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Forests Around the Globe are in Serious Danger due to the Impact of Beetle Infestation
A beetle, no larger than a grain of rice, the tiny mountain pine beetle, has already destroyed 15 years of log supplies in British Columbia and they are now chomping their way through forest in Alberta and other parts of the Pacific Northwest. The number of trees that have already been destroyed is equal to the number of trees needed to build nearly 9 million single-family homes. Sadly, similar pests are threatening to devour more trees in North America and are already destroying supplies in parts of Europe. The bugs are thriving as climate change warms winters that would normally keep them at bay, destroying a swath of the world’s timber supplies. That may eventually spur shortages for the global housing market. Right now, lumber prices are soaring to record highs thanks to a surge in pent-up repair, brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Caroline Whitehouse, a forest health specialist for the province of Alberta, says that ‘squashing the bugs is no easy feat.’ Currently, Whitehouse’s team is on the ground searching out pines that are oozing a creamy, reddish resin to confirm the beetles have bored into the bark and overwhelmed their host. To stop the spread of the pest Whitehouse says that the infected trees are cut down with chainsaws and then they are chopped into bits and burned with fuel to destroy any chance the larvae could spread.
Original Source:
Millions of Beetles Are Wiping Out Forests All Across the World
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New analysis of historic study indicates that we need more vitamin C
New analysis of historic study indicates that we need more vitamin CDuring World War II, food supplies were scarce. At one point, English researchers wanted to find out how little vitamin C it would take to prevent the potentially lethal disease, scurvy. In order to do that, they carried out a drastic experiment that later served as basis for our current vitamin C recommendations. However, a recent analysis of this old study has revealed that the actual need for vitamin C is a lot greater than previously thought, suggesting that WHO raise the recommended daily intake level. The question is how much vitamin C do we really need and what good does the vitamin do?
Vitamin C is an important constituent of collagen, a protein with structural importance for our blood vessels, gums, bones, and skin. Vitamin C is also important for the immune defense and for wound healing. Moreover, vitamin C serves as an important antioxidant that protects cells and tissues against free radicals. Most animals are able to synthesize enough vitamin C to meet their own needs. Humans, on the other hand, have lost this ability to evolution. We depend on vitamin C from our diets, mainly from sources like fruit and vegetables. The most serious consequence of a vitamin C deficiency is scurvy, a condition that typically includes symptoms such as fatigue, bleeding gums, bruising and impaired immunity.
World War II had far-reaching consequences for vitamin C recommendations
During World War II, the most basic foods were scarce. For that reason, British scientists wanted to find out if the limited food rations in the navy’s lifeboats were sufficient for people to survive. Also, they wanted to know how much vitamin C the general population needed in order to avoid scurvy, which is the classic vitamin C deficiency disease.
In one of the experiments that took place at Sorby Research Institute in Sheffield, a team of volunteers were fed only what the navy had in its lifeboats. This grueling experiment resulted in more water and less food being carried in lifeboats.
Another extreme experiment that took place at Sorby Research Institute was carried out as a vitamin C depletion study. The experiment was initiated in 1944 and had far-reaching consequences for future vitamin C recommendations. The study included 20 people who were already living in the building where the studies took place. They were fed a diet with either 0, 10, or 70 mg of vitamin D daily for a period of nine months on average. Afterwards, their vitamin C stores were repleted.
Because of the scarcity of foods with high vitamin C during the war period, the purpose of this experiment was not as much to find out how much vitamin C is needed for optimal health as to establish how little it would take to avoid scurvy.
During the course of the study, the scientists inflicted experimental wounds upon the participants. Afterwards, they studied the strength of the scar tissue to assess vitamin C levels, as it is known that being vitamin C-deficient impairs wound healing and scar tissue formation. It was also known that prolonged problems with bleeding gums may be a sign of scurvy.
The researchers ended up concluding that 10 mg of vitamin C daily was a sufficient intake to ward off any signs of scurvy. Later on, their experiment served as basis for WHO’s recommendations that called for 45 mg of vitamin C per day.
A shocking study with life-threatening consequences
Philippe Hujoel, who is a practicing dentist and professor at the UW School of Dentistry in Washington, USA, calls the old vitamin C experiment shocking. In fact, Hujoel is behind a new analysis that has revealed that the provoked vitamin C deficiency ended up causing life-threatening conditions in some of the participants. Today, an experiment like that would never be allowed.
In collaboration with a researcher from Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harward Medical School, Hujoel has conducted what can best be described as scientific detective work by exposing the old data to modern techniques and analyses that were unavailable to scientists in old days. The result of this work has just been published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
We need more vitamin C
Philippe Hujoel found that the old data from the historic vitamin C study, the one that served as basis for WHO’s recommendations, needs to be reevaluated. He suggests 90 milligrams of vitamin C daily (twice as much as WHO recommends) as an appropriate average intake for preventing poor wound healing and weak scar tissue formation.
Hujoel’s study also showed that it takes a long time to recover from severe vitamin C depletion and that it requires an even higher intake than the recommended one. Even daily ingestion of 90 milligrams of vitamin C was not enough to restore normal scar tissue strength in those participants that were exposed to massive vitamin C depletion.
How do we get enough vitamin C – and what causes deficiency?
In Denmark, the daily reference intake (RI) level for vitamin C for adults and children older than 11 years is 80 mg per day. According to the new study, that level needs to be increased. It should also be added that factors such as smoking, suffering from chronic disease, stress, ageing processes, poisoning, lesions, and an overconsumption of stimulants can increase the need for the nutrient. The same is the case with a large sugar intake. Vitamin C and sugar compete for the same channels that lead into the cells. The more sugar one eats, the more this can reduce the effect of vitamin C.
The best way to ensure an adequate intake of vitamin C is by eating a balanced diet with plenty of fruit and vegetables. Vitamin C supplements typically contain 500-1,000 mg of vitamin C, and it is a good idea to choose non-acidic forms of vitamin C such as calcium ascorbate that are gentle on the stomach.
A small calculation
In order to get the same amount of vitamin C as one tablet with 750 mg of the nutrient, you would have to eat around 12 oranges or 53 apples.
