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24,207 |
Our study demonstrates that inhibition of miR-146a-5p in combination with the adoptive transfer of stimulated macrophages can “turn off” angiogenesis and “turn on” tumor killing mechanisms such as iNOS, enabling the recruitment of additional activated immune cells that can now kill tumor cells. In other words, we can now re-visit macrophage therapy and improve it by manipulating miR-146a-5p levels. Naturally, such an approach should be further studied in different tumor models and eventually in clinical trials.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
336,507 |
The repeated three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) of the trachea and the spirometry at 16-month follow-up. (A) There was partial absence at the right side of the trachea on the 3D-CT on admission (Red arrow pointed to the fistula). (B) The repeated CT at 16-month follow-up showed that the fistula was covered by the flap grafting (Red arrow). (C) The spirometry at 16-month follow-up showed that the ventilatory function was normal. (D) The flow-volume loop showed that no fixed or dynamic airway obstruction existed. Good patency and stableness of large airway was maintained after the treatment.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 3Clinical case
|
18,934 |
This was a quantitative and qualitative survey of data collected from medical students (n = 289) on one-day visits to Broadmoor high-secure forensic psychiatric hospital. Broadmoor hospital, which has 210 beds, treats and rehabilitates the highest risk mentally disordered offenders and is one of three high secure hospitals in England. The study was registered as a service evaluation of the hospital’s medical education programme.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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76,564 |
Liraglutide proved to be safe and well tolerated during this long term study. Neoplasms and pancreatitis, which were pre-specified exploratory outcomes, did not increase with liraglutide use. This allays earlier (unfounded) fear mongering.7 Weight loss, lowering of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and compensatory tachycardia occurred in the liraglutide group. Severe and confirmed hypoglycaemia were less common in the liraglutide group, in spite of better glucose control. This may be explained by the insulin sparing effect of liraglutide, which allowed lesser doses of insulin and insulin secretagogues to be used. All the differences noted above were statistically significant.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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88,004 |
A linear model of the growth curve for emotional stability scores resulted in an excellent fit [χ2(3) = 4.234, p = 0.237, CFI = 0.987, TLI = 0.987, RMSEA = 0.039]. The model accounts for 65–68% of the variance in the observed emotional stability variables at the three times of measurement. Results indicated that means at time 0 were greater than 0 (intercept: M = 3.155, p < 0.001), while there was no increase in the mean change of emotional stability over time (linear slope: M = -0.039, p = 0.184). There was significant variability in the initial values (intercept: Var = 0.309, p < 0.001), but not with the slope. In other words, there was significant inter-individual differences in initial levels of emotional stability scores but not in growth trajectories. A non-significant correlation (r = -0.254, p = 0.218) between the intercept and the linear slope indicates that participants with higher initial values did not significantly show more decrease over time compared to participants with lower initial values.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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258,737 |
In terms of the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes, a variety of analytical technologies have been exploited, including fluorescence , electrochemistry , surface plasmon resonance , and chemiluminescence . However, some techniques need expensive detectors or light sources, while at the same time may suffer insufficient sensitivity for measuring clinical samples. Electrochemiluminescence has shown an excellent potential thanks to the good selectivity and the fact that signal generation can be adjusted by the alternation of the trigger potential, allowing control over emission location and thus enabling multi-analyte detection from the sample, by employing single or multiple electrodes . The methodologies for ECL-based multiplex assays can be mainly categorized as spatial-resolved, potential-resolved, spectrum-resolved, and other miscellaneous strategies . Herein the spatially resolved approach on a single SPCE has been applied for the first time for multiplex ECL detection of three mTBI biomarkers. Translation of three individual singleplex assays into multiplex assay has been successfully done, indicating that such an approach could be further explored for detection of mTBI biomarker panel from limited sample volume (e.g., capillary blood sample, cerebrospinal fluid, etc.), and with the option to extend the biomarker panel and improve the clinical specificity of the test (e.g., fewer false positives).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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48,509 |
Though a large number of studies have investigated the role of allergic conditions in cancer, the mechanisms remain unclear10, 13, 28, 29. Allergic conditions appear to have dual roles in CRC28, 30. Allergies may cause chronic inflammation and stimulate cell growth, which can predispose an individual to malignant disease28, 30. On the other hand, two hypotheses, “immunosurveillance” hypothesis and “prophylaxis” hypothesis, have been proposed to explain the inverse association between allergic conditions and cancer28. The “immunosurveillance” hypothesis proposes that people with allergic conditions have heightened immune system, which contributes to detect and eradicate pre-malignant cells and thus reduces cancer risk31, 32. Another potential explanation, known as prophylaxis hypothesis, asserts that allergic responses in mucosal surfaces can lead to more rapid clearance of toxins, pathogens, and foreign particles before they initiate carcinogenesis28. The protective effect of allergic conditions on CRC could also be explained by the antitumor effect of type I immunoglobulin E-mediated immune activity11. Atopic allergens can be taken into the digestive system and lead to type I immunoglobulin E-mediated hypersensitivity reactions33. A previous study found that coculture of eosinophils with colorectal carcinoma cells resulted in secretion of eosinophil cationic protein and granzyme A, which exerts eosinophil tumoricidal activity toward CRC cells34. Besides, IgE can bind to cell surface IgE receptors such as CD23 and FceRI, which engage several types of effector cells against cancer35. Moreover, it is also indicated that treatment with tumor-specific mouse IgE antibody could inhibit human colorectal tumor xenograft growth36. More studies are warranted to further clarify the exact mechanisms for the antitumor effect of allergic conditions.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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191,577 |
Activation and prolonged survival of myofibroblasts is likewise critical for the development of IPF14. The origin of myofibroblasts in fibrotic lung tissues is complex15, involving resident fibroblasts, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibrocytes, pericytes, and macrophages. In these cell types, fibroblast to myofibroblast transition (FMT) is considered a crucial source of myofibroblasts and inhibition of FMT has been repeatedly shown to reduce or block the progression of pulmonary fibrosis16–18. The expression of PD-L1 in lung fibroblasts have been reported in several studies13,19,20. Recently, Geng et al. demonstrated that higher PD-L1 expression in lung fibroblasts is associated with increased invasion and migration that drives PF progression in a humanized mouse model of IPF20. Consequently, PD-L1 neutralization or knockout dramatically attenuated bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis in vivo20. In established human and murine lung fibroblast cell lines, knockdown of PD-L1 mitigates TGF-β-induced extracellular matrix production19. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which PD-L1 modulates FMT to promote pulmonary fibrosis. PD-L1 has been reported to enter the nuclei of cancer cells, which contributes to the anti-tumor response to PD-1 blockade21. A recent study also shows that PD-L1 promotes lung cancer cell growth through activation of β-catenin signaling22, the latter has been implicated in pulmonary fibrosis23. It remains elusive whether PD-L1 might affect Smad3 and β-catenin signaling in the context of FMT and thus the focus of the present study.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
137,991 |
In the analyzed patient cohort, the overall survival was significantly higher in patients with an early HCC compared with patients with an advanced HCC. The NMR analysis did not reveal significant differences between the two subgroups apart from a higher cholesterol concentration in LDL subclass A in patients with an advanced HCC and a higher serum concentration of lactate in patients with an early HCC. However, the validity of this finding may be limited due to the small sample size of both subgroups. Future studies should include larger cohorts of patients with early and advanced HCCs in order to assess the potential differences between the two groups.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
155,271 |
Based on the challenges in operationalizing the ISN framework and the strategies used to address them, we articulated an operational model of how an IS system can work and some guidance that can assist the process. This model is described here and referred to as an IS system operational model. The corresponding guidance is provided in an accompanying guide (47).
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
373,076 |
As identified previously (44), Chol interacts at distinct sites compared to PIP2 and PS headgroups, and we did not observe a shift in interaction site of either PIP2 or PS on removal of Chol from the membrane. There was a very slight decrease in Chol interaction times in simulations where PIP2 was not present vs. where PIP2 was present; however, this decrease was small. This indicates that inhibition of Kir2.2 by Chol operates independently from channel opening by PIP2 and other anionic lipids.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
170,957 |
For drought stress treatments, transgenic soybean seedlings were grown in a growth chamber. Two types of drought treatments, namely an osmotic stress (PEG) treatment and a pot soil‐drying treatment, were employed in the present study to evaluate drought tolerance of transgenic plants. For PEG treatment, WT and homozygous T2‐generation seeds (OX1 and OX9) were germinated on water‐soaked papers for five days. Germinated seedlings (n = 15 plants/genotype/treatment) were transferred into the hole of foam board on a plastic box (length × width × height = 30 × 25 × 13 cm) filled with water. 10 days later, the seedlings were transferred into the solution with 15% PEG for 1 day and then with 25% PEG for 2 days. Treated WT and transgenic plants (OX1 and OX9) were investigated and photographed for the evaluation of the PEG effect on plant phenotype (Figure S4a).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
208,160 |
While revising your submission, please upload your figure files to the Preflight Analysis and Conversion Engine (PACE) digital diagnostic tool, https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com. PACE helps ensure that figures meet PLOS requirements. To use PACE, you must first register as a user. Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email us at figures@plos.org.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
236,664 |
As discussed previously, CAFs are part of the immune cell lineage, but their ability to modulate the immune response makes them attractive targets to relieve immunosuppression. In a recent study, Koikawa et al. demonstrated that targeting the proline isomerase Pin1, which they showed to be expressed on CAFs and cancer cells, in combination with anti-PD1 and gemcitabine, induces promising responses in multiple PDAC models. To perform the experiments, they used patient-derived organoids as well as orthotopic allograft models in syngeneic, immunocompetent hosts and treated them with a pharmacologic inhibitor of Pin1 (Pin1i). Consequently, they observed that CAF activation was blocked, the number of immunosuppressive Tregs and myeloid cells were decreased, resulting in an increased number of infiltrating CD8+ T cells. In addition, Pin1i seemed to synergize with common chemo- and immunotherapies, such as anti-PD1 and gemcitabine. Indeed, 87.5% of mice treated with the combination of Pin1i, anti-PD1 and gemcitabine showed complete tumor regression and long-term, tumor-free survival. In addition, they showed that high Pin1 expression correlates with a low survival rate, increased Tregs and M2-like macrophages, whereas Pin1-low tumors were characterized by higher cytotoxic CD8+ T cells infiltration .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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300,957 |
In this review, ophthalmologists will be referred to as Glaucoma Experts (GEs). No specific criteria for the training were used, since this certification process has only been established in recent years through the collaboration between the European Board of Ophthalmology (EBO) and the European Glaucoma Society (EGS) .
