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302,670 |
A visual examination of the funnel plots showed asymmetry and suggested that there is a source of publication bias, as shown in Supplemental Figure S1. In addition, the Egger test indicated a statistically significant publication bias for the hypertension prevalence estimates (Egger’s test p = 0.017).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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154,197 |
The cumulative release of WSK from different treatments was computed by taking the sum of the amounts of WSK (mg kg−1) released at a particular time (Fig. 3). The cumulative WSK release was recorded notably higher in the case of treatment containing RMP as compared to the treatment containing only organic materials (T2). The smallest size fraction of the RMP (T6) recorded the highest cumulative WSK (46.2 mg kg−1) which was significantly higher than the largest size fraction (T3) of RMP (25.8 mg kg−1). Higher values of rate constant (slope) and intercept were obtained with smaller particle size of the RMP (Table 2). The K solubilization from minerals can be influenced by several geochemical factors, including pH, redox potential and chemical environment present in the plant rhizosphere (Zhu et al. 2014). The exact geochemical conditions of a natural environment might not be present under laboratory condition, but some factors such as pH and redox potential are expected to play important roles both under laboratory and field conditions (Wang et al. 2011). Current results indicated that organic materials improved the bioavailability of K from RMP during the incubation. Mobilization of K from the RMP with organic materials might have contributed considerably to WSK release (Basak et al. 2017). During incubation, the K release from the RMP through solubilization by organic acids produced from decomposition of organic matter might have attributed to WSK increase (Szmidt and Ferguson 2004). These results corroborated the outcome of other studies where a significant amount of K release from waste mica (Basak 2018) and phonolite (de Fatima Tavares et al. 2018) powders were studied when incubated with organic materials such as compost, cow manure and plant residues.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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343,981 |
a The average number of alleles per locus and b consistency indices to a core phylogeny, were calculated for each gene alignment for core genes and 143 genes containing pathogenicity-associated elements using R and the phangorn package. The left y-axis indicates the number of core genes (black line), the right y-axis indicates the number of genes containing pathogenicity-associated elements (blue line). For the consistency index, the two distributions were significantly different (two-tailed Mann–Whitney test; p-value = 0.0001, Mann–Whitney U = 11,366). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
| 5 | 0biomedical
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317,539 |
Bridge the power distance between mentors and mentees through (1) informal ‘Meet-and-Greet’ sessions to make potential mentors less intimidating to mentees; (2) encouraging mentors to reflect on past challenges that they experienced as mentees; and (3) ensuring feedback goes both ways (e.g. mentees also give feedback to their mentors).
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
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67,807 |
Vitamins: Vit. A, (20,000 UI/g) 90 mg/kg; Vit. B1, 9 mg/kg; Vit. B2, 54 mg/kg; Vit. B5, 90 mg/kg; Vit. B6, 18 mg/kg; Vit. B12, 0.04 mg/kg; Vit. K3, 36 mg/kg; Vit. D3, (850,000 UI/g) 144 mg/kg; Vit. H, 1 mg/kg; folic acid, 3.24 mg/kg; Inositol, 90 mg/kg. Sigma aldrich, Missouri, US.
| 1 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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120,402 |
The clinical efficacy and safety of NXB have been demonstrated by a recent randomized controlled trial . In fact, with enzymatic debridement, less surgery is required for both excising burns and sacrificing donor sites to obtain skin grafts to cover the excised wound beds; therefore, a reduction in hospitalization times can be attained. These characteristics also result in improved patient quality of life. Based on the above data, NXB has become a part of our therapeutic options in the treatment of burns with satisfactory results, as assessed by both physicians and patients.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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383,536 |
Fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring helps the healthcare provider to monitor the fetus and diagnose associated high-risk complications. It also gives a qualitative and quantitative overview of baseline FHR, variability, acceleration, deceleration, uterine contraction intensity, and FHR pattern changes . Currently, AI is used to monitor the FHR rate during labor via analyzing cardiotocographs and estimating possible outcomes. As Desai stated in his study, the benefits of its incorporation in obstetrics, specifically antepartum monitoring, would be advantageous . This technology would help to decrease the discrepancies between different obstetricians interpreting intrapartum monitoring, thus providing a more reliable and replicable output for each analysis, and ultimately reducing perinatal and maternal complications and morbidity. Artificial intelligence systems can also provide supporting evidence in cases of unpredictable poor outcomes that can potentially result in litigation. One of the examples of where AI was tested in cardiotocography (CTG) analysis was published in 2018 where the CAFE (Computer-Aided Fetal Evaluator) studied the possibility of an AI system being able to interpret CTG data . The results concluded that the AI system read the information at a similar level as the experts in the field and was also able to detect errors. Some limitations in this study were disagreements between specialists when interpreting some data, mostly in interpreting variations, which led to an inability to conclude if the error in interpretation arose from a problem in the system or in obtaining agreement between experts in the field . This was an obstacle in proving that the system is optimum and confirming its precision. More robust research is required to enhance flexibility in data interpretation.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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297,646 |
Statistical map depicts higher ReHo in non-GI group compared with healthy controls. The threshold was FDR (false discovery rate) corrected at p < 0.05. Red denotes higher ReHo in the non-GI group. The color bar indicates T values from post-hoc t-tests. L, lest side; R, right side; GI, gastrointestinal; ReHo, regional homogeneity.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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317,335 |
General cognition was mainly assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Folstein et al. 1975) and on one occasion with the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status (TICS) (Welsh et al. 1993) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (Nasreddine et al. 2005). A multitude of cognitive domains was assessed such as executive functions (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Stroop Color-Word test, Rule shift cards test, Trail-Making test), short-term auditory-verbal memory (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning test, Digit Span Backwards test), and visuo-spatial short-term memory (Reverse Corsi Blocks, Brooks Spatial task, Brief Visuospatial Memory test (BVMT)). Diverse measurements of attention, such as the Arithmetic word problems test, the Frankfurt Attention Inventory, a non-verbal geriatric concentration test (AKT), and the Test of Attentional Performance (TAP), were also used. A battery to assess overall cognitive decline (Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS)), a Non-Verbal Learning test and a test assessing fluid intelligence (Raven Standard Progressive Matrices), were also used. Lastly, complex tasks involving motor-cognitive function (Body Position Spatial task) or motor-cognitive dual task (walking while reciting successive subtraction) was implemented in two studies. Post-intervention performance improvements were observed on a cognitive flexibility task (Coubard et al. 2011), a motor-cognitive function task (Hackney et al. 2015), a motor-cognitive dual-task (Hamacher et al. 2015), the Frankfurt Attention Inventory test, the RBANS, a Non-Verbal Learning test (Kattenstroth et al. 2013), verbal short-term memory, verbal long-term memory and attention (Mueller et al. 2017), a modified Auditory Verbal Learning test, the WCST (Kosmat and Vranic 2016), and the BVMT (Merom et al. 2016).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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387,921 |
In this review, we describe the functions and mechanisms of lncRNAs related to the endocrine therapy resistance of breast cancer (Table 1), and their potential as therapeutic targets. Additionally, LncRNAs may hold promise as biomarkers of breast cancer. Importantly, the quantification of the prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) lncRNA in urine samples has been developed as a diagnostic test for prostate cancer , suggesting that lncRNAs may be applicable to the analysis of non-invasive liquid biopsies for the diagnosis of cancers, including breast cancer. Thus, lncRNAs are potential key factors in the development of new strategies of breast cancer treatment, and further studies of lncRNAs in the context of breast cancer are required.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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317,244 |
In our framework, we used promoter methylation because it can be directly associated with genes. It has been reported that gene-distal transcriptional enhancers also have unique DNA methylation signature (Lister et al. 2009; Stadler et al. 2011; Hon et al. 2013). We anticipate that inclusion of enhancer DNA methylation signals can further improve the accuracy of the predictive model. To this end, a major challenge is associating distal enhancers with their target genes. This question has been addressed extensively for bulk data using both experimental and computational approaches (He et al. 2014; Javierre et al. 2016; Cao et al. 2017; Jung et al. 2019). However, owing to unique challenges in single-cell data, additional research is warranted to address this important question. Finally, we used an ensemble learning approach in our method. Although we chose three representative predictors as components of the ensemble predictor, benefits of adding more predictors can be explored in future work.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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208,610 |
The optimal threshold for screening for HAND was 10.127, with a sensitivity of 0.647 (95%CI 0.541–0.741), a specificity of 0.647 (95%CI 0.522–0.755), and an AUC of 0.693 (with a CI: [0.626–0.754] [0.614–0.763]); the AUC for the non-parametric ROC model is 0.683, which contains a multi-cutoff model confidence interval (Figure 4).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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74,714 |
There is consensus among all stakeholders in our study that the only approach is the ethical approach: IF need to be reported to participants. This finding is comparable to the existing literature describing participant’s expectations for participating in research studies [10–13]. In work by Kirschen and colleagues, over 90 % of their research participants wanted IF information communicated to them . This demand for information was recently echoed in the Presidential Comission for the Study of Bioethical Issues’ report for investigators to anticipate and communicate their approach in managing IF .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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373,874 |
Multivariate linear regression analysis (adjusted r2 = 0.51; F = 47.8; P < 0.001) further revealed that the DLS was independently associated with pancreatic fibrosis (coefficient = -0.17; P = 0.029), MPD (coefficient = -0.45; P < 0.001), and remnant pancreatic volume (coefficient = 0.14; P = 0.012), all contributing to 51.2% of DLS variability (Supplemental Table S9).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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198,270 |
The presence of three distinct phenotypes within the cell cycle seems to correlate with the progression of the cell cycle. Therefore, we further synchronized NIH 3T3 fibroblasts into different stages of the cell cycle (Fig. 1E and Supplementary Fig. 1) and randomly acquired 25 single-cell movies in each of these stages to see whether the phenotype transitions are coincident with the cell cycle progression (Fig. 1F). The results show that the instantaneous speeds are the highest in the G1 phase, reach a minimum in the S phase, and bounce back slightly in the G2 phase. The cell area displays a monotonically increasing trend until the late G1 phase and reaches a plateau after entering the S phase. The aspect ratio and circularity together suggest that cells have the lowest polarity in the S phase. In essence, cell phenotype transitions exhibit a strong correlation with the cell cycle phases, and these results lay the assumption that cell cycle stages could be the functional subpopulation of heterogeneity with phenotypic disparity.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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140,302 |
Consequently, we propose that a scale of 0.1 to 10 is better, because the reduction in harm is slower than the previous scale. This means that more importance is given to hazards with low WHODAS but occurring more frequently. The new curve was determined, and is shown in Figure 5. This distributed more points into the lower part of the likelihood scale, while still preserving the convenience of whole numbers. We wish to emphasize that this scale was constructed for the purposes of integration with the risk assessment. Whether or not people actually interpret these likelihoods with the words is not the purpose of the current study, and is not relevant, because the scale of Table 1 can be provided to them beforehand to frame their interpretation. The descriptor text was adapted from and includes a time dimension.