Philippe P Hujoel, et al. Vitamin C and scar strength: analysis of a historical trial and implications for collagen-related pathologies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2021
University of Washington. New analysis of landmark scurvy study leads to update on vitamin C needs. ScienceDaily August 16, 2021
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Hubble looks at Messier 65 and its history
One of those objects is seen here: Messier 65. "Nebula discovered in Leo: It is very faint and contains no star," he jotted down in his notebook. But he was wrong — as we now know, Messier 65 is a spiral galaxy containing billions upon billions of stars.
All Messier saw was a faint diffuse light, nothing like the fine detail here, so we can forgive his mistake. If he had had access to a telescope like Hubble, he could have spied these stunning, tightly wound purple spiral arms and dark dust lanes, encircling a bright center crammed with stars.
Almost exactly 233 years later in March of this year, one of the stars within Messier 65 went supernova (not seen in this image), rivaling the rest of the entire galaxy in brightness. This, the first Messier supernova of 2013, is now fading, and the serene beauty of M65 is returning.
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Sunday, May 07, 2006
Nail your colors to the mast
The (Jolly Roger) was mentioned during the trial of Captain John Quelch and his pirate crew who were executed in Boston in 1702. Three months later the pirates were off the coast of Brazil flying as a flag the Old Roger which was ornamented by an anatomy with an hourglass in one hand, and a dart in the heart with three drops of blood proceeding from it in the other.
One of the earliest recordings of pirates using the black flag as well as the use of the term Old Roger and by 1724 the Oxford English Dictionary had defined the Jolly Roger.
"If they catch you at disadvantage, the mines for your life is the word; and so we fight them with our colours nailed to the mast." - Sir Walter Scott: The Pirate, 1821.
The first maritime flags were often solitary-colored banners and came into use during the Middle Ages. Today's international maritime law absolutely necessitates a ship of war to fly its ensign, or flag, before firing on the enemy or at the commencement of any hostile acts.
Striking the ensign, or lowering it from the mast, was and is across the world the standard signal of surrender. Surrender is dated from the time the ensign is struck. Ensigns eventually came to be more commonly called "colors" in battles and as a result many lively idioms arose.
For example to come through with flying colors is an expression dating from the 1600's meaning "to win or succeed." Victorious ships at war would sail with their flags high. A century later a similar phrase appeared, "to show one's true colors" meaning to:
Oh, better that her shattered bulkShould sink beneath the wave;Her thunders shook the mighty deep,And there should be her grave;Nail to the mast her holy flag. -Oliver Wendell Holmes, Old Ironsides
Of all the naval duels in history it is John Paul Jones, who stands alone when it comes to leaving an enduring and prominent name in history for the struggle for independence during the American Revolution. Probably the most famous story about nailing one's colors to the mast occurred on September 23, 1779.
With a squadron of three ships led by the Bonhomme Richard, Captain John Paul Jones met Captain Pearson with the Serapis and one other ship who were, "convoying a fleet of merchant vessels off the coast of Flamborough Head, Scotland, and at once the two flagships engaged in a desperate conflict."
The battle continued through the long hours of that September night in 1779. Cannons boomed across the waters and in the middle of the clash Jones ran his vessel into the Serapis. There was a pause in the fire. During the intense fighting between the Bonhomme Richard and the Serapis, Bonhomme Richard`s ensign had been shot away and Captain Pearson called out, "Have you struck your colors?"
The commanding officer of the Richard lashed the two ships together and a bloody battle ensued until the decks of both were littered with dead and dying. Around ten o'clock p.m. a hand grenade from the Richard was lobbed into the hatchway of the Serapsis and row of cartridges burst into flames leading to an appalling explosion where twenty men were blown to pieces.
Nautical terms and Phrases
Accessed Jun 14 2003.
Naval operations of the Revolutionary War
Accessed Jun 14 2003.
The Phrase Finder
Accessed Jun 14 2003.
Pirates & Privateers: the History of Maritime Piracy
Accessed Jun 14 2003Posted by Picasa
Russell Ragsdale said...
I'm glad you picked this topic! The adventurous tales of bold pirates makes for great reading.
lometa said...
I'm glad you like it Russell! I have a real soft spot for buccanneers and pirates =)
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Robinson Crusoe Fun Activities
Buy the Robinson Crusoe Lesson Plans
Daniel Defoe
Write a short biography for Defoe.
Create a family tree for Crusoe.
Create a diorama of Crusoe's habitats on the island.
Create a list of things you would want to have if you were stranded on an uninhabited island.
Crusoe Twenty-first Century
Discuss with a group how Crusoe's story might have been difficult if he had been stranded in the twenty-first century.
Research colonialism in the seventeenth century and write a brief description of what you learned and how it relates to Crusoe's behavior toward native peoples.
Create a menu for a meal that Crusoe might have eaten after he had been on the island for a number of years.
Crusoe and Friday
Draw a portrait of Crusoe and Friday.
Map It
Create a map showing Crusoe's travels.
Draw a sketch of what Crusoe's plantation might have looked like.
(read more Fun Activities)
This section contains 345 words
(approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)
Buy the Robinson Crusoe Lesson Plans
Robinson Crusoe from BookRags. (c)2017 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Previous: Modelling the Hand
Next: Adding a Texture
Back to Contents
Modelling, Texturing and Animating a Hand
by Julian MacDonald
Setting up the Skeleton
Having now created the triangle mesh model of the hand, it is time to create a skeleton for it. For the purposes of animating the hand, we're going to have to set up a range of poses or 'gestures' for the hand and using a skeleton makes this task much easier as you will see later.
Double-click the hand object in the Object List to bring up the triangle mesh editor. Now it's time to set up the bones of the skeleton. A tip when drawing and manipulating skeletons is to go into edge editing mode and select all - the only point of this is that it hides the vertices and makes the mesh pink thereby making the position of the bones much clearer. I find this especially useful for complex meshes.
Click on the skeleton tool icon We're going to create a bone chain for each digit and we'll start with the first finger. We want the 'root' of the bone chain to be at the palm end, so press ctrl and click near the centre of the palm to define the root. Then ctrl click over the base of the first finger. The two points will be joined with a bone depicted with a kite shape as shown below. Now ctrl again over the next joint up and the next and finally near the tip of the finger as shown below.
