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Neural network
An artificial neural network, more commonly known as a neural network or neural net for short, is a mathematical model for information processing based on a connectionist approach to computation. The original inspiration for the technique was from examination of bioelectrical networks in the brain formed by neurons and their synapses. In a neural network model, simple nodes (or "neurons", or "units") are connected together to form a network of nodes - hence the term "neural network".
Table of contents
1 Structure
2 Real life applications
3 Types of neural networks
4 Relation to optimization techniques
5 External links
6 Bibliography
Most researchers today would agree that artificial neural networks are quite different from the brain in terms of structure. Like the brain, however, a neural net is a massively parallel collection of small and simple processing units where the interconnections form a large part of the network's intelligence; however, in terms of scale a brain is massively larger than a neural network, the units used in a neural network are typically far simpler than neurons, and the learning processes of the brain (whilst unknown) are almost certainly distinct from those of neural networks.
A typical feedforward neural network will consist of a set of nodes. Some of these are designated input nodes, some output nodes, and those in between hidden nodes. There are also connections between the neurons, with a number referred to as a weight associated with each connection. When the network is in operation, a value will be applied to each input node - the values being fed in by a human operator, or from environmental sensors, or perhaps from some other program. Each node then passes its given value to the connections leading out from it, and on each connection the value is multiplied by the weight associated with that connection. Each node in the next layer then receives a value which is the sum of the values produced by the connections leading into it, and in each node a simple computation is performed on the value - a sigmoid function is typical. This process is then repeated, with the results being passed through subsequent layers of nodes until the output nodes are reached. Early models (circa 1970) had a fixed number of layers. More recently, genetic algorithms are used to evolve the neural structure. See: NEAT.
Alternative calculation models in neural networks include models with loops, where some kind of time delay process must be used, and "winner takes all" models, where the neuron with the highest value from the calculation fires and takes a value 1, and all other neurons take the value 0.
It should be noted that the sigmoid curve curve is used as a transfer function because it has the effect of "squashing" the inputs into the range [0,1]. Other functions with similar features can be used, most commonly tanh() which has an output range of [-1,1]. The sigmoid function has the additional benefit of having an extremely simple derivative function for backpropagating errors through a feed-forward neural network.
Typically the weights in a neural network are initially set to small random values; this represents the network knowing nothing. As the training process proceeds, these weights will converge to values allowing them to perform a useful computation. Thus it can be said that the neural network commences knowing nothing and moves on to gain some real knowledge.
Neural networks are particularly useful for dealing with bounded real-valued data, where a real-valued output is desired; in this way neural networks will perform classification by degrees, and are capable of expressing values equivalent to "not sure". If the neural network is trained using the cross-entropy error function (see Bishop's book) and if the neural network output has a sigmoidal non-linear, then the outputs will be estimates of the true posterior probability of a class.
Real life applications
In real life applications, neural networks perform particularly well on the following common tasks:
Other kinds of neural networks, in particular Continuous-Time Recurrent Neural Networks (CTRNN), are used in conjunction with genetic algorithms(GAs) to produce robot controllers. The genome is then constitued of the networks parameters and the fitness of a network is the adequacy of the behaviour exhibited by the controlled robot (or often by a simulation of this behaviour).
Types of neural networks
Single layer perceptron
The earliest kind of neural network is a single-layer perceptron network, which consists of a single layer of output nodes; the inputs are fed directly to the outputs via a series of weights. In this way it can be considered the simplest kind of feedforward network. The sum of the products of the weights and the inputs is calculated in each node, and if the value is above some threshold (typically 0) the neuron fires and takes the value 1; otherwise it takes the value -1. Neurons with this kind of activation function are also called McCulloch-Pitts neurons or threshold neurons. In the literature the term perceptron often refers to networks consisting of just one of these units. They were described by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts in the 1940s.
Perceptrons can be trained by a simple learning algorithm that is usually called the delta-rule. It calculates the errors between calculated output and sample output data, and uses this to create an adjustment to the weights, thus implementing a form of gradient descent.
Single-unit perceptrons are only capable of learning linearly seperable patterns; in 1969 in a famous monograph entitled Perceptrons by Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert showed that it was impossible for a single layer perceptron network to learn an XOR function. They conjectured (incorrectly) that a similar result would hold for a multi-layer perceptron network. Although a single threshold unit is quite limited in its computational power, it has been shown that networks of parallel threshold units can approximate any continuous function from a compact interval of the real numbers into the interval [-1, 1]. This very recent result can be found in [Auer, Burgsteiner, Maass: The p-delta learning rule for parallel perceptrons, 2001 (state Jan 2003: submitted for publication)].
A single-layer neural network can compute a continuous output instead of a step function. A common choice is the so-called logistic function, 1/(1+exp(-x)). With this choice, the single-layer network is identical to the logistic regression model, widely used in statistical modeling.
Multi-layer perceptron
This class of networks consists of multiple layers of computational units, usually interconnected in a feedforward way. This means that each neuron in one layer has directed connections to the neurons of the subsequent layer. In many applications the units of these networks apply a sigmoid function as an activation function.
Multi-layer networks use a variety of learning techniques, the most popular being backpropagation. Here the output values are compared with the correct answer to compute the value of some predefined error-function. By various techniques the error is then fed back through the network. Using this information, the algorithm adjusts the weights of each connection in order to reduce the value of the error-function by some small amount. After repeating this process for a sufficiently large number of training cycles the network will usually converge to some state where the error of the calculations is small. In this case one says that the network has learned a certain target function. To adjust weights properly one applies a general method for nonlinear optimization task that is called gradient descent. For this the derivation of the error-function with respect to the network weights is calculated and the weights are then changed such that the error decreases (thus going downhill on the surface of the error function). For this reason backpropagation can only be applied on networks with differentiable activation function.
In general the problem of reaching a network that performs well, even on examples that were not used as training examples, is a quite subtle issue that requires additional techniques. This is especially important for cases where only very limited numbers of training examples are available. The danger is that the network overfits the training data and fails to capture the true statistical process generating the data. Statistical learning theory is concerned with training classifiers on a limited amount of data. In the context of neural networks a simple heuristic, called early stopping, often ensures that the network will generalize well to examples not in the training set.
Other typical problems of the back-propagation algorithm are the speed of convergence and the possibility to end up in a local minimum of the error function. Today there are practical solutions (examples?) that make backpropagation in multi-layer perceptrons the solution of choice for many machine learning tasks.
Simple recurrent network
A simple recurrent network (SRN) is a variation on the multi-layer perceptron, sometimes called an "Elman network" due to its invention by Professor Jeff Elman. A three-layer network is used, with the addition of a set of "context units" in the input layer. There are connections from the middle ("hidden") layer to these context units fixed with weight 1. At each time step, the input is propagated in a standard feedforward fashion, and then a learning rule (usually backpropagation) is applied. The fixed back connections result in the context units always maintaining a copy of the previous values of the hidden units (since they propagate over the connections before the learning rule is applied). Thus the network can maintain a sort of state, allowing it to perform such tasks as sequence-prediction that are beyond the power of a standard multi-layer perceptron.
Hopfield network
The Hopfield net is a recurrent neural network in which all connections are symmetric. This network has the property that its dynamics are guaranteed to converge. If the connections are trained using Hebbian learning then the Hopfield network can perform robust content-addressable memory, robust to connection alteration.
Boltzmann machine
The Boltzmann machine can be thought of as a noisy Hopfield network. Invented by Geoff Hinton and Terry Sejnowski (1985), the Boltzmann machine was important because it was one of the first neural networks in which learning of latent variables (hidden units) was demonstrated. Boltzmann machine learning was slow to simulate, but the Contrastive Divergence algorithm of Geoff Hinton (introduced about 2000) allows models including Boltzmann machines and Product of Experts to be trained much faster.
Support vector machine
A support vector machine (SVM) is a recently developed form of machine learning algorithm. The training of SVMs is based on quadratic programming, a form of optimization that (usually) has only one global minimum. Therefore, and because SVMs have means to reduce the danger of overfitting, some practitioners prefer SVM training to neural network training.
Committee of machines
A committee of machines (CoM) is a collection of different neural networks that together vote on a given example. It has been seen that this gives a much better result. In fact in many cases, starting with the same architecture and training but different initial random weights give vastly different networks. A CoM tends to stabilize the result.
Self-organizing map
The Self-organizing map (SOM), sometimes referred to as "Kohonen map" due to its invention by Professor Teuvo Kohonen, is an unsupervised learning technique that reduces the dimensionality of data through the use of a self-organizing neural network. A probabilistic version of SOM is the Generative Topographic Map (GTM) of Bishop, Svensen and Williams.
Instantaneously trained networks
Instantaneously trained neural networks (ITNN) are also called "Kak networks" after their inventor Subhash Kak. They were inspired by the phenomenon of short-term learning that seems to occur instantaneously. In these networks the weights of the hidden and the output layers are mapped directly from the training vector data. Ordinarily, they work on binary data but versions for continuous data that require small additional processing are also available.
Data representation
(Some notes on statistics and other representation problems in here)
Relation to optimization techniques
Analysis of many neural network techniques reveals a close relationship to mathematical optimization techniques.
For instance, multi-layer perceptron back-propagation can be substituted with more general global optimization techniques. The objective in training a ANN is, given some set of pairs of data and output, { (d0, o0) , (d1,o1), ... } to minimize some error function ||E||2, where E(xi) = F(w,xi) - oi. Here F is the neural network function which given a vector of weights w and an input vector produces an output vector for the network. Thus as well as using backpropagation to train the network, it's also possible to use global optimization techniques to produce a weight vector w.
For very large data sets, using more advanced optimization techniques is often slower than using gradient descent, if the weights of the network are updated by gradient descent after each training example. This is because one sweep of gradient descent through the training set can make a large amount of progress, while the same amount of computational effort can only compute a true gradient at one setting of the parameter vector.
See also: Time delay neural network (TDNN), systolic array, systolic automata, NEAT
External links
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Ancient sheep poop reveals an unknown population on Faroe Islands before Vikings
The bed of this lake on the Faroese island of Eysturoy contains sediment from 500 AD that documents the first arrival of sheep and humans.
(CNN)The isolated Faroe Islands were once home to an unknown population in 500 AD, about 350 years before Vikings ever arrived, according to new research. And the evidence comes from an unusual source: ancient sheep poop.
The striking Faroes are a small archipelago located in the North Atlantic halfway between Norway and Iceland. Vikings reached the islands once they developed ships for long-distance sailing, about 850 AD, before they moved on to Iceland in 874. For a long time, researchers believed they were the first human inhabitants of the rugged Faroes.
Until this century, the only evidence for the first people to set foot on the Faroes ahead of the Vikings came from mentions in medieval texts. There is no current evidence to suggest that Indigenous people ever lived there.
In 2013, researchers found ancient burnt barley grains beneath the floor of a Viking longhouse on the Faroese island of Sandoy.
The grains were dated between 300 and 500 years before the Norse occupation of the Faroes. Barley was not native to the islands ahead of humans living there.
In order to find more evidence of this group of humans, a research team formed to conduct an investigation of a lake on the Faroese island of Eysturoy. While no homes or archaeological evidence have been found from this early group of explorers, this team decided to take a different approach to determine when humans arrived on the Faroe Islands.
Organic clues in lake sediment
Specifically, the scientists wanted to collect lake sediment cores.
"Lakes are amazing archives of environmental information, because they accumulate material from the surrounding landscape in sequential layers in their sediments," said lead study author Lorelei Curtin, a postdoctoral research associate in the University of Wyoming's department of geology and geophysics.
"Each member of our team uses different tools to analyze the lake sediments, and by working together, we gain a holistic understanding of changes in the environment, including human impacts on the landscape," she said.
When they reached Eysturoy, the team members set out in a small boat on a lake near the village of Eiði, which once hosted a Viking settlement. They dropped weighted tubes into the lake bottom and collected cores that were 9 feet (2.7 meters) in length -- collecting 10,000 years of environmental history.
The analysis of the lake sediments revealed the sudden presence of domesticated sheep in large numbers, arriving between 492 and 512. Sheep leave distinctive biomarkers in their fecal matter that were traceable as DNA in the sediments. The researchers were able to use a layer of ash, from the known eruption of an Icelandic volcano in 877, to help them establish dates.
Before the arrival of these sheep, there is no evidence of mammals on the island, so the sheep must have been brought by people arriving on the Faroes. Today, sheep are a staple of the Faroese diet.
The appearance of the sheep also aligned with the disappearance of woody plants, like willow, juniper and birch.
Faroese sheep, which are abundant across the Faroe islands, have been a staple of the culture for centuries.
"After humans arrived and brought sheep with them, the vegetation changed," Curtin said. "We see more grass-type vegetation, which is consistent with landscape modification from animal grazing. This what we see on the Faroes today."
The study published Thursday in the journal Communications Earth & Environment.
Archaeologist Kevin Edwards, an environment researcher and professor emeritus at the University of Aberdeen and coauthor of the 2013 barley study, said this new research "has produced convincing and exciting evidence from another island within the archipelago."
In addition to receiving support from the Faroese, the researchers were assisted by Símun Arge, an archaeologist at the National Museum of the Faroe Islands.
"Símun sadly passed away in February of 2021, and we've dedicated this study to him," Curtin said.
Life on the Faroes
Located 200 miles (322 kilometers) northwest of Scotland, the Faroes showcase signature towering cliffs as their coastlines. They endure often cloudy weather and are constantly hit by strong winds. Few places would have been enticing for settlement to early explorers because the landscape is largely tundra.
There are some flat places near protected bays where Vikings set up camp. The Faroes likely allowed the Vikings to reach places like Iceland and Greenland later on.
Medieval writings support the idea that Irish monks were on the Faroes by 500, including Irish navigator St. Brendan who was famed for sailing the Atlantic.
Now, the sheep DNA, biomarkers and writings all align, said study coauthor William D'Andrea, a paleoclimatologist at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.
Celtic explorers
But who, exactly, were the first people to land on the Faroes?
The researchers believe they were Celts crossing the sea from Scotland or Ireland, based on clues that, pieced together, hint at the distant past of the current-day island inhabitants.
For example, there are many names on the Faroe Islands that come from Celtic words, and there are undated Celtic grave markings on the islands. Studies of DNA from Faroese people have maternal Celtic lineage. While it's possible that Vikings brought Celtic brides with them, the maternal Celtic ancestry level is so high that the researchers think Celts were present on the islands ahead of the Vikings.
"Our data can't really speak to who the people were who arrived before the Vikings with their livestock, however there is some evidence to suggest that the Vikings did not use sailing technology at that time," Curtin said. "I think this is motivation for further archaeological exploration in the Faroe Islands."
Whoever the first inhabitants of the Faroe Islands were, the fact that they crossed the ocean with livestock reveals their advances -- and spirit.
"I think we often underestimate early human explorers and their ability to reach new, unknown lands," Curtin said. "I can't imagine the courage and skill it takes to set sail across the North Atlantic ocean. It really is a testament to the human spirit of exploration."
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"url": "https://edition.cnn.com/2021/12/16/world/faroe-islands-human-population-scn/index.html"
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Stands for "First In, Last Out." FILO is an acronym used in computer science to describe the order in which objects are accessed. It is synonymous with LIFO (which is more commonly used) and may also be called LCFS or "last come, first served."
A stack is a typical data structure that may be accessed using the LIFO method. In a stack, each item is placed on top of the previous item, one at a time. Items can be removed from either the top of the stack (FILO) or from the bottom of the stack FIFO. You can imagine a FILO stack as the paper in a printer tray. Whatever paper you place on top of the existing paper in the input tray will be accessed first.
FILO is not necessarily a "fair" way to access data, since it operates in opposite order of a queue. Still, the FILO method can be useful for retrieving recently used objects, such as those stored in cache memory.
Updated August 7, 2014
Definitions by
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A pulsating stellar relic
This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image shows the planetary nebula NGC 2452, located in the southern constellation of Puppis. The blue haze across the frame is what remains of a star like our Sun after it has depleted all its fuel. When this happens, the core of the star becomes unstable and releases huge numbers of incredibly energetic particles that blow the star’s atmosphere away into space. At the centre of this blue cloud lies what remains of the nebula’s progenitor star. This cool, dim, and extremely dense star is actually a pulsating white dwarf, meaning that its brightness varies over time as gravity causes waves that pulse throughout the small star’s body. NGC 2452 was discovered by Sir John Herschel in 1847. He initially defined it as «an object whose nature I cannot make out. It is certainly not a star, nor a close double star […] I should call it an oblong planetary nebula». To early observers like Herschel with their smaller telescopes, planetary nebulae resembled gaseous planets, and so were named accordingly. The name has stuck, although modern telescopes like Hubble have made it clear that these objects are not planets at all, but the outer layers of dying stars being thrown off into space. A version of this image was entered into the Hubble’s Hidden Treasures image processing competition by contestants Luca Limatola and Budeanu Cosmin Mirel.
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"language": "en",
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"url": "https://elnidodelastronomo.es/2016/01/21/parejas-celestes-ngc-2452-y-ngc-2818/a-pulsating-stellar-relic/"
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Where Was Judaism Founded?
Definition: Where Was Judaism Founded?
Judaism was founded in the Southern Levant, a region of the Eastern Mediterranean that roughly corresponds to modern-day Israel, Palestine and Jordan.
The name "Judaism" comes from the Kingdom of Judah, which had its capital in Jerusalem.
Acoording to the Hebrew Bible, Abraham was born in Ur Kaśdim, which most scholars identify with Ur in modern Iraq. Abraham was then given the land of Canaan.
1. State of Palestine.” Wikipedia.
2. History of the Jews in Jordan.” Wikipedia.
3. ancient Middle East.” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
4. Kingdom of Judah.” Wikipedia.
5. Southern Levant.” Wikipedia.
6. Ur Kaśdim.” Wikipedia.
7. Canaan.” Wikipedia.
8. Judaism.” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
Article Info
Title Where Was Judaism Founded?
Last UpdatedJanuary 31, 2021
URL religionfacts.com/judaism/place-founded
Short URLrlft.co/3618
MLA Citation “Where Was Judaism Founded?.” ReligionFacts.com. 31 Jan. 2021. Web. Accessed 22 Jan. 2022. <religionfacts.com/judaism/place-founded>
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"url": "https://religionfacts.com/judaism/place-founded"
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Öktem and Romps, Prediction for cloud spacing confirmed using stereo cameras, JAS, 2021
What sets the sizes of clouds and the spacing between them? For shallow cumulus, we can at least offer an order-of-magnitude answer to this question: the natural length scale in a field of shallow cumulus is the depth of the boundary layer. For shallow (i.e., thin) cumulus, the depth of the boundary layer is approximately equal to the height above ground of the lifting condensation level (LCL). The LCL, in turn, is primarily a function of the near-surface relative humidity. For example, a typical summertime near-surface relative humidity of 60% puts the LCL at a height of about 1 km, so we should expect that shallow-cumulus widths and spacings will be around that length scale.
Unfortunately, this hand waving is a bit uncomfortable. If we think a bit more deeply about the problem, we realize there is at least one other length scale in the problem that we have ignored: the turbulent diffusivity κ (units of m/s2) divided by the square of the Brunt-Väisälä frequency |N2| (units of 1/s2). Why do the clouds not set their sizes and spacing equal to κ|N2|? For that matter, what is the value of κ|N2|?
Thuburn and Efstathiou (2020) offered an answer to this question with a derivation that incorporates the boundary-layer depth, κ, and N2. The idea behind their derivation is that heating of a boundary layer from below (i.e., heating of the ground by the sun) will tend to make the boundary layer unstable to convection (i.e., negative N2). But the more vigorously the boundary layer convects, the higher the turbulent diffusivity κ, and a κ that is high enough will damp the convection to zero. Using the empirical fact that convection tends to very nearly eliminate the convective instability, we may approximate κ as the value that is just big enough to make the most unstable mode of convection have a growth rate of zero (this is called the marginal-stability hypothesis). This leads to a soluble set of equations that predicts that the wavelength of the most unstable mode, which should manifest as the spacing between clouds, is 2√2 times the LCL height.
In this paper, we use stereo photogrammetry to test this prediction, and it turns out to work surprisingly well. We generated stereo reconstructions of shallow-cumulus events from 129 days at the DOE site in Oklahoma. Compositing those events, we find that, compared to 2√2 ≅ 2.8, the ratio of the cloud spacing to the LCL height tends to hover around 2.7 to 3.1. If we focus exclusively on cloud streets, which are closer analogs to the two-dimensional calculation that leads to 2√2, we again find very good agreement.
Composite evolution of cloud spacing and cloud width from the onset (t=0) to the termination (t=1) of shallow cumulus as observed by the stereo cameras during 129 such events. The red solid line shows the prediction of Thuburn and Efstathiou (2020).
(top and left) Horizontally projected cloud streets from the raw stereo-camera data at three moments in time. Data from the northwest, northeast, and southern camera pairs are shown as red, dark-blue, and light-blue dots, respectively. (lower right) The best-fit horizontal wavelengths plotted against the LCL height. The straight line shows the predicted slope of 2√2.
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Sunday, January 23, 2022
Scientists developed antibacterial gel bandage using durian husk
Turning waste into a valuable biomedical resource.
Hydrogels synthesized from naturally derived raw materials are attracting increasing attention as compared to synthetic hydrogels. By using waste products such as durian husks and glycerol, which are currently discarded in large quantities, scientists could turn waste into a valuable biomedical resource that can enhance the speedy recovery of wounds and reduce chances of infections.
Considering the idea, scientists from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU Singapore) used durian husk and glycerol to create an antibacterial gel bandage.
The tropical fruit durian is also known as King of Fruits” in Southeast Asia. It has a thick husk with spiky thorns. There is the sweet flesh surrounding the seeds on the inside. Its spiky thorns are discarded in large quantities.
Scientists extracted high-quality cellulose from the hosts and then combined it with glycerol to create a soft gel. They then cut the gel into bandages of different sizes and shapes.
By adding the organic molecules produced from natural yeast phenolics, scientists could make the bandage deadly to bacteria. The wild yeast phenolics in the bandage will help prevent bacteria’s growth, such as Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive S. aureus. and the subsequent formation of biofilm.
Being non-toxic and biodegradable, the organic gel bandage is also expected to have a smaller environmental footprint than conventional synthetic bandages.
Associate Professor Andrew Tan, Vice Dean (Faculty) from NTU’s Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, who is an expert in metabolic disorders, said“there are existing natural and synthetic hydrogels on the market now, where their usefulness in the healing of some types of wounds are well-recognized.”
“Hydrogel bandages are known for their non-toxicity, ability to rehydrate the wound bed, and can facilitate autolytic debridement (where the body enzymes and natural fluids act to soften bad tissue and remove it). The innovative and unique part of Prof Chen’s current work is the upcycling of the durian rind to obtain cellulose. It’s also unique given that the thorns of the durian can hurt, but the materials from the rind can heal.”
Scientists tested their bandages on an animal skin. They applied the bandage- by simply laying it across the wound. They found that the bandage showed good antimicrobial effects for up to 48 hours.
Journal Reference:
1. Xi Cui et al. Food Waste Durian Rind-Derived Cellulose Organohydrogels: Toward Anti-Freezing and Antimicrobial Wound Dressing. DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c07705
New Inventions
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"url": "https://www.techexplorist.com/antibacterial-gel-bandage-durian-husk/38453/?fbclid=IwAR2Vug7LniUuhC4kd2KySkTu5D7tbfI6isPB6b3vGPH44AwYscvvVm4GPO0"
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The Janssen revolver ("Revolver Astronomique" in French) or Photo Revolver was invented by the French astronomer Pierre Jules César Janssen in 1874. It was the instrument that originated chronophotography, a branch of photography based on capturing movement from a sequence of images. To create the apparatus Pierre Janssen was inspired by the revolving cylinder of Samuel Colt's revolver.
The revolver used two discs and a sensitive plate, the first with twelve holes (shutter) and the second with only one, on the plate. The first one would take a full turn every eighteen seconds, so that each time a shutter window passed in front of the window of the second (fixed) disk, the sensitive plate was discovered in the corresponding portion of its surface, creating an image. In order for the images not to overlap, the sensitive plate rotated with a quarter of the shutter speed. The Shutter Speed was one and a half seconds. A mirror on the outside of the apparatus reflected the movement of the object towards the lens that was located in the barrel of this photographic revolver. When the revolver was in operation it was capable of taking forty-eight images in seventy-two seconds.
More Info:
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Life of legend Josephine Baker honored in Paris
Josephine Baker (1906–1975) found fame as a dancer, singer and film star. She was also a World War II hero and a civil rights activist.
On November 30, Baker became the first Black woman honored in France’s Panthéon. She is the first entertainer and only the sixth woman in the Panthéon.
“Her Pantheonization is a well-deserved recognition for this American-born icon, whose legacy and lessons of courage and resilience continue to inspire us,” said U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken in a November 30 tweet.
The ceremony, which took place in Paris, honored Baker’s life and legacy with speeches, tributes and films of her performances.
France’s greatest honor
To be interred or commemorated in the Panthéon is to be remembered as one of France’s heroes. It can only happen through parliamentary action.
Honorees include the philosopher Voltaire and writers Victor Hugo and Emile Zola.
There are only two other Black honorees in the Panthéon: The Three Musketeers author Alexandre Dumas and scholar Félix Éboué, also a resistance fighter.
While Baker’s place in the Panthéon is marked with a cenotaph, five other women are interred there: French resistance fighters Germaine Tillion and Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz, Holocaust survivor and politician Simone Veil, French chemist’s wife Sophie Berthelot, and Nobel Prize–winning chemist Marie Curie.
A star is born
Baker was born St. Louis, Missouri, in 1906. She began dancing professionally as a teenager in New York City. By 19, she’d crossed the ocean to start a career in Paris, where she found fame.
Josephine Baker lying on tiger rug (© Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
Fashion icon Josephine Baker inspired leagues of French women in the 1920s to cut their hair short like hers. (© Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
Baker became a headliner in famous venues, such as Les Folies Bergère. She is regarded among France’s most well-known entertainers.
Baker became a French citizen in 1937, only two years before the start of World War II. Baker used her fame to fight for the resistance, even smuggling covert messages across occupied territory and hiding Jewish refugees in her countryside estate.
In the 1960s, Baker supported the civil rights movement in the United States, notably standing behind Martin Luther King Jr. during his “I Have a Dream” speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in 1963. On tour in the United States, she refused to perform in front of segregated audiences — directly challenging Jim Crow, racial segregation enforced by laws and customs at the time.
Baker died in 1975, days after collapsing at the end of a performance. She was buried in Monaco, where her body remains today while a plaque on a cenotaph marks her presence in the Panthéon.
“I have two loves,” she sang in 1930. “My country and Paris.”
People standing behind fence looking at something (© Julien de Rosa/AFP/Getty Images)
Members of the public watch Josephine Baker’s plaque enter the Panthéon on November 30. (© Julien de Rosa/AFP/Getty Images)
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Samurai and the Bushido Code
Samurai and the Bushido Code
Samurai made their appearance in a period between the 10th and 12th centuries in Japan, during a regime of hereditary military dictatorship known as shogunate that would last 700 years. The Shogun was military sovereign of all Japan and ruled from Kyoto, while in the rest of the country a feudal system based on personal loyalty, family and shogun was imposed. Each of these families had a leader known as Daimyo who ruled in a specific area of Japan and owed allegiance to the shogun.
The samurai or bushi appeared in Japan during the Meiji era and the ruling class was transformed into class until its decline and total abolition in 1876. They worked as personal guards for the daimyo and fought for the daimyo in wars, they protected their land and power. Over time the samurai castes became hereditary and the samurai dynasties were formed.
These warriors mastered martial arts, bow, sword and horsemanship. They preferred close combat, considering the bow as a dishonorable and unworthy weapon. The fascination of the Japanese people towards the figure of the samurai it was mainly due to their way of life. The constant acceptance of deathlife was considered a mere formality), the rejection of material values and the importance of honor and morals made the samurai a figure of Japanese virtue.
Honor governed all aspects of the samurai's life to the point that a loss of honor meant initiating a ritual known as "seppuku”, A form of Japanese suicide. Multiple details of the samurai are reminiscent of the figure of the medieval European knight. The difference with respect to the western code of chivalry was the loyalty to its lord, since in Europe the contract of vassalage could be broken or revoked, instead the samurai was only freed from his bondage by death.
In fact, if a samurai considered an order from his lord unacceptable his only option was to take his own life, preferring death to doing something considered dishonorable.
Bushido literally means "the way of the warrior" and it was a kind of moral code of conduct for the warrior or samurai class. It was composed of a series of norms or commandments in the biblical style. This code was born from a mixture of influences from oriental philosophy, religion and martial arts, it was also a way to limit the power of the Japanese warrior class. The main values upheld by the samurai code are honesty, justice, courage, compassion, courtesy, honor, absolute sincerity, duty and loyalty.
According to experts, it seems that bushido was influenced by Buddhism (Zen), Confucianism and Shintoism. Today the teachings of this code are still alive in some martial arts, especially Karate.
Image: Rage on Wikipedia
Video: The Last Samurai - The True Story
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What’s in a Name: Latin Titles
by Heather R. Darsie
How important is it to understand Latin when sorting a monarch’s status in Medieval and Early Modern portraiture? A monarch’s title indicates over what he or she rules. There is a long history of the use of Latin to specify over who and what a monarch rules. Looking back into the Ancient period, when civic identity was paramount, the only things which had agency to act were people and representatives of the people. A country itself had no agency to act. For example, the US President or the people of the US could act politically, not the United States, which is a territory. This concept is embodied by the ancient use of the Latin word populus, applying to the people residing within a city. This slowly began to change during the Medieval period.
In the Medieval period, geographic identity and thus, agency, became more important on the international stage. The word populus, applying to the people, faded away in favor of the word gentes, applying to a nation. As time wore on, there was a shift in titles of rulers, as well. However, that shift arguably did not apply to the royal title of Scotland’s rulers until the Union of the Crowns under James I & VI. Ruling titles slowly shifted away from, for example, rex Anglicanorum, King of the English People, to Angliae rex, King of England. Legally speaking, there is no real difference, but it is curious to see that Mary, as regina Scotorum, possessed a much more ancient title as queen of her people specifically, and not the country generally.
Conversely, Elizabeth I was identified as Angliae, Franciae, et Hiberniae regina, or Queen of England, France, and Ireland. Elizabeth I’s and Mary’s successor James I & VI held two separate titles, first as rex Scotorum until 1603, then as Mag. Brit., Franciae, et Hiberniae rex, or King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland.
Looking into the linguistic subtleties of a monarch’s Medieval and Early Modern Latin titles also allows the savvy observer to know who is depicted in a portrait. For example, when looking at England, simply assuming that “AR” must mean Arthurus rex (King Arthur) instead of Angliae rex (King of England), greatly depends upon the context of where the “AR” is found. Additionally, “RA” would have a completely different meaning, as rex Anglicanorum (King of the English).
The issue of linguistic distinction arises from time to time when confusion is caused over well-settled identifications. This is usually due to misidentification by under- or un-trained individuals trawling through historic documents and portraiture.** Looking specifically at the Tudor period, Anne Boleyn’s short reign has caused such a controversy.
Anne Boleyn, love her or hate her, is one of the most elusive of Henry VIII’s queens. The only known portrait of her is a badly damaged lead medal that was skillfully recreated within the last several years. It identifies the sitter as “AR,” which could mean either Anna Regina or Angliae Regina, the context is unclear, and there is an argument to be made for both. If the medal was to circulate only within England, it would be reasonable to assume that “AR” meant Anna Regina, (Queen Anne) but if the medal were intended for an international audience, the the meaning would more likely be Anglaie Regina (Queen of England).
The utility of Latin when reviewing prime source documents is also important for sorting out individuals with multiple names. Frequently, a scholar or cleric from at least the Early Modern period will have their birth name, plus a Latin name. For example, the French humanist Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples was also known by his Latin name of Jacobus Faber Stapulensis.
In conclusion, let this post serve as a reminder to all of us that it is important to keep in mind not only the source of an item, but for whom the item was intended and the item’s purpose. Having a rough idea of Latin titles and names is vital when researching or writing about the Early Modern period.
** I, too, have been guilty of this; hence why I find it important to write about the linguistic distinctions and need for putting said distinctions in context of an entire work.
UK Hardcover
UK Kindle
US Hardcover
US Kindle
Please check out my new podcast, Tudor Speeches.
You Might Also Like
1. The Curious Case of a Misidentified Portrait of Anne Boleyn
2. Philippa of Hainault
3. Breaking Up is Hard to Do: Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II of England
4. The White Rose
5. Phoenix Birth: Jane Seymour and the Importance of Death and Birth in Tudor England
Sources & Suggested Reading
1. Pohl, Walter. “Ethnonyms and Early Medieval Ethnicity: Methodological Reflections.” The Hungarian Historical Review 7, no. 1 (2018): 5-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26571575.
2 thoughts on “What’s in a Name: Latin Titles
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Why is a crater on the moon called Mitra?
Chandrayaan 2’s orbiter throws up an image of a cavity with a familiar name
Photo: isro.gov.in
It has been a month and four days since the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota launched India's second mission to the moon, Chandrayaan 2. Currently, the satellite is circling the moon at an altitude of 4,375 km-high and photographing its crater-filled surface.
On 22 August, the first-ever photographs of the lunar surface taken by an Indian satellite were released. Some of the images captured by Chandrayaan-2's Terrain Mapping Camera-2, include one of Mitra: a 92 km-wide impact crater with a familiar sounding name. The crater was named after celebrated Indian physicist Sisir Kumar Mitra.
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Who was Sisir Kumar Mitra?
Sisir Kumar Mitra (1890-1963) is known as the father of radio research due to his ground-breaking work in the field of radiophysics. He chaired a committee on radio research in pre-independent India and presided over the National Institute of Science as well as the Asiatic Society of Bengal. In his lifetime, he received numerous prestigious awards, the most prominent of them being the Presidential Padmabhushan in 1962.
Here's a look at the other images released by Chandrayaan 2:
Photo: isro.gov.in
Photo: isro.gov.in
Photo: isro.gov.in
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Russian (Russian: русский язык, russkiy yazyk, ['ru.skʲɪj jɪ.'zɨk]) is the most widely spoken language of Eurasia and the most widespread of the Slavic languages.
Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages. Within the Slavic family, Russian is one of the three East Slavic languages, the other two being Belarusian and Ukrainian.
NOTE. Russian is written in a non-Latin script. All examples below are in the Cyrillic alphabet, with transcriptions in IPA.
Russian is a Slavic language in the Indo-European family. From the point of view of the spoken language, its closest relatives are Belarusian and Ukrainian, the other two national languages in the East Slavic group. In many places in Ukraine and Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably.
The basic vocabulary, principles of word-formation, and, to some extent, inflexions and literary style of Russian have been heavily influenced by Church Slavonic, a developed and partly adopted form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church. Many words in modern literary Russian are closer in form to the modern Bulgarian language than to Ukrainian or Belarusian. However, the East Slavic forms have tended to remain in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with slightly different meanings. For details, see History of the Russian language.
Outside the Slavic languages, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have been greatly influenced by Greek, Latin, French, German, and English.
Geographic distribution
Russian is primarily spoken in Russia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics of the USSR. Until 1917, it was the sole official language of the Russian Empire. During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian. Following the break-up of 1991, several of the newly independent states have encouraged their native languages, which has partly reversed the privileged status of Russian, though its role as the language of post-Soviet national intercourse throughout the region has continued.
In Latvia, notably, its official recognition and legality in the classroom have been a topic of considerable debate in a country where more than one-third of the population is Russian-speaking, consisting mostly of post-World War II immigrants from Russia and other parts of the former USSR (Belarus, Ukraine). Similarly, in Estonia, the Soviet-era immigrants and their Russian-speaking descendants constitute about one quarter of the country's current population.
A much smaller Russian-speaking minority in Lithuania has largely been assimilated during the decade of independence and currently represent less than 1/10 of the country's overall population.
In the twentieth century it was widely taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR, especially in Poland, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia. However, younger generations are usually not fluent in it, because Russian is no longer mandatory in the school system. It was, and still is, to a lesser extent, widely taught in Asian countries such as Laos, Vietnam and Mongolia due to Soviet influence, and is still used as a lingua franca in Afghanistan by various tribes.
Sizeable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America (especially in large urban centers of the US and Canada such as New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Toronto, Miami, and Chicago). In the first two of them, Russian-speaking groups total over half a million. In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in their self-sufficient neighborhoods (especially the generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early sixties). It is important to note, however, that only about a quarter of them are ethnic Russians.
Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the overwhelming majority were Russian-speaking Jews. Afterwards the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat. According to the United States 2000 Census, Russian was reported as language spoken at home by 1.50% of population, or about 4.2 million, placing it as #10 language in the United States.
Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe. These have been fed by several waves of immigrants since the beginning of the twentieth century, each with its own flavour of language. Germany, Britain, Spain, France, Italy, Belgium, and Greece have significant Russian-speaking communities totaling 3 million people.
Two thirds of them are actually Russian-speaking descendants of Germans, Greeks, Jews, Armenians, or Ukrainians who either repatriated after the USSR collapsed or are just looking for temporary employment. But many are well-off Russian families acquiring property and getting education.
Earlier, the descendants of the Russian émigrés tended to lose the tongue of their ancestors by the third generation. Now, when the border is more open, Russian is likely to survive longer, especially when many of the emigrants visit their homelands at least once a year and also have access to Russian websites and TV channels.
Recent estimates of the total number of speakers of Russian:
Source Native speakers Native Rank Total speakers Total rank
G. Weber, "Top Languages",
Language Monthly,
3: 12-18, 1997, ISSN 1369-9733
160,000,000 8 285,000,000 5
World Almanac (1999) 145,000,000 8 (2005) 275,000,000 5
SIL (2000 WCD) 145,000,000 8 255,000,000 5-6 (tied with Arabic)
CIA World Factbook (2005) 160,000,000 8
Official status
Russian is the official language of Russia, and an official language of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine) and the unrecognized Moldovan Republic of Transnistria. It is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a popular choice for many of the both native and RSL (Russian as a second language) speakers in Russia and many of the former Soviet republics.
97% of the public school students of Russia, 75% in Belarus, 41% in Kazakhstan, 24% in Ukraine, 23% in Kyrgyzstan, 21% in Moldova, 7% in Azerbaijan, 5% in Georgia received their education only or mostly in Russian, although the corresponding percentage of ethnic Russians was 80% in Russia, 11% in Belarus, 27% in Kazakhstan, 17% in Ukraine, 9% in Kyrgyzstan, 6% in Moldova, 2% in Azerbaijan, 1.5% in Georgia.
The dialects often show distinct and non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary, and grammar. Some of these are relics of ancient usage now completely discarded by the standard language. Also cf. Moscow pronunciation of "-чн-", e.g. "булошная" (buloshnaya - bakery) instead of "булочная" (bulochnaya).
The northern dialects typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly (the phenomenon called okanye оканье); the southern palatalize the final /t/ and aspirate the /ɡ/ into /h/. It should be noted that some of these features are also present in modern Ukrainian, indicating a linguistic continuum or strong influence one way or the other.
Among the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the eighteenth century. In the nineteenth, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the twentieth century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language (Диалектологический атлас русского языка /dʲəʌˈlʲektəlʌˈɡʲiʨəskʲəj ˈatləs ˈruskəvə jəzɨˈka/), was published in 3 folio volumes 1986-1989, after four decades of preparatory work.
The standard language is based on the Moscow dialect.
Derived languages
Writing system
File:Meletius Smotrisky Cyrillic Alphabet.PNG
Meletius Smotrytsky presented the Cyrillic alphabet in this 1619 publication describing the "Slavonic" language.
Main article: Russian alphabet
Russian is written using a modified version of the Cyrillic (кириллица) alphabet, consisting of 33 letters.
Old letters that have been abolished at one time or another but occur in this and related articles include ѣ /ie/ or /e/, і /i/, and ѧ /ja/. The yers ъ and ь were originally pronounced as ultra-short or reduced /ŭ/, /ĭ/.
For information on an informal approach on transliterating Russian into English, see the article Transliteration of Russian into English.
Main article: Russian orthography
Russian spelling is reasonably phonetic in practice. It is in fact a balance among phonetics, morphology, etymology, and grammar, and, like that of most living languages, has its share of inconsistencies and controversial points.
The current spelling follows the major reform of 1918, and the final codification of 1956. An update proposed in the late 1990's has met a hostile reception, and has not been formally adopted.
Main article: Russian phonology
The phonological system of Russian is inherited from Common Slavonic, but underwent considerable modification in the early historical period, before being largely settled by about 1400.
The language possesses five vowels, which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. (The 'hard' consonants are often velarized, some dialects only velarize /l/ in such positions). The standard language, based on the Moscow dialect, possesses heavy stress and moderate variation in pitch. Stressed vowels are somewhat lengthened, while unstressed vowels (except /u/) tend to be reduced to an unclear schwa.
Labial Dental &
Palatal Velar
Plosives p
k ɡ
Affricates ʦ
Fricatives f
Nasals m
Trills r
Approximants ɫ
Russian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of the consonants. While /k/, /g/, /x/ do have palatalized allophones [kʲ, gʲ, xʲ], only /kʲ/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive. Palatalization means that the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant. In the case of /tʲ/ and /dʲ/, the tongue is raised enough to produce slight frication (affricate sounds). /t, d, ʦ, s, z, n and r/) are dental, that is pronounced with the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge.
Main article: Russian grammar
Russian has preserved an Indo-European synthetic-inflexional structure, although considerable levelling has taken place.
Russian grammar encompasses
The spoken language has been influenced by the literary, but continues to preserve characteristic forms. The dialects show various non-standard grammatical features, some of which are archaisms or descendants of old forms since discarded by the literary language.
File:1694 Russian ABC book page.GIF
See History of the Russian language for an account of the successive foreign influences on the Russian language.
The total number of words in Russian is difficult to reckon because of the ability to agglutinate and create manifold compounds, diminutives, etc. (see Word Formation under Russian grammar).
The number of listed words or entries in some of the major dictionaries published during the last two centuries, and the total vocabulary of Pushkin (who is credited with greatly augmenting and codifying literary Russian), are as follows:
Work Year Words Notes
Academic dictionary, I Ed. 1789-1794 43,257 Russian and Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary
Academic dictionary, II Ed 1806-1822 51,388 Russian and Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary
Pushkin opus 1810-1837 21,197 -
Dahl's dictionary 1880-1882 195,844 44,000 entries lexically grouped; attempt to catalogue the full vernacular language, includes some properly Ukrainian and Belarusian words
Ushakov's dictionary 1934-1940 85,289 Current language with some archaisms
Academic dictionary 1950-1965 120,480 full dictionary of the "Modern language"
Ozhegov's dictionary 1991 61,458 More or less then-current language
Lopatin's dictionary 2000 c.160,000 Orthographic, current language
Philologists have estimated that the language today may contain as many as 350,000 to 500,000 words.
(As a historical aside, Dahl was, in the second half of the nineteenth century, still insisting that the proper spelling of the adjective русский, which was at that time applied uniformly to all the Orthodox Eastern Slavic subjects of the Empire, as well as to its one official language, be spelled руский with one s, in accordance with ancient tradition and what he termed the "spirit of the language". He was contradicted by the philologist Grot, who distinctly heard the s lengthened or doubled).
The language of abuse and invective
Main article: Mat (language)
Apparently, the ability to curse effectively has always been recognized as a form of art not only in certain quarters of society, but even by the more conservative-minded literati. For example, as far back as in the nineteenth-century naval yarns of Staniukovich, "artistic invective" (артистическая ругань /ər.tʲɪ.ˈsʲtʲi.ʨə.skə.jə ˈru.ɡənʲ/) keeps coming out of the sailors' mouths, though it is never spelled out. The ability to agglutinate has produced the so-called "three-decker curse" (трёхэтажный мат /ˈtrʲo.xɛˈta.ʐnəj ˈmat/).
Proverbs and sayings
Main article: Russian proverbs, Russian sayings
Russian language is replete with many hundreds of proverbs (пословица /pʌ.'slo.vʲi.ʦə/) and sayings (поговоркa /pə.ɡʌ.'vo.rkə/). These were already tabulated by the seventeenth century, and collected and studied in the nineteenth and twentieth, with the folk-tales being an especially fertile source.
History and examples
Main article: History of the Russian language
See also: Reforms of Russian orthography
See also:
Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus, from which both modern Russia and Ukraine trace their origins, was soon followed by the adoption of Christianity in 988-9 and the establishment of Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and literary language. Borrowings and calques from Byzantine Greek began to enter the vernacular at this time, and simultaneously the literary language began to be modified in its turn to become more nearly Eastern Slavic.
Dialectal differentiation accelerated after the breakup of Kievan Rus' in approximately 1100, and the Mongol conquest of the thirteenth century. After the disestablishment of the "Tartar yoke" in the late fourteenth century, both the political centre and the predominant dialect in European Russia came to be based in Moscow. There is some consensus that Russian and Ukrainian can be considered distinct languages from this period at the latest. The official language remained a kind of Church Slavonic until the close of the seventeenth century, but, despite attempts at standardization, as by Meletius Smotrytsky c. 1620, its purity was by then strongly compromised by an incipient secular literature.
The political reforms of Peter the Great were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French, less often German, on an everyday basis. The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin in the first third of the nineteenth century.
