |
First, results indicated that levels of depressive symptoms among French university students were particularly high during the two lockdowns, with nearly 30 and 37% reporting possible symptoms. These results are consistent with general trends observed in previous studies conducted among students during the first lockdown . Our study is the first, to our knowledge, to report rates for the second lockdown in France. More interestingly, we observed a significant decrease in depressive symptoms just after the first lockdown, which remained low until the second lockdown, at a rate of 14–16%, compared with the pre-COVID rate of 30% . The trajectory of depressive symptoms suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic may not have a major long-term effect on students’ depressive symptoms, contrary to findings for previous pandemics (e.g., ). This may in part be explained by the age of our participants. Indeed, young adults have two primary social goals: social acceptance and autonomy, with friends as preferred partners . During lockdown, these goals and social partners may have been impeded, which may have contributed to depressive symptoms’ increase. Conversely, once lockdown ended, these goals and partners may have been restored, which may partially explain the decrease in their symptoms.
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108,628 |
The sensitivity of GPI-APs to phosphoinositide-phospholipase C (PI-PLC) was used to evaluate the level of inositol deacylation in our study. After attaching to GPI anchors, GPI-APs are resistant to PI-PLC. Following inositol deacylation in the ER, GPI-APs become sensitive to PI-PLC and are transferred from the detergent phase to aqueous phase when separated by Triton X-11418.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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162,406 |
We were unable to be explicitly evaluate changes in energy expenditure in the present study, but it is likely that the increases seen in physical activity following nicotine injection led to increases in energy expenditure, which contributed to the weight loss and body fat effects seen in the present study. Numerous investigations have detailed the effects of nicotine on energy expenditure, many of which support the notion the energy expenditure is increased with nicotine administration in both animal models and in humans . While some studies have failed to find any effect of nicotine on energy expenditure, these studies have typically been limited in drug access, differed in route and schedule of drug administration, and/or been unable to continuously measure energy expenditure .
| 4 | 0biomedical
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360,009 |
Overexpression of EAP45 in HAP1 EAP45 KO cells rescues virus release in the PTAP mutant but not in the YPXL mutant. (a): PTAP or YPXL mutant proviruses were transfected into EAP45 KO cells with or without the EAP45 expressor. WT provirus was also transfected as a control. Levels of protein from cell lysates or virions were detected by immunoblotting with antibody specific to p24. GAPDH was used as a loading control. (b): The traces of the final cleavage of Gag p24/p24‐p2 in WT, PTAP, and YPXL mutants are either shown separately (WT) or in overlay with and without EAP45 overexpression (PTAP and YPXL mutants). (c): The release (filled bars) and cleavage ratios (empty bars) for PTAP and YPXL mutants are shown, as quantitated in Figure 4. The error bars represent the standard error of the mean of more than six replicates from at least five independent experiments
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240,272 |
The viscosity of any nanofluid has its starting point in the properties of its base liquid. These properties are then subsequently altered as nanoparticles are introduced. Lee et al. investigated changes in density for low volume concentrations of nanoparticles, which showed that increasing the volume fraction of the nanoparticles would slightly increase the nanofluids viscosity. It was also found that the viscosity for low concentrations of the nanoparticles did not follow a linear relationship, as was predicted by current models. Viscosity increases with higher nanoparticle concentration, but will decrease greatly with temperature, even for high nanoparticle concentrations . In a comprehensive review of nanoparticle literature, Nadooshan et al. found that nanofluids with a low volume fraction of nanoparticles typically demonstrated Newtonian fluid behavior. Correspondingly, at high volume fractions, nanofluids were more likely to exhibit non-Newtonian behavior and, thus, have viscosities dependent on the shear conditions of the fluid flow. Garoosi found that the base liquid of a nanofluid played a role in influencing the viscosity enhancement ratio and presented equations which could be used to calculate the dynamic viscosities of water, glycerol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol. These five liquids represent some of the most commonly used base liquids in nanofluid studies.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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7,894 |
Relative expression levels of genes encoding 20 B-toxicity-responsive proteins from C. sinensis (A,B) and C. grandis (C,D) roots using GAPDH (A,C) and RPII (B,D) as internal standards, and the correlation analysis of qRT-PCR results and 2-DE data (E,F). For (A–D), bars represent means ± SD (n = 3); Significant tests between two means were performed by unpaired t-test; Different letters above the bars indicate a significant difference at P < 0.05. For (E,F), 2-DA data from Tables 2, 3.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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265,120 |
For spatial-temporal parameters (Table 1), participants with slow running speed demonstrated larger contact time (0.29 s) than the preferred (0.28 s, P < 0.001, d = 0.73) and fast (0.26 s, P < 0.001, d = 1.25) speeds. However, the slow running condition showed smaller stride length (1.63 m) than preferred (1.78 m, P < 0.001, d = 0.91) and fast (1.94 m, P < 0.001, d = 1.68) running speed conditions. The preferred speed condition led to larger contact time (0.28 s, P < 0.001, d = 0.64) and smaller strike length (1.78 m, P < 0.001, d = 0.79) than the fast speed condition (contact time: 0.26 s; strike length: 1.94 m).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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93,697 |
To obtain the metallographic information desired, the machine was required to state the area of the black phase, to display the picture on an oscilloscope screen, to “slice” the picture horizontally and vertically and to perform lineal analyses at right angles to each other. In certain cases, complete “blob” (any discrete black area) analyses were ordered from which complete data on each blob in the picture were deduced and printed out.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
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203,776 |
Elevated CO2 generally significantly decreased N in both the shoots and roots of AMF and non-AMF plants (Table 1), and such decreases were more pronounced under NeCO2 in AMF plants, and DeCO2 in non-AMF plants (Table 1). Reduction of shoot P concentrations were observed under both NeCO2 and (D + N)eCO2 in non-AMF plants and under NeCO2 in AMF plants only. Both DeCO2 and NeCO2 decreased root P concentrations in both AMF and non-AMF plants. K concentrations in the shoot and root were generally significantly lower under eCO2 than under ACO2 in both AMF and non-AMF plants (Table 1). Meanwhile, F. mosseae inoculation significantly increased root N concentrations under both ACO2 and DeCO2, leaf N concentrations under DeCO2 and root P concentrations under DeCO2 and (D + N)eCO2, and shoot K concentration under NeCO2. A significant CO2 × AMF interaction was observed in N concentrations in both shoots and roots, and the K concentration in roots, but not for P concentrations (Table 1).
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117,493 |
V. anguillarum is an important part of the autochthonous marine microbial communities with a specific ecological niche, such as fish, where selective pressure may allow acquisition of genetic traits that could increase fitness and virulence potential (69). Data presented here clearly support this view, where genomic islands carrying a suite of virulence genes and other mobile elements are probably driving the pathogenic and/or fitness evolution of V. anguillarum (Fig. 4; Tables S4 and S5). It has been suggested that virulence factors have a dual function and are used by pathogens both during the host infection and in environmental adaptation (70). For example, the toxin hemagglutinin in V. cholerae has a role in intestinal colonization, but has also recently been implicated in biofilm formation on chitin-containing surfaces in aquatic environment (71). In the same way, V. antiquarius, isolated in a deep sea hydrothermal vent, exhibited Zot and RTX toxins (46), indicating a multifaceted role outside the host. Thus, the presence of these genes in the V. anguillarum strains (Fig. 4; Tables S4 and S5) suggests a dual role in non-host environments; however, clearly a new outlook is needed for inferring the putative secondary role of pathogenic genes in this bacteria.
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396,565 |
The number of LB cases still increases, thereby the disease is classified as one of the most common vector-borne diseases in Europe, especially in Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Slovenia, and Switzerland. Additionally, a similar impact is noticed in places like China, Australia, Africa, and the north-east United States (6, 7). Every year, over 232,000 new cases of LD are reported in Europe (8). For example, the average annual morbidity over the last 10 years (2009–2018) in Bulgaria was 6.9/100,000 inhabitants (9), while in the Netherlands the total LB cases were estimated to be around 25,000 per year (145/100,000 inhabitants) (10). Infection rates are higher among children between the ages of 5 and 15 and for adults over the age of 50 (2).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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182,802 |
Hemolysis rate red blood cell solution of 120 μL was added to the surface of each sample (including negative and positive control). After 1 h’s incubation at 37 °C, saline solution of 2 mL was gently added into each sponge except that positive control was added with 2 mL sterile water, followed by centrifugation at 660 g for 5 min. Finally, suspension of 100 μLwas transferred into 96 wells plate, and the microplate reader measured the absorbance at 550 nm. The hemolysis rate was calculated as the formulation: Hemolysis rate (%) = (ODt − ODn)/(ODp − ODn) × 100, ODt: the absorbance of sponges, ODn: the absorbance of negative control, ODp: the absorbance of positive control. After the measurement on the microplate reader, these sponges were washed with saline solution and fixed with the 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 4 h, followed by the gradient ethanol (25%, 50%, 75%, 95%, and 100%) dehydration treatment. Then ethanol was replaced by the tert-butanol. After freeze-drying, the adhesive red blood cells on the sponges’ surface were observed and counted by the FE-SEM.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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302,308 |
As a final limitation, our in silico process model is only validated for modeling the growth kinetics of hPSCs at the pluripotent state but not yet adapted to modeling the complex transition or pluripotent hPSCs along their differentiation into specific lineages.