Now, for the next finger. First click away from the bone to deselect the last point (otherwise the next ctrl click will join onto the end of the first finger). Then ctrl click again near the centre of the palm and proceed up the second finger the same as the first. Repeat for all fingers and the thumb (don't forget the thumb only has 2 bones in it). The final result should be as below:
The next thing to do is to actually attach the skeleton to the mesh. To do this, select all the vertices (Edit -> Select All) and select Skeleton -> Bind Points to Skeleton.
You will be prompted for a value for IK Weight Blending. IK stands for Inverse Kinematics and refers to the way that the bones towards the root end of the bone automatically follow bones further up the chain. IK Weight Blending defines the way that vertices are anchored to bones. See the tutorial on triangle meshes and the manual for more details of this. The default value of 0.5 will probably be OK as a starting point so accept this.
>From now on, if you move the skeleton, the mesh will move along with it. Try it - save the file first, then activate the skeleton tool by clicking on the skeleton icon. Click on the endpoint of a bone and drag it. The mesh will follow the bone. However you may notice a problem - there is no control over where the bones are going. We need to restrict the bones' movement to produce a more realistic and controllable skeleton.
Let's start with the first finger again. Click on the bone end at the fingertip to select it and select Skeleton -> Edit Bone . This will bring up the dialogue box shown on the right:
There are 4 main parameters here that can be controlled: X-bend, Y-bend, Twist and Length. The X-bend and Y-bend control the way the bone rotates about the joint at the root end of the bone (the narrower end of the 'kite'), i.e. they affect the side to side and back to front movements. The Twist parameter is effectively the z-bend in that in controls 'spin' around the joint. The last parameter, Length allows the bone to stretch or compress along its length. Note that both Twist and Length have the Lock option ticked by default. This means that these operations are prohibited. To enable them, simply untick the boxes. However, since fingers cannot twist or lengthen, we'll leave them as they are.
Now, I don't know about your hand, but the first 2 joints in my fingers do not allow any sideways movement (X-bend), only movement backwards and forwards (Y-bend). So, click on the Lock tickbox to lock the X-bend. Now onto the backwards and forwards movement: The bone in the tip of my fingers doesn't bend very readily until the finger is curled right over at which point it can bend through about 90 degrees with respect to the next bone. There is no movement at all in the reverse direction. So, under the Y-Bend click on Restrict Total Range and enter the values 0 (for no backward movement) and 90 (for 90 degree forward motion). Because this movement doesn't occur until the finger is curled over, I suggest putting a Stiffness value in as well - say 0.5.
Click on OK to set these values. Then select the next joint down and bring up the dialogue for that bone. Again, this bone cannot move sideways with respect to the 3rd finger bone so lock the X-bend. Also, as before, the bone cannot bend backwards so the minimum is again 0. Forward motion is perhaps marginally greater than the previous bone, say about 100 degrees.
The 3rd finger bone does allow sideways movement, so here we can set a range for the X-bend as well as the Y-bend. Again, it's about a 90 degree movement forwards for the Y-bend (and maybe a small backward angle as well) and, say 10-20 degrees each way for the X-bend (so, set -10 and 10 for the range).
There is one bone left running from the base of the finger to the middle of the palm which we won't do anything with for the moment, but this bone could be used for more realistic deformations of the palm as the fingers move.
All we need now is to set up the joints in the other fingers in the same way and the skeleton is complete.
Previous: Modelling the Hand
Next: Adding a Texture
Back to Contents
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From the 'American Cancer Society'
What is rhabdomyosarcoma?
• Cardiac muscle is the main muscle type in the heart.
About 7 weeks into the development of an embryo, cells called rhabdomyoblasts (which will eventually form skeletal muscles) begin to form. These are the cells that can develop into rhabdomyosarcoma. Because this is a cancer of embryonal cells, it is much more common in children, although it does sometimes occur in adults.
• Arms and legs
• Trunk (chest and abdomen)
Rhabdomyosarcomas can even start in some parts of the body that don't normally have skeletal muscle.
Types of rhabdomyosarcoma
There are 2 main types of rhabdomyosarcomas, along with some less common types.
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is the most common type of rhabdomyosarcoma. It usually affects infants and young children. The cells of ERMS look like the developing muscle cells of a 6- to 8-week-old embryo. ERMS tends to occur in the head and neck area, bladder, vagina, or in or around the prostate and testicles.
Two subtypes of ERMS, botryoid and spindle cell rhabdomyosarcomas, tend to have a better prognosis (outlook) than the more common form of ERMS.
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) typically affects older children or teens and occurs more often in large muscles of the trunk, arms, and legs. ARMS cells look like the normal muscle cells seen in a 10-week-old fetus. ARMS tends to grow faster than ERMS and usually requires more intensive treatment.
Anaplastic rhabdomyosarcoma and undifferentiated sarcoma
Some doctors also group undifferentiated sarcomas with the rhabdomyosarcomas. Doctors can tell that these cancers are sarcomas using lab tests, but the cells don't have any features that help classify them further.
Rhabdomyosarcoma in adults
Most rhabdomyosarcomas occur in children, but they can also occur in adults. Adults are more likely to have faster-growing types of rhabdomyosarcoma and to have them in parts of the body that are harder to treat. Because of this, rhabdomyosarcomas in adults are often harder to treat effectively.
This document focuses on rhabdomyosarcomas in children, but most of the information here (including much of the treatment information) applies to rhabdomyosarcomas in adults as well.
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Early Development of Pottery in Antiquity | Origin and History.
by Cristian Violatti clip_image001
Pottery is the first synthetic material ever created by humans. The term refers to objects made of clay that have been fashioned into a desire shape, dried, and either fired or baked to fix their form. Due to its abundance and durability, pottery is one of the most common types of items found by archaeologists during excavations, and it has the potential of providing valuable information about the human past.
Clay is abundant, cheap, and adaptable, which makes it convenient for human exploitation. Because usable clay is widely available, pottery was independently invented in many parts of the world at different times. The earliest recorded evidence of clay usage dates back to the Late Palaeolithic period in central and western Europe, where fired and unfired clay figurines were created as a form of artistic expression. As early as 30,000 years ago, we can also see evidence of some experimentation with clay: at a site known as Dolni Vestonice (Czech Republic), figurines made of clay mixed with crushed mammoth bone were found.