The political upheavals of the early twentieth century and the wholesale changes of political ideology gave written Russian its modern appearance after the spelling reform of 1918. Political circumstances and Soviet accomplishments in military, scientific, and technological matters (especially cosmonautics), gave Russian a world-wide if occasionally grudging prestige, especially during the middle third of the twentieth century.
Since the collapse of 1990-91, fashion for ways and things Western, economic uncertainties and difficulties within the educational system have made for inevitable rapid change in the language. Russian today is a tongue in great flux.
The following serve as references for both this article and the related articles listed below that describe the Russian language:
In English
• Comrie, B., G. Stone, M. Polinsky (1996). The Russian Language in the Twentieth Century (2nd ed. ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Ladefoged, Peter and Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Blackwell Publishers.
• Matthews, W.K. (1960). Russian Historical Grammar. London: University of London, Athlone Press.
• Stender-Petersen, A. (1954). Anthology of old Russian literature. New York: Columbia University Press.
In Russian
• Жуковская Л.П., отв. ред. Древнерусский литературный язык и его отношение к старославянскому. М., «Наука», 1987.
• Иванов В.В. Историческая грамматика русского языка. М., «Просвещение», 1990.
• Михельсон Т.Н. Рассказы русских летописей XV–XVII веков. М., 1978.
• Цыганенко Г.П. Этимологический словарь русского языка, Киев, 1970.
• Шанский Н.М., Иванов В.В., Шанская Т.В. Краткий этимологический словарь русского языка. М. 1961.
• Шицгал А., Русский гражданский шрифт, М., «Исскуство», 1958, 2-e изд. 1983.
Many further references are listed in the books above.
See also
Language description
Related languages
External links
This article incorporates text from Wikipedia, and is available under the GNU Free Documentation License.
For the original article please see the "external links" section.
Wikipedia:Russian language
This article is one of quite a few pages about Natlangs.
Indo-european natlangs:
Balto-Slavic Natlangs: Czech * Russian
Celtic Natlangs: Revived Middle Cornish * Pictish
Germanic Natlangs:
North Germanic Natlangs: Norwegian
Indo-Iranian Natlangs: Pahlavi
Italic Natlangs: French * Italian * Latin * Spanish
Debated: Cimmerian
Altaic (controversial): Japanese
Sino-Tibetan Natlangs:
Uto-Aztecan Natlangs: Nahuatl
Isolate Natlangs: Basque * *
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Resources for Mitigating HABs
Introduction to Selecting a Mitigation Strategy
algae bloom
Numerous methods for managing and mitigating algae and CyanoHAB blooms in lakes and reservoirs are included in the following flowchart. small version of the flowchart image The flowchart highlights important elements and decision points leading to the selection of mitigation methods relevant to the characteristics of specific lakes. The flowchart is a simplification but clearly illustrates the complexity of the problems associated with making effective mitigation decisions. Frequently, multiple mitigation techniques and repeated applications are required to ensure and maintain success.
The flowchart is divided into three primary categories:
1. Bloom prevention,
2. Bloom reduction and prevention of future blooms, and
3. Bloom reduction with no prevention of future blooms.
Cautions for Chemical Use
small version of the Algaecide flowchart Flowchart category (3) typically relies on the application of algaecides to quickly stop or reduce a specific nuisance bloom. Permits are required for algaecide use – see presentation and weed control permit webpage. Algaecides are sometimes critically needed in a timely fashion to control specific problem blooms, e.g., in drinking water supplies. Algaecides do nothing to address root causes or prevent future CyanoHAB events and if improperly used can seriously affect non-target species and food web, as illustrated on the following flowchart.
A particularly concerning impact to non-target species of algaecides applied to a massive bloom is the potential for rapid die-off of the bloom to cause depletion of dissolved oxygen and consequently a massive fish kill. Whether a fish die-off occurs is related to the size of the algal bloom, the rapidity of the algal bloom decline, the depth and volume of water in the lake, and other factors. Chemical treatments can be very effective at controlling the size of algal blooms and should be carried out at an early stage in the bloom—before algal biomass reaches a critical level—to avoid rapid oxygen depletion and fish kills in treated lakes. (Fish kills can also happen due to natural die-off of blooms that cause rapid oxygen depletion.) This requires an appropriate and routine monitoring program (see Resources section below) that can detect a bloom early in its development. It also requires a system in place and ready to implement to respond to the detection.
Algaecides may also result in the release of toxins contained in cells into the water, making them more problematic to remove during drinking water treatment, and having potential adverse ecological impacts.
Moreover, the release of toxins may also impact cultural uses. Tribes and Tribal communities who engage in traditional water uses such as gathering, ceremonies, navigation, subsistence consumption and other intrinsic uses of waters within their ancestral territories are often bound to both location and timeframe for these activities, as practiced by their families and ancestors before them.
Prior to any algaecide treatments on a waterbody, waterbody managers should engage local Tribes and their Regional Water Board to determine the best course of action to protect Tribal cultural uses and mitigate for any increased lysing of cyanobacteria cells that would increase exposure to cyanotoxins during Tribal cultural uses. Herbicide and algaecide treatments should always avoid locations and times that could create impacts on Tribal cultural uses and users.
Flowchart categories (1) and (2) may rely on the application of other chemicals. For example, aluminum sulfate (alum) is used to coagulate and flocculate phosphorus to sequester it in bottom sediments. If lake water buffering capacity is insufficient, then chemical buffering agents must be used to avoid drops in pH that can be toxic to fish.
urban waterbody
Addressing the Root Cause
Flowchart categories (1) and (2) are more focused on addressing the root causes of the blooms through nutrient management using a wide variety of approaches. Both categories have many management options in common. The primary driver of CyanoHAB blooms are nutrients, with phosphorus being widely recognized as the most important nutrient, but certainly not the only one.
In-depth Understanding of Nutrient Sources and Dynamics
It is critical to understand the sources and dynamics of nutrients in problem lakes prior to selecting mitigation strategies, see Nutrients Dynamics Document. Selection of mitigation measures should be based on at least one year of monitoring data and a basic understanding of the characteristics unique to your lake, including its basic hydrology. Although the same processes are at work in most lakes and reservoirs, the relative importance of individual processes are dependent upon many factors including lake and watershed morphometry, land use, hydrodynamics, nutrient sources, and many other factors. Each lake is unique with its own “personality” and history. The task is to understand it sufficiently to make informed management decisions.
Resources for Lake Managers and the General Public
The following resources are organized to systematically direct lake managers and the general public to information useful for understanding applicable limnology principles, management techniques, mitigation strategies, permitting requirements, and to pertinent professional societies.
Mitigation Subcommittee Resources
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Upland Buzzard: The Ultimate Guide
The upland buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) is a bird of prey in the Accipitridae family that lives across the majority of Asia. This is a raptor of the least concern that is known for migrating to avoid snowy areas that cover the tracks of prey.
With a similar plumage to other birds of prey like the Himalayan buzzard and long-legged buzzard, it can often be tricky to distinguish the species.
Here is the ultimate guide to the upland buzzard!
Interestingly, the upland buzzard is the largest buzzard in the world, as well as the largest member of the Buteo family. This bird of prey sizes at 22-28” in length with a wingspan of 4 ft 8” to 5 ft 3”.
However, the sizes of the upland buzzard species vary depending on the location, so these are just the average size guides.
The upland buzzard is so large for a buzzard that they look something like a mix between a buzzard and an eagle, with their large wingspan and tails. There are two morphs of the upland buzzard: the pale and dark morphs.
The pale upland buzzards are predominantly beige and light brown in color, with a wash of white across their bodies and a yellowish, earthy-toned head.
Their chests are almost completely white, until the chest meets the abdomen where dark brown patches are dispersed irregularly. This darkness travels to the belly and flanks, and then the tail turns gray and dark bands.
Dark upland buzzards, on the other hand, are almost predominantly dark brown and black in color throughout the body. The feather patterns are similar to those exhibited on the pale upland buzzard morph, but are far darker.
These buzzards possess either dark or light eyes (depending on their morph) with long, sharp talons and a pointed hooked beak.
Male Vs Female
There isn’t much to say about the difference between a male and female upland buzzard.
Like most birds of prey, upland buzzards are sexually dimorphic animals, which means that there aren’t many physical differences between the two sexes. Female upland buzzards tend to be larger than the males, however.
Are They Aggressive?
Upland buzzards don’t tend to reside close to human settlements, so it’s not easy to say whether they are aggressive towards humans.
It’s very, very rare for a human to be attacked by any buzzard, so it’s safe to say that upland buzzards aren’t aggressive towards humans.
For animals, however, it’s a different story. Like all buzzard species, the upland buzzard is a skilled hunter and predator to a variety of animals on the ground, and their killing tactics certainly aren’t friendly.
Their sharp talons and beaks and successfully kill an animal within mere minutes, making them a deadly bird of prey.
What Adaptations Do They Have?
The upland buzzard hasn’t been documented as much as other birds of prey species, so it’s hard to say what adaptations they have made to make them the hunters they are today.
As with most buzzard species, however, the upland buzzard has adapted to become a successful hunter by developing incredibly sharp talons and a strong beak. They have also developed a thick coat of feathers to deal with the cold Asian climates.
Breeding / Reproduction Behavior
The breeding season for the upland buzzard is between April and August, with the majority of eggs being laid in May.
The courting and mating rituals are largely unknown for this species, but it is suggested that the rituals are similar to most buzzard species.
This usually includes an aerial dance performed by the male above the female as he makes distinctive calls and sounds.
Once the mating has been successful, the female will lay a clutch of 2-4 eggs, plus they have the ability to lay a replacement clutch if something were to happen to the previous clutch.
The incubation period can last anywhere from 30-38 days, and then the chicks enter the fledging period at 45 days old.
Their Calls / Sounds
The call of an upland buzzard is said to be not that dissimilar from a common buzzard (though far less noisy). The call sounds like a prolonged mewing.
What Do They Eat? (Diet)
Like most birds of prey, the upland buzzards will eat just about anything they can catch. The most common food items in their diet include small mammals like voles, squirrels, and pika as well as small birds.
Nothing will stop an upland buzzard from eating reptiles like snakes and lizards and an array of insects, either.
Interestingly, voles are such an important part of the upland buzzard’s diet because vole density correlates to clutch size and fledging success.
When it comes to hunting, the upland buzzard spends most of its time either perched on a tree top looking down at prey or hovering above them in the air before swooping down at great speeds.
Where Do They Live? (Habitat)
Upland Buzzard
Upland buzzards are distributed across the majority of Asia, with the central area being China and Mongolia.
These birds are also known to breed and appear in Siberia, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, North Korea, South Korea, Northern India, Iran, and Japan.
The upland buzzard is commonly found in steppe and desert areas, as well as rocky areas and the edges of forests in Russia, fields and open areas in Tibet, and mountains and foothills in Kazakhstan.
What Are Their Nesting Habits?
The upland buzzard isn’t known for making the most long-lasting, secure nests. They tend to make their nests out of sticks lined with wool and rags, which are usually located under a bush, amongst a pile of rocks, or on a rocky cliff.
It’s a good reason they can make another clutch if their first clutch goes missing, because being so close to the ground allows predators near the eggs.
How Long Do They Live For? (Lifespan)
Unfortunately, little is known about the lifespan of the upland buzzard. It is assumed that the average lifespan for a wild upland buzzard ranges between 12-18 years.
What Predators Do They Have?
When it comes to their prey, there isn’t a predator above an adult upland buzzard. Like with most birds of prey, the upland buzzard is the ultimate predator in its immediate environment.
However, for juveniles and unhatched chicks, egg-eating reptiles and mammals can easily be a predator to the unsuspecting chicks and eggs.
As with most birds of prey, deforestation and climate change is always going to be a huge and unavoidable predator to the upland buzzard. However, as their range is so expansive, habitat destruction isn’t too much of a concern for this species.
What Are Their Feathers Like?
Both the pale and dark upland buzzard morphs exhibit similar patterns on their feathers.
The pale morphs, obviously, have a paler overall coloring than the dark morphs, but the feathers are all irregular to one another when it comes to the distinctive dark brown markings and patches.
The most distinctive feathers on an upland buzzard are its wing feathers. At the end of the wings are several feathers that stretch past the wing itself, making for an elegant appearance when in flight.
What Does Their Poop Look Like?
Unfortunately, there isn’t much scientific research on the poop of the upland buzzard.
It can be assumed that the poop is predominantly brown or black with a liquid-like consistency that could possess bits of white due to the uric acid that cleans the bacteria from the food they eat.
Do They Migrate?
The upland buzzard is a partial migratory animal, which means that they sort of migrate.
These birds aren’t likely to fly great distances for any reason other than to avoid the snow, which is said to be because the snow covers up the tracks of prey, which makes it harder for the birds to eat. Plus, their prey is likely to hide during the snow seasons.
In most cases, upland buzzards won’t move from one side of one country to the other, but they will fly far to find an ideal place to nest or find food.
Conservation Status
According to the IUCN Red List, the upland buzzard has a conservation status of Least Concern.
It does seem a bit ironic, as this is a fairly uncommon species, but as they aren’t exposed to threats such as poaching or extreme deforestation, then the population figures aren’t considered to decline.
Still, this doesn’t mean we shouldn’t be worried about the species. There are still a lot of gray areas in the research about upland buzzards, so it is imperative that we educate ourselves on potential threats that could contribute to declining population figures.
Fun Facts
Upland buzzards have been spotted feeding off the eggs of other bird species, which is fairly uncommon amongst birds.
A happy clutch and successful fledging almost always correlates to the number of voles in the area. The more voles to eat, the happier the upland buzzards!
The upland buzzard is known for flying with its wings in a distinctive ‘V’ shape.
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Sandhill Crane: The Ultimate Guide
The annual congregation of the Sandhill Cranes is one of the most beautiful natural phenomena in the United States.
For about a month every March, more than 500,000 Sandhill Cranes come together on the Platte River basin in Nebraska to rest and eat before finishing their migration to their northern breeding grounds.
This time on the Platte River not only gives the birds a chance to eat corn from the grain fields and take naps on the sandbars, but also gives them a chance to find a mate.
Below, we’ll take a closer look at one of the most common crane species in the world. We’ll be talking about their diet, breeding habits, as well as their conservation status.
Sandhill Cranes are large birds and have long, thin legs and necks. Their cheeks are white, but their most notable feature is the bright red patch on its forehead.
Sandhill Cranes are about three to four feet tall (0.9 to 1.2 meters), and have a wingspan that can easily be over five feet (1.5 meters).
Male vs Female
Sandhill Crane males are slightly larger than females, and can weigh up to 14lbs (6.3kg). Meanwhile females tend to weigh around 10lbs (4.5kg). The male is often usually a couple of inches taller than the female.
Are they aggressive?
There have been rare instances of cranes pecking people, and they have also been known to damage window screens as well as inflict other types of property damage.
This is probably due to the birds seeing their reflection, which distresses them and brings out territorial defense behaviors. This can lead to them scratching windows or other shiny, reflective surfaces.
Some farmers have also had difficulty with Sandhill Cranes damaging their crops while probing the farm fields for corn and other seeds. However, scientists have developed treatments for framers to put on their seeds to deter the Sandhill Cranes.
Still, Sandhill Cranes are popular with birdwatchers, especially during migration and courtship rituals.
What adaptations do they have?
The Sandhill Crane has a trachea that loops like a saxophone rather than being a straight tube. This is so the birds can emit their famously ear-shattering call that can be heard for over a mile.
They also have long, narrow legs that help them to wade in shallow water.
Breeding/Reproduction Behaviour
Sandhill Cranes mate for life, forming pair bonds that last until one of the birds dies. After their mate passes away, the surviving crane will look for a new mate.
Single Sandhill Cranes will start pairing up in the early spring, as the birds are migrating to their breeding grounds. This is when the birds will be at their loudest, as males and females will perform unison calling to create a bond.
During mating they will also perform dancing displays. Although the dancing is most common in the breeding seasons, the birds will actually dance all year long!
The dance can involve wing-flapping, bowing, and jumping, and they may sometimes throw a stick or some plants into the air.
When a pair reaches the northern breeding grounds they will mate and build a nest out of plant materials. The female will often lay two eggs, and she and the male will take care of the nest together.
The male takes on a protective role, standing guard and on the alert for predators.
It takes about a month for the eggs to hatch, and over two months for the chicks to become independent. In the fall, the younger cranes will migrate south with their parents. Cranes reach sexual maturity in two years and will then begin the search for their own mates.
Their Calls/Sounds
As we’ve already alluded to, Sandhill Cranes have a very distinctive and interesting call. Both males and females will make a rattling ‘kar-r-r-r-o-o-o’ sound.
What do they eat? (Diet)
Sandhill Cranes are omnivorous and are opportunistic feeders, adapting their diet depending on what’s available. They will often eat plants and grains, but they also enjoy invertebrates and even small mammals, amphibians, and reptiles.
These can be rodents, snails, frogs, lizards, snakes and nestling birds, as well as vegetation such as aquatic plants, berries, and seeds. Their diet also varies due to the season.
Where do they live? (Habitat)
Sandhill Crane
Sandhill Cranes spend most of their lives in freshwater wetlands like marshes, wet grasslands, and river basins.
Three subpopulations of Sandhill Cranes migrate. These are the lesser, greater, and Canadian Sandhill Cranes. These subspecies spend their winters in the south and summers at their breeding grounds.
What are their nesting habits?
Sandhill Cranes nest among marsh vegetation in shallow water up to 3 inches (7cm) deep, or they’ll sometimes nest on dry ground close to water.
The male and the female will build their nests, made of plant material pulled up from around the site. The nest may be built up from the bottom, or it may be floating or anchored to standing plants.
How long do they live? (Lifespan)
While Sandhill Cranes in the wild are more likely to die young, Sandhill Cranes are known to live for 20 years or more.
What predators do they have?
As a ground-dwelling species, Sandhill Cranes are at risk from predators and these are the biggest sources of mortality among the birds.
Raccoons, foxes, coyotes, wolves, cougars, and bobcats and lynx are their main predators, with the first three mainly hunting young cranes and the four latter predators are more likely to attack adult cranes.
Meanwhile other birds like ravens, crows and gulls are likely to feed on young cranes and eggs. Cranes of all ages are hunted by North American species of eagles. Great-horned owls may also hunt chicks.
In Oregon and California, the biggest predator of young cranes are golden eagles and bobcats, while the biggest predators of chicks in this area are raccoons, coyotes, and ravens.
Meanwhile in Cuba and Florida, crocodiles and alligators prey on Sandhill Cranes, especially recent fledglings.
Sandhill Cranes defend themselves and their young from aerial predators by jumping and kicking. Brooding adults are more likely to react aggressively to potential predators than wintering birds.
This is because they need to defend their eggs and chicks. Wintering cranes will often try to evade attacks on foot or in flight.
Meanwhile, for land predators such as raccoons, foxes and coyotes, Sandhill Cranes will defend themselves by moving forward, often hissing, with their wings outstretched and their bills pointed.
If that doesn’t deter the predator initially, the crane will stab the predator with its bill (this is powerful enough to pierce the skull of a small carnivore), and it will also kick.
What are their feathers like?
Sandhill Cranes have mainly gray feathers, but this shade of gray can vary widely. But while their feathers are gray, they can sometimes have a reddish-brown appearance.
This is because Sandhill Cranes preen themselves by rubbing mud on their feathers, and mud that is rich in iron is often red.
What does their poop look like?
Sandhill Cranes usually produce small, brown, round droppings.
Do they migrate?
Yes, they do migrate.
The cranes spend the winter in Arizona, California, Mexico, New Mexico, and Texas before migrating to their breeding grounds in early spring.
During the spring, the cranes can be seen resting and feeding along rivers and wetlands throughout the Great Plains and Pacific Northwest. The largest congregation of Sandhill Cranes occurs from February to early April along the Platte River in Nebraska.
Meanwhile in the late spring and early fall, Sandhill Cranes can be found at their breeding grounds. Some breed in Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin, while others breed in Alaska, Idaho, and Oregon.
Three subpopulations of Sandhill Cranes do not migrate, however. The Mississippi Sandhill Crane can be found on the southeastern coast of Mississippi.
Meanwhile, Florida Sandhill Cranes live in the many inland wetlands of Florida, and the Cuban Sandhill Crane live exclusively in the savannas, wetlands, and grasslands of Cuba. Both the Cuban and Mississippi Sandhill Cranes are critically endangered.
Conservation Status
The biggest threats facing Sandhill Cranes are habitat loss, wetland loss, and development.
The Mississippi Sandhill Crane and the Cuban Sandhill Crane are federally listed as endangered on the Endangered Species List.
Fun Facts
Sandhill Cranes have the nickname ‘Watchmen of the Swamp.’ This is because while they’re on the ground eating, they will keep an eye out for predators and if they spot danger, they will emit a loud alarm to call to warn their fellow cranes.
Sandhill Crane chicks are also called ‘colts.’
Sandhill Crane chicks are ready to leave the nest and can even start swimming within 8 hours of hatching. Although the chicks are independently mobile, they will stay with their parents up to 10 months after being born.
The oldest known fossil of a Sandhill Crane was found in the Macasphalt Shell Pit in Florida and is estimated to be 2.5 million years old.
During migration, Sandhill Cranes can travel more than 200 miles (about 321km) a day. They’re also fast fliers, able to reach speeds of up to 35 miles per hour (56kph).
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Castro's victory in Cuba
America had been highly influential in Cuba since the early 1900s. Much of Cuba's industry was owned by US business and its main export, sugar, was controlled by the USA.
In 1950s, Cuba was being led under the corrupt and oppressive military dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. However he supported US interests on the island and hence, Washington supported him.
Composite image of Batista and Castro
Fulgencio Batista (left) and Fidel Castro
The Cuban Revolution
The Batista regime was extremely unpopular with the Cuban people. In 1956, Fidel Castro and Che Guevara gathered a force of guerrilla fighters and started a revolutionary war against government forces.
By 1958, the revolution had spread throughout Cuba, culminating in the fall of Havana in early 1959. Batista fled the country in 1959 and Castro formed a liberal nationalist government. He wanted Cuba to be free from US influence.
Castro wanted to remove the stranglehold that US business had on the economy. US businesses were nationalised and land reform limited the size of farms. This meant that the Cuban economy could begin to work for poorer Cubans instead of Americans and corrupt upper-classes.
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In nature and in a wastewater treatment plant, microorganisms are the key players in keeping our water clean. The following information provides a general sampling of the microorganisms involved in the cleansing process. Under a microscope, a variety of microorganisms can be observed having different sizes, shapes, life cycles, mobility, and roles.
Bacterial Filaments
Using a phase contrast microscope, living bacteria can be visualized quite well. Some are motile and may swim across the field of view, while others may appear to vibrate or drift.
Rod-shaped Filamentous Bacteria have been referred to as “sewage fungi”.
Protozoa - Ameoba
Several groups of protozoa are represented in wastewater treatment plants. These include amoeba, stalked ciliates, crawler ciliates, free swimmers and flagellates.
The primary role of protozoa is to clarify the wastewater through predation of the bacteria.
Ameoba come in two forms, shelled and without a shell. A common shelled one is the Arcella. The shell is composed of tiny sand grains.
There are examples of Amoeba without shells. The body shape changes with movement. The don’t have cilia.
There are also common Amoeba without a shell that are very tiny in comparison to other Amoeba types.
Protozoa – Stalked Ciliates
Single Stale Ciliate consume food via voticellids, oral cilia that wind completely around the top of the cell. The stalk constians a contractile, slightly sinuous filament that can rapidly coil up like a spring, pulling the cell body down.
Sheathed Stalked Ciliate secrete a loric which is a an outer membrane that protects the ciliate.
Several types of Colonial Stalked Ciliate commonly occur in wastewater treatment.
Protozoa – Crawler Ciliates
There are two different Crawler Ciliates. These are called crawlers because they “crawl” over surfaces such as the activated sludge floc so they can find bacteria to eat. They don’t free-swim very well.
The side view of Euplotes shows the “setae” which act as their legs. Both Euploates and Aspidisca are common in activated sludge and their presence is desired as they indicate that the plant is operating as it should.
Protozoa – Free Swimmers
Two examples of common free swimmers in activated sludge. They have cilia all over the body which allows them to swim freely through the water. They feed on bacteria.
Protozoa – Flagellates
These are one of the largest Flagellates found in activated sludge... so you have imagine the difficulty of photographing the smaller ones! This one has a long extended flagella and another that lays along the body. The flagella enables movement as well as the ability to catch food by pulling bacteria down to its “mouth” where the flagella attaches to the body.
There are two primary groups of Flagellates. The Peranema belongs to the group which ingests its food. The other group of Flagellates is more like bacteria. They don’t ingest whole food. They take in flood that is already partially “digested”.
These images are of the same genus of Rotifer and are the most common in activated sludge. Rotifers are multi-celled animals which draw in chunks of bacterial floc to feed on.
This type of Rotifer is also fairly common and has a shell around it. Some have shells, others do not. The presence of Rotifers in activated sludge generally means a good, stable sludge wiht plenty of oxygen.
Worms –Aquatic Earthworms
Aquatic Earthworms are very much like the earthworms in our yards, bu these live in an aquatic environment. The earthworms in a yard can’t lime in that type of environment... as is obvious every time the ground becomes saturated from rain. Worms come out en masse...much to the delight of robins.
Aquatic Earthworms have setae along the body which allows them to tunnel through the floc particles ingesting chunks of bacterial floc. They are quite common in old activated sludge.
Worms - Nematodes
Roundworms (Nematodes) are also common in activated sludge. Unlike aquatic, they are not segmented and their intestines are straight (earthworms have convoluted intestines, like us). Roundworms also feed on chunks of bacterial floc.
Roundworms seen in wastewater treatment plants are “free living”, that is, they are not parasites. Most people are familiar with the intestinal roundworms people and pets get, as well as those that are plant parasites. Roundworms do not have the setae like earthworms and move through the substrate by whipping their body back and forth.
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Hidden Labor History
How a 1897 Massacre of Pennsylvania Coal Miners Morphed From a Galvanizing Crisis to Forgotten History
by Paul A. Shackel Zokalo Public Square March 2019/Smithsonian.com
At the western entrance of the coal patch town of Lattimer, in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, sits a rough-cut shale boulder, about eight feet tall, surrounded by neatly trimmed bushes. A bronze pickax and a shovel are attached to the boulder, smaller pieces of coal rest at its base, and an American flag flies high above it.
Locals and union members sometimes refer to the boulder as the “Rock of Remembrance” or the “Rock of Solidarity.” Still others call it the Lattimer Massacre Memorial. It was erected to memorialize immigrant coal miners from Eastern Europe who were killed by local authorities in 1897 when they protested for equal pay and better working conditions. The boulder is adorned with a bronze plaque that describes the massacre and lists the names of the men who died at the site.
What’s most interesting about the memorial is that it was built in 1972. Why did it take 75 years to commemorate the 19 men killed at Lattimer? I’ve devoted close to a decade to understanding how the event is remembered and why it took so long to pay permanent tribute.
Read more:
About VT - Read Full Policy Notice - Comment Policy
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Where Did The Mi Kmaq Tribe Live? (TOP 5 Tips)
Mi’kmaq, also spelled Micmac, the largest of the Native American (First Nations) peoples traditionally occupying what are now Canada’s eastern Maritime Provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island) and parts of the present U.S. states of Maine and Massachusetts.
Where did the Mi KMAQ originally live?
Traditional Territory Mi’kmaq are among the original inhabitants of the Atlantic region in Canada, and inhabited the coastal areas of Gaspé and the Maritime Provinces east of the Saint John River.
Where did the Mi KMAQ live in Nova Scotia?
When the Mi’kmaq first encountered Europeans in the 16th and 17th centuries, their territory stretched from the southern portions of the Gaspé Peninsula eastward to most of modern-day New Brunswick, and all of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island.
What did the Mi KMAQ call their home?
Our word ” wigwam” comes from the Mi’kmaq “wikuom”, a dwelling. Wigwams were usually put up by the women and could be built in a day. The basic structure of the wigwam was five spruce poles, lashed together at the top with split spruce root and spread out at the bottom.
How old is the Micmac tribe?
The Micmac may have been hunting, fishing, and gathering in their northern region since the time of the last ice age, some ten to twenty thousand years ago. The wandering Micmac were so well adapted to their environment that their culture changed very little before whites arrived in the 1500s.
Where did the Mi KMAQ live in the summer and winter?
The Mi’kmaq were hunter-gatherers, and were semi-nomadic in that they routinely moved between summer fishing villages near the coast to winter camps inland.
You might be interested: What Tribe Did Pocahontas Live In? (Solution)
What type of house did the Mi KMAQ live in?
They lived in small villages of wigwams or lodges, which are houses made of wood and birchbark. A Micmac wigwam was only about the size of a modern camp tent, and Micmac people spent most of their time outside. Here are some pictures of wigwams like the ones Mi’kmaq Indians used.
Where were the residential schools in Nova Scotia?
The Shubenacadie Indian Residential School operated as part of Canadian Indian residential school system in Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia between 1930 and 1967. It was the only one in the Maritimes and children from across the region were placed in the institution.
How many MI KMAQ live in Nova Scotia?
What first nations lived in Nova Scotia?
Aboriginal People in NS
• Acadia First Nation.
• Annapolis Valley First Nation.
• Bear River First Nation.
• Eskasoni First Nation.
• Glooscap First Nation.
• Membertou First Nation.
• Millbrook First Nation.
• Paq’tnkek First Nation.
Where do the Anishinabe live?
When did Mi KMAQ come to Canada?
The Micmacs of eastern Canada and the northeastern corner of the United States (who prefer the phonetic spelling Mi’kmaq) first appeared in their homeland approximately ten thousand years ago.
You might be interested: Who Developed A Written Alphabet For The Cherokee Indians? (Question)
Does the Micmac tribe still exist today?
The Micmac tribe would assimilate into the population of British Canada while maintaining their culture. The tribe still exists today and has taken part in many foreign wars such as World War 2 as citizens of North America.
What does the name Micmac mean?
Definition of Micmac 1: a member of an American Indian people of eastern Canada. 2: the Algonquian language of the Micmac people.
What weapons did the Mi KMAQ use?
The Mi’kmaq used a variety of weapons and tools to kill and process the game and fish upon which they depended. Spears and bows and arrows were used to take larger animals, while snares were employed to capture rabbits and partridge, and deadfalls were used for predators such as foxes and bears.
Harold Plumb
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How are corn kernels made?
Each kernel is made up of a plant embryo, a starchy endosperm that feeds the embryo, and a hard exterior called the bran or hull. And within each kernel is a small droplet of water – the key to its”pop”. As heat is applied to the dried kernels, the droplet of water converts to steam, and pressure begins to build.
How do you get popcorn kernels from corn?
Once the plant is fully mature, the corn is picked and fed through a combine, which removes the kernels from the cob. These kernels are then dried in a special container, which optimizes the moisture level for popping. The kernel needs to maintain around a 14% moisture level in order for it to pop.
Do the popcorn kernels come from?
Popcorn, like all six types of corn, is a cereal grain and originates from a wild grass. Its scientific name is Zea mays everta, and it is the only type of corn to actually pop. Popcorn is made up of three main components: endosperm, germ and the pericarp (also known as hull or bran).
Is popcorn really corn?
Popcorn is actually a special variety of corn, and it is the only one that pops. The key to popcorn is the unique design of its kernels. Most importantly, its kernel consists of a very hard, mostly nonporous outer shell called pericarp.
Did the Aztecs invent popcorn?
Do humans eat field corn?
Which country invented popcorn?
History. Corn was domesticated about 10,000 years ago in what is now Mexico. Archaeologists discovered that people have known about popcorn for thousands of years.
What country eats the most popcorn?
The United States
1. The United States Remains at the Top of the List. First, it should come as no surprise that the United States is still one of the top countries in the world when it comes to overall popcorn consumption.
Is a corn kernel a seed?
Each kernel of corn is actually a seed that, like most seeds, contains an embryo (a baby plant) and a seed coat for protection. … The sweet corn seed was easy to split, while the popcorn seed required more pressure. Both contain starch and water, though in different amounts due to how they’re grown and harvested.
Why popcorn is bad for you?
Premade popcorn often contains a high level of salt, or sodium. Eating too much sodium can cause high blood pressure and lead to other health complications. Some brands also include a lot of sugar. Added butter, sugar, and salt can make popcorn an unhealthful snack.
Why microwave popcorn is bad?
Microwave popcorn has also been linked to a serious lung disease called popcorn lung. Diacetyl, a chemical used to give microwave popcorn its buttery flavor and aroma, is linked to severe and irreversible lung damage when inhaled in large amounts. … Hundreds of workers were diagnosed with this disease, and many died.
Who invented kettle corn?
Others say it actually originated in Germany and arrived in the United States through German immigrants. Still others say it came from the Dutch who settled in Pennsylvania. In any case, you’ll often find kettle corn featured at Civil War reenactments, an indication that it was a popular snack in the mid-1800s.
Is popcorn healthier than chips?
Because of popcorn’s high fiber content, its low calorie count and its low energy density, popcorn is considered to be a food that can aid in weight loss. For example, popcorn has been shown to make people feel fuller than a similar calorie amount of potato chips.
Is microwave popcorn bad for you 2021?
Due to the removal of diacetyl and other chemicals, microwave popcorn no longer appears to be damaging to your health. … In addition, many of the ingredients used (emulsifiers, trans fats, and artificial flavoring) are not optimal for nutrition or health.
Does popcorn make you poop?
Air-popped popcorn is a good choice for a high-fiber snack that can help provide relief from constipation. A filling 3 cups of air-popped popcorn contains 3.5 g fiber, and less than 100 calories.
How healthy are Pringles?
Which is healthier peanuts or popcorn?
Popcorn Versus Other Snacks
Potato chips average 150 calories per cup, traditional Chex Mix has 240 calories per cup and dry-roasted peanuts have a whopping 850 calories per cup. Popcorn is clearly the better choice if you’re counting calories. Popcorn also scores in terms of volume.
Which is healthier popcorn or nachos?
The Winner: Nachos!
If you planned for the treat and split it with your movie date, you won’t walk away with too much damage. However, the medium popcorn from the theater packs more than 1,100 calories and an artery-clogging 90 grams of fat (138% of your daily value).
What is the healthiest chip?
8 Best Healthy Chips
1. Barnana pink salt plantain chips. Price: $ …
2. Jackson’s Honest sweet potato chips. Price: $ …
3. Safe + Fair olive oil and sea salt popcorn quinoa chips. Price: $ …
4. Lesser Evil Paleo Puffs. Price: $ …
5. Made in Nature Veggie Pops. …
6. Siete tortilla chips. …
7. Brad’s veggie chips. …
8. Forager Project grain-free greens chips.
Are Doritos good for you?
Verdict: Bad news for fans of the humble corn chip – Doritos are the classic crisps to share with mates but with over 200 calories for a 48g grab bag they are notably high in calories and fat. They also have high sodium levels – again, one best left on the supermarket shelf.
Are Crispers healthy?
The difference is that Crispers were never marketed as a healthy snack. … The new cracker chips do meet many people’s criteria for healthy snacks because, while high in carbohydrates, they’re low in calories, fat, sugar and sodium.
Are Baked Lays bad for you?
Baked Lays tend to have less calories and fat as the fried variety, but do still contain a considerable amount of fat and sodium. They should be enjoyed sparingly if you are trying to lose weight or maintain a healthy weight.
What can I snack on instead of chips?
6 Better-for-You Alternatives to Chips and Crackers
• Kale Chips. We’re not going to argue that kale chips are an exact replica of the treasured potato chip. …
• Mixed Nuts. …
• Homemade Sweet Potato Chips. …
• Carrot Slices. …
• Air-Popped Popcorn. …
• Cucumber Slices.
What snacks does Canada have that America doesn t?
They were first conceived in the 1980s when Hostess rolled out a series of grape-, orange-, and cherry-flavored potato chips that, to no one’s surprise, were an astounding failure. The chip team went back to the drawing board and focused all their efforts into the underappreciated tomato, and ketchup chips were born.
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Plate heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger that consists of a large number of corrugated sheets made of stainless steel, titanium, nickel and etc. These plates are separated by polymer washers and placed inside a steel frame. The main components of a plate heat exchanger include frames, plates and washers. The plates that make up the heat exchange surface are fastened by bolts between two plates or steel. The structure of these heat exchangers is such that it is possible to open the plates for inspection and cleaning them. Each plate has a washer whose job is to seal the plate and under the pressure of the fluid transfer network in the plate pack.
Proper design allows a set of plates to be held together by screws. The washers prevent leakage out and direct the fluids in the plates as desired. Fluids flow is generally chosen so that the flow of fluids is in opposite directions. Gasketed Plate Heat Exchangers are usually limited to fluid flow with a pressure below 25 bar and a temperature below 170 °C.
Strong eddy current causes large heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops. In addition, high local shear stress reduces fouling. Gasketed Plate Heat Exchanger provides a relatively compact, lightweight heat transfer surface. Their temperature and pressure are limited due to their structure details. These types of heat exchangers are easy to clean and sterilize because they can be completely dis-assembled from each other and are therefore widely used in the food industry.
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Printable version | Disclaimers | Privacy policy
Mutations are permanent, transmissible changes to the genetic material (usually DNA) of an organism. Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division, radiation, chemicals or viruses. Mutations often lead to the malfunction or death of a cell, or can cause cancer in higher organisms. Mutations are considered the driving force of evolution, where less favorable mutations are removed by natural selection, but favourable ones tend to accumulate. Neutral mutations do not affect the organism and can accumulate over time, which might lead to a Punctuated Equilibrium.
There are two classes of mutations, spontanous mutations (often called background level), and induced mutations caused by mutagens.
There are three basic types of mutations:
1. Point mutations are usually caused by chemicals or malfunction of DNA replication and exchange a single nucleotide for another. Most common is the transition that exchanges a purine for a purine or a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine. (C<->T,A<->G). A transition can be caused by nitrous acid, base mispairing or mutagenous base analogues like bromouracil. Less common is the transversion that exchanges a purine for a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine for a purine. Point mutations can be reversed by another point mutation, either if the same nucleotide is changed back to its original (true reversion), or by second-site reversion (a complementary mutation elsewhere that results in regained gene functionality).
2. Insertions add one or more extra nucleotides into the DNA. They are usually caused by transposable elements. They can be reverted by deletions.
3. Deletions remove one or more nucleotides from the DNA. They are irreversible.
A spontanous mutation on the molecular level can be:
An induced mutation on the molecular level can be caused by:
DNA has so-called hotspots, where mutations occur with up to 100 times more often compared to the normal mutation rate. A hotspot can be at an unusual base, e.g., 5'-methylcytosine.
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Economic History
In economics, laissez-faire is the idea that governments should allow markets to run on their own and avoid interfering with them. In 1926, British economist John Maynard Keynes published an article titled ‘The End of Laissez-Faire’. In the article he states that the theory of laissez-faire is not complete and is not derived from factual events. It was only advanced because it was challenging for the scholars to research further on the topic. He, therefore, considers it to be too simplistic and an individualistic approach towards public affairs. His definition of laissez-faire is the harmonization of individualism and socialism to allow businesspeople to pursue profit privately. He believed that there should be no interference or intervention by the state. According to Keynes, the economy is prone to instability. Therefore, he recommended that the government should intervene when necessary.
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Zacharias Janssen
Over the years there have been claims Zacharias Janssen invented the telescope and/or the microscope in Middelburg between 1590 and 1618. Zacharias worked for some period of his life as spectacle-maker, spectacle-making being a very competitive and secretive trade, and at one time lived next door to Middelburg spectacle maker Hans Lippershey, also claimed to have invented the telescope. Janssen’s attribution to these discoveries is debatable since there is no concrete evidence as to the actual inventor, and there are a whole series of confusing and conflicting claims from the testimony of his son and fellow countrymen.
The claim that Zacharias Janssen invented the telescope and the microscope dates back to the year 1655. During that time Dutch diplomat Willem Boreel conducted an investigation trying to figure out who invented the telescope. He had a local magistrate in Middelburg follow up on a 45-year-old recollection of a spectacle maker named “Hans” who told a young Boreel in 1610 about inventing the telescope. In his investigation, the magistrate was contacted by a then-unknown claimant, Middelburg spectacle maker Johannes Zachariassen, the son of Zacharias Janssen, who testified under oath that his father invented the telescope and the microscope as early as 1590 and that Hans Lippershey had stolen his father’s invention of the telescope. This testimony seemed convincing to Boreel, who modified his recollections, concluding that Zacharias must have been who he remembered. Boreel’s conclusion that Zacharias Janssen invented the telescope a little ahead of spectacle maker Hans Lippershey was adopted by Pierre Borel in his 1656 book on the subject.
In Boreel’s investigation, Johannes also claimed his father, Zacharias Jansen, invented the compound microscope in 1590. This pushes the date so early it is sometimes assumed, for the claim to be true (Zacharias most likely dates of birth would have made him 2-5 years old at the time) his grandfather, Hans Martens must have invented it.
Other claims have come forward over the years. Physicist Jean Henri van Swinden’s 1822-23 investigation reached the conclusion supporting Janssen and in 1841 a collector named Zacharias Snijder came forward with 4 iron tubes with lenses in them purported to be Janssen original telescopes. In historian Cornelis de Waard’s 1906 book on the history of the telescope, he recounted his discovery of note written in 1634 by the Dutch philosopher Isaac Beeckman in which Beeckman mentioned that Johannes Zachariassen claimed his father created his first telescope in 1604 (and that it was a copy of an Italian device from 1590). The German astronomer Simon Marius’s account to his patron Johan Philip Fuchs von Bimbach about meeting an unnamed Dutchman at the 1608 Autumn Frankfurt Fair who tried to sell him a device that sounded like a broken telescope has led to later speculation this unnamed Dutchman could have been Zacharias Janssen.
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From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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Danaë, painting by Austrian artist Gustav Klimt
Related e
Vienna Secession
The Vienna Secession was part of a varied movement around 1900 that is now covered by the general term Art Nouveau.
Major figures of the Vienna Secession were Otto Wagner, Gustav Klimt, Egon Schiele, and Koloman Moser.
Though Austria is a small country, its history as a European power and its cultural environment have generated a broad contribution to various forms of art, most notably among them to music. Austria has been the birthplace of many famous composers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Franz Schubert, Anton Bruckner, Johann Strauss, Sr., Johann Strauss, Jr. or Gustav Mahler as well as members of the Second Viennese School such as Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern or Alban Berg.
Vienna has long been especially an important center of musical innovation. Eighteenth and nineteenth century composers were drawn to the city due to the patronage of the Habsburgs, and made Vienna the European capital of classical music. During the Baroque period, Slavic and Hungarian folk forms influenced Austrian music. Vienna's status began its rise as a cultural center in the early 1500s, and was focused around instruments including the lute. Ludwig van Beethoven spent the better part of his life in Vienna.
Art and architecture
Among Austrian artists and architects one can find painters Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka, Egon Schiele or Friedensreich Hundertwasser, photographer Inge Morath or architect Otto Wagner.
Austria was the cradle of numerous scientists with international reputations. Among them are Ludwig Boltzmann, Ernst Mach, Victor Franz Hess and Christian Doppler, prominent scientists in the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, contributions by Lise Meitner, Erwin Schrödinger and Wolfgang Pauli to nuclear research and quantum mechanics were key to these areas' development during the 1920s and 1930s. A present-day quantum physicist is Anton Zeilinger, noted as the first scientist to demonstrate quantum teleportation.
In addition to physicists, Austria was the birthplace of two of the greatest philosophers of the twentieth century, Ludwig Wittgenstein and Karl Popper. In addition to them biologists Gregor Mendel and Konrad Lorenz as well as mathematician Kurt Gödel and engineers such as Ferdinand Porsche and Siegfried Marcus were Austrians.
A focus of Austrian science has always been medicine and psychology, starting in medieval times with Paracelsus. Austria was home to psychologists Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Paul Watzlawick and Hans Asperger and psychiatrist Viktor Frankl.
The Austrian School, which is prominent as one of the main competitive directions for economic theory is related to Austrian economists Joseph Schumpeter, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Ludwig von Mises, and Friedrich Hayek.
Complementing its status as a land of artists and scientists, Austria has always been a country of poets, writers,and novelists. It was the home of novelists Arthur Schnitzler, Stefan Zweig, Thomas Bernhard or Robert Musil, of poets Georg Trakl, Franz Werfel, Franz Grillparzer, Rainer Maria Rilke or Adalbert Stifter and writer Karl Kraus.
Famous contemporary playwrights and novelists are Nobel prize winner Elfriede Jelinek and writer Peter Handke.
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Austria" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
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Curaçao - Orientation
Identification. Curaçao is the largest of the six islands comprising the Netherlands Antilles (Curaçao, Bonaire, Saint Martin, Saba, Saint Eustatius) and Aruba. Several theories exist as to the origin of the name "Curaçao," none of which can be proven conclusively. It may have been derived from the Indian Caiquetío language, or it may have evolved from the Spanish corazón or the Portuguese curazon (heart). After 1525, Spanish maps refer to the island as "Curaçote," "Curasaote," and "Curasaore." By the seventeenth century the island was generally known as "Curaçao" or "Curazao."
Location. The island of Curaçao has a land area of 448 square kilometers. It is located in the Caribbean Sea within view of the Venezuelan coast, between the islands of Aruba and Bonaire. Its landscape is arid and mostly flat, except in the northwest, where hills rise to 375 meters. Deep bays are found along the southern coast, the largest of which, Schottegat, provides the capital, Willemstad, with one of the most important harbors in the Caribbean. The flora is very similar to the flora of the neighboring islands. Its best-known specimens are the divi-divi tree, the campech or brazilwood tree, the aloe, and a variety of cactuses. Coconut palms and tamarind, guyaba (guava), mango, and papaya trees are found in cultivated areas.