| 3 | 0biomedical
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331,435 |
The virion morphology of CASV (strain 0071 ) and NDiV (strain 179853) was analysed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as previously described . Briefly, the virions were concentrated from culture supernatant with PEG 8000, resuspended in NTE buffer (12 mM Tris pH8, 120 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA pH 8) before ultracentrifugation through a 20% sucrose cushion and 10–40% potassium tartrate gradient. The virus band was harvested and buffer-exchanged into NTE, prepared for TEM on a formvar-coated copper grid and negatively stained with 1% uranyl acetate. Virions were visualised on a JEOL1010 transmission electron microscope. The length of the spikes protruding from the surface of the mesonivirus virions were measured using ImageJ.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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349,724 |
Figure 2 presents the results of the apps that are currently available on a per lesion basis. No published peer reviewed study was found evaluating the TeleSkin skinScan app. The SkinVision predecessor app SkinScan was evaluated in a single study of only 15 lesions (five melanomas).23 Sensitivity was low regardless of whether moderate risk was combined with the low or high risk category (0% or 20% respectively), with corresponding specificities of 100% and 60% (fig 2). When only high risk results were considered as test positive, the original SkinVision app demonstrated a sensitivity of 73% (95% confidence interval 52% to 88%) in a study of pigmented lesions (n=144, 26 melanomas)28; however, sensitivity was only 26% (12% to 43%) when applied to pigmented and non-pigmented lesions (n=108, 35 malignant or premalignant lesions).33 The app only correctly picked up one of three melanomas as high risk.33 Corresponding specificities were 83% and 75% (fig 2). A later revision of the app to allow for non-pigmented lesions led to a 15 percentage point increase in sensitivity for the detection of melanoma when applied to the original pigmented lesion dataset (88%, 95% confidence interval 70% to 98%); however, specificity dropped by 3 percentage points (79%, 70% to 86%).33 Additionally, sensitivity for the detection of malignant or premalignant lesions increased by 45 percentage points when applied to the pigmented and non-pigmented lesion dataset (71%, 54% to 85%), but specificity dropped by 19 percentage points (56%, 44% to 68%).33 When participant responses to in-app questions about lesion characteristics and symptoms were included, sensitivity increased further to 80% (63% to 92%) and specificity to 78% (67% to 87%).33
| 4 | 0biomedical
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385,799 |
Hippocampal neurons treated with CBE and PFFs also showed no further increase in insoluble α-syn species, while there was a marginal increase in phosphorylated Ser129 inclusions detected by immunofluorescence in cortical MCN and a greater increase in TH-positive midbrain neurons (39). CBE treatment of human midbrain neurons has been reported to increase TX-100 soluble HMW species, when size exclusion chromatography was employed (44). It should be noted that in this report and those described in this section (39, 44) the CBE concentration used for in vitro experiments inhibited GCase activity by >90%, and are therefore more likely to be modelling Gaucher disease, rather than PD with heterozygote GBA mutations, where 40–60% loss of GCase activity has been reported in post-mortem brains (6, 9). Titration of CBE concentrations to obtain ~50% loss of GCase activity would be useful in future. Cell models with heterozygous GBA mutations or RNAi with ~50% knockdown have been shown to have increased intracellular monomeric α-syn levels and/or release (11–13). Furthermore the amount of phosphorylated α-syn aggregates following PFF treatment was significantly increased in cultured neurons with GbaD409V/+ mutations or ~50% knockdown of Gba (28, 39).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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194,514 |
The formulation of the hypotheses test in Eq. (1) shows that the non-inferiority means that the new intervention is not worse than the active control intervention with a ΔL margin. When ΔL is fixed, testing the hypotheses (1) can be viewed as a classical composite hypotheses test for mean difference ; therefore, based on the central limit theorem applied to the boundary of the null hypothesis, the asymptotic test Zfixed can be obtained by: 2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $$ Z_{\text{fixed}}=\frac{\bar{X}_{N}-\bar{X}_{R}+\Delta_{L}}{\sqrt{\frac{{\sigma}^{2}_{N}}{n_{N}}+\frac{{\sigma}^{2}_{R}}{n_{R}}}}\sim N(0,1). $$ \end{document}Zfixed=X¯N−X¯R+ΔLσN2nN+σR2nR∼N(0,1).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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336,618 |
The incision of free DNA oligonucleotide substrates containing THF in two different orientations is similar by recombinant APE1 and HeLa WCE. (A) The 601 DNA sequence was amplified by PCR using primers containing either a 5′-IR Dye 700 or 5′-IR Dye 800 termini, a central region was removed by restriction enzyme digestion and replaced by a two-step ligation with a duplex oligonucleotide containing THF on the upper strand (THF-out) or lower strand (THF-in). Full length 256 bp products from the final ligation (see representative figure) were separated and purified by non-denaturing PAGE. Incision of free THF-out and THF-in substrates (50 fmol) by increasing amounts of recombinant APE1 (B–D) and (E–G) HeLa WCE incubated for 10 min at 30°C. Shown is the mean percent substrate incision ± S.D. from at least three independent experiments, and also representative images from the respective gels.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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39,873 |
In Table 1 the mean, the maximum, and the minimum, bending modulus are summarized for carbon nanotubes grown via the water assisted synthesis and the equimolar C2H2-CO2 reaction. The latter CCVD route will be described in detail in the following Section 2.3.2. The main difference observed in the mechanical properties of the carbon nanotubes produced by the equimolar reaction process and by the water assisted method is the smaller range of bending modulus variation for carbon nanotubes produced by the water assisted growth process. This phenomenon is based on the fact that carbon nanotubes, produced by the water assisted growth process, exhibit a smaller average diameter with a narrower diameter distribution. In the case of the equimolar process, carbon nanotubes were produced using CaCO3 nanoparticle support, generally leading to a larger carbon nanotube diameter and a broader diameter distribution compared to carbon nanotubes from the water assisted growth.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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19,069 |
Force versus displacement curves were presented from the finite element analysis, as shown in Figure 5(). The polynomial curves fitting for the whole bone data (F = 562.9d3–1461d2 + 6538d, R2 = 0.996), for the cortical bone (F = −1284d3–8091d2 + 20430d, R2 = 0.994), and for the trabecular bone (F = 1029d3–798.1d2 + 2170d, R2 = 0.997) suggest linear relation between the force and the displacement.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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114,828 |
Each HDL was stained with Dil (1704526, Molecular Probes) as previously described46. Briefly, HDL was incubated with CM-DiI for 15 min at 37 °C, and the mixture was dialyzed overnight to remove the residual staining solution. Macrophages (1 × 106) were incubated with each DiI-labelled HDL (10 µg) for 30 min at 37 °C. HDL particle uptake into macrophages was investigated using confocal microscopy (LSM700, LEICA). For detection of human HDL-derived apoA-I from murine macrophages, macrophages (1 × 106) were co-incubated with human apoA-I (SLBN8688V, SIGMA-ALDRICH, 10 µg) or each HDL (10 µg) for 30 min at 37 °C. After extensive washing with PBS, macrophages were harvested. Cell lysates were processed for western blot analysis of human apoA-I with an anti-human apoA-I antibody (23030485, CHEMICON INTERNATIONAL). In specific experiments, macrophages were pretreated with the clathrin-mediated endocytosis inhibitor Pitstop 2 (20 µM, ab120687, Abcam) for 30 min or the LTB4 receptor antagonist U75302 (300 nM, 70705, Cayman CHEMICAL). For analysis of the effects of LTB4 on HDL uptake into macrophages, the latter was pretreated with 1, 10, or 100 nM LTB4 (20110, Cayman CHEMICAL) for 30 min at 37 °C, and this was followed by incubation with DiI-labelled HDLHealthy for 30 min. HDL uptake was analysed with confocal microscopy. In the same experiment, 5-LO protein expression in raw macrophages was also monitored by western blot analysis. After 2-h co-incubation with macrophages and HDL at 37 °C, the cells were washed in PBS, fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 15 min at 4 °C, and rinsed three times in PBS. The cells were permeabilized in 0.1% Triton X-100 for 10 min, blocked in 5% BSA/PBS for 1 h, and incubated with primary antibodies to apoA-I (23030485, CHEMICON INTERNATIONAL), EEA-1 (ab2900, Abcam) and LAMP-1 (816001, BioLegend) in 5% BSA/PBS overnight. Proteins were detected with Alexa Flour-labelled secondary antibodies.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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250,193 |
Figure 3 shows the effects of 150 g of short-term supplementation of blueberries for six days on glucose and insulin concentration. Postprandial glucose levels were not affected while insulin levels were lower at 120 min. Insulin AUC showed a tendency to decrease compared to baseline.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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184,063 |
Different preprocessing strategies, according to the most applied to infrared spectral data , including those related to plastic samples , were selected to build each pretreatment sequence, that is:Standard Normal Variate (SNV): SNV was applied to reduce the scattering effects in the spectral data and to obtain a general linearization of the relationship between signal and concentration ;Savitzky–Golay (SG) derivative: Derivatives are a common method used to remove unimportant baseline signal from data. SG first derivative filter was applied to emphasize the spectral differences with second polynomial order and 15 points window ;Multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC): MSC is widely used for infrared data (such as SNV and derivation). MSC was useful to remove artifacts or imperfections from data, such as undesirable scatter effect ;Smoothing: Smoothing (Savitzky–Golay routine) was used as low-pass filter (15 points) for removing high-frequency noise due to the derivation process ;Detrend: Detrend was applied on spectra to remove the effects of baseline shift and curvilinearity ;Mean Center (MC): Centering is one of the most common types of preprocessing, usually applied. MC has the effect to include an adjustable intercept in multivariate models .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
725 |