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
33,244 |
Growth of G.P. zone between η phases can be restrained because surrounding Mg and Zn atoms are easy to be captured by those larger η phases, and therefore, such G.P. zone can be wrapped by more Al atoms, which explains why a certain quantity of G.P. zones can still exist after sufficient aging.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
188,708 |
To better illustrate Yingpan Man’s seasonal dietary variation, two hair sections respectively representing the highest (Sample A: − 14.0 ± 0.1‰, 15.2 ± 0.1‰) and lowest δ13C values (Sample B: − 17.3 ± 0.2‰, 15.8 ± 0.1‰) were analyzed by a Bayesian mixing model with the application of FRUITS (Food Reconstruction Using Isotopic Transferred signals)49,50. As displayed in Fig. S6, isotopic data for millet, wheat/barley, grape and sheep/goat from the Yingpan cemetery were incorporated into the mixing model as feasible dietary sources for Yingpan Man in both scenarios (Sample A and Sample B). The isotopic fractionation between human hair and diet is corrected with an offset of 4.0 ± 0.5‰ for δ13C values51–53 and 4.5 ± 0.5‰ for δ15N values51,54. The relative contribution of different macronutrients is defined in the mixing model according to published records with 74 ± 4% of the carbon originating from protein and 26 ± 4% originating from carbohydrates and lipids and all of the nitrogen originating from protein55,56. The high hair δ13C value of − 14.0‰ (Sample A) represents a heavy reliance on millet consumption (39–67%; median = 53%) and a low amount of dietary input from wheat/barley (0–51%; median = 12%), grape (1–46%; median = 25%) and sheep/goat (0–30%; median = 4%), which likely reflects Yingpan Man’s diet during the winter and spring months (Fig. S6 and Table S13). In contrast, the low hair δ13C value of − 17.3‰ (Sample B) likely represents a summer/autumn diet with a decline in C4 foods, like millet (8–44%; median = 28%), as well as increased reliance on C3 foods like wheat/barley (1–71%; median = 21%) and sheep/goat (0–81%; median = 9%) (Fig. S6 and Table S13). However, the importance of sheep/goat and wheat/barley is likely under-estimated here given their small sample size and highly elevated δ15N values. Nonetheless, the FRUITS mixing model indicates that the varying consumption of plant foods, especially millet, is clearly responsible for the δ13C shifts of Yingpan Man’s diet.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
152,366 |
Similar to M. ulcerans and M. haemophilia, M. marinum cutaneous infections are often caused by freshwater or saltwater injuries, especially if the water is stagnant in nature . Therefore, it most commonly affects swimmers and those who work with fish. Cases of aquarium granuloma have been reported by those working in aquariums, pet shops, preparing seafood, and more . Fortunately, aquarium granuloma infections have not been seen to transmit from person to person . Most common infection sites includes the dorsum of the dominant hand, as well as the elbows, fingers, and legs . This is consistent with the organism having an optimum growth temperature that is cooler than body temperature .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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328,077 |
An overall positive [+] call for the in vivo genotoxicity endpoints was assigned if there was clear evidence of a positive response from a single study (i.e., rats or mice, males or females). If there was clear evidence from more than one study, or if a substance was positive in one species or sex and negative in the other, a positive call was recorded. In the case of the latter, if two studies yielded different results, but it was clear that systemic exposures were greater in the positive than in the negative study, an overall call of [+] was given.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
229,255 |
AuNPs are cancer-selective chemo reagents because they induce cancer-specific cytotoxicity. However, enhancement of cancer-specific accumulation is desired to achieve a more effective treatment. To obtain effective cancer-specific accumulation of AuNPs, we focused on photodynamic therapy (PDT), a type of cancer treatment that is influenced by the accumulation of photosensitizers, such as porphyrins . Porphyrin accumulation was shown to be higher in cancer tissues than in normal tissues. When exposed to laser irradiation with the optimal wavelength, porphyrins induce the production of ROS via a photoreaction, causing cancer-specific damage. Cellular uptake of porphyrin is induced by heme carrier protein-1 (HCP-1), whose expression is higher in cancer cells than in normal cells . We reasoned that porphyrin attachment could function in the accumulation of AuNPs in cancer cells via HCP-1.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
115,475 |
Despite declarations by the FAO and OIE of a 2030 target for PPRV eradication , the spread of PPR has been facilitated by inconsistent or very restricted vaccination strategies as well as porous borders of neighboring countries between which there is significant illegal cross border animal trade through longstanding traditional animal trading routes (Fig 2) [4, 5]. PPRV now circulating throughout Northern, Eastern and West Africa, Asia—in particular China, as well as Central and Eurasia, the Indian subcontinent, as well as the Middle East . The combination of PPRV in the European part of Turkey and susceptibility of deer ranging through PPR positive areas into Europe proper is cause for substantial concern for the introduction of PPR into Europe . Why the spread of PPRV has dramatically increased since its detection in 1942 is yet to be determined, however, several factors are thought to have played a role. Amongst these are the lack of cross protection following the cessation of rinderpest vaccination; inconsistent and uncoordinated vaccination strategies; as well as neglect by national governments and research groups. Greater than 63% of the small ruminants globally remain under threat by PPRV [6, 7].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
391,273 |
The IC50 values showed ABTS radical scavenging potential of all the extracts, and the standards were in the following order: vitamin C (standard) > wild (methanol) > cultivated (acetone) > wild (acetone) > wild (water) > cultivated (methanol) > cultivated (water) > BHT (standard). Methanol extracts of the wild plants, acetone extracts of cultivated plants, and vitamin C showed the higher potential of ABTS as evaluated by the IC50 which was greater than the least concentration evaluated. Methanol extracts and acetone extracts of the wild plants and acetone extracts of the cultivated plants showed higher potential of DPPH with IC50 which was greater than the least concentration evaluated. The DPPH radical scavenging potential followed this trend: BHT > wild (methanol) > cultivated (acetone) > wild (acetone) > cultivated (water), wild (water) > vitamin C. The acetone extracts of the cultivated plants showed no activity on the scavenging of the nitric oxide. The nitric oxide radical scavenging potential of all the extracts and the standards based on the IC50 was in the decreasing order: BHT, wild (methanol) > wild (water) >cultivated (water) >wild (acetone) > cultivated (methanol) > vitamin C > BHT > cultivated (acetone).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
150,824 |
The language barrier was extensively described in the literature as in our studies as one of the main barriers for access . In addition, it was found to also compromise the received biomedical care , affecting the appropriateness of the health services. Even if using translation tools is a possible strategy to overcome the language barrier, due to the high number of patients and a tight time to attend to them, healthcare professionals gave preference to concentrate on clinical aspects than to use such tools . The use of cultural mediators could solve the lack of an effective communication , because using family members or untrained translators not only compromises the quality of care but also poses ethical conflicts about confidentiality .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
302,618 |
Thank you for this comment. Indeed, we did not test whether the effect would be weaker by changing the slider direction from right to left. However, we still feel that it is important to include the literature on spatial translation of time as it is relevant to understand what we meant when referring to ‘perceptual representations’. We have changed and added a substantial part of the introduction concerning the spatial translation of time regarding grounded cognition. We hope in rewriting this part, it has become clearer why we would like to keep this part in the manuscript. Please see lines 205ff (the lines refer to the document with tracked changes).
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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199,516 |
However, although histologically tremendously improved, muscle did not return to completely normal. Strikingly, both expression regimens led to an expansion of the FAP population, which persisted for as long as we were able to monitor. While the endothelial and inflammatory features returned to normal after dox withdrawal, the number of FAPs did not. This is not a typical response to injury, as while FAPs increase in the immediate aftermath of an acute injury, in the acute setting they return to normal quickly, for example within one week of a notexin injury . Using the identical markers used in this study, we observed that the frequency of FAPs is unaltered 30 days post CTX-injury in WT mice . Thus, the persistent expansion of the FAP population months after a single burst of DUX4 or a 10 day pulse of DUX4 suggests the possibility that homeostasis has been altered in a manner that favors fibrosis. Elevated numbers of FAPs are seen in various pro-fibrotic chronic muscle injury settings, including in mdx mice, as well as in mice subjected to denervation or chronic weekly BaCl2 injury . The fibrotic propensity of muscle that had seen a previous burst of DUX4 was here revealed by later CTX injuries. This led to significant fibrosis, which is not normally seen after such CTX injury. The possibility that acquired muscle injury plays a role in the progression of FSHD is intriguing, as one of the features that distinguishes FSHD from most other muscular dystrophies is the frequent bilateral asymmetry in muscle deterioration. If DUX4 expression primed muscle for a dystrophic response to particular injuries, such that later injury initiated the fibrotic degeneration, then the stochastic nature of muscle injury might account for the asymmetry seen in FSHD.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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198,771 |
To test the transmissibility of PDV derived from the infectious clone, squash was used as herbaceous host. Approximately 10 g of symptomatic leaf tissue was collected from PDV infected cucumber and was ground with a mortar and pestle in 10 mL of mechanical inoculation buffer (0.01 M Na2H/KH2PO4 pH 7.2, 2% Polyvinylpyrrolidone MW 40,000, 1% 2-mercaptoethanol, 5 mM cysteine HCL, 1 mM Na diethyldithiocarbamate (Na-DIECA), 2 mM EDTA, 0.1% activated charcoal). Once homogenized, the cotyledons of squash plants were dusted with carborundum powder, and a gloved finger was dipped in the homogenate and gently rubbed on each cotyledon 5 times in a single direction with light pressure. Approximately 5 min after rubbing, extra inoculum was removed from cotyledons by light misting with tap water. Plants were covered to maintain high humidity for 48 h and then maintained in a growth chamber under standard plant growth conditions.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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314,059 |
In New Zealand, for example, between 2002 and 2003, the sea urchin species Evechinus chloroticus was introduced into the quota management system of fishing, thanks to the support of the detailed biological information (Miller & Abraham, 2011). The quota management system is used to set the total allowed catch in twelve different fishing sectors according to the assessment of a set of biological criteria (Miller & Abraham, 2011). Fishing areas are classified in relation to growth conditions of the gonads, spawning rate, larval diffusion and the connectivity of local populations (Kritzer & Sale, 2004; James, Heath & Unwin, 2007; James & Heath, 2008; James et al., 2009; Wing, 2009).