| 2 | 0biomedical
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54,951 |
Sequence adaptors were removed using Cutadapt and default parameters (Cutadapt commands are presented in supplementary 1). Bad reads and sequence regions were filtered and trimmed using Sickle (https://github.com/najoshi/sickle) with a 40 bp minimum remaining sequence length, Sanger quality of 20, and no 5′ end trimming. Prior to assembly, read quality was checked using fastQC version 0.9.2 (The FastQC project, http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/) to ensure improvement compared to the raw data. De novo transcriptome assemblies of a total 252 M trimmed and filtered paired end sequence reads derived from 5 intestinal libraries and 7 brain libraries were conducted using the Trinity pipeline with default parameters(). The transcriptomic assemblies were additionally filtered for small and redundant sequences by first aligning and estimating abundance for each transcript (align_and_estimate_abundance.script) and then filtering using the “filter_fasta_by_rsem_values.pl” trinity script. This Transcriptome Shotgun Assembly project has been deposited at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession GFFM00000000. The version described in this paper is the first version, GFFM01000000.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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267,779 |
In addition to the plants mentioned, others are used as complementary or anticancer treatments, which doubled in the last decade between 2010 and 2020. Popular beliefs assume that plants are healthier “natural” and can be effective in chemotherapy . Plants are also responsible for a large number of drugs, with fewer side effects.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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166,949 |
There was a positive correlation between leptin in cord blood and TG levels of pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy (p = 0.025), shown in Figure 1, while the leptin had nothing to do with TC levels, HDL-c levels, LDL-c levels or the TC/HDL ratio, TG/HDL ratio, or LDL/HDL ratio (p > 0.05, not shown in figures below).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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59,497 |
The goal is to learn, in the best possible way, the input–output relationship which is implicit in the ENV primary structure—neutralization data dependency. Training an artificial neural network generally means finding the optimal values for the network’s weights and biases in order to minimize a performance index F, which is usually the mean square error (mse) as indicated below: (1)F=mse=1N∑i=1N(ei)2=1N∑i=1N(ti−ai)2 where N is the number of input–output pairs, t (for target) is the desired output (experimental IC50) of the network and a (for actual) is the actual output of the network.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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27,211 |
Ascorbate (Vitamin C) is a nutrient essential to the biosynthesis of collagen and L-carnitine and the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine . Most animals are able to synthesize large quantities of ascorbate, but humans lost this ability due to mutations of the gulonolactone oxidase gene . It is well known that an acute lack of ascorbate leads to scurvy and causes death and ascorbate is an attractive marker of fruit and vegetable intake because these foods are the primary sources of dietary vitamin C , which ascorbate functions as a potent reducing agent that efficiently quenches potentially damaging free radicals . It is very interesting that Cameron suggested that high doses of ascorbate could provide a clinical benefit for cancer patients [6, 7]. In vitro studies have shown that pharmacologic ascorbate is effective in a large panel of tumor cell lines [8, 9] and that increasing tumor cells' generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) might be used to induce ascorbate-specific cytotoxicity . Pharmacologic ascorbate has been found to mediate the mitochondrial release of cytochrome C, which leads to H2O2-mediated activation of the caspase cascade and apoptotic process and thence to a significant decrease in the growth rate of some solid tumors [11–14]. Herst investigated that 5 mM ascorbate in combination with radiation killed more glioblastoma multiforme primary cells by increasing oxidative DNA damage than either treatment alone . However, the effect of high doses of intravenous ascorbate in the treatment of cancer has been controversial although there is growing evidence that intravenous high-dose ascorbate has been found to improve the health-related quality of life of terminal cancer patients .
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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332,937 |
In Experiment 11B, we asked what happens to objects that can be decomposed into two possible ways without introducing a break (Fig. 6c). In visual search, search between pairs of whole objects is explained better using its natural parts than its unnatural parts31. In other words, models that explain whole-object dissimilarities using the constituent parts performed better when the parts were the natural parts compared to the unnatural parts.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
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374,350 |
We then have the following bounds on the entropy.\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} S_\beta ^m(\rho )&= \frac{\beta ^{-1}}{m-1}(\int _{{\mathcal {B}}_B} \rho ^m \mathop {}\!\mathrm{d} x + \int _{{\mathcal {B}}_B^c} \rho ^m \mathop {}\!\mathrm{d} x) - \frac{\beta ^{-1}}{m-1}\\&\ge \frac{\beta ^{-1} B^{m-1}}{2(m-1)} - \frac{\beta ^{-1}}{m-1} . \end{aligned}$$\end{document}Sβm(ρ)=β-1m-1(∫BBρmdx+∫BBcρmdx)-β-1m-1≥β-1Bm-12(m-1)-β-1m-1.It follows then that we have the following bound on the free energy.\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} {\mathcal {F}}_{\beta }^m(\rho ) \ge \frac{\beta ^{-1} B^{m-1}}{2(m-1)} -\frac{1}{2}\Vert W_{-}\Vert _{{L}^\infty (\Omega )} - \frac{\beta ^{-1}}{m-1}. \end{aligned}$$\end{document}Fβm(ρ)≥β-1Bm-12(m-1)-12‖W-‖L∞(Ω)-β-1m-1.If we define a constant \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$B_1$$\end{document}B1 as follows\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} B_1(m,\beta ):= (\frac{2}{|\Omega |^{m-1}} + \beta (m-1) \Vert W_{-}\Vert _{{L}^\infty (\Omega )})^{1/(m-1)} , \end{aligned}$$\end{document}B1(m,β):=(2|Ω|m-1+β(m-1)‖W-‖L∞(Ω))1/(m-1),such that for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$B>B_1$$\end{document}B>B1, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$1/|\Omega |$$\end{document}1/|Ω| has a lower value of the free energy than \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\rho $$\end{document}ρ.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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179,106 |
Furthermore, several minor monoterpene components, such as α-thujene (0.2%), α-pinene (0.6%), β-thujene (0.1%), β-myrcene (0.9%), β-pinene (0.8%), (+)-4-carene (0.2%), R-(+)-citronellal (0.1%), nerol acetate (0.2%), and geranyl acetate (0.1%) found in the EO were missing in the Hy. Instead, other compounds such as β-terpinene (1.0%), linalol (5.7%), thymol (1.9%), and piperitenone (0.4%) were detected only in the HY.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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169,868 |
Since many furbearers (including muskrats) are difficult and costly to census (Erb & Perry, 2003), harvest data are often the only type of information related to species’ population trends that are available for a long time series or across a large geographic area (White et al., 2015). However, there are problems with relying on harvest data to infer wildlife population trends, and these have been noted by many of the same authors that have analyzed harvest trends of furbearers (e.g., Gregory et al., 2019; Roberts & Crimmins, 2010). For example, harvest data can encompass trapping seasons of different lengths, can be missing data for some years, or can be deficient due to lack of full reporting. More importantly, harvest data can be biased by trapping effort, which can be affected by the number of trappers or by changing economic factors (e.g., pelt price) that might influence trapper behavior (Landholt & Genoways, 2000).