However, despite the reported data, all authors agree that the total occurrences, and therefore, the statistical percentage of metastatic ICTs, are higher than that of the cases that underwent neurosurgical interventions and were histologically confirmed. This statement is further illustrated mainly by the absence of oncological entries that are known to spread to the CNS but are not present in our study. On the other hand, the presence of some extremely rare entries, such as pineocytoma and primary intracranial leiomyosarcoma, are of great value to the statistical significance of the reported data, as they are rarely present in any statistical report.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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385,345 |
We next exposed AMs obtained by BAL and bone marrow-derived neutrophils from naive mice to poly(I:C) in vitro. Poly(I:C) induced small but significant increases in mRNA expression for Il36g (2-fold), Cxcl1 (2.3-fold), Il1a (1.16–fold), Il1b (2.17-fold), and Il36r (1.11-fold) in AMs relative to untreated controls (Suppl. Fig. 5c). In mouse bone marrow-derived neutrophils, poly(I:C) alone failed to induce increased mRNA expression for Il36g, Cxcl1 Il1a, and Il1b (Fig. 6a). Combining poly(I:C) stimulation with IL-36γ stimulation resulted in numerical increased mRNA expression for Il1b but had similar effects on Cxcl1 and trended toward increased expression of Il1a (Fig. 6a).Fig. 6IL-36γ cooperates with poly(I:C) on mouse macrophages and fibroblasts.a Relative mRNA amounts of Il36g, Cxcl1, Il1a, and Il1b in mouse neutrophils (n = 2–6) unstimulated with (−) or stimulated with IL-36αβγ, poly(I:C), or the combination of IL-36αβγ and poly(I:C) (depicted are mean values ± SEM of biological replicates). b Relative mRNA amounts of Il36g, Cxcl1, Il1a, Il1b, and Gmcsf in BMDMs (n = 4) and primary mouse fibroblasts (n = 4) (depicted are mean values ± SEM of biological replicates) unstimulated (−) or stimulated with IL-36αβγ, poly(I:C), or the combination of IL-36αβγ and poly(I:C). *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001 vs all other groups by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s correction.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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187,328 |
No inclusion control groups were considered in the experimental design because this study only intended to predict the efficacy of the intramammary formulations containing cloxacillin or ceftiofur, but at lower concentrations than current commercially available products; as these antimicrobials show a synergistic or additive effect with the Aloe vera gel extract that was part of the formulations.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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85,746 |
Cryopreserved MSCs also stimulated the AF tissue regeneration in the IVD Co6–Co7, but the proliferative response of fibrochondrocytes was less pronounced compared to the native analogue. There was a tendency for improvement in the AF histological structure of the IVD Co6–Co7 on the 30th day (Figure 2D), namely with a decrease in collagen fiber fragmentation, a significant reduction in the area occupied by tears, clefts, and acellular sites, and an improvement of the AF/NP boundary contours. The population of AF cells, as well as in the case of native MSC administration, was represented by small fibrobrochondrocyte-like cells with ovoid nuclei, but cells were located mainly along collagen fibers, only penetrating their mass in some areas (Figure 3B,C).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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94,130 |
I examined and measured 578 specimens of the six major subspecific groups of A. “prasinus.” The distributions of these groups (Fig. 2) were found to be allopatric or parapatric, as others have depicted (e.g., Haffer, 1974; Short & Horne, 2001; Ridgely & Greenfield, 2001; Restall, Rodner & Lentino, 2006). Morphometric data exhibited male-biased sexual size dimorphism (Table 3), so all analyses were performed separately for each sex.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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46,569 |
Using RPT relative expression in tumors and normal tissues, classification models were created using both logistic regression and feed-forward, fully-connected artificial neural networks (ANNs) . LR models were used for binary classifiers and developed with Stata SE 14 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX) with c-statistics, sensitivity, and specificity reported in Additional file 1: Table S2. ANN models were generated for classifiers with multiple outcomes (e.g. tissue of origin models) and binary classifiers with a LR model that failed to converge.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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362,973 |
Data were collected at the university facility at screening, baseline and post-intervention period (12 weeks after the start of the intervention). After providing baseline eligibility screening, potential participants were offered a total of five visits for health assessments at the university facility. Participants in the intervention group had an additional sixth visit for attending the mid-point focus group.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
354,091 |
Risk factors of diabetes include obesity, women with a history of diabetes, inheritance from a family member who has type II diabetes, women with multiples or with twins, lack of physical activity, polycystic ovarian syndrome, previously given birth to a baby of weight greater than nine pounds. Women of Hispanic, Black, American Indian, or Asian American descent have a higher risk for gestational diabetes. Complications for the infant of a diabetic mother are stillbirth, birth anomalies mainly in the first trimester of pregnancy, macrosomia, birth injury, hypoglycemia, respiratory distress, and preeclampsia. Gestational diabetes can be treated assigning to your age, symptoms, general health. Gestational diabetes can be exposed during routine blood work in 24 weeks to 28 weeks of pregnancy. A medical practitioner can help glucose levels in the normal range throughout the pregnancy through small changes by incorporating healthy habits and foods to prevent gestational diabetes onset. Even though a woman had gestational diabetes before, the risk can also be lowered for the next pregnancy if they follow a healthy way of living and eating foods higher in fiber content, low fat, and calories. Devouring fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, along with watching the portion sizes, is recommended. Exercising daily for 30 min of a moderate workout can help you plan for your pregnancy at a healthy weight, not exceeding the recommended weight during pregnancy. All the above-mentioned factors will help to overcome gestational diabetes .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
9,348 |
The use of metabolomics to identify potential biomarkers of HCC is greatly advantageous to patients and healthcare providers because the dysregulation of metabolites may be an early indication of dysfunctional metabolic pathways that could offer valuable insight into the mechanism of HCC initiation, development or progression. In this study, we investigated plasma metabolites that may be associated with HCC in a race-specific manner by considering AA and EA from a cohort that we previously examined . The levels of selected plasma metabolites were measured by GC-SIM-MS. LASSO regression was conducted to select HCC-associated metabolites in a stratified analysis of AA and EA combined, adjusted or not for race, AA only, and EA only, with or without HCV infection. MSVM-RFE was used to rank the metabolites based on their ability to distinguish HCC cases from cirrhotic controls. The metabolites overlapping between the ones selected by LASSO and the top five ranked by MSVM-RFE were taken into consideration. Several metabolites including alpha tocopherol for AA and EA combined, valine for AA only, and glycine for EA only exhibited better performance than AFP.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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29,837 |
The purpose of this work was to assess and improve occupational exposure, particularly the hand exposure of the IR, which was monitored in detail during CTF guided biopsies, in parallel with an ongoing optimization process to reduce hand irradiation. The routine use of needle holders (NH) was introduced as part of this optimization process, and therefore hand exposure was measured for two series of biopsies, before (before NH) and after (after NH) the introduction of needle holders. Approximately 80% of all biopsies performed were chest biopsies (lung or mediastinum). The results obtained provide a useful insight into the dose reduction achievable with improvised needle holders (20 cm towel clamps).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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87,509 |
Overweight prevalence among males was determined as 21.8% (95% CI = 16.2–27.4%; I2 = 98.43%, p < 0.001). Among females, overweight prevalence information was collected from thirty (30) studies with a total sample size of 22,079. Reported overweight prevalence for females from these studies was within the range 8.4–66.6% and the pooled estimate was determined as 27.8% (95% CI 24.4–31.3%; I2 = 97.27%, p < 0.001). The difference (6.0%; 95% CI 5.0–7.0%) in overweight prevalence between males and females was statistically significant (p < 0.0001).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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367,922 |
The machine learning method does not relate to all other methods used in this research. It totally differs in structure, the way of processing, and the display of results also. The very first thing as compared to other methods is that it does not work on the basis of n-grams because it accepts the whole document and provides results on quality phrase mining’s method as described as in Fig. 6; the precision and recall score calculated on the results from machine learning methods were relatively better than the scores of all other methods given in Fig. 7.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
375,947 |
Redhead said he was sympathetic to the proposal but agreed with Greuter’s suggestion that it should be a Recommendation. Otherwise it would slow to a snail’s pace modern revisions of genera, where some of the species that were now shown to belong in totally different places were ancient names that no-one had ever gone back and typified and were only known from concepts. Some of the names went back to Fries, Persoon and several other authors, and locating the exact types would be exceedingly difficult.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
224,149 |
Here, we have applied single-cell morphometrics to study notochord morphogenesis in the amphioxus. In doing so, we identify a core set of morphogenetic processes shared between cephalochordates and vertebrates, that may represent ancestral developmental principles.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
95,516 |
A four-generation family history was significant for a maternal great-grandfather dying from complications of a thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysm, though details were unclear. The patient’s parents are alive and well without any significant health history. No cardiac imaging has been completed in family members. The remainder of the patient’s family history is unremarkable for birth defects, intellectual disability, or recurrent miscarriages. Consanguinity was denied.