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
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363,866 |
Congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS) are vascular anomalies, allowing portal blood to bypass the hepatic parenchyma and directly enter the systemic circulation (Mankin 2015). Extrahepatic CPSS (EHPSS) and intrahepatic CPSS (IHPSS) are likely to have a different genetic profile (Van den Bossche and van Steenbeek 2016). EHPSS predominantly affects small breed dogs, whereas in large-breed dogs IHPSS are more common (Hunt 2004). Toxic substances such as ammonia, accumulate in the systemic circulation and are responsible for the development of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in dogs with CPSS (Butterworth et al. 1987; Perazzo et al. 2012), potentiated by an increased blood manganese concentration and a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) (Gow et al. 2010, 2012; Tivers et al. 2014; Gow 2017). Besides HE, vomiting, diarrhea, and ammonium-urate urolithiasis are frequently observed (Broome et al. 2004; Berent and Tobias 2009). These clinical signs of portosystemic shunting often affect quality of life (QoL) and survival. Surgical intervention is frequently recommended for animals with CPSS because of improved survival and QoL compared with non-surgical treatment (Greenhalgh et al. 2010; Tivers et al. 2017). Different methods for surgical shunt occlusion have been investigated (Berent and Tobias 2009; Tivers et al. 2012; Greenhalgh et al. 2014; Mankin 2015; Tivers et al. 2017). Unfortunately, surgery is not always possible for anatomical or financial reasons, or concerns regarding acute mortality. Non-surgical treatment, unlike surgery, does not affect the portal blood flow into the systemic circulation (Watson and Herrtage 1998; Mankin 2015), but aims to control clinical signs by reducing the systemic plasma concentration of toxic substances (Watson and Herrtage 1998; Proot et al. 2009). The latter can be achieved by feeding a diet that has a lower amount of protein (approximately 40 g per 1,000 kcal metabolizable energy) with a high branched-chain amino acids to aromatic amino acids ratio (Proot et al. 2009). Furthermore, sources of soluble fiber, in the diet or as supplement (e.g. lactulose), reduce ammonia uptake from the gastrointestinal tract by an acidifying effect that shifts ammonia into ammonium which is not absorbed, and by a laxative effect that ensures rapid expulsion of bacteria and ammonia (Van Leeuwen et al. 1988; Bajaj 2008). Antimicrobial treatment might exert similar effects (Watson and Herrtage 1998; Berent and Tobias 2009; Greenhalgh et al. 2014; Mankin 2015). Only a few studies have described the long-term follow-up of non-surgical treatment of CPSS patients comprising relatively small groups of dogs (Watson and Herrtage 1998; Faverzani et al. 2003; Tivers et al. 2012; Greenhalgh et al. 2014; Tivers et al. 2017). For assessment of clinical performance in dogs with CPSS, a CPSS score was used that was published by Bristow et al. and includes frequency and severity of clinical signs (Bristow et al. 2019). The aim of this study was to report outcome, described as survival time, clinical performance (CPSS score), and QoL in a cohort of dogs with a CPSS that was not treated surgically.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
126,175 |
Comparisons across both single (n = 1) and multi-cat (n ⩾2) housing conditions and/or comparison of different multi-cat group sizes, within a single study, with outcome measures that were either behavioural, physiological or both, and were deemed as relevant indicators of (or at least likely to be highly associated with) wellbeing.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
162,433 |
In contrast, MCF-7 TaxR cells were treated with PTX plus CA12-siRNA, DMSO or scramble siRNA .The MCF-7 TaxR cell line grew well without obvious apoptosis with PTX plus DMSO or scramble siRNA treatment. However, in CA12 siRNA treated group, MCF-7 TaxR cells died in a large area, leaving only a few apoptotic cells with atrophy of nucleus and cytoplasm (Figure 4(c)). Significant differences were observed with and without PTX treatment. Under the same circumstances, similar phenomena were identified under a fluorescence microscope (Figure 4(d)). This result suggested that CA12 silencing can promote the apoptosis of MCF-7 TaxR, and then reverse the PTX resistance.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
386,738 |
At the moment, the methodology and the web site that we described here can be assimilated to laboratory developed tests (LDT). It is notorious that LDT for being a type of in vitro diagnostic test designed, manufactured, and used within a single laboratory is poorly supported by oncologists (8%) and pathologists (12%) because of the legitimate fair of innovation. Biomarkers and CDs strongly depend on the regulation by official organizations for their acceptance by health decision-makers (Novartis, 2020). However, barriers by regulation are no reason to stop the innovation necessary for progress. Otherwise, regulation fails with its purpose of protecting lives (see Carels et al., 2020 for a review).
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
389,339 |
In this study, 2,000-bp sequences upstream of the translational start sites of the TaFBN genes were set as promoter sequences. PlantCARE software (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plant care/html/) was used to predict the cis-regulatory elements based on these promoter sequences. The distribution of cis-regulatory elements in the promoter of the TaFBN gene was displayed using TBtools software (https://github.com/CJ-Chen/TBtools) (Chen et al., 2018).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
185,859 |
Overuse of injections is also one form of irrational use of drugs. In developing countries, up to 56% of primary-care patients receive injections where over 90% may be medically unnecessary . In this study, the percentage of encounters with injection (13.9%) was within the WHO standard range of 13.4–24.1% . It was comparable with the finding of a study conducted in North East Ethiopia (13.8%) . The finding was lower than reports from Nekemete health center (21.94%) , South Ethiopia (38.1%) , North Ethiopia (42.2%) , East Ethiopia (34.6%) , North West Ethiopia (48.36%) , Sierra Leone (26%) , Kenya (24.9%) and Pakistan (27.1%) . However, the finding was higher than encounter with injection in West Shoa zone (12.6%) , public hospital of Eastern Ethiopia (10.9%) , Zambia (9.7%) , Eritrea (7.8%) and Egypt (9.9%) . The use of unsterilized needle and syringe may result in the transmission of serious infectious diseases . Therefore, an urgent need arises to reduce injection used to prevent healthcare-associated infections, and safe, cost-effective, and simple oral alternatives should be promoted.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
250,021 |
The NCT02581410 trial investigated the effect of recombinant HZV (Shingrix, GSK) in elderly patients who either had been vaccinated with live attenuated HZV vaccine ≥5 years before or were HZV naive. Recombinant HZV induced a strong humoral and cell-mediated immune response that persisted above prevaccination levels for 12 months following the second dose, irrespective of previous vaccination .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
164,395 |
Prior infection by SARS-CoV-2 and current vaccines induce antibody responses to the Spike protein, and most neutralising antibodies appear to bind to the Spike RBD (Garcia-Beltran et al., 2021; Greaney et al., 2021a; Rogers et al., 2020). Some variants of concern have mutations in their RBD that confer resistance to neutralising antibodies (Darby and Hiscox, 2021; Dejnirattisai et al., 2021; Garcia-Beltran et al., 2021; Madhi et al., 2021a; Madhi et al., 2021b; Mahase, 2021). What is less clear is the precise effect of these mutations on the affinity and kinetics of the binding of RBD to ACE2. Previous studies of the interaction between the Spike RBD and ACE2 have produced a wide range of affinity and kinetic estimates under conditions (e.g. temperature) that are not always well defined (Lei et al., 2020; Shang et al., 2020; Supasa et al., 2021; Wrapp et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2020). Precise information is needed to assess the extent to which RBD mutations have been selected because they enhance ACE2 binding or facilitate immune evasion.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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217,593 |
Patients randomized to the treatment arm were called on postoperative day one. Patients were first asked to rate discharge instruction clarity, follow-up appointment time clarity, immobilization instruction clarity, and overall satisfaction of care on a five-point Likert scale. We then reviewed their discharge instructions and answered any related questions. Patients in all treatment arms were called no earlier than one month after surgery to repeat the bMHQ and answer additional questions about overall satisfaction with care.