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
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290,127 |
Finally, we also performed difference-in-differences (DID) analyses to compare the change in outcomes from baseline to follow-up in the intervention site compared to the change over time in the control group . The DID approach is a powerful statistical method that controls for both the observed and unobserved time-invariant factors spuriously correlated with the treatment (intervention) [42, 43]. DID analyses allow researchers to assume that, conditional on model covariates, the change observed in the comparison sites represents what would have occurred in the treatment sites had the intervention never occurred.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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19,249 |
*** Created based on response to three questions regarding attitude toward influenza infection: “If a pregnant women gets the flu, it is somewhat/very likely to harm the baby”; “Flu infection during pregnancy somewhat/very likely harm pregnant women”; and “Flu infection during pregnancy somewhat/very likely harm her baby.” 1 point was given for each “yes” answer for any of the three questions. Respondents who had a summary score of 2 or 3 were defined as “Concerned” and those with a summary score of 1 or less were defined as “Not concerned.”
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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361,265 |
The objective of the present work was to develop a melt-blowing technology that would enable the simultaneous incorporation of two modifiers (a solid superabsorbent and a biocidal agent) to obtain polymeric composites for filtering protective respiratory devices. The filtration, functional, and biocidal properties of the resulting nonwovens are determined. The innovative feature of the proposed solution is the existence of nonwoven production and modification within one technological process.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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341,208 |
Our findings are important to healthcare policymakers and quality improvement agencies in the planning and systemised implementation of programs towards antimicrobial stewardship. The participants reported some of the ways in which AMS strategies such as national guidelines, audits and feedbacks can be integrated to optimise their individual effects. The co-developed conceptual framework can inform a user-led investigation of the mechanism of the impact of financial incentive schemes on antibiotic prescribing in primary care practices. Given that the Quality Premium is one of the first national financial incentive schemes towards improvement in antibiotic prescribing in England, the developed framework depicting pathways for maximising the potentials of such a scheme can be useful in the development of future AMS financial incentive interventions.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
101,016 |
Pollens are one of the best characterised types of plant cell in many respects. However, identifying the frequencies of the ionic currents that are involved in pollen tube growth would offer increasing possibilities for the integrative comprehension of cell morphogenesis. Many reports have identified the characteristic time scales of the cations and anions that are involved separately. However, none of these reports has presented a single method that is able to produce a full frequency spectrum and phase relations for all of the participating ions. To fill this gap, we propose what follows for a growing hyacinth pollen tube based on the considerations presented above.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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17,431 |
HCC was induced inGroup II, IV, V, VI, VII, and X rats by administering a single intraperitoneal injection of NDEA at a dose concentration of 200 mg/kg body weight mixed in saline. 2 weeks after administration of NDEA, 0.05% of phenobarbitone was administered by dissolving in drinking water up to 16 weeks to promote HCC .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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263,703 |
Degree of neonatal retrognathia measured clinically as the distance between the two alveolar ridges in the awake, calm baby, cradled in a semi-seated position (45°; holding the back and neck) by the examiner. Measurements were classified as minor (inferior alveolar ridge < 5 mm from superior alveolar ridge), moderate (5–9 mm) or major (≥ 10 mm).
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
150,098 |
Malondialdehyde (MDA) is one of the main products of arachidonic acid peroxidation, and it is a commonly used biomarker to assess oxidative stress (Ayala, Muñoz & Argüelles, 2014), alongside the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Since one of the key mechanisms involved in IR injury is the oxidative burst produced by the sudden activation of xanthine oxidase, we compared the tissue levels of MDA, SOD, and GPx among the study groups. To measure the concentration of MDA in liver tissue, 200 mg of liver tissue were mechanically homogenized in 1 mL of RIPA buffer in an ice bath, and then centrifuged at 1,600 g for 10 min at 4 °C. MDA concentration was measured spectrophotometrically in the supernatant, using the thiobarbituric acid colorimetric method with a thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) assay kit (Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). The product of this reaction was measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 535 nm.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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162,937 |
Finally, legal aspects of tele-rehabilitation were addressed at the commencement of the process and covered privacy and medico-legal aspects. In a systematic review of 30 articles on barriers to the adoption of telehealth services, 33 barriers were identified. Legal liability, security and privacy concerns comprised 11 percent of the barriers identified. In March 2020, the only national policy to substantiate the legal stance of tele-rehabilitation at ALYN hospital was the IMOH published guidelines from 2019 (IMOH 6/2019 directive). The guidelines established that the Israel’s four main HMOs would share responsibility for defining best practices, training and insurance coverage. It also stated that citizens had the right to refuse telehealth services, and that the HMOs could not decrease conventional, in-person services. During the pandemic, in-person services were seriously limited by the HMOs. At the onset of the pandemic, all families under treatment at ALYN were asked if they wanted tele-rehabilitation services. Only those that signed a consent form received services. For others, treatment was stopped abruptly. Some families stated that they wanted to wait and see how long the lock-down would last. After a month, ALYN reached out again to the families that originally declined tele-rehabilitation service. A large number of families decided to permit their children to commence online therapy.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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144,002 |
Of note, EMT is widely regarded as one of the most critical causes of metastasis in multiple cancers. The decrease of E-Cadherin protein was regarded as the initiation of EMT. Thus, we assessed the expression of E-Cadherin and other EMT markers, such as N-Cadherin, Vimentin and SNAIL, in ESCC cells under THL treatment. In KYSE 30 and KYSE 150 cells, THL significantly increased the expression of E-Cadherin and suppressed N-Cadherin and Vimentin in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 3B). The results of IF and qPCR shown in Figure 3C and Figure S8 were in line with the results shown above. Compared with other EMT transcription factors, THL dramatically decreased the expression of SNAIL (Figure 3B and Figure S9), which regulates gene transcription and triggers EMT. These results indicated that THL could reverse EMT process. Moreover, the effect of THL on the cytoskeleton of ESCC cells was analyzed. When ESCC cells were exposed to THL, the co-localization between F-actin and cortactin along the cellular membrane (Figure 3D, white arrows), which promotes the formation of invadopodia, was notably decreased (Figure 3D-E). Collectively, these data above suggest that THL could dramatically weaken the invasion and migration capacities of ESCC cells in vitro by interrupting EMT process.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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47,787 |
In low transmission settings in Southeast Asia, many malaria infections may remain unidentified by routine passive surveillance within the health sector; several factors contribute to this. These include the sub-clinical parasite reservoir, which is known to make up a sizeable proportion of all infections [5, 6]. Malaria transmission in the GMS is believed to be largely due to occupational exposures (forestry, forest-fringe farming, mining, and a range of semi-legal and illegal activities within forested areas) in these populations who may have limited access to health services . Moreover, these high-risk groups have the potential to transport parasites back into their home communities, thereby perpetuating transmission within villages [8, 9].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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302,013 |
The angiogenic capacity of tumor cells was determined by a tube formation assay. Pre-chilled Matrigel was applied to 24-well plates and incubated for 45 min at 37°C. The prepared suspension of HUVECs was added to each well coated with gel and treated differently in the culture medium. Finally, after 24 h incubation, the formation of endothelial tubes was observed and photographed under a microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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132,984 |
A heatmap of the relative abundances of ASVs between the 180 days after-treatment group and pre-treatment group (day 0). The top panel shows hierarchical Ward-linkage clustering based on Ward.D distance of all the 18 samples, colored by the groups and patients. The left panel shows hierarchical Ward-linkage clustering based on Pearson correlation coefficients of the genera.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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185,532 |