| 2 | 1clinical
| 3Clinical case
|
395,633 |
The preliminary results from the cell culture study (Figure 4) confirmed that all the three selected materials can be used in direct contact with the skin, preferentially after preparation through disinfection or normal cleaning. Further in vitro assays have to be performed to investigate the cytocompatibility of the biomaterials for longer times and the release of possible cytotoxic agents in the cells culture medium.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
250,627 |
The second aim was to compare cognitive abilities between the three studied groups while controlling for age. We found that patients from both clinical groups had disturbances in both visuospatial and verbal working memory as well as in speed of processing. These results are in line with the findings of most previous studies that used the same tests from the MATRICS battery . However, our results are inconsistent with other studies that showed no group differences in working memory or speed of processing . We found that patients with CS displayed impairments in both aspects of planning in comparison to HC and had greater difficulties with planning than patients with FES, independently of speed of processing. It is worth highlighting that in most previous studies, patients from both clinical groups had lower results than HC, but were not different in terms of planning; however, this ability was measured based on only one indicator that depended on the speed of processing. Whereas Wu et al. showed that patients with CS had greater difficulties than patients with FES, Carolus et al. found the opposite. We can explain these discrepancies by observing that we analyzed raw scores on all tests while controlling age as a co-variate, whereas most other authors analyzed normalized scores for seven cognitive dimensions, not tests separately and not always controlling demographic variables. Moreover, when we compared results for both clinical groups, we controlled the effects of age, duration of illness, exacerbations, and positive symptoms.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
353,948 |
Leaf and whole plant hydraulic conductances (Kleaf and Kplant) were determined using the evaporative flux method (Sack et al., 2002; Flexas et al., 2013). This measurement is based on the relationship between the leaf transpiration rate (E) and the water potential gradient (ΔΨ) when leaf water potential (Ψleaf) reaches a steady state. In this case hydraulic conductance is calculated as follows: Kleaf = E/(Ψstem–Ψleaf) and Kplant = E/(ΨPD–Ψleaf). Our approach of estimating hydraulic conductances using measurements of E with an IRGA (leaf enclosed in a cuvette) rather than with a flowmeter or gravimetrically (on an unenclosed leaf) relies on the assumption that the leaf boundary layer resistance is negligible, which is addressed by adequate mixing of the air inside the cuvette.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
304,524 |
Regarding the spatial distribution of bycatch events and fishing effort, the majority of bycatch occurred in Eckernförde Bight and Schlei, although the highest fishing effort was in ICES square 37G1, where there was hardly any bycatch. The south-western Baltic Sea is also a habitat for the critically endangered Baltic Proper population during winter months (Benke et al., 2014). Since none of the bycaught animals have been tested genetically, we are not able to determine to which population the bycaught animals belong to. However, even one bycaught harbor porpoise from the Baltic Proper population could have a detrimental impact on this population and a zero anthropogenic mortality limit should be aimed for, also justified by the precautionary principle.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
286,484 |
Our study, despite being the first report evaluating the influence of axillary intervention on posture, has several limitations. Despite adequate selection of patients to each group, our research is not a prospective study; evaluating the initial posture of patients before surgical procedure could provide a valuable insight to this research. Results from our study are creating a hypothesis for a prospective study in the future. Also, other confounding factors were not included, such as level of physical activity and participation in rehabilitation programs. Another limitation of our study is the fact that we have not analyzed the relation between postural changes and post-operative radiotherapy in the axillary fossa region in the group of patients who were operated on with the BCT+SLNB approach.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
345,531 |
Noteworthy is the behavior of CHOL and TRG that in the first analysis seems to be irrelevant, either as marker of pathologies either in correlations performed in the whole studied population. When the correlations between variables were carried out in each group separately, we observed that in the case of leukocytospermia, CHOL and TRG positively correlated with sperm necrosis. Previous studies suggested that elevated lipid levels in seminal plasma might have adverse effect on sperm quality , and seminal plasma TRG and total CHOL levels had a positive correlation with sperm DNA fragmentation . Also increased lipid serum levels play a negative influence on sperm quality .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
94,984 |
These findings were confirmed and extended such that specific areas of the skin were associated with a certain spinal root and was defined as a dermatome, with little overlap, as determined by either anatomical or physiological methods. A remarkable review by Foerster in 1933 discusses how others (e.g. Herringham and Bolk) traced single roots by dissection to the skin . The work was greatly enhanced by that of Sherrington who teased out nerves and defined the dermatomes in monkeys . Their knowledge utilised the vasodilator properties of sensory nerves as defined by Stricker and Bayliss from animal studies [3, 6]. Foerster concluded from his very complete and very visual studies, from 30 years of work as a neurologist, that areas of vasodilation produced by electrical stimulation of posterior roots are similar, but not identical, to anatomical localisation, and relate to the eruption of herpes in that area. Moreover, in terms of nociception, and taking the work of physiologists who were also able to work on animal species, the dermatome area is remarkedly represented by each filament in the root, so if only a few are lost, this has no effect. Post-herpatic pain was difficult, by comparison, to define. Specifically whether the pain was generalised or generated via the central or peripheral nervous system. At a time when the incidence of shingles advances (with increased longevity) and the pain is intense, this remains very topical today . The inflammation is usually relatively acute, but the mechanisms behind the post-hepatic pain that affects many sufferers are debilitating .
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
396,363 |
Statistics was analyzed by SPSS 23.0 (IBM, Armonk, New York, USA). Student’s tor Chi-square test was applied to assess the differences between measurement data. Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was called for the analyses of categorical variables to obtain statistical significance. Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate the survival rates. A P value of < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
354,001 |
Collected demographic variables included race, gender, marital status at IVR, age at IVR, and age at diagnosis of UTUC. Collected clinical variables included the Derived SEER Combined TNM system for cases diagnosed in 2016, the American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) 6th Edition Staging for cases diagnosed from 2004 to 2015, tumor size, grade, tumor primary site of BC and UTUC. Collected therapy and follow-up variables included type of surgical procedure, radiation, chemotherapy, survival months, and vital status.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
390,946 |
With this DDD-technique a natural experiment is set up comparing European countries that responded differently in their spending on healthcare, while they suffered from the same recession in order of magnitude. The selection of countries is based on both quantitative (minimizing the difference in change in GDP, maximizing the difference in health expenditure evolution for the period 2008–2014) and qualitative (the type of measures) elements, which were described above (Fig. 1 and Table 1). On top of that, we were able to select pairs that are quite similar in terms of welfare state provisions and the overall institutional and policy-related functioning of the countries. The selection results in 2 comparisons: Treatment: Ireland – control: United KingdomTreatment: Iceland – control: Sweden
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
4,251 |
Table 2 also shows the zeta potential values of TiO2 NPs prepared in different SFSs before and after the exposure durations. Zeta potential values were used to determine and to predict the potential and long-term stability of the NPs in test solutions. The stability of the NPs increases with greater zeta potential magnitude . Before the exposure (t: 0), the measured zeta potential values of TiO2 NPs were −6.9, −16.0, −20.5, and −23 mV in very hard, moderately hard, soft, and very soft SFSs, respectively. The results indicate that at t: 0, NPs were moderately stable in very soft and soft SFSs, and not stable in other SFSs. After the exposure (t: 72 h), the zeta potential values of NPs in moderately hard—very soft SFSs increased, and those in very hard SFSs decreased. In addition, the stability of the NPs decreased. The results also showed that NPs were negatively charged in all SFSs, regardless of the water composition of the samples.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
290,473 |
A paired-end library of phage EC151 DNA was prepared using the Nextera DNA Sample Preparation Kit (Illumina Inc., Foster City, CA, USA). Sequencing was conducted using the MiSeq Benchtop Sequencer and MiSeq Reagent Kit v.1 (2 × 150 base reads) (Illumina Inc.). The genome was assembled de novo by the CLC Genomics Workbench software v.6.0.1 (Qiagen, Venlo, Netherlands) and resulted in one genomic contig with an average coverage of 150.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
274,580 |
The ability to ferment glucose was determined to classify isolates as homofermenter, heterofermenter or facultative heterofermenter. One colony of each isolate was inoculated into centrifuge tubes containing modified MRS broth (prepared with 20 g of glucose in 1 L of broth) which contain inverted Durham tubes and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h in duplicates. A non-inoculated tube was kept as the negative control and E. coli was used as the positive control.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
70,076 |
The management of cervical pregnancy is challenging due to the associated life-threatening complications [12, 13]. The most effective mode of treatment is still controversial, but the patient can be managed either conservatively or radically. Conservative management includes medical or surgical treatments. Medical treatments include intra-amniotic or systemic administration of methotrexate alone or in combination with KCl for intra-amniotic injection . There is, however, the possibility that when using these approaches the products of gestation may not be resolved or evacuated completely and may remain inside the canal for an extended duration, thus necessitating additional interventions.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
350,789 |
When the intersection condition was bad and the target was relative long, TPS achieved the best accuracy, both in the direction and position of the 3D line. However, it needs two pairs of corresponding image points, which is sometimes hard to satisfy. PtD achieved better accuracy than DtP both in the direction and position of the 3D line, so PtD can be used if there is only one pair of corresponding image points.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
186,658 |
The study sample was formed by a combination of snowball sampling and random sampling. Based on an online crowdsourcing platform powered by www.wenjuan.com, a part of the survey sample was collected from participants by targeted snowball sampling using a dominant social media platform in China, WeChat, with a link of the online questionnaire attached to each invitation. In addition, the survey collected a random sample using the corporate mailing list of dingwei.netease.com, a survey company, via e-mail with a link to the web-based survey. Among the mailing list, 3,194 of approximately 1,000,000 users who fitted the requirement for participation in the survey were randomly selected and sent e-mails. A total of 1,045 respondents completed the survey (328 from snowball sampling and 717 from random sampling). The snow-ball sampling precludes estimating a response rate, while the response rate of random sampling using emails was 22.4%, which is typical for online surveys . Afterward, the invalid questionnaires were screened by C.Y. (missing values ≥ 15% of question items, answering time ≤ 3 s per question item), which resulted in a valid analytic sample comprised of 705 responses.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
395,709 |
The percent increase of anemia was calculated by taking the percentage difference between two survey years and dividing this value by the original (baseline) percentage value. Pearson’s chi-square was used to test for association between the six independent variables and anemia. Because the chi-square test does not indicate the strength (effect size) of a statistically significant relationship, Cramer’s V (V) was used. Cramer’s V is calculated by dividing chi-square (χ2) value by sample size and taking the square root of this value. The values of V range from 0 to 1, values > 0.25 are very strong; 0.15–0.25 are strong; 0.10–0.15 are moderate; 0.05–0.10 are weak and 0–0.05 are interpreted as having no association or very weak association . All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS® IBM version 23.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
164,674 |
Furthermore, there have been reports of a decrease in outpatients being followed up for chronic diseases, a significant reduction in cancer screening and the deprioritization of elective surgery in many cases, to preserve hospital capacity for COVID-19 patients .