Besides the biná, a small deer, there are no large native animals. Goats, horses, and cattle were imported by the Spanish conquerors. There are no poisonous snakes but many varieties of lizards, of which the largest is the iguana. Among the best known of the more than one hundred types of birds are the palabrua (barn owl), the trupial (a songbird; both the orange Icterus icterus and the yellow I. migrogularis are present), and the tortolica (a small pigeon); pelicans roam the coast in great numbers.
Demography. The population in 1990 was about 148,000. Migration is the primary factor that determines population development in the Netherlands Antilles. In 1947, 20 percent of the population consisted of foreigners, in particular Europeans and Surinamese. During the 1950s, the number of emigrants surpassed the number of immigrants, yet the population continued to grow because of an excess of births over deaths. Since then, however, the population of Curaçao has barely increased. Beginning in 1965, the birthrate steadily decreased from 35 to 20 children born per 1,000 inhabitants, virtually reaching the same level as in industrialized countries. After 1965, the number of Antillean emigrants to the Netherlands gradually increased. In 1981 only 10 percent of the population was foreign born. Life expectancy is 72 years for males and 76 years for females. The death rate, in 1987, was about 5 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants, but the rate is increasing again as the population ages, a development partly owing to the emigration of a large percentage of the younger population.
Linguistic Affiliation. The official language of Curaçao, as throughout the Netherlands Antilles, is Dutch, but the mother tongue of most of the islanders is Papiamento, an Iberian-based creole. Papiamento is also the colloquial language of Aruba and Bonaire. English is the spoken language on Saint Martin, Saba, and Saint Eustatius. Papiamento is a relatively new language that formerly existed only in spoken form. Originally a slave lingo, Papiamento was eventually adopted by the Dutch rulers.
Also read article about Curaçao from Wikipedia
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Cave and Basin National Historic Site – Banff, Alberta - Atlas Obscura
AO Edited
Cave and Basin National Historic Site
Banff National Park
In 1883, when three Canadian Pacific Railway workers stumbled onto the warm, mineral-filled waters in a cave nestled in Sulphur Mountain in Banff, they couldn’t have guessed that their discovery would lead to Canada’s first national park. But just a few years later, that’s what it would become.
Although it’s true that those three workers—brothers William and Tom McCardell and Frank McCabe—did first see the waters for themselves in 1883, First Nations people had been enjoying the hot springs well before then; the Bow Valley, where the cave sits, has a record of human inhabitants dating back 10,000 years. But the McCardells and McCabe saw two things when they saw those steamy waters: money and potential. They built a fence around the cave and a cabin near its entry, and petitioned the Canadian government for ownership of the land, hoping to cash in on the ever-growing spa fad that had been sweeping through Europe. Bathers claimed that soaking in mineral-rich waters would, as researcher Katharine Fletcher writes, “treat everything from infertility to rheumatism and paralysis.” But they weren’t the only ones who saw the potential.
The Canadian government needed to finance the railroad and the revenue the springs could generate would be just the thing to do it. In a complicated story of competing lawsuits, in 1885, the site eventually became Hot Springs Reserve, with an order stating that the land was “reserved from sale or settlement or squatting.” By 1887, the boundaries of the reserve had expanded to nearly 300 square miles, and the area was renamed Rocky Mountains National Park, the first of its kind in the nation. The National Parks Act of 1930 saw another name change, with the park officially becoming Banff National Park.
Throughout the history of the land, one thing has been clear—people love those waters. The bright blue waters that lured the railroad workers still have their charm. The water comes from Sulphur Mountain, flowing into cracks in the rock, pulled deeper and deeper by gravity some two miles below. Heated by the Earth’s core, the water then pushes its way back up to the surface forming these thermal pools. The minerals in the water are a haven for wildlife, including fish, orchids, and a rare and endangered snail only found in the area.
Though the Cave and Basin National Historic Site is best known for its namesake cave and basin, other activities at the site including hiking, cave, boardwalks, and historical tours. An adjacent prisoner of war exhibit educates visitors about another piece of Banff National Park’s history—Canada’s World War I internment camps.
Know Before You Go
Starting in June 2021, the Cave and Basin National Historic Site began offering modified access and services while maintaining physical distancing measures. Check the Parks Canada website for the most up-to-date information.
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From Around the Web
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Classical and Operant Conditioning Case Study
On the other hand, classical conditioning is a type of learning where an organism associates a retain stimulus and the response to it with a different stimulus.
A neutral stimulus is associated with an unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus. In this experiment, the conventions of classical and operant conditioning will be applied too seventeen-year old girl. The girl continually slouches and exhibits bad posture. Posture Is Important. Good posture correctly aligns the body so as to enamel strain throughout the body.
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Bad posture results In worn-down Joints and pain.
The girl Is a dancer and violinist, and so good posture Is very important for her. As the girl constantly maintains bad posture, stimuli that encourages the girl to have better posture will be recorded. The first two days of the experiment were spent observing the girl’s behaviors, namely what environmental stimuli encouraged her to stop slouching and to determine whether she had been classically conditioned to have good or bad posture. The next three days involved operant conditioning to attempt to train the girl to no longer engage in poor posture.
This tested the hypothesis that rewarding good posture and punishing bad posture is an effective way to Improve the girl’s posture.
Method The experiment lasted for five days. Before the experiment was started, the participant chose a behavior that she wished to get rid of. She decided to try to malignant better posture. On day 1, her posture was recorded. As her bad posture was constant, stimuli that encouraged her to straighten up were recorded as opposed to stimuli that made her slouch.
Her location, people near her, and her emotions were also noted. This procedure was repeated for day 2.
Classical and Operant Case Study
One day 3, the girl’s posture was noted. If she managed to have good posture for the majority of the hour, she received a check mark for the hour.
If she had bad posture for half an hour or more, than she did not receive a check mark. The girl decided that if she received eight check marks or more, she could eat frozen yogurt. The girl also decided to flick herself whenever she noticed bad posture, as a reminder to improve her posture. Results The data tables from all five days are attached on pages a through e. On the first two days of the experiment, the girl had poor posture for most of the day.
However, there were certain things that made the girl sit up. Most notable was when she was in the presence of an authoritative figure. It should also be noted that her posture automatically Improved when seen was engaged In an actively Tanat required good posture, such as playing the violin, walking, or dancing. On the first day, she exhibited good posture three times (as the subject walks all over campus and has good posture while walking, good posture while walking will not be counted). The first was when she engaged in conversation with the veterinarian with whom she interns.
The second time is when she visited the resident director of her dormitory. The last time she maintained proper posture was while practicing the violin. On the second day, the girl only had proper posture once. She stood with good posture while practicing the violin. She did not interact with any authority figures. On the third day, operant conditioning began.
The girl decided that if she maintained good posture for approximately eight hours, she would be rewarded with ice cream that night. She also decided that if she realized that she had bad posture, she would flick herself.
However, the girl struggled on the first day, maintaining good posture for approximately seven hours out of the 15 hours she was awake. After not receiving a reward, and flicking herself several times, improvement was noted the following day. She maintained good posture for nine hours, and was rewarded at dinner. On the last day, she maintained good posture for twelve hours.
Discussion The behavior that the girl was trying to minimize is a problem that many people suffer from. However, like the girl, many people also change their behavior in certain circumstances.
The girl has learned to stand up straight through classical conditioning. When the girl was younger, the girl was complimented by her parents hen she sat up straight. The praise of her good posture was the unconditioned stimulus, and the pleasure that she felt at this praise was the unconditioned response.
As the girl grew older, she would notice that her parents would praise her even more when she had good posture and impressed an authoritative figure, such as a teacher or principal. The authoritative figures that she associated praise with were the conditioned stimuli.
As such, her conditioned response was to sit up straighter when talking to an adult of authority. So, when she is with an authoritative guru, she modifies her posture in an attempt to impress them. If nobody cared whether someone had good or bad posture, then the action of straightening up would go extinct.
Extinction is when a conditioned response disappears after the conditioned stimulus is no longer associated with the unconditioned stimuli. In this case, if the girl no longer received praise for good posture around authority figures. Then, operant conditioning was used on the girl to try to change her bad habit.
If she exhibited proper posture for more than eight hours, she would get to eat ice cream. This ice cream was a positive reinforce. It made her feel good, and she associated it with straightening up.
Likewise, when she flicked herself, she was exhibiting positive punishment. That is, when she noticed that she was not behaving properly, she would flick herself to remind herself to sit up straighter. These rewards and punishments were chosen to help her want to improve her posture. Ice cream was chosen as it is a special treat that she rarely indulges in. She chose flicking because she finds it very irritating.
This reward and punishment did work for the girl. As can e observed in the tables, the girl’s posture improved every day. She reported finding it easier to have good posture as she did it more. However, it should also be noted that the girl was aware of a deadline, and thus, thought of the behavior more as It got closer to ten anemone. I en girl 010 note Tanat as It got closer to ten Ana AT ten experiment, she thought about the experiment more. This could have impacted the result.
However, the results do support the original hypothesis. Rewards and punishments did encourage the girl to adjust her posture.
It is believed that the artificial is not going to maintain this change. The girl’s poor posture is a lifelong habit, and has only manifested through the years. Thus, her posture needs to be treated for a much longer time, and done in a much more serious manner with more serious rewards and punishments. It is important to understand how someone learns by using both classical and operant conditioning.
In this case, classical conditioning was useful in explaining why the girl improves her posture in a seemingly random way, and operant conditioning provided a way to change her posture.
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Question: Where do wildfires happen the most in Canada?
Nearly all the large forest fires in 2019 occurred in the boreal forest regions of Yukon, northern Alberta, and northwestern Ontario; regions that often see large fires.
Where are the wildfires in Canada?
The 2021 British Columbia wildfires burned across the Canadian province of British Columbia. The severity of the 2021 wildfire season is believed to have been caused by a “perfect storm” of environmental factors exacerbated by human-caused climate change.
Where is the most common place for wildfires?
Rank State Number of fires
1 California 10,431
2 Texas 6,713
3 Arizona 2,524
4 Montana 2,433
How many forest fires are in Canada?
Forest fires in Canada have burned an average of 2.3 million hectares annually since 2000.
Number of forest fires in Canada from 2000 to 2019.
Characteristic Number of fires
2019 3,921
2018 7,114
2017 5,652
2016 5,203
What causes wildfires in Canada?
IT IS IMPORTANT: Can international students become CPA in Canada?
Where do forest fires happen the most in the world?
The most noted areas on Earth for wildfire include the vegetated areas of Australia, Western Cape of South Africa and throughout the dry forests and grasslands of North America and Europe.
Which country has the most forest fires?
Throughout 2020, Brazil reported approximately 223 thousand wildfire outbreaks, by far the highest figure in South America. Argentina registered the second largest number of wildfires in the region that year, at over 74 thousand.
Which province has the most wildfires?
Number of forest fires in Canada in 2019, by province or territory
Characteristic Number of fires
Quebec 339
Ontario 535
British Columbia 807
Alberta 981
Are there wildfires in Minnesota?
The state’s largest wildfire remains 49% contained and continues to be about 40.8 square miles in size. Crews continue patrolling and monitoring the western side of the fire.
Are wildfires increasing in Canada?
Hot temperatures are to blame
Where did the wildfires start in Canada?
Fire officials have not yet determined the cause of the wildfire still blazing across Alberta, Canada. They have, however, determined that its starting point was a remote area 9.3 miles from Fort McMurray.
Has Canada ever had a wildfire?
As of July 14, there were some 226 uncontrolled actives fires burning in different provinces, according to data from the Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (CIFFC). … A total of 3,925 wildfires has been recorded so far — which is above the 10-year average, according to CIFFC data.
IT IS IMPORTANT: How long after the medical exam for immigration to Canada?
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Discount Yield
The previous chapters looked at the equations for compound interest and its
related topics: present value, annuity certain, bond price, and the future value
of an annuity. This chapter looks at discount yield and how to compute prices
using discount yield. It shows the equation for price, given discount yield and
some examples of securities traded using discount yield, especially United
States Treasury bills. It develops the equation for bond equivalent yield, and
shows why bond equivalent yield is important and where it is used.
United States Treasury bills (T-bills) are arguably the most important short-
term securities issued anywhere in the world, and possibly the most impor-
tant securities of any sort issued anywhere. You should know about T-bills,
how they are quoted, issued, and traded. You should understand how to
compare T-bill discount yields with the bond yield that we studied in the
first chapters of this book. We use T-bills as the example for discount yield
When you finish this chapter, you should understand the definition of dis-
count yield, how to compute price from discount yield, the relation between
discount yield and bond equivalent yield, when and why you should use bond
Get Fixed Income Mathematics now with O’Reilly online learning.
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Gratitude and Indigenous People
In Chinese by Gwilym James
Let’s learn how to express our gratitude and address indigenous people appropriately around the world in today’s mini-lesson.
Terms of Gratitude
The most common way to express thankfulness, of course, is with 谢谢. For example, 太谢谢你了！Thank you so much!
There are a couple of other words we use to express gratitude. Here, we use 感 which means “to feel; to sense”. Both characters are used to emphasize and show sincere gratitude and emotions. 感谢 gǎn xiè = to be thankful (verb), gratitude (noun).
To Be Thankful For: 对…感谢
Tā nàme zhàogù wǒ, wǒ duì tā zhēnde fēicháng gǎnxiè.
She’s taking care of me so well; I’m extremely grateful for her.
感恩 gǎn’ēn to be thankful.
This word is used for Thanksgiving: 感恩节 gǎn’ēn jié）
Tā de háizi hěn dǒngshì, dǒngdé gǎn’ēn.
Her child is sensible and knows how to appreciate things.
Terms for Indigenous People
Since we are writing this post in the spirit of Thanksgiving, let’s acknowledge indigenous people by learning how to address them appropriately.
原住民 yuán zhù mín = native people
Specifically, we can attach a country or a region in front of 原住民. For example 美国原住民 “Native Americans”
In North America, indigenous people are sometimes referred to as The First Nations, especially in Canada.
第一民族 dì yī mínzú = The First Nations
zú can be attached to native tribes and racial groups.
1) Navajo 族 in Southwest America.
2) 回族 The Hui people in China (most are Chinese Muslim)
Cultural Note:
In Mandarin, the term 印第安人 yìndì’ān rén “the Indians” is often used in discussions of North American Indigenous people. But due to the offensive and outdated nature of its English counterpart, we don’t encourage using this term at all. There are several other terms used to address indigenous people, but many of them have derogatory connotations and we think 原住民 is the most neutral term. Language has everything to do with narrative and we need to start using objective and neutral words to address indigenous people.
Being Grateful Makes you Happy
Research in the field of psychology has found that showing gratitude is strongly associated with more happiness. Don’t forget to express appreciation to your loved ones and the world!
Talk about this post on our forum!
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2. Water Analysis - Assessments
1. Describe one thing that humans do that changes water quality - either making it worse or better. How would it affect each of the 3 tests we conducted during class?
2. Research another water quality test. What does that test measure? How do you perform that test? What are the natural readings and what are unnatural readings? Describe 2 natural reasons why readings would vary. Describe 2 human impacts that could affect the test.
Going Further
1. Conduct water quality analysis on the reservoir part of the terraqua column. See Terraqua Column lesson.
2. Conduct water quality analysis at the creek restoration site before and after restoration.See Habitat Survey lesson
3. Conduct an independent investigation using terraqua columns that monitors water quality. See Terraqua Column Experiment lesson.
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European Conflict
The political power dynamics in Europe centred on religious friction and competing territorial claims. One of the more contentious issues of territory concerned the Houses of Habsburg and Bourbon. The Habsburgs had provided Holy Roman Emperors in a continuous line of father to son, brother or grandson, from Frederick III in the mid-fifteenth century to Leopold I in the eighteenth. Towards the end of his reign and two years into the War of the Spanish Succession, Leopold formulated a Mutual Pact of Succession with his sons. Signed on 12 September 1703, the pact held that his elder son, Joseph, later Joseph I, would succeed to the core Habsburg dominions of Austria, Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, while Charles, his younger son, would claim Spain and its dominions in Europe and Spanish America. The pact also specified their respective line of succession, with each committing to being succeeded by his own son; however, it was also agreed that should there fail to be a male heir in either line, the surviving brother would succeed instead. If neither brother produced a male heir, Joseph’s daughters would take precedence and inherit the Habsburg estates as a whole.
Joseph I died in 1711 with no male heirs. Charles inherited and was elected Holy Roman Emperor as Charles VI. Two years later the War of the Spanish Succession ended with the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt signed in 1713 and 1714 respectively. But Spain was not absorbed by either the French Bourbons or Austrian Habsburgs. It was agreed instead that Philip, Duc d’Anjou, Louis XIV’s grandson, would be crowned king of Spain with the proviso that he renounce his right to the French throne and thereby void the possibility of a single Bourbon monarch uniting Spain and France, a combination that would threaten the rest of Europe. Philip was also forced to relinquish part of Spain’s territories. Austria gained the kingdoms of Naples and Sardinia, the major part of Milan, and the Spanish Netherlands; Sicily went to the Duke of Savoy; and Gibraltar and Minorca were ceded to Britain, which also gained trading access to Spanish America.
In the wake of this pan-European settlement, Charles VI formally abandoned the Mutual Pact of Succession and promulgated a decree that established new parameters for the Habsburg domains. Known as the Pragmatic Sanction, it dictated that the Habsburg estates would be inherited by his eldest son but should there be no male heir, the estates would pass not to Joseph I’s daughters but to his own. Only if Philip’s daughters died without issue would the estates revert to Joseph I’s daughters and their descendants. Lastly, in the event that one of Charles’s daughters succeeded, her husband would be eligible for election as Holy Roman Emperor.
Charles VI had a son in 1716 but he died within a year. His next two children were daughters: Maria Theresa born in 1717; and Maria Anna, in 1718. Royal conception was afterwards problematic and with a increasingly slim prospect of a male heir, Charles VI became obsessed with getting Europe to agree to uphold the Pragmatic Sanction.
The hereditary territories and states that made up the Habsburg’s sphere of influence were governed separately with different laws of succession and Charles VI insisted that his Pragmatic Sanction be recognised in each. The states were told of the terms formally in March 1720 and each signified their consent, the last signing in 1725. Two, Saxony and Bavaria, would later renege. Both the Prince-Elector of Saxony, married to Maria Josepha, Joseph I’s elder daughter, and the Prince-Elector of Bavaria, married Maria Amalia, his younger, would later assert a right of inheritance.
Elsewhere in Europe the Pragmatic Sanction was viewed not as a matter of Habsburg inheritance but as having a direct impact on the balance of political power. Austria, the seat of Habsburg influence, ruled or influenced a swathe of territories from the Austrian Netherlands, Milan, Tuscany and Naples, to a stretch of Central and Eastern Europe reaching from the Tyrol, Bohemia and Silesia to Hungary and Transylvania. And although the various prince-electors, lords and bishops within the states that owed their allegiance to the Holy Roman Emperor had de facto independence within their territories, Vienna’s influence was sizable.
Charles VI’s fixation opened Austria to political blackmail from France, Prussia and Spain, which wanted the return of the territories ceded at Utrecht. And although Britain had no territorial claims in continental Europe bar Gibraltar (albeit that Hanover had its own interests), London saw an opportunity to press its diplomatic advantage. Intercepted despatches and guidance from Austria’s diplomats indicated what Charles VI would be willing to sacrifice to achieve his goals and London manoeuvred to reach an accord. It transformed what had been an uneasy political relationship with Vienna into one of mutual accommodation and brought to a close the Anglo-French consensus of the prior three decades.
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《小猴子下山》🐒Little Monkey Goes Down The Mountain｜中文儿童教材 Chinese Textbooks
Watch on YouTube
One day, a little monkey came down the mountain. It walked into a cornfield, and was very happy to see that the corn had grown bigger and bigger, so he broke one and carried it forward.
1、 学会本课6个生字。
2、 学习本课要求掌握的词语，了解它们的意思和用法。
3、 正确流利地朗读课文，理解课文内容。
1、 通过情境导入激发学生学习兴趣，集中他们的注意力。
2、 利用课件欣赏和反复朗读课文来扎实故事情景和课文内容。
识记生字音准，正确书写。 能用汉语普通话正确、流利地朗读课文。
The little monkey carried corn and walked under a peach tree. It was very happy to see the big and red peaches full of trees, so he threw the corn to pick the peaches.
The little monkey held a few peaches and walked to a melon field. It was very happy to see the big and round watermelons all over the floor, so it threw the peaches to pick the watermelon.
The little monkey walked back holding a big watermelon. As I walked, I saw a bunny jumping around. It was so cute. It was very happy, so he threw the watermelon to chase the little rabbit.
The little rabbit ran into the woods and was gone. The little monkey had to go home empty-handed.
learning target:
(1) Knowledge and skills
1. Learn the 6 new words in this lesson.
2. Learn the words and phrases required to be mastered in this lesson, and understand their meaning and usage.
3. Read the text aloud correctly and fluently and understand the content of the text.
(2) Process and method
1. Stimulate students’ interest in learning through contextual introduction and focus their attention.
2. Use courseware appreciation and repeated reading of the text to consolidate the story and the content of the text.
(3) Emotional attitudes and values
Guide students to know how to do anything, insist on doing anything, don’t half-hearted, give up halfway, otherwise the result can only be empty-handed.
Key points and difficulties:
(1) Key points:
Recognize the pronunciation of new words and write them correctly. Able to read texts correctly and fluently in Mandarin Chinese.
(2) Difficulties:
Through studying this lesson, students should know how to do anything, with a clear purpose, and a reason for the beginning and the end.
Study the content of the text
1. Read the text, let the students listen and think, and talk and find: How many natural paragraphs are there in the text? Which picture is related to each paragraph?
2. Students read the text together with the help of Pinyin, thinking while reading: What did the little monkey go down the mountain? Where did it go down the mountain? What did it see? Any thoughts? How did it do it?
3. Learn the first natural paragraph.
4. Teachers and students learn 2-4 natural stages together in sequence, using the same method.
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1. Home
2. Fun Animal Facts
3. Did You Know? 19 Incredible Yellow-lipped Sea Krait Facts
Did You Know? 19 Incredible Yellow-lipped Sea Krait Facts
Discover yellow-lipped sea krait facts about its range, habitat, appearance, and much more!
The yellow-lipped sea krait (Laticauda colubrina) is an extremely venomous sea snake that belongs to the family Elapidae. It is also commonly known as the colubrine sea krait and the banded sea krait. This snake can be spotted in the tropical Indo-Pacific oceanic waters as well as on land.
The banded sea krait has a unique appearance. It possesses a black-colored head with a yellow-colored upper lip and snout. The common name of this species is originated from its yellow upper lip and yellow snout. The upper side of the body of the banded sea krait is blue-gray-colored, and the bottom side is yellow in color and possesses broad scales.
The banded sea krait possesses a lethal venom that is neurotoxic. This venom is used to prey upon small fish as well as eels. The banded sea krait often crosses paths with people as they tend to spend time on land to digest their food. Snakes of this species are not aggressive until attacked but they are highly venomous. Keep reading to discover more fun facts about the typical yellow-lipped sea krait habitat, distribution, breeding, and more great banded sea kraits facts!
If you enjoyed reading our yellow-lipped sea krait fun facts, you must check out our ssseriously cool Asian vine snake fun facts and redstripe ribbon snake interesting facts!
Yellow-lipped Sea Krait Interesting Facts
What type of animal is a yellow-lipped sea krait?
The yellow-lipped sea krait (Laticauda colubrina) is a highly venomous species of sea snake that belongs to the Elapidae family. Yellow-lipped sea krait venom is 10 times more venomous than the venom of the rattlesnake.
What class of animal does a yellow-lipped sea krait belong to?
These kraits of the Laticauda colubrina species belong to the class Reptilia.
How many yellow-lipped sea kraits are there in the world?
The total population size of these snakes is not yet evaluated. However, as per the IUCN, these snakes are abundant throughout their distribution range.
Where does a yellow-lipped sea krait live?
This sea snake is spotted in tropical Indo-Pacific oceanic waters as well as on land. It is present in stable numbers across the western Pacific Ocean and the eastern Indian Ocean. As It has a natural affinity towards land, it is frequently found across India's eastern coasts and the Bay of Bengal's coast. It can also be seen in Myanmar and some regions of Southeast Asia from the Malay Archipelago towards Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, and southern China. It is also commonly seen on the Pacific islands and Fiji. Some individuals of this species have also been reported to have strayed to New Zealand, New Caledonia, and Australia.
What is a yellow-lipped sea krait's habitat?
These yellow-lipped sea kraits have been observed dwelling in ocean waters, coral reefs, coral islands, mangrove areas, and shallow coastal waters. They also frequently choose land vegetation as a hiding site. They can also be spotted beneath beach rocks, in caves, and in small crevices. Unlike true sea snakes that spend the majority of their life under the surface of the water, these sea kraits return to land to relax, reproduce and digest their food. They are also known to lay their eggs ashore.
Who do yellow-lipped sea kraits live with?
The yellow-lipped sea krait (Laticauda colubrina) is known to hunt and live on its own. However, it has also been observed to hunt within hunting parties of goatfish and giant trevally fish. This hunting is referred to as cooperative hunting, and when it takes place, banded sea kraits dig out prey from holes and crevices, which are then consumed by the goatfish and the giant trevally!
How long does a yellow-lipped sea krait live?
The lifespan of these snakes of the Laticauda colubrina species is not yet known.
How do they reproduce?
Yellow-lipped sea kraits breed from September to December. Females of this species mate with more than one male in the same mating season. Males have been observed to gather on land as well as in the water in areas that are slightly sloping. When a female is spotted by a male, she is chased by him, after which courtship commences. Females are slower than males and are larger in size. The female lays 10 eggs after mating and snakes of this species are oviparous, implying that they lay eggs that develop outside the female's body. These female sea snakes attain maturity at the age of one and a half to two and a half years, whereas male sea snakes attain maturity at one and a half years of age.
What is their conservation status?
The yellow-lipped sea krait (Laticauda colubrina) is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN's Red List as its numbers are stable.
Yellow-lipped Sea Krait Fun Facts
What do yellow-lipped sea kraits look like?
This species has a distinct appearance that looks quite symmetrical. It has a black-colored head that possesses lateral nostrils and it has a yellow-colored characteristic upper lip and snout. The yellow color of the upper lip and snout stretches beyond each eye and the common name of this species is derived from its yellow upper lip and yellow snout. The dorsal side of the body of the banded sea krait is blue-gray in color, whereas the ventral side has broad scales and is yellow in color. It possesses characteristic uniform width black rings across its entire length. These rings become narrow when they cross the belly. Females of this krait species are larger than males. The tail is adapted to the swimming movement of this sea snake as it is paddle-shaped.
The yellow-lipped sea krait derives its name from its yellow-colored upper lip and snout!
How cute are they?
This banded sea krait is not so adorable. It possesses a neurotoxic venom that can paralyze the muscles of a human being. However, they have a neat appearance as they have bands of the same width up to their belly. These bands become narrow as they reach the end of the tail.
How do they communicate?
These snakes communicate by hissing and through pheromones.
How big is a yellow-lipped sea krait?
The colubrine sea krait ranges between 34.4-55.9 in (87.5-142 cm) in length. This yellow-lipped sea krait size is half of that of the Gaboon viper!
How fast can a yellow-lipped sea krait move?
Adult males of this species are smaller than females and they can swim and crawl faster. They have adapted to their swimming needs and have a paddle-like tail. These snakes can move on land as well but at a slower speed than their speed in the water.
How much does a yellow-lipped sea krait weigh?
The banded sea krait weighs between the range of 1.3-3.9 lb (600-1,800 g).
What are their male and female names of the species?
Male and female snakes of this species do not have specific names.
What would you call a baby yellow-lipped sea krait?
A baby banded sea krait is called a hatchling
What do they eat?
These snakes are carnivores and they feed upon small fish and different species of eels. Adult females of this species forage in the deeper levels of the water to hunt conger eels. Males are smaller than females and thus hunt for smaller moray eels in the shallow water. They are preyed upon by larger fish such as sharks.
Are they poisonous?
Banded sea kraits are highly poisonous sea snakes. They do not bite or attack humans unless they are attacked or feel threatened, but their bite can kill a human.
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No, banded sea kraits can't be good pets as they are dangerous creatures.
Did you know...
As banded sea kraits consume eels primarily, they indirectly control the eel population, playing an essential role in the ecosystem inhabited by them!
Do yellow-lipped sea kraits bite?
Yes, banded sea kraits can bite, but they usually utilize their toxic venom only to hunt small fish and eels. They aren't aggressive creatures and do not attack humans without cause.
Are yellow-lipped sea kraits slimy?
These sea snakes are not slimy. They are scaly and dry.
Here at Kidadl, we have carefully created lots of interesting family-friendly animal facts for everyone to discover! For more relatable content, check out these Indian krait surprising facts and banded sea krait interesting facts.
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Direct evidence of Neanderthal fibre technology and its cognitive and behavioral implications
An Author Correction to this article was published on 13 May 2020
This article has been updated
Neanderthals are often considered as less technologically advanced than modern humans. However, we typically only find faunal remains or stone tools at Paleolithic sites. Perishable materials, comprising the vast majority of material culture items, are typically missing. Individual twisted fibres on stone tools from the Abri du Maras led to the hypothesis of Neanderthal string production in the past, but conclusive evidence was lacking. Here we show direct evidence of fibre technology in the form of a 3-ply cord fragment made from inner bark fibres on a stone tool recovered in situ from the same site. Twisted fibres provide the basis for clothing, rope, bags, nets, mats, boats, etc. which, once discovered, would have become an indispensable part of daily life. Understanding and use of twisted fibres implies the use of complex multi-component technology as well as a mathematical understanding of pairs, sets, and numbers. Added to recent evidence of birch bark tar, art, and shell beads, the idea that Neanderthals were cognitively inferior to modern humans is becoming increasingly untenable.
With a few exceptions such as the Schöningen spears1 and the recent finds of wooden tools at Pogetti Vecchi2, almost all of our knowledge about the Middle Paleolithic comes from durable materials (bones and stone tools)3,4. We know from observations of our own surroundings, ethnographic and ethnohistoric accounts that most of the material culture of humans (and Neanderthals) is comprised of perishable materials5. Hurcombe4 has called this problem “the missing majority”. Obviously, differential preservation of materials contributes to this bias. Previously, researchers have demonstrated that the microenvironment immediately surrounding a stone tool can preserve microscopic fragments of what is otherwise invisible archaeologically6,7. This is also true for the preservation of a 3-ply cordage fragment adhering to a stone tool (flake) from Abri du Maras (Fig. 1).
Figure 1
figure 1
Map showing location of Abri du Maras. (Map by S. Puaud).
The Abri du Maras is located in a valley near the Ardèche River, a tributary of the Rhône River (Fig. 1). New excavations have taken place since 2006 and focus on the Middle Paleolithic (MP) occupations. This site had previously yielded MP deposits with Levallois laminar debitage at the top of the sequence8,9.
The oldest occupations took place under a large cave roof, which collapsed over time, and the youngest occupations were under a rockshelter. Two main layers with distinct levels of occupation were discovered (Units 5 and 4) during the new excavations located among beds of limestone blocks. The site has been dated by ESR and U-Th methods. Unit 5 is dated to the end of the MIS 5/beginning of MIS 4 at 90 thousand years (ka). Level 4.1 is dated to between 40 ± 3 ka and 46 ± 3 ka (MIS 3), while samples from Level 4.2 provided ages ranging from 41 ± 2 ka, 46 ± 5 ka to 52 ± 2 ka (MIS 3)10. The cordage remains are from Level 4.2.
Unit 4 comprises a 0.5–1 m thick layer of silt and sandy-silt located 3 m below the modern surface. Frost-shattering of the rock shelter walls produced the coarse fraction while the fine loess-like sediment is of aeolian origin. Geological investigations indicate that most of the deposit originated during MIS 3 due to wind erosion of fluvio-glacial terraces in the region11. Micromorphology indicates that unit 4 has undergone moderate pedological evolution in the form of biogenic redistribution of calcium carbonate. The clayey-sandy silt sedimentary matrix associated with the archaeological remains is similar in color, structure and texture throughout.
Unit 4, including more than 50 m2 of excavation, contains two archaeological levels divided by a sterile deposit. These two levels (4.2 and 4.1) represent two human occupation phases with abundant artefacts and some traces of combustion and diffuse ash lenses. The overlying units (3, 2, and 1) are coarse in texture and contain large limestone blocks. These units have yielded only a few scattered artefacts.
From a paleoclimatic perspective, layer 4 was deposited during progressively colder and drier conditions with a majority of the fauna being reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)12. More than 4,000 artefacts longer than 15 mm have been found in Unit 4 (40 to 50 artefacts/m3). The flaking is mainly of Levallois type, associated with other core technologies, with an assemblage of mostly unretouched flint flakes, blades, bladelets and points made on local flint (collected within 30 km of the site)13. Large flakes, blades and points are brought already worked from outside while a debitage in situ provided smaller flakes with various technologies including Levallois.
Context of the Flake
The flake (G8 128) is a Levallois flake 60 mm long. The artefact, with the adhering cord fragment, was found in situ in level 4.2, 3 meters below the modern surface by the director of the excavations (M.-H. Moncel). Furthermore, the cord fragment was found on the inferior surface of the flake, meaning that the cord fragment entered the deposit contemporaneous with or before the flake. There is no evidence of a burrow or den or other disturbance to the sediment in the well-preserved stratigraphic sequence. Upon excavation, the artefact was immediately placed, unwashed, in a zip-style plastic bag where it remained until microscopic examination. This careful treatment of the artefact precludes further modern contamination.
Results and Discussion
Samples of stone tools from the site are routinely screened with optical light microscopy. Previously, individual twisted plant fibres, some of which were multicellular, were reported on stone tools from Abri du Maras6. The authors suggested that these might be remnants of cordage, but the remains were too fragmentary to be conclusive. During further screening with reflected light microscopy, we discovered a fragment of string on a Levallois flake (sample G8 128) from Level 4.2 (Fig. 2). The flake was recovered in situ with the cord adhering to its inferior surface and was covered by sediment and breccia, demonstrating that the cord is at least contemporary with the deposition and burial of the flake and is therefore Middle Paleolithic in origin. The specimen was also imaged using an environmental SEM imaging platform of the National Museum of Natural History (MNHN, Paris) and a Hirox 2D/3D digital microscope at the Centre for Research and Restoration of the Museums of France (C2RMF, Paris). Examination of photomicrographs revealed 3 bundles of fibres with S-twist which were then plied together with a Z-twist to form a 3-ply cord14. The cord is approximately 6.2 mm in length and approximately 0.5 mm in width (Figs. 3, 4). The morphology of the cord fragment closely resembles replica cords produced in modern materials (see SI Fig. 1). Based on the presence of bordered pits15 with torus-margo membranes which are arranged in parallel lines, the fibres resemble gymnosperm (conifer) and come from the inner bark16,17. The torus is surrounded by a margo that controls the pressure in the conifer water transport system,; this mechanism is a strategy that distinguishes gymnosperm from angiosperm (flowering plants)18,19. Juniper, spruce, cedar, and pine bast have been used archaeologically and historically in the manufacture of cordage and textiles (see Supplemental Information). The presence of pine at the Abri du Maras is confirmed through palynological20 and charcoal analysis12. We also collected modern fibre samples from 18 materials that were present during the excavations and examined them microscopically. None of these matched the fibres from sample G8 128.
Figure 2
figure 2
Levallois flake (G8 128 Level 4.2) with adhering cord fragment. (Photo by M.-H. Moncel).
Figure 3
figure 3
(a) SEM photo of cord fragment, (b) 3D Hirox photo of cord fragment, (c) schematic drawing illustrating s and Z twist; (d) enlarged Hirox photo with cord structure highlighted, arrows indicate location of photos e and f; (e) SEM photo of bordered pits (circled in red); (f) SEM photo of bordered pits. (Drawing by C. Kerfant; Hirox: C2RMF, N. Mélard).
Figure 4
figure 4
SEM photo of 3-ply cord. First closeup shows Z-twist of strands (image rotated 90° counter-clockwise for clarity); 2nd closeup shows S-twist of fibres within a single strand.
In addition to the cord fragment described here and examples of twisted fibres illustrated in previously published photos6, a number of artefacts have plant/wood fibres adhering to their surfaces but do not exhibit sufficient twisting or plying to confidently identify them as remains of cordage. In some cases these show some twists while in other cases they do not. It is possible that these fibres are related to cordage or cordage manufacture, but, thus far, the sample on flake G8 128 is the only one to exhibit clear structure of a multiple ply cord. Figures 57 show fibres on artefacts L6 791 (Level 4.2) and I6 333 (Level 4.1). Both artefacts were found in situ and were handled in the same manner as artefact G8 128 and the cordage fragment (unwashed, placed in zip style plastic bags until microscopic analysis).
Figure 5
figure 5
SEM photo of untwisted fibres on artefact L6 791.
Figure 6
figure 6
SEM photo of multiple fibres showing a Z twist on artefact L6 791.
Figure 7
figure 7
SEM photo of multiple untwisted fibres on artefact I6 333. Arrow indicates bordered pits suggesting a conifer origin for the fibres as with the cord fragment on G8 128.
We applied FT-Raman spectroscopy to the cord on sample G8 128 to determine the composition of the preserved fibres (Fig. 8). Raman spectrometry was the most suitable technique considering is high spatial resolution and its non-invasive application. This technique is becoming increasingly common in analysis of residues on stone tools21,22 and is used here to corroborate visual identification of plant residues.
Figure 8
figure 8
Representative spectrum obtained by FT-Raman spectroscopy on Maras fibres on artefact G8 128 compared to those acquired on modern juniper and modern oak.
Raman spectra analysis exhibits several bands characteristic of cellulose (1378, 1338, 1120, 1090, 897, 519 cm−1). The weaker presence of lignin is also attested to by the band at 1602 cm−1 23,24. Several micro-analyses were performed at different locations on the cord sample and yielded the same spectral signature illustrated in Fig. 5. Analyses focused outside the cord sample did not exhibit an organic substance signature. These results confirm that the molecular nature of these residues is consistent with an interpretation of wood components. Spectra from modern Quercus and Juniperus are included as examples of hardwood and softwood respectively. Note that the peaks match, but that obviously the Maras sample has been degradated. The proportions of lignin and cellulose vary according to wood species and in particular between hardwood (angiosperms) and softwood (gymnosperms, including conifers). Holocellulose (cellulose and hemicellulose) is the main component of woods with the proportions varying between 65–80% for softwood and between 70–90% for hardwood, the remainder consisting mainly of lignin. Cellulose is typically more sensitive to degradation than lignin, with generally low cellulose content in archaeological samples25.
However, burial in an alkaline environment like carbonaceous bedrock can induce a preferential degradation of lignin and hemicellulose26. Aging could have thus modified the relative proportions of lignin and cellulose in the analyzed fibres and it is not possible to reconstruct the initial composition because of their alteration. These results highlight the exceptional preservation of this organic material with the conservation of the cellulose molecular structure. The localization of this material, in contact with a carbonaceous breccia, could have favored the deposits of calcite minerals protecting the fibres from further alterations. Previous work has also demonstrated that the flint at Abri du Maras is covered with a microscopic post-depositional film of chalcedony, which may also aid in preservation27.
The cord is not necessarily related to the use of the tool. Its presence on the inferior surface of the flake during excavation demonstrates that it was deposited before or contemporaneous with the flake. If it was contemporaneous with the deposition of the flake, it could have been wrapped around it as part of a haft or could even have been part of a net or bag. Previous analysis of impact fractures on artefacts from the site suggests the use of hafting and provide potential support for this possibility6. If it was deposited before the flake, it could represent a number of different items but nonetheless illustrates the use of fibre technology at the site.
At present, the earliest possible evidence of fibre technology are the shell beads from Cueva Anton with a minimum age of 115 ka28. Shell beads may have been strung or tied to clothing as personal ornamentation, although this could have been accomplished with sinew or a leather thong as well as cordage. Conard and Malina29 have recently posited that perforated ivory artefacts (lochstäbe) from Aurignacian sites in the Swabian Jura were used for spinning plant fibres for rope-making or textiles. Other early indirect evidence of fibre technology is impressions on fired clay from Gravettian sites in Moravia as early as 28 ka3. These impressions reveal weaving technology and the production of textiles. The complexity of the textiles suggests that they are part of a well-established tradition that began much earlier.
In terms of the actual preservation of fibre technology, the Upper Paleolithic waterlogged site of Ohalo II yielded three fragments of fibres with a Z twist approximately 19 ka30. Remnants of a 6-ply cord were found at Lascaux and date to approximately 17 ka31. The cord fragment from Abri du Maras is older still, dating to between 41 and 52 ka. Thus, it appears increasingly likely that fibre technology is much older than previously thought.
While it is clear that the cord from Abri du Maras demonstrates Neanderthals’ ability to manufacture cordage, it hints at a much larger fibre technology. Once the production of a twisted, plied cord has been accomplished it is possible to manufacture bags, mats, nets, fabric, baskets, structures, snares, and even watercraft3,4,32. The cord from Abri du Maras consists of fibres derived from the inner bark of gymnosperms, likely conifers. The fibrous layer of the inner bark is referred to as bast and eventually hardens to form bark. In order to make cordage, Neanderthals had extensive knowledge of the growth and seasonality of these trees. Bast fibres are easier to separate from the bark and the underlying wood in early spring as the sap begins to rise. The fibres increase in size and thickness as growth continues. The best times for harvesting bast fibres would be from early spring to early summer. Once bark is removed from the tree, beating can help separate the bast fibres from the bark. Additionally, retting the fibres by soaking in water aids in their separation and can soften and improve the quality of the bast. The bast must then be separated into strands and can be twisted into cordage4. In this case, three groups of fibres were separated and twisted clockwise (s-twist). Once twisted the strands were twined counterclockwise (Z-twist) to form a cord.
Ropes and baskets are central to a large number of human activities. They facilitate the transport and storage of foodstuffs, aid in the design of complex tools (hafts, fishing, navigation) or objects (art, decoration). The technological and artistic applications of twisted fibre technologies are vast. Once adopted, fibre technology would have been indispensable and would have been a part of everyday life. In reconstructing land use patterns, paleoanthropologists typically give priority to activities such as hunting and acquiring lithic raw material. Fibre acquisition, processing, and production may have also played an important role in scheduling daily and seasonal activities. String and rope manufacture are time intensive activities and large amounts of string are required for the production of carrying objects such as bags. In an ethnomathematical study of the Maya, Chahine33 found that a 1.3 foot Maguey bag required over 400 meters of cordage.
Thinking of the environment as including both natural and anthropogenic objects makes it possible to ask several questions about the choices made by cultural groups. Topography, climate, and distribution of plant and animal species are all key factors to consider. Plants play an important role not only in the material conception of objects but also in the formation of the thought of a culture, its representation of the world and its cosmogony4.
Overall, cordage manufacture has a complex chaîne operatoire. Although wooden artefacts are rare, other finds attest to Neanderthals detailed knowledge of trees. They chose boxwood for its density and used fire in the production of “digging sticks” at Poggetti Vecchi approximately 175 ka2. In the construction of the Schöningen spears, they decentered the point to increase strength1. Furthermore, Neanderthals were manufacturing birch bark tar in the Middle Pleistocene of Italy34 and at the sites of Konigsaue35 and Inden-Altdorf in Germany36. Based on this evidence, the utilization of bast fibres from trees is an obvious outcome of their intimate arboreal knowledge. While some have suggested that cordage manufacture may have been a gendered activity37, we feel our current evidence is inadequate to address that question.
Understanding archaeological finds in terms of taskscapes38, locating socially-situated tasks in the landscape, allows us to more fully appreciate the complexity of Neanderthal technology and social life. The production of cordage is complex and requires detailed knowledge of plants, seasonality, planning, retting, etc. Indeed, the production of cordage requires an understanding of mathematical concepts and general numeracy in the creation of sets of elements and pairs of numbers to create a structure4,39. Indeed, numerosity has been suggested as “one possible feral cognitive basis for abstraction and modern symbolic thinking”40(p.205). Malafouris41 has suggested that a material instantiation of number concepts was necessary for the emergence of cognitive numerical ability. The production of cordage, with its use of pairs and sets, may represent one such instantiation. The production of the cord from Abri du Maras requires keeping track of multiple, sequential operations simultaneously. These are not just an iterative sequence of steps because each has to have access to the previous stages. The bast fibres are first s-twisted to form yarn, then the yarns z-twisted (in the opposite direction to prevent unravelling) to form a strand or cord42. Cordage production entails context sensitive operational memory to keep track of each operation. As the structure becomes more complex (multiple cords twisted to form a rope, ropes interlaced to form knots), it demonstrates an “infinite use of finite means” and requires a cognitive complexity similar to that required by human language43,44.
The cord fragment from Abri du Maras is the oldest direct evidence of fibre technology to date. Its production demonstrates a detailed ecological understanding of trees and how to transform them into entirely different functional substances. Fibre technology would have been an important part of everyday life and would have influenced seasonal scheduling and mobility. Furthermore, the production of cordage implies a cognitive understanding of numeracy and context sensitive operational memory. Given the ongoing revelations of Neanderthal art and technology2,45,46, it is difficult to see how we can regard Neanderthals as anything other than the cognitive equals of modern humans.