The “Discovery” career education curriculum illustrates how the applications of Infinity are tied to the above CCT-based learning process. All the applications of Infinity are used to structure the learning experience in the career curriculum. The career curriculum consists of 12 thematic lessons and two of the sample lessons are summarized in Table 3 to illustrate how the Infinity tools are used to facilitate the CCT-based learning framework (Figure 1). In each thematic lesson: (i) students engage in activities and experiences led by the career teacher, (ii) make use of worksheets and applications of Infinity to construct and re-construct career stories, (iii) complete a “footprints” worksheet which is an in-progress summary of career stories and themes identified and actions to take, (iv) share their “footprints” with peers and teachers, and (v) document their materials so that could review and edit their stories, findings, and reflections.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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83,671 |
Binding of wild-type IL-3 or IL-3 K116W to cells expressing the indicated IL-3 receptor subunits was measured in saturation binding assays using radioiodinated cytokine60, 66. The CTLL-2 cell line expresses full-length IL3Rα and βc was used as a basis for functional studies of IL3Rα mutants. The human TF-1 cell line or its derivative, TF-1 Hi that expresses high levels of IL3Rα as a result of being transduced with a lentivirus encoding human IL3Rα, were used as a model of human AML. COS cells were transfected with plasmids encoding wild-type, D197L or C76A,C195A forms of full-length IL3Rα or IL3Rα SP2, alone or together with βc. Errors represent SEM from the indicated number (n) of experiments or SD for n < 3. Statistical significance of differences in binding between TF-1 and TF-1Hi or wild-type IL3Rα and the mutant forms of IL3Rα (p) or between IL-3 and IL-3 K116W (P) was determined using a two-tailed unpaired t test. Related to Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, Supplementary Figs. 4, 6, 8 and Table 3
| 4 | 0biomedical
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98,545 |
Despite all of the data gathered so far, we are still along way from understanding how the internal organization of the CTs inside the nucleus is established and regulated. It is believed that chromatin distribution in the interphase nucleus has an impact on many nuclear processes, such as DNA replication, transcription, or repair, and that therefore the association of homologous chromosomes is necessary for the cell, at least temporarily (Heard and Bickmore, 2007; Misteli, 2007; Mekhail and Moazed, 2010). Depending on the current needs of the cell, the tissue being analysed, or the developmental stage, the architecture of the nucleus may be reorganized (Chakalova et al., 2005; Misteli and Soutoglou, 2009; Papantonis and Cook, 2010). Our studies on the nucleus organization in B. distachyon are likely to constitute a suitable starting point to understand these changes; for example, in response to environmental conditions or to biotic and abiotic stresses.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
293,078 |
Finally, Fig 11 shows the production profiles where the oil production decreases at increasing initial water saturations. Comparable behavior to the experimental results reported in the previously mentioned literature [64–67]. Moreover, after comparing the cases with an Swi = 0% and 40%, the accumulated oil production decayed from 1.06x106 bbl to 9.13x105 bbl, a reduction of 13.86%. Achieving a lower oil recovery is attributed to the minor amounts of the non-wetting phase in the reservoir rock. Therefore, with lower amounts of oil in porous media, it is reasonable to obtain lower production.
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
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277,662 |
The findings of this study suggest that mobile VA test apps can play an important role in identifying VI by professional examiners as well as nonprofessionals, who can perform self-testing at a time and place convenient to them. Public awareness of the safety and benefits of VA tests should be promoted, and further research with a larger sample and longer follow-up are needed to evaluate the potential role of a mobile phone VA test app.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
276,239 |
Mulberry tree (Morus alba L.) leaves are the sole source of food for silkworms, and this woody plant is critical for breeding new cultivars that can adapt well to various environment conditions. In particular, mulberry is an anticipated bio-energy crop recognized as quite suitable for short rotation coppice forestry-based mitigation of rising CO2 levels, even in the face of intermittent drought events (Wu and Zhou, 2015; Slette et al., 2019). Mulberry also has considerable applied value in the pharmaceuticals industry (De Padua Lucio et al., 2018), and its growth in moderate soil moisture can change the content of secondary metabolites in leaves, many of which possess medicinal value. Various parts (root, stem or branch, leaf and fruit) of morus could be used in therapeutic drugs (Gryn-Rynko et al., 2016; Yin et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2021). Extracts of Morus alba has been applied to manage body weight, control appetite, and improve metabolic syndromes (Yimam et al., 2019). Hence, research on the tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses in mulberry trees is essential for its appropriate variety selection so as to benefit not only sericulture but also the pharmaceuticals industry and the ecological environment. Triploids of mulberry cultivar often exhibit several excellent economic traits including high production of leaves, but the alterations in stress resistance caused by genetic dosage effect is unknown (Yan et al., 2019; Dai et al., 2020). It is necessary to evaluate the differential performance of plants which have different ploidy levels, and associated molecular mechanisms involved in drought resistance of mulberry trees, so as to provide a new way of improving stress tolerance capacity of mulberry and other similar woody plants.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
47,534 |
Note that the areal coverage fractions of all these parameters are less than 10% for even the highest DoS values, in contrast to previous conceptions of β-phase forming a continuous network. This realisation is critical in evolving towards an unambiguous metallurgical model for grain boundary precipitation that is faithful to the physical observation of grain boundaries and the discrete nature of precipitates.
| 4 | 2other
| 0Study
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161,948 |
Training sessions were held daily for 3 months, excluding the weekends. The duration of a single training session was 30 min. The difficulty of training was chosen individually for the needs of the patient. Initially, the training was done on a stable basis. As the patient trained, the difficulty of the exercise increased, adding exercises on an unstable substrate. In addition, the task required a more precise control of the center of gravity.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
184,599 |
To compare VAS scores within 3 days, qualified data were divided into “1 day” and “3 days” subgroups. Moreover, to evaluate the correlation of CBL using flapless or flap techniques after immediate or delayed implant surgery, studies included were stratified into “immediate” and “delayed” subgroups.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
3,607 |
Data were expressed as mean (±SE) and analyzed by a SPSS software package (SPSS Standard version 13.0, SPSS Inc, USA). Differences between variables were assessed by the Chi-square test. Survival analysis of patients with cervical cancer was calculated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. A log rank test was used to compare different survival curves. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate univariate and multivariate hazard ratios for the variables. Unpaired Student's t test and one way ANOVA were used as appropriate to assess the statistical significant of difference. P values under 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
388,526 |
Given the novelty of MIS-C, treatment recommendations and best practices are based on treatments used in other aggressive inflammatory disease processes. Institutions with high number of MIS-C cases have developed institutional protocols regarding drug dosing and regimens based on patient’s severity of illness, but no definitive data exist to date.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
73,841 |
… it's so amazingly helpful to have people with all different perspectives because everybody will have their own, not just perspective but their own strengths in interpreting the evidence and some people will come from, for example lay people, with a sort of common sense lay perspective…
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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335,256 |
Finally, evidence suggests that alexithymia, which describes a difficulty in identifying and describing subjective feelings and an externally oriented thinking (EOT) style (Sifneos, 1973), modulates the cortisol level in response to stress events (de Timary et al., 2008; Hua et al., 2014) and is a predictor for a high level of anxiety and depression (e.g., Honkalampi et al., 2000; Berardis et al., 2008; Fietz et al., 2018). Interestingly, it has been found that alexithymia has a mediator role in the association between COVID-19 pandemic exposure and PTSD and depressive symptoms (Tang et al., 2020).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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365,911 |
QG and GM conducted an overall design for this study. SL completed the experiments and wrote the manuscript with guidance from QG and YW. SC, XZ, and GM provided suggestions and edited the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
302,593 |
Thank you for this remark. Indeed, we mainly looked at grammatical determinants of FTR, rather than lexical or modal ones. We rewrote a part of the Introduction about linguistic features of the future and added on to the General Discussion discussing other possible FTRs to make this distinction clearer. We hope by doing so we have been able to meaningfully incorporate your concerns. Please see lines 68ff and 662ff.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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28,096 |
Similarly, the cost for the time-varying SMART in Fig. 2 is\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{c} \cos t={c}_1\left({\displaystyle \sum_{A_{1i}=M}{T}_{1i}}\right)+{c}_1\left({\displaystyle \sum_{A_{2i}=M}\varDelta \mathrm{t}}\right)+\left(2{c}_1\right)\left({\displaystyle \sum_{A_{2i}=M+}\varDelta \mathrm{t}}\right)+\\ {}\kern5em {c}_2\left({\displaystyle \sum_{A_{1i}=B}{T}_{1i}}\right)+{c}_2\left({\displaystyle \sum_{A_{2i}=B}\varDelta \mathrm{t}}\right)+\left(2{c}_2\right)\left({\displaystyle \sum_{A_{2i}=B+}\varDelta \mathrm{t}}\right)+\left({c}_1+{c}_2\right)\left({\displaystyle \sum_{A_{2i}=M+B}\varDelta \mathrm{t}}\right),\end{array} $$\end{document}cost=c1∑A1i=MT1i+c1∑A2i=MΔt+2c1∑A2i=M+Δt+c2∑A1i=BT1i+c2∑A2i=BΔt+2c2∑A2i=B+Δt+c1+c2∑A2i=M+BΔt,