The introduction of pottery generally coincides with the adoption of an agricultural lifestyle, when durable and strong vessels and containers are needed.
The oldest evidence of pottery manufacture has been found at an archaeological site known as Odai Yamamoto, in Japan, where fragments from a specific vessel have been dated to about 16,500-14,920 years ago. Non-agricultural Jomon peoples of Japan were producing clay pots used for food preparation that were elaborately decorated by about 13,000 years ago.
Although there is not necessarily a causal relationship between a sedentary way of life and pottery-making, the introduction of pottery generally coincides with the adoption of an agricultural lifestyle, when durable and strong vessels and containers are needed. Initially, pottery was made in open fires. However, during the Early Neolithic era, around 8,000 BCE, special ovens used to parch cereal grains and to bake bread were being built in the Near East, which allowed people to control fire and produce high temperatures in enclosed facilities. The use of ovens added new possibilities to the development of pottery. Around the same time, some areas of South America were also developing pottery technology.
Open firing techniques were used to produce the earliest pottery. Through this method, temperatures could range from about 600 to about 800-900 degrees Celsius, which are relatively low temperatures. Japanese Jomon pottery (dated back to 13,000 years ago) and Middle Nile Egyptian vessels (from about 10,000 years ago) are some examples of pottery produced using this technique.
Pottery Dish from Uruk Period
Firing pottery in a kiln is another method of pottery production. Enclosing the pottery inside a chamber results in key advantages: the temperatures that can be achieved are higher, last longer, and the heat can be controlled more efficiently. The simplest forms of kilns are pit kilns, which is a pit fire installation where the fuel is placed at the bottom, followed by the pottery, and more fuel in the upper layer. Another type of kiln is an updraft kiln, which is usually a cylindrical construction divided into two compartments: the lower compartment is where the fuel is placed, while the pottery is placed in the upper compartment. This allows the heat to rise and the pottery is fired at a temperature level normally ranging from 1,000 to 1,200 degrees Celsius.
In Ancient China, firing techniques allowed temperatures of about 1300-1400 degrees Celsius and even higher in some cases. At these temperatures, the mineral components of clay melt, resulting in a thin, translucent, white vitrified type of ceramic that is known as porcelain. Not all types of clay can stand temperatures this high -- only some special types of clay which are largely free of impurities.
By analysing the chemical composition of pottery fragments, it is possible to determine at what temperature the pottery was exposed, and therefore we can understand the level of technological sophistication of a society, at least in terms of their firing capabilities.
The aesthetic qualities of pottery can be analysed, and it is possible to have a better understanding of what type of pigments and other substances were known to that particular society. In some cases the overall color of the pottery can be changed from its natural reddish to gray without the need of pigments, merely by manipulating the temperature and air influx in the kiln during the firing process. This type of knowledge is usually the last step in a long sequence of experimentation, an indication that pottery production in that specific society was not new, and it probably had been developing for several thousand years.
Moche Portrait Vessel
According to the context in which the pottery was found, there are several techniques that can be applied for dating pottery. We can date pottery based on a stratigraphic sequence: this means that during an excavation, archaeologists study the different layers of soil and analyse how the different objects found in them relate to one another. If the layers are undisturbed, then we know that objects found in the lower layers are older than those located in the upper layers. Some of these objects can be dated independently: radiocarbon dating can be applied to human and animal remains and even to charcoal. Pottery fragments may be found, for example, on the same layer where a piece of charcoal is found, and the radiocarbon dates obtained for the charcoal can be extended to the pottery fragments, which provide us with an approximate date for the pottery.
If the pottery fragments found belong to a well-known pottery type (e.g., Chinese or Greek pottery, which have been widely studied), then we can date it based on what is known as a typological sequence. There are well-established pottery typological systems for most regions of the world: changes in the surface decoration styles and in the shape of the vessels are normally gradual, so when we face a pottery fragment that can be related to a well-known pottery typology, then we have a basis to assign a date to the piece of pottery found.
Another method than can be applied to date pottery is called thermoluminiscence. This dating method can applied to pottery and other ceramic materials that have been fired and buried in the ground. Thermoluminiscence is often used when no other method is available, mainly because there are restrictions to its application, and its precision is rarely better than +/- 10% of the age of the sample.
Pottery can be used to date archaeological sites. This is especially important at sites where written records cannot offer chronological references, either because they cannot be found or because they remain undeciphered. A famous example is on the island of Crete, where Arthur Evans was able to date the excavation of the Palace of Knossos based on imported Egyptian artefacts that were found there, including pottery, allowing the researchers to extend the Egyptian chronology into Crete. This brings us to another important aspect of pottery: it can provide evidence of trade and exchange networks. During the excavations on Crete, Arthur Evans also proved trade and cultural links between Crete and Egypt on the basis that Egyptian artefacts were found in Crete and also Cretan pottery was identified in Egypt.
Pottery can be analysed on the basis of several features. We can look into its shape, type of surface, the colours, drawing patterns, and decorative styles. All these elements, studied in detail for each particular culture and time, can help us to understand the artistic development of a society and may also enable specialists to identify pottery fragments when they are found in places far away from their production centre, again reflecting trade activity and exchange networks.
Written by Cristian Violatti, published on 13 September 2014 under the following license: Creative Commons: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms.
• Henderson, J. The Science and Archaeology of Materials. Routledge, 2001.
• Renfrew, C. Archaeology. Thames & Hudson, 2012.
• Rice, P. Pottery Analysis. University Of Chicago Press, 2006.
• Timothy D. Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2008.
• Wright, R. The Ancient Indus. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Extracted from the website: Ancient History Encyclopedia under Creative Commons license.
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76 - 75BC Cicero's Quaestorship
Cicero's time as quaestor in Sicily
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• Created on: 22-12-12 15:01
Quaestorship And Sicily
Sicilian farmer had been texed with duty of providing a share of harvest to Roman authorities.
Sicily aquired reputation as 'nation's storehouse'.