| 2 | 1clinical
| 0Study
|
620 |
Changes in histone modifications elicited by combination treatment. a Changes in H3 and H4 acetylation were detected after single and combined treatment in VM-Cub1 and UM-UC-3 cells by acid histone extraction and Western blot analysis. Total histone 3 served as a loading control. b Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of H3K27 acetylation at transcriptional start sites (TSS) as well as 2 kb upstream (− 2 kb) and 2 kb downstream (+2 kb) of BCL-2, BCL2L1/BCL-X, BIRC5/Survivin, c-MYC, CDKN1C/p57 and SKP2 genes after single and combined treatment of VM-Cub1 cells. Immunoprecipitated DNA amounts measured by qPCR for each condition are expressed as percentage of input DNA. Additionally, H3K4 trimethylation was analyzed at the TSS of the same genes. Rabbit IgG served as a background control. Differences between samples with combination treatment and DMSO treated cells were analyzed using Student’s t test (***p ≤ 0.001, **p ≤ 0.01, *p ≤ 0.05)
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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236,619 |
To alleviate tumour hypoxia, cells release factors that stimulate angiogenesis (Harris, 2002). Although the most studied angiogenic factors were not identified, mass spectrometry analysis identified factors, dependent on GABARAPL1 expression, that could change the balance of a pro versus anti angiogenic secretome, such as Stromal derived factor 4 (SDF4), Lysyl oxidase‐like 4 (LOXL4), Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), SerpinE2, Jagged1, Trefoil Factor 1 (TFF1) (Table S1) (Chi et al., 2021; Dong et al., 2018; Li et al., 2019; Pedrosa et al., 2015; Sasahira et al., 2021; Shi et al., 2019). HUVECs exposed to EVs derived from hypoxic cells have previously been found to stimulate endothelial tube formation in vitro (Kucharzewska et al., 2013; Tadokoro et al., 2013). To test whether the changes in EV secretion and angiogenic factor secretion after GABARAPL1 depletion altered the angiogenic potential of hypoxic cells, endothelial tube formation assays were performed after incubation with EVs derived from hypoxic control and GABARAPL1 knockdown cells. A clear reduction in angiogenic potential was observed (Figure 5a).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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284,051 |
All assays were repeated at least three times and the results represented the average. RT-qPCR was analyzed using a paired two-tailed t-test and clinico-pathological parameter studies were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test. All values of western blot were normalized against loading control. Differences between groups in western blot were evaluated using Student’s t-test data are presented as mean ± SD of at least three biological replicates as indicated in figure legends. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant, and all statistical tests were two-sided.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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151,969 |
While the pKa-dependent topicity of 135titfb can be explained by the above considerations, the disparate behavior of the other two donors—the generally monotopic 13ditfb and generally ditopic 14ditfb—does not seem to stem from similar reasons. Although the ESPmax of 14ditfb is somewhat higher than that of 13ditfb, its reduction upon binding a single base molecule is smaller and the energies of binding of both base molecules are higher (for all three studied bases, Figure 7); these differences are minute and do not seem to be able to account for the observed difference in behavior. The binding energy of the second molecule of an intermediate base (py) is for both donors considerably higher than the energy of binding the first molecule of the weak base (4cnpy). Therefore, as both XB donors can form the 1:1 cocrystal with 4cnpy, they should both be expected to form 1:2 cocrystals with intermediate (and even more so with strong) bases. It is therefore probable that the main determining factor for the topicity of 13ditfb and 14ditfb is not the energy of the halogen bonds they form, but rather the ability of the resulting complexes to achieve close packing. When the linear 14ditfb binds a pair of base molecules, the resulting complex is also linear, and generally centrosymmetric, and therefore likely to efficiently fill the space in a crystal structure. The bent 2:1 complex resulting from binding two base molecules on 13ditfb is sterically more demanding, and less likely to be able to achieve close packing.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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22,604 |
Plants grown in 12 h light–12 h dark cycles for 16 days and subsequently shifted to continuous light were vacuum-infiltrated with 1% formaldehyde for 15 min at LL36 or LL24, followed by quenching with 125 mM glycine. A whole-cell extract was prepared in RIP-lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 4 mM MgCl2, 0.25% Igepal CA-630, 1% SDS, 5 mM DTT, 10 mM vanadylribonucleosid complex, 100 U/ml RiboLock (Thermo Fisher), 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonylfluorid, and Complete Protease Inhibitor). The extract was pre-cleared with Sepharose beads and subjected to immunoprecipitation with GFP-Trap beads (Chromotek), hereafter called IP+. After extensive washing with RIP washing buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 500 mM NaCl, 4 mM MgCl2, 5 mM DTT, 0.5% Igepal CA-630, 1% SDS, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 2 M urea), co-precipitated RNAs were eluted with TriReagent and treated with DNase (Promega).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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64,518 |
Cultivated oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is a hybrid crop and is among the most economically important agricultural plant species in the world. Palm oil production is currently over 60 Mt. , making it the number one vegetable oil worldwide. There is high potential for the genetic improvement of yield in oil palm, as it has only been the subject of a few generations of modern breeding. Breeding of this diploid species relies on sexual reproduction and reciprocal recurrent selection (RRS) between heterotic groups A (mostly from Asia) and B (from Africa). The commercial cultivars are A × B hybrids [10, 11]. Candidates for selection are traditionally evaluated in progeny tests to estimate their general combining abilities (GCAs, i.e., half breeding values in hybrid crosses), upon which the selection is based. Progeny tests are required as some yield components have a low heritability , and because parental performances may be poor indicators of the performance of the hybrid due to gene-frequency differences between parental populations and non-additive effects [13, 14]. The progeny tests enable highly accurate selection, but also have drawbacks that constrain the rate of genetic gain. Indeed, they lead to a selection phase that takes place years after reproductive maturity, thereby increasing the generation interval to around 20 years. In addition, the difficulty and costs associated with these long term evaluations limit the number of individuals evaluated, resulting in low selection intensity. In this context, the potential of GS for palm oil yield is high, and has been confirmed in the few previous studies dealing with GS in this species [15–19].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
259,911 |
Major variations were observed for pizza (31·2 % increase v. 9·6 % decrease; P value after excluding the unchanged group <0·0001), biscuits (18 % v. 6·2 % decrease; P value <0·0001), chocolate (18·6 % increase v. 7·5 % decrease; P value <0·0001) and bread substitutes consumption (11·8 % increase v. 7·9 % decrease; P value <0·0001), whereas all other foods were decreased (Fig. 1 and Table 2). Analyses by cohort indicated similar results (see online Supplemental Table S2).
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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292,545 |
MF-G performed most experiments and wrote the manuscript. MW performed experiments with human B cells, co-culture of murine B and T cells, and Western Blot analyses. SB analyzed CD86 and AID expression. BH and IJ provided resources and discussed data. BJ designed and supervised the entire study and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
| 1 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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138,338 |
One advantage of using the mobile application rather than the universal goniometer is that determining the axis of rotation is not necessary. This also applies to the digital and gravity goniometers. Konor et al. (2012) simplified weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion ROM measurement using the universal goniometer by aligning the stable branch of the goniometer with the floor and not the fifth metatarsal as performed by Dickson et al. (2012).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
2,042 |
The role of inflammation in vascular disease is well recognized, involving dysregulation of both circulating immune cells as well as the cells of the vessel wall itself. Upon exposure to noxious stimuli (altered hemodynamics, circulating inflammatory factors, and oxygenation level), the vessel wall undergoes characteristic changes such as endothelial cell (EC) activation and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration, leading to the presentation of a “sticky” surface attractive to circulating monocytes and other immune cells. In certain contexts (e.g., acute thrombotic occlusion), this inflammation results in beneficial vascular remodeling that maintains proper perfusion to ischemic organs. During chronic insults, such as in dyslipidemia, unrestrained vascular inflammation leads to pathological remodeling that eventually contributes to atherothrombotic disease and its associated sequelae (e.g., myocardial/cerebral infarction, embolism, and critical limb ischemia).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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373,774 |
Interestingly, the cell density-dependent effect on the rate of CBA oxidation was more pronounced for the Δ8 strain than the WT strain (Figure 2B), which is consistent with the peroxynitrite reductase activity of TP in WT competing better with extracellular CBA oxidation than that of Δ8. The pronounced effect of cell density for Δ8 strain also suggests the existence of a TP-independent peroxynitrite reductase component of the Δ8 strain (and of WT).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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273,543 |
Al-Najjar and Weinstein (2009) question numerous developments in theoretical and experimental research on ambiguity aversion. They demand a clearer delineation of theoretical models from each other – especially concerning descriptive versus normative models. Descriptive models should describe experimentally verifiable decision-making processes, while normative models are based on the rationality hypothesis. Also, they call for a more critical examination of the entire research on ambiguity aversion. Al-Najjar and Weinstein (2009) argue that the empirical results are not only explained by the models presented in Sect. 3 but also by models on heuristics (Samuelson 2001).
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
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377,439 |
It is well known that, in S. aureus, the cell density-dependent Agr quorum-sensing system regulates hemolysins and PSMs synthesis (Queck et al., 2008) and is required for colony spreading (Tsompanidou et al., 2011). Our previous study showed that an increased bacterial density within a spreading colony triggers the Agr quorum-sensing response to transcribe psm genes and produce PSMs, which facilitate colony spreading (Lin et al., 2016). To examine whether defects in heme synthesis affected the activity of the Agr system, resulting in the reduction of spreading, we analyzed Agr functions based on the production of δ-hemolysin and PSMs. Since δ-hemolysin-mediated lysis of sheep red blood cells is enhanced by β-hemolysin, which is produced by S. aureus RN4220 (Herbert et al., 2010), therefore, δ-hemolytic activity can be visualized as a zone of enhanced hemolysis at the intersection of S. aureus RN4220 and the streaked test strains. δ-Hemolysin assay showed an enhanced hemolytic area at the intersection of streaks of the heme-deficient mutants M47, M99, D19, and M60 and strain RN4220 after 24 h of incubation, indicating that the mutants produced δ-hemolysin (Figure 4A). To further evaluate Agr functions, we examined PSMs production by extracting PSMs from the media of S. aureus HG001, M60, and M60 (pHY-ctaA) cultures. PSMs are small peptides that are secreted into the culture medium. As antibodies monitoring exoproteins are unavailable, we used the total amount of exoproteins as an internal control to correct the relative amount of PSMs in each sample. The results demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the amount of PSMs produced by the three strains (Figure 4B), indicating that heme deficiency does not influence PSMs expression. Our previous study revealed that quorum-sensing occurs in spreading colonies of S. aureus HG001 after 3 h of culturing (Lin et al., 2016). The current study found that the cell density of the colony formed by the non-spreading mutant M60 was similar to that of S. aureus HG001 during the first 5 h of culture (Figure 4C). Furthermore, a reporter plasmid, pPSM-gfp, in which the promoter of the psmα operon that is controlled by Agr quorum-sensing, activates the transcription of a gfp reporter gene, was transformed into S. aureus HG001 and the M60 mutant. We found that under a CLSM, the cells in the colony of S. aureus HG001 did not exhibit much green fluorescence before 3 h culturing (Figures 4Da,b). However, strong green fluorescent signals were detected after 5 h incubation (Figure 4Dc). The similar results were observed in the colony of M60 mutant (Figures 4Dd–f). The CLSM analysis revealed that a quorum-sensing response occurred in the spreading colony of the S. aureus HG001 and M60 mutant (Figure 4D). Overall, these results clarified that the inability of the heme-deficient mutants to spread is not due to Agr dysfunction.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