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
2,651 |
X-rays were available for core laboratory adjudication of the lead position in 409 patients. Apical positioning of the right ventricular lead was not confirmed in 56 (20%) patients in the RVA group. Similarly, in 21 (16%) patients in the non-RVA group, the adjudicated pacing site was the apex. Therefore, the adjudicated RVA group numbered 239 patients and the adjudicated non-RVA group, 170 patients.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
363,816 |
Similarly, by letting v^in=0, the transfer functions from d^ to x^ can be obtained. Thus, Eq (40) can be rewritten as G1(pα,pβ,pγ)x^+G2(Dx^+d^X)=H2d^Vin(43) where X ≈ a00. In this case, x^ is denoted by x^=[G1(pα,pβ,pγ)+G2D]−1(H2d^Vin−G2d^X)=([pα+(1−D)RinL1−DL−1L−1−DCopβ+1RoCo01Cb0pγ+DRinCb)]−1×([−1L01RinCb]Vin−[−RinL−1L01Co00001RinCb][I0Vo0Vb0])d^(44)
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
306,474 |
Histological staining images of the liver, inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), and brown adipose tissue (BAT) are shown in Fig. 4A. Lipid accumulation and the number of fat droplets in the hepatic sections were lower in NAG-1 Tg mice than in WT mice. This suggests that NAG-1 overexpression decreases hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, adipose tissue hypertrophy in NAG-1 Tg mice was lower than that in WT mice. Quantification of the histological data revealed that the size of lipid droplets in the iWAT, eWAT, and BAT was significantly smaller in NAG-1 Tg mice than in WT mice (p < 0.001) (Fig. 4B–D). The number of crown-like structures (CLS) in the eWAT, a histological hallmark of the pro-inflammatory process in the adipose tissue, was significantly lower in NAG-1 Tg mice than in WT mice (p < 0.001), which suggested that there were fewer inflammatory lesions in NAG-1 Tg mice (Fig. 4E,F). The number of CLS in the iWAT was not significantly different between WT and NAG-1 Tg mice (data not shown).Figure 4NAG-1 overexpression attenuated high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis in mice. The tissue sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). (A) Representative image of the H&E-stained section of the liver, iWAT, eWAT, and BAT. Scale bar = 50 µm. (B–D) Average lipid droplet area in the iWAT, eWAT, and BAT. (E) Histological staining of crown-like structure (CLS) in the eWAT. Scale bar = 50 µm. (F) Number of CLS per field (10 fields per group). Data are presented as mean ± standard error of mean. *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001, compared with the control group.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
190,303 |
While it has been shown that T2DM patients have a higher risk for arterial thrombosis, the association between T2DM and the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been studied less. VTE, a medical condition in which a thrombus forms in the venous system, can manifest as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or as pulmonary embolism (PE), if the thrombus travels to the pulmonary arteries [5–7]. VTE is associated with a high mortality [5, 8]. Its prevention and management is a priority for the NHS, the National Health Service of the UK . Unprovoked VTE occurs at an incidence of 62.1 per 100′000 person years . However, especially at older ages (> 60 years), men have an approximately 20%–25% higher incidence rate of VTE than women [7, 11]. The term unprovoked is used in accordance with the definition provided by the NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) guideline on PE and DVT, meaning that—similar to the term idiopathic—no recent known major risk factors were present prior to the VTE .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
313,928 |
Improvements in cue utilization or monitoring-based control during early school years are likely to be fueled by children’s brain maturation and experiences at school. During elementary school years, the prefrontal cortex, which has been associated with metacognitive accuracy (Fleming and Dolan 2012; Pannu and Kaszniak 2005), undergoes substantial changes (Diamond 2002). These changes encompass aspects such as speed of processing or the ability to use strategies related to higher cognitive functions such as metacognition (Diamond 2002). On the other hand, as soon as children enter school, they are exposed to a stimulating environment, that causes improvements in metacognitive abilities. Research points out possible impacts of teachers on children’s metacognitive skills, e.g., by giving strategy suggestions, asking questions that foster metacognition, or giving adequate feedback (Coffman et al. 2008; Grammer et al. 2013; Llorens et al. 2014; Van Loon and Roebers 2017). In sum, literature suggests that due to brain maturation and environmental influences, children improve their monitoring and control skills throughout elementary school.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
153,310 |
Once we have local decisions made by the local detectors with a binary representation as explained in Section 3.1.1, we process this information in the hard fusion center. The most straightforward and commonly used fusion strategy for hard decision-based fusion is to pick on H1 if at least Q out of the P number of local detectors has claimed H1 to the fusion center. This strategy is known as Q-out-of-P rule.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
67,467 |
Several studies have demonstrated that even in the absence of trauma, individuals can still present with a range of PTSD symptoms.11,24,28,30 One of those studies was conducted by Bodkin et al.11 who found that individuals who had a primary diagnosis of depression exhibited significant levels of PTSD in the absence of a traumatic event. Similarly, Mol et al.30 found no significant differences in levels of PTSD symptoms when comparing adults who reported experiencing a severe trauma as defined by the DSM-IV and those who did not.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
286,129 |
In 2014, the global prevalence of DM among adults aged more than 18 years was estimated at approximately 8.5% and is believed to have increased since then, not taking into account the number of unreported cases . As the high and rising prevalence and morbidity of DM, new strategies are needed.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
378,224 |
Absorption spectra of Zinnwald quartz crystals (averaged over all measurements of each sample depth) show highest diversity in OH absorption band heights in the shallowest part of the body (Fig. 1a). While crystals from the granitic samples show strong contributions from both Al- and Li-specific OH defects to the absorption spectra, crystals from greisen samples show comparably low total absorbances, and the LiOH absorption band is nearly absent. Towards 735 m depth, IR spectra exhibit a steady increase in the Li-specific OH absorption band, while the band triplet assigned to Al stays more or less constant. From 735 m downwards, IR spectra show an abrupt decrease in the AlOH absorption triplet and slightly decreased LiOH band contribution.
| 4 | 2other
| 0Study
|
44,978 |
The control versus EMAP cohorts were the same as reported in Douillard et al.9. For each potential risk factor, age-, and gender-adjusted odds-ratios (OR) for EMAP were calculated using conditional logistic regression, with EMAP as the dependent variable. In a second step, a multivariate conditional logistic model was performed with age, gender and all independent variables that were close to significance in the first model (p < 0.20). Non-significant variables (p < 0.10) were then deleted from the model following a backward stepwise procedure to obtain the final multivariate model. For genetic analysis, χ² test or exact Fisher test were used appropriately depending on the distribution.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
270,036 |
This particular empirical equation form is based on the assumption that Al, Si, Ca, K, Ti, Fe, and all elements associated with the earth’s crust, soil, and/or resuspended road dust, are mostly present as oxides. All other measured elements were classified as “trace elements”.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
162,546 |
The emergence of immunotherapy was a profound development in clinical cancer treatment, as it focuses on the abnormal anti‐cancer immunological functions. In particular, the application of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has significantly advanced cancer treatment.[ 150 ] However, considerable heterogeneity has been shown in response to immunotherapy with resistance and side effects.[ 151 ] Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments result in deficient lymphocyte infiltration which suppresses responses to immunotherapy.[ 150 ] Microbial factors involved in modulating immunological functions have not been fully elucidated. Studies attest to the undeniable role of microbiota in altering the sensitivity of tumors to immunotherapy, which yields a valuable insight into strategies for further optimizing the diagnostic method and treatment outcomes.[ 151 , 152 ]
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
21,213 |
Recently, a Msdo was identified and characterized in V. paradoxus strain B4. The enzyme was described as a non-heme iron metalloenzyme that is a structural analog of the well-characterized cysteine dioxygenase comprising the typical cupin motifs of dioxygenases. MIM_c37420 showed an amino acid sequence identity of 60% to the MsdoB4, and the two cupin motifs were also identified (S4 Fig). Similar to msdoB4, MIM_c37420 from A. mimigardefordensis strain DPN7T is clustered with genes coding for a rhodanese domain-containing protein and a cystathionine β-lyase, supporting the assumption of MIM_c37420 coding for a putative MsdoDPN7. In V. paradoxus B4, MsdoB4 catalyzes the oxidation of MS to sulfinosuccinate. The latter is a very unstable compound that spontaneously disintegrates into succinate and sulfite .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
196,535 |
The combination of a multiparametric evaluation of RVD and US signs of congestion corroborates the above-mentioned findings, i.e., RVD and instrumental congestion significantly affect prognosis, which is even worse when both are present (OR 4.3, p < 0.05).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
128,926 |
Because of the lack of detail in the Methods, the first part of the results are a surprise as they deal with very specific challenges to data collection and recording (not recording dog containment), rather than the information systems. This elicitation of problems is not addressed in any detail in the Methods, which deal primarily with structural aspects. This specific aspect (dog containment) is then discussed in some detail, which again seems out of place here. Were no other aspects of the program considered equally challenging?