Materials and Methods
Stone tools from the site of Maras are minimally handled and placed in a sealed plastic bag until they can be analyzed microscopically for the presence of possible residues. The initial screening was done via reflected light microscopy at magnifications of 20-475x using DinoLite digital microscopes. Potential residues were photographed with Dinocapture 2.0 software and their position recorded on a line drawing of the artefact. Analysis of flake G8 128 revealed twisted fibre bundles. This specimen was also viewed using an environmental scanning electron microscope (Hitachi SU 3500) at a variety of magnifications and was examined with a Hirox RH-2000 (MXB-5000REZ lens) at the 2D/3D imaging platform of the National Museum of Natural History (MNHN, Paris).
To further characterize the specimen, we used Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman) to non-invasively analyse the molecular composition of fibre residues. FT-Raman spectroscopy using a Near-Infrared excitation source at 1064 nm was chosen to limit the effect of fluorescence that can occur when analyzing organic matter. Analyses were performed on a Bruker RFS 100/S system from MONARIS lab based on a Nd-YAG laser source, a Michelson-type interferometer and a nitrogen-cooled germanium detector.
The FT-Raman spectrometer is coupled with a microscope allowing analyses with a spot size of about 15 µm using a 100x long working distance infrared objective. In order to avoid sample alteration during analysis, a laser source power of 500 mW was used corresponding to ~ 120 mW on the sample. The non-contact analysis was performed by positioning the artefact directly on the microscope stage, focusing the laser beam at the desired location for analysis. Spectra were recorded between 50 and 3500 cm−1 with a spectral resolution of 4 cm−1, and between 10,000 to 40,000 scans were accumulated in order to obtain an improved signal to noise ratio. Multiple micro-analyses on different areas of the cord yielded the same spectral signature. Analyses outside the cord sample did not yield spectra with an organic signature.
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The Hirox microscope is located at the C2RMF team. The SEM is located at the National Museum of Natural History, Paris. We would like to thank Roberta Cortopassi, Chef de la filière arts décoratifs., Département restauration, Palais du Louvre; Christophe Moulherat, chargé d’analyses des collections, Musée du quai Branly; Dominique Robcis, restaurateur métal, C2RMF; Martine Regert, CEPAM, Nice; Ethel Allué, IPHES, Tarragona, Spain; Fabienne Médard and Margareta Tengberg, MNHN; Fieldwork at Abri du Maras was supported by the Ministry of Culture, Service régional de l'archéologie Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.
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M.-H.M. oversaw the excavations at Abri du Maras. B.H. and M.-H.M. performed the microscopy on the Maras artefacts. C.K. analyzed the cord and provided illustrations. M.L. and L.B.-G. performed the FT-Raman spectroscopy and spectra analysis. B.H. wrote the manuscript with input from M.-H.M., C.K., M.L., L.B.-G., and N.M.
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Correspondence to B. L. Hardy.
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Hardy, B.L., Moncel, MH., Kerfant, C. et al. Direct evidence of Neanderthal fibre technology and its cognitive and behavioral implications. Sci Rep 10, 4889 (2020).
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Nature Briefing
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Cabeza De Vaca Dbq
441 Words2 Pages
A journey to remember. Five Spanish ships left the port of Seville in 1527 with 300 people going out to uncharted land called “The New World” and who knew only 4 people would come back. The leader of the entire expedition named Panfilo de Narvaez had dreamed of building settlements on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Cabeza de Vaca a military veteran was serving as the treasurer in this expedition. How did he survive? Cabeza de Vaca survived because of his sharp survival skills and because of his success as a healer which lead to his respect for the indians and caused the indians to respect him. Cabeza De Vaca survived because of his wilderness skills and his knowledge of the world moving around him. Cabeza used hollowed out horse legs…show more content…
“He once did a surgical operation on a man who got shot with an arrow in the shoulder, with the tip made its way to his heart. Cabeza cut open the man's chest and removed the arrow, then he added stitches using deer bones. Two days later, he came back and he removed the stitches and the man was healed.”(Document C) His medical skills saved the life of the man and it caused him to gain a reputation among the indians. Cabeza De Vaca survived because of his respect for the indians. “Cabeza De Vaca had suffered many disputes. For example, the spaniards who were looking to enslave indians ,and Cabeza was not on good terms with the spaniards because he wanted help the indians, but the spaniards told the indians he wanted to do the complete opposite.”(Document D) This shows the Cabeza De Vaca wanted to stay on good terms with the indians ,but the Spaniards were trying to convince the indians that he wanted to do them harm. Cabeza De Vaca survived with his survival skills, success as a healer, and his respect for the indians. His survival was noble because of the length of the journey and what he had to face. My opinion is that the entire expedition should of been planned out more thoroughly to prevent it from going wrong like it did. Right now mankind is exploring new territory in the amazon rainforest and outer
Open Document
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Are gametes unique from one another?
The four gametes produced at the end of meiosis II are all slightly different, each with a unique combination of the genetic material present in the starting cell. … This diversity of possible gametes reflects two factors: crossing over and the random orientation of homologue pairs during metaphase of meiosis I.
Can two gametes be the same?
Two gametes in each pair of cells produced by meiosis are not identical because recombination of alleles (genes) present on two homologous chromosomes occurs during meiosis.
Are gametes genetically different?
Genetic variation is increased by meiosis
What is it called when each gamete is unique?
during meosis, chromosomes will split into daughter cells randomly, making each gamete unique. this is called. genetic recombination.
IT IS SURPRISING: Why do phenotypic ratios sometimes differ from genotypic ratios quizlet?
Do all gametes have different DNA?
Gametes contain half as many chromosomes as the other cells in the organism, and each gamete is genetically unique because the DNA of the parent cell is shuffled before the cell divides. This helps ensure that the new organisms formed as a result of sexual reproduction are also unique.
Why are cells created by meiosis genetically unique?
In contrast, meiosis gives rise to four unique daughter cells, each of which has half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. … Specifically, meiosis creates new combinations of genetic material in each of the four daughter cells. These new combinations result from the exchange of DNA between paired chromosomes.
Are all gametes identical?
The gametes produced in meiosis aren’t genetically identical to the starting cell, and they also aren’t identical to one another. … The four gametes produced at the end of meiosis II are all slightly different, each with a unique combination of the genetic material present in the starting cell.
Why are no two gametes exactly alike genetically?
No two gametes exactly alike genetically because each gamete has a different combination of parental chromosomes that is the result of both crossing over and independent assortment.) … (It results in the production of four haploid cells.)
What is different between two alleles of the same gene?
How do gametes formed at the end of meiosis compare to each other?
IT IS SURPRISING: What process increases chromosome number from haploid to diploid?
Are gametes formed through mitosis?
How many unique different cells are created in the process of meiosis?
Are chromosomes connected to each other?
In eukaryotes each chromosome is a separate DNA molecule. There is no good evidence they are connected.
How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AA?
The correct answer is (b) 8. In this scenario, each gamete will consist of five genes.
Why do siblings look different meiosis?
After all, kids get their genes from the same parents. But brothers and sisters don’t look exactly alike because everyone (including parents) actually has two copies of most of their genes. And these copies can be different. Parents pass one of their two copies of each of their genes to their kids.
Can a child have only one parents DNA?
Despite these jokes, it’s generally understood that it takes two to make a baby (for the most part!!) and that half the baby’s DNA comes from an egg and half from a sperm. But sometimes, a real “mini me” is born with the majority of DNA coming from only one parent.
IT IS SURPRISING: Question: What are the two alleles for flower color?
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Eric Flint Wiki
The 13th-century defeat of Llewelyn by Edward I completed the Anglo-Norman conquest of Wales and brought about centuries of English occupation. Wales was subsequently incorporated into England with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, creating the legal entity known today as England and Wales. However, distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century, and in 1881 the Welsh Sunday Closing Act became the first legislation applied exclusively to Wales. In 1955 Cardiff was proclaimed as national capital and in 1999 the National Assembly for Wales was created, which holds responsibility for a range of devolved matters.
Wales in 1632[]
Native Welshman Harold traveled to Grantville and was understandably upset to learn that Wales was overshadowed by England, in part through the use of Welsh labor to build railroads and infrastructure. Harold returned to Wales after learning how to build a working steam engine, hoping to outclass the English. But in August 1635, Harold and five others died in a boiler explosion, which shattered the dream of restoring Welsh identity.
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Dragonfly Flying
Alive or dead, they are flipping good at it! Dragonfly backflips described in articles in ScienceDaily 9 February 2021, Imperial College London news 10 February 2021, and PNAS 10 February 2021 doi: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2676.
Dragonflies are noted for superb aerial manoeuvres, including flying backwards, but even the most agile flyer can be knocked off balance or flipped upside down. A group of scientists at Imperial College London studied common darter dragonflies to see how they could right themselves after being dropped in an upside-down position.
They found the dragonflies righted themselves with a head-first backwards somersault. Anaesthetised (unconscious) dragonflies also did the same backflip, but were slower. Not surprisingly “dead dragonflies did not perform the manoeuvre at all”. However, when researchers used wax to fix wings of the dead dragonflies into the same position as the unconscious dragonflies the dead dragonflies righted themselves, albeit in a slightly more ungainly way.
These results led researchers to conclude that the righting process is mainly a passive result, dependent on wing position and muscle tone (live or dead). Samuel Fabian of the Department of Bioengineering commented: “Planes are often designed so that if their engines fail, they will glide along stably rather than drop out of the sky. We saw a similar response in dragonflies, despite the lack of active flapping, such that some insects, despite their small size, can leverage passive stability without active control.”
He went on to say: “Passive stability lowers the effort requirements of flight, and this trait likely influenced how dragonfly shapes evolved. Dragonflies that use passive stability in flight are likely to have an advantage, as they use less energy and are better able to recover from inconvenient events.”
The researchers concluded: “This lesson from biology can inspire design principles for failsafe attitude recovery in micro aerial systems.”
Links: Imperial College, ScienceDaily
Editorial Comment: If aerodynamically stable aeroplanes need to be designed so they don’t drop out of the sky, why would anyone believe that aerodynamically stable dragonflies evolved the same characteristic by chance random processes? Particularly when they are dead.
Passive stability is certainly an advantage once a dragonfly has it, but, as the experiments with dead dragonflies shows, there is only one chance to get both muscle tone and wing position right. Otherwise flipped over dragonflies would drop out of the air and not get any chance to evolve.
These experiments are further proof that design is the only way to fly. If you ever had the misfortune to be in an aircraft whose engines failed you would give thanks to the engineers who built a failsafe glide into the design to get it safely back on the ground.
Therefore, the lesson to be learned from biology is there is no excuse for failing to give thanks to the Creator Christ for designing wonderful flying creatures like dragonflies that can keep themselves flying even when flipped and dropped.
Creation Research News 25 February 2021
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Blood-stained labs
If one were to walk into Ms. Rachael Thomas’s, Science, first hour Forensics class, they would see students projecting blood onto large pieces of paper through syringes or flicking blood with popsicle sticks. All of these techniques were used in a lab to analyze blood.
“The lab was to determine what different blood splatters would look like from different velocities, or if how they were dripped or if someone was walking and how blood would look from that and different weapons and what kind of splatter they create,” Gabrielle Barrett (11) said.
Barrett and the other students worked with fake blood to stimulate what blood does when one is cut or shot, as well as how blood looks after someone attempts to clean it up.
“Working with the actual blood itself and analyzing all the splatter techniques was really cool,” Lauren Basting (12) said.
One particular technique required the students to project the blood onto a hanging piece of paper. The students then took note of the splatter pattern and drew a diagram of it in their lab notes.
“It was kinda gross because it was in my hand, and that’s weird,” Barrett said.
This lab was a way for the students to understand what kind of analysis goes into blood at crime scenes and what they can tell the crime scene investigators, such as the direction a person was walking, or even what caused the splatter. Those who wish to pursue a career in this field have to understand these techniques.
“I’ve considered a career in forensics, but I’m kinda squeamish around blood, so I probably won’t,” Barrett said.
Students in Ms. Thomas’s forensics class will use this lab as a part of their final test.
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Pater familias
With pater familias think, that you
Particularly after 1569, Jews were frequently employed by nobility to manage the arenda system, under which they sometimes administered large Ukrainian landholdings called latifundia for absentee Polish landlords.
In such cases, Jews were given the exclusive right to pater familias taxes, tolls, and other exactions from the Ukrainian peasantry.
Much more pater familias, the contract was for the local right of propinatsiia, the exclusive privilege of distilling and selling alcohollucrative trade that fit naturally with the business of innkeeping and small moneylending.
While Jews were engaged in a variety of economic pursuits, many as artisans and merchants, with a smaller drunk driving lawyers of farmers, income from the arenda constituted the backbone of the Jewish economy.
Under this system, Jews in Ukraine flourished, reaching a population of approximately 40,000 by the middle of the seventeenth century. The arenda system, however, was highly exploitative, particularly when viewed from the perspective of Ukrainian peasants, who deeply resented the economic burden pater familias on them by the far-off Polish landlords and their Jewish agents.
Although his principal targets were Poles, especially noblemen and Catholic priests, the local Jewish population was far pater familias accessible, and horrific massacres took place throughout right-bank Ukraine. After the rebellion subsided, sporadic Kemstro (Baclofen)- Multum on Jews continued, including the Haidamak rebellion of 1768, which particularly devastated the Jewish community of Uman.
With the Polish partitions at the end of the eighteenth century, the region embracing most of the territory of contemporary Ukraine was annexed to the Russian Empire and eventually was designated part of the geographical ghetto limiting Jewish residence known as the Pale of Jewish Settlement. An exception was Kiev, where Jewish residence continued to be forbidden, although several thousand Jews lived there illegally in the early pater familias century.
Tensions between Jews and the surrounding Ukrainian populations continued throughout the nineteenth century, but did not slow the inevitable process of cultural cross-fertilization that informed much of both cultures.
On pater familias markers of cultural identity, Jewish culture shows evidence of Ukrainian influence, and vice versa. While both groups retained, for example, quite distinct languagesUkrainian and Yiddishborrowed terminology is Ethiodol (Ethiodized Oil)- FDA to both.
Economically, however, Jews were pater familias different from members of the surrounding population. Ukrainians were overwhelmingly agricultural, with more than 94 percent living in rural areas even at the end of the nineteenth century. Jews, on the other hand, were concentrated in urban settings, where pater familias than 80 percent made their homes. The larger urban areas in Ukraine were typically evenly divided among Fuels and energy journal, Ukrainians, and Jews, but Jews dominated even these settings in the western Ukrainian provinces of Volhynia and Podolia.
The 1897 census shows that only 2. Jews were very strong in commerce (29. This strict economic distinction served to underline many of the other differences between Jews and Ukrainians. Jewish industrial labor, in particular, grew over the course nucl instr meth the nineteenth century microbiology medical the Russian Empire embarked on a course of gradually increasing industrialization.
Overall, in pater familias, Jews made up 30 percent of the urban population of Ukraine. Ukraine was exceptionally fertile ground for the Hasidic movement, particularly for the dynasties centered in Belz, Bratslav and Uman, Chortkiv, Chernobyl, pater familias Ruzhin.
There developed a Ukrainian type of Hasidism characterized by the princely comportment of the rebbes. Tensions between Misnagdim and Hasidim were substantially submerged with the emergence of an intellectual movement that threatened them both equally: pater familias Haskalah, or Jewish enlightenment, which emerged from Germany in the late eighteenth century.
The expression of Haskalah in Ukraine was, as might be expected, more significant in western urban regions, but its impact pater familias felt even in the most remote regions. Ukrainian maskilim pioneered pater familias modern Hebrew and literary Yiddish. Uman was the headquarters of early Ukrainian maskilim at the beginning of the nineteenth century.
Eventually, pater familias, Odessa became the metropolis of modernizing trends among Ukrainian Jews. Indeed, the second half of the nineteenth century witnessed considerable internal migration of Jews in the Pale of Settlement to new settlements in southern Ukraine, of which Odessa was the most prominent.
The burgeoning port city even attracted settlers from Galicia in the Austrian Empire. A major watershed in Ukrainian Jewish history occurred in March 1881 when Alexander II was assassinated by a grenade pater familias by a member of a small socialist circle.
Pater familias research indicates that these attacks were spontaneous and principally carried out by migrant industrial workers traveling along rail lines throughout Ukraine, stopping hyun jae to plunder neighboring Jewish thyroid problems The sheer pater familias of lawlessness, with the pater familias inability or unwillingness of Russian authorities to control the violence, nevertheless made a major impact on the psyche of the average Ukrainian Jew, rousing the population to pater familias even more seriously several alternatives for their political self-expression.
The pace of emigration, which had begun to swell in the 1870s, accelerated. How to relax Jews felt that leaving the Russian Empire was not a viable solution to the triple dilemmas of economic hardship, antisemitic violence, and government inaction.
Indeed, the failure of the government to act against pogroms was slowly becoming a policy of complicity, with Nicholas II openly identifying with the antisemitic Black Hundreds organization, personally sponsoring the publication of the notorious pater familias forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and even prosecuting a Kiev Jew, Mendel Beilis, on the absurd medieval charge of kidnapping a Christian child and murdering him for his blood.
A jury pater familias Ukrainian peasants acquitted Beilis in 1913. Thus, many felt pater familias the problems of the tsarist empire had to be addressed directly, and through potentially radical change. Thousands of young Jews were drawn to revolutionary movements, some of which espoused socialism. Moreover, a wide range of Jewish socialist parties, notably the Bund, spread throughout the region.
These political organizations, which were initially forced to operate underground, were increasingly active after the 1905 Revolution and the subsequent lifting of selected bans on political organization. The Jewish political movement that had the greatest initial political achievement in Ukraine was the so-called autonomist movement (also known as Diaspora Nationalism), devoted to establishing a secular, modernized form pater familias Jewish national autonomy in twentieth-century Ukraine.
The political party Folkspartey was inspired by the historian Simon Dubnow, pater familias imagined a Russian federation in which Jews (indeed, all organized minorities) would form a parliament to regulate all communal affairs, such as education and cultural Penicillin G Procaine (Penicilling Procaine Injection)- FDA, as well as internal religious affairs and the like.
Pater familias prime minister of this Jewish parliament would in turn occupy a cabinet-level post in the state government as minister of Jewish affairs.
12.11.2020 in 22:03 Kajitaxe:
This simply remarkable message
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1. A regular annual growth-rate cycle is demonstrated in wild and hatchery yearling brown trout; the fish have a high growth rate in the spring and autumn and a low growth rate during the summer and winter of each year.
2. Experimental work with constant-environment aquaria, together with the results of the field work, indicate that the water temperature is the main external environmental factor influencing the growth rate. Maximum growth rate is achieved at 12° C.
3. The reason for the fall in growth rate above 12° C. is discussed and it is suggested that inadequacy of the respiratory system of the fish is the prime cause.
This content is only available via PDF.
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Tornadoes don't usually happen in December. So why did we see 50 Friday?
Photo of Shepard Price
TIM VIZER/AFP via Getty Images
On Friday, Dec. 10, at least 50 tornadoes across the central United States caused destruction and the loss of at least 80 lives and left dozens more missing across six states. The the devastation caused millions of dollars in damage and it is projected it will take years to rebuild in states like Illinois and Kentucky.
There were six tornadoes alone reported by the state of Illinois, with an emergency declaration made in 28 of the state's counties due to tornado destruction.
Tornadoes in December are unusual, but not unheard of. Illinois is not a stranger to tornadoes and even stronger tornadoes that occur outside of the spring and summer months when tornadoes are usually expected to occur, Alan Black, Ph.D., assistant professor at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science, wrote in an email.
"For example, Taylorville, Ill. was hit by an EF-3 tornado, the same strength that hit Edwardsville, on Dec. 1, 2018," Black wrote.
Tornadoes form inside large rotating thunderstorms and the ingredients have to be just right. Tornadoes occur when there is a perfect mix of temperature, moisture profile and wind profile, and tornadoes occur in less than 10% of severe thunderstorms.
When the air is unstable, cold air is pushed over warmer humid air, creating an updraft as the warm air rises. When a wind’s speed or direction changes over a short distance, the air inside the clouds can start to spin. If the air column begins spinning vertically and rotates near the ground, it can intensify the friction on Earth’s surface, accelerating the air inward, forming a tornado.
Tornadoes are rated on a scale, called the Enhanced Fujita, or EF, which runs from 0 to 5.
"The intensity of a tornado is measured by the damage that it causes," Black wrote.
Based on the level of damage, scientists reverse-engineer the wind speeds and assign a tornado a rating on the scale, the New York Times reported.
The Associated Press reported that the ferocity and path length of Friday night's tornadoes likely put them in a category of their own, as one of the twisters — should it be confirmed to be just one — likely broke a nearly 100-year-old record for how long a tornado stayed on the ground in a path of destruction, the AP reported.
"One word: remarkable; unbelievable would be another," Northern Illinois University meteorology professor Victor Gensini told the AP. "It was really a late spring type of setup in in the middle of December."
Warm weather was a key ingredient in this tornado outbreak, although that currently cannot be tied concretely to climate change. However, atmospheric conditions that allow for such outbreaks as was seen Friday are intensifying in the winter as the planet warms, the AP reported.
Spring-like temperatures across much of the Midwest and South in December helped bring warm, moist air that helped form the thunderstorms, the AP reported. Some of that is due to La Nina, a weather pattern that generally brings warmer than normal winter temperatures to the Southern U.S. The AP reported that atypical, warm weather is expected to become more common as the planet warms.
Tornadoes typically lose energy in a matter of minutes, but in this case it was hours, Gensini told the AP. Friday's storm had an exceptionally long path, going more than 200 miles (322 kilometers) or so, the AP reported. The record was 219 miles (352 kilometers) and was set by a tornado that struck three states in 1925. This storm could break the record once experts have finished analyzing it.
"The event was triggered by an area of low pressure that tracked from the southern Great Plains to near the Great Lakes on Friday," Black wrote. "A strong cold front encountered a very warm and unstable air mass that was more reminiscent of spring rather than December as the front moved across the region.
"The strong low pressure provided wind shear, or winds that change direction from the ground to the upper levels of the atmosphere. This provided all of the ingredients for severe weather and led to the tornado in Edwardsville and the other tornadoes seen across the country," Black continued.
Scientists are still trying to sort out the conflicting factors about whether human-caused climate change is making tornadoes more common or more intense, the AP reported. About 1,200 tornadoes hit the U.S. each year, according to the NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory. No other country sees as many.
Extreme storms are becoming more common, the AP reported, as a lot more warmer air masses in the cool season are now seen that can support these types of severe weather outbreaks.
"We can’t connect any specific tornado to climate change," Black wrote. "However, we are changing the climate system which changes the likelihood of bringing the ingredients together that lead to severe weather. There is evidence that tornadoes are occurring more frequently and that the traditional 'Tornado Alley' is shifting eastward with time, which would put our area at greater risk.
"There is also ample evidence that the ingredients needed for the formation of severe weather will come together more often during the cool season than what we’ve seen in the past," Black continued. "There has always been some level of risk for severe weather, including tornadoes, during the cool season but under a warming climate that risk is increasing."
National temperatures are set to rise above the long-term average meaning more tornadoes are likely to occur in the winter months in future years and fewer events will take place in the summer.
Powerful storms like the ones seen Friday are expected to be the "new normal," Deanne Criswell, an administrator with FEMA, told CNN.
"The effects we are seeing of climate change are the crisis of our generation," Criswell said. "We're taking a lot of efforts at FEMA to work with communities to help reduce the impacts that we're seeing from these severe weather events and help to develop systemwide projects that can help protect communities."
La Nina seasons tend to have increased tornado activity in the U.S. and it is worth noting that the U.S. is currently in the midst of La Nina, expected to last into the spring of 2022, CNN reported.
"I encourage everyone to have a way to receive weather warnings no matter the season, whether that be via a weather radio, cell phone app, or other method," Black wrote.
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views updated
ETHNONYMS: Cere, Ceri, Comcaac, Guayma, Heri, Sadi, Salineros, Sori, Tastioteños, Tepoca, Tiburone, Upanguayma
Identification. The name "Seri" is of unknown origin and meaning. It was first applied as "Heri" in 1645. The Seri call themselves "Comcaac" (the people).
Location. In aboriginal times the Seri lived along a 208kilometer strip of the central Sonoran coast between about 28° and 30° N, and on adjacent Tiburón and San Esteban islands in the Gulf of California. This region is one of the hottest and most arid portions of North America. At present, the Seri reside in two villages, El Desemboque de Los Seris and Punta Chueca.
Linguistic Affiliation. Serian is a Hokan language. Only one dialect is still spoken, but two other mutually intelligible dialects are recalled. They are considered isolates.
Demography. Population estimates for the early historic period vary from around 1,000 to 4,000. Severe population decline began with the onset of full-scale war with the Spaniards in 1750. Of some 500 Seri remaining in 1855, about one-half were killed in the next dozen years. By the 1930s Seri numbers had dropped to about 175. Since then, the population has rebounded, reaching 516 in 1990 and over 700 in 1994.
History and Cultural Relations
Archaeological evidence indicates that Seri occupation of their traditional territory extends well back into prehistoric times. The Seri were in contact with the neighboring Papago, Pima, Yaqui, and Cochimí, and some cultural borrowing occurred. After contact with Europeans, the southernmost band (Guayma) was absorbed fairly quickly into mission life. The island Seri and some coastal people rarely saw Europeans and retained a peaceable and traditional life well into the nineteenth century. The Seri the Europeans came to know were opportunistic groups that migrated into the interior of Sonora and took to raiding and stealing livestock. The mission of Nuestra Señora del Pópulo was founded in 1679 to deal with these trouble-makers, but the Seri had little interest in sedentary life, and the mission was never a success. Seri-European relations worsened and in 1750 erupted in open warfare that raged unabated for twenty years. The nominal peace that followed was soon punctuated by sporadic raids and reprisal campaigns.
After Mexican independence, the pace of hostile encounters quickened, leading to an abortive campaign to exterminate the Seri in 1844. That same year Pascual Encinas established a ranch deep within the Seri range, intending to pacify the Seri with jobs and good treatment. His efforts failed, and in the dozen years of the "Encinas War" beginning in 1855, about one-half of the Seri were killed in skirmishes with Encinas's cowboys. By the late nineteenth century the remaining Seri were shifting between a foraging existence along the coast and islands and eking out a precarious existence on the encroaching ranches. During the 1920s the emerging Mexican fishing industry at Bahía Kino encouraged the Seri to try commercial fishing. A fish cooperative was established in 1938, transforming El Desemboque into the first permanent Seri community. Increasing numbers of North American tourists arriving in the 1960s stimulated a revival of traditional crafts for sale. Although the Seri communities now include a school, a clinic, and an evangelical church, core aspects of Seri culture and social life persist.
Aboriginally, the Seri were nomadic. Their movements reflected both seasonal and fortuitous changes in the food supply and in the most critical commodity, fresh water. People moved among temporary camps as resources shifted. Camps were occupied for up to several weeks and might be composed of a single nuclear family or as many as fifteen families. Although the Seri now reside in two permanent villages, the population of each fluctuates greatly as people move freely between them. Some traditional camps are still used during fishing or foraging expeditions.
Most activities were conducted outdoors, and shelters served primarily as windbreaks and for storage. Houses were fabricated of ocotillo branches and resembled a Quonset hut or a simple rectangular box. They were covered with brush, seaweed, or anything handy. Housing today in the two villages is more substantial. Here the Seri have built both Mexican-style jacales of wattle and daub, and small wood-frame structures. During the 1960s and 1970s the Mexican government constructed cinder-block bungalows for the Seri.
Subsistence and Commercial Activities. The aboriginal Seri economy was based on hunting, gathering, and fishing. The relative contribution of each of these activities may have been quite different for the different bands, and surely varied with the season. Many species of plants were gathered, notably mesquite seeds, amaranth, cactus fruits, agave, and a marine seed-bearing eelgrass (Zostera marina ). The most important game animals were mule deer and jackrabbits. Slow game included chuckwallas, iguanas, and desert tortoises. Some Seri groups relied heavily on sea products. By far the most important were sea turtles, hunted with a barbed harpoon (balsas ) made from cane. Fish, including sea bass, mullet, groupers, snappers, and triggerfish, were speared with balsas or from shore. Shellfish and other littoral and intertidal creatures were sometimes gathered in quantity. Several types of large seabirds were stalked at night as they roosted. Gull eggs were collected in the spring. For coastal and island Seri, the diet probably changed little with the coming of the Spaniards. Those Seri who moved inland added cattle, horses, and other livestock to their roster of fair game during raiding, and thievery and soliciting handouts expanded their inventory of subsistence techniques. Farming was tried by some Seri at the mission of Nuestra Señora del Pópulo and later at the presidio of Pitic (now Hermosillo) but without lasting success. Nor did they adapt to wage labor on ranches in the late 1800s. By the early 1900s nearly all Seri had resumed a foraging existence on Tiburón Island and the adjacent coast. Commercial fishing, beginning in the 1930s, introduced cash, which the Seri began to use to buy commercial food imported by Mexican entrepreneurs. Some commercial fishing continues. In the 1960s the focus of economic life shifted to craft production for sale to tourists. Most food consumed by the Seri is now purchased in Mexican-owned stores. Although the new staples include wheat flour, canned meat, rice, beans, canned fruits, coffee, and soft drinks, some fishing and even gathering occasionally supplement the packaged diet. Dogs, cats, chickens, and some goats are kept as pets. They are not eaten.
Industrial Arts. The most important indigenous crafts were pottery making and basketry. Aboriginal pottery was seldom decorated but its thinness, hardness, and symmetry attest to consummate skill. Its quality declined as metal containers became common in the late 1800s. Today an occasional piece is made for the tourist market. Baskets, made by close coiling on a bundle foundation, were regarded as a woman's most important domestic item. Although baskets had been replaced by commercial containers, the recent tourist market has stimulated a renaissance of basket making. New forms and designs, along with refinements in technique, have won Seri baskets major prizes at North American tribal fairs. An entirely new craft, ironwood carving, appeared around 1960. The carved figurines, made strictly for sale, are representations of animals familiar to the Seri. The sale of these superb items has proved so lucrative that ironwood carving has become a near-universal cottage industry and the foundation of the modern Seri economy.
Trade. Some Seri may have traded salt and hides for maize. European goods were obtained by Seri who roamed inland, but the island people may have had almost no contact with the outside world.
Division of Labor. Hunting and fishing is exclusively men's work, whereas basket making, pottery making, and sewing are the prerogative of women. Otherwise the division of labor is not rigid. A man might sometimes gather plant foods, fetch water, and cook, but these are normally women's tasks. Ironwood carving is undertaken by both sexes, although men usually rough out the basic form. The few positions of temporary leadership recognized in the past went to men, but either men or women could become shamans.
Land Tenure. Seri oral tradition associates each of the former bands and their subunits (ihizitim ) with a specific geographic region. Although sometimes construed as "territories," they probably did not confer exclusive rights of passage or use, for there was much movement and shifting residence throughout the entire region. More likely, band and ihizitim territories served as theoretical reference points that helped objectify the social identity of individuals. By the mid-nineteenth century the Mexican government had declared the Seri coast to be public land, and the Seri increasingly found themselves hemmed in by Mexican ranching and fishing operations. In 1965 they were evicted from Tiburón Island, which had been declared a wildlife preserve. In 1975, however, a 56-kilometer strip of mainland coast was designated a Seri ejido. The Seri were also given formal title to Tiburón Island, although their use of it is still restricted.
Kin Groups and Descent. Today, Seri descent is reckoned bilaterally, and residence is neolocal with a slight patrilocal preference. The nuclear family is the core residential and economic unit. The "tribe" is recognized as a valid concept, although it functions mainly as a unit of ethnic identity. There are no formal groupings between the level of nuclear family and tribe. In the past, the Seri were divided into several geographically separate, politically independent units (bands), which differed in dialect and culture. Spanish recognition of "nations" only partly coincides with bands as recalled in Seri oral history. The Seri maintain that bands were further subdivided into geographical groupings called ihizitim, which they believe were well-integrated patrilineal, patrilocal, and exogamous units of everyday life. To what extent Seri social structure differed in the past has been a subject of intense debate. Different sourcesSeri oral history, colonial documents, ecological considerations, and anthropological theoryhave led investigators to an astonishing array of reconstructions. These include matrilineal, patrilineal, and bilaterial descent; clans; subclans; patrilocal bands; composite bands; and rancherías (groups of huts). The data on which reconstructions must be based are so ambiguous that it is doubtful that aboriginal Seri sociopolitical structure and descent will ever be well understood.
Kinship Terminology. Kinship terminology is bifurcate collateral, with sibling terms extended to both parallel and cross cousins. Numerous terminological distinctions are made. One quasi-kinship system that still operates is the hamac relationship of reciprocal obligations for sponsorship of burials and the girls' puberty fiesta.
Marriage and Family
Marriage. Marriages are usually negotiated by parents. A boy may initiate the process, after which his parents take over if they approve his choice. If the girl's parents also approve they begin negotiating bride-price, which since the 1960s has become considerable. When bride-price transactions are completed, the bride moves in with the husband without ceremony. Ideally, some bride-service obligations continue indefinitely. All close kin are excluded as potential marriage partners, including parallel and cross cousins who are terminologically equated with siblings. Some polygyny existed in the past, but all present marriages are monogamous. European-style weddings, encouraged by the local evangelical church, have become common. Since the 1960s, intermarriage with Mexican fishermen who are willing to live in El Desemboque and Punta Chueca has been increasing. Divorce is not common. It may be initiated by either partner, usually amid accusations of laziness or illtempered behavior. The bride-price is not returned.
Residence. Residence is neolocal, although the couple may reside briefly with the boy's parents.
Domestic Unit. The normal household is a simple nuclear family.
Inheritance. A few personal items were traditionally interred with the body. Nearly all the remaining property of the deceased and his household were exchanged for equivalent possessions of the hamac that performed the burial. This system is breaking down as the Seri acquire large amounts of consumer goods.
Socialization. Children, including twins, are welcomed. Girls are preferred for the bride-price they will bring. Children are raised in a permissive atmosphere with little or no physical punishment.
Sociopolitical Organization
Social Organization. Seri society is fundamentally egalitarian. Husbands have limited status as heads of households. In the past, older males may have held some authority. A war leader was accorded temporary status during military action. Especially powerful shamans have commanded both respect and fear. The authority of twentieth-century tribal "chiefs" has been restricted to external matters.
Political Organization. The Seri say that band and ihizitim structure collapsed when their population was decimated in the mid-nineteenth century. The resulting "tribe" emerged as a de facto grouping consisting of all surviving Seri; today it has little formai structure and few political functions. An informal council of elder men occasionally deliberates on matters involving external relations. The current "chief," however, has been an effective advocate for Seri interests with both the state and federal governments.
Social Control. The Seri value individualism. They are willing to tolerate considerable latitude in behavior, but are equally willing to express themselves if behavior exceeds acceptable bounds. Minor excesses are sometimes controlled by gossip, but angry diatribes directed squarely at the offender are not uncommon.
Conflict. Conflict is generated mostly at the interpersonal rather than the group or tribal level. Most disputes are resolved with little more than loud quarreling. Occasional fights have erupted, and rare instances of homicide are recalled. It is said that shamans were formerly capable of killing by witchcraft. Today a constable is charged with keeping the peace.
Religion and Expressive Culture
Religious Beliefs. Seri religion entailed belief in a large number of malevolent spirits who were placated by appropriate ritual. Most ritual is individual and often private. Seri religion as an integrated system no longer functions, although many rituals are followed out of custom. Spanish missionary efforts had no lasting effect on the Seri. Mexican evangelical Protestants, who arrived in 1953, have had some influence on most Seri and have won a number of genuine converts.
Religious Practitioners. Shamans controlled forces of both good and evil. Although they could place curses, their primary role was healing and the prevention of sickness and misfortune. Healing was accomplished solely through their influence over the spirits; any medicinal cures were administered by ordinary individuals. Anthropomorphic figurines were carved by shamans and rented to clients as fetishes. Some influence over the spirits was thought to come naturally with age. Individuals aspiring to shamanism, however, sought direct contact with the spirits during a four-day vision quest. Shamans were paid for their services.
Supernaturais. In addition to individual spirits, the Seri recognize certain more general supernatural forces. One, called Icor, controls the spirit of each plant, and its power can be tapped by shamans. Another is Hant caai, responsible for creating much of the world. He is thought to be male and is vaguely associated with the sun. Although Hant caai seems to be indigenous, the Seri say he is the same deity the Mexicans call Dios.
Ceremonies. The festive tone of Seri group ceremonies is intended to placate potentially malevolent spirits. Today the only regularly performed ceremony is the four-day girls' puberty fiesta. While the girl is secluded and subject to several taboos, the community engages in festive singing, Pascola dancing on a foot drum, betting games, and feasting. A puberty fiesta for boys was last held about 1923. The rare capture of a leatherback turtle prompts a similar ceremony. Completion of a giant basket also necessitated a fiesta to pacify the basket's spirit. The scalp dance has not been performed since warfare with the Europeans ended.
Arts. Face painting, especially of females, was a major art form but is rarely evident today. Much visual art now takes the form of basketry design and ironwood carving. The only dancing that survives today is the solo Pascola. Neither men's nor women's circle dances have been performed since the early 1900s. Music, especially singing, is still important. Despite exposure to Mexican popular music, many people prefer traditional Seri music; it is commonplace to record and listen to traditional songs on battery-powered tape recorders.
Medicine. Shamans cured serious illness supernaturally, but ordinary Seri treated lesser maladies with medicinal preparations. These were often simple teas, but the pharmacopoeia included more than 100 species of plants and animals. Clinics and commercial medicines have largely replaced traditional remedies.
Death and Afterlife.
Traditional burials were performed by a hamac of the deceased, without public ceremony.Today, funerals are increasingly common. The name of the deceased is not spoken. Ideally, the person is forgotten fairly quickly, although female relatives may wail for as long as a year. The afterlife, which transpires in the sky near the setting sun, is a replica of the present world but contains only good things. Virtuous Seri arrive there after four days, whereas evildoers are permanently stranded in one of several hells along the way.
Bowen, Thomas (1983). "The Seri." In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant. Vol. 10, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, 230-249. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
Felger, Richard Stephen, and Mary Beck Moser (1985). People of the Desert and Sea. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Grifffen, William B. (1959). Notes on Seri Indian Culture, Sonora, Mexico. School of Inter-American Studies Latin-American Monograph Series, 10, Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
Kroeber, Alfred L. (1931). The Seri. Southwest Museum Papers, 6. Los Angeles.
Nolasco Armas, Margarita (1967). "Los seris, desierto y mar." Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (Mexico City) 18:125-194.
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One of the first sailing fundamentals you learn with you’re new to the world of sailing is the idea of sailing a boat into the wind. Sailboats can sail in the direction of the wind, but they do so by making a zig zag course made up of a series of maneuvers called tacks.
man riding sailboat
Why Does a Sailboat Tack?
Tack is a confusing word because it’s used in various ways on a sailboat. Depending on its usage, it can be either a noun or a verb.
First, as a noun, a tack is a maneuver that a sailboat makes when it turns through the direction of the wind blows. For example, a boat may be sailing on a port tack, with the wind coming from the left side of the boat. After the boat tacks—which in this case would be a turn to the left—the boat will be on a starboard tack, with the wind coming from the right-hand side.
As a verb, a skipper might yell, “Ready to tack!” to their crew to let them know that the boat is about to tack. An alternative command is “Ready about!”
Since a sailboat cannot sail directly into the wind, a boat makes a zig zag course over the water to go in that direction. The zig zag course is made up of a series of tacks.
What is a Tack of a Sail?
The word “tack” has a second, entirely different definition on a sailboat, too. When discussing the parts of a sail, the tack is the lower rear corner of a triangular sail. So, the tack of a mainsail is the end attached at the back of the boom. The tack of a foresail, like a jib, is the one that you attach the sheets to.
The other two corners of a sail are the head (at the top) and the clew (at the forward edge). The edges of a sail are called the leech, luff, and foot. So more specifically, the tack is the corner where the leech and the foot meet.
Lines and sails
What are the Points of Sail Depending on the Wind Direction?
Sailboats can sail in nearly any direction except directly into the wind. Each direction has a different name and is known as a point of sail.
Sailors measure their angle to the wind based on the apparent wind angle (AWA). The AWA is simply the number of degrees from the bow that the wind is located. If a boat is headed dead into the wind, the AWA is 0 degrees. If the boat is headed dead downwind, the AWA is 180 degrees. Neither of these directions is optimal, so normal sailing occurs between 45 and 160 degrees AWA.
• Close Hauled — A boat that is as close to sailing upwind as it can is said to be “close-hauled.” In this scenario, the sails are tightly sheeted, and monohulls will be healed over. The AWA that a boat can sail depends on its design. Most boats cannot sail closer than 45 degrees to the wind. Colloquially sailors call sailing close-hauled “beating.”
• Close Reaching — A bit “farther off the wind,” and the boat will be close reaching. This is usually between 60 and 90 degrees AWA.
• Reaching — A boat is reaching when it is precisely 90 degrees AWA. This is actually the fastest point of sail for most boats.
• Broad Reaching — If a boat is reaching, but the wind is behind the beam, it is on a broad reach. This occurs between 90 and 120 degrees AWA.
• Running — When a boat is on a run, it is sailing downwind. In this situation, the sails act less like airplane wings generating lift and more like leaves blowing over the water.
• Wing-on-Wing — Wing on wing is a sailing maneuver, not a point of sail. But it occurs when a boat is more or less sailing dead downwind (180 degrees AWA). When a boat is wing-on-wing, one sail is on a starboard tack, and the other is on a port tack.
How Does a Sailboat Sail Into the Wind?
Contrary to what many people think, modern sailboats can sail in the direction of the wind. In fact, they can sail in nearly every direction relative to the wind except one. But they cannot sail directly into the wind. So if the wind blowing on the water today is out of the direction of your desired course, you’ll have to tack back and forth to get there.
For a sail to work, it needs to have air pushing on one side of it. If the boat is pointed directly into the wind, the sails will flap like flags on a pole. When this happens, the boat is said to be “in irons” and will eventually come to a stop.
How close to the wind a boat can sail depends on its designs. Racing sailboats can do the best and generally sail within 30 degrees of the wind. However, cruising boats usually fall somewhere in the 45 to 60-degree range due to their wider beams and shallower keels.
What’s the Difference Between a Port or Starboard Tack?
The boat’s direction is always described in terms of the wind for a sailor. As such, one of the most fundamental terms in sailing is which tack a sailboat might be on. A port tack describes a boat with the wind coming over the port railing, so the sails are on the boat’s starboard side. Conversely, a boat on a starboard tack has the wind over that rail and the sails on the port side.
Describing which tack a boat is on is vital in racing and right of way rules. Rule 12 of the COLREGs, the internationally agreed-upon rules that govern shipping, says that when two sailing vessels meet, the vessel on the starboard tack has the right of way.
What’s the Difference Between a Tack and a Jibe (Gybe)?
If a tack has an opposite maneuver, it is likely a jibe, which is sometimes spelled “gybe.”
A jibe occurs when sailing downwind. For example, if a boat is running on a port tack and wants to switch to the opposite tack, they could go the long way around and tack through the wind, or they could sail through dead downwind. Passing dead downwind so that the sails switch is called a jibe.
Jibes are more dangerous maneuvers that tacks for a few reasons. A planned jibe that is well executed is perfectly safe, but the force of the boom passing over the boat can be significant. All crew should know that the jibe is occurring and duck down to avoid getting smacked by the boom.
An accidental jibe, which isn’t planned, can be catastrophic. The force of the boom crashing over the boat can be immense if the winds are strong. It can easily tear the sail, brake lines or damage the boom or gooseneck fittings.
You should always take jibes slowly and carefully. The stronger the winds, the more careful you should be. When tacking, the crew’s attention is focused on the jib sheets, but in a jibe, the crew must pay close attention to the mainsail and boom. The jib will usually be blanketed by the wind and easy to control when sailing so deeply downwind, so the jib sheet will be easy to manage.
Anytime a jibe is imminent, be it purposeful or accidentally, the skipper shouts, “Jibe ho!” This is to let everyone know to be ready for the maneuver—or at least to get out of the way of the boom. In light wind, it is usually a nonevent, but care should be taken regardless.
white sail boat on sea during daytime
How to Tack a Sailboat — Step by Step
How to tack a boat depends on the boat and how it’s set up. First, the boat is sailed close-hauled on the standard modern sloop with both sails sheeted in tight. With the mainsail brought in, it will be self-tending on its boom.
So besides turning the wheel, the crew needs to only worry about the jib. The crew will watch the jib as the skipper turns the boat and brings the helm about. When the sail begins to luff or flap, the crew will release the working sheet from its winch and start to bring in the lazy jib sheet on the other side of the boat. The more slack you can take out of the line, the tighter the tack. Once the slack is out and the line secured on the drum, you can bring the sail in with the help of the winch handle.
The speed at which the crew works to switch the sheet depends greatly on the sort of sailing you’re doing. If it’s a solo skipping working alone with only the help of the autopilot, the emphasis is on making the maneuver easy and safe. This means taking it slow and not rushing anything.
On the other hand, if the crew is prepping for a race, speed is of the essence. So they’ll want to pull off the maneuver perfectly in sync. A sloppy tack means that the boat will slow down unnecessarily, and recovering from it may mean losing a little ground by sailing on a reach while the boat builds up speed again.