193,809 |
The purpose of this study was to examine the CrCL of healthy beagle dogs that were administered a high dose of the GC. We hypothesized that GCs affect ECM production in CrCLs, thus resulting in ligament fragility. The effects of GCs on the CrCL were investigated by histologically evaluating the degree of CrCL degeneration and by analyzing the tensile biomechanical properties of the CrCL using a universal material testing machine.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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58,804 |
This study had several limitations, including its retrospective setting, the small number of patients, and it was conducted in a single tertiary care institution. We were unable to obtain details of parenteral nutrition formulation or daily parenteral caloric intake. The decision to commence enteral nutrition was based on the attending physician’s decision, determined by different clinical conditions. Thus, the length of time required for intestinal nutrition differed for individual patients. Furthermore, we did not record antihyperglycemic agent or insulin dose administered to each patient. Finally, our risk factor analysis did not include patients with possible mold infections, which might have resulted in an underestimation of the true infection incidence. Nevertheless, despite these limitations, our study still has significance for clinical practice and future research.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
314,600 |
The treatment groups differed significantly in the asymptotic HL (ANOVA: F4, 28 = 12.59, p < 0.001; Fig. 1A). The experimental males of each three groups reached comparable asymptotic HL (Post-hoc Fisher test: p > 0.18 for comparisons between these groups) and their heads were significantly longer than in both female groups (Post-hoc Fisher test: p < 0.013 in all comparisons). Control females and Testosterone females attained comparable asymptotic HL (Post-hoc Fisher test: p = 0.15). Similarly, asymptotic LL differed significantly among treatment groups (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA: H4,N=33 = 22.60, p < 0.001; Fig. 1B). Asymptotic LL was comparable among the three male treatment groups (Post-hoc Conover test: p > 0.05 for all cases) and between female treatment groups (Post-hoc Conover test: p > 0.05). In intersexual comparison, all male treatment groups always possessed longer legs than both female treatment groups (Post-hoc Conover test: p < 0.001 in all intersexual comparisons; Fig. 1B). Although we are aware that our sample sizes are relatively small, we should keep in mind that we are testing large effects reflecting pronounced differences in size between sexes. On average, Control females were 30% and 18% smaller in asymptotic HL and LL, respectively, in comparison to Control males. Castrated males were comparable in size to Control males being on average 6% smaller in the asymptotic HL and 2% larger in the asymptotic LL (Fig. 1). These size differences between Castrated males and Control males could differ significantly when larger sample sizes are considered; however, for the test of the masculinization hypothesis, there is important that these male groups are comparable in size and both are much larger than Control females. Planning the experiment, we knew that there is a very large sexual size dimorphism in the studied species with males being around 1/3 larger in linear dimensions in comparison to females. Our question was whether the manipulation with androgens would change the final body size, most importantly whether the castration would shift males to female growth trajectory, or whether castrated males would keep typical male growth, i.e. we tested a rather large effect. We selected so highly dimorphic species of chameleons to robustly test this large effect using even small sample size. The post hoc analysis of the effect size confirmed that our sample size is adequate for testing sexual dimorphism and its ontogeny in final body size in this species. Cohen’s d (>2.5) computed from our data using means, standard deviations and sample size for Control males and Control females in asymptotic head length (our proxy of body size) points to a large effect indeed and the estimated minimum sample size for getting significant results for testing two-tailed t-test between these two groups is eight individuals (four in each group). Given the large differences between males and females, our sample size (n = 14, i.e. seven in each group) is adequate to reach statistically significant differences at the levels of α = 0.05 and β = 0.8. Similar differences were observed in leg length, our alternative measure of body size. Therefore, it is not surprising that the differences between Control males and Control females were significant in our ANOVA analyses as we expected during designing of our experiment. At that time, we also assumed based on the results of long-term growth experiments in other lizards15–17 that the effect of castration would be small. The major test of the male androgen hypothesis is the comparison between Control males and Castrated males, comparison among all other groups are not so important. There was a risk that the effect of castration would not be so small as we expected and that the results would be difficult to interpret given our small sample size. However, the results confirmed that the effect of castration is indeed very small. Based on the calculation of effect size (Cohen’s d) between Control males and Castrated males in asymptotic head length, one would need a minimum sample size of 94 individuals (47 in each group) at α = 0.05 and β = 0.8 to reach a significant result in two-tailed t-test between these two groups. Moreover, mean in the asymptotic leg length is higher in Castrated males than in Control males, which points that the differences in means are likely random and strongly supports the interpretation that the effect of castration on structural body size is negligible. Based on the post hoc statistical analysis of the effect size, one would have to repeat our experiment with at least 250 individuals, likely much more, to reach statistically significant differences between Control males and Castrated males in the asymptotic leg length. However, these differences would be still small and would change little in the interpretation that Control males and Castrated males grow to very similar size. Our interpretation that male gonadal androgens are not responsible for the large differences in body size between male and female chameleons are thus robust even with the small sample size. The robustness is not based on non-significant differences between Control males and Castrated males, but on the negligible effect of the castration on size.Figure 1(A) Asymptotic head length and (B) asymptotic leg length in experimental animals of Chamaeleo calyptratus. Testosterone males denote testosterone-treated castrated males, Testosterone females denote testosterone-treated females. Means and 95% confidence intervals are given. Letters and column colour pattern denote statistically homogenous and non-homogenous groups. Head illustrations in the same scale in fully grown representatives from each experimental group are depicted.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
367,178 |
Inside \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal {X}}$$\end{document}X, one can find two incomparable elements \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$x_0$$\end{document}x0 and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$x_1$$\end{document}x1 (namely, the c-degrees of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${{\,\mathrm{Id}\,}}_3$$\end{document}Id3 and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$F_W$$\end{document}FW) such that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${{\,\mathrm{Id}\,}}_2 < x_i$$\end{document}Id2<xi and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\lnot \exists z ( {{\,\mathrm{Id}\,}}_2< z < x_i )$$\end{document}¬∃z(Id2<z<xi). Note that this property fails for ceers and co-ceers.
| 4 | 2other
| 0Study
|
331,361 |
Computer searched National Library of the United States (NGC), Guideline International Network (GIN), National Institute of Health and Clinical Demonstration (NICE), English Inter-Institutional Guide Network (SIGN), World Health Organization (WHO), PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang database, VIP database, China Biomedical Literature Data Road, and Medlive website from their inception to October 20, 2019, and a manual retrieval was also performed for relevant literature references. No language restrictions were applied to the search strategies. The search terms included BPH, benign prostate hyperplasia, enlarged prostate, BPH, prostatomegaly, prostatauxe, prostatic hypertrophy, benign prostatic enlargement, benign prostatic obstruction, lower urinary tract symptoms, LUTS, guideline, specification, etc.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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21,567 |
From the library of 150 mutants shown in Figures 3 and 10 double mutants that were in significant negative epistasis were randomly selected. Expression levels of two replicates of each double mutant, as well as its corresponding single mutants, in the absence and in the presence of CI were measured for 100,000 individuals in the flow cytometer. Each panel shows the combined distribution based on two replicate measurements, for each mutant, in the absence (red) and in the presence (blue) of CI. From these measurements, we calculated gene expression noise for each isolate (Figure 3—source data 3), as well as epistasis (Figure 3—figure supplement 2; Figure 3—source data 4). The top histogram shows the monoclonal wildtype distribution in the absence (red) and in the presence (blue) of CI.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
88,174 |
Preoperative radiotherapy, which is the preferred one, is associated with significant improvement in local control rates and better early and late treatment tolerance compared to postoperative radiotherapy [7, 8]. Based on experience, many European centers prefer the so-called short preoperative irradiation. This is due to its favorable toxicity profile and comparable efficacy to “long” conventionally fractionated radiochemotherapy [9–12].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
40,080 |
It is difficult to know whether any confounding factors may have affected the results. An attempt at controlling this was made by asking participants about other sources of support, negative life events, and fluctuations in the patient’s health status occurring during the test period. Roughly a third of the participants reported valuable support from other sources and life events that affected them negatively during the test period; still, positive improvements from the intervention were found, speaking for its value. After considering the option to include measures of participants’ own mental health (e.g., anxiety, depression) in the current study, the authors opted not to so as not to burden the participants with too many questions. However, such measures may be relevant to explore further in the context of MBIs for caregivers, not the least in light of the burgeoning literature in the area. There may be insecurity in self-reported diagnoses, with a majority of depression/anxiety and schizophrenia spectrum/psychotic disorders, possibly representing common caregiver target groups with needs of support. Nevertheless, the intervention seems acceptable for caregivers of persons with a diversity of mental health conditions, representing an asset.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
326,737 |
The cats spent, on average, 55–75% of their time in passive behaviours. Sitting, standing, and resting awake were all frequently observed, whereas sleeping and hiding were seen more sporadically. Total time spent in passive behaviours, as well as time spent sleeping, hiding, playing, and investigating, did not differ significantly between treatments (Table 4). There was, however, a significant treatment effect of time spent sitting (p = 0.05), since cats spent less time in this behaviour during BTS (Table 4).