Year Cicero entered office there were shortages of grain supply in Rome, this meant increasing demand for farmer to raise supply to Rome - not a popular idea.
There wasn't a civil serivce to collect tax. It was private companies who often charged extrortinate rates and bullied their way into more money. The Roman magistrate either ignored or participated in schemes.
Cicero became most popular quaestor because of fairness and evident care, also had an eye for justice. Cicero also showed genuine joy at small things that meant a lot to the Sicilians, like discovering tomb of scientist.
However, there are little sources that tell us about Cicero's time as quaestor.
The job itself involoved financial administration, support for senior politicians and automatic membership to the senate.
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Importance Of Quaestorship
Created personal support - compensated for status of Novus Homo.
Important Sicilians who were protected by partronage of noble Roman familias or military gynasts offered access to inner core of Roman elite.
Cicero made efforts to support Roman buisnessmen who settled in the area. They formed large parts of Equites who were useful supporters to expand oratory career.
In farewell speech Cicero promised to serve as patron of Sicilian people if they were ever in need of an advocate.
Undertook many cases and practised oratory.
Learnt value of being seen in Rome everyday. Cicero learnt through humiliation that people soon forget about you. Everyone was talking about Pompet and Crassus.
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We start this chapter with a discussion of view factors and the rules associated with them. View factor expressions and charts for some common configurations are given, and the crossed-strings method is presented. We then discuss radiation heat transfer, first between black surfaces and then between nonblack surfaces using the radiation network approach. We continue with radiation shields and discuss the radiation effect on temperature measurements and comfort. Finally, we consider gas radiation, and discuss the effective emissivity’s and absorptivity’s of gas bodies of various shapes. We also discuss radiation exchange between the walls of combustion chambers and the high-temperature emitting and absorbing combustion gases inside.
Radiation heat transfer between surfaces depends on the orientation of the surfaces relative to each other as well as their radiation properties and temperatures, as illustrated in Figure 12–1. For example, a camper will make the most use of a campfire on a cold night by standing as close to the fire as possible and by blocking as much of the radiation coming from the fire by turning her front to the fire instead of her side. Likewise, a person will maximize the amount of solar radiation incident on him and take a sunbath by lying down on his back instead of standing up on his feet. To account for the effects of orientation on radiation heat transfer between two surfaces, we define a new parameter called the view factor, which is a purely geometric quantity and is independent of the surface properties and temperature. It is also called the shape factor, configuration factor, and angle factor. The view factor based on the assumption that the surfaces are diffuse emitters and diffuse reflectors is called the diffuse view factor, and the view factor based on the assumption that the surfaces are diffuse emitters but specular reflectors is called the specular view factor. In this book, we will consider radiation exchange between diffuse surfaces only, and thus the term view factor will simply mean diffuse view factor.
clip_image006clip_image008clip_image010clip_image012clip_image014clip_image016clip_image018clip_image020clip_image022clip_image024 factors in Table 12–1 are for three-dimensional geometries. The view factors in Table 12–2, on the other hand, are for geometries that are infinitely long in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the paper and are therefore two-dimensional. clip_image026clip_image028
So far, we have considered the nature of radiation, the radiation properties of materials, and the view factors, and we are now in a position to consider the rate of heat transfer between surfaces by radiation. The analysis of radiation exchange between surfaces, in general, is complicated because of reflection: a radiation beam leaving a surface may be reflected several times, with partial reflection occurring at each surface, before it is completely absorbed. The analysis is simplified greatly when the surfaces involved can be approximate blackbodies because of the absence of reflection. In this section, we consider radiation exchange between black surfaces only; we will extend the analysis to reflecting surfaces in the next section.
Again a negative value for Q indicates that net radiation heat transfer is to surface i (i.e., surface i gains radiation energy instead of losing). Also, the net heat transfer from a surface to itself is zero, regardless of the shape of the surface.
The analysis of radiation transfer in enclosures consisting of black surfaces is relatively easy, as we have seen above, but most enclosures encountered in practice involve nonblack surfaces, which allow multiple reflections to occur. Radiation analysis of such enclosures becomes very complicated unless some simplifying assumptions are made. To make a simple radiation analysis possible, it is common to assume the surfaces of an enclosure to be opaque, diffuse, and gray. That is, the surfaces are non-transparent, they are diffuse emitters and diffuse reflectors, and their radiation properties are independent of wavelength. Also, each surface of the enclosure is isothermal, and both the incoming and outgoing radiation are uniform over each surface.
Surfaces emit radiation as well as reflect it, and thus the radiation leaving a surface consists of emitted and reflected parts. The calculation of radiation heat transfer between surfaces involves the total radiation energy streaming away from a surface, with no regard for its origin. The total radiation energy leaving a surface per unit time and per unit area is the radiosity and is denoted by J.
Net Radiation Heat Transfer to or from a Surface
During a radiation interaction, a surface loses energy by emitting radiation and gains energy by absorbing radiation emitted by other surfaces. A surface experiences a net gain or a net loss of energy, depending on which quantity is larger. The net rate of radiation heat transfer from a surface i of surface area Ai is denoted by Qi and is expressed asclip_image038clip_image040
Radiation heat transfer between two surfaces can be reduced greatly by inserting a thin, high-reflectivity (low-emissivity) sheet of material between the two surfaces. Such highly reflective thin plates or shells are called radiation shields. Multilayer radiation shields constructed of about 20 sheets per cm thickness separated by evacuated space are commonly used in cryogenic and space applications. Radiation shields are also used in temperature measurements of fluids to reduce the error caused by the radiation effect when the temperature sensor is exposed to surfaces that are much hotter or colder than the fluid itself. The role of the radiation shield is to reduce the rate of radiation heat transfer by placing additional resistances in the path of radiation heat flow. The lower the emissivity of the shield, the higher the resistance.