A good skipper will work out how to tack with their crew in advance. Tacking involves good communication and teamwork on a boat with more than one person. Cruising boats may care little if their tack is a little sloppy, but on a racing boat, a clean tack means no wasted time and a competitive advantage.
How to Tack in Sailing Kept Simple
How to tack sailing boats might sound complicated, but it isn’t. It’s one of the simplest maneuvers to do in the sailing world, and it’s safe to do it in most conditions. Basic sailboat training begins with tacks because it requires understanding how a boat sails into the wind and how to handle it in different situations.
Tacking a Sailboat FAQs
What is a tack on a sailboat?
The word “tack” has a few meanings on a sailboat. The most common definition involves how a sailboat sails into the wind. A sailboat cannot steer directly into the wind and instead must follow a zig zag course over the ground to make progress in that direction.
To tack the sailboat is the action of turning its bow through the wind. This maneuver, also called “a tack” (noun), is used to sail into the direction of the wind. Also, a sailboat can be on a port tack or starboard tack, depending on which side of the sails the wind is coming from.
Finally, the tack of a sail is the bottom rear corner of a triangular sail.
What is the difference between a tack and a jibe?
Both a tack and jibe (sometimes spelled “gybe”) are used to describe maneuvers in which the boat is steered onto a new heading relative to the wind. In a tack, the boat is steered through the wind so that the wind is blowing from the opposite side of the boat.
A jibe is done downwind but accomplishes the same thing. The boat is steered through a 180-degree apparent wind angle (AWA) during a jibe. The sails will switch in much the same way they do during a tack, but it is a very different maneuver.
What does tack mean for a ship?
A tack is a maneuver on a sailing ship where the ship’s bow is steered through the wind. After a ship tacks, the wind will be coming over the opposite rail. A ship’s sails will not work when pointed directly into the wind, so a ship must complete a series of tacks and make a zig zag course over the ground to sail to windward.
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Vegetative buffer strips are being widely promoted as an effective technique to protect rivers and streams from the negative impacts of adjacent land uses including forestry and agriculture. An extensive review of the literature revealed that despite the intuitive appeal of buffer strips, data demonstrating their efficacy is highly variable and most studies demonstrating significant nutrient removal in buffer zones come from studies undertaken in riparian buffers greater than 30 m wide. These buffers are much wider than what land managers can typically expect farmers to remove from active production in order to protect water quality. Research attempting to demonstrate the efficacy of riparian buffers needs to focus on buffer widths that are within the range that landowners are likely to "give up" in the name of water quality protection. Lack of experimental evidence from buffers in the 1- to 10-m width range typically encountered on farms makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about the efficacy of riparian buffers in agricultural areas.
This content is only available as a PDF.
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Art at the front in 1914-1918
The Royal Military Museum manages an exceptional iconographic collection about 1914-1918, consisting of some 1,500 items (paintings, drawings, water colours, etchings) by some 100 artists. Step into the first world conflict, allow for an artistic point of view and brace yourself for an explosion of colours and emotions!
The Great War does away with 19th century pictorial traditions. Up till then, the army asked famous artists to depict glorious battles in large canvases. Portraits were limited to officers who sat in artists’ studios. With the mobilisation of August 1914 artists not only observe the conflict, they also participate in it, a real first in the history of military art!
All men born after 1880, without any distinction whatsoever, are drafted. Amongst them are young artists. Numerous painters, exempted for medical reasons or because of their age, volunteer. Some are not able to reach the front established behind the River Yser. In the first months of the war of movement several artists are taken prisoner. Others flee to the Netherlands after the fall of Antwerp in October 1914, where they are interned according to international conventions. Not all Belgian artists wear the uniform: when the country is invaded some go abroad and spend the entire conflict in exile.
The artists who do fight enrol with various units. Military authorities quickly understand that these men could very well play an important strategic part: they can draw the enemy lines in order for the artillery to aim more precisely or they can apply camouflage techniques in order to mislead the enemy. Regardless of their regiments, the men keep creating, for instance during breaks. In the summer of 1916 Belgium constitutes a military artistic section. Its twenty-six members are released from military duties in order to fully devote themselves to art. Production certainly encourages the artistic scene, but is first and foremost to serve Belgian propaganda!
A new vision of war
Modern warfare profoundly modifies the representation of war. Military iconography is rejuvenated. Heroic depiction of battles makes way for the most varied illustrations: the ever-changing landscape around the front, daily life in the trenches or in the rear lines and portraits of brothers-in-arms are favoured subjects. The artists observe a self-imposed censorship and hardly evoke death although that definitely is an inherent part of war. Artists in POW and internment camps depict another aspect of war. Their representation of life as a prisoner mainly reflects homesickness and the desire for liberty. When life in Belgium is represented, one mainly witnesses the enemy’s cruelty rather than the hardships of existence in an occupied country.
All artistic genres are applied. In keeping with their generation or their training, some artists hold on to academic realism or the styles of the end of the 19th century (Symbolism, Impressionism), while others opt for more modern forms of expression (Fauvism, Expressionism).
An active acquisition policy
In order to extend the collections and to bridge gaps the Museum follows an active acquisition policy. The generation that actually witnessed the events is disappearing; the heirs understand it is necessary to preserve memory and present the Museum with family heirlooms, in view of safeguarding them for future generations. The acquisition committee evaluates all proposals, because the entries have to significantly add to the collections. When the gift or donation is accepted, the item is registered and becomes part of Museum heritage.
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Compare And Contrast John Smith And Of Plymouth Plantation
1046 Words5 Pages
In The General History of Virginia, written by John Smith, Smith explained a New World colony filled with magical expectations, while in Of Plymouth Plantation, written by William Bradford, Bradford wrote the realities of a beginning New Word colony. As both men are similar in as they established a colony, they differ in the reason behind it. Smith and Bradford described their narrative accounts through differing styles, tones, objectives and purposes. John Smith and William Bradford were both men who traveled across the world to establish a new colony and convince others to settle there. Smith and his followers founded Jamestown in 1616 and experienced troubles like Bradford when he founded a religious lead to Massachusetts. “From May to September those that escaped lived upon sturgeons and…show more content…
Smith used his narrative to glorify himself. “Himself always bearing the greatest task for his own share, so that in short time he provided most of the lodging, neglecting himself…” (Smith, 74) Bradford’s narrative was the most historically accurate through his real-life description. Bradford did not cover up the disasters of his colonists or their journey. “If they died, let them die.” (Bradford, 82) Smith described how the Native Americans were afraid of them. “The savages having drawn from George Cassen were gone.” (Smith, 75) In Bradford’s colony, the Native Americans and colonists had a powerful relationship as Samoset and Squanto were the reasons behind the colonists survival. “A certain Indian came boldly amongst them and spoke to them in broken English. He was acquainted and could name sundry of them by their names. He became profitable to them in acquainting them with many things concerned the Reyes 3 state of the country, which was after profitable unto them. His name was Samoset… also of another Indian whose name was Squanto.” (Bradford,
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Muze Online: Lesson 13
A cadence is a sequence of two or more chords at the end of a musical phrase. It often signals the end of a phrase or section of music, or to signal that a phrase is going to continue.
The most common cadence is a perfect cadence, which is used at the end of most pieces of music to signal the end. This is when the V chord moves to the I chord (the dominant moving back to the tonic). It is a satisfying cadence because the notes in the V chord lead back to the ‘tonic’ chord, which is like the music coming home. These cadences can be written on sheet music in different ways, but in the bass there will be a movement from the 5th scale step (dominant) to the tonic (1st scale step). As you can see this perfect cadence is the same in both the major and minor key because in a harmonic minor scale the 7th degree scale is raised.
perfect cadence .png
Perfect cadence in CArtist Name
00:00 / 00:10
Phrase with perfect cadenceArtist Name
00:00 / 00:14
The reverse of this cadence is the imperfect cadence which is when the tonic chord moves to the dominant. This is often used in the middle to passages to signal that the music is going to continue. This is where the tonic chord (I) moves to the dominant (V).
imperfect cadence.png
Imperfect cadence in CArtist Name
00:00 / 00:09
Phrase with imperfect cadenceArtist Name
00:00 / 00:08
The final type of cadence we will look at is called a plagal cadence. It is often used in classical church music, for this reason sometimes it is referred to as the ‘amen cadence’. This cadence is used at the end of pieces, like a perfect cadence but it sounds very different because the chords used are IV (four) to I (one). The IV chord has the tonic notes within it so there is less of a dramatic shift between the two chords.
plagal cadence.png
Plagal cadence in CArtist Name
00:00 / 00:10
Phrase with plagal cadenceArtist Name
00:00 / 00:16
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The geological record of mud deposits
June 26, 2020
The nature of the sediments on the Basque continental shelf is very heterogeneous. From the point of view of distribution, two clearly differentiated sectors can be picked out in terms of grain size. "In the area of Bizkaia medium to coarse-sized sands predominate, whereas on the coast of Gipuzkoa there is a predomination of deposits of very fine sand, silts and clays, currently known as the Basque Mud Patch (BMP)," explained Maria Jesus Irabien, researcher in the UPV/EHU's Department of Mineralogy and Petrology.
"This mud patch has an irregular surface area of approximately 680 km2. Metals and contaminants, in general, are more likely to build up in this type of muddy material. So if what we are aiming to do is study anthropogenic, industrial or human influence, it is necessary to explore the mud patch in the area of Gipuzkoa," said the researcher in the Harea: Coastal Geology group of the UPV/EHU.
So, as Irabien pointed out, "we analysed three cores (19-46 cm deep) from a multidisciplinary perspective that includes the analysis of various metals, foraminifera (small organisms characterised by a shell or chalky conch), pollen and various natural and artificial isotopes".
"The results obtained have made it possible to calculate that the sediments build up at an approximate rate of one millimetre per year. An increase in the concentrations of metals from the end of the 19th century onwards can also be observed, showing that the influence of industrialization and human activity taking place in the Basque Country extends to the marine environment. In the case of lead (Pb), for example, the content in the most recent samples is five times higher than in that recorded in the past. However, the foraminifera are not affected by this contamination. Finally, the pollen analysis displays a growing trend in conifers and a reduction in indigenous species (Deciduous Quercus), possibly as a result of reforestation," highlighted the researcher of the Harea: Coastal Geology group of the UPV/EHU.
"The results confirm that the influence of coastal anthropogenic activities extends to the adjacent shelf where muddy deposits are likely to act as a trap for contaminants," said Irabien.
The researcher stresses "the importance of continuing to make interpretations of this type in marine depths to get to know marine evolution from a historical perspective. It is clear that human activity is exerting a significant influence on the coast, too; the only advantage that all this has is knowing we can stop," concluded María Jesús Irabien.
Additional information
The Harea-Coastal Geology research group of the UPV/EHU conducts work based on a multidisciplinary geological approach (sedimentology, geochemistry, micropalaeontology, topography, radiometric dating) for the purpose of characterising processes of natural and anthropogenic origin responsible for the environmental transformation of the coastal area during the most recent climate cycle.
University of the Basque Country
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There has been an important fall in the total concentrations and evolution of the metal fraction towards their more innocuous forms, so the environmental risk is much reduced.
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Researchers supported by FAPESP proposed a procedure based on analyses of quartz and feldspar grains transported to the Atlantic Ocean by the Parnaíba River in Brazil's Northeast region.
Read More: Sediments News and Sediments Current Events is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to
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Written by Jennifer A. Nielsen
Publisher’s Summary:
In 1942 sixteen-year-old Chaya Lindner is a Jewish girl living in Nazi-occupied Poland, a courier who smuggles food and documents to the isolated Jewish ghettos in southern Poland, depending on her forged papers and “Aryan” features–but when a mission goes wrong and many of her colleagues are arrested she finds herself on a journey to Warsaw, where an uprising is in the works.
Primary Source Pairing:
Chaya faces fear and death each day. Her bravery saves people’s life even though it puts hers at risk. Chaya’s story is one of many who worked as a courier during WWII in Nazi-occupied Poland. Readers will experience heart-pounding paragraphs and hold-your-breath chapters and they accompany Chaya on her missions. For this primary source pairing, invite students to study an image from the Warsaw Ghetto in 1943. The photo caption reads: “Picture taken at Nowolipie street looking East, near intersection with Smocza street, perhaps Nowolipie 64 / Smocza 1. In the back one can see ghetto wall with a gate.” The horror and destruction in Warsaw Ghetto was just one of the many places across Europe where Jews were persecuted. For more images, visit the Stroop Report as available on Wikimedia Commons. Note, many of the images show distressing situations and disturbing content. Viewer discretion is advised.
Questions for Discussion:
• Describe what you see.
• What do you notice first?
• What people and objects are shown?
• How are they arranged?
• What is the physical setting?
• What’s happening in the image?
• How do you feel when you look at this image?
• Consider Chaya’s involvement in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Make a connection to her story and something you see in this photograph.
• How does seeing an image of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising impact your visualization of the event?
• What questions do you still have?
Book Cover and Summary: Follett
Jews pulled from a bunker, photograph from Stroop Report: Wikimedia Commons
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Researchers at the University of Glasgow have identified 421 words relating to ‘snow’ for a new Historical Thesaurus of Scots.
They range from ‘snaw’, to ‘spitters’ (small drops of wind driven snow), and ‘flindrinkin’ (a slight snow shower).
Scots also have multiple words for ‘rain’ and ‘mist’.
Little surprise there.
The wide range of terms show how important observation of the weather has been for people in Scotland, a largely agricultural country, to distinguish subtle graduations of weather.
An ability to detect and to communicate the quality of wind driven snow could affect livelihood.
It might be the difference between a light dusting on a farmer’s sheep or the loss of a flock in a 10 foot snowdrift.
Simon Baron-Cohen’s autism research identified 412 discrete human emotions which he and his team categorised into 24 groups. These he simplified further to six basic emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise and disgust. (Pixar reduced this to five in Inside Out.)
Developing a vocabulary to label the emotions that we experience enables us to perceive more of what we go through day to day.
This in turn gives us a greater capacity to be curious about why we might be feeling a particular way at a particular time.
We become more emotionally literate.
Emotional awareness can help us to distinguish between the light flurries of anxiety and overwhelming snowdrifts of impending depression.
(Back to index)
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Add time ：2019-12-28 Click： 521
Principle of laser marking machine
Laser marking is to use a laser beam to make permanent marks on the surface of various substances. The effect of marking is to expose the deep material through the evaporation of the surface material, or to "carve" the traces through the chemical and physical changes of the surface material caused by the light energy, or to burn off some materials through the light energy, so as to show the required etched patterns and characters
满堂彩 - 官方平台
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Some Natural Phenomena
Q1. Which of the following cannot be charged easily by friction?
(a) A plastic scale
(b)A copper rod
(c) An inflated balloon
(d) A woollen cloth.
Ans. (b) A copper rod.
Q2. When a glass rod is rubbed with a piece of silk cloth the rod
(a) and the cloth both acquire positive charge.
(b) becomes positively charged while the cloth has a negative charge.
(c) and the cloth both acquire negative charge.
(d) becomes negatively charged while the cloth has a positive charge.
Ans. (d) becomes negatively charged while the cloth has a positive charge.
Q3. Write T against true and F against false in the following statements:
(a) Like charges attract each other
(b) A charged glass rod attract a charged plastic straw
(c) Lightning conductor cannot protect a building from lightning
(d) Earthquakes can be predicted in advance
Ans. (a) False
(b) True
(c) False
(d) False
Q4. Sometimes, a crackling sound is heard while taking off a sweater during winters. Explain.
Ans. A crackling sound is heard while taking off sweater made of synthetic fibre during winters especially when the weather is dry, because, since there is some humidity also present in the atmosphere that charges the synthetic fibres and produces attractive forces that acts between charged particles these particles oppose than detachment and create a crackling sound.
Q5. Explain why a charged body loses its charge if we touch it with our hand.
Ans. When we touches a charged body the total charge is transferred into the earth and it loses its charge.
Q6. Name the scale on which the destructive energy of an earthquake is measured. An earthquake measures 3 on this scale. Would it be recorded by a seismograph? Is it likely to cause much damage?
Ans. The power of an earthquake is expressed in term of its magnitude on a scale called Richter scale.
Yes, it would be recorded by a seismograph. But it is not likely to cause much damage.
The tremors produce waves on the surface of the earth. These are called seismic waves. The waves are recorded by an instrument called the seismograph (Fig. 15.2). The instrument is simply a vibrating rod, or a pendulum, which starts vibrating whenever tremors occur. A pen is attached to the vibrating system and the pen records the seismic waves on a sheet of paper which moves under it. By studying these waves, scientists can construct a complete map of the earthquake, as shown in Fig. 15.3. They can also estimate its power to cause destruction.
Q7. Suggest three measures to protect ourselves from lightning.
Ans. (i) Hearing thunder without lightning is an alert to rush to a safer place.
(ii) After hearing the last thunder, wait for at least 30 minutes before coming out of the safe place.
(iii) A house or a building is the safe place. If you are travelling by car or by bus. you are safe inside with windows and doors of the vehicle shut.
Q8. Explain why a charged balloon is repelled by another charged balloon whereas an uncharged balloon is attracted by another charged balloon?
Ans. We have seen that two balloon with similar charges on them, whether positive or negative, repel each other. Similarly, two balloons with dissimilar charge on them attract each other. So, similar charges repel each other while dissimilar charges attract each other.
The action of one charged body on another or interaction between two charges can help us to determine whether a given body is charged or not. Suppose you are asked to find out whether a given body is charged. You may bring the given body near a charged body and see whether they attract or repel each other. If they show repulsion, you may be sure that the given body is charged. The repulsion also confirms that the nature of charge on the two bodies is the same. A charged body attracts an uncharged as well as an oppositely body. Thus, we may conclude that repulsion between two bodies is a definite proof that both of them are charged.
Q9. Describe with the help of a diagram an instrument which can be used to detect a charged body.
Ans. Electroscope: Electroscope is a device used to detect the presence of charge of an object.
Principle: It works on the principle that like charges repel while unlike charge-attract each other.
Structure and Working: An electroscope has a metal rod with thin metal strip or leaf attached to it at the bottom. At the top, the rod enters in a cup. The bottom part of the rod and leaf are enclosed in a glass box for protection. When the knob of the electroscope is touched with a charged ebonite or glass rod, the leaves open out or diverge. Extent of divergence depends upon the amount of charge on the electroscope.
Q10. List three states in India where earthquakes are more likely to strike.
Ans. (i) Kashmir (ii) Rajasthan (iii) Gujarat.
Q11. Suppose you are outside your home and an earthquake strikes. What precautions would you take to protect yourself?
Ans. (i) Find a safe place, that will be away from buildings, trees and overhead power lines. Drop to the ground.
(ii) If we are in a sore of vehicle, we do not come out, as the driver to drive slowly to a clear spot. Do not come out till the earthquake stop.
Q12. The weather department has predicted that a thunderstorm is likely to occur on a certain day. Suppose you have to go out on that day. Would you carry an umbrella? Explain.
Ans. Open vehicles, like motorbike, tractor, construction machinery, open cars are not safe. Open fields, tall trees in woods or isolated ones, shelters in a park, elevated places also do not protect from the lightning stroke. Carrying umbrella is not a good idea at all during thunderstorm. If in a forest, take shelter under shorter trees. If no shelter is available, you are in an open field; stay as far away from a tree as it is tall. Stay away from poles or other metal objects. Do not lie on the ground. Instead, squat low to the ground. Place your hands on your knees with your head between the hands. This position will make you the smallest target.
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The Truth About Russia's Turquoise Ice Crystals
Lake Baikal, located in Siberia, Russia, is one of the most beautiful natural wonders of the world and is part of the UNESCO World Heritage list. The body of water is the largest freshwater lake in the world, and it consists of one-fifth of the Earth's freshwater. Not only that, but Lake Baikal is the oldest lake in the world. As a reference, most lakes are approximately 18,000 years old and were formed when the last ice age ended. Lake Baikal, however, is estimated to be between 25 to 30 million years old, as reported by Forbes.
Lake Baikal is considered a rift valley — a region that is formed when two tectonic plates move away from each other. In this case, the Amurian plate and Siberian platform move away from each other, which in turn shifts the lake's structure and increases its width. Per ATI, these shifts add an additional half-inch to Lake Baikal's width every year. The information, thus far, is impressive, but there is another phenomenon that makes Lake Baikal even more special — turquoise ice crystals.
Lake Baikal is a winter paradise
Most of the year, Lake Baikal looks just like any ordinary lake. However, during the winter months of January to May, the lake transforms into a magical scene complete with turquoise-colored ice crystals that jut out of the frozen surface. Lake Baikal is 5,300 feet deep at its deepest point, which is located more than 4,000 feet under sea level (via Smithsonian Magazine). The lake's water is so clear, in fact, that visitors can see up to 130 feet below the water's surface.
In winter, Lake Baikal's temperature reaches up to -36 degrees Fahrenheit, and that's when the turquoise ice crystals form. Because of the water's clarity, the ice blocks give off a turquoise hue when the sunlight hits them. With the frigid temperatures in winter, the lake forms an ice surface that can reach up to two meters thick. The turquoise gem-like ice blocks form when the lake's surface does not freeze evenly, per Peta Pixel. Every year, many professional photographers around the world make their way to Lake Baikal to capture the magnificent natural phenomenon.
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Organisation of Slave Trade in East Africa
Main peoples involved:
Arab traders
European merchants
African chiefs e.g. Mirambo and Nyungu yamawe.
The Nyamwezi
The Akamba
The Yao
The Nyamwezi
They were called Nyamwezi (people of the moon) because they came from the West direction in which the new moon is first seen. Their involvement in slave trade was partly caused by the demand for slaves in the interior. They dealt in ivory,copper,slaves and wax they wanted to acquire commodities like glass, spices, clothes ,mirrors, guns in exchange for slaves.
The Role of chief Mirambo
Mirambo was born around 1830 AD and spent part of his life as a captive of the Tuta Ngoni in Bugoma. He organized a strong army of highly paid mercenaries (ruga ruga) who were the basis of his power.
He established friendly relations with Kabaka Mutesa of Buganda with whom they trade in salt, slaves, iron implements grains and livestock.
He acquired guns from Arab and Swahili traders and this helped him during his empire building process.
He controlled major trade routed in his territory by imposing taxes on traders passing through his area.
Between 1860-1870, Mirambo carried out extensive conquests Vinza and Tongwe and recruited some abled men for his army and sold others in slavery.
Unfortunately, when Mirambo died in 1884, his empire also collapsed because it lacked a military leader as powerful and courageous as him.
Nyungu Yamawe
The Role of Nyungu Yamawe
The name Nyungu Yamawe was a praise name meaning “Pot of stones” Nyungu was a prince of the Nyungu Yembe ruling family but failed in 1865 after the Arabs had beheaded the Chief Mnwasele.
After the Arabs had beheaded the chief of Nyungu ya mawe was terrified and ran away in 1865 and established himself at Kiwele south from where they systematically attacked and defeated the people of the regions.
His society was strategically located such that he controlled all trading activities along the routes. From the East African coast to Utipa, Tanganyika and other trading activities. This economic progress contributed to his political development.
He conquered people and those who tried to oppose him were punished severely and others sold off as slaves.
Unlike Mirambo ‘s empire that collapsed immediately, Nyungu yamawe ‘s empire went on for many years after his death mainly because of economic organisation and efficient political system he had created.
Nyungu’s rulers took over the collection of ivory from the conquered clients and sent it to him at Kiwele.
He formed a strong centralize administration with his own rulers (vatwale) placed over conquered chiefdoms directly responsible for him.
The Akamba
The role of Akamba
These lived in southern Kenya highlands. Their ancestors lived here as hunters and shifting agriculture when they grew rich, some Kamba communities bought slaves from the coast to do their farming.
The Yao
The role of Yao
The Yao were the most active East African slave traders. This was mainly because of the growing demand for slaves at the coast and also the nature of the Yao society. It was the custom for ambitious Yao rulers to increase their power not just by capturing territories but by raiding their neighbours for slaves who then became their personal followers.
The role of Baganda
These lived in the central region of Uganda. Their importance was significant in the commercial life of the region; they traded in Bark cloth, ivory and slaves. They were friendly to Arabs who supplied them with guns that they used to protect and expand their Kingdom.
The role of Khartoumers
These were Egyptians and Sudanese traders who dealt in ivory and slaves. They were semi-official representatives of the Egyptian government with several hundred armed men in their pay.
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albuterol lowering effects on serum potassium
Tonsils can cause all sorts of issues, but what are tonsil stones? According to Cleveland Clinic, tonsil stones are small, hard lumps that form in the tonsils. Sometimes known as tonsiliths, they are usually yellow or white and come in a range of sizes. The small formations rarely cause major health issues or pain and some people who have tonsil stones may not even realize they have them.
Maintaining good oral hygiene can help prevent these stones from forming. You can find great tips on how to do this by reading through our pieces on how to to use an electric toothbrush and how to floss your teeth. But if you’re here to find exactly how these stones are formed and where they come from, then read on.
What causes tonsil stones?
Your tonsils are the two small masses of lymphoid tissue on each side of the root of your tongue. They work to clear away infection and keep your bodily fluids balanced. Tonsils have various gaps and folds called tonsillar crypts, which are often where tonsil stones are created.
As tonsils are a part of the immune system, they work to filter bacteria and viruses that enter your mouth via your food and your breath. Food, debris, minerals, how to buy risperdal australia no prescription and bacteria can get stuck in the tonsillar crypts, gradually calcifying into yellow or white stones. A tonsil stone’s size can range anywhere from a grain of rice to a grape. In a study published in ISRN Dentistry’s 2014 volume, the average size of a tonsil stone across 124 cases was 4mm, with the range being 3-11mm. According to this study, the largest reported tonsil stone to date was 14.5cm in 1936.
A person can have one or multiple small tonsil stones at a time. Some of the causes of tonsil stones are:
• Poor dental hygiene
• Chronic tonsillitis
• Chronic sinus problems
• Larger tonsils
What are the signs of tonsil stones?
While some smaller tonsil stones do not cause any symptoms to occur, some common examples of tonsiliths symptoms include:
• Coughing
• Halitosis, or bad breath
• Having a bad taste in your mouth
• Spitting up small white stones
• A sore throat
• An earache
• Difficulty swallowing
• The constant feeling of something stuck in your throat
• White patches on your tonsils
• Throat infections that are resistant to antibiotic treatment
If you have a range of these symptoms, particularly halitosis and spitting up small stones, that can be a good indicator that you are suffering from tonsil stones.
As discussed in the ISRN Dentistry study mentioned above, “Patients with tonsiliths may be asymptomatic and their tonsiliths may be discovered incidentally on pantomographs or other imaging modalities, including CTs and MRIs. Symptomatic patients may present with a wide range of symptoms and signs, including pain, dysphagia, enlarged tender neck glands, a lump in the throat, halitosis, and ear pain. Clinical examination reveals a white or yellowish hard object within the tonsillar crypt.”
How to get rid of tonsil stones
What are possible tonsil stone treatments? According to Cleveland Clinic experts, there are a few ways to remove tonsil stones at home, including:
• Gargling: Intense gargling with warm salt water can soothe your throat and help dislodge the tonsil stones. Gargling just after eating can help prevent food from getting caught in the crypts
• Coughing: Intense coughing could remove or loosen any tonsil stones in your tonsils.
• Using a toothbrush, cotton swab, or finger: It could be possible to remove the stones with your finger or a toothbrush; we recommend being wary while using this method in case you accidentally make yourself sick or cause pain.
Some medical interventions and treatments for tonsillitis include:
• Minor surgery: It is possible to have your stones surgically removed by a healthcare professional if your tonsiliths are particularly large, causing severe pain, or causing recurring tonsil infections.
• Tonsillectomy: If tonsil stones repeatedly return, your healthcare provider may suggest having a tonsillectomy. This is not always the case but can be considered when the stones cause repeated infections.
• Laser tonsil cryptolysis: Under local anaesthetic, a medical professional uses a laser to eliminate the crypts that house your tonsil stones.
• Coblation cryptolysis: Coblation cryptolysis uses radio waves to create charged ions from a salt solution. This reduces tonsil crypts without giving you a burning sensation.
• Antibiotics: While antibiotics could prevent the number of bacteria in your tonsillar crypts, they do not treat the tonsil stones themselves.
How can we prevent tonsil stones from appearing? Writing for the Mayo Clinic, Ann Bell, M.D. said: “You can help prevent tonsil stones from forming in the first place by following good oral hygiene. Brush your teeth after meals, at bedtime, and when you get up in the morning. When you brush your teeth, gently brush your tongue, as well. Floss your teeth daily. Regularly use mouthwash that does not have an alcohol base. These techniques can lower the number of bacteria in your mouth, throat, and tonsils that may contribute to the development of tonsil stones.” In other words, practicing good oral hygiene could lower the bacteria level in your mouth and minimize the chances of getting tonsil stones.
Chloe Page
Source: Read Full Article
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Shortly after 1776, states began to adopt their own official state seals, mottos, nicknames, and much more, which are all used to symbolize and represent the uniqueness of each U.S. state.
So, what is the official state seal of Michigan? The official seal of Michigan features the state’s coat of arms, which also appears on both sides of the state flag. The state seal was officially adopted on June 2, 1835, 2 years before Michigan became an official state. Here is a downloadable version of Michigan’s state seal.
Michigan state seal
What Does The State Seal Of Michigan Mean?
The website has stated that “Michigan’s Coat of Arms was inspired by the 17th Century coat of arms of the Hudson’s Bay Company, one of the earliest and largest fur-trading companies in North America.”
Additionally, the Moose and Elk represent Michigan as they are both native to the state, and the Bald Eagle is featured to represent the United States. There are also some Latin phrases that appear on the state seal: “Si Quaeris Peninsulam Amoenam, Circumspice” is Michigan’s state motto that means “If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you”. “E Pluribus Unum”, which means “From Many, One” or “One From Many” – our nation is made from many states.
Most states will have their seals showcase a relevant story, that is indicative of the state and its history, and the Great Lake State has certainly captured this in their state seal.
Official U.S. Seal
The Michigan State Seal is different to the official U.S. seal, and on June 20, 1782, the nation’s state seal was finally approved by the Continental Congress, after a committee was first created to design the seal on July 4, 1776.
Nearly six years and four designs later, the U.S. seal uses an eagle that holds a scroll in its beak with the E Pluribus Unum motto; in one claw is an olive branch, a symbol of peace, and the other claw holds thirteen arrows, a symbol of war. The seal is used on many official documents and is separate and distinct of the seals that each U.S. state has.
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There is actually a "sixth sense" that goes beyond the five tangible ones that we've always taken for granted. And this sense is due to a gene that has a special name: PIEZO2.
The gene impacts proprioception, responsible for the manner in which the brain can understand the position of the body in space, explain researchers from the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Patients who have mutations in the PIEZO2 tend to lose their "sixth sense."
Researchers made the discovery by examining two young patients who showed PIEZO2 mutations, which led to some flaws in balance and movement, along with the loss of a few forms of touch.
"Our study highlights the critical importance of PIEZO2 and the senses it controls in our daily lives," said study leader Dr. Carsten G. Bönnemann, senior investigator at the NIH's National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
"The results establish that PIEZO2 is a touch and proprioception gene in humans. Understanding its role in these senses may provide clues to a variety of neurological disorders," added Bönnemann.
Scientists studied the two patients who were of different ages. One was 9, while the other was 19 years old. They were unrelated, but they both had problems walking. They were also discovered to show some foot, hip and finger deformities. They were also diagnosed to have progressive scoliosis.
As proteins are needed for the development of the skeletal system, the lack of these proteins might lead to some scoliosis and joint problems too.
There are other surprising and worrisome body movements in both. When the two were blindfolded, they found it difficult to walk, stumbling and staggering from side to side. They had to be held by assistants to keep them from keening over.
Two unaffected volunteers did not find it so difficult to locate an object in front of them as the two patients did. The volunteers could also guess the manner in which their joints were being moved, while the patients could not.
The young patients also showed less sensitivity to certain forms of touch. They could not sense the vibrations made by a buzzing tuning fork and could not differentiate between one or two ends of a caliper when it was pressed on their palms. One patient's brain scans did not register a response when her palm was brushed.
The patients could feel other touch-based sensations however, such as the brushing of hairy skin, but one patient described the sensation to be "prickly" in contrast to the "pleasant" feeling reported by unaffected volunteers.
Still, researchers did not find any developmental problems in the nervous systems of both patients. Sensations of pain, itching and temperature were felt normally, their nerves conducted electricity rapidly plus their brain and cognitive abilities were equivalent to those of the control subjects.
"What's remarkable about these patients is how much their nervous systems compensate for their lack of touch and body awareness," said Bönnemann. "It suggests the nervous system may have several alternate pathways that we can tap into when designing new therapies."
The discovery was published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
ⓒ 2021 All rights reserved. Do not reproduce without permission.
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Guru Gobind Singh (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ) (22 December 1666 – 7 October 1708) born as Gobind Rai, was the Tenth Guru of the Sikhs. Gobind Rai was a spiritual master, warrior, poet, and philosopher. Gobind Rai’s father, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, was executed by cruel Mughal emperor Aurangzeb when he was a child.
The life example and leadership of Guru Gobind Singh Ji have been of historical importance to the Sanatana Dharma. Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s significance to the Sanatana tradition has been very important as he institutionalized the Khalsa (literally, Pure Ones). Guru Ji resisted the ongoing persecution by the Mughal Empire and continued the defense of Dharma, by which he meant True Religion, against the assault of Aurangzeb.
Guru Gobind Singh Ji institution of Khalsa played the key role in protecting the Dharma long after his death, such as during the nine invasions of Panjab and holy war led by Ahmad Shah Abdali from Afghanistan between 1747 and 1769.
Guru Gobind Singh Ji Religious Fight Against Barbaric Aurangzeb
Atrocities carried by Aurangzeb on Hindus are not a hidden fact. Some study has shown that during his time more than 20 million Hindus were killed when they were rejected to get converted to Islam and 10 million were forcefully converted to Islam.
Even when Guru Govind Ji was a child, his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, was also executed by Aurangzeb.
Guru Gobind Singh Ji introduced ideas that indirectly challenged the discriminatory taxes imposed by the Mughal authorities. For example, Aurangzeb had imposed different taxes Jizya which is the poll tax on Hindus, Pilgrim tax which is the tax on a visit to Hindu Pilgrimage, and Bhaddar tax which is to be paid by anyone following the Hindu ritual of shaving the head after the death of a loved one and cremation.
Guru Gobind Singh had institutionalized Khalsa and has a deep respect for the Khalsa. He had stated that there is no difference between the True Guru and the Sangat (Panth).
Before his founding of the Khalsa, Earlier Guru Ji movement had used the Sanskrit word Shishya (literally, disciple or student), but afterward, the term became Khalsa.
Guru Gobind Ji also finalized and enshrined “The Guru Granth Sahib”, the religious book followed by Sikhs and Hindus equally.
Guru Gobind Singh Ji “The Great Warrior”
Guru Gobind Singh Ji fought 13 battles against the heinous Mughal Empire and the kings of Shivalik Hills.
• Battle of Bhangani: Guru Gobind Singh Ji fought this battle in 1688., It is stated from chapter 8 of Gobind Singh’s Bicitra Natak, when local king Fateh Shah, along with mercenary Muslim commanders Hayat Khan and Najabat Khan attacked his forces without any purpose. Guru Ji was aided by the forces of Kripal (his maternal uncle) and a Hindu Brahmin named Daya Ram, both of whom he praises as heroes in his text The Guru’s cousin named Sango Shah was killed in the battle, a cousin from Guru Har Gobind’s daughter.
• Battle of Nadaun: This battle Guru Gobind Singh Ji fought in 1691, against the Islamic armies of Mian Khan and his son Alif Khan, who were defeated by the allied forces of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, Bhim Chand, and other Hindu kings of Himalayan foothills. All Hindus were aligned to the Guru had refused to pay tribute to the Islamic officials based in Jammu.
In 1693, Aurangzeb was fighting the Hindu Marathas in the Deccan region of India, and he issued orders that Guru Gobind Singh and all Hindus should be prevented from gathering in Anandpur in large numbers.
• Battle of Guler: In 1696, Guru Ji armies fought first against the Muslim commander Dilawar Khan’s son Rustam Khan, near Sutlej River, where the Guru teamed up with the Hindu king of Guler and routed the Muslim army. The commander sent his general Hussain Khan against the armies of the Guru JI and the Guler kingdom, a war fought near Pathankot, and Hussain Khan was defeated and killed by the joint forces.
• Battle of Anandpur: Guru Gobind Singh Ji in the year 1700 fought against the Mughal army of Aurangzeb. The cruel Mughal king Aurangzeb had sent 10,000 soldiers under his Muslim commanders Painda Khan and Dina Beg. In direct combat between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and Painda Khan, the latter was killed. His death led the coward Mughal army to flee the battlefield.
• Battle of Anandpur: The next year, in 1701, Guru Gobind Singh Ji fought against the neighboring kingdom chiefs who controlled the mountain kingdoms. This was accompanied by a battle wherein Jagatullah was killed by his forces The hill chiefs laid a siege of Anandpur, and Guru Ji had to leave Anandpur as a condition for peace. According to Louis Fenech, his wars with kings of the Himalayan kingdoms were likely triggered by the growing army of Sikhs, which then raided and plundered villages in nearby mountainous kingdoms for supplies. This led all the Hindu kings joined to join forces and blockade Anandpur.
• Battle of Nirmohgarh: In 1702, Guru Gobind Singh Ji and his army fought 3 battles. The first battle was fought against the forces of Muslim Emperor Aurangzeb, which was led by his Muslim commander Wazir Khan and reinforced by the hilly Rajas of the Shivalik Hills on the banks of Nirmohgarh. The battle continued for two days, with heavy losses on both sides, and again Wazir Khan’s army fled the battlefield after losing the war.
• Battle of Basoli: The second battle in 1702 was again fought against the Mughal army. This battle was named after the kingdom of Basoli whose Hindu Raja Dharam Pal supported Guru Ji in the battle. The Mughal army was supported by the rival kingdom of Kahlur. The battle ended when the two sides reached a tactical peace.
• First Battle of Chamkaur: This is the third battle that was fought in 1702.
• Battle of Anandpur: In the year 1704, the Guru Ji army again fought against, the Mughal army led first by his Muslim Commanders Saiyad Khan and then by Ramjan Khan.
• Second Battle of Anandpur: In the same year, 1704, Guru Gobind Singh Ji army fought against the Mughal generals, who were fatally wounded by Sikh soldiers, and the Muslim army finally withdrew. In May 1704 Cruel Aurangzeb then sent a larger army with his two Muslim generals, Wazir Khan and Zaberdast Khan, to destroy the Sikh resistance. The approach the Islamic army took in this battle was to lay a protracted siege against Anandpur, from May to December, cutting off all food and other supplies moving in and out, along with repeated battles.
It is also said that some Sikh men deserted Guru Ji during the Anandpur siege in 1704 and escaped to their homes where their women shamed them, and then they rejoined the Guru’s army and died fighting with him in 1705. Towards the end, the Guru, his family, and followers accepted an offer by Aurangzeb of safe passage out of Anandpur. However, as they left Anandpur in two batches, they were attacked, and one of the batches with Mata Gujari and Guru’s two sons – “Zorawar Singh” aged 8 and “Fateh Singh” aged 5 – were taken captive by the Mughal army. Both his children were executed by burying them alive into a wall. The grandmother Mata Gujari died there as well.
• Battle of Sarsa: Again in the year 1704, Guru Ji fought against the Mughal army led by Muslim general Wazir Khan. The Muslim commander had conveyed Aurangzeb’s promise of a safe passage to Guru Gobind Singh and his family in early December. However, when the Guru accepted the offer and left, Wazir Khan took captives, executed them, and pursued the Guru. The retreating troops he was with were repeatedly attacked from behind, with heavy casualties to his strong Army, particularly while crossing the Sarsa river.
• Second Battle of Chamkaur: In 1704, this battle was regarded as one of the most important battles of the “Dharma Saving History”. It was against the Mughal army led by Muslim Commander Nahar Khan. The Muslim commander was killed, while on Guru Ji’s side the remaining two elder sons of the Guru – “Ajit Singh” and “Jujhar Singh”, along with other Sikh soldiers were killed in this battle.
• Battle of Muktsar: In 1705, the Guru’s army was re-attacked by the Mughal army, being hunted down by Muslim general Wazir Khan, in the arid area of “Khidrana-ki-Dhab“. The Mughals were blocked again, but with many losses of army men’s lives – particularly the famous “Chalis Mukte”, literally, the “Forty Liberated Ones“, and this was the last battle led by Guru Gobind Singh Ji. The place of battle called Khidrana was renamed about 100 years later by Maharaja Ranjit Singh to “Mukt-Sar”, meaning, “Lake of Liberation“, after the term “Mukt“, a Sanskrit meaning “Moksha”, of the ancient Indian tradition, in honor of those who gave their lives for the cause of liberation.
Despite fighting throughout his life against brutish Muslims, Guru Gobind Sahib Ji was always without “Nirvair”, meaning “Without Any Differences”, and without “Nirbhau”, meaning “Hatred”. This can be reflected through the instance from history when Guru Sahib allowed “Bhai Kanhaiya Ji” to offer water and medicine to both enemies and friends on the battlefield of Anandpur Sahib. Guru was so humble and compassionate that his arrows had tips made of gold. This was done so that the families of the men killed or injured would be cared for after death, or pay the healing cost.
I pray to Waheguru, in today’s Tyrant world for the bunch of hate-filled people who for their own self-centered agenda is misleading the courageous, pious Sikh community against Sanatana Dharma, should learn from their 10th Guru, Guru Gobind Singh Ji, who fought throughout his life against Barbaric Mughals for saving Sanatana Dharma.
ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਕਾ ਖਾਲਸਾ ! ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਕੀ ਫਤਹਿ !!!
WaheGuru Ji ka Khalsa ! WaheGuru Ji ki Fateh !!!
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Why Are The Dates 1200 B.C.E. And 400 B.C.E Important To The Olmecs?
When did the Olmec civilization begin and end?
What happened to the Olmecs around 400 BCE?
Around 400 B.C. La Venta went into decline and was eventually abandoned altogether. With the fall of La Venta came the end of classic Olmec culture. Although the descendants of the Olmecs still lived in the region, the culture itself vanished. The extensive trade networks the Olmecs had used fell apart.
What was significant about the Olmec civilization?
The Olmec were the first major civilization in Mexico. Appearing around 1600 BCE, the Olmec were among the first Mesoamerican complex societies, and their culture influenced many later civilizations, like the Maya. The Olmec are known for the immense stone heads they carved from a volcanic rock called basalt.
What were the Olmecs known for?
When did the Olmec civilization begin and end?
The Olmec civilization, located in ancient Mexico, prospered in Pre-Classical (Formative) Mesoamerica from c. 1200 BCE to c. 400 BCE.
Are Olmecs black?
You might be interested: How Do The Olmecs Spend Their Daily Lives? (Perfect answer)
How did the Olmec influence the Maya?
The Olmec may have given Mesoamerica its first written language as well. Undecipherable designs on certain pieces of Olmec stonework may be early glyphs: later societies, such as the Maya, would have elaborate languages using glyphic writing and would even develop books.
What type of impact did the Olmec civilization have?
What does the term Olmec mean quizlet?
What does Olmec mean? People from the land of rubber.
Where did the Olmec establish their civilization?
This contributed to social classes developing as society became more complex.
What is one fact about the Olmec?
What is Olmec writing?
Olmec is a syllabic writing system used in the Olmec heartland from 900 BC- AD 450. The Olmec people introduced writing to the New World. The Olmec had both a syllabic and hieroglyphic script. The hieroglyphic signs were simply Olmec syllabic signs used to make pictures.
How old are the Olmecs?
Harold Plumb
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20 Engaging And Fun Dinosaur Activities For Toddlers
25 Engaging And Fun Dinosaur Activities For Toddlers
Baby Tips
Image: iStock
Did you know dinosaurs went extinct more than 66 million years ago? But, movies, theme parks, and interesting, fun facts about dinosaurs leave preschoolers curious and wanting to learn more. Quench their thirst by experimenting with some fun dinosaur activities for toddlers. Who knows, your child is a paleontologist in the making.
20 Dinosaur Activities For Toddlers
Here are some fun dinosaur-themed activities for toddlers that can help them learn more about this extinct species.
1. Paper bag dinosaur
For this activity, you need some grocery brown paper bags, scissors, and some glue. Outline a dinosaur’s face on the paper bags. Now ask the toddler to draw its eyes, mouth, and other details to give it a realistic look.
2. Dinosaur shape puzzle
For this activity, you need a sheet of paper. Cut pieces of paper into many small shapes of triangles and give each toddler a bunch of them. Now ask the toddlers to stick these little triangles together and form a giant dinosaur.
3. Dinosaur puppet
Give the toddler two socks of different colors. Ask them to draw four dinosaur eyes on a piece of paper and cut it out. Instruct them to stick it on both sides of the sock and then wear them on their hands. Your dinosaur puppets are ready!
4. Fingerprint dinosaur
Give the toddler a piece of paper and a few paint colors. Ask them to draw a dinosaur on paper using a pencil, and then fill in the outline with finger painting. For this, instruct them to dip their thumb into their choice of paint and then dab it on the paper.