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
68,421 |
We surveyed three field sites spanning an altitudinal gradient of 2400 m (400 m to 2800 m) in the southeastern Andes (Table 5): La Estación Biológica Wayqecha (Paucartambo Province, Cuzco Region, 2800 m), San Pedro (Paucartambo Province, Cuzco Region, 1400 m), and Pantiacolla (Manú Province, Madre de Dios Region, 400 m). This area is one of the most biologically rich regions in the world with an estimated species pool of nearly 1100 birds (Walker et al. 2006). To our knowledge, a comprehensive survey of the vascular plants of the region does not exist, although an increasing number of plant identification resources for this region are being made available by the Field Museum of Natural History (http://fieldguides.fieldmuseum.org). Wayqecha is characterized as high elevation cloud forest, with a mosaic of mature forest and areas with shorter trees and woody shrubs that transitions into puna grassland above treeline. San Pedro is predominately mid-montane humid rainforest, but also includes the lower extent of the montane cloud forest. Pantiacolla is situated at the interface between the Andean foothills and the lowland Amazon. Detailed environmental characteristics for these sites have been summarized in Malhi et al. (2016). Sampling was carried out between September 4, 2016 and October 13, 2016, falling within the avian montane breeding season. A distinct rainy season occurs from November through April and a dry season from May through August. Annual precipitation for higher elevations (2700-3000 m) ranges from 1700-2000 mm (Girardin et al. 2010) and is generally >2000 mm for lowland (100-400 m elevation) sites (Rapp and Silman 2012). Time constraints afforded less than two weeks (10.3 ± 2.1 days) for botanical and avian sampling at each site.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
44,221 |
A phylogeny, constructed on repA sequences as described in Kuenne et al. (2010), divided the sequences into two groups. Group 1 included isolates from serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c, and 4b with estimated plasmid sizes ranging from 26 to 88 kb. Group 2 included 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c, and 3a serotype isolates, harboring significantly larger plasmids (p < 0.0005, 55–100 kb) than those from group 1. These sizes are in line with those observed in Kuenne et al. (2010), supporting the assertion that these contigs belong to plasmids. The most prevalent plasmid size (56553–56554 bp) was observed for 26 isolates from seven different CCs and from both lineages I and II. Also noteworthy is that isolates from Switzerland and Canada contained plasmids with 100% nucleotide identity.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
206,981 |
After each washing, the surface of the post-cured specimen was analyzed using SEM (JEOL-7800F, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) as part of a qualitative SEM image analysis. The specimen was mounted after applying a carbon adhesive and coating it with gold palladium. Representative images were obtained at 40× and 1000× magnifications in each group.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
292,464 |
Additional file 1. Supplementary Methods and Results.Additional file 2: Table S1. List of isolates in the ST-1901-associated core-genome group (according to the order in Fig. 1).Additional file 3: Table S2. List of isolates in the Japanese ST-7363-associated core-genome group (according to the order in Fig. 2).Additional file 4: Table S3. List of Japanese isolates sampled from 1996 to 1997.Additional file 5: Figure S1. Whole-genome sequence, dated phylogeny, resistance patterns of the antimicrobials, and genetic polymorphisms in the ST-1901-associated sub-lineage carrying penA-34. Figure S2. Whole-genome alignment of the ancestral strain encoding penA-5, three strains encoding penA-34 dating from 2005, and the reference WHO_Y (F89) strain encoding penA-34. Figure S3. Frequency distribution of other 21 STs in the ST-1901-associated lineage. Figure S4. Amino acid sequence alignment of penA-34 and 35. Figure S5. Nucleotide sequence alignment of penA and its downstream sequences in the ST-1901-associated lineage. Figure S6 Nucleotide sequence alignment of penA and its downstream sequences in the ST-7363-associated lineage. Figure S7. Maximum-likelihood tree of the recombined region (orange in Fig. 3).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
30,447 |
The mammalian display platform is intended to identify drug-like peptides, so we evaluated the stability of TB1G2 under physiological or more extreme conditions. Treatment of TB1G2 with 10 mM DTT produced multiple peaks in RP-HPLC (Fig. 5c), which is unusual for a CDP. Mass spectrometry confirmed incomplete reduction under these conditions (Fig. 6a), while milder, intracellular reducing conditions (10 mM glutathione) had no effect on TB1G2 stability, either soluble (Fig. 6b) or surface displayed (Fig. 6c). We also tested its protease stability in surface display, where large amounts (40 µg mL−1) of trypsin or chymotrypsin produced no change in anti-6xHis staining of 6xHis-tagged TB1G2 (Fig. 6d). Solution thermostability assays, by circular dichroism (Figs. 6e, f) and dye-based thermal shift (Fig. 6g), produced no evidence of altered TB1G2 structure up to 95 °C.Fig. 6Second generation TEAD binder has favorable stability. a Reversed-phase (RP) HPLC trace of TB1G2 under non-reducing or strongly reducing (10 mM DTT) conditions (top). The sample under reducing conditions was analyzed in an in-line LC/MS mass spectrometer, identifying peaks of interest (middle). Peptide m/z of representative peak P1 (bottom) shown, corresponding to a mass of 4971.4 Da. The non-reduced peptide’s mass was measured at 4968.7 Da on the same instrument. Full mass spectra available in Supplementary Fig. 10. b RP-HPLC of TB1G1 and TB1G2 under either non-reducing (NR) or intracellular reducing conditions using 10 mM glutathione (GSH). c 293F cells expressing SDGF-TB1G1 (top) or SDGF-TB1G2 (bottom) were incubated with either PBS, 10 mM glutathione (GSH) or 10 mM DTT for 5 mins before being washed and tested for TEAD binding (20 nM, 2-step stain with Alexa Fluor 647-streptavidin). d A control peptide, with known sensitivity to proteases, was cloned into SDPR and incubated with PBS or either 40 µg mL−1 trypsin (top left) or 40 µg mL−1 chymotrypsin (top right), followed by treatment with reducing agent (5 mM DTT) and iFluor 647 anti-6xHis staining. Bottom: Same as top, with cells expressing SDPR-TB1G2. e, f Circular dichroism spectra of soluble CDPs TB1G2 e and TB1G2-W40P f indicate a structure dominated by α-helical elements, and that this secondary structure signature is identical before (Pre) and after (Post) incubation at 95 °C. Insets: relative ellipticity at 220 nm during heating from 20 °C to 95 °C. g SYPRO Orange thermal shift assay of optides. Shown is the slope of the change in relative fluorescence units (dRFU dtemp−1) during heating from 20 °C to 95 °C. Human siderocalin (HuScn) produced an expected melting temperature of 79 °C, as interpreted by the peak of its RFU vs temperature slope. Conversely, no melting temperature could be determined for the two optides tested (TB1G2 and TB1G2-W40P)
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
79,524 |
The SRM data were pre-processed using the R package MSstats44. The data were log2 transformed to stabilise variance and normalised to remove systematic bias between MS runs. The resulting profile, quality control and condition plots were carefully inspected to identify potential sources of variation for each protein, evaluate any systematic bias between MS runs and assess the variability of each condition per protein, respectively. Transitions with a between-run-interference score of less than 0.8 were excluded as described previously45. This score was calculated based on the correlation between mean of peptide by run and peptide transition intensity46. Transitions with a coefficient of variation of over 10% in over 10% of sample runs were also excluded. Singular value decomposition was implemented on all remaining transitions corresponding to a particular protein and the resulting eigengene value, equivalent to the first principal component, was used to represent the overall profiles for each protein. Data were inspected for outlying samples using unsupervised hierarchical clustering (based on Pearson coefficient and average distance metric) and principal component analysis to identify potential outliers outside two standard deviations from these averages; no outliers were present in these data. Finally, linear mixed models from the R package variancePartition47 were used to characterize and identify environmental drivers that may affect the observed protein abundances between groups. This approach quantifies variation in each abundance trait attributable to differences in age, gender, technical variables and importantly, environmental exposures.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
198,356 |
IL‐8, which also resulted upregulated in most of the patients involved in this study, has been shown to be induced in the failing myocardium, 40 and it was reported to predict the development of left ventricular dysfunction and the following HF together with IL‐6. 41
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
145,187 |
Twenty-four positive clones, selected on selective media lacking histidine, were further tested with the β-galactosidase activity (Table S1). Many of these clones turned rapidly blue upon β-galactosidase testing (3–5 h). However, a large fraction (46%) of such clones matched to Rpl22 transcripts after Sanger sequencing and BLASTN analysis. Based on the fastness of color turning (the smallest the better) and the relative abundance of positive clones, we chose Rpl22 as the candidate for further investigations.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
374,317 |
As mentioned earlier, we denote by \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal {P}}(\Omega )$$\end{document}P(Ω) the space of all Borel probability measures on \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Omega $$\end{document}Ω with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\rho $$\end{document}ρ the generic element which we will often associate with its density \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\rho (x) \in {L}^1(\Omega )$$\end{document}ρ(x)∈L1(Ω), if it exists. We use the standard notation of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${L}^p(\Omega )$$\end{document}Lp(Ω) and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {H}^s(\Omega )$$\end{document}Hs(Ω) for the Lebesgue and periodic \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${L}^2$$\end{document}L2-Sobolev spaces, respectively. We denote by the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$C^k(\Omega ),C^\infty (\Omega )$$\end{document}Ck(Ω),C∞(Ω) the space of k-times (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$k \in {\mathbb {N}}$$\end{document}k∈N) continuously differentiable and smooth functions, respectively.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
87,619 |
Collagen‐induced arthritis rats were orally administered MTX thrice weekly (2.33 mg/kg) or once daily (0.25 or 1.0 mg/kg) for 3 weeks, and serum anticollagen antibody levels were measured on day 22 (Figure 4). Serum anticollagen antibody levels in nonimmunized and 1.0 mg/kg once‐daily groups were below the detection limit. Serum anticollagen antibody levels were significantly lower in the thrice‐weekly and once‐daily (0.25 and 1.0 mg/kg) groups than in the CIA group (P < 0.001, respectively). No significant differences were observed in serum anticollagen antibody levels between the thrice‐weekly and 0.25 mg/kg once‐daily groups. Serum anticollagen antibody levels were significantly lower in the 1.0 mg/kg once‐daily group than in the thrice‐weekly and 0.25 mg/kg once‐daily groups (P < 0.001, respectively).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