Where the terms in the second set of parentheses in the denominator represent the additional resistance to radiation introduced by the shield. The appearance of the equation above suggests that parallel plates involving multiple radiation shields can be handled by adding a group of terms like those in the second set of parentheses to the denominator for each radiation shield. Then the radiation heat transfer through large parallel plates separated by N radiation shields becomes,
Radiation Effect on Temperature Measurements
A temperature measuring device indicates the temperature of its sensor, which is supposed to be, but is not necessarily, the temperature of the medium that the sensor is in. When a thermometer (or any other temperature measuring device such as a thermocouple) is placed in a medium, heat transfer takes place between the sensor of the thermometer and the medium by convection until the sensor reaches the temperature of the medium. But when the sensor is surrounded by surfaces that are at a different temperature than the fluid, radiation exchange will take place between the sensor and the surrounding surfaces.
When the heat transfers by convection and radiation balance each other, the sensor will indicate a temperature that falls between the fluid and surface temperatures. Below we develop a procedure to account for the radiation effect and to determine the actual fluid temperature. Consider a thermometer that is used to measure the temperature of a fluid flowing through a large channel whose walls are at a lower temperature than the fluid (Fig. 12–31). Equilibrium will be established and the reading of the thermometer will stabilize when heat gain by convection, as measured by the sensor, equals heat loss by radiation (or vice versa). That is, on a unit area basis,
The last term in Eq. 12–46 is due to the radiation effect and represents the radiation correction. Note that the radiation correction term is most significant when the convection heat transfer coefficient is small and the emissivity of the surface of the sensor is large. Therefore, the sensor should be coated with a material of high reflectivity (low emissivity) to reduce the radiation effect.
Placing the sensor in a radiation shield without interfering with the fluid flow also reduces the radiation effect. The sensors of temperature measurement devices used outdoors must be protected from direct sunlight since the radiation effect in that case is sure to reach unacceptable levels.
The radiation effect is also a significant factor in human comfort in heating and air-conditioning applications. A person who feels fine in a room at a specified temperature may feel chilly in another room at the same temperature as a result of the radiation effect if the walls of the second room are at a considerably lower temperature. For example, most people will feel comfortable in a room at 22°C if the walls of the room are also roughly at that temperature.
When the wall temperature drops to 5°C for some reason, the interior temperature of the room must be raised to at least 27°C to maintain the same level of comfort. Therefore, well-insulated buildings conserve energy not only by reducing the heat loss or heat gain, but also by allowing the thermostats to be set at a lower temperature in winter and at a higher temperature in summer without compromising the comfort level.
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Sand Dunes can Sing
Sand on a dune possesses energy in the form of gravitational potential energy. The greater the height of the sand dune, the more gravitational potential energy the sand on top has. When the sand on top of a steep dune is disturbed, it slides down the slope, and gravitational potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy. It is this kinetic energy of the falling sand that produces the booming sound. As the sand particles bounce against each other, some of their kinetic energy is transformed into acoustic energy — or sound, waves of vibrations transmitted through a medium.
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Home Time Zones Europe DST in Europe
History of Daylight Saving Time in Europe
In 1916, Germany became the 1st country to implement Daylight Saving Time (DST). From here, the concept quickly spread across Europe and the world.
Astronomical clock in Prague, the Czech Republic.
Astronomical clock in Prague, the Czech Republic.
Most countries in Europe change their clocks to DST on the last Sunday of March each year. Pictured above is a clock in Prague, the Czech Republic's capital city.
Today, most countries in Europe follow a synchronized DST, or summer time, schedule that runs from the last Sunday of March to the last Sunday of October.
It Began with World War I
On April 30, 1916, at the height of World War I, clocks in the German Empire were set forward by 1 hour to start the world's first countrywide DST period.
Although a small town in Canada had experimented with seasonal clock changes as early as 1908, it was Germany's implementation that sparked a trend that soon spread across Europe. Within weeks, several countries had started using DST—among them the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Russia, and even Australia. The first DST clock change in the United States was in 1918.
However, the initial enthusiasm was short-lived in most countries. Germany stopped using DST in 1919 and Austria in 1921, while the United Kingdom, Ireland, and cities like Paris in France continued to set their clocks back and forth.
France Divided over DST
The French had mixed feelings about DST: The rural population didn't like it and got rid of it by 1920, but Paris and other major cities still favored it. In 1923, the French Cabinet decided that there would be no clock changes, but working hours would start and stop 30 minutes earlier between April 28 and November 3.
Germans Exported DST During World War II
During the Second World War, the practice of changing clocks again spread from Germany to many European countries. In fact, Hitler’s commanders imposed the measure on many of the countries they occupied—such as Denmark and Poland.
In the Netherlands, the Germans advanced local time by 1 hour and 40 minutes, effectively changing its time zone from “Dutch Time,” which was an approximation of solar time in Amsterdam, to Central European Summer Time (CEST). The Netherlands remained on year-round DST until 1942. From 1942 to 1945, Dutch clocks followed Germany's schedule of DST switches. After the country's liberation, DST was abolished, and there were no clock changes until 1977.
The French initially resisted DST, but by 1941, the country was officially changing its clocks. Some French patriots, however, stuck to the old French time, 2 hours behind the Berlin-based DST.
Discontinued after World War II
In some countries DST was still used in the immediate aftermath of World War II, mainly to conserve fuel for national recovery and rebuilding programs. The United Kingdom even implemented British Double Summer Time, which was 2 hours ahead of standard time, both during and after World War II.
However, many European countries later abandoned the measure as it became a reminder of the war itself. Italy, France, and many other countries repealed DST as soon as the debris of German occupation had been cleaned up.
Oil Shortage Brings DST Renaissance
It was another world crisis that led to the reintroduction of DST in most European countries. When the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) imposed an oil embargo in October 1973, energy prices skyrocketed, causing a recession across the continent—a situation that called for drastic measures. France was the first European country to revive DST in 1976. By the end of the 1970s, most of Europe was again changing its clocks twice a year.