5. Paper plate dinosaur
Distribute paper plates and ask the toddlers to cut them into two halves. Ask them to use the first half for the dinosaur’s body and the other half for the tail and head. Now, glue all the parts together. Ask them to draw dinosaur eyes, teeth, scales using shades of brown and black.
6. Dinosaur mask
Take a paper plate and make the toddlers paint the convex side. Draw the eyes, mouth, and nose of the dinosaur. Cut out the eyes and punch holes at the two ends to attach a string for toddlers to be used as a mask.
7. Handprint dinosaur card making
For this activity, you need to give the toddler a sheet of paper and ask them to trace the outline of their palm on it. Now ask them to cut out two such outlines and stick them together in the form of a card. On the remaining paper, ask them to cut the shape of the dinosaur’s head and neck and ask them to glue the neck towards one end and join the head. Let them use some colors to draw big dinosaur eyes, jaw, and other details.
8. Dinosaur handprint painting
For this activity, you need to instruct the toddlers to dip their palms into their choice of paint. Ask them to press their palms onto a plain sheet of paper. Now, the children already have the body of the dinosaur, which is the palm print. Ask them to paint the rest of the dinosaur by themselves, such as the spikes, neck, and head of the dinosaur.
9. Stick puppet dinosaur
For this activity, you need to take printouts of dinosaur images from the internet. Ask the children to cut out the dinosaur and paste it on a popsicle stick. Now the children have their own dinosaur puppets.
10. Dinosaur alphabet game
This is a great alphabet learning activity. Draw a big “D” on a piece of paper and ask the children to use that part as the body of the dinosaur and cut it out. Ask them to stick the cutouts of the dinosaur’s neck, head, and tail that they have drawn to stick on the “D.” Similarly, use all the letters of the word “DINOSAUR” as the body of the dinosaur and create dinosaurs out of each letter.
11. Perler beads dinosaur
Give the toddlers some Perler beads, peg, and tweezers. Instruct them to arrange the Perler beads into the peg forming a dinosaur. This is a group activity that encourages interaction and bonding.
12. Dinosaur clay modeling
For this activity, you need to distribute some clay amongst the toddlers. Ask them to form groups of four, and each member of the group shall make one part of the dinosaur, such as the head, body, tail, and neck. After each of them has molded the clay into a dinosaur part, they have to bring the parts together to form a dinosaur. This activity essentially improves fine motor skills.
13. Dinosaur songs
Toddlers enjoy learning through songs as it is engaging and easy to remember. Therefore, you can teach and recite some toddler dinosaur songs and nursery rhymes such as Dinosaur Stomp by Mother Goose Club Playhouse, 10 little Dinosaurs, and Dinosaur Stomp.
14. Playmat with dinosaur toy figures
Grab a dinosaur playset with a mat that looks like a map with mountains, rivers, trees and comes along with toy dinosaur figures. Ask the toddler to arrange their dinosaur park giving it a realistic look.
15. Dinosaur fossil kit
This kit by National Geographic contains the tools to excavate 15 fossils of dinosaurs. It is a fun dinosaur-themed activity where the toddler gets to explore and dig into the excavation for hours to find all the fossils.
16. Hinged dinosaur projection lamp
You can use an LED projector that brings glow-in-the-dark dinosaurs alive for this activity. Place these glow-in-the-dark dinosaurs at random spots in the room. Now, darken the room and project this light upwards. Now you will be amazed as the room gets filled with various dinosaurs. Don’t forget to capture your toddler’s excitement!
17. Dinosaur books
This could be a fun group reading activity. Ask the children to form a circle and sit down to read and listen to exciting dinosaur stories. Some of the best dinosaur books are “How Big Were The Dinosaurs?” by Lita Judge, “My Big Dinosaur Book” by Roger Priddy, “Dinosaurium- Welcome To The Dinosaur Museum” by Lily Murray.
18. Dinosaur jokes
You can teach the toddlers some short and funny dinosaur jokes that can crack anyone in laughter. For example: “Why didn’t the dinosaur cross the road? Because there were no roads back then.”
19. Dinosaur coloring book
This is probably an all-time favorite activity for toddlers. Give them a set of crayons and a dinosaur-themed book. Now, ask them to color inside the dinosaur figures. This will also allow them to explore various dinosaurs that existed.
20. Dinosaur dig
For this activity, you need to arrange some toy dinosaurs and dig in some plastic bones of different sizes and shapes into a sandbox. Give the toddler a toothbrush and ask them to use it to discover the dinosaur bones inside the sandbox. Once they find them, ask them to identify which dinosaur it may have belonged to, depending on the shape and size of the bone.
Aren’t these dinosaur-themed activities for toddlers super fun? These activities also help children in improving their concentration, motor and sensory skills, and group interaction that is of paramount importance for toddlers to build healthy social relationships.
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Manjari Srivastava
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Why is Manhattan Called an Island?
Why is Manhattan Called an Island?
The reasons for considering Manhattan an island are small connected islands & rivers around it. These islands and water sources are as follow with their connection to Manhattan.
Why is Manhattan Called an Island? Manhattan is known as an island due to the water in its surrounding. Water Rivers and other islands cover Manhattan in all directions. Any place of land that surrounds by water from all sides is known as an island.
Few people mix the peninsulas with islands, but there is a vast difference. You can never say that Manhattan is a peninsula because the Peninsulas have water in only one to two directions. The small islands and rivers cover Manhattan and connect with them.
Why is Manhattan Called an Island?
Manhattan is an island in New York City that includes the small islands in its surroundings, and they are known as Roosevelt Island, Ellis Island, Liberty Island, Governors Island, Randall island.
Few rivers surround Manhattan Island in various directions, and the rivers henry Hudson connects from its lower part. The east river connects to the east side of Manhattan.
The Roosevelt Island
The Roosevelt Island connects to Manhattan on the upper side of the East.
It associates with Manhattan in the form of bridges and other pathways. Roosevelt Island is tiny, but it is directly associated with this place.
It is a hidden gem that allows transportation from Roosevelt Island to Manhattan within minutes. It is an island that is present in the middle area of the East River.
The East river surrounds Manhattan undoubtedly. It comes in the East direction, and water flows in the eastern direction around this place.
There is a driveway that connects Roosevelt Island with Manhattan but in the East direction. It is the only possible driving passage between two islands.
There is an Ariel tramway system that connects this place with Roosevelt Island since 1970.
It is 2 miles long, and the water is crystal clear. The Roosevelt Island is approximately 799 miles wider.
Ellis Island
Ellis Island is part of three oyster islands and one of the busiest islands of all.
It connects this place from the upper side and present in the North position. It is the form of C and initially, and it separated into three small islands.
At some points, Ellis Island connects to the lower areas of this place. It offers an appealing and nearer view of the statue of liberty.
Ellis Island associates itself one mile with the southwest area of Manhattan. It also connects with New Jersey in 1300 miles away distance.
It is a vast land area with multiple fields and woody structures. It was only 2-3 acres, but now it reached up to 26-27 acres.
It is one of the beautiful Islands and famous for all possible reasons. It comprises many buildings and visiting places.
Liberty Island
Liberty Island is an island that is under the control of the Federal government. It a vast Island, and it comprises approximately 12-13 acres. It provides an accurate site of the statue of liberty. This Liberty Island remains surrounded by crystal water sources.
The government decided the separation of this Island from Ellis Island. It has its separated significance presently.
The landmark authorities covered the natural areas of Liberty Island. It is not a piece of Earth in which human skill is involved.
The human community is only involved in the separation of land. The water of this Liberty Island is pure, and the government considers it an essential piece of land.
Few people call Liberty Island Liberty land. It is due to the prominence and excellent facilities like access to the statue of liberty.
Governors Island
Governors Island is a piece of land that comprises 171-172 acres. The water of Governors Island exhibits all the essential qualities of purity and excellence.
Governors Island is approximately 800 yards lower than this place. The connection makes it strongly associated with the New York areas. It is a unique Island with various facilities.
The Governors Island has many properties that enhance its popularity. The authorities allow the artist festivals on this Governors Island. People consider it a place of recreation, and many folks from New York City join these festivals.
It is an Island for the public, and it has many cultural colors of arts. The Governors Island has a dog rescue team that saves stray dogs all over New York City and Islands.
The governor’s Island is an oasis for staying with family and enjoys the beautiful sites. There are beautiful sceneries with all the facilities. The Governors Island includes parks and cultural places. A person visits such lands when the authorities allow the entrance of the public.
People all across the country come and visit this enchanting Governors Island.
Randall Island
It joins the borough of Manhattan with different rivers. The Randall Island exists in conjugation with Wards Island.
It is one of the largest Islands because it comprises more than one piece of land. The average area of a Randall Island is approximately up to 500 – 520 acres.
There is a water treatment plant on this Island. The Plant increases the significance of a Randall Island more than any other Island.
The Island comprises hospital facilities with the best medical treatments. The surrounding of Randall Island comprises all the greenery and wood structures.
There are bridges in Randall Island that helps to connect with other boroughs. There is one vast gate of Randall Island. The name of the specific gate is Hell Gate.
It is a separation between Randall Island and Wards Island. The gate’s ending area opens in the Rivers, and these rivers links with Manhattan on the East sides.
The sight of these Islands is eye captivating, and people visit them for their appealing faculties.
The authorities provide security and all other recreational facilities.
Rivers surrounding and connecting with Manhattan
Three rivers surround and connect with Manhattan. The rivers enhance the beauty of this island with their beautiful appearance. The connections are fascinating in their zones.
East river
The east river is a separating river. It helps in the separation of Queens and Manhattan.
The East River carries out this function through a tidal process. It joins the upper side of Manhattan. The East river surrounds this place in the depth pattern.
The East River connects with Manhattan in the downward direction. It joins the three bottom levels with this island.
The tidal waves increases in depth and intensity, and water travel in the East direction. The whole river flow in the same direction and the water keeps producing waves.
The ranges differ from time to time, and it reaches its maximum rate. The average tidal and depth capacity is up to 23 – 24 feet deep down the ocean.
The East River has one of the highest depths of rivers. The river moves deep down up to 179 – 181 feet, and it is a dangerous depth. It is a harmful depth rate, and it surrounds the Hell Gate.
The separation becomes significant due to the approach to Hell Gate. The water is crystal clear, and it is safe from toxic substances.
The surface and depth of water remain clear all the time, and authorities loom after the maintenance. The government allows the top swimmers to take a dip in the East River.
Hudson River
The Hudson River surrounds Manhattan in the form of a cover.
The water source travels in the depth around the Island. It is approximately two feet above the level of the sea. The tides of the Hudson River are high. They can reach up to 3 – 4 feet in their tiding time.
Few oceans are at the rare coast of Manhattan. These oceans allow the mixing of fresh and salty water together.
The Hudson River mix in such oceans, and they travel in the surrounding of New York’s boroughs.
The Hudson River flows through a valley. It reaches the Bay of New York boroughs.
The river moves in the shape of a tidal estuary. The estuary helps in the separation of Manhattan from New Jersey and its surroundings.
The water of the Hudson River is clear, but it contains contagious substances. It is not advisable to take a dip or swim in the water.
The water is deep in this river, and it covers Manhattan by moving in the depth. The surrounding remains safe with the preventive measures.
The government and authority keep a check and balance on the boundaries of the river.
Harlem River
The Harlem River surrounds one of the parts of Northern Manhattan. The Harlem River joins Manhattan through the tidal process.
It is a separating river like the Hudson River. It separates Manhattan from Bronx boroughs.
There are three water bodies of this river, it travels approximately 7 – 8 miles. It flows between the Hudson River and the East River.
There is a land of New York City. The Harlem River moves up to the main piece of land. The separation of Manhattan and Bronx occurs at this point.
It is an industrial river, and the government recognizes it for its fundamental properties. It flows in its direction and falls in the other two rovers that surround this place.
Is Manhattan is a man-made island?
Some parts of Manhattan Island involve human skills. The internal structure and all their properties are natural. The small surrounding Islands and rivers hide for a long time.
Few discovering men announced these places as Islands and rivers due to appropriate qualities. Manhattan is a man-made island in some ways, but it has a natural impact as well.
The inventors constructed bridges to connect the rivers with this place. It turned the boroughs into an island. There is a vital role of human skills in building and maintaining Manhattan Island.
Related Articles:
What is the Hess Triangle in NYC?
Who landed two planes on the streets of New York City?
How are Manhattan streets numbered?
Why is Manhattan Beach in Brooklyn?
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In the 1800s, the Canadian government felt that Indigenous people were uncivilized. In an effort to assimilate them into European/Canadian culture, children were taken from their homes and brought to residential boarding schools run by different religious groups. Many children were harmed by being separated from their families, being forbidden to speak their languages, malnutrition, and abuse of all kinds. The last residential school closed in 1996. Today, many Indigenous communities are still suffering from this horrific legacy.
If you are introducing your elementary students to the history of residential schools in Canada, these read-alouds are perfect starting points.
This post contains Amazon Affiliate links.
Author: Nicola I. Campbell
Illustrator: Kim LaFave
Shi-shi-etko is a little girl counting down the days until she has to go to a residential school. She spends those days with her father, mother, and grandmother who each share words of wisdom. Shi-shi-etko soaks up her surroundings to store as memories for when she is away. This story is more of a poetic account with very rich descriptive language.
Shin-Chi's Canoe
Author: Nicola I. Campbell
Illustrator: Kim LaFave
Shin-chi's Canoe is the sequel to Shi-shi-etko. In this story, Shi-shi-etko returns to a residential school with her little brother Shin-chi. She tells him to remember his surroundings just like she did. At school, they have English names and cannot speak to each other. Months of skimpy meals, chores, church, school, and loneliness have Shin-chi longing for home. He spends his time at the river with his toy canoe, anxiously waiting for the salmon to return. When the salmon return, it signals the start of spring and time to go home.
When I Was Eight
Authors: Christy Jordan-Fenton & Margaret Pokiak-Fenton
Illustrator: Gabrielle Grimard
When I Was Eight tells the story of Olemaun, an eight year old Inuit girl who in spite of her father's objections, wants to go to the "outsiders' school" so that she can learn to read like her older sister. As soon as she arrives at the residential school, her hair was cut and she was given uncomfortable clothes. Olemaun, her Inuit name, was changed to Margaret. Instead of learning to read, she was given many chores and had to attend church. After some time, she finally began her studies. Not knowing how to speak English, she was ridiculed and punished for her misunderstandings. Olemaun did her best not to break under the supervision of a cruel and harsh nun and in the end she learned to read! The story is based on the experiences of one of the authors, Margaret Pokiak-Fenton.
Not My Girl
Authors: Christy Jordan-Fenton & Margaret Pokiak-Fenton
Illustrator: Gabrielle Grimard
Not My Girl is the sequel to When I Was Eight. In this follow-up, Olemaun returns home from her residential school and her mother declares, "Not my girl!" Olemaun is now ten years old, her long hair was cut, and thin due to malnourishment and hard chores. She learned a lot at school, had table manners, could say her prayers, and speak in both English and French. But she could no longer speak her own language. Her favourite foods were now unappetizing, she couldn't help around the house, and her best friend from school could not play with her anymore. Olemaun feels like she isn't a part of the family and has to relearn her language and way of life.
When We Were Alone
Author: David A. Robertson
Illustrator: Julie Flett
In When We Were Alone, a little girl notices things about her grandmother - her colourful clothes, long hair, how she speaks in Cree, and how she often spends time with her family. Her grandmother explains how as a child in a residential school, many things were forbidden. When they were alone, she and other children would try to keep their culture alive. Now that she is older, she cherishes the customs that officials tried to erase.
Stolen Words
Author: Melanie Florence
Illustrator: Gabrielle Grimard
In Stolen Words, a little girl asks her grandfather to say something in Cree, but he can't remember. He says that he lost his words a long time ago; they were taken away. He sadly recalls angry teachers that raised their voices and hands at the children. Determined to help, the little girl gets an Introduction to Cree book to give him back the stolen words.
Bonus! I recently found a new story and wanted to add it to this post.
The Orange Shirt Story
Author: Phyllis Webstad
Illustrator: Brock Nicol
Phyllis Webstad shares her experiences in The Orange Shirt Story. Phyllis couldn't wait to attend St. Joseph's Mission so that she could join her cousin and friends and hopefully make new friends. Like many families, Phyllis went shopping for back to school clothes and picked out a bright orange shirt. She happily wore her shirt on the first day of school and was devastated when her clothes were taken away. She was given different clothes to wear and begged for orange shirt, to no avail. Phyllis tried to make the most of her year at school, but felt lonely and homesick. She went home that summer and never returned. People across Canada now recognize Phyllis' story and honour residential school survivors on Orange Shirt Day, September 30. Phyllis felt that she didn't matter, but we affirm that every child matters.
Residential schools are a sad reality of our nation's past, but their legacy have caused great harm to Indigenous communities. Born and raised in Canada myself, I was unaware of this part of Canadian history. I understand that it's a heavy and emotional topic and one that requires sensitivity; it cannot be ignored. Educating our students, even younger ones is an important part of the truth and reconciliation process.
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You're probably here to find new activities to add to your symmetry unit, so let's begin!
Symmetry Provocation
Moment of Truth: I am an old soul. An old fart. I'm quite resistant to change so I haven't fully embraced the play and inquiry model. For now I'm introducing bits and pieces to create more of a balance.
My first foray was a symmetry provocation. Without explicitly defining symmetry, I put out a set of books which they flocked to. Check out the books below! The kids quickly picked up the concept and the center became a hit!
Symmetry provocations in first grade. A great idea for symmetry centers!
If it's not clear, I put a thin layer of sand in a baking tin and added a small mirror. I held up the mirror with one hand and made a design in the sand with the other. The kids thought that it was the coolest thing looking at the reflection in the mirror!
Affiliate links.
Pegs and Pegboards
I got a bucket of pegs and a set of pegboards from a clearance center when I first started teaching. Like most teachers would, I had to buy it because it was a great deal! The small pegs and pegboards (4x6 inches) came from a local dollar store. I challenged my students to make symmetrical designs or pictures.
Symmetry centers in first grade. Fun with pegs and peg boards!
Pattern Blocks
I was excited to try some symmetry activities created by my friend Christina over at Hanging Around in Primary. They completed a design to make it symmetrical and made their own symmetrical designs. In the past I put out a tub of Lego and gave kids a straw to use as the line of symmetry.
Symmetry centers in first grade. Fun with pattern blocks.
Butterfly Art
In grade one (first grade), paint makes everything better! These were super easy and quick - a few drops on one side of the butterfly, press down and voilà!
Math Journals
For their journal entries, I asked students to create both symmetrical and non-symmetrical designs and find the line of symmetry in letters of the alphabet.
These pages are part of my resource: Open-Ended Math Questions - Geometry.
I hope that you found new ideas to try with your own kiddos!
Looking for a way to organize your teaching units? Today I'm sharing my new storage solution - Sterilite Boxes!
Many teachers use binders and that's how I initially stored units. My issue with binders was dealing with holes punched through my master copies. The alternative was using lots and lots of page protectors which became quite cumbersome. Another problem was having my printables (e.g. posters, task cards, sorts) slide out of the binder.
So I ditched binders and went to file folders and hanging files for my filing cabinet. It solved my hole-punch aversion issues! It also neatly held my printables for each unit. The only drawback was when the unit became too big and weighed down the folder - I would have to split it into smaller files.
Then I found these at Walmart: Sterilite Large Clip Boxes
Why do I love them? They are large enough to keep files of worksheets and printables and small enough to store stacks of them. In this box I have 5 science units in storage pockets plus support materials for the units. I started with 4 boxes and then kept going back for more!
Use Sterilite boxes to store your teaching units - BrowniePoints
I now keep my materials for Language Arts in my filing cabinet. There is so much more space and I can be pretty specific. It's so much easier finding what I need!
If you'd like to try a similar storage method, you can grab an editable version of my labels {here}.
How do you organize your files? What are the pros and cons?
Use Sterilite boxes to store your teaching units - BrowniePoints
You are likely aware of the renewed focus on numeracy. During this past school year, all of our staff meetings and professional development focussed on numeracy - rich tasks, open-ended questions, parallel questions, attitudes to math (Growth Mindset), and so on.
Our math blocks increased from 1 period to 2 so I played around with a guided math format for a part of the year. Naturally a few of my students asked, "Why are we doing so much math?" and "Why do we have to learn this?" And by ask, I mean whined! :( I definitely needed to change our attitudes towards math!
At the beginning of each unit I would try to explain its application to our daily lives. This helped a bit. Check out this article, Teaching Kids Why Math Matters.
This discussion led to the creation of posters to help connect math to everyday activities and occupations.
There are every day scenarios that involve math...
Then there are occupations that require a knowledge of a particular math topic...
And then some math motivation...
I'm super excited to use these posters in the upcoming year to help make math "real".
This poster pack is available {here}.
How do you get your students excited about math?
Side note: Gotta love Educlips clip art!
I recently wrapped up a unit on 2D shapes and thought I'd share some of the fun activities we did as a class.
If you work in Ontario you know that the ministry is pushing problem solving and rich tasks in math. I pulled together some ideas from different sources for 2 weeks of hands-on activities.
Making shapes with Popsicle sticks
My students had to use Popsicle sticks to complete task cards. We also tried to make some of the shapes with more sides. The more the sides increased, the trickier it was to create. Idea from A, Bee, C, Preschool.
Shape (and Colour) Bingo
To keep the peace, I had to assign the caller, but they had fun with this little game. I've had it for years and probably only cost me a few dollars.
Shape Puzzles
The first was plain and simple, but always engaging. A little bit trickier...they had to look at the complete picture and recognize the composite parts.
Shape Pictures
We used Pattern blocks and foam shapes to create the pictures. I loved watching them trying to solve the pictures that didn't show the outlines of the shapes. Lots of trial and error in their spatial reasoning.
Play Doh and Mats
Using mats from Sparklebox, they had tons if fun forming shapes. It was the first time we used play dough in my class so they really looked forward to "Math Centre Time"!
Another new favourite! I made a pentagon as an example and you'd think I performed a magic trick! They were so amazed and impressed!
Pattern Blocks
I used an activity from Kindergarten Works. After covering the triangle, I asked them to show me another way. They were excited to come up with more new arrangements/shapes.
Team Teaching Session
We combined our classes and did the problem from Kindergarten Works. We had them work in pairs and set out pattern blocks, tangrams, and attribute blocks for them to use. We charted some of their responses. They did really well and some realized that a triangle would always be needed. Then we gave a similar problem and put them in groups of four. This time they had to show their work and draw their shapes.
The following day, I gave them a similar problem to complete independently but changed the number of sides. Depending on their ability, I required 7, 10, 12, 14 or 16 sides. I asked them to show me at least 3 ways.
My students really looked forward to math centres during these weeks! Definitely a keeper!
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As the scrap bag myth suggests, we like to imagine quilts as the products of thrift. As we explore in the “Beyond the Myths” section, such beliefs were rooted in romantic understandings of quiltmaking that emerged during the Colonial Revival.
In reality, quilts have often not been objects of frugality and making-do. This section examines how quilts in early America typically were high-class objects made from expensive imported fabrics, then became increasingly democratized as fabric became more abundant and less expensive, and emerged in the 20th century as both an emblem of thrift and a staple of modern consumer culture.
As with other aspects of fashion, quiltmaking trends have been closely aligned with socio-economic class, with all of its hierarchies and nuances. In her dissertation examining the cultural context of quilts made in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, in the 19th century, Patricia Keller found that quiltmaking trends were likely disseminated over class lines, with cosmopolitan, wealthier quiltmakers more connected within urban centers passing on trends to more rural, less wealthy members of their social networks. This localized study relying on probate inventories may suggest a mode through which individuals of various classes adopted and adapted the craft of quiltmaking in the early and mid-19th century.
Economic class is a tricky characteristic to assess when it comes to quilts. A wealthy quiltmaker with access to the latest fabrics may choose to recycle feed sacks into a quilt, just as an impoverished quiltmaker may scrimp and save in order to purchase new fabric for a project. Unfortunately, we rarely know enough about a quiltmaker in order to do anything more than make educated guesses about economic class.
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About Ctenophores
Ctenophores come in all shapes and sizes, but they share a common method of locomotion: eight rows of cilia, beating in mesmerizing synchrony. These bioluminescent blue-green “combs” light up coastal shores at night—as well as the depths of the twilight zone, where a number of species have yet to be formally described. In images, ctenophore combs sometimes appear rainbow-colored, but this prism effect is actually the product of light refraction rather than bioluminescence.
Despite their clear, jelly-like appearance and simple nervous system, ctenophores are not related to jellyfish. Ranging from the egg-like Pleurobrachia to the ribbony Cestum veneris (also known as Venus’ girdle), ctenophores’ shape might have something to do with their hunting strategy: some stay still, with their tentacles hanging down to trap passing zooplankton in a sticky web; others engulf tasty larvae with wing-like lobes.
Almost every type of ctenophore eats with a little help from its friend the colloblast. These mushroom-shaped cells in the tentacles secrete a sticky substance to help reel in prey. (This strategy is similar to a jellyfish sting, but not at all venomous.) Some species, like Beroe, forgo the tentacles for “macrocilia” in their large mouths to usher in and bite off bits of prey—usually other ctenophores—while Ocyropsis traps prey in its lobes and stuffs it in its its mouth.
In general, coastal comb jellies tend to be tough enough to endure punishing tidal action, while open-ocean species are so fragile, they are hard to capture intact. Aside from their bioluminescent lights, most ctenophores are clear. One notable exception is the deep-sea species Bathocyroe, whose deep red stomach disguises its bioluminescent dinner. (Red light doesn’t penetrate the twilight zone, so it appears black.) Although many species have yet to be described, scientists think that a majority of ctenophores live in the twilight zone.
Comb jellies play an important role in regulating the marine ecosystem. They eat lots of fish and shellfish larvae, but in turn, they provide food for fish, jellyfish, and leatherback sea turtles. They also consume large amounts of copepods, which prey on phytoplankton that grow on the ocean surface in the presence of sunlight and carbon dioxide. Though the so-called “jelly web” is far from understood, researchers are investigating how ctenophores and other gelatinous zooplankton recycle nutrients and transport carbon through the ocean.
Quick Facts
Common NameCtenophore
Scientific NameOver 100 species—not all have been described
Other NamesComb jellies, sea walnuts, sea gooseberries, Venus’ girdles
Size1 millimeter to 1.5 meters (nearly 5 feet)
DiscoveryJohann Friedrich Gustav von Eschscholtz, 1829
Eats what?Smaller species feed on “marine snow” detritus, fish larvae, copepods; larger species eat smaller zooplankton, crustaceans, jellyfish, salps, or other ctenophores
Eats how?Most species use sticky tentacles to reel in prey; non-tentacled species use lobes or cilia to usher prey into mouth and take bites
Is eaten by?Fish, jellyfish, sea turtles
BioluminescenceMost species, except platyctenids and the cydippid genus Pleurobrachia
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Contact Us
Find Us
• St John Fisher Catholic Primary School
• Alvechurch Road, West Heath, Birmingham
• West Midlands, B31 3PN
Home Page
In Literacy today we will be reading the next part of our book and then focusing on the use of prepositions in our writing. The video takes your through the task for today and explains how to use prepositions in our writing.
Task - Write a poem about a noun of your choosing trying to include prepositions to describe it.
Location: above, behind, below, beside, between, by, in, inside, near, on, over, through
Time: after, before, by, during, from, on, past, since, through, to, until, upon
Movement: against, along, down, from, into, off, on, onto, out of, toward, up, upon
Lumen Christi Catholic Multi Academy
6 8 2 7 4 Visitors
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Species Spotlight: Armadillo
The nine-banded armadillo ranges from southern Texas to the southeastern tip of New Mexico, through Oklahoma from the southeastern corner of Kansas and the southwestern corner of Missouri, through most of Arkansas to southwestern Mississippi. The range also includes central Alabama, Georgia and most of Florida. Armadillos live in temperate and warm habitats, including rain forests, grasslands, and semi-deserts, but prefer dense, shady cover. They prefer sandy soil or loam soils that are loose and porous. The armadillo will also inhabit areas having cracks, crevices and rocks that are suitable for burrows. Because of their low metabolic rate and lack of fat stores, cold is their enemy and spates of intemperate weather can wipe out whole populations.
Closely related to anteaters and sloths, the armadillo is a rather interesting and unusual animal. It has a protective armor of “horny” material on its head, body and tail, and is the only mammal to wear such a shell. Its bony body armor has nine movable rings between the shoulder and hip shield and its long tapering tail is encased by 12 bony rings. Its head is small with a long, narrow, piglike snout. The nine-banded armadillo varies in size and color but is usually the size of an opossum, weighing from 8 to 17 pounds and having color that ranges from brown, black, red, gray or yellow.
The young are born in a nest within the burrow. The female produces only one litter each year in March or April after a gestation period ranging from 60 to 150 days. The litter always consists of quadruplets of the same sex. The young are identical since they are derived from a single egg, making this North American armadillo a reproductive anomaly. The young are always born with soft, leathery skin that hardens within a few weeks when they leave their parents and go off to live alone.
The armadillo is a fascinating animal and can be seen in national, state and local parks throughout the Southern United States. Enjoy watching these creatures but don’t get too close!
Fun Facts:
• Armadillos have the ability to remain under water for as long as six minutes. Because of the density of its armor, an armadillo will sink in water unless it swallows air, inflating its stomach to twice normal size and raising its buoyancy above that of water, allowing it to swim across narrow streams and ditches.
• Disease is a factor associated with this species. Armadillos can be infected by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, and can pass this disease on to humans through touch or if eaten.
• Armadillo is a Spanish word meaning “little armored one.”
Image: A nine-banded armadillo scouting for food.
Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
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Transactions Locks «Prev Next»
Lesson 7 Deadlocks
Objective Handle deadlocks.
Deadlock Transaction Blocking
What is a deadlock?
A deadlock is a situation where one transaction is blocking another from continuing, but that transaction is blocking the first from continuing. It is like a stalemate in chess.
A deadlock is a special situation that occurs when two or more processes are competing for the same set of resources; each prevents the other from obtaining the source it needs to complete its work. Deadlocks are not a relational database specific problem; they can occur in any system where there is potential for resource contention, such as operating systems. However, because this is course deals specifically with SQL Server, and we will focus on the deadlock nuances inside the database engine.
Deadlock Example
Following is a simple example of a common deadlock scenario:
1. Transaction 1 has a lock on data A and needs to lock data B to complete its transaction.
2. Transaction 2 has a lock on data B and needs to lock data A to complete its transaction.
Each transaction is stuck waiting for the other to release its lock, and neither can complete until the other does, and each process will not release the resource it already has for the other process to use.
Deadlocks do not always only include two transactions. It is completely possible that Process A can be waiting on a resource held by Process B, which is, in turn, waiting on a resource held by Process C. If C is waiting on a resource that Process A or Process B has locked, a deadlock is created.
What is Blocking?
Blocking occurs when two connections need access to same element of data concurrently and one connection is blocked because at a specific time, only one connection can have access. Figure 2.7.1 depicts cars moving through a roundabout, where some cars must pause in order to allow the other cars to traverse the lane which is open.
Figure 2.7.1: Roundabout intersection depicts Blocking
Graphic Analogy for Deadlock
Deadlock (as depicted in Figure 2.7.2) occurs when one connection is blocked while waiting for a second task to complete its work. The second connection is waiting for the first connection to release the lock and cannot proceed until this happens. This is similar to when you need to cross a traffic stop, but at the same time someone else from the opposite side also wants to cross the intersection. One automobile must pause in order to allow another vehcile to pass through its lane.
Figure 2.7.2: Automobiles at an intersection depicting a deadlock
Escaping a deadlock
Once a deadlock occurs, the only way out is to continue to rollback prior transactions until the lock is cleared. MS SQL Server 2016 automatically does this for you when a deadlock occurs. SQL Server waits until a specified timeout period to keep trying to see if the lock is freed up. This time period is adjustable and can be viewed through the @@lock_timeout global variable, which will return the timeout period in milliseconds.
Setting the timeout
You set the timeout by using the SET LOCK_TIMEOUT Transact-SQL statement, followed by the number of milliseconds that the system should wait before rolling back blocked transactions. For example, if you wanted to set the timeout to 5 seconds (or 5000 milliseconds), use this Transact-SQL statement:
You can then test to see what the value of the lock timeout period is by issuing this Transact-SQL statement:
If the value of @@LOCK_TIMEOUT is –1, this indicates that the value has not yet been set for the session. The next lesson will show you how to avoid deadlocks.
Understanding Lock Modes
Beyond considering just what resource level you are locking, you also should consider what lock mode your query is going to acquire. Just as there are a variety of resources to lock, there are also a variety of lock modes. Some modes are exclusive of each other (which means they do not work together). Some modes do nothing more than essentially modify other modes. Whether modes can work together is based on whether they are compatible . Just as you did with lockable resources, you will next take a look at lock modes one by one.
Understanding Shared Locks
This is the most basic type of lock there is. A shared lock is used when you need only to read the data. That is, you will not be changing anything. A shared lock wants to be your friend, as it is compatible with other shared locks. That does not mean that it still will not cause you grief , although a shared lock doesn’t mind any other kind of lock, there are other locks that do not like shared locks. Shared locks tell other locks that you are out there. They do not serve much of a purpose, yet they cannot really be ignored. However, one thing that shared locks do is prevent users from performing dirty reads.[2]
[1]Deadlock: A deadlock is a situation wherein two or more competing actions are waiting for the other to finish, and thus neither ever does.
[2]A dirty read (also known as uncommitted dependency) occurs when a transaction is allowed to read data from a row that has been modified by another running transaction and not yet committed.
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Aeolus Mission Shines a Light on Complex Phenomenon of the Polar Vortex
As this winter’s polar vortex currently sends extreme icy blasts of Arctic weather to some parts of the northern hemisphere such as the northeast of the US, scientists are using wind information from ESA’s Aeolus satellite to shed more light on this complex phenomenon.
The polar vortex is a huge mass of frigid air high above the North Pole in the polar stratosphere. It is surrounded by a strong jet of air swirling counter-clockwise along the vortex’s boundary. The vortex tends to be much stronger in the winter, keeping bitter cold air locked in around the Arctic.
However, sometimes the vortex can weaken, become distorted or even split into two and meander further south, affecting the weather and jetstream further down in the troposphere, potentially bringing unusually cold weather and snow to lower latitudes.
One meteorological event that can disturb the polar vortex is known as a ‘sudden stratospheric warming’, which is what has been happening over the last month. Sudden stratospheric warmings happen to some extent every other year or so, but the current event has been categorized as major, and is less common.
Such dramatic events cause the strong wind around the edge of the polar vortex to weaken or reverse, leading the temperature of the polar stratosphere to rise rapidly by up to 50°C degrees Celsius over several days.
Since these events can trigger extreme weather in Europe and North America, they are of scientific and practical interest. However, the processes involved are not fully understood, and until recently there have been major technical challenges in measuring wind from space, which is needed to measure and monitor such a large-scale event.
Fortunately, scientists now have ESA’s Aeolus satellite at hand to help understand more about why and how the polar vortex is pushed off balance.
Aeolus is the first satellite in orbit to profile directly Earth’s winds from space.
It works by emitting short, powerful pulses of ultraviolet light from a laser and measures the Doppler shift from the very small amount of light that is scattered back to the instrument from molecules and particles to deliver profiles of the horizontal speed of the world’s winds mostly in the east-west direction in the lowermost 26 km of the atmosphere.
Although Aeolus only measures wind in the lower part of the atmosphere, the lower part of the current stratospheric polar vortex jet leaves a signature in the satellite’s data.
Corwin Wright, Royal Society research fellow at the University of Bath in the UK, said, “Changes in the wind structure in a sudden stratospheric warming event have never been observed directly at a global scale before. So far, our understanding of these changes has been developed using point measurements, measurements along localized aircraft flight tracks, through the use of temperature observations, and, primarily, computer models and assimilative analyses.
“However, we can now exploit novel measurements from Aeolus, the first satellite capable of observing winds directly in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, to study this process observationally during this current major event.”
Anne Grete Straume, ESA’s Aeolus mission scientist, commented, “We are currently observing a polar vortex event where we see it split into two, with one spinning mass of air over the North Atlantic and one over the North Pacific.
“The split leads to changes in the tropospheric circulation allowing cold air masses from the poles to more easily escape down to lower latitudes. At the moment, parts of North America seem to be experiencing colder weather than Europe, although we have seen events of cold air reaching quite far south in Europe over the past few weeks causing, for example, heavy snowfall in Spain.
MORE of the story and 4 more associated image’s / click image TOP of PAGE
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• Our knowledge of bird nutrition is constantly evolving. This is due both to heightened awareness of the importance of nutrition and to increased research into birds' different needs. As with all other animals, birds need a proper balance of carbohydrates, proteins, fat, vitamins, minerals, and water. Different species of birds often require different foods. Poor nutrition is a common reason for many health problems in birds.
• The budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulates), also referred to as a parakeet or more commonly a budgie, is perhaps the most popular pet bird worldwide. This beautiful, small bird originates from the drier regions of Australia.
• As birds both eat and defecate in their cages, it is essential to keep their cages as clean as possible. The bottom of the cage should be lined with a disposable paper such as newspaper or paper towel that can be thrown away every day. Many different kinds of disinfectants are capable of killing a variety of germs including viruses, bacteria, and fungi.
• Nutrition is commonly neglected with pet birds. Pet canaries should be fed a well-balanced and varied diet at all times. Several types of commercially formulated pelleted diets in various colors, shapes, and sizes have been developed to meet all birds' nutritional needs.
• The canary is one of the most popular pet birds (second only to the budgie). Canaries are known for their good nature, attractive plumage, and remarkable singing ability. The canary is relatively easy to care for but do require regular, routine veterinary health check-ups.
• Candida albicans is a common environmental fungus that can affect the digestive tracts of birds. It is a common cause of 'sour crop' or a crop infection (ingluvitis), especially in young birds. Candida can be a primary or secondary cause of crop infections. Often, other diseases compromise the bird's immune system and predispose a bird to secondary Candida infection (candidiasis).
• Carprofen is used on and off label and is given by mouth in the form of a tablet to treat pain and inflammation. The most common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, and decreased appetite. Do not use this medication in pets with bleeding disorders, in pets that are allergic to it or other NSAIDs in the same class, or in pets concurrently using corticosteroids or other NSAIDs. If a negative reaction occurs, please call your veterinary office.
• The normal lens in the eye of any animal is clear and colorless. A cataract is an increase in the density or opacity of the lens; it is often observed as whiteness within the pupil. Cataracts are often seen in canaries and less often in Amazon Parrots, African Grey Parrots, and Macaws. Cataracts decrease the visual acuity of the bird and may eventually lead to blindness.
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Bunker Hill Day
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Next Bunker Hill Day Thursday, 17 June 2021
On June 17, the people of Massachusetts celebrate Bunker Hill day, on the anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill that happened on June 17 of 1775, during the American Revolutionary War. Celebrations are held both on June 17, and on the Sunday before it.
Although Bunker Hill Day used to be a state holiday, it is now only an observance, so businesses and schools remain open.
At the start of the American Revolutionary War, and after sieging Boston, colonial militia leaders learned about the British’s intentions of sending their troops from Boston to take over and fortify the hills that surrounded the city, especially Bunker Hill which was located on the Charlestown Peninsula. On June 16, a group of around 1,000 American troops occupied Breed’s Hill during the night and built a small fort on top of the hill that overlooked Boston, and smaller fortifications around the Charlestown Peninsula.
On the morning of June 17, the British were made aware that the American troops had taken over the hill and decided to attack them on that day. As the army of 2,200 British soldiers advanced, the colonial soldiers were told not to fire at them until they were very close. As soon as the British were a few yards away from the American fortifications, they were met with heavy fire and had to retreat. Forced to re-group, they staged another attack but were met with the same hostility. However, on a third attack by the British, Americans, low on ammunition and outnumbered, had to fight the invaders off in hand-to-hand combat. Their severe disadvantage forced them to retreat to Cambridge, and the British took over Bunker Hill.
However, although they were defeated, the colonial untrained militias still managed to make a big dent in the British Army. This was a great morale booster for American troops and made them realize that dedication and patriotism would help them defeat the British and gain independence from their rule. At the same time, the British realized that this would be a longer war than they expected, and were discouraged from carrying out more unplanned attacks.
Bunker Hill Day Celebrations
In Charlestown, there is a big parade held to commemorate Bunker Hill Day. The parade is made of marching bands, troops from the American military, the police and fire departments, sports teams, and historical re-enactment groups, all carried on decorated floats.
Many people visit historic sites, such as Bunker Hill, to watch re-enactments of the battle and the siege of Boston, demonstrations about the colonial lifestyle, and live music.
Between 1825 and 1843 the Bunker Hill Monument was erected in Charlestown, making it one of the first monuments built in the United States. The monument stands on Breed’s Hill, where most of the fighting took place and is a granite obelisk that stands and 221-feet tall.
Courtesy of: https://www.calendarr.com/united-states/bunker-hill-day/
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Monday, July 15, 2019
Just Finished Reading - Raising the White Flag
From the Civil War's beginning, throughout its deadly course, and to its bitter end, surrenders occurred. Some surrenders were famous, like those at Fort Sumter, Vicksburg, and Appomattox. But, what about on the field of combat when one soldier got the best of another and demanded he give up? What about situations when surrenders are demanded, rejected, and then a massacre occurs? These issues, and many more, are covered in the trailblazing study Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War by David Silkenat.
Civil War officers had little precedence to go on when it came to surrenders. As Silkenat explains early in the book, there was no true textbook model for how to go about surrendering or demanding surrender. However, the Fort Sumter incident did provide an example for how future surrenders (on a large scale) should ideally play out. It was typical for Civil War surrenders to be initiated by the demand of the subjugating forces rather than it being offered up by the subjugated force. And, another point that seemed to bear importance was the issue of surrendering to someone of equal or higher military rank. There appears to have been no real loss of honor in surrender situations where there was a true attempt at resistance or when a military leader believed further resistance was futile and he accepted the same fate as his men. But, when commanders "gave up the fort" without a shot being fired, or they fled, leaving others to "do the deal" of surrendering, they could expect a healthy dose of criticism by their soldiers and citizens alike.
The most illuminating chapter, in my opinion, is Chapter 3, "Instinctively My Hands Went Up: Soldiers, Agency, and Surrender on the Battlefield." In it Silkenat explores surrender on the small scale. From the soldier's-eye-view in the heat of combat there was not often the time or opportunity to consider the pros and cons of demanding or offering one's surrender. When soldiers believed that they had a reasonable chance for a quick prisoner exchange they were more likely to surrender, however, as the exchange cartel broke down with Confederate refusal to treat black prisoners as legitimate soldiers, fighting men tended to battle more desperately and refuse the enemy's surrender demands. In addition, soldiers who were viewed as outside of conventional (white, regular, loyal) warfare bounds, such as African Americans, guerrillas, or Southern Unionists, sometimes were not afforded the ability to surrender.
Other chapters in the book focus on soldier surrenders at the Battle of Gettysburg, a comparison of Grant and Forrest and their understanding of "unconditional surrender," surrender and the "hard war," and looks at the final surrenders at Appomattox, Bennett Place, and others across the South.
Surrender still makes its way into our current events. Prisoner of war soldiers in our current war zones, and the president's comments on Sen. John McCain's Vietnam capture not being heroic in his eyes, keep the issue of military surrenders on our minds. But when it comes to the Civil War, Silkenat summarizes things well with the book's last paragraph: "Recognizing the central role of surrender in the Civil War requires some reconsideration of what being American means. If Americans define themselves as a people who never give up, never compromise, and never surrender, what does it mean that during one of the defining events in the nation's history, Americans surrendered in droves? For many modern Americans, 'take no prisoners' and 'never surrender' function as mantras, signifying their ideological purity and relentless work ethic. Yet if we are to learn anything from the Civil War generation, we might come to see surrender not as a sign of weakness but as a hallmark of humanity."
In a conflict in which about one in every four soldiers experienced surrender it is astounding that the topic has not been the focus of a book-length study until now. Raising the White Flag is an important work in the field. Hopefully it will provide a scholarly opening for future historians to explore other aspects of this topic (like how surrender played out differently in different campaigns or theaters, etc.). I highly recommend it.
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How far did attitudes towards conscientious objectors change between WW1 and WW2?
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How far did attitudes towards conscientious objectors change between WW1 and WW2? At the beginning of WW1, signing up for the army was voluntary, however, in 1916 it was made law that all men were required to join in the war effort. This was due to the lack of men volunteering and the rate of which men were being killed in the war. However, there were some people who didn't want to fight, they were called conscientious objectors. There were various reasons why men and women became conscientious objectors. Some of the reasons included: religion, such as Quakers, pacifists, socialists, emotional experience and medical reasons. Government attitudes could be seen to have changes between WW1 and WW2. Although people were given the right to be a conscientious objector in the 1916 conscription Act due to pressure from the Quaker MP's, in practise they were very unsympathetic. In WW1 people who refused to work were severely punished. ...read more.
Although men were given exemption they were expected to find other ways in which they could help with war effort such as working in a munitions factory. Men who refused to have anything to do with the war effort were called absolutists. If the Military Tribunal found no reason for you to be given exemption you would then be punished. In WW2 government attitudes were very different. Neville Chamberlain, the Prime Minister, was sympathetic and respected conscientious objectors' and saw them as 'scruples'. One reason to why he felt like this could be because it would be seen as hypocritical if he were to force people to do things they did not want to do. This was one of his primary reasons for fighting the war against Adolph Hitler. The number of conscientious objectors had increased from WW1. People saw and knew the horrors from WW1 and did not want to experience them again. ...read more.