216,109 |
We here analyzed data of 224 patients with sCAD, diagnosed by CT/MRI and followed-up by neurovascular ultrasound. Mean number of total ultrasound examinations was 2.75 during a mean follow-up-period of 15.3 ± 21 months. Our analysis yielded the following main findings: The most frequent course, especially in sCAD-caused hemodynamically relevant stenosis with at least 50% difference in flow and/or acceleration of flow comparing healthy and affected sides or higher degrees of stenosis, was an improvement of initial stenosis which, predominantly, occurred within the first six to twelve months after disease onset. Of those patients with multiple sCADs, 90.6% had a decreasing degree of stenosis over time. In contrast, in patients with single lesions due to sCAD, improvement was only seen in 64 out of 151 patients (42.4%). Demographics and cerebrovascular risk factors did not differ considerably between patients with or without recurrence or improvement. Overall, recurrence of sCAD was a rare event during the follow-up-period (n = 12), and a less severe clinical course was evident [NIHSS at hospital admission (5 ± 6.9 (sCAD without recurrence), 2 ± 3.5 (sCAD with recurrence)]. Patients with recurring sCAD had significantly less cardiovascular risk factors, but the small number of affected individuals hinders comparison with non-recurring cases.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
322,141 |
Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was chosen as the effect measure for the quantitative synthesis conducted on the basis of combination formed from different (R)VVI and MBL2 polymorphisms. The OR-estimates were pooled based on allelic, homozygote, heterozygote, dominant and recessive genetic models for each comparison. χ2–based Cochran’s Q statistics were used to assess heterogeneity between studies, which signifies its presence at p-value < 0.05. To further quantify the amount of variability between studies, I2 index was used to represent the presence of low, moderate and high inconsistency with increasing value of I2 index i.e. < 25%, 50% and >75% respectively29. To account for observed significant (p < 0.05) heterogeneity among studies, the random-effects model was applied. However, in case of no heterogeneity (p > 0.05) a fixed-effects model was used for pooling results. Moreover, the publication bias was assessed by visually interpreting the funnel plots and the quantification of it was performed by the Egger’s linear regression test and Begg & Mazumdar’s rank correlation test, wherein the p < 0.05 depicts statistically significant publication bias30. Further, to adjust the observed publication bias, trim and fill technique was used for recalculating the effect size (ES) of the genetic models31. Sensitivity analyses was also carried out to evaluate the contribution of each study to the pooled OR estimates by sequentially removing one study at a time and re-computing the summary ES for the rest of the outcomes. Distinct ethnicities were considered as moderators and the pooled results were stratified and compared among subgroups of Asian, Caucasian, Egyptian and Mixed population formed because of it. The countries of Latin America, particularly Brazil, Mexico and Colombia have widespread racial mixing (made up of people of several different origins from the original natives to Portuguese, European, Black African, Japanese and Arab colonists), hence generally regarded as of Mixed ethnicities. All these statistical analysis was performed by ProMeta software v 3.0 (Internovi, Cesena FC, Italy). Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in the controls was determined using χ2 test. The adequate sample size needed to achieve the statistical power of each MBL2 polymorphism was calculated by genetic association study power calculator (http://csg.sph.umich.edu/abecasis/gas_power_calculator/) using global minor allele frequency of each polymorphism. Bonferroni’s correction was applied to control inflation of the type I error rate. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
357,655 |
AFP is the only biomarker which has passed through all five phases of biomarker identification and validation procedure . AFP is widely used in clinics as an independent factor for HCC late stage, early recurrence, and poor prognosis . Serum concentration of AFP alone or in combination with ultrasound showed good accuracy in HCC diagnosis, and sensitivity and specificity of the test with a threshold of AFP at 400 ng/mL were better than those at a threshold of 200 ng/mL . Additionally, usage of standard deviation of AFP and rate of AFP elevation as well as patient-specific risk factors such as age, platelet count, and smoking status has been reported to improve prognostic accuracy of the test as compared to usage of only AFP level . Level of AFP ˃400 µg/mL index tumor size ˃5 cm and vascular invasion have been shown to strongly associate with extrahepatic metastases in HCC, especially when combined with into multi-parametric metastasis prediction criterion .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
111,354 |
The establishment of a tumour's histopathology is the culmination of a complex interplay between genetic drivers, the tumour cell of origin, somatic gene alterations, and factors in the microenvironment. Therefore, the finding that signalling appears to be specific to NSCLC histotypes across species is tantalizing. Although analysis of a larger set of samples is required, this indicates a causative role for signalling in the formation of histopathology subtypes. We detected both restrictive PI3K–AKT activity and increased SRC activity in ASC lesions. This extends the finding of prior studies that ascribed altered PI3K–AKT and SRC signalling to Lkb1 loss in Kras‐driven NSCLC 14, 15, but we relate this to an alteration in histotype spectra, particularly an increase in ASCs. Interestingly, mutations in the PI3K pathway have been detected specifically in the SCC, but not in the AC, components of clinical ASCs 34. This implies that PI3K–AKT signalling could indeed drive human squamous tumours, and corroborates findings demonstrating SCC induction following loss of the PTEN negative regulator of PI3K–AKT signalling 35, 36.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
95,348 |
The investigation on FXII:Ag revealed significantly increased levels in MS patients. FXII:Ag provides information about the concentration of circulating FXII protein independently from its activation and activity, presence of inhibitors, and other factors participating in the coagulation pathway. We did not observe, even as a trend, higher levels of FXII:c in RR-MS and SP-MS patients compared to HS as reported by a previous study (14). However, our cohorts were smaller (with exception of the PP-MS group) than those of the German study and, in accordance with our study design, we did not investigate FXII:c during relapse. Further comparison between data in German and Italian MS patients is hampered by absence of information about FXII protein levels (FXII antigen) in German patients. Nevertheless, the increased FXII:Ag levels detected in Italian MS patients and the increased FXII:c detected in German MS patients are both candidate to increase FXII-related immunomodulatory function. Of note, both FXII protein forms, the zymogen and the active ones, would express the immunomodulatory role independently from FXII activation in the coagulation pathway.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
44,830 |
The explanatory variables were then examined in relation to the three primary scar outcome categories. Univariate analysis was conducted using cross-tabulation (Pearson’s chi square–categorical variables) or Kruskal-Wallis test (continuous variables). The epidemiological modelling used the collapsed dichotomous outcome measure (Fig. 2), and logistic regression was employed to estimate the probability of raised scar based on the values of the explanatory variables (Table 2). Approximately 65% of subjects were in the control group, and the case group data (subjects with raised scar) were weighted 2:1 to improve balance in the analysis. Initially all factors from the univariate analyses with a p value less than 0.15 were entered simultaneously into the logistic regression model. Backwards elimination of selected variables was performed for those that were the least significant (and with a p value greater than 0.05). All two- and three-way interactions of significant factors were examined to see if they significantly improved the model fit. The output provides measures of significance for each variable for prediction of scar outcome and estimates of increased risk for different levels of each factor in the form of odds ratios (with 95% confidence intervals) in comparison with a chosen reference level.Table 2Variables for inclusion in the logistic regression modelVariable descriptionVariable typeState descriptionSexCategoricalFemale; malea Age (years)ContinuousFitzpatrick skin typeCategorical1–3a; 4–6History of asthmaCategoricalNoa; yes%TBSAContinuousExternal cause of burnCategoricalScalda; contact; flame; otherWound depth (proxy variable surgery level)CategoricalConservativea; Split-thickness skin graft ± ReCell®Healed within 14 daysCategoricalNo; yesa Wound complications (over-granulation, graft loss or wound infection)CategoricalNoa; yesMultiple surgical procedures for acute wound (>1)CategoricalNoa; yesLength of stay (days)Categorical0a; >0–7; >7–14; >14–30; >30–60; >60Worst scar locationCategoricalFace/head/neck; chest/abdomen/groin; back/buttocks; arm; hand; lega; footTime from injury to scar assessment (months)Continuous aReference state
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
34,415 |
Next, we hypothesized that the level of ROS generated in the NTR+ β-cells would be directly dependent on the concentration of MTZ present. To investigate if there is a dose-dependent relationship, we treated embryos with both low (2.5 mM) and high (7.5 mM) concentrations of MTZ using the same experimental paradigm indicated in Figure 1(a). As expected, there was no ROS generation in the untreated control β-cells (Figure 2(a)). With 1 hour of treatment, the 2.5 mM dose did not show significant ROS generation, but 7.5 mM MTZ induced a more than 4-fold increase in ROS levels as compared to untreated controls (Figures 2(b)–2(d)). With 6 hours of treatment, the 2.5 mM treatment did not result in significant ROS generation, though it trended upward, while the 7.5 mM dose caused a nearly 6-fold rise in ROS levels relative to untreated controls. Consistent with our previous observations, the measured ROS levels were no different than baseline with 24-hour treatment of either the 2.5 mM or 7.5 mM MTZ. Despite the lower levels of ROS observed with 2.5 mM treatment, there was a dramatic reduction in the number of β-cells at the 24-hour time point (Figure 1(b)). Thus, even though induced ROS levels are lower with the 2.5 mM dose, this dose is sufficient to induce cell death over a 24-hour period.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
328,730 |
Genomic DNA was isolated from 10 μm-thick FFPE whole tissue sections enriched for the tumor cells by macrodissection using a RecoverAll Total Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit for FFPE (Life Technologies, ThermoFisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA) according to the supplier’s instructions.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
3,255 |