Topics: Daylight Saving Time, Timekeeping, History
DST in Washington DC, USA
Change DST city
Daylight Saving Time – DST
1. What Is DST?
2. One Hour Back or Forward?
3. What Is Standard Time?
4. Savings or Saving?
5. Pros and Cons of DST
6. Your Health and DST
7. Summer or Winter Time?
8. History of DST
9. DST in the USA
10. History of DST in Europe
11. DST Statistics
Time Zones & DST
Daylight Saving Time Changes:
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Pechenegs pĕchənĕgz´ [key] or Patzinaks pätsĭnäks´ [key], nomadic people of the Turkic family. Their original home is not known, but in the 8th and 9th cent. they inhabited the region between the lower Volga and the Urals. Pushed west (c.889) by the Khazars and Cumans, they drove the Magyars before them and settled in S Ukraine on the banks of the Dnieper. They long harassed Kievan Rus and even threatened (934) Constantinople. After unsuccessfully besieging Kiev (968) and killing the Kievan duke Sviatoslav (972), they were defeated (1036) by Yaroslav and moved to the plains of the lower Danube. Attacked (1064) by the Cumans, many Pechenegs were slain or absorbed. After once more besieging Constantinople (c.1091), they were virtually annihilated by Emperor Alexius I. Later there were significant communities of Pechenegs in Hungary.
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Everyday Sounds
Submitted by: Sara Lindsey
This is an old faithful activity to encourage students to really listen. It takes a while for the teacher to prepare, but once it's done, it's done for years!
You will need a portable tape player and cassette tape. Spend a few days going around the home recording various everyday sounds. Suggestions are:
doorbell, person knocking at the door, toilet flushing, microwave beeping, clock ticking, alarm going off, running the bath, running a shower, shaving, blowing a nose, fat sizzling in a pan, water boiling in a pot, light switch being turned on or off, computer shutting down, telephone ringing, theme music to the news, car pulling in to the garage, door shutting, lock turning, tap dripping, baby crying, mouse clicking, dishes being washed, toaster popping.
Make sure you number them.
Students must sit quietly and listen to the sounds. Play the tape and let them write down what they think the sounds are.
*It can add value to the exercise if you announce several days beforehand what you are going to do so that they can listen around home.
*You could also make two tapes, somewhat like a pre- and post-test. Play one then tell the students you will play another tape in a few days. See if they improve.
*This could also be an activity for particular groups. E.g. a TAG group could be given this as an early finishing activity (sounds around the school), or as a homework project.
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The word 'sari' evolved from the Prakrit word 'sattika' as mentioned in earliest Jain and Buddhist & Hindu literature.
The history of Indian clothing trace the sari back to the Indus Vallery Civilization, which flourished during 2800-1800 BCE around the western part of the Indian Sub-Continent. The earliest known depiction of the saree in the Indian subcontinent is the statue of an Indus valley priest wearing a drape called "Dhooti" (Dhoti).
Ancient Tamil poetry, such as the Silappadhikaram and the Kadambari by BanaBhtta, describes women in exquisite drapery or saree. In ancient Indian tradition and the Natya Shastra (an ancient Indian treatise describing ancient dance and costumes), the Navel of the Supreme Being is considered to be the source of life and creativity, hence the midriff is to be left bare by the saree.
Some costume historians believe that the men's Dhooti, which is the oldest Indian draped garment, is the forerunner of the sari. They say that until the 14th century, the dhoti was worn by both men and women.
Other sources say that everyday costume consisted of a dhoti or lungi (sarong), combined with a breast band and a veil or wrap that could be used to cover the upper body or head. The two-piece Kerala Mundum Neryathum (mundu, a dhooti or sarong, neryath, a shawl, in Malayalam is a survival of ancient Indian clothing styles, the one-piece sari is a modern innovation, created by combining the two pieces of the mundum neryathum.
One point of particular controversy is the history of the "Choli", or sari blouse, and the petticoat. Some researchers state that these were unknown before the British arrived in India, and that they were introduced to satisfy Victorian ideas of modesty. Previously, women only wore one draped cloth and casually exposed the upper body and breasts. Other historians point to much textual and artistic evidence for various forms of breastband and upper-body shawl.
In Kerala and Tamil Nadu, it is indeed documented that women from many communities wore only the sari and exposed the upper part of the body till the 20th century. Poetic references from works like "Shilappadikaram" indicate that during the "Sangam" period in ancient Tamil Nadu, a single piece of clothing served as both lower garment and head covering, leaving the bosom and midriff completely uncovered. In Kerala there are many references to women being bare-breasted, including many pictures by Raja Ravi Varma. Even today, women in some rural areas do not wear cholis.
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The most picturesque part of Vienna, a city known for its beauty, is Ringstrasse, the Ring Road that encircles the oldest part of the city. The broad, attractive road wraps around three sides of the historic city center, with the Danube River closing the loop to the north. Many of the city’s most important cultural and civic buildings line Ringstrasse, including the opera house, Rathaus (town hall), the Austrian parliament, and an assortment of museums and libraries.
Ringstrasse is a legacy of the Austrian Empire, when Vienna was the capital of a multi-ethnic, polyglot empire eight times the size of Austria today. Emperor Franz Josef, who reigned from 1848 to 1916, spearheaded the development and beautification of his capital city early in his reign. In 1857, he authorized the most dramatic change to the city: demolishing the old defensive works to make room for Ringstrasse and the buildings alongside it.
But what were these defensive works that made way for Ringstrasse? When I first learned about Ringstrasse on a wonderful but brief visit to Vienna eleven years ago, I had the impression that they were medieval walls, made of stone. This didn’t really make sense to me, though, because medieval walls, such as those that still stand in Rothenburg, do not take up much space—not nearly as much as Ringstrasse and the neighboring buildings. In fact, Vienna had been defended by early-modern fortifications. The city’s medieval walls had been torn down and rebuilt in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to defend against the Ottoman Turks. A large open area in front of the defensive works, known as the glacis, was kept clear to offer a clear field of fire. The buildings of Ringstrasse were constructed on the land that had been kept open for the glacis.
Early-modern defensive works had a low profile and a large footprint. Consisting mostly of large earthen berms, the fortifications were designed to defend against the offensive weapon of the age: the smooth-bore cannon. The earthworks absorbed the impact of cannonballs, which could easily shatter stone defenses. These early-modern defenses were in vogue until the introduction of rifled-bore artillery, which made its debut in the American Civil War.
Many (but not all) early modern-fortifications had triangular projections at regular intervals along the berms or walls—the origin of the nickname “star fort.” The projections allowed soldiers standing on them to shoot at attackers from either side, trapping them in enfilading fire. An 1858 map of Vienna, drawn before the old defenses were demolished, shows triangular projections at regular intervals along the wall.