People were opposed to conscientious objectors because they saw them as cowards. People were feeling patriotic so thought it an insult that people did not want to fight for their country. Mothers and wives that had their sons and husbands at war were angry that those who did not want to fight were safe. In conclusion, I believe that attitudes towards the conscientious objectors did change. However, the only dramatic change in attitudes came from the government. They were sympathetic and respectful and a lot more people were given exemption than in WW1. The fact that the Prime Minister himself said he saw them as scruples shows how much the attitude had changed. On the other hand, the attitudes towards conscientious objectors could be seen to not have changed much as the public were still very hostile towards them as they had been in WW1. So overall I do not think attitudes towards conscientious objectors had changed that far from WW1 because although the government were very sympathetic the public out numbers those in parliament and the public were still very much against conscientious objectors'. ...read more.
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About Mistletoe
Mistletoe is a hemiparasite that draws water and nutrients from its host plant, but has chlorophyll and produces its own food by photosynthesis. Mistletoe rarely affects trees that are healthy, but can harm those already weakened by root damage (as from construction), drought, or pests. The word mistletoe comes from the Old English misteltan, with tan meaning “twig” and mistel meaning “dung, filth.” This makes sense when you consider that the plant’s seeds are spread by bird droppings, but perhaps it’s best not to bear in mind that you’re kissing under a “shit stick.”
In a famous Norse myth, mistletoe caused the death of the god Balder, the best loved of all immortals, by the jealous Loki. When Balder dreamed that he was about to die, he told his mother, Freya, who went to all things and made them swear that they would never harm her son. But she thought the mistletoe too weak to hurt anyone, and Loki found this out, he fashioned a dart from the plant and put it in the hand of the blind god Hodur, who stood aside while others threw things at Balder for the fun of seeing them drop to the ground before they reached him. “Here is something for you to throw,” Loki said, “and I will direct your aim.”
No one seems to know where the kissing comes from, though some claim that after Balder’s death, Freya commanded that the plant must never again bring destruction, and that those who pass under it must exchange a kiss of love and peace. Washington Irving wrote that men commonly gave women as many kisses as there were berries on the mistletoe hanging above them, plucking off one per kiss. The English hang kissing balls made with cedar and mistletoe in their doorways.
Classic Southern Giblet Gravy
You must use a quart of the clearest, richest broth thickened while hot with a thin paste of corn starch and water. To this add the yolks of at least two eggs which have been creamed with a pat of butter. Then add two more chopped hard boiled eggs (yolks and whites), the cooked and chopped livers and gizzards of the turkey as well as the hen you used for your stock ( a half cup or so of each), but not the meat from the necks, which are superfluous and troublesome. I often add a half cup of chopped, sauteed celery for texture. Salt to taste and season with white pepper. Parsley is pretty, and a smidgen of thyme is a nice accent.
Thanksgiving Muffins
Kitchen innovation emphasizing technique rather than ingredients can have impressive results, especially when you’re dealing with what’s familiar, and this one is simple: Bake dressing in a muffin pan. It’s easy to do, and the result is a morsel that’s eaten handily, stored easily and kids love them. I like to top some of them with a bit of whole-berry cranberry sauce. They also look good piled on a pretty plate alongside your other buffet items. They take a little more care than simply pouring your dressing into a casserole dish as is usually done, but they more than make up for the initial effort by freeing up space in the refrigerator and freezer, space you’ll no doubt need for other holiday leftovers. You can make these days before, freeze, and heat when needed.
Use a cooking spray to oil the muffin tin. Spoon dressing batter into the cups and fill to the top, since these do not rise as much as a bread muffin would. Place your pans in the middle rack of the oven and bake at 350 until the tops are firm and the edges have just begun to brown, about 25 minutes. Top with whole berry cranberries when they’re about half-way done. Brush with melted butter and let them cool before taking them from the pan (use a fork) and removing the paper. Store for later and reheat on a cookie sheet.
Citrus Season
In those days, the oranges we bought were exclusively Valencias, thin-skinned and tight with juice. They were all from Florida, and some of the sacks bore the name Indian River, a designated area on the east coast where the oldest orange groves grew. The Spaniards planted oranges St. Augustine, Florida in 1565, and the fruit was planted widely along the Gulf (viz.: Orange, Texas; Orange Beach, Alabama), but none survived the Great Freeze of 1895, which sent freezing temperatures down to the Keys.
Felder Rushing said that we’ve had had citrus growing on the gulf coast since the late 1700s, “But oranges they kept getting wiped out by hurricanes and the hard freezes of the late 1800s and again in the 1930 that sent freezing temperatures down to the Keys. The cold-tender citrus plants are grafted onto the strong, disease-resistant rootstock of trifoliate orange, and when the ‘good’ citrus gets killed by cold weather, the trifoliate part grows into a pretty little thorny shrub with sweet flowers and sour, golf ball-size fruits. A lot of the trifoliate rootstock survived along the Gulf Coast,” Rushing said, “but most of those acres have been reclaimed for other crops. There are still a few orange groves, but the big citrus crop is the relatively cold-hardy satsumas.”
A mature satsuma tree can survive down to −9 °C (15 °F) or even −11 °C (12 °F) for a few hours. Of the edible citrus varieties, only the kumquat is more cold-hardy. Satsumas rarely have any thorns, an attribute that also makes them popular. They can be grown from seed, which takes about 8 years until the first fruits are produced, or grafted onto other citrus rootstocks, such as trifoliate orange. The fruit is exceedingly sweet, easy to peel and many cultivars are seedless. The Louisiana crop ripens from October until late November.
Citrus taxonomy is recklessly convoluted, but satsumas are in the big mandarin category, which contains all the zipper-skinned [easy-peel] fruits. They probably originated in northeast India but like most citrus fruits were cultivated in China and then brought to the west. The Satsuma mandarin may have originated in China but is was first reported in Japan more than 700 years ago. Around 1878 they were introduced into the Louisiana citrus industry, where they were preferred for their sweetness and their cold hardiness. The name “satsuma” is credited to the wife of a U.S. Minister to Japan, General Van Valkenburg, who sent trees home in 1878 from Satsuma, the name of a former province, now Kagoshima Prefecture, on the southern tip of Kyushu Island.
Joseph Ranatza Jr., owner of Star Nursery in Plaquemines Parish, said he started picking on Oct. 7. “My season is going very well this year versus last year,” he said. “Last year, the grocery stores bought a lot of foreign fruit, and that really hurt us.” It’s hard for Louisiana growers to compete with foreign producers, who have lower labor costs and less restrictions, he said. “They can buy these clementine mandarins from Chile, Peru and Morocco, where labor is a lot cheaper, and call them ‘cuties’ and make it hard for us to compete,” Ranatza said. He said his answer to the “cuties” are his Cajun Babies, which are smaller-sized satsumas.
Satsuma Upside-Down Cake
Makes 1 (9-inch) cake
3¾ cups sugar, divided
4 cups water
24 (¼-inch-thick) slices of satsuma*
1 cup unsalted butter, softened
3 large eggs
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
3 cups all-purpose flour
½ cup yellow cornmeal
2 teaspoons baking powder
1 teaspoon salt
½ cup whole milk
1 teaspoon satsuma zest*
½ cup fresh satsuma juice*
The Star
The crew are already sufficiently depressed: I wonder how they will take this ultimate irony. Few of them have any religious faith, yet they will not relish using this final weapon in their campaign against me–that private, good-natured, but fundamentally serious, war which lasted all the way from Earth. It amused them to have a Jesuit as chief astrophysicist: Dr. Chandler, for instance, could never get over it. (Why are medical men such notorious atheists?). Sometimes he would meet me on the observation deck, where the lights are always low so that the stars shine with undiminished glory. He would come up to me in the gloom and stand staring out of the great oval port, while the heavens crawled slowly around us as the ship turned end over end with the residual spin we had never bothered to correct.
I do not know who gave the nebula its name, which seems to me a very bad one. If it contains a prophecy, it is one that cannot be verified for several billion years. Even the word nebula is misleading: this is a far smaller object than those stupendous clouds of mist–the stuff of unborn stars–that are scattered throughout the length of the Milky Way. On the cosmic scale, indeed, the Phoenix Nebula is a tiny thing–a tenuous shell of gas surrounding a single star.
Or what is left of a star . . .
The Rubens engraving of Loyola seems to mock me as it hangs there above the spectrophotometer tracings. What would you, Father, have made of this knowledge that has come into my keeping, so far from the little world that was all the universe you knew? Would your faith have risen to the challenge, as mine has failed to do?
You gaze into the distance, Father, but I have traveled a distance beyond any that you could have imagined when you founded our order a thousand years ago. No other survey ship has been so far from Earth: we are at the very frontiers of the explored universe. We set out to reach the Phoenix Nebula, we succeeded, and we are homeward bound with our burden of knowledge. I wish I could lift that burden from my shoulders, but I call to you in vain across the centuries and the light years that lie between us.
On the book you are holding the words are plain to read. AD MAJOREM DEI GLORIAM, the message runs, but it is a message I can no longer believe. Would you still believe it, if you could see what we have found?
We knew, of course, what the Phoenix Nebula was. Every year, in our galaxy alone, more than a hundred stars explode, blazing for a few hours or days with thousands of times their normal brilliance before they sink back into death and obscurity. Such are the ordinary novae–the commonplace disasters of the universe. I have recorded the spectrograms and light curves of dozens since I started working at the Lunar Observatory.
Its builders had made sure that we would. The monolithic marker that stood above the entrance was now a fused stump, but even the first long-range photographs told us that here was the work of intelligence. A little later we detected the continent-wide pattern of radioactivity that had been buried in the rock. Even if the pylon above the Vault had been destroyed, this would have remained, an immovable and all but eternal beacon calling to the stars. Our ship fell toward this gigantic bull’s-eye like an arrow into its target.
If only they had had a little more time! They could travel freely enough between the planets of their own sun, but they had not yet learned to cross the interstellar gulfs, and the nearest solar system was a hundred light-years away. Yet even had they possessed the secret of the Transfinite Drive, no more than a few millions could have been saved. Perhaps it was better thus.
Yet, of course, what we have seen proves nothing of the sort. Anyone who argues thus is being swayed by emotion, not logic. God has no need to justify His actions to man. He who built the universe can destroy it when He chooses. It is arrogance–it is perilously near blasphemy–for us to say what He may or may not do.
(The Star, Arthur C. Clarke, copyright Arthur C. Clarke)
Barbara’s Giblet Gravy
Barbara Yancy took a great deal of pride in her table and was a superb cook, but like many (if not most) such people, she was an absolute tyrant in the kitchen (both characteristics she passed down to her daughter), demanding absolute obedience to instruction and perfection in results. Her Thanksgiving table was a symphony of flavor, and her crowning note, the one dish made at the last possible moment and brought to the table with a flourish once everyone was seated before the blessing, was her giblet gravy, which was only made for the holiday table and had to be done just so.
I agree with mother about chicken neck meat, but when I add chopped green onions to my gravy, I can just hear her heavy sigh of disapproval.
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When the ancient Greeks invented the coins
The coins, which are about two-thirds the size of modern coins, are known as the Golden Age of Greece and are considered to be among the most important coins ever minted.
They are believed to have been produced between the 4th and the 6th centuries BCE.
The coins are said to have originally were struck by hand with a single edge and weighed 1.6 grams.
It was then that they became one of the most popular and sought after coins in ancient Greece, as well as the first ones to be used in coins, according to the New York Times.
They were also a popular subject for the ancient art of painting and sculpture.
There are five coins with the words “GREEK” on the obverse and the words, “NIKI” on both sides of the coin.
The reverse of the coins has a large eagle on it.
As part of a broader survey of coins in Greece, the researchers identified coins with a Greek letter or design.
These coins were used by the Hellenes as a symbol of power and influence.
In the same way, ancient coins were also used to mark important religious and cultural events, according the Times.
One such event was the Trojan War, which took place in 490 BCE between the Greek and the Greek-speaking Romans.
According to the Times, the first coins to be struck were the “Golden Age of Athens” and the “The Golden Age” coins, each weighing 1.7 grams and measuring 3.3 inches.
The researchers found a similar pattern to those found on modern coins.
Ancient Greeks were also known for their artistic skills.
“The most important of the Greek coins, the ones that were really the first of their kind, were of the form of a bull, a bull with a helmet and a helmet of metal,” Dr. Tommaso Bagnasco, the lead researcher on the project, told the Times of Israel.
Bagnascos research revealed that the first depictions of these coins were made between 490 BCE and 519 BCE.
In those days, the Hellenistic art was largely influenced by the Greek art of bronze and goldwork, which is found in Greece today.
Some of the designs of the golden bull were based on the bull of Apollo, a mythological figure that is believed to be the patron deity of the Hellenic people.
Other depictions of the bull were of a goat, a ram, and an eagle.
For the coin “The Eagle,” the researchers traced the Greek letter “A” through a gold seal.
On the reverse of this coin, they discovered a depiction of a golden eagle.
“The eagle is not just a symbol for wealth and power, it’s also a symbol to the gods,” said Bagnos.
“In this way, it symbolizes the power and power of the gods.”
The researchers hope to use their findings to create a better understanding of the origins of ancient Greek coins.
“We hope that our research will help us to identify the most significant coins from the ancient past and to bring them into the present,” said Dr. Bagnias.
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KYC, KYC verification, KYCs, KYCM, KYCP: How to avoid scams
KYC is a legal requirement that is required by banks to verify the identity of individuals before they can open a bank account or make a purchase.
KYC involves two parts: verifying a person’s identity with a third party, and providing a copy of the identity to the bank.
The first step is to verify that the person is the person the bank believes the person’s name to be.
For instance, you would be able to prove that someone named Murtaza was not Murtaz.
In some countries, this is known as “checking your identity”.
In India, the KYC process can be a little tricky.
You have to provide the bank with your Aadhaar, a unique code for each of your bank accounts.
You can also provide a copy to the KYCM if you do not have it with you.
KYCM will ask you for a copy.
In this way, you can verify the details of your account and make sure you are not buying something that is not yours.
The process can take up to 24 hours.
KYCs are not mandatory.
You will still be required to provide a signature for your KYC document.
You are then required to complete a KYC application form, which requires you to provide information on yourself, your bank account, and your bank details.KYC verification can take time and involves a lot of paperwork.
It is very expensive and not always easy to complete.
For example, in 2015, there were around 1,500 bank branches in India, according to data from the RBI.
So, it is not as simple as just filling out the form and handing it in.
The Indian government has also introduced a new KYC procedure that is meant to ease KYC-related problems.
It has also asked banks to make the application process easier.
For instance, instead of providing an Aadhaar number, banks now ask for a letter of identification (KYI).
The letter of ID, along with the name and address of the bank account holder, will help you verify the name.
If you are using the same bank account to open multiple accounts, you will need to provide multiple KYC documents.
In addition, banks are asking that all transactions that are going to be recorded through KYC should be completed by May 2020.
The bank will be required by law to send the information about the transaction to the Indian Revenue Department (IRD).
UK banks could face £3.8bn fines over bank-related breaches
A British bank could face a further £3bn fine over a series of bank-linked breaches, as part of a wider investigation by the Serious Fraud Office.
The watchdog’s probe found that at least two bank branches across the UK had been linked to criminal activity.
It said that while some branches were operating at “superior” standards, “many branches were in breach of the Bank Act and the Code of Conduct for Banking Supervision”.
At least four of the branches were “systemically unauthorised” to act on customer accounts.
The inquiry’s report, which is due to be released on Friday, said that “there is a need for further action to ensure that banks are operating in a manner which minimises risk to the financial stability of the UK”.
“This investigation has uncovered numerous examples of poor supervision and compliance with the Bank Acts and the Bank Code of Practice for Banking Supervisor,” the report said.
“It is clear that there is a continuing lack of understanding of the regulations that govern the banking industry and the risks that arise from them.”
The findings of this investigation indicate that it is vital that there are robust checks and balances in place to prevent any future failings of this magnitude.
“There is also a need to strengthen the monitoring of compliance with Bank Act regulations.”
Barclays said it “stands firmly” by its actions.
“The bank has taken appropriate remedial action to improve its compliance, particularly in respect of the accounts of customers,” it said.
The bank said it was also working with regulators to identify and address any concerns it may have identified.
“We have made a number of changes to our procedures to ensure we have the right level of supervision and we have implemented our existing code of conduct, which provides that supervisors have to be supervised by an experienced and experienced-minded supervisor,” it added.
Barclays added that it “will work with regulators and the regulator of each of the bank’s branches and to the regulator for each of its branches” to implement its code of practice and safeguard customer information.
Bank of Scotland is the latest UK bank to face a regulatory inquiry over the conduct of its traders.
Last month, Barclays faced a separate probe into the conduct and integrity of its trading activities after it admitted to misleading clients in its 2015 annual report.
Barclays and RBS, which has faced the same scrutiny in the past, both said they were taking “all appropriate steps” to improve their operations.
HSBC also said it would “fully cooperate” with the SFO’s probe.
The investigation follows a series in the UK of breaches by some banks of the regulatory requirements of the financial services industry.
Last year, Barclays paid $1.8 billion in fines to settle an investigation into the bank over alleged fraud.
In May, RBS paid $2.3 billion in penalties and compensation to settle allegations of fraud.
The latest breach of a regulatory scheme has prompted warnings from regulators about the risks to financial stability posed by the lack of effective regulation of financial institutions.
In March, the Solicitor General’s office warned of the need for “robust supervision of the banking sector”.
“Regulators must be able to identify, monitor and investigate banking practices which pose a risk to consumers and the wider economy,” it warned.
“If they do not, then the risks of widespread financial instability will be compounded.”
Japan’s ‘Sushi Coin’ craze comes full circle
Japan has long been known as the world’s “Sushi Kingdom”.
Its mainstay, which has since expanded to include other cuisines, is sushi.
And it is, as you may have guessed, a popular way of making a decent amount of money.
It is a lucrative business.
The government is helping to support it.
The country has around 5,500 sushi restaurants, and the average restaurant makes about 2,500 yen a month.
In addition to this, the government has paid a huge amount of tax on sushi.
It has been estimated that the country’s entire GDP was spent on sushi in the past year.
Now, it is a Japanese thing, and people are paying more attention to it.
“Sokitokuji” or “Sasuke’s Treasure” is the nickname for this trend.
It started in 2016, when the Japanese government launched an initiative called “Sakura Cash”, aimed at raising the price of the nation’s biggest food items.
It was supposed to help Japan’s economy grow by 1.5% annually, which would have brought in around $10bn for the country.
Instead, it brought in only $2.6bn, and is now at an all-time low.
That’s why people are now looking for ways to make more money.
“A lot of people have stopped doing things that they used to do, and are looking to make money,” said Takahiro Uematsu, a 25-year-old sushi restaurant manager in Japan’s biggest city of Yokohama.
“This is a very popular thing.”
The Japanese government is supporting it by issuing a new coin, which is a mix of silver and gold.
It’s also launching a new generation of sushi restaurants in the country, with a focus on sushi-making.
The first to open are in the capital, Tokyo, and in the northern province of Hokkaido.
A new type of sushi is being introduced to the Japanese public, and it’s getting a lot of attention.
The “SukiCash” coin, or “silver sushi”, is an alternative to silver coins.
In Japan, the new coins are called “sushi coins”, and are issued by the Ministry of Finance.
A silver coin is usually worth about 20-25% of its face value.
“The reason why people buy silver coins is because it is very easy to buy, and also because it’s relatively cheap,” said Hiroshi Sakaki, a spokesperson for the Japanese Mint.
“People are willing to pay more for it because it has an attractive price tag.”
“Silver sushi” is also known as “saku-jin” (silver coins), “sakuga” (Sushi), or “kakuga-jin”.
The Japanese currency is called “Kunai” (Japanese yen), and is used for all kinds of things.
It also has a number of other names, such as “Konbu”, “Gundam” or even “Gurado”.
The “saki” in the name refers to the salt.
“We want to be more open and more transparent,” said Shigenori Inoue, a spokesman for the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and Trade.
“What we are trying to do is give the public more information.”
“The sushi market is growing quickly,” said Koyuki Kawasaki, the owner of the Tsukiji sushi restaurant in Yokohamada.
Tsukiji is one of the world, and most of the major sushi restaurants are located in Tokyo, which sells out every day.
“But we still don’t have a good market,” Kawasaki said.
“Sakuga is also popular with young people. “
So, it would be great if we could create a market for all types of sushi.”
“Sakuga is also popular with young people.
So, I think the Japanese people are really interested in it.
It could be a good business to start with.”
In the past, it was relatively easy to find sushi.
Tsukikas were popular in Japan, and were usually found in the most affluent neighbourhoods.
In the 1980s, the price for a piece of sushi was around 25 yen.
But the price has gone up dramatically in the last decade, and sushi bars in Japan are becoming more crowded.
Now they’re usually offering sushi for around 100 yen, according to one report.
“It is a difficult business to open a restaurant,” said Sakaki.
“Many people are worried about how the restaurant will fare.
So they have to make decisions based on that.”
He added that while the new currency is now popular, it will take a while for people to get used to it, and that people will have to spend a lot more time in their restaurants to make use of the new system.
The new Japanese coins are being introduced for the first time, and while they are already
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We name the 26 Australian frogs at greatest risk of extinction by 2040 — and how to save them
Spotted tree frog.
Michael Williams/Its A Wildlife Photography, Author provided
Graeme Gillespie, The University of Melbourne; Conrad Hoskin, James Cook University; Hayley Geyle, Charles Darwin University; Jaana Dielenberg, Charles Darwin University; Nicola Mitchell, The University of Western Australia, and Stephen Garnett, Charles Darwin UniversityAustralia is home to more than 240 frog species, most of which occur nowhere else. Unfortunately, some frogs are beyond help, with four Australian species officially listed as extinct.
This includes two remarkable species of gastric-brooding frog. To reproduce, gastric-brooding frogs swallowed their fertilised eggs, and later regurgitated tiny baby frogs. Their reproduction was unique in the animal kingdom, and now they are gone.
Our new study published today, identified the 26 Australian frogs at greatest risk, the likelihood of their extinctions by 2040 and the steps needed to save them.
Tragically, we have identified an additional three frog species that are very likely to be extinct. Another four species on our list are still surviving, but not likely to make it to 2040 without help.
#1 The northern gastric-brooding frog (Rheobatrachus vitellinus) is likely already extinct, primarily due to chytrid fungus disease.
Hal Cogger
The 26 most imperilled frogs
The striking yellow-spotted tree frog (in southeast Australia), the northern tinker frog and the mountain mist frog (both in Far North Queensland) are not yet officially listed as extinct – but are very likely to be so. We estimated there is a greater than 90% chance they are already extinct.
The locations of the top 26 Australian frogs at risk of extinction. ** Species likely to be recently extinct. * Species more likely than not to become extinct by 2040 unless there is action.
Jaana Dielenberg/Threatened Species Recovery Hub
The next four most imperilled species are hanging on in the wild by their little frog fingers: the southern corroboree frog and Baw Baw frog in the Australian Alps, and the Kroombit tinker frog and armoured mist frog in Queensland’s rainforests.
The southern corroboree frog, for example, was formerly found throughout Kosciuszko National Park in the Snowy Mountains. But today, there’s only one small wild population known to exist, due largely to an introduced disease.
Without action it is more likely than not (66% chance) the southern corroboree frog will become extinct by 2040.
#6 The southern corroboree frog (Pseudophryne corroboree) is close to extinction.
David Hunter/DPIE NSW
#3 The yellow-spotted tree frog (Litoria castanea) is likely extinct. It was once common throughout the New England Tableland and Southern Tablelands region in NSW, and the ACT. It is sensitive to chytrid fungus disease and also impacted by climate change, habitat loss and invasive fish.
David Hunter/DPIE NSW
What are we up against?
Species are suffering from a range of threats. But for our most recent extinctions and those now at greatest risk, the biggest cause of declines is the amphibian chytrid fungus disease.
This introduced fungus is thought to have arrived in Australia in the 1970s and has taken a heavy toll on susceptible species ever since. Cool wet environments, such as rainforest-topped mountains in Queensland where frog diversity is particularly high, favour the pathogen.
The fungus feeds on the keratin in frogs’ skin — a major organ that plays a vital role in regulating moisture, exchanging respiratory gases, immunity, and producing sunscreen-like substances and chemicals to deter predators.
Dead frog
Chrytrid disease killed this green-eyed tree frog.
Robert Puschendorf
#8 Armoured mist frog (Litoria lorica) populations have been decimated by chytrid fungus disease. It has been lost throughout former mountainous rainforest habitats where the fungus thrives. Without effective action, it’s likely to be extinct within 20 years.
Conrad Hoskin
Another major emerging threat is climate change, which heats and dries out moist habitats. It’s affecting 19 of the imperilled species we identified, such as the white-bellied frog in Western Australia, which develops tadpoles in little depressions in waterlogged soil.
Climate change is also increasing the frequency, extent and intensity of fires, which have impacted half (13) of the identified species in recent years. The Black Summer fires ravaged swathes of habitat where fires should rarely occur, such as mossy alpine wetlands inhabited by the northern corroboree frog.
Invasive species impact ten frog species. For the spotted tree frog in southern Australia, introduced fish such as brown and rainbow trout are the main problem, as they’re aggressive predators of tadpoles. In northern Australia, feral pigs often wreak havoc on delicate habitats.
#15 The Kuranda tree frog (Litoria myola) is found in a very small area near Cairns. Its primary threat is loss and degradation of habitat due to development.
Conrad Hoskin
#20 The white-bellied frog (Geocrinia alba) is the Western Australian frog at greatest risk of extinction. The tadpoles of this tiny terrestrial breeding frog rely on wet soil to develop. Reduced rainfall is contributing to declines.
Emily Hoffmann
So what can we do about it?
We identified the key actions that can feasibly be implemented in time to save these species. This includes finding potential refuge sites from chytrid and from climate change, reducing bushfire risks and reducing impacts of introduced species.
But for many species, these actions alone aren’t enough. Given the perilous state of some species in the wild, captive conservation breeding programs are also needed. But they cannot be the end goal.
#11 A northern corroboree frog in the captive breeding program run by the ACT Government.
Peter Taylor/Threatened Species Recovery Hub
Captive breeding programs can not only establish insurance populations, they can also help a species persist in the wild by supplying frogs to establish populations at new suitable sites.
Boosting numbers in existing wild populations with captive bred frogs improves their chance of survival. Not only are there more frogs, but also greater genetic diversity. This means the frogs have a better chance of adapting to new conditions, including climate change and emerging diseases.
Our knowledge of how to breed frogs in captivity has improved dramatically in recent decades, but we need to invest in doing this for more frog species.
Please save these frogs: The 26 Australian species at greatest risk of extinction.
Finding and creating wild refuges
Another vital way to help threatened frogs persist in the wild is by protecting, creating and expanding natural refuge areas. Refuges are places where major threats are eliminated or reduced enough to allow a population to survive long term.
For the spotted-tree frog, work is underway to prevent the destruction of frog breeding habitat by deer, and to prevent tadpoles being eaten by introduced predatory fish species. These actions will also help many other frog species as well.
The chytrid fungus can’t be controlled, but fortunately it does not thrive in all environments. For example, in the warmer parts of species’ range, pathogen virulence may be lower and frog resilience may be higher.
Chytrid fungus completely wiped out the armoured mist frog from its cool, wet heartland in the uplands of the Daintree Rainforest. But, a small population was found surviving at a warmer, more open site where the chytrid fungus is less virulent. Conservation for this species now focuses on these warmer sites.
This strategy is now being used to identify potential refuges from chytrid for other frog species, such as the northern corroboree frog.
Dr Graeme Gillespie during a survey for the spotted-tree frog.
Michael Williams/Its A Wildlife Photography
No time to lose
We missed the window to save the gastric-brooding frogs, but we should heed their cautionary tale. We are on the cusp of losing many more unique species.
Decline can happen so rapidly that, for many species, there is no time to lose. Apart from the unknown ecological consequences of their extinctions, the intrinsic value of these frogs means their losses will diminish our natural legacy.
In raising awareness of these species we hope we will spark new action to save them. Unfortunately, despite persisting and evolving independently for millions of years, some species can now no longer survive without our help.
The Conversation
Graeme Gillespie, Honorary Research Fellow, The University of Melbourne; Conrad Hoskin, Lecturer/ABRS Postdoctoral Fellow, James Cook University; Hayley Geyle, Research Assistant, Charles Darwin University; Jaana Dielenberg, University Fellow, Charles Darwin University; Nicola Mitchell, Associate Professor in Conservation Physiology, The University of Western Australia, and Stephen Garnett, Professor of Conservation and Sustainable Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University
Dead, shrivelled frogs are unexpectedly turning up across eastern Australia. We need your help to find out why
Green Tree Frog
Jodi Rowley, Author provided
Jodi Rowley, Australian Museum and Karrie Rose, University of SydneyOver the past few weeks, we’ve received a flurry of emails from concerned people who’ve seen sick and dead frogs across eastern Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland.
One person wrote:
About a month ago, I noticed the Green Tree Frogs living around our home showing signs of lethargy & ill health. I was devastated to find about 7 of them dead.
Another wrote:
We previously had a very healthy population of green tree frogs and a couple of months ago I noticed a frog that had turned brown. I then noticed more of them and have found numerous dead frogs around our property.
And another said she’d seen so many dead frogs on her daily runs she had to “seriously wonder how many more are there”.
So what’s going on? The short answer is: we don’t really know. How many frogs have died and why is a mystery, and we’re relying on people across Australia to help us solve it.
Why are frogs important?
Frogs are an integral part of healthy Australian ecosystems. While they are usually small and unseen, they’re an important thread in the food web, and a kind of environmental glue that keeps ecosystems functioning. Healthy frog populations are usually a good indication of a healthy environment.
The stony creek frog is one of the species hit by this mysterious outbreak.
Jodi Rowley, Author provided
They eat vast amounts of invertebrates, including pest species, and they’re a fundamental food source for a wide variety of other wildlife, including birds, mammals and reptiles. Tadpoles fill our creeks and dams, helping keep algae and mosquito larvae under control while they too become food for fish and other wildlife.
But many of Australia’s frog populations are imperilled from multiple, compounding threats, such as habitat loss and modification, climate change, invasive plants, animals and diseases.
Although we’re fortunate to have at least 242 native frog species in Australia, 35 are considered threatened with extinction. At least four are considered extinct: the southern and northern gastric-brooding frogs (Rheobatrachus silus and Rheobatrachus vitellinus), the sharp-snouted day frog (Taudactylus acutirostris) and the southern day frog (Taudactylus diurnus).
A truly unusual outbreak
In most circumstances, it’s rare to see a dead frog. Most frogs are secretive in nature and, when they die, they decompose rapidly. So the growing reports of dead and dying frogs from across eastern Australia over the last few months are surprising, to say the least.
While the first cold snap of each year can be accompanied by a few localised frog deaths, this outbreak has affected more animals over a greater range than previously encountered.
This is truly an unusual amphibian mass mortality event.
In this outbreak, frogs appear to be either darker or lighter than normal, slow, out in the daytime (they’re usually nocturnal), and are thin. Some frogs have red bellies, red feet, and excessive sloughed skin.
A browned, shrivelled green tree frog
A browned, shrivelled green tree frog (Litoria caerulea)
Suzanne Mcgovern, Author provided
The iconic green tree frog (Litoria caeulea) seems hardest hit in this event, with the often apple-green and plump frogs turning brown and shrivelled.
This frog is widespread and generally rather common. In fact, it’s the ninth most commonly recorded frog in the national citizen science project, FrogID. But it has disappeared from parts of its former range.
Other species reported as being among the sick and dying include Peron’s tree frog (Litoria peronii), the Stony Creek frog (Litoria lesueuri), and green stream frog (Litoria phyllochroa). These are all relatively common and widespread species, which is likely why they have been found in and around our gardens.
We simply don’t know the true impacts of this event on Australia’s frog species, particularly those that are rare, cryptic or living in remote places. Well over 100 species of frog live within the geographic range of this outbreak. Dozens of these are considered threatened, including the booroolong Frog (Litoria booroolongensis) and the giant barred frog (Mixophyes iteratus).
The giant barred frog is a threatened species that lives in the geographic range of this outbreak.
Jodi Rowley, Author provided
So what might be going on?
Amphibians are susceptible to environmental toxins and a wide range of parasitic, bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens. Frogs globally have been battling it out with a pandemic of their own for decades — a potentially deadly fungus often called amphibian chytrid fungus.
This fungus attacks the skin, which frogs use to breathe, drink, and control electrolytes important for the heart to function. It’s also responsible for causing population declines in more than 500 amphibian species around the world, and 50 extinctions.
For example, in Australia the bright yellow and black southern corroboree frog (Pseudophryne corroboree) is just hanging on in the wild, thanks only to intensive management and captive breeding.
The teeny tiny southern corroborree frogs have been hit hard by the chytrid fungus.
Jodi Rowley, Author provided
Curiously, some other frog species appear more tolerant to the amphibian chytrid fungus than others. Many now common frogs seem able to live with the fungus, such as the near-ubiquitous Australian common eastern froglet (Crinia signifera).
But if frogs have had this fungus affecting them for decades, why are we seeing so many dead frogs now?
Read more:
A deadly fungus threatens to wipe out 100 frog species – here’s how it can be stopped
Well, disease is the outcome of a battle between a pathogen (in this case a fungus), a host (in this case the frog) and the environment. The fungus doesn’t do well in warm, dry conditions. So during summer, frogs are more likely to have the upper hand.
In winter, the tables turn. As the frog’s immune system slows, the fungus may be able to take hold.
Of course, the amphibian chytrid fungus is just one possible culprit. Other less well-known diseases affect frogs.
The near-ubiquitous Austrlaian common eastern froglet is one species that seems able to live with the devastating chytrid fungus.
Jodi Rowley, Author provided
To date, the Australian Registry of Wildlife Health has confirmed the presence of the amphibian chytrid fungus in a very small number of sick frogs they’ve examined from the recent outbreak. However, other diseases — such as ranavirus, myxosporean parasites and trypanosome parasites — have also been responsible for native frog mass mortality events in Australia.
It’s also possible a novel or exotic pathogen could be behind this. So the Australian Registry of Wildlife Health is working with the Australian Museum, government biosecurity and environment agencies as part of the investigation.
Here’s how you can help
While we suspect a combination of the amphibian chytrid fungus and the chilly temperatures, we simply don’t know what factors may be contributing to the outbreak.
Why green tree frogs are dying en masse is still a mystery.
Sophie Hendry, Author provided
We also aren’t sure how widespread it is, what impact it will have on our frog populations, or how long it will last.
While the temperatures stay low, we suspect our frogs will continue to succumb. If we don’t investigate quickly, we will lose the opportunity to achieve a diagnosis and understand what has transpired.
We need your help to solve this mystery.
Please send any reports of sick or dead frogs (and if possible, photos) to us, via the national citizen science project FrogID, or email calls@frogid.net.au.
Read more:
Clicks, bonks and dripping taps: listen to the calls of 6 frogs out and about this summer
The Conversation
Jodi Rowley, Curator, Amphibian & Reptile Conservation Biology, UNSW, Australian Museum and Karrie Rose, Australian Registry of Wildlife Health – Taronga Conservation Society Australia, University of Sydney
Amphibians: Only About Half are Known to Science
The article below suggests that about half of the world’s amphibians are yet to be made known to science and that they could become extinct before they are. It is a very interesting article.
For more visit:
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Analysis Pages
Literary Devices in The Garden
Personification: The personification of the rose in this poem is important because it gives the rose agency and power. Roses are often portrayed as delicate but the rose in this poem is shown to be strong and resilient.
Extended Metaphor: When reading this poem through a feminist lens, the personified rose acts an extended metaphor for strength in spite of oppression and adversity as it pertains to women and minority groups. The rose being able to grow despite an inhospitable host, shows that in spite of constant oppressive forces, women and minority groups are able to grow and prosper in their societies.
Literary Devices Examples in The Garden:
The Garden
🔒 2
"scrape..." (The Garden)
The verb “to scrape”—or to remove the outer layer of, scratch, or pull some hard or sharp implement across a surface of—suggests a type of violence. The speaker is imagining being able to remove the color from this rose by force, as if the color could pour out of the rose like dye. This both emphasizes the flower’s vibrant color and once again introduces a surreal element into the poem.
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"cut in rock..." (The Garden)
The phrase “cut in rock” refers to the rose and means that the rose has grown through the rock over time. To “cut” suggests that the rose has agency or power. This image of something delicate like a rose “cutting” through something sturdy like a rock challenges the natural order and the reader’s expectations. These images contribute to a surreal feeling within the poem that one cannot trust or take for granted what they are looking at.
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Analysis Pages
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Electrical Fuse – Built to Fail in Adverse Conditions
Electrical Fuse
Although small in stature, an electrical fuse is an important component to the safety and performance of a circuit system.
A fuse protects the circuits and electric appliances from a current overload, short-circuiting, or large load withdrawals. They will contain a lead and tin alloy wire that features low resistance and a low melting point to shut off a current supply in the event of a fault.
Built to Fail
In essence, fuses are designed to fail. When a fault event occurs the lead and tin wire connecting two electrodes inside the fuse will melt. Once this wire melts, the power supply is disconnected which in turn shuts down whatever system may be running. A fuse could be considered a 'kill switch' of sorts when temperatures within an electrical system get too hot for what they are designed to operate under. They prevent fires and help to lower the risk of permanent damage to components.
Types of Fuses
Electrical Fuse
An electrical fuse can be used in both AC current and DC current systems. There is little difference in fuses between the two systems as the same premise of a wire melting when it overheats is used in both. DC systems have a constant current which means arcs can occur faster compared to AC which changes its amplitude frequently. Therefore although the construction is the same, a DC fuse is larger and has more space between the electrodes in order to decrease the arc.
Electrical Fuse
Whether they are AC or DC, a fuse falls into one of two categories – one-time use or resettable. As the name suggests, one time fuses must be replaced when the metal wire between the electrodes gets burnt or damaged. A good example of one time use units are blade fuses, most commonly found under an automobile's dash and used to control wipers, blinkers, stereo, etc. Cartridge fuses are another example of one-time use fuses. These cylindrical fuses have a contact point on each end with a wire in the middle. They are commonly found in air-conditioners, pumps, and appliances.
A resettable fuse is a polymeric positive temperature coefficient (PPTC) device that works much differently compared to one-time use fuses. Instead of a wire melting to block current, PPTC device convert to high resistance in a fault condition to reduce current flow. They cycle back to a conductive state once the current has been removed. Not to be confused with a circuit breaker, a PPTC will heat up but then regain normal function as it cools off instead of having to "trip" an object. They are commonly found in sealed environments such as computer towers, aerospace, nuclear, and even audio speakers.
Electrical Fuse Sizes
Electrical Fuse
A replacement fuse needs to physically fit in a cartridge opening, but they must also carry inherent mechanical properties to be of viable use. Categories include current carrying capacity, breaking capacity, response event, rated voltage, and melting & clearing l2t.
An electrical fuse is typically an inexpensive component that can save thousands to millions of dollars in damage. They are priceless to any electrical current system and provide sound peace of mind in a small package.
Discover More Electrician School Topics
Industrial Electrician Dusten Huebner
Return to the Electrician Information Resource homepage to explore more topics.
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Bull Seaweed
Giant kelp is not a plant, it does not have roots. Instead, it obtains all of the necessary nutrients directly from the water and is attached to the rocky bottom by a structure known as a holdfast. Like plants, however, the giant kelp harvests the sun’s energy through photosynthesis and does not feed on other organisms. This species is one of the fastest-growing species in the world, and under perfect conditions, it has been known to grow up to two feet (60 cm) in a single day. Once individual giant kelp reaches the sea surface, it continues to grow horizontally, floating in large mats that shade the water column and seafloor below. In order to remain upright, each giant kelp blade (leaf) includes a gas-filled pod that floats.
Category: Tags: , ,
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Vocal technique used with spoken or chanted rhyming lyrics
spitting bars
Commons category
Wikipedia creation date
Wikipedia incoming links count
Wikipedia opening text
Rapping (or rhyming, spitting, emceeing, MCing) is a musical form of vocal delivery that incorporates "rhyme, rhythmic speech, and street vernacular", which is performed or chanted in a variety of ways, usually over a backing beat or musical accompaniment. The components of rap include "content" (what is being said), "flow" (rhythm, rhyme), and "delivery" (cadence, tone). Rap differs from spoken-word poetry in that it is usually performed in time to musical accompaniment. Rap being a primary ingredient of hip hop music, it is commonly associated with that genre in particular; however, the origins of rap precede hip-hop culture. The earliest precursor to modern rap is the West African griot tradition, in which "oral historians", or "praise-singers", would disseminate oral traditions and genealogies, or use their rhetorical techniques for gossip or to "praise or critique individuals." Griot traditions connect to rap along a lineage of black verbal reverence[definition needed], through James Brown interacting with the crowd and the band between songs, to Muhammad Ali's verbal taunts and the poems of The Last Poets.[vague] Therefore, rap lyrics and music are part of the "Black rhetorical continuum", and aim to reuse elements of past traditions while expanding upon them through "creative use of language and rhetorical styles and strategies". The person credited with originating the style of "delivering rhymes over extensive music", that would become known as rap, was Anthony "DJ Hollywood" Holloway from Harlem, New York. Rap is usually delivered over a beat, typically provided by a DJ, turntablist, beatboxer, or performed a cappella without accompaniment. Stylistically, rap occupies a gray area between speech, prose, poetry, and singing. The word, which predates the musical form, originally meant "to lightly strike", and is now used to describe quick speech or repartee. The word had been used in British English since the 16th century. It was part of the African American dialect of English in the 1960s meaning "to converse", and very soon after that in its present usage as a term denoting the musical style. Today, the term rap is so closely associated with hip-hop music that many writers use the terms interchangeably.
Wikipedia redirect
Musical Genres/Hip
Musical Genres/Hip Hop
Rap artist
Wack MC
Wack MCs
Wack mc
Wack rapper
Wack rappers
Wack mcs
Wack emcee
Hipity hop music
Street rhyme
List of genres containing rap
History of hip hop
Hip-hop scene
Hip hop scene
Hip-hop crowd
Microphone Controller
MC (hip hop)
Rap poetry
Rap Artist
History of hip-hop
The Four Elements of Hip Hip
The four elements of hip hop
Flow (music)
Flow (rapping)
Hip hop crafts
Hip hop craft
Techniques in hip hop
Hip hop techniques
Rap game
Hip hop era
Hip hop decade
Rap star
Rhythmic monologue
Rap vocals
Hip- hop
Grunge hop
Roots of hip hop
Party rap
Rapped vocals
Microphone controller
Spitting bars
Triplet flow
Rap (genre)
Wikipedia URL
Australian Educational Vocabulary ID
Bibliothèque nationale de France ID
Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID
Encyclopædia Universalis ID
Freebase ID
Library of Congress authority ID
Library of Congress Genre/Form Terms ID
National Diet Library Auth ID
Quora topic ID
external links
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GettyImages-606353463 (1).jpg
Science Ticker
The Scientist
An Arachnid Symphony
Scientists at MIT translate a spider web into music.
Spiders don't see very well so they sense their surrounding through vibrations. They wait for prey to wander into their webs, and vibrate the silk stands like guitar strings. Researchers wondered what this sounded like so they introduced an algorithm that turns spider web vibrations into a digital stringed instrument.
Scientists used the tropical tent-web spider to create a 3-dimensional (3-D) digital web. Once the spider had created its web, the researchers scanned the web with lasers, creating two-dimensional slices, to compile into a 3-D image. The follow up with algorithms to analyze the frequencies of the original strings within the web, ultimately translated it into audible music, though not beautiful music. The findings were presented this week at the American Chemical Society meeting.
To get an idea of what spiders sound like, check out the story in The Scientist.
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Home Page
Dear Zoo
This week's book
This week our learning is going to based around the story 'Dear Zoo' by Rod Campbell. Listen to the story on the link below and talk about it to your family. Can you remember what animals were in the story and why they wouldn't make good pets?
Bedtime Stories | Justin Fletcher | Dear Zoo | CBeebies
I wrote to the Zoo to send me a.... Justin Fletcher aka Mr Tumble reads tonight's bedtime story, about a child who really wants a pet. They write to the Zoo ...
Would these animals make good pets? - Literacy
In the story the child was sent lots of different animals from the zoo but there was something wrong with each one. The camel was too grumpy, the monkey too naughty and the snake too scary. Can you look at the animals on the PowerPoint below and write a sentence for each one explaining why they wouldn't make good pets.
The shark is too nasty.
The ant is too tiny.
What pet would you choose? - literacy
If you could have any pet, which one who you choose? Look closely at the picture below. What animals can you see? Are there any pets you wouldn't like? Why? Discuss if they would make a good pet or bad pet and why.
If you could choose any pet, which one would it be and why? Can you write a sentence about your choice? Remember to include a reason why so you will need to use the word 'because' in your sentence. Here is an example:
I would like a pet chicken because I would be able to have fresh eggs every morning.
Don't forget to include a capital letter at the beginning of your sentence. You also need a full stop at the end and finger spaces between words.
Dear Zoo Letter - Literacy
Earlier in the week you have been thinking about what pet you would really like to have. Today you are going to be writing your own letter zoo asking for a pet of your choice. You can use the template below or simply write it out on paper. Remember that a letter needs the following things:
Who it is to - i.e. Dear …
The reason why you are writing - 'please can you send me a pet ...'