There is emerging debate of whether neutrophils are absolutely necessary to purge the system of foreign invaders during early pneumococcal infection (Peracoli et al. 2011; Sutherland et al. 2014), or if neutrophils have a greater potential to promote detrimental effects during early pneumococcal infection (Balamayooran et al. 2010; Costantini et al. 2011; Isailovic et al. 2015). The generation of the 1A8 neutrophil‐neutralizing antibody (Verbanac et al. 1993) affords the ability to distinguish the roles of neutrophils against bacterial infection. Here, we took advantage of the 1A8 antibody to determine the contribution of neutrophils in survival against pneumococcal infection and whether its influence could be linked to CRH's protective role. In that, depletion of neutrophils did not result in a significant difference in overall survival compared to neutrophil‐competent mice raises an important question relating their contribution to protection against pneumococcal infection. In support, previous studies have raised a similar argument related to their role against S. pneumoniae and other respiratory infectious disease. For example, Cooper et al. suggest that the requirement for neutrophils in protection against pneumococcal infection may depend on disease severity (Herrod 1984; Cooper et al. 2013; Drescher and Bai 2013). Consistent with Figure 2, intranasal administration of CRH to neutrophil‐competent mice increased survival compared to untreated mice. Most intriguing, however, was the observation that CRH administration compensated for the absence of neutrophils, resulting in a significantly higher survivorship compared to neutrophil‐competent mice administered CRH. This finding suggests that neutrophils may be expendable in protection against S. pneumoniae infection. Alternatively, one might consider that the necessity of neutrophils during infection is tightly linked to disease status (e.g., bacterial burden, inflammatory condition). To date, the direct effect of CRH on neutrophils and other leukocyte populations remain largely unknown. Our preliminary studies of their influence in lung parenchymal tissue suggest that neutrophils and other monocyte lineages are responsive to CRH (our preliminary findings). Knowledge of how CRH modulates leukocyte subpopulations’ function will benefit our understanding of CRH as a mediator of anti‐inflammatory inflammatory responses.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
308,939 |
Transmission could occur between patients in the hospital or between individuals in the community, and the infectiousness of those carrying the pathogen was allowed to differ between the hospital (β1) and community (β2). Colonized and symptomatic individuals in the same location were assumed to be equally infectious (i.e., had the same β1 or β2 values). However, contact rates could be assortative by age group, meaning individuals of one age group were more likely to contact members of the same age group than expected if contacts had occurred randomly. The degree of this assortativity could vary by location (δ1, δ2). Transmission from adults aged 65 or older in the community was reduced by a proportion (σ) to reflect the fewer overall number of social contacts of older adults compared to younger people . Once colonized, individuals could become symptomatic at a rate α, and this rate could depend on age group and location. Asymptomatic carriers could clear colonization at rate γa for short-term carriers, or γb for long-term carriers. Symptomatic cases returned to the colonized state when they recovered from infection at rate γS.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
8,405 |
a, b. Logarithmic scatter plots (with blue orthogonal regression lines) showing significant correlations between the mean amount of CC in (a) the right and left ankle joints and (b) between the talar and distal tibial cartilage. Data points have been adjusted to avoid over-plotting. c The mean amount of calcification in the distal tibial and talar cartilage is depicted as an Effect Plot (logarithmic)
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
348,970 |
The discrimination performance for all-cause in-hospital mortality was highest for REMS (AUROC 0.62; 95%CI 0.59, 0.65), followed by NEWS (AUROC 0.61; 95%CI 0.58–0.64), qSOFA (AUROC 0.58; 95%CI 0.55–0.61), and SIRS (AUROC 0.52; 95%CI 0.49–0.55) (Table 2 and Fig. 3). All EWSs had better discrimination by AUROCs for all-cause mortality within 7 days of admission compared to all-cause in-hospital mortality although the trend of results of AUROCs was similar (Table 2 and Fig. 3). In pairwise comparisons between EWSs, REMS had significantly better discrimination than all other EWSs except for NEWS for both outcomes (Table 3). In subgroup analyses, all EWSs show better discrimination for all-cause in-hospital mortality and mortality within 7 days in those aged greater or equal to 70 years than those aged less than 70 years (Table S2). All EWSs show better discrimination for all-cause mortality in those without chronic comorbidities compared with those with at least one chronic comorbidity, but an opposite trend was seen for all-cause mortality within 7 days of admission for SIRS and NEWS (Table S2). Calibration for SIRS showed underestimation of predicted mortality risk at lowest and highest SIRS scores (Fig. 4 and S2). The other EWSs tended to be well-calibrated except for at underestimation of all-cause in-hospital mortality risk at high predicted probabilities in NEWS and for all-cause mortality within 7 days of admission for both NEWS and REMS (Fig. 4 and S2). However, only a few patients had very high NEWS and REMS scores (Fig. 2). Fig. 3Receiver operator characteristic curves for early warning scores for in-hospital mortality and mortality within 7 days in patients with suspected sepsis. a In-hospital mortality. b Mortality within 7 days of admission. EWS score = SIRS (blue line), qSOFA (yellow line), NEWS (green line), and REMS (orange line). Abbreviations: SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; qSOFA, quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; NEWS, National Early Warning Score; REMS, Rapid Emergency Medicine ScoreTable 3Pairwise comparisons of area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of early warning scores for in-hospital mortality and mortality within 7 days among patients with suspected sepsisIn-hospital mortalitySIRSqSOFANEWSREMSMortality within 7 daysSIRS**0.007*** < 0.001*** < 0.001qSOFA*0.03*0.05**0.005NEWS*** < 0.001*0.040.27REMS*** < 0.001**0.0040.26Comparison were performed by bootstrap test. *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01 ***p < 0.001Abbreviations: NEWS National Early Warning Score, qSOFA quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, REMS Rapid Emergency Medicine Score, SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndromeFig. 4Calibration plots of early warning scores for all-cause in-hospital mortality in patients with suspected sepsis. a SIRS criteria. b qSOFA score. c NEWS score. d REMS score. Hollow circles denote groups of predicted risk. Vertical line through hollow circles denote 95% confidence intervals. The distribution of non-events of the outcome (0) and events of the outcome (1) by expected probability are denoted by the rug plot (light grey) along the x axis. Abbreviations: SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; qSOFA, quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; NEWS, National Early Warning Score; REMS, Rapid Emergency Medicine Score
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
276,978 |
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second-leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide . The high mortality of HCC patients is partially due to the lack of effective drug therapeutic options. Since HCC is a solid tumor with a hypervascular nature, antiangiogenic therapy has been considered a vital therapeutic strategy for advanced HCC. Recently, several tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that inhibit molecular signals to enhance angiogenesis have been developed to prolong the prognosis of patients with advanced HCC . In addition, a new TKI therapeutic strategy combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which enhances HCC angiogenesis, has been developed . These clinical advances in drug therapies suggest that angiogenic signaling in HCC is an important therapeutic target; thus, more studies to reveal the mechanism of HCC angiogenesis are needed to improve antiangiogenic therapy for HCC.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
376,385 |
Some issues regarding the Appendices had been published in a recent paper in Taxon [Wiersema & al. in Taxon 66: 772–775. 2017 https://doi.org/10.12705/663.38] that raised the question of whether the Appendices should continue to be published in hardcopy. If so, should the hardcopy of the Appendices be published at the same six-year interval as the main text? If the Appendices were not published in hardcopy, would there be a need to archive a snapshot at some point in time, for example every six years, as a Version of Record? With the online version it was now possible to make corrections, and these were constantly being fed in. The corrections could be made and flagged, using the cross-out feature for things that were deleted, or the underscore for things that were inserted. Another question was, therefore, whether such corrections should continue being made on a regular basis or whether it was better to wait and include them in the official “Version of Record”. This would be different from what had been done prior to having the online resource.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
60,465 |
Current studies evaluating the levels of trial participation are methodologically limited; involving either healthy participants responding to hypothetical scenarios in analogue studies; and by focusing exclusively on those patients consenting whilst ignoring those who declined . Previous surveys are difficult to interpret as respondents were rarely asked to make a choice between self-interest and altruism, typically reporting both motivations without exploring how these motivations were weighted .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
248,325 |
The article review process and number of articles in each step are shown in Figure 1. A total of 54 articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria (Table 1) and were systematically extracted (Table 2). These articles were then divided into four categories based on the type of overall impact pets had on the mental health of owners: (1) positive impact (n = 17); (2) mixed impact (n = 19); (3) no impact (n = 13); and (4) negative impact (n = 5). Factors that influenced mental health include (a) age (middle-aged female caregivers had more psychological stress than young female and male caregivers), (b) obedience and aggressiveness of the pet, (c) marital status (single women who owned a dog were less lonely and socially isolated than women without pets), and (d) attachment to the pet (high level of bonding has lower anxiety and depression scores than lower level of bonding) . A few representative studies with mixed results include one examining the general population, which found that unmarried men who live with a pet had the most depressive symptoms and unmarried women who live with a pet had the fewest . Another study examining the impact of companion animals on cancer patients found that mental health was associated with the status of cancer treatment, with those receiving intense treatment having poorer mental health . In addition to overall impact, the study population, study type, population size, year of publication and article quality are reported (Appendix B).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
59,558 |
In panel (a) of Fig. 3 we show the results obtained for 1:1 oscillations of the vertical pendulum with very small amplitude (typically this solution is reported as a semi-trivial one, because in the system with significantly larger damping the motion of the vertical pendulum would be not or barely observable). This solution is stable in the whole analysed range of the parameter values except the narrow resonance tongue that occurs for ω = 20[rad/s]. The position of the branching bifurcation lines have been detected by path-following and confirmed using both experimental analysis and sample-based approach. The agreement between the results obtained using all three approaches is remarkably good.