| 1 | 2other
| 2Review
|
117,227 |
Change in morphology lends itself to a change in function; individual Caco-2 cells observed under inflamed conditions in this model separated from the continuous monolayer associated with a fully functional gastric lining, therefore losing cell-cell tight junctions as seen in normal culture. The lack of continuous monolayer and loss of tight junctions can themselves act as an inflammatory trigger exacerbating the situation, potentially leading to chronic inflammation associated with comorbid conditions such as gastric cancer. Similarly ultrastructural alterations have also been implicated in altered cell proliferation and cellular kinetics both of which will impact the structure, function, and integrity of the epithelial lining .
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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388,819 |
Removing the force plates results in changes to accuracy when compared to cases with the force plate. The removal of the force plate led to reductions in accuracy as observed by comparing the sensors on the lower leg, Case 3 vs. Case 5 (medium effect), as well as sensors on the upper leg, Case 2 vs. Case 4 (large effect). The difference here is likely because the magnitude of the normal force is greater during running than walking, which supported the classification between those activities. When compared to the accuracy results from the use of all sensors (Case 1), only using a sensor set on the lower leg with the use of a force plate (Case 5) results in a small effect size (Table 3). If the sensors are limited and the motions of standing, walking, and running need to be classified, utilizing the sensors on the lower leg with force plates may not have operationally relevant differences from the full suite of sensors. When the sensors are only placed on the lower leg and the force plate is not utilized (Case 3), the median accuracy decreases by 0.82% compared to the set with all sensors (Case 1, medium effect size, Table 3). Depending on the use case, this loss in accuracy may or may not be functionally relevant.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
145,032 |
Concentrations of glucose in the CSF of patients with poor outcomes compared with survivors were significantly higher in days 0 to 3 after the CNS hemorrhage (Table 3). Significant decline of glucose concentrations in the CSF in both subgroups of our patients was observed in days 7 to 10 (Table 2) probably reflecting the systemic changes in glucose metabolism. Our findings are in accord with the study of Matthew et al. who found hyperglycemia as a significant factor of poor outcome after aneurysmal SAH . Similar dynamic of lactate concentrations in the CSF of our patients reflects the changes of glucose concentrations in relatively stabilized energy conditions in the CSF compartment (Table 2 and Table 3) .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
189,650 |
Huh7, LM3 cells were seeded and cultured until the confluence reached 70%. Western Blotting (WB) was performed by the protocols of a previous research. Using a 10% gel, amounts of protein (25 µg) were subjected to Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The primary antibodies applied for the WB experiment were bought from Proteintech Group (Rosemont, United States): anti-METTL18 (Catalog number: 25553-1-AP; 1:1000), anti-GAPDH (Catalog number: 10494-1-AP; 1:5000) antibodies and antialpha tubulin (Catalog number: 11224-1-AP; 1:5,000) antibodies.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
35,367 |
There are several previous reports on Sarracenia volatiles . For example, Miles et al. reported benzothiazole, benzyl alcohol, heptadecane and tridecane from S. flava, which we also found from Sarracenia spp. Nonanal, a floral scent compound widespread in the plant kingdom , was found from Sarracenia spp. lids in our study. The compound is known to attract mosquitos , and Miles et al. described it as one of S. flava’s volatile organic compounds. The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula), another carnivorous plant, emits this volatile organic compound when it is feeding on fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) .
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
43,417 |
Comparing these results with the composition of other essential oils described for the same plant, a specimen of P. guineense sampled in Arizona, USA, has also been found to contain β-bisabolene, α-pinene, and limonene as its primary constituents . In addition, the oil from another specimen collected in Roraima, Brazil, presented β-bisabolol as the main component, followed by limonene and epi-α-bisabolol . On the other hand, a specimen sampled in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, presented an essential oil with a very high value of spathulenol . Therefore, it is possible that there is a significant variation in the essential oils of different types of Araçá.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
269,106 |
The geography of human populations (ancestry) and genetic polymorphisms are closely related . Hence, identifying ancestry informative markers (AIMs) can be accomplished by analysing the publicly available genome sequences. Several measures of informativeness has been derived in order to rank candidate markers .
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
286,010 |
Respectively, 105 (47.3%), 24 (10.8%), and 102 (45.9%) patients were up to date for the Tdap, pneumococcal, and influenza vaccines. Immunization coverage could not be established with certainty and was classified as “unknown” for the Tdap, pneumococcal, and influenza vaccines for, respectively, 44 (19.8%), 24 (10.8%), and 2 (0.9%) patients. A total of 10.5% (70) of the 666 evaluated vaccine coverages had unknown status. None of the 79 patients over 65 years of age were vaccinated against the herpes zoster virus. In total, 179 (80.6%) patients had known immunization coverage for all three vaccines (up to date or not up to date) and 14 (6.3%) patients were up to date for the three vaccines (Supplementary Table S1). Vaccination coverage established at hospital admission by the pharmacist was documented in the medical records of 183 patients (82.4%): 53 (89.8%) patients in full-time unit 1, 63 (73.3%) patients in full-time unit 2, and 67 (87.0%) patients in the weekday unit.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
257,016 |
The genes that distinguish c64a cells from other skin fibroblasts do not map neatly onto a distinct subpopulation of cells in vivo, leading us to propose that their properties have evolved in culture, potentially by a combination of selection and the effect of culture on gene expression (Philippeos et al., 2018). In re-analysing the dataset of Tabib et al. (2018), cells with high levels of ASPN, IGF1 and CXCL1 and low levels of WNT4 map to the major CD90+ cluster and are relatively low in SRFP2 and high in FMO1/LSP1. SFRP2+ dermal fibroblasts are reported to be small, elongated cells, in contrast to FMO1+/LSP1+ cells, which are associated with inflammation and matrix deposition. The different subsets do not have a distinct spatial distribution (Tabib et al., 2018), in contrast to other subpopulations which map specifically to papillary (CD39) or reticular (CD36) dermis (Philippeos et al., 2018). Nevertheless, the cluster with highest α-SMA (ACTA2) is low in IGF1, as would be predicted from our functional studies. It is striking that ACTA2 does not emerge as a marker of any of the major fibroblast subsets recently identified by single cell RNA sequencing (Solé-Boldo et al., 2020; Reynolds et al., 2021), reinforcing the observation that the properties of fibroblasts change significantly in culture (Philippeos et al., 2018).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
209,029 |
Most follicles undergo degeneration during growth and development in a process known as follicular atresia. Abnormal follicular atresia may accelerate follicular depletion and lead to ovarian insufficiency. Recent studies have suggested that granulosa cell (GC) apoptosis is the main cause of follicular atresia . Oxidative stress, which arises as a consequence of the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or impaired antioxidant defense mechanisms, is believed to be the major causes of GC apoptosis .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
268,772 |
In eukaryotes, the vast majority of precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs) are composed of coding sequences (exons) interrupted by non-coding sequences (introns) . Therefore, intronic sequences need to be removed and surrounding exons joined, to generate a mature and translatable messenger RNA (mRNA). Interestingly, the majority of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) also share this discontinuous structure and undergo removal of introns to generate the mature transcript. This process of RNA maturation, which affects more than 90% of human genes, is termed splicing .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
375,111 |
Our study reveals the potential of photopolymerizable hydrogels for IA treatment. The developed hydrogel was shown to have a low viscosity enabling injection through 430 μm microcatheters, to solidify within less than 10 min using visible light and to be radiopaque under fluoroscopy. The proof-of-concept of in situ implementation of the hydrogel was validated in a realistic flow model of a human brain aneurysm replica, using a customized light-conducting microcatheter. In addition, the precursor and hydrogel were proved to be biocompatible.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
357,075 |