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
388,077 |
RL enhanced probabilistic map and graph-cut provided a reliable and efficient segmentation of the liver, based on intensity distribution of the pixels and their spatial relationship. Thus far, due to rather complex geometry of the liver and its similar X-ray absorption properties to other organs, there remained over-segmentation. This led to low accuracy, commonly found in many existing untrained systems or those trained with inadequate samples. It was observed that over-segments often appeared as nodal shapes on the liver boundary. To further improve the results, instead of manual editing, this paper thus imposed an anatomical control over the segmented result, based on bottleneck detection and contour constraint (BN-CC). According to Wang et al.39, a potential bottleneck in 2-dimensions space is determined by a cost function \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$(\mathcal{E})$$\end{document}(E), defined by a pair of points (q, p) and p ≠ q, such that,9\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathcal{E}\left(\mathbf{p},\mathbf{q}\right)=\frac{dist(\mathbf{p},\mathbf{q})}{\mathrm{min}(aL\left(\mathbf{p},\mathbf{q}\right), aL\left(\mathbf{p},\mathbf{q}\right))}<{\mathcal{T}}_{b}$$\end{document}Ep,q=dist(p,q)min(aLp,q,aLp,q)<Tb where dist (p, q) was Euclidean, while the lengths aL (p, q) and aL (q, p) were the arc-lengths in clockwise direction along the contour. \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal{T}}_{b}$$\end{document}Tb is a predefined threshold. For a liver shapes, it was typically set to 0.60. A drawback of the method was that as the threshold increased, it tended to smooth out the contour. In some instances, anatomical features such as that on the left lobe was partially brushed off. On the other hand, reducing the value caused substantial over-segments, mostly near the ligaments. In addition, to avoid these concerns on contour modeling, a generic polygonal approximation was applied to extract key points. Depending on image resolution, this may result in too many points being generated. To simultaneously tackle these problems, this study introduced a criterion on a candidate point based on its exterior angle. Specifically, if only its exterior angle was less than a given threshold, it would be considered in bottleneck detection, otherwise it remained on the segmented contour. In this study the threshold for nodal point candidate was set to 150°. Figure 4 illustrates two examples of candidate point selections. Segments (p1, p2) and (p3, p3) had cost functions of 0.50 and 0.40, respectively, and would be both identified as bottlenecks. As such, this would have incorrectly removed a salient point at the end of left lobe (b). However, only the segment (a) (fuzzy liver edge) satisfied the nodal candidate exterior angle criterion and hence was removed but leaving the segment (b) untouched.Figure 4Some examples of bottleneck detection. The exterior angles of the potential points \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${p}_{1}, {p}_{2}, {p}_{3}, {p}_{4}$$\end{document}p1,p2,p3,p4 are 110°, 120°, 161°, and 180°, respectively. The cost function in both (a) and (b), computed by Eq. (9) were \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathcal{E}\left({p}_{1},{p}_{2}\right)=0.5$$\end{document}Ep1,p2=0.5 and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathcal{E}\left({p}_{3},{p}_{4}\right)=0.4$$\end{document}Ep3,p4=0.4, respectively.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
29,491 |
Note, this result also holds for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$i=0$$\end{document}i=0 because there are \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$(2\ell -5)!!$$\end{document}(2ℓ-5)!! trees and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$(2\ell -5)!!\ge (\ell -3)!$$\end{document}(2ℓ-5)!!≥(ℓ-3)!.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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194,474 |
It also seems that EUS in combination with high-resolution manometry may have a significant diagnostic value. Interpretation of these tests together may contribute to a better understanding of the pathomechanisms associated with the occurrence of esophageal motility disorders and the development of clinical symptoms in patients with EoE. The combined use of these two techniques can also significantly improve the diagnostic value of tests and facilitate the decision-making of the diagnosis in patients suspected of EoE. Muroi K. et al. used EUS and high-resolution manometry to analyze patients with EoE and dysphagia in comparison to an EoE group without this symptom. In their analysis, the authors demonstrated a significantly higher value of TWT and dysfunction of the esophageal body function (distal contractile integral—DCI) in the symptomatic EoE patients compared to the asymptomatic group.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
368,104 |
In insects, Kir channels exert important physiological functions. RNA interference of the agkir1 gene in A. gambiae has been shown to result in decreased egg production . The small molecules VU590 and VU625 can inhibit Kir1 and Kir2 in mosquitoes, which can lead to renal failure . Knockdown of kir1 in D. melanogaster can deteriorate the function of the salivary gland and increase the time spent feeding . The DmKir2 channel regulates the release of the bone morphogenetic protein Dpp in the developing wing of Drosophila, which is necessary for developmental signaling . A recent report indicated that the insecticide flonicamid can act on the Kir channel of soybean aphids and N. lugens. Therefore, Kir channels have been identified as ideal insecticide targets .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
333,681 |
Data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA). All experiments in this study were repeated in triplicate unless otherwise specified. All results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Student’s t test was used to analyze the statistical significance of differences between groups. Differences associated with p < 0.05 were considered significant.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
231,486 |
Neutral or varus knees were operated using a restricted kinematic alignment (KA) approach . For valgus knees, a mechanical alignment approach was performed. The conventional manual technique was performed using standard instrumentation, a standard medial parapatellar approach, and an extramedullary reference guide for the tibial cut. The PCL was removed in all patients. In cases using the KA technique, the aim was to restore the natural obliquity of the JL and the rotation of the femur with respect to the posterior condylar line. The limit for the tibia vara was set to 87° (MPTA) with respect to the mechanical axis of the tibia. No soft tissue releases were conducted to balance the knee. In valgus cases, the JL (LDFA) was set to 87° with respect to the mechanical axis of the femur (anatomic alignment). The polyethylene onlay was asymmetric, with a varus oblique JL of approximately 3°. The tibia cut was set to 90°. The rotation of the femoral component was set to 0°. All valgus cases were manually redressable. The lateral release of the popliteus tendon (POP), lateral collateral ligament (LCL), or the iliotibial band (ITB) was performed to balance the knee, as necessary.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
67,198 |
Alterations in N-linked glycan branching have also been associated with age-related muscle weakness; homozygous inactivation of Mgat5 in mice abolishes production of tetra-antennary N-linked glycans (13) and results in fewer muscle satellite cells and accelerated muscle weakness as the mice age (14). Taken together, existing data suggested the possibility that effects on HBP metabolism or on N-linked glycan structure could underlie at least some aspects of GNE myopathy pathogenesis. Notably, a study of patients with primary immunodeficiencies identified a genetic defect in the HBP that was associated with changes in N-linked glycan structure (15). These findings led us to examine whether GNE activity and GNE myopathy-associated mutations affect cell surface signaling through N-linked glycoproteins.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
303,732 |
To triple-confirm the accuracy of the measurements, a subset of protein-ligand pairs was analyzed by the ITC. This technique consumes a relatively large amount of protein compared to FTSA and SFA. Therefore, not all interactions were determined using ITC. Typical ITC data are shown in Fig 3E, 3(f). The raw power-compensation curve is shown on the left and an integrated curve—on the right. The steepness of the integrated curve corresponds to the affinity of the interaction. The Kd determined by all three assays shown in Fig 3 yielded essentially the same values, namely, 370 nM by FTSA, 310 nM by SFA and 250 nM by ITC.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
344,420 |
All the mice were anesthetized with 2.5% isoflurane in oxygen, and 8.5 ± 0.7 MBq [18F]fallypride and [18F]FPEB were administered via the tail vein. PET scanning was performed for 90 min in the list mode. Subsequently, PET data were reconstructed in user-defined time frames (10 s × 6 frames, 30 s × 8 frames, 180 s × 5 frames, and 600 s × 7 frames) with voxel dimensions of 0.86 × 0.86 × 0.80 mm3 with a three-dimensional ordered-subset expectation maximization algorithm (four iterations and six subsets). For attenuation correction, micro-CT imaging was conducted immediately after PET scanning, using a 50 kVp X-ray voltage with 0.16 mAs.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
173,705 |
The next step was to examine the relationship between attitude toward mathematics and flexibility and creativity finding that mathematical attitude had a negative and statistically significant relationship with cognitive flexibility (r = −0.251, p < 0) and details (r = –0.135, p < 0.05; Table 1). To analyze the effect of cognitive-affective variables on the attitude toward mathematics, taking into account that the independent variables do not meet normality criteria, we conducted a binomial logistic regression analysis with attitude toward mathematics as the categorical outcome and the high level as the contrast group. Cognitive flexibility and details were included as predictors, assuming the high level as the reference. The descriptive statistics of categorized variables are presented in Table 2. The differences in attitude toward mathematics between the high-low groups are significant (U = 10.65, p < 0, d = 1.66). In addition, the value of the effect size is high (Cohen's d > 0.80), being able to state that the differences are due to high-low groups (Cohen et al., 2018).
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
|
236,808 |
“… we would advise oral antibiotics for a new cough lasting 48 h, and would take a cough swab if lasting 2 weeks….to avoid activities at high risk for CF pathogens (eg jacuzzi)…we advise there is a small chance (possibly around 10%) of them at some point in the future being recategorized as atypical CF”.
| 2 | 1clinical
| 1Other
|
370,374 |
Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of the SDEPs and qRT-PCR analysis of gene expression levels. a PPI networks of the SDEPs were analyzed using the STRING database (v. 11.0) and visualized using the Cytoscape software (v. 3.6.1). The color bar represents gradients of Log2 transformed HTS/Cont ratios of the SDEPs. Red balls represent up-regulated SDEPs and blue balls represent down-regulated SDEPs. Black broken cycles represent the two enriched PPI clusters. b qRT-PCR analysis of gene expression levels in leaves of two-week-old maca seedlings exposed to HTS (42 °C) for 12 h. Two-week-old maca seedlings grown at 25 °C for 12 h were used as controls. Nineteen SDEPs implicated in the ‘protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum’ pathway were selected and subjected to qRT-PCR analysis using the same samples as for TMT proteomic data. LmACT2 was used as an internal reference. Results are presented as means ± SD of three biological replicates and two technical replicates (n = 6). c Protein ratios of 19 SDEPs implicated in the ‘protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum’ pathway. Results are presented as means ± SD of the three proteomic data
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
17,324 |
Step-wise linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to test the effect of program exposure on outcomes. For all analyses, intervention exposure was entered at the first step, followed by the covariates in the second step: age, number of previous live births, education, and region for the maternal health outcomes (birth planning, timing of the first ANC visit, number of ANC visits, and delivery at a health care facility); age, household possessions, and education for the HIV testing outcomes (self and with partner). No covariate was left out in the models for the outcome variables listed at the second step of the analyses in order to fully test the robustness of the campaign exposure effect. The rationale for this approach is that if the intervention was found to be associated with the desired outcomes at the first step (unadjusted), we examined whether the effect still remained after adding covariates that have had known relationships with the outcomes.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
101,974 |
(A&B). Endogenous LRP6 protein and Axin2 mRNA expression in ubiquitin knockdown or ubiquitin rescued Wnt autocrine U-2OS sarcoma cells. U-2OS cells engineered to be devoid of endogenous ubiquitin and expressing exogenous WT ubiquitin under Dox inducible promoter were used . 72hrs post induction with Dox, cells were processed either for immunoblotting (A) or for real-time PCR (B). Axin2 mRNA expression was normalized to TATA Box Binding Protein (TBP). Each bar represents the mean of triplicates from one experiment, and error bars are SEM. The entire experiment was repeated twice with similar results. The p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed t-test comparing values of “induced” in the two groups. (C). Wnt signaling activity of a cytoplasmic lysine mutant LRP6. All lysines present in the cytoplasmic tail of LRP6-WT were mutated to arginine, and the resulting mutant, designated KR10, or WT LRP6 was transfected in 293T cells stably expressing TCF and Renilla luciferase. 24 hrs later, the cells were treated with different concentrations of Wnt3a conditioned medium as indicated and processed for dual luciferase assay (top) or immunoblotting (bottom). Treated samples are represented relative to the control untreated sample in both WT and KR10 groups. Each bar represents the mean of triplicates from one experiment and error bars are SEM. The entire experiment was repeated twice. The p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed t-test comparing values of treated samples with the control untreated in each group. (D). Cell surface clearance of cytoplasmic lysine mutant LRP6. 293T cells transfected with wild type or lysine mutant LRP6 were labeled with biotin, then treated with Wnt3a for 1 hr and processed as in Figure 3D. c-MET was used as a cell surface control protein. The graph on the right represents quantification of the pixels from the immunoblots as described in Figure 3D. Bars represent mean values of three independent experiments conducted under similar experimental conditions and error bars are SEM. The p values were calculated using unpaired two-tailed t-test comparing values of treated and untreated samples in each group. (E). Internalization of LRP6 KR10 mutant. 293T cells transfected with WT or KR10 were labeled with biotin, then treated with Wnt3a 1hr and processed as in Figure 3E. The graph was generated as in Figures 3E & 5D. (F). Interaction of the LRP6 KR10 mutant with Itch. 293T cells transfected with wild type Itch were replated and 24hrs later, transfected with LRP6 WT or KR mutant. 36hrs later the cells were treated with Wnt3a for 1hr and processed for IP and immunoblotting as in Figure 4A. Last lane:IP with IgG Control; All other lanes: IP with Flag The experiment was repeated twice with similar results. Western blots were processed using Photoshop to adjust brightness/contrast and cropped to show all important bands.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
299,192 |
The biodegradable SN-38-embedded PLGA microparticles were successfully fabricated through electrospraying techniques. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of SMPs shows that SMPs possess an average diameter of 1.26 ± 0.78 µm (range: 760 nm to 6.43 µm) (Figure 1A). The zeta potential and polydispersity index were −0.84 ± 0.1 mV and 3.657, respectively. Injection procedures and materials (SMPs) induced a transient inflammation reaction, i.e., infiltrated leukocytes surrounded the SMPs and injection site. These infiltrated leukocytes were mainly present within the first 4 weeks but resolved after 8 weeks (Figure 1B). The in vivo study demonstrated that SMPs could release high concentrations of SN-38 in brain tissue (local) and much lower SN-38 concentrations in blood (systemic) over 8 weeks (Figure 1C). More detailed information was presented in our previous study .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
106,475 |
From Figure 3, the angle of attack changes from the initial trim value to the anticipated value rapidly, and the elevator deflection and throttle setting vary smoothly and reasonably when the controller with the neural network and nonlinear portion is applied. These results illustrate the effectiveness of the presented controller to realize the decoupling control goal. Also, the compensation outputs of the neural network are demonstrated in Figure 4.