Another city that once had early-modern fortifications, but does no longer, is Frankfurt. The German city’s approach to using the land freed up by the demolition of the defenses was different from Vienna’s. The land once occupied by Frankfurt’s defenses is now taken up by a park that wraps around the historic city center. Even some of the triangular star-fort projections have been converted into parkland. They are visible on modern maps of the city—a telltale sign that this park was once an early-modern fortification.
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What was the significance of Bacon's Rebellion?
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thetall | (Level 1) Senior Educator
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It should be noted that Bacon and Berkeley were related and that although Berkeley accorded Bacon a position in the council, he did not allow him to make moves in his inner circle. Bacon managed to enlist the support of Virginians from all classes and races against Berkeley and the loyalists. Berkeley received support from Britain and English soldiers who arrived to address the rising rebellion led by Bacon.
The Bacon Rebellion is of great significance because it demonstrated the rising tensions between the colonists and the English-appointed administration. It is probably the first sign of trouble for British control over the colonists, and it played an important role in emboldening the colonists in preparation for the American Revolution. Bacon’s engagement with Berkeley was aimed at advancing self-interest, but the people supporting Bacon sought recognition and a change in the status quo.
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pohnpei397 | College Teacher | (Level 3) Distinguished Educator
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Historians say that Bacon's Rebellion was important because it highlighted issues of class that existed in Virginia at the time. During this time, the government of the colony was dominated by an elite. The rest of the colony felt that the government (led by long-time governor William Berkeley) tended to favor the interests of that elite over those of the majority. Bacon was himself a member of the elite. However, he allied himself with the common people. When conflict arose between the classes due to Berkeley's policy towards Indians, , Bacon came to lead a rebellion that included both former indentured servants and poor people, both black and white. Therefore, this rebellion is seen as a significant sign of the conflict between classes in Virginia.
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Sinusitis is the sinus infection caused due to swelling of inner lining of sinuses. The sinuses are the spaces or areas between the bones in the face where air passes and where a fluid called mucus percolates into the nose. Sometimes, if the body has difficulty in defending from the bacteria or virus that caused the cold, then simple head cold can lead to sinusitis.
Sinusitis is very common. For many people, sinusitis is a temporary condition that can be cured with simple treatment. In few cases, surgery can provide permanent relief. Sinus infection is not contagious from one person to other. However, viruses and bacteria that generate colds and other respiratory infections that cause sinusitis may spread from person to person through drops of fluid from the nose or mouth.
People who are more prone to sinusitis:
Sinusitis disturbs all age groups. Any healthy person can be affected by it, but certain groups are more sensitive to it than others. Especially, allergy sufferers (at the time of hay fever or in locations filled with smokes and fumes), asthma sufferers both adults and children, smokers and those who inhale the secondary smoke, and people with low resistance to infection (immunodeficiency) are more prone to sinusitis.
Types of sinusitis
There are four types of sinusitis:
• Acute sinusitis: A sudden attack of cold-like symptoms such as runny, stuffy nose and facial pain that lasts for more than 7-10 days. Acute sinusitis usually ends after 4 weeks or less.
• Subacute sinusitis: Sinus infection lasting 4 to 8 weeks.
• Chronic sinusitis: A condition identified by sinus inflammation symptoms lasting 8 weeks or longer.
• Recurrent sinusitis: Numerous attacks within a year.
Symptoms of sinus
Symptoms of sinusitis change from person to person. While one person may have all of the symptoms, some may have only one or two of them. Acute sinusitis is generally painful, while chronic sinusitis is usually more uncomfortable or irritating than painful.
Most common symptom is stuffy or runny nose. Clear, thin discharge from the nose (as in chronic sinusitis), or thick yellow or green discharge from nose, sometimes strained with blood (as in acute sinusitis). Sneezing and/or coughing, headache that is worse in the morning when bending forward or when riding an elevator, frequent throat clearing, itchy eyes and nose, reduced sense of smell and/or taste, fever and chills, face and eye pain.
Few Self Treatment tips:
Tips to follow when you are suffering from cold or allergic reactions or symptoms of sinusitis are,
• Drink plenty of water and keep the nostrils moist with saline nasal sprays, a humidifier, or by breathing steam from a vessel of hot water.
• Stop eating dairy products, like milk and cheese, until symptom decrease, since dairy products are responsible for mucus production in the body.
• Do not take substances that dehydrate the body (like spicy foods, alcoholic beverages, tea, and coffee).
• Avoid excessive forceful nose blowing, swimming or diving (which can put unnecessary pressure on the sinuses), and air travel (use a decongestant nasal spray if a flight is unavoidable).
• Immediately consult a doctor if a fever or thick yellow or green mucus is observed.
Sinusitis is not completely preventable. People can reduce their exposure to the viruses and bacteria that cause the infections by washing their hands frequently and by avoiding sharing while eating or drinking. Avoiding smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke also helps to restrict sinusitis risks. People with allergies should avoid the things that activates their allergy symptoms and control their allergies with the treatment advised by doctors. Drinking more fluids and keeping the air in the house moist by using a vaporizer can prevent thin mucus production in the sinuses. Reducing alcohol consumption can also help as alcohol may cause nasal membranes to swell.
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Hulton Archive/Getty Images
A persecuted minority in France during most of the period from the early 1500s until 1789, the French Protestants were given the name Huguenots in the time of the Reformation. The word may come from the German word Eidgenossen, or “confederates,” a term once applied to Swiss Protestants.
In their struggles for religious freedom, the Huguenots were driven to become a political party and even a “state within the state,” headed by some of…
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Gigantopithecus Went Extinct 100,000 Years Ago
Gigantopithecus Extinction: What Killed Off The Real-Life ‘King Kong’?
The only evidence around to mark the existence of the Gigantopithecus are four lower jawbones and about a thousand teeth. Yet these fossils provide an important clue about the now-extinct great ape — specifically, why there are no Gigantopithecus around today.
Scientists believe the Gigantopithecus is likely the largest ape ever to have walked the Earth. Some people refer to the animal as a real-life “King Kong.” Others compare it to