The reason why you want that animal - use the word because.
Who the letter is from.
I have written one as an example:
Dear Zoo,
Please can you send me a penguin because I really like the way they walk. I have a big bath so it can use this for swimming.
Thank you.
From Ms. Loveluck
This week we are going to be focusing on the sounds 'ee' (feet) and 'or' (corn). Revise these sounds with your child and look at the picture below from the Jolly Phonics story. How many things can you spot in the picture that have the sounds 'ee' and 'or' in them? Using the grid below, can you write a list of all the things you see?
Jolly phonics ee/or
'ee' Words | Blending Phonics Phase 3
'or' Words | Blending Phonics Phase 3
Let's sound out some 'or' words! If you want your children to sound out by themselves, simply mute the video. 🚨 SUBSCRIBE
Tricky Words - Phonics
This week we are going to be focusing on the words he, she, we, me.
Write these on flashcards and lay them face down on the floor. Ask your child to turn one over at a time and read the word. You can use the sheet below to practice writing these tricky words or write them on paper.
Can your child write a sentence for each of the words?
You can also practice reading and writing these by using chalks or paint brushes with water outside.
How many legs? - Maths
Do you know how many legs the following animals have?
dog? (4 legs)
spider? (8 legs)
beetle? (6 legs)
snail? (for the purpose of this activity we will class it as 1)
bird? (2 legs)
starfish? (5 legs)
Hermit crab? (10 legs)
Today we are going to be completing some addition problem solving questions. Open up the document and see if you can work out the answers to the questions. You may have some toy animals at home with different numbers of legs you can use to show your child visually or draw some pictures of the ones above.
Heavy & Light - Maths
This week we are going to be focusing on weight. Select 5 random objects from your home of different weights. Place them in front of your child and ask them to predict (without feeling them) which one they think will be the heaviest / lightest. Allow your child to explore the objects and ask them to order them according to weight, starting with the lightest going to the heaviest. Use the words heavy, light, heavier, lighter, heaviest and lightest.
You can use the PowerPoint presentation to consolidate these skills.
Weighing Game - Maths
Earlier in the week you were investigating heavy and light. Today we are going to explore a balancing scale. Discuss with your child how we measure weight (using a scales). Explain that there are different types of scales i.e. a weighing scale, balancing scale. Explain that a balancing scale works by the heaviest side moves towards the ground and the lightest side stays in the air. Play the online game below whereby your child will investigate how a balancing scale works.
Big Maths - Learn Its
It's that time again to challenge yourself on the Big Maths Learn Its. Just a reminder to play the song and when the music stops your child has 20 seconds to fill in all the answers. If they have all the questions right 3 weeks in a row then they can move onto the next Learn It. I have included the next Learn It (step 2, 3 &4) for those of you who have conquered step 1, 2 &3.
Big Maths... Beat That. 20 Seconds Version.
Zoo Webcams - Knowledge & Understanding
Have you ever visited a zoo before? What animals did you see? Sadly, all the zoo's are closed at the moment but we can still have a sneaky peak at what is going on in some of the animal enclosures. Click on the link below to look at Folly Farm's live webcams. What animals can you see? What are they doing? Do the different animals behave differently? Maybe you could find out some information about some of the animals and what the zoo keepers need to do to look after them.
Zoo animal craft - creative development
Can you remember what animals are in the story of Dear Zoo? Choose your favourite animal and see if you can make one using art materials. You can be as creative as you like but below are some ideas to help you get started.
Dear Zoo Yoga - Wellbeing
To finish our week we are going to be doing some yoga which I know you all enjoy. I have managed to find a yoga session linked to our book 'Dear Zoo'. See if you can pretend to be the different animals in the story.
Episode 1 - Dear Zoo | Kids Yoga designed for Children by Little Yoga Stars
Little Yoga Stars brings you the Dear Zoo yoga story. In this episode we bring the Dear Zoo story to life through yoga poses. This yoga episode is designed f...
Dear Zoo Challenges
Here are some fun challenges you can do throughout the week based on the story 'Dear Zoo'.
1. Can you create and build your own zoo? You could use any Lego, construction equipment, blocks, animals or even recycled materials. The more creative the better!
2. Can you make up your own version of the story Dear Zoo? Using the same language, simply change the animal and add in a word to describe what is wrong with it. You could use your ideas from the first literacy activity this week. You could turn your story into a simple book and add a new page each day or even use the computer to type it up.
3. Together decide on 6 different animals and discuss how they move. On a square piece of paper write 'move like a ...' and write in the name of the animal. You could ask your child to draw a picture of the animal is you wanted. Once you have make 6 cards, you can either put these in a basket or stick them to a large dice. Your child will then either pull one out of the basket or roll the dice to see which animal they have to move like. You could repeat this game but with different animals.
4. Can you do some animal related cooking? We will be focusing on weight in maths later in the week so a cooking activity will be good to help develop your child's understanding of measuring weight. Discuss what a weighing scale is and why it is important to put the correct about of ingredients in. Below are some ideas of animal related ideas that you could make.
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Dynamics: Pendulum Systems
The Foucault pendulum
Fig. 14-11: The Foucault pendulum
Fig. 14-11 shows a huge brass pendulum that swings across the lower foyer in the Manchester Conference Centre at the University of Manchester. The pendulum was set up as a tribute to Jean Bernard Leon Foucault.
Jean Bernard Leon Foucault (1819 - 1868), a French physicist, demonstrated the earth's rotation using his famous pendulum. He suspended a 28 kg bob with a 67 m wire from the dome of the Pantheon in Paris. Foucault was acclaimed by witnesses for proving that the earth does indeed spin on its axis. As the plane of the pendulum oscillation remained unchanged with the stars, they could understand that the Pantheon moved around the pendulum, and not vice-versa!
Foucault's pendulum was the first dynamical proof of the earths rotation in an easy-to-see experiment.
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Nuclear weapon yield
From Wikipediary, encyclopedia for creators
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The explosive yield of a nuclear weapon is the amount of energy released when that particular nuclear weapon is detonated, usually expressed as a TNT equivalent (the standardized equivalent mass of trinitrotoluene which, if detonated, would produce the same energy discharge), either in kilotons (kt—thousands of tons of TNT), in megatons (Mt—millions of tons of TNT), or sometimes in terajoules (TJ). An explosive yield of one terajoule is equal to 0.239 kilotonnes of TNT. Because the accuracy of any measurement of the energy released by TNT has always been problematic, the conventional definition is that one kiloton of TNT is held simply to be equivalent to 1012 calories.
The yield-to-weight ratio is the amount of weapon yield compared to the mass of the weapon. The practical maximum yield-to-weight ratio for fusion weapons (thermonuclear weapons) has been estimated to six megatons of TNT per metric ton of bomb mass (25 TJ/kg). Yields of 5.2 megatons/ton and higher have been reported for large weapons constructed for single-warhead use in the early 1960s.[1] Since then, the smaller warheads needed to achieve the increased net damage efficiency (bomb damage/bomb mass) of multiple warhead systems have resulted in increases in the yield/mass ratio for single modern warheads.
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Interesting facts about the color black
Black is the darkest color.
Like white, but unlike the colors of the spectrum and most mixtures of them, black lacks hue, so it is considered an achromatic color.
In physics, black is perceived with the human eye when light is absent or when all wavelengths in the visible spectrum are absorbed.
Black doesn’t feature on a traditional color wheel. It is generally considered to be a non-color, as it absorbs all the other colors of the visible spectrum.
Diluted with white, black is transformed into gray, a paler achromatic color which carries some of the traits of both black and white.
Black was one of the first colors used in art, with prehistoric cave drawings, such as those at Lascaux in France, featuring marks and images made using charcoal, and later achieved darker pigments by burning bones or grinding a powder of manganese oxide.
For the ancient Egyptians, black had positive associations – being the color of fertility and the rich black soil flooded by the Nile. It was the color of Anubis, the god of the underworld, who took the form of a black jackal, and offered protection against evil to the dead.
For the ancient Greeks black was a fundamental color. According to Pliny the Elder in his Natural History, Apelles and the other famous painters of ancient Greece used only four colors in their paintings – black, white, red, yellow. For painting, the Greeks used the highly toxic pigment lead
white, made by a long and laborious process – of all the pigments that have been banned over the centuries, the color most missed by painters is likely lead white.
To ancient Greeks black also represented the underworld, separated from the world of the living by the river Acheron, whose water was black.
In the social hierarchy of ancient Rome, purple was the color reserved for the Emperor. The black they wore was not deep and rich – the vegetable dyes used to make black were not solid or lasting, so the blacks often turned out faded gray or brown.
Black was also the Roman color of death and mourning.
In the 12th century a famous theological dispute broke out between the Cistercian monks, who wore white, and the Benedictines, who wore black. A Benedictine abbot, Pierre the Venerable, accused the Cistercians of excessive pride in wearing white instead of black. Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, the founder of the Cistercians responded that black was the color of the devil, hell, “of death and sin,” while white represented “purity, innocence and all the virtues”.
hiding his identity, usually wrapped in secrecy.
In the Protestant Netherlands, Rembrandt used this sober new palette of blacks and browns to create portraits whose faces emerged from the shadows expressing the deepest human emotions.
In the 19th century the invention of new, inexpensive synthetic black dyes and the industrialization of the textile industry meant that high-quality black clothes were available for the first time to the general population. Black gradually became the most popular color of business dress of the upper and middle classes in England, the Continent, and America.
In the 1950s, black came to be a symbol of individuality and intellectual and social rebellion, the color of those who didn’t accept established norms and values.
mourning dress.
In China, the color black is associated with water, one of the five fundamental elements believed to compose all things – and with winter, cold, and the direction north, usually symbolized by a black tortoise.
Black ink, invented in China, was traditionally used in the Middle Ages for writing, for the simple reason that black was the darkest color and therefore provided the greatest contrast with white paper or parchment, making it the easiest color to read. It became even more important in the 15th century, with the invention of printing. A new kind of ink, printer’s ink, was created out of soot, turpentine and walnut oil. The new ink made it possible to spread ideas to a mass audience through printed books, and to popularize art through black and white engravings and prints. Because of its contrast and clarity, black ink on white paper continued to be the standard for printing books, newspapers and documents – and for the same reason black text on a white background is the most common format used on computer screens.
Traditional black ink from China, often called India ink, is usually made from soot mixed with animal glue – it is highly prized for its durability and opacity.
“True black” is a phrase often employed by designers seeking an authentically dark and inky black color.
However, in print design, a deep inky black called Rich Black is considered the most desirable black color for printing. Designers can achieve this by mixing solid black ink with one or more other colors in the CMYK range.
A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity prevents anything, including light, from escaping. It is called “black” because it absorbs all the light that hits the horizon, reflecting nothing, just like a perfect black body in thermodynamics.
The fact that outer space is black is sometimes called Olbers’ paradox. In theory, because the universe is full of stars, and is believed to be infinitely large, it would be expected that the light of an infinite number of stars would be enough to brilliantly light the whole universe all the time. However, the background color of outer space is black. This contradiction was first noted in 1823 by German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers, who posed the question of why the night sky was black.
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"url": "https://justfunfacts.com/interesting-facts-about-the-color-black/"
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Monitoring Particulates Against the Range of Light
by Gordy Slack
Nineteenth century naturalist and writer John Muir called the Sierra Nevada Mountains the ‘Range of Light’ because of the stunning luminosity of its peaks viewed from California’s Great Central Valley. Today, Muir would be heartbroken to see his favorite mountains obscured by the thick soup of pollution that so often fills the valley these days.
The particulate constituents of that smog, which blows east from the Pacific coast’s urban areas, are generated by highway traffic and agricultural activity in the valley itself, and come increasingly from other valley-based industries as the region’s economy grows. Air pollution is effectively trapped in the valley, which is capped by an inversion above and by mountain ranges that define its north, south, and eastern edges. In winter, the inversion layer drops and concentrates the trapped and dirty air, leading to health crises for asthmatics and others with allergies and lung conditions. And it is just plain unhealthy for everyone else. According to the US EPA, five of America’s ten most air-polluted cities are in California’s Central Valley.
Later this year, Shawn Newsam will begin pointing cameras at the horizon to gather data he hopes will provide easy to access, constantly updated information about air quality throughout California’s Central Valley.
As he drives to work each day, Shawn Newsam, Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at UC Merced, gazes toward the Sierras twenty miles to the east. Sometimes the mountains look clear and close enough to touch, he says, and other times he cannot see them at all. If he can see the peaks clearly, he worries less about his two children playing outdoors. But if that dark haze obscures the mountains, he may recommend keeping them inside.
It is not a very scientific approach to measuring particulates in the air, acknowledges Newsam, but right now, there is really no better working alternative. With only a handful of point measurements of particulate matter for the entire Central Valley, air quality warnings just are not local enough to be of much use. “Air quality in the valley is a quickly changeable and highly localized affair,” Newsam says. A reading from Fresno, say, may not reflect the air conditions in nearby Modesto or Clovis.
Supported partly with a grant from CITRIS, Newsam is developing a network of several dozen cameras that can collect data and possibly analyze air particulates around the Central Valley. The project could provide a quick, easily accessible way to evaluate local air quality in real time.
This spring, Newsam will aim digital cameras at the horizon and analyze the resulting atmospheric images in hope of finding meaningful associations between them and the particulates in the air they depict. Broadly speaking, he will be taking two approaches, one from above the data, the other from beneath.
First, from above, he will develop models of the different light dispersal effects of different size particles. “We may then be able to automate the application of such analyses to the images for lots of real time data about both the concentration of particulates in the air and the size of the particles themselves,” he says.
The size of airborne particles matters as much as their composition, says Anthony Wexler, UC Davis Professor of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering and a specialist on air pollution. “Larger particles affect the health of the lung, whereas smaller ones can penetrate into the bloodstream, circulate, and affect other organs,” says Wexler, who is consulting with Newsam on the project.
But there may be a simpler way to establish the correlation between what Newsam’s camera’s record and the air particles' size and concentration. Simple data mining, Newsam says, may be a shortcut to just as potent a result. By capturing and analyzing numerous images and then comparing them to direct particulate measurements (which are much more expensive) simultaneously taken and analyzed by the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District (Valley Air District), Newsam may be able to find correlations between the two.
To accomplish this, Newsam will apply different data mining techniques, including Bayesian classifiers, decision tree classifiers, neural network classifiers, and support vector machines.
The health effects of particulates are determined by both the concentration of the particles in the air and by their size. Newsam’s project could allow easy and instant evaluation of both.
Newsam will use both linear and nonlinear regression to model the relationship between the features of the images he gathers and the particulate data he gets from the Valley Air District. Quantifiable image texture features will be used to examine the amount of detail visible on distant objects, such as mountains, as well as analyze the spectral signatures of the light scattered by the particles, possibly employing a hyperspectral camera that can take pictures at narrow light wavelength bandwidths. And he will also compare images taken using polarization filters at different angles in case there is a detectable and interpretable polarization effect on light scattered by different size particles.
One way or the other, Newsam expects his research to bear fruit. As his research is, as he calls it “investigatory, very experimental,” he does acknowledge the possibility that neither the modeling nor the data mining will result in reliable ways to draw useful particulate information from his photographs.
“The Holy Grail would be finding a quick way to draw conclusions about particulates from images,” Newsam says. “But even if I do not get that, we will still have a far more complete track record of whether visibility is getting worse or better and by how much.”
Such a record will become more valuable as the human population in the valley grows and, in all likelihood, as air quality worsens, Newsam says. And with the aid of projective computer technologies, graphic what-if scenarios could be accurately illustrated. “If a politician or bureaucrat wanted to know what the Sierra Nevada viewed from the Merced Campus would look like ten years from now given different economic and emission scenarios, we could show them,” Newsam says.
The data collected by his widely distributed cameras may serve another purpose as well. As photons become an increasingly important source of energy in the valley, the need to make accurate, short-term predictions about how much energy the sun will contribute to the grid at any given time becomes increasingly important. Newsam’s images could provide up-to-the minute projections of solar irradiance over large geographic areas and thus make inexpensive forecasts of the potential output of photovoltaic systems in the area. Newsam has approached PG&E with his research plan, and the energy company has shown interest in developing a real-time map of solar irradiance. In this way, by aiding solar energy’s reliability, reading air pollution could have the side effect of reducing it. That would please John Muir as well as Newsam’s kids, who just want to play outside.
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.02210390567779541,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9487475156784058,
"url": "https://citris-uc.org/monitoring-particulates-against-the-range-of-light/"
}
|
Looking at Movies Chapter 5 terms
1. Design
The process by which the look of the settings, props, lighting, and actors is determined
2. Setting
The environment in which the narrative takes place.
3. Composition
The organization, distribution, balance, and general relationship of the actors and objects within the space of each shot.
4. Frame
The border between what the filmmakerwants us to see and everything else
5. Framing
What we see on the screen
6. Kenisis
What moves on the screen
7. Figures
Any significant things that move on the screen--people, animals objects
8. On-Screen Space
Cinematic space that exists inside the frame.
9. Off-Screen Space
Space outside the frame
10. The Open Frame
A frame around a motion-picture image that, theoretically, characters and objects can enter and leave.
11. The closed frame
An approach to framing a shot that implies that neither characters nor objects may enter or leave the frame--rendering them hemmed in and constrained
Card Set
Looking at Movies Chapter 5 terms
Looking at Movies Chapter 5 terms
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"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.09294319152832031,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8854935765266418,
"url": "https://freezingblue.com/flashcards/208005/preview/looking-at-movies-chapter-5-terms"
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Coriolis flowmeter
1-4 of 4
The Coriolis flowmeter works using the Coriolis-effect. The Coriolis-effect is described in the law of conservation of momentum, something that is currently moving will resist against a change in that movement. In a Coriolis meter the tubing through which the substance moves are vibrated. The Coriolis-force of the moving medium causes the vibration in the incoming part to be left behind compared to that of the outgoing part. The time difference between the vibrations in the incoming and outgoing part is directly proportional to the mass-flow of the medium.
The eigen frequencies of the vibrating tubing is influenced by the mass of the medium. Because the volume of the tubing is calculated a comparable mass of the medium can be calculated, and with that also the volume flow.
Because the deformations of a straight tube initially weren’t reliably measurable, the first measurers were made as a U-shaped tube. Because a single tube quickly influences the measurer through external vibrations, the measurer is almost always made with a double U-shaped tube that is made to vibrate in the opposite phase. This way external influences cancel each other out. The most accurate Coriolis flowmeters even have four Coriolis tubes.
With the coming of digital signal processing, it is possible to get a reliable measurement signal from a straight tube. To help remove the external influences with a straight tube, the measurers often have a balance bar that vibrates in the opposite phase with the measuring tube. The newest Coriolis flowmeters therefore have no U-tubes at all.
chat uitgeschakeld voor Engels
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.7242749929428101,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9353293776512146,
"url": "https://www.hitma-instrumentatie.nl/en/coriolis-flowmeter"
}
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The Concept of Local Autonomy
Our study is focussed on local government, which we distinguish from other organisations through 4 criteria: a local government unit has a clearly defined territory, has authoritative power over its citizens, has directly elected decision-makers and/or municipal assemblies, and has a certain amount of local autonomy to provide policies.
Local autonomy is measured through 11 variables, which are combined in 7 dimensions and an overall “local autonomy index” (LAI).
The 11 variables of local autonomy
Local autonomy combines self-rule and interactive rule elements. It is measured through 11 variables:
1. Institutional depth: The extent to which local government is formally autonomous and can choose the tasks they want to perform
2. Policy scope: The range of functions (tasks) where local government assumes responsibility for the delivery of the services (whether it is provided by municipal personnel or through other arrangements)
3. Effective political discretion: The extent to which local government can make final decisions over these functions
4. Fiscal autonomy: The extent to which local government can independently tax its population
5. Financial transfer system: The proportion of unconditional financial transfers to total financial transfers received by the local government
6. Financial self-reliance: The proportion of local government revenues derived from own/local sources (i.e. taxes, fees, charges over which local government has influence)
7. Borrowing autonomy: The extent to which local government can borrow
8. Organisational autonomy: The extent to which local government is free to decide about its own organisation and electoral system
Interactive rule
1. Legal protection: The existence of constitutional or legal means to assert local autonomy
2. Administrative supervision: The extent to which administrative supervision of local government is (un)obtrusive
3. Central or regional access: The extent to which local authorities have channels to influence higher level governments’ policy-making
The 7 dimensions of local autonomy
We believe that each of the components of local autonomy is of interest in its own right depending on the questions one is interested in. For some purposes, however, it might be important to reduce complexity and to combine the different variables into a limited number of dimensions or into an overall index. By doing so, we also have the possibility to give different weights to the various aspects of local autonomy considering local autonomy as a multi-dimensional phenomenon. Following the literature, the European Charter of Local Self-Government and both theoretical and empirical grounds, we distinguish between to following 7 dimensions of local autonomy:
1. Legal autonomy (LA): The legal status and protection of local governments
2. Political discretion (PD): The formal distribution of power and the effective decision-making competences with respect to services delivery
3. Policy scope (PS): The scope of services for which local governments are responsible
4. Financial autonomy (FA): the financial resources available locally and the possibility to decide on their sources
5. Organisational autonomy (OA): the free organisation of local political arenas and administration
6. Non-interference (NI): the extent of liberty left by higher levels of government in their control
7. Access (AC): the degree of influence of local governments on political decisions at higher levels of government
The local autonomy index (LAI)
Based on the judgements of the country group coordinators, the Local Autonomy Index (LAI) puts an emphasis on effective political discretion and financial autonomy which are considered to be very important dimensions of local autonomy. Policy scope and organisational autonomy are important dimensions of local autonomy, while the last three variables are considered to be somewhat important.
The LAI is constructed as followed (weighting factors in bold):
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"fasttext_score": 0.07297444343566895,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9070742726325989,
"url": "http://local-autonomy.andreasladner.ch/the-concept-of-local-autonomy/"
}
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This 1960s and 1970s cultural movement, begun by African American artists and intellectuals based in the United States, arose during a time when Black people around the world were engaged in struggles for liberation and equality—from the Black Power movement to decolonization efforts across the African continent—to promote Black self-determination (or the power to make decisions for oneself) through cultural production. Using literature, theater, and the visual arts, the movement emphasized artmaking rooted in Black history and identity. Work was made for Black audiences and was meant to be easily accessible, both in terms of its figurative content (what it depicted) and where you could find it (public murals, inexpensive prints, etc.).
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.21875,
"fasttext_score": 0.06527835130691528,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.967007577419281,
"url": "https://www.moma.org/collection/terms/black-arts-movement"
}
|
Jewish children in an orphanage operated by the Jewish council of the Vilna ghetto.During World War II, the Germans established Jewish councils, usually called Judenraete . These Jewish municipal administrations were required to ensure that Nazi orders and regulations were implemented. Jewish council members also sought to provide basic community services for ghettoized Jewish populations.
They would come in the morning and told the Jewish council to deliver 500 men or 200 men. If the Jewish council wasn't able to deliver through their own police, they started indiscriminately to go from house to house, beat, shoot...
—Tomasz (Toivi) Blatt
Tomasz (Toivi) Blatt describes the Izbica Jewish council (Judenrat) and German attacks (Aktionen) there
Other Jewish council officials advocated compliance, believing that cooperation would ensure the survival of at least a portion of the population. In Lodz, Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski, who tried in vain to persuade the Nazis to reduce the number of Jewish deportees, urged ghetto residents to report for deportation as ordered. Rumkowski also adopted a policy of "rescue through labor," believing that if the Germans could exploit Jewish labor, deportation might be averted.
Motto of Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski, chairman of the Lodz ghetto Jewish council:
Jewish council members held varied views on resistance. In Sosnowiec, Moshe Merin denounced the underground, believing that armed resistance would doom the entire ghetto. In Vilna, Jewish council chairman Jacob Gens decided to hand over underground leader Yitzhak Wittenberg, claiming that if the council did not turn Wittenberg in the Nazis would liquidate the ghetto. Jewish council opposition to resistance often prompted resentment within the underground, which sometimes accused the Jewish councils of collaboration with the Nazis (in Warsaw, the underground attacked the Jewish police).
Bella Jakubowicz Tovey describes a meeting between her father and the Jewish council leader in Sosnowiec
Some Jewish council chairmen, such as Efraim Barasz in Bialystok, believed that resistance should be implemented only as a last resort—when a ghetto was about to be liquidated. In Kovno, Elchanan Elkes actively assisted the underground. In Lachva and Tuchin, Jewish council members participated in uprisings. In Diatlovo, Jewish council members organized partisans.
The members of the Jewish councils faced impossible moral dilemmas. Often forgotten in the debates over the culpability of the Jewish councils and the Jewish police are the efforts of many Jewish council members and officials in their employ to provide a variety of social, economic, and cultural services under the brutal and difficult conditions in the ghettos.
Jewish Councils
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{
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"edu_score": 3.96875,
"fasttext_score": 0.17025816440582275,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9447879791259766,
"url": "https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jewish-councils-judenraete"
}
|
What are the 8 types of angles?
What are the 8 types of angles?
The different types of angles based on their measurements are: Acute Angle – An angle less than 90 degrees….Summary.
Angle Type Angle measure
Acute angle Greater than 0 °, Less than 90°
Right angle 90°
Obtuse angle Greater than 90°, less than 180°
Straight angle 180°
What are the 7 types of angles?
There are 7 types of angles. These are zero angles, acute angles, right angles, obtuse angles, straight angles, reflex angles, and complete angles.
What are the 9 types of angles?
The images above illustrate certain types of angles.
• Obtuse Angle. Obtuse Angle.
• Right Angle. Right Angle.
• Straight Angle. Straight Angle.
• Video Lesson on Types of Angles. 9,04,174.
What is full angle?
What type of angle is 0 degrees?
zero angle
What kind of angle is 10 degrees?
Can an angle have 0 degrees?
Is a straight line 0 degrees?
What do you call a 360 angle?
What are the names of the different types of angles?
The names of basic angles are Acute angle, Obtuse angle, Right angle, Straight angle, reflex angle and full rotation. An angle is geometrical shape formed by joining two rays at their end-points. An angle is usually measured in degrees.
Why are there no degrees in Kelvin or radians?
Like, there is no ‘degrees’ in radians, which is the ‘natural’ way of measuring angles. (One can appreciate the ‘natural’ness of radians after one sees how sines and cosines work, and some series expansion of those, and their relations with the exponential function, and complex numbers…). It is the same way for Kelvin.
Which is the best description of an angle?
Types of Angles Type of angles Description Acute Angle < 90° Obtuse Angle > 90° Right Angle = 90° Straight Angle =180°
What do you call an angle equal to 360 degrees?
An angle equal to 360 degrees is called full rotation or full angle. It is formed when one of the arms takes a complete rotation to form an angle. Angle Types Based on Rotation Based on the direction of measurement or the direction of rotation, angles can be of two types:
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"language_score": 0.8895840644836426,
"url": "https://forwardonclimate.org/tips/what-are-the-8-types-of-angles/"
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Bianqing Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng Shanghai Museum
Advertisement - You can get this game from STEAM
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese編鐘
Simplified Chinese编钟
Korean name
Bianzhong (pronounced [pi̯ɛ́n t͡ʂʊ́ŋ]) is an ancient Chinese musical instrument consisting of a set of bronze bells, played melodically. China is the earliest country to manufacture and use musical chimes. They are also called Chime Bells.[1] These sets of chime bells were used as polyphonic musical instruments and some of these bells have been dated at between 2,000 to 3,600 years old. They were hung in a wooden frame and struck with a mallet. Using a wooden hammer and a rod to beat the bronze bell can make different pitch. Along with the stone chimes called bianqing, they were an important instrument in China's ritual and court music going back to ancient times.
Several sets of bianzhong were imported to the Korean court during the Song Dynasty. Pronounced in Korean as pyeonjong, the instrument became an important part in Korea's ritual and court music and is still in use. In Vietnam, the instrument, which was used in ceremonies in the court at Huế, is called biên chung. The instrument's name is pronounced henshō in Japanese.
While the oldest clapperless bells in China date to as early as 2100 BCE, the organization of zhong bells into bianzhong (literally “arranged zhong[2]) developed in the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BCE).[3] Bianzhong from this era had varied numbers of individual zhong (between 13 and 64), each of which could produce two distinct pitches and were suspended obliquely or vertically.[2] In ancient China, the chime was a special instrument for upper class people and it was a symbol of power and wealth. In one set from this time period, the biggest bell was 153.4 centimeters (60.4 in) in height and weighed 203.6 kilograms (449 lb), while the smallest bell was 20.4 centimeters (8.0 in) in height and weighed 2.4 kilograms (5.3 lb).[4]
The instrument’s construction shifted dramatically in the Qin and Tang dynasties (221 BC – 907 BC). Bianzhong decreased in size during this period, being limited to sets of 14, 16, and 24 bells.[5] Due to differences in bell construction, each zhong produced only one pitch. These bianzhong were tuned either to a seven-note scale or in twelve semitones.[5]
Musicians standardized bianzhong construction and ritual performance by the end of the Song dynasty (960–1279 CE).[3] Typical instruments from this period consisted of 16 bells suspended vertically in a two-tiered frame.[3][2] Through the Qing dynasty (1644–1911 CE) into the modern day, this construction of bianzhong remained standard.[3]
In the modern day, Confucian ritual celebrations in Korea still utilizes bianzhong. The instrument's role is to lead the orchestra (doubling the melody of the winds and strings), while larger bells punctuate hymn phrases.[6][2] Since the rediscovery of Zhou-dynasty bianzhong by archaeologists in 1978, there has been a revitalization of the performance and construction of that form of the instrument.[5] Modern historical-performance ensembles (such as the Hubei Song and Dance Ensemble) have been performing on reconstructions of Zhou-dynasty bianzhong nationally and internationally since the 1980s.[7][8]
Korean pyeonjong – Confucian ritual at Munmyo Shrine, Sungkyunkwan seowon
Close-up of the bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng
The bianzhong was part of a larger category of ancient Chinese bells referred to as a zhong. This is defined by a leaf-shaped cross-section, concave mouth (or rim) and an overall shape expands slightly from top to bottom.[3] All sets of bianzhong were suspended together in a wooden frame, but how they were suspended can differ. The most common type of suspension in the zhong family is when the bell has an elongated handle with a small ring at its base and is then hung at a diagonal angle. Some bianzhong have been found to be suspended vertically by a loop, but this is found less frequently. Each bianzhong has the same thickness, which means that the pitch is determined by size. [3]
The general range of bianzhong height is 15–40 centimetres (5.9–15.7 in); however, archaeologists have discovered some that are as small as 9 centimetres (3.5 in) and as large as 153 centimetres (60 in).[3] Individual bianzhong usually have many decorative features; these could include raised rectangular ribs, repetitive claw-like (or horn-like) designs, and protrusions in clusters (typically four clusters).[3]
Among the most important sets of bianzhong discovered are a complete ceremonial set of 65 zhong bells, found in a near-perfect state of preservation during the excavation of the tomb of Marquis Yi, who died ca. 430 BCE.[9] Yi was the ruler of Zeng, one of the minor states under control of the major State of Chu. This region is now part of the present-day Hubei province. The instrument is currently on display at the Hubei Provincial Museum in Wuhan, China. It under protection by the government as an esteemed cultural relic, and has been performed on three times since its excavation in 1978, the most recent being for the Hong Kong Reunification ceremony in 1997.[10]
Although tuned bells have been created and used for musical performance in many cultures, zhong are unique among all other types of cast bells in several respects. They have a lens-shaped (rather than circular) section, the bell mouth has a distinctive "cutaway" profile, and the outer surfaces of the large bells feature 36 studs or bosses, symmetrically placed around the body in four groups of nine. This special shape gives zhong bells the remarkable ability to produce two different musical tones, depending on where they are struck. Striking the center of the bell produces the primary tone, while the left or right corners produce a secondary pitch either a major or minor third higher, equivalent to a distance of four or five notes on a piano.[11][2]
The bells of Marquis Yi cover a range of five octaves, and are fully chromatic in the central three octaves.[3] The set—still in playable condition after almost 2,500 years—is able to produce both diatonic and pentatonic scales.[12]
The Marquis Yi bianzhong on display in the Hubei Provincial Museum
The Jin Hou Su bianzhong in the Shanghai Museum
A collection of various porcelain wares from the Kangxi reign (1661–1722) of the Qing dynasty. A porcelain bianzhong is seen on the top middle.
See also
1. ^ "The introduction to Hubei". Wechat.
2. ^ a b c d e Thrasher, Alan (2000). Chinese Musical Instruments. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. pp. 6–12. ISBN 019-590777-9.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Thrasher, Alan R. Thrasher (January 20, 2001). "Grove Music Online". Oxford Music Online. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
4. ^ "Zhou: Zenghouyi Bianzhong: Chinese Arts". China Online Museum. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
5. ^ a b c "Zhong". Encyclopedia Britannica. September 28, 2006. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
6. ^ Moule, Arthur (1989). A List of the Musical and Other Sound-Producing Instruments of the Chinese. Buren: Frits Knuf Publishers. p. 40. ISBN 90-6027-554-3.
7. ^ Smith, Sid (Jan 5, 1989). "SOUND OF ANCIENT CHINA HAS A RING TO IT". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
8. ^ Melvin, Sheila (April 4, 2000). "The Chimes of Ancient China". The New York Times. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
9. ^ Warring States Tomb of Marquis Yi
10. ^ Yuan, Meng (September–December 2018). "Redesign of BianZhong museum exhibition in an interactive and engaging way". Retrieved 27 September 2019.CS1 maint: date format (link)
13. ^ 晋侯稣钟 [Jin Hou Su bells] (in Chinese). National Library of China. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
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"url": "https://pipiwiki.com/wiki/Bianzhong"
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Plants Do Have IQ: An Ecological Possibility
Berberis vulgaris
As proposed by the researchers from the University of Göttingen and the Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research (UFZ), plants are capable of making arduous decisions when caught in tough situation and until now, plants intelligence was underestimated.
Research conducted on Barberry (Berberis vulgaris), specifies that under parasitic attack, Barberry abort their seeds, in order to increase their chances of survival. This indicates that the plant have some kind of structural memory and using some unknown process they can mark the difference between inner and outer status quo and even predict the future contingencies.
The Barberry or European Barberry is a breed of shrub that is dispersed through the whole of Europe and is linked to a native North American plant, the Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium) and is growing and spreading for years in Europe. Researchers analyzed both the breed of plants for parasitic infection and found pronounced difference.
Barberry Seeds under Scrutiny
Dr Harald Auge who is a biologist at the UFZ said that the larvae of specialized tephritid fruit fly, which generally feed on seeds of the native Barberry, were infesting the new host plant, Oregon grape with approximately tenfold higher population density.
This made researchers to study the Barberry’s seed more minutely and therefore around 2000 berries from various region of Germany were collected. These berries were analyzed for any symptoms of piercing and such seeds were then cut open to check any kind of infestation caused by the tephritid fruit fly larvae (Rhagoletis meigenii).
The tephritid fruit fly pierce the berries and deposit its eggs inside the berries. The larva upon hatching will feed on the seeds available in the berry. Usually each berry bears two seeds and the plant upon suspecting any infestation, quickly ceases the development of seeds to conserve its resources.
Following this procedure plant can protect itself from the tephritid fruit fly. The developing larva feeds on both the seeds available inside the berry and if the dropping off such seeds by the plant will not only leave the larva to starve to death, but will save the other seed in the berry too.
Another researcher Dr. Katrin M. Meyer working on the study, found a striking fact that, not always the infested fruits are aborted, instead it is more dependent on the number of seeds the berry contains. He says that 75 per cent of chances is that the plant will abort the infested seed, if the berry had two seeds in them and thus saving the other healthy seed. But in case, the fruit contain just a seed then the chances of plant aborting just the infested seed is 5 percent.
Plant’s Forecasting Ability
This is generally because aborting the infested fruit, which contain just a single seed, means losing the entire fruit for the plant. However, in such cases, the probability of larvae to die naturally due to starvation is more and thus not dropping such a seed is more fruitful for the plant.
The plant ability to foresee loses and analyzing the conditions outside is a breakthrough and surprising for the researchers. But how does the plant gauge what can go wrong after getting infested by the tephritid fruit fly. How these pros and cons are weighted by the Barberry, is still a mystery for the researchers. The complex behavior of plant that developed during the evolution is still not known. On the other hand, the Oregon grape inhabiting Europe for some 200 years, is still lack any strategy to save itself from the infestation by the tephritid fruit fly.
This study has opened the door for further studies about plant intelligence. And may be that the reason that plants are found inhabiting in areas that are not ideal for human settlement.
Source: Phys.Org
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Cultural Exchange in the Tang Dynasty – The Journey of a Tomb Figure
View this object on our collections website.
Grade Levels: High School
Object Types: Ceramic, Sculpture
Time Needed: 90 minutes
Contributed by: Matthew Sudnik, History Teacher, The Madeira School, McLean, VA
Students will be able to identify and analyze the Tomb Figure of a Groom and relate this work to the historical context of cultural exchange during the Tang dynasty.
Essential Questions
• How do historians use tomb figures as a source for Chinese history?
• What aspects of history are represented through tomb objects?
• What does this tomb figure reveal about China’s contact with foreign cultures?
This is a tomb figure of a horse groom dated to 700–750 CE, the middle of the Tang dynasty (618–907). He is wearing a long green coat with wide lapels, brownish-yellow boots, and his right arm is lifted as if holding a horse bridle. According to the notes of its previous owner, famous art dealer C. T. Loo (1880–1957), the figure may represent an Ethiopian horse handler. The Tang dynasty witnessed a great flourishing of trade and an interest in goods from Western Asia and East Africa. While the notes from C. T. Loo suggest that the piece was excavated in Xi’an, former capital of the Tang dynasty’s empire, its origin is unknown. The figure was determined to have been made during the Tang dynasty based on Thermoluminescence dating that took place in 1971.
Indian Ocean trade network: a network of sea routes that connected Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa.
Silk Road: an ancient network of land and sea trade routes established during the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) that existed until the middle of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). These trade routes stretched from China across Asia to the Near East, the Mediterranean, and East Africa.
Thermoluminescence dating: scientific method of determining when a piece of ceramic was made. A small sample is taken from the object and heated in a laboratory. During the heating process, the sample emits a faint blue light. The light is measured to estimate how much time has passed since the object was fired in a kiln.
Trans-Saharan caravan trade network: trade network from the eighth to the late sixteenth century between the Mediterranean region and West Africa.
Day 1:
1. Ask students what they already know about Chinese tombs and tomb objects.
2. Draw connections to their prior knowledge of Ancient Egypt’s tomb culture, including objects and mummified animals, or prior knowledge about tombs or the afterlife in their own culture.
3. Have students view images of various Tang dynasty era tomb figures as found on the webpage for this lesson plan. Slides will include “Tomb Figure of a Man on Horseback” (F1952.12), “Tomb Figure of a Woman on Horseback” (F1952.13), “Head of a tomb figure of a Sogdian or Central Asian traveler” (RLS1997.48.1499), and “Tomb Figure of a Groom” (F1952.14).
4. For each piece students must write one sentence for each category: Describe, Analyze, Interpret, and Inquire.
5. Following the set of slides, students will dive deeper into their study of the “Tomb Figure of a Groom.” Provide them with the following information: His hand gesture suggests that he is holding a horse bridle and the official notes on the piece suggest he is Ethiopian.
6. Next, the students will locate Ethiopia and China on a map and identify possible trade routes between the two. They will likely identify the Silk Road and the Indian Ocean trade network. They will answer the geographic question: How did this groom arrive in China?
7. Students will write one paragraph as an exit ticket, responding to the historical question: Where did foreign people fit into Chinese society in the eighth century CE?
Discussion Questions
• What kind of clothing is this figure wearing?
• How is he holding his arms/hands?
• What activities would a person representing this figure engage in? What might his occupation be?
• What do you think would have been placed in his hands?
• Who do you think this object belonged to?
• What significance does this figure have in a Chinese tomb?
• What does this object suggest about the interaction between people from Afro-Eurasia during the period of the Tang dynasty?
Visual Arts
• Design a figurine for your tomb. Think about its function in your afterlife. How does your figure reflect contemporary values and society?
English Language Arts
• Write a creative short story about the journey of the horse groom from Ethiopia to China.
Social Studies
• Create a map tracing the origins of people represented by tomb figures across the trade networks of the Silk Road, Indian Ocean trade network, and Trans-Saharan caravan trade network.
• Research tomb objects from other historical periods and civilizations, specifically Pharaonic Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica. Compare and contrast the function of tomb objects from the three regions. For research, here are suggested websites and objects:
• How did tomb objects change over time? Which objects were consistent across time and place? What do these objects tell us about the people’s perspectives of life and death in these eras and civilizations?
• Read and analyze the January 1971 laboratory results from the Thermoluminescence dating commissioned by the Freer Gallery of Art that determined when the groom figure was made. How do historians and museums use science to date objects when no written records are available?
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Cell respiration refers to the process of converting the chemical energy of organic molecules into a form immediately usable by organisms. Glucose may be oxidized completely if sufficient oxygen is available by the following equation:
{{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{ + 6 }}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{6 }}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O + 6 C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g) + energy}}
All organisms, including plants and animals, oxidize glucose for energy. Often, this energy is used to convert ADP and phosphate into ATP. It is known that peas undergo cell respiration during germination. Do peas undergo cell respiration before germination? The results of this experiment will verify that germinating peas do respire. Using your collected data, you will be able to answer the question concerning respiration and non-germinating peas.
Using the CO2 Gas Sensor, you will monitor the carbon dioxide produced by peas during cell respiration. Both germinating and non-germinating peas will be tested. Additionally, cell respiration of germinating peas at two different temperatures will be tested.
In this experiment, you will
• Measure gas production.
• Study the effect of temperature on cell respiration.
• Determine whether germinating peas and non-germinating peas respire.
• Compare the rates of cell respiration in germinating and non-germinating peas.
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History Of Wodeyars Of Mysore
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The Wodeyar dynasty was an Indian Hindu dynasty that ruled the kingdom of Mysore from 1399 to 1947. The kingdom was then annexed into the Indian republic after Independence, like all other princely states.
The name “Wodeyar” means” LORD “or” LORDSHIP “in kannada. The origins of the Wodeyars can be traced back to the Yadavas of Dwarka, Gujarat. who came to Karnataka and made Mysore their seat by seeing its beauty. The Yadavas then ruled for over 600 years. The Wodeyar dynasty was established by Yaduraya Wodeyar in 1399. He ruled Mysore under the Vijayanagar Empire. The kingdom remained fairly small. After the fall of the Vijayanagar Empire, the kingdom of Mysore became independent and it remained until 1799. After that, it came under the control of the British Empire under Krishnaraja Wodeyar III.
After the fall of the Vijanagara Empire, there was a power vacuum and it was aptly used by Raja Wodeyar and he expanded his kingdom. The capital city was changed from Mysore to Srirangapatna, an island in the river Cauvery because of its strategic location. Later ruler Kanthirava Narasaraja extended the kingdom all the way to Trichy, Tamil Nadu. The dynasty From 1760 to 1799, the rule of the dynasty was essentially nominal; the real powers were in the hands of the commander-in-chief of the army. Among them were Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan. who were instrumental in the expansion of the kingdom, but Tippu Sultan clashed with the British and was killed in the battle of Srirangapatna in 1799, and the kingdom size was reduced eventually.
After the battle, the British restored the throne of Mysore to the Wodayars, shifted the capital back to Mysore and made a 4 year old boy, KrishnaRaja Wodeyar III, who was the son of the last king, Khasa Chamraja Wodeyar VIII, anointed. The Wodeyars were the subsidiaries of the British Raj. The British then took over the administration after the king did not pay the subsidy in 1831. They appointed commissioners in charge of the kingdom.
In 1868, the British parliament accepted the King’s plea and restored the kingdom to his adopted son, Chamraja Wodeyar IX. This transfer of power played an important role in the development of modern Mysore under the kings. Democratic experiments were introduced, and the king, Nalvadi Krishna Raja Wodeyar, earned great fame for his rule. It was compared to Lord Rama by Gandhi. The Wodeyars were free of security concerns under British patronage, so they concentrated on the development of the state and on the fine arts.
The last king of the Wodeyar dynasty was Jayachamrajendra Wodeyar, who ruled from 1940 until independence. He ceded his kingdom to the dominion of India and continued to be known as the Maharaja till India became a republic. He was made the head of Mysore state after India became a republic, and after the reorganisation of the states in India, he was appointed as the governor of Karnataka state from 1956 to 1964.
After that, he was governor of Tamil Nadu for 2 years and the Indian constitution continued to recognise him as the maharaja of Mysore until 1971, after the then Prime minister abolished the titles and the privy purse of over 560 maharajas. He died in 1974. His only son, Srikanta Datta Narasimha Raja Wodeyar, was a member of the Indian parliament for many years. He died in 2013, and the current titular scion of the royal family is Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamraja Wodeyar, who is 23 years old and ascended the throne on May 28, 2015, after he was adopted by the wife of the late prince, Mrs. Pramoda Devi, as they didn’t have a biological son.
Late Srikanta Datta Narasimha Raja Wodeyar and his wife Pramoda Devi
Current titular King of Mysore Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamraja Wodeyar with his mother Pramoda Devi.
Fully lit Mysore palace. The seat of Wodeyars
Also Read – Rare Photographs Of Indian History
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