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
|
79,857 |
In summary, of the 44 SagS variants, a total of 36 variants failed to restore attachment and/or resistance to tobramycin to wild-type levels, with 32 SagS variants failing to restore only one of the two phenotypes tested (Table 1). Analysis of the amino acid sequence of HmsP revealed no clustering of the two sets of amino acids (Fig. 8A). To determine whether residues affecting biofilm formation (or biofilm drug tolerance) may be spatially arranged, we carried out structural prediction analysis of SagS, focusing on its periplasmic HmsP and cytoplasmic HAMP domains. PHYRE2 supported the notion that the domain following the second transmembrane domain of SagS can adopt a characteristic HAMP fold (top-ranked model: 24% sequence identity to PDB 2L7H with 99.3% model confidence) (Fig. 8A) (44). A HAMP domain is commonly found in the cytoplasmic portion of a transmembrane protein and is hypothesized to play a role in relaying signals from the periplasmic to the cytoplasmic domains of a protein (45).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
235,702 |
Body composition was measured by quantitative magnetic resonance analysis (EchoMRI-100™, Echo Medical System). Twenty-four-hour metabolic rate (VO2) was measured using Oxymax indirect calorimetry (Columbus Instrument). In vivo muscle function (grip strength and rotarod activity) in mice was assessed using a grip strength meter (Model 47,106, UGO Basile) and rotarod performance tool (model RRF/SP, Accuscan Instrument), respectively68.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
316,005 |
In order to address potential bias, Doppler waveforms were reviewed by two members of the research team (RS and SM) blinded to clinical outcomes. Patients in whom US images were missing or of insufficient quality to determine Doppler waveforms were excluded from the analysis concerning that specific waveform pattern.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
70,058 |
With respect to careers in fields with less opportunity, there were also significant gender interactions (See Figure 3). Among boys, being on free or reduced lunch was associated with an increase in the likelihood of aspiring to a career in creative and performing arts (OR = 3.40), but SES had an opposite and more modest effect for girls (OR = 0.51). For higher SES students, the predicted probability of choosing a career in creative and performing arts was 0.30 for girls and only 0.06 for boys, but this probability was nearly equal (around 0.20) among boys and girls on free or reduced lunch. Likewise, among sixth grade boys, additional academic attitudes and resources were associated with decreasing propensity to choose careers in the arts (i.e., school self-esteem; OR = 0.46) or professional athletics (i.e., enrichment opportunities; OR = 0.76), but this protective effect was diminished or absent for girls. Across these outcomes and predictors, gender differences were present at high levels of socioeconomic and academic resources, but not at lower levels.
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
|
122,909 |
Summary of early demosponge evolution. Schematic diagram showing the phylogeny and stratigraphic distribution of the stem and basal crown groups of Demospongiae, including key fossil taxa and their occurrences. The inset summary shows the simplified position of Conciliospongia anjiensis gen. et sp. nov. relative to the extant silicean classes. Phylogenetic topology of extant taxa (thick dashed lines) conforms with molecular interpretations8. Primary hypothesis of fossil relationships are based on ref. 12 for vauxiid and hazeliid relationships and ref. 28 for Cyathophycus loydelli. Stem-group heteroscleromorph refers to ref. 20. The key skeletal transitions are the origination of a monaxon-based inner skeletal layer in Cyathophycus , subsequent loss of hexactines in the stem lineage of demosponges , and ultimately also the loss of monaxons within the Vauxiidae (leading to Keratosa and Verongiomorpha) ; the loss of a simple globose body form (and concomitant change in growth patterns) accompanied the origin of crown-group demosponges . Cambrian occurrences of Heminectere (listed as Protospongia cf. conica) and Cyathophycus (described as Diagoniella cyathiformis) are after ref. 41, Ordovician occurrences of Heminectere and Cyathophycus are from ref. 33, and first appearances of Crumillospongia, Vauxia and Hazelia are from ref. 14.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
371,663 |
Data in pediatric patients are limited with this surgical approach. A patient with significant malocclusion, retrognathia, a large overjet, and teeth crowding underwent MMA at 11 years of age. She maintained her facial profile, occlusion, and experienced a 68% reduction in AHI even up to 4 years after surgery with no increase in sleepiness . It has been reported for children with identifiable syndromes associated with micrognathia and mandibular ankylosis. Many research efforts have focused on finding the optimal cephalometric analysis and values to track both in a presurgical and postsurgical fashion, and measurements used with success have included total pharyngeal airway volume, minimal axial area, and the mandibular occlusive plane [61, 62]. This suggests that correctible dental defects are an important part of evaluation before referring for MMA. The timing of MMA is complicated in children, as the optimal age to perform such an intervention is unknown, although late adolescence has been suggested by some experts . To date, no randomized trials or major systematic reviews have been performed for MMA in the pediatric population, which limits the ability to extrapolate information.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
192,502 |
Proteoglycans are heavily glycosylated proteins, consisting of both a core protein and one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, such as heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, or dermatan sulfate (13). They can be located on the cell-surface or secreted into the extracellular matrix and have significant contributions to intracellular signaling and cell-cell interactions (13). Due to these functions, they have a high degree of control over proliferation and apoptosis and have been implicated in many tumor settings including PCa. For example, an earlier study showed that the CSPG, versican, was superior to tumor grade in predicting progression in patients with early stage PCa (90). Furthermore, the anti-adhesive properties of versican were observed to cause PCa cells to lose attachment to fibronectin, a major component of the stroma, which can increase the metastatic potential of cells (91). Subsequent studies have shown that versican contains AR-response elements and is positively regulated by AR, suggesting this may be a critical downstream mediator of AR-driven signaling (92). Biglycan, a proteoglycan of the extracellular matrix, was found to be expressed in 78% of 11,070 PCa tumors and was linked to the presence of TMPRSS2:ERG fusion and PTEN deletion (93). In addition, although not functionally proven, its expression was strongly linked to AR levels suggesting androgen regulation (93). Perlecan, a basement-membrane specific HSPG, has been shown to be up-regulated in PCa, positively correlating with Gleason score and Ki67 indices (94). Furthermore, its effects have been shown to be due to its ability to regulate sonic hedgehog (HH) signaling, which was found to occur independently of androgen (94). Other studies have shown that the HSPG, Syndecan-1, is an independent predictor of poor survival (95, 96), associated with the epithelial to mesenchymal transmission (97), and may be associated with resistance to docetaxel chemotherapy (98).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
28,040 |
Pollen recognition with regard to Cupressaceae, Olea, Parietaria, Poaceae and taxa similar to them was the subject of research related to the creation of a pollen recognition system under the European ASTHMA project (Bonton et al., 2001; Boucher et al., 2002). Pollen seasons of these taxa partially overlap and therefore their pollen grains can occur in the air at the same time. These are strongly allergenic plants and hence it is important to monitor them. In microscopic analysis, it is possible to confuse the pollen of grasses and that of Cupressace, because in the latter ones the star-shaped outline of the cytoplasm cannot be seen (as is the case in young grains), while in grasses the pore is poorly visible. In microscope slides, three pores are sometimes poorly visible in Parietaria pollen grains and they can be confused with monoporate grass pollen grains. Thus, the classification result at a level of 77% achieved in this study seems to be very high.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
37,899 |
With regard to the temperature measurements, there was no significant change at the measuring points in the area of the ear (Shenmen (S), Cavum Conchae (CC) and Control Point (CP)) after yellow laser stimulation, whereas the green laser showed partially significant temperature increases. An example of the measurements (No. 20) is demonstrated in Figure 7.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
114,322 |
† Counties were identified using the U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service 2013 vintage rural-urban continuum code, which categorizes nonmetropolitan counties by degree of urbanization and adjacency to a metropolitan area, and metropolitan counties by the population size of their metropolitan area (https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-continuum-codes).