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
|
110,992 |
As mentioned earlier, many severe damages are sub-surfaces and it is not always possible to make a judgement on the severity of the damages via an image. Therefore, a close inspection by a maintenance engineer must also be scheduled. Visiting all the areas highlighted by the initial inspection, the engineer will gather more information on each damage area (perhaps also discovering new ones) and generate a recommendation for each blade’s repair requirement. The inspection is commonly based on the simplest and most robust techniques of visual assessment and manual tap testing. From this effort a job list (and a cost estimate) for the entire wind farm repair will be produced and approved.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
335,127 |
Thermally crosslinked membranes of SPPSU polymers have been reported in previous research . Crosslinking occurs between the sulfone groups of SPPSU under a thermal environment. The same phenomenon occurs in composite membranes of SPPSU polymers and PVA polymers. In addition, crosslinking occurs between the sulfone groups of SPPSU and the hydroxy groups of PVA upon heat treatment. A crosslinked SPPSU-vinylon membrane could be obtained using a formalization reaction with PVA (Figure 1).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
258,630 |
UBE3A has been shown to have both nuclear and cellular functions mainly through its ubiquitin protein-ligase activity . UBE3A interacts with most of the components of the proteasome regulating the activity of signal transduction pathways such as Wnt signaling that regulates central nervous system development [30–32] and synaptic plasticity in both excitatory and inhibitory GABAergic axon terminals [33–36]. At the nucleus, UBE3A has been shown to regulate chromatin structure, DNA methylation and transcriptional regulation [37–40]. Interestingly, 8 out of the 10 genes found mutated in this study are mainly involved in synapsis (VAMP2, SYNGAP1, SLC6A1 and KCNQ3) [41–44] and chromatin remodeling or transcription regulation (TBL1XR1, SATB2, SMARCE1 and ASXL3) [45–48].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
66,854 |
To see the effects of θ(N), α(N−1) and N on the elastic properties of the level N NPR tube, we use the following examples, considering the NPR tubes composed by a CNT as fundamental unit. With respect to the effects of α(N−1) on E(N)β(N) and ν(N), the parameters N=1, θ(1)=−20°, m(1)=10, α(0)=5−10 are adopted, and the related results are reported in Figure 3. From Figure 3, we can see that both E(1)β(1) and ν(1) decrease with the increase of α(0). Similarly, for the effects of θ(N) on E(N)β(N) and ν(N), the parameters N=1, α(0)=5, m(1)=10, θ(1)=−30°−0° are considered. The related results are shown in Figure 4. It can be seen that ν(1) increases with the increase of θ(1), however, E(1)β(1) at first decreases with the increase of θ(1) until about −22°, and after that, it increases with the increase of θ(1), showing an interesting minimum that could be invoked for structural optimization; see Figure 4a. For higher level N (N>1), the effects of θ(N) on E(N)β(N) and ν(N) are similar to that of level 1. Finally, for the effect of the hierarchical level N on the axial rigidity E(N)A(N), the following parameters are considered: N=1−5, θ(N)=−20°, m(N)=10, n(N)=50, α(N−1)=5.5 The related results are displayed in Figure 5. We can see that axial rigidity E(N)A(N) decreases with the increase of N. Also, for higher level N (N>1) NPR tubes, the effects of the parameters θ(N), α(N−1) and N are similar to those of the level 1 NPR tube. Note that with the increase of the hierarchical level N, the equivalent modulus E(N)β(N) of the level N NPR tube sharply decreases, as can be seen from Equation (25) or (26).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
7,257 |
It follows that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $$ C_{30}(2) \approx 2 \left[\frac{C_{20}(1)}{C_{1}}\right] C_{20}(2) $$ \end{document}C30(2)≈2C20(1)C1C20(2)
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
331,647 |
Although limited studies have examined the psychological status of Chinese COVID-19 patients in the ongoing pandemic, a few studies have provided evidence that COVID-19 patients generally suffer from psychological symptoms similar to those reported in SARS patients and survivors. Evidence shows that these patients experience increased anxiety and depression . One study showed that more than one third of the Chinese COVID-19 patients have developed moderate to severe levels of anxiety . Another study also showed that most of the studied COVID-19 patients (96%) have developed PTSD, although it should be highlighted that the assessment of PTSD symptoms in the study relied primarily on self-report rather than clinical diagnosis . Of note, however, there has also been an update of the clinical criteria used for diagnosis of PTSD in 2013, where the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the criteria for assessing posttraumatic stress symptoms, was modified . Owing to such modifications and the use of different methodologies for PTSD diagnosis among patients between the studies during the two different coronavirus disease outbreaks , it is important to note that the effect of these outbreaks on the prevalence of PTSD among patients cannot be directly compared. Moreover, these patients were shown to have a perception of helplessness and a tendency to resign to their fate during their rehabilitation , which promoted a sense of frustration among these individuals.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
389,623 |
The SEM investigation revealed that coatings deposited on the as-received titanium from both zein solutions (3 and 6, Table 1) at a voltage of 5 V for 5 min were dense and relatively homogeneous (Figure 17a,b). However, in both coatings, open pores with a diameter in the range of 1–25 µm were observed.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
95,975 |
Box-plot (A, E, I) and ROC curve (B, F, J) for GFRalpha2, ITIH4 and NPDC1, respectively, in 8 metastatic cases and 13 controls in cohort 1. (C, G, K, D, H and L) likewise show the results for the same proteins in the 14 metastatic cases and 14 controls in cohort 2.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
370,457 |
Many computational wheelchair models have been created to directly relate easier-to-measure component test results to system-level propulsion cost [39, 40, 42–44]. As in , these models serve to isolate the variables that best predict the efficiencies of each chair, and allow readers to infer the relative propulsive forces or effort required to move the MWCs. In many ways, this work mirrors the use of dynamic models in the automotive [9, 12] and cycling [45–47] industries to inform the design of the chassis, frame, suspension, and optimize stability. One early wheelchair model of straight trajectory racing wheelchair propulsion attempted to calculate dynamic system output using component metrics, biomechanics, chair geometry, and aerodynamics to the dynamic system output . This model was later evaluated by Hofstad and Patterson who concluded that no single model could accurately predict forces during both rectilinear and curvilinear motion, though certain parameters such as bearing resistance and air drag were not significant predictive factors in either type of motion .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
137,765 |
The isothiocyanate sulforaphane can prevent the progression of several diseases by activating AMPK or SIRT1-mediated signaling transduction . The compound exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptotic effects in many tissues [14–16]. Sulforaphane can also protect against IEC injury caused by LPS , but whether this protection involves the activation of AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling is unclear.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
245,462 |
In the current study, dose and LETd associations with RAIC in patients treated with IMPT for HNC at the skull base were explored using voxel-level data and mixed effect logistic regression modeling. Our result demonstrated positive and significant dose and LETd associations with RAIC in all models and a slightly improved ability to discriminate between voxels with and without RAIC when LETd was included as predictor. We further found that the effect of dose and LETd varied considerably between patients, resulting in wide CIs and large uncertainties in predictions.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
255,463 |
This kind of love derives from a combination of the intimacy and passion components of love. In essence, it is liking with an added element, namely, the arousal brought about by physical attraction and its concomitants. According to this view, then, romantic lovers are not only drawn physically to each other but are also bonded emotionally (Sternberg, 1986, p. 124).
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
270,124 |
For the ASD carbon source input type experiments, treated soils were aerated, planted with the same strawberry cultivar, irrigated, and fertilized, as noted above. Pots were arranged according to a completely randomized design in environmental growth chambers. Trials concerning M. phaseolina were incubated for 2 weeks at 24/18 °C post-planting, followed by 30/18 °C with a 12 h photoperiod for 7 weeks. Experiments involving F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae infested soils were incubated at 24/18 °C for 10 days post-planting followed by 28/20 °C with 12 h photoperiod for 5 weeks to encourage host infection by the pathogen and the development of wilt symptoms. Photosynthetically active radiation at the plant canopy level was performed, as noted above.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
151,616 |
To assess the safety of nitrate exposure in swine, a stepwise, weight-of-evidence (WOE) evaluation was used to identify relevant studies and reliable NOAELs for nitrate administration. Results from the comprehensive review presented herein provide a complete risk profile of nitrate consumption in swine as well as a robust comparison of appropriate NOAELs to proposed beneficial supplementation levels. In addition, conclusions from this review further support EFSA’s NOAEL of 410 mg/kg-bw/day.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
223,255 |
The second stage (days 5–8) was the experiment itself. During this phase, we deployed prey at the same sub-sites to those used in the training. We deployed prey in two clusters with each cluster being released within an area of 9 m2 and at over 1 m from the other cluster. In one cluster, we deployed 10 undefended mealworms (100 controls/site/day) injected with water, which were undefended control prey. We deployed a control to show that predators were able to discriminate among prey (i.e., were educated) and their predation of model-mimics was related to their preferences. In the second cluster, we deployed 10 model-mimics (100 model-mimics/site/day) (the experimental treatment), which were a combination of undefended (injected with water) and defended (injected with quinine) mealworms (for more details of prey preparation and deployment in the field see21,22). We used 25 × 25 mm PP squares of different colours for the controls and treatments. We used pink (#F5A9D0) and yellow (#F2F5A9), which were randomly assigned to the control and model-mimic treatments across the 12 sites in a balanced manner (See Fig S1 for what prey looked like, Table S1 for their presentation in the different sites).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
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