Categorical variables were presented as numbers and percentages, and were compared by the chi square test. Continuous variables are expressed as mean and standard deviation or median with interquartile interval. Based on their distributions, continuous variables were compared using Student’s t-test or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test between the 2 groups. The cumulative incidences of clinical events during 1-year after discharge were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the intergroup differences assessed by the log-rank test. Cumulative incidence rates of HF hospitalization or cardiovascular death/ non-cardiovascular death were estimated by using the Gray method , accounting for the competing risk of all-cause death or non-cardiovascular death/ cardiovascular death, respectively. We regarded the date of discharge as time zero for clinical follow-up. To estimate the risk for the primary and secondary outcome measures in the increase group relative to the no-increase group, a multivariable Cox proportional-hazards model was developed adjusting for confounders. Consistent with our previous reports [7, 9], we included the following 23 clinically relevant risk-adjusting variables and two additional variables into the model: age ≥80 years, sex, body mass index<22kg/m2, variables related to medical history (previous HF hospitalization, etiology of HF hospitalization associated with acute coronary syndrome, atrial fibrillation or flutter, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, previous myocardial infarction, previous stroke, current smoking, and chronic lung disease), variables related to comorbidities (living alone, ambulatory, systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, heart rate <60 bpm, LVEF<40%, estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] <30 ml/min/1.73m2, sodium <135 mEq/L, anemia, and albumin levels at admission), and medications at discharge (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers, and β-blockers), along with histories of liver cirrhosis, malignancy, and duration of hospital stay. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models described by Fine and Gray sub-distribution hazard model were developed for HF hospitalization or cardiovascular death/ non-cardiovascular death accounting for the competing risk of all-cause death or non-cardiovascular death/ cardiovascular death, respectively. Continuous variables were dichotomized by clinically meaningful reference values or median values. Albumin levels at admission were classified into quartiles: ≤ 3.2 g/dl (Q1), > 3.2 g/dl and ≤ 3.5 g/dl (Q2), ≥3.5 g/dl and ≤ 3.8 g/dl (Q3), and > 3.8 g/dl (Q4). The results were expressed as a hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
68,200 |
In addition to genetic and compound inducers of autophagy, we also studied whether activating autophagy by physiological methods prevents AD. Starvation and exercise are the best-known physiological inducers of autophagy in vivo [29, 35, 54]. Interestingly, although starvation induces detectable formation of autophagosomes in neurons of 3-month 5XFAD mice after 48 h [55, 56], it seems ineffective in removing intra-neuronal or extracellular Aβ , likely due to insufficient degradation of Aβ-containing autolysosomes after short-term starvation. In comparison, exercise, either forced exercise by treadmill or voluntary exercise by running wheel, has been recently shown to increase the autophagy flux in various tissues, including skeletal muscle and cerebral cortex in mice [35, 38, 54, 57]. Thus, we investigated the effects of physical exercise in AD, and demonstrated that 4 months of voluntary running exerted positive effects on animal behavior and amyloid pathology in brain of 5XFAD mice. It should be noted that we started voluntary exercise at the age of 2 months prior to any detectable cognitive impairment. Physical exercise has previously been suggested to play a beneficial role against cognitive decline in AD [39, 41, 42], but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. We showed for the first time that compared with AD mice with normal autophagy activity, exercise is not able to reduce amyloid deposition in brain of autophagy-deficient AD mice, suggesting that exercise-induced autophagy may be an important mechanism mediating some of the beneficial effects of exercise on AD [35, 54], although exercise may affect other pathways that also contribute to the exercise-mediated neuroprotective effects. Intriguingly, treadmill exercise does not seem to be as effective as voluntary wheel running to prevent neurodegeneration . It is likely that the stress associated with forced running on the treadmill exerts detrimental effects on animal behavior and disease pathogenesis. Finally, considering that one key problem in AD is the late diagnosis of the disease that significantly reduces the effectiveness of subsequent treatments [58, 59], voluntary exercise should be considered as an important component in modern lifestyle to effectively induce autophagy and prevent cognitive decline as a non-pharmacological intervention.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
98,271 |
Now, the calculated local structural and electronic structural properties, along with the atomic spin properties are quite sensitive to the choice of employed initial clusters. It is therefore of paramount importance to address whether the chosen clusters are sufficient in reproducing the experimental geometries (at various fluences) or not. Therefore, special attention is given in validating these aspects. In Fig. 2, the radial distribution function (RDF) as calculated from our ab-initio geometry at T = 1000 K is plotted alongside of the Fourier transform of the 45°-EXAFS data of the corresponding unirradiated film. The similarity in both the spectrum is direct indicative of the fact that the ab-initio MD structures adapted here are very well representing the experimental NPs as far as the local atomic environment is concerned. Note that, the RDF is calculated by estimating all possible bond-lengths of the clusters and thereby splitting them into equi-spaced bins. This takes into account the numbers of neighbouring atoms at particular distances i.e. how many atoms are there within the first co-ordination shell, how many are there in the second co-ordination shell etc.Figure 2The Fourier transform of experimental EXAFS data for unirradiated film along with the RDF of corresponding MD structure.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
16,627 |
About 9% of our population had extreme UIC values (>600 μg/L). Although potassium iodide supplementation was higher in this group, it is difficult to attribute this to such a high UIC. However, seaweed consumption, application of iodized antiseptics in pregnancy , and use of salt with excessive iodination could justify UIC values >600 mg/dL.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
241,764 |
To directly correlate covalency with the catalytic performance, we first have to clarify if band bending might influence the catalytic performance as well. To this end, we performed a systematic electrochemical characterization in combination with an MS analysis and compared its results with the obtained OER overpotentials.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
88,450 |
Recently, Krueger and Hoffman (2016) reviewed and summarized the roles of three brain networks that are activated during TPP: the salience network (SN), the default mode network (DMN), and the central executive network (CEN). First, they suggested that the SN (the insula, amygdala, and dorsal anterior cingulate) detects and generates an aversive experience that initiates TPP. Second, the authors argued that the DMN (the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and TPJ) integrates the perceived harm and inference of intentions into an assessment of blame. Finally, they proposed that the CEN (the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex) converts the blame signal into a specific punishment decision.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
137,931 |
Purchasing can be passive or strategic, although approaches to purchasing can be a continuous process from more passive to more strategic purchasing [4, 5]. In passive purchasing, purchasers transfer funds to service providers without due diligence on either the performance of the service providers or need for such health services to the population, quality and cost of delivering those services . Funds are transferred to service providers based on predetermined budgets without considering efficiency . As countries explore ways to increase the efficiency of limited resources to achieve the maximum health outcomes possible, the demand for Strategic Health Purchasing (SHP) has increased. SHP is defined as the efficient allocation of pooled funds to healthcare providers for the delivery of health services on behalf of a population. It involves three key decisions made by a purchaser about what to buy, from whom to buy and how to buy . These decisions are at the core of making better decisions on resource allocation, creating better incentives and holding decision-makers accountable for effective health spending [6–8]. Hence, the objectives of strategic purchasing are to enhance equity in the distribution of resources, increase efficiency in the use of these resources, manage expenditure growth and promote quality in health service delivery with hopes to accelerate progress towards universal health coverage . SHP across various health financing mechanisms is a tool for achieving universal health coverage (UHC). Success stories have been reported in low and middle income countries including Indonesia, Thailand and Cambodia [1, 9–13].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
337,499 |
Several research groups have investigated HER2 expression in OS, with divergent results . A Cooperative Children’s Oncology Group (COG) study, which ended in October 2007, evaluated the addition of trastuzumab to standard ChT in patients with metastatic OS with tumors overexpressing HER2 (Table 1). Results suggested that trastuzumab could be safely delivered in combination with anthracycline-based ChT and dexrazoxane, but its therapeutic benefit remains uncertain. A more definitive assessment of trastuzumab’s potential role in OS treatment would require a randomized study of patients with HER2-positive disease .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
40,500 |
SES, health behavior, and health status were investigated using a standardized questionnaire. A detailed description of the independent variables is provided in Table 1. At the start of the investigation, 1,000 thousand Korean Won (KRW) was equivalent to 845.7 USD. The National Basic Livelihood Security (NBLS) system provides social assistance to low-income households in the form of livelihood grants, housing subsidies, education subsidies, and medical aid. People who had never smoked or had smoked less than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime were considered non-smokers. Former smokers were defined as those who had smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime but were not smokers at the time of the survey. Current smokers were defined as those who had smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and who currently smoked every day or on some days. Average daily alcohol consumption (number of drinks/day) was calculated according to the frequency of alcohol consumption during the previous year and the average number of standard drinks of each beverage type consumed on a single occasion. Alcohol consumption was classified as none, ≤1 drink/day, >1 to 2 drinks/day, >2 to 4 drinks/day, or >4 drinks/day.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