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
5,774 |
This technical report compared the strengths and limitations of a range of whole-organ tissue clearing protocols for optical transparency and 3D imaging in the mouse mammary gland. Notably, the methods examined here are open source protocols, which utilise reagents that are both widely available and affordable to most laboratories. Additionally, whilst these protocols are compatible with advanced imaging techniques, they can also be paired with standard confocal microscopy and open source analysis platforms for universal use. We hope that this publication sheds light on the methods available for optical tissue clearing of the mouse mammary gland, and encourages other researchers to perform their mammary tissue imaging in 3D, with all architectural information preserved.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
248,792 |
We could show that autologous platelet rich fibrin (PRF) reliably reinforced watertight closure of the dura mater after failure of the initial standard running suture technique. At least 4 times higher leak pressures were achieved by combining solid and fluid PRF as a simple onlay graft in less than 2 min. PRF can be harvested from 10 ml of donor blood after 8 min of centrifugation without any additional chemicals or pharmaceuticals needed. We will further investigate the potential of our combination of solid and fluid PRF as a highly effective, safe, simple, cost-effective substitute for dural reinforcement as well as augmentation of wound healing and for durable dural closure.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
245,647 |
TSP-1 is a high-molecular multidomain glycoprotein expressed by various cell types including endothelial cells, monocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, dendritic cells, and B-cells (37). Similar to the previously mentioned proteins, the main source of TSP-1 is platelets, where it is one of the most abundant granule proteins, synthesized by megakaryocytes. After platelet activation, TSP-1 is released from the α-granules and found either bound to the platelet membrane or in its soluble form in plasma. TSP-1 has multiple functions in hemostasis, angiogenesis, proliferation, migration, endocytosis, immune reactions, and apoptosis. In addition to vWF, TSP-1 has been identified as a high shear substrate for human platelets (38). The TSP-1-CD36 interaction promotes thrombus formation and stabilization under high shear conditions (39). Platelet-originated TSP-1 suppresses the activity of several proteases, amongst others, MMP-2 and−9, plasmin, and cathepsin G. TSP-1-deficient mice models were characterized by improper thrombosis and extended bleeding time (40).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
4,484 |
Western blotting analysis was performed to detect CK2α protein levels in cells from 5 EOC cell lines (A2780, HO8910, COV644, OVCAR3, and SKOV3) and NOSE cells, which were extracted using RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The lysates were cleared by centrifugation (12,000 rpm) at 4°C for 30 min, and the protein concentrations were measured using the BCA Protein Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Briefly, equal amounts of protein (30 μg per sample) were separated by 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), electro-transferred onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) and subsequently blocked with 5% skim milk in TBST for 60 min. The membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C with rabbit polyclonal antibodies against CK2α (Proteintech, Wuhan, China; 1:1000 dilution) or GAPDH (Proteintech; 1:2000 dilution). After three 10-min washes with TBST, the membrane was then incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody (Cell Signaling Technologies, Danvers, MA, USA; 1:2000 dilution) for 45 min at room temperature. After washing, peroxidase activity was detected on X-ray films using an enhanced chemiluminescence detection system (ECL, Cell Signaling Technologies). The band intensity was measured by densitometry using Quantity One software (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). The target protein levels were normalized with respect to the GAPDH protein levels.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
169,086 |
When imaging volunteer subjects in the AOSLO that self-report to have normal vision and no known pathology, in addition to the normal cone-to-cone variability, we frequently observe small hyporeflective patches in the cone mosaic. These hyporeflective patches have a similar appearance to clusters of dysflective cones seen in patients and are also transient, both appearing and recovering normal reflectivity similar to dysflective cones in patients with macular telangiectasia type 2.26,32 Thus, we were motivated by these observations to investigate the frequency of occurrence and timelines of hyporeflective patches in these eyes and to evaluate function within these patches. We hypothesize that these hyporeflective patches contain dysflective cones (i.e., they retain function). The AOSLO system used in this study has been equipped with real-time eye tracking; it has the ability to deliver light to targeted retinal locations33 and offers an unprecedented ability to test function in regions as small as a single cone.34
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
234,523 |
Innovative space system technologies have revolutionized the lives on Earth, which explains why the global space race continues. The space economy worldwide is booming, and there is now a paradigm shift to the in-orbit services and manufacturing (IOSM) market. There is a significant commercial boost in the in-orbit services market, which is predicted to be $1 billion by 2030 (Satellite Catapult Applications, Fair-Space and Astroscale, 2021). The candidate in-orbit missions include the following: servicing and repairing high-value space assets including operational spacecraft, life extension, refueling, orbit correction, in-space assembly of space telescopes for Earth observation and astronomical observations, space-based power generation, and active debris removal, to name a few (Oda et al., 1996; Whittaker et al., 2000; Yoshida, 2001; Friend, 2008; Shengwei, 2013; Flores-Abad et al., 2014; Jaekel et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2016; Reed et al., 2016; Medina et al., 2017; Taylor et al., 2018; Li et al., 2019; Wilde et al., 2019; Jackson et al., 2020; Nair et al., 2020; Romano, 2021; Xu, 2021). Building satellite servicing and debris removal capabilities will open up bigger and longer-term markets linked to assembly and manufacturing in space (Satellite Catapult Applications, Fair-Space and Astroscale, 2021). As the in-orbit economy evolves, robotics and autonomous systems will play a pivotal role in many future IOSM missions. However, controlling a space robot in an extreme environment is significantly more complex than its terrestrial counterpart; this is the foremost hurdle to the success of IOSM missions.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
337,976 |
The overall frequency of recalled emotions was not significantly different from the chance after both the Emotion (Figure 4A, Table 5) and the Gender discrimination tasks (Figure 4C). However, frequencies of the first recalled emotion were significantly different from the chance level in both groups. In both the emotion and the gender recall group, happiness was remembered more frequently than the chance level. Furthermore, in the gender recall group, anger and fear were recalled less frequently than the chance level. As far as the second recalled emotion, the performance was not different from chance in any of the groups. Finally, only in the emotion recall group, anger was remembered more frequently as a third recalled emotion (Figure 4B,D).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
45,214 |
Dose-dependent effect of both ethanolic and methanolic fractions of Mangifera indica leaf extracts on (A) Catalase, (B) Glutathione peroxidase and (C) Glutathione s-transferase levels against HgCl2-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM for six mice in each group, values are statistically significant at ap < 0.05 as compared with control group, bp < 0.05 vs as compared with HgCl2 group and #nonsignificant vs control and HgCl2 groups
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
350,862 |
The discrete Gaussian sampler is limited to 12σ to achieve a high precision statistical. These parameter sets were widely used in most of the previous software implementations . Detailed parameters for target implementations are given in Table 2.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
353,162 |
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was considered to be present if patients had 2 of 4 of the following criteria: hypertension, obesity, elevated triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (or lipid-lowering drugs) . Patients with at least 10 years of diabetes duration were assessed for diabetic complications at the mark of 10 years. Diabetic nephropathy was considered based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and albuminuria, according to KDIGO 2012 guidelines . The remaining complications were considered based on clinical records, including yearly evaluation at the Department of Ophthalmology.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
92,887 |
Firstly, we propose that B cells have evolved to maintain a high efficiency to discriminate substrate stiffness features because non-self-antigens presented by viral capsids usually exhibit a high degree of stiffness (45,000–1,000,000 kPa) (Mateu, 2012). In contrast, self-antigens presented by the plasma membrane usually show a low level of stiffness (0.01–1000 kPa) (Nemir and West, 2010) and soluble self-antigens in humoral microenvironment usually display a particularly low degree of stiffness (several Pa) (Araujo et al., 2012). We believe that our findings here provide a new explanation for the widely accepted observations in vaccine research and administration that viral like particle (VLP) antigens are more potent than soluble antigens to induce antibody responses (Bachmann and Jennings, 2010; Bachmann et al., 1997, 1993).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
69,236 |
To control stimulus presentation and reward delivery, and to record touches on the screen and categorize the trials, we used a non-commercial software package, CORTEX (http://www.nimh.nih.gov/labs-at-nimh/research-areas/clinics-and-labs/ln/shn/software-projects.shtml). We monitored the eye position through the ViewPoint Eye Tracker system (Arrington Research, Scottsdale, USA). Neural activity of single units was recorded extracellularly with a five-channel multi-electrode system (Thomas Recording, Giessen, Germany). Electrodes were quartz-insulated platinum-tungsten fibers (80-μm diameter, 0.8- to 2.5-MΩ impedance) and were inserted transdurally with microdrives (Thomas Recording). Electrical signals were amplified and filtered, and single units were isolated online with a TDT system (Tucker-Davis Technologies, TDT, Alachua, USA). The same TDT system was used to record the eye movements. The data analyses were performed using MATOFF software46.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
233,420 |
In this study, we describe the generation and the functional characterization of a bispecific VHH targeting CD16 and EGFR. This bispecific VHH was shown to trigger activation of CD16+ NK cells, resulting in enhanced cytotoxicity of EGFR+ tumor cell lines and EGFR+ patient CRC specimens in both an autologous and allogeneic setting. Based on these results, this novel CD16-EGFR bispecific engager might represent a useful tool either alone or in combination with other NK cell-based therapies.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
338,601 |
Direct reconstruction of the “true” beam profiles from the measurements is the preferred approach to address the VAE. 9 A process called deconvolution is performed where the VAE, modeled with a detector response function, is numerically or analytically removed from the measurement based on the convolution theorem. 9 , 10 , 11 Photon beam profile deconvolution is challenging for a few reasons. First, since the penumbra of photon beam profiles is located in the high gradient area, Fourier‐based numerical deconvolution methods suffer from high‐frequency measurement noise. Second, each type of IC has a unique detector response function that is hard to determine. Additionally, there is no consensus on the exact shape and extend of the detector response function. 12 , 13 Third, the shape of the beam profiles varies with beam geometry (depth and field size) and beam modality [flattening‐filter (FF) vs flattening‐filter‐free (FFF)], which makes it difficult to fit the beam profiles with functions that can facilitate analytical deconvolution. 4 , 14 , 15
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
352,999 |
Alignment of neural stem cells. The fluorescent images of Nestin, DAPI, and merged images of the neural stem cells cultured on the PVDF control (A–C), on the inverse opal substrate (D–F), on the 3× stretched substrate (G–I), and on the 6× stretched substrate (J–L). Scale bars are 20 μm.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
54,222 |
Typical symptoms of the goat with injured peroneal nerve include foot drop sign, difficulty in plantar flexion, difficulty in lifting up the foot and toes and making toe-out movements, damage or ulcer of the skin in the surgery side and dystrophy of the anterior tibial muscle. After the surgery, all the animals demonstrated difficulty in movements of the injured limb. During the 12 months after surgery, animals from BM-MNC group and nerve graft group showed gradual improvement in the function of injured limb; animals in vehicle group failed to achieve significant functional recovery and suffered from muscle dystrophy and skin ulcer at the injury side.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
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