50,133 |
Our models took account of the sib-pair clustered study design by including sib-pair as a family-specific random effect. A causal path diagram helped to visualise the relationships between dietary patterns and risk factors and assisted in construction of the models. Dietary pattern membership was treated as a predictor of each risk factor in turn, while adjusting for the potential confounding factors of age, sex, education level and rural/urban residency. The following factors were also considered as potential confounders for specific outcomes: energy consumption by quartile for underweight, obesity and WHR; obesity for hypertension, total:HDL cholesterol and diabetes; and current smoking status for hypertension. An age-squared term was included for underweight and obesity. Models were tested for multicollinearity using a correlation matrix of bivariate relationships between explanatory variables and the variance inflation factor for each regression model. Statistical analyses were conducted in MPlus version 7.3 (Muthén & Muthén, Los Angeles, CA, USA) for the mixture models and in Stata version 14 and R version 3.2.2 for descriptive statistics and regression models.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
266,110 |
The CAG showed the severely dilated left sinus of Valsalva and the contrast agent was preserved and rotated in a circle (A). The aneurysm compressed the LMCA (yellow arrow) in the upward direction with significant LMCA seriously narrowing (B). No critical stenosis was observed in LAD. Red stars, the outline of the SoVA; CAG, coronary artery angiography; LMCA, left main coronary artery; LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery, black arrow; white arrow, left circumflex coronary artery.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 3Clinical case
|
286,933 |
Indeed, the physical and financial care that older people often needed could make them feel ashamed and anxious. The case of James Dowdle, who cut his throat in Bath in 1803, encapsulates this. Dowdle had been committed to gaol, but was still being cared for by his daughter, who ‘went up to her father’s room to take away his breakfast things and his dirty linen when to her great astonishment and surprise she saw him lying on the side of his bed’.101 When he was asked what he had done and why, Dowdle only ‘said he hoped he had not much soiled the bed for that he endeavoured to keep it as clean as he could by lying near the side of the bed with his head out [so] that the blood might discharge itself into the pot which was by the side of the bed’.102 This seemingly unusual response is illustrative of a deep concern about being an inconvenience; given that his daughter regularly removed his dirty linen, there is perhaps some significance in Dowdle’s fixation on the cleanliness of the bed, as if he wanted to prevent more filial labour being created by his suicide. As Lisa Wynn Smith contends, in this period, ‘leaky male bodies’ were often considered disturbing and problematic, and it is notable that Dowdle worried that his blood would ‘soil’ the ‘clean’ bed.103 There were strong connections between clean linen and social respectability, and dirtied linen or underclothes were associated with shame.104 In old age, bodies could of course become incontinent and ‘leaky’, and this different sort of leakiness could also elicit embarrassment. James Hilton, who hanged himself in Westminster in 1768, was cared for by his wife who, on the day before his suicide, found that he had ‘wetted his Shirt and the Bed in which they laid, (Which he frequently used to do)’, causing her to ‘ha[ve] some words in Anger with [him]’.105 Straight after, while his wife was fetching water, Hilton hanged himself. This scolding—which, on top of highlighting his body’s ‘feminine leakiness’, upset his role as male head of household—potentially impacted upon his decision.106
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
37,580 |
In relation to what literature shows regarding action mechanisms of SSU, it is suggested that AdVance® sling mash may modify the dynamics of bulbar urethra (repositioning and increase of rabdosphincter length) resulting in functional improvement of sphincter (16); differently, implant of SSU Argus T® would change angulation and urethral compression (20). Therefore, Advance Sling® doesn't have a compressive action, as observed by Bauer et al. (21); they evaluated the pre and post-surgical urodynamic parameters of patients treated with Advance® sling and observed that residual urine after initial free flow did not alter after treatment and postulated that this kind of sling did not produce a compressive effect. This non-obstructive effect was also proven by Ullrich and Comiter (4) and Davies et al. (22), that did not identify any significant change of maximum flow, pressure at maximum flow and post-micturition urinary residue.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
20,802 |
In addition to absolute physical distance, path or navigation distance is also a consideration. For example, a typical multilevel building like the one used in the current study has limited access points to movement across the floors. People cannot directly move up to the room above through the ceiling; rather they have to use stairs or elevators which are often sparsely located in the building. Thus, 2 rooms on top of each other are further apart in terms of actual navigation than 2 rooms side by side on the same floor, even when absolute distances are identical or the vertical rooms have even shorter physical distance than the horizontal rooms. Representation of space in the hippocampus is not only influenced by absolute distance but also by path distance (Howard et al. 2014), and it has also been suggested that topology instead of physical geometry is encoded in hippocampal place cells (Dabaghian et al. 2014). It would be intriguing to systematically investigate the effect of physical and path distance, and the potential interaction with vertical/horizontal boundaries, in future studies.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
58,402 |
Adverse drug reactions were reported to be the main reason for ART modification in most studies, with a higher probability of occurring in the first six months of treatment [8, 18, 20]. Landier et al. (2011), studying the incidence and reasons for switching to second-line ART, found that ART modifications occurred earlier when motivated by adverse drug reactions than by therapeutic failure . This explains the high incidence due to adverse reactions at the beginning of treatment and the result that therapeutic failure was the second most frequent reason for ART modification in our study. Pedrol Clotet et al. (2014) found that treatment simplification was the most frequent reason for ART modification, a reason not described in our cohort . This evaluation was conducted when a larger number of drugs became available and it was possible to have easier drug regimens or dosing, which can improve adherence. We suppose that modifications to more simple therapeutic regimens, with fixed-dose combinations, may be a trend.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
42,328 |
The phase inversion membrane with 5% nHA was verified with excellent mechanical properties and favorable barrier effect against fibroblast, which was described in detail later in Result section. Therefore, the second layer was fabricated on the base of relative rough surface of PLGA PIM + 5 nHA via electrospinning method as described in previous studies . In brief, 1.2 g PLGA was added in 4 mL 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP, Aladdin Chemical Co. Ltd.), and the solution stirred vigorously until all polymer completely dissolved. Meanwhile, series content of nHA was added in 2 mL HFIP and ultrasonically mixed for 30 min. The two solutions mentioned above were mixed together and stirred continuously for 24 h before electrospinning to make the PLGA at a final concentration at 20%. The blend solution was loaded in a 10 mL plastic syringe connected to a stainless needle (inner diameter: 0.4 mm). The obtained fibers were collected on the rough surface of phase inversion membrane. The electrospinning parameters were as follows: electric field strength: 20 kV; air gap distance: 15 cm; flow rate of solution: 1 mL/h and all the experiments were conducted at room temperature in air. The obtained bilayer membrane was placed under vacuum for about 24 h at 25 °C to remove the residual solvent, finally yielding functionally graded bilayer membrane (FGBM).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
30,082 |
ITC reverse titration experiments were performed to further confirm the interaction of BA with PPARγ. Reverse titration ensured a 10-fold molar excess in ligand to protein at the beginning of the experiment. In this way, it was possible to determine a binding stoichiometry also different from 1:1. The results (Figure S4) indicated that only one molecule of BA binds to the PPARγ ligand binding domain (LBD) with a Kd of 4 μM.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
199,734 |
We included all the guidelines aimed at providing general guidance for the early detection and diagnostic workup of CPA. For some specific review questions, we also included guidelines with a narrower scope, notably those regarding the recommended diagnostic workup to detect abusive head trauma or skeletal injuries.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
1,008 |
A natural consequence of the lack of structure and guidelines for providing GAC in South Africa is the limited number of informed and willing GAC professionals (HC009, HC011). As has previously been discussed, the vast majority of known GAC professionals and all of those interviewed for this study are located in urban centres of the Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, and Western Cape provinces. Thus, clients seeking GAC who reside in rural settings, or in one of the other six provinces, will often be required to travel to access care (HC002, HC009, HC012). But this has implications for the quality of services they receive over the long term. One service professional noted:
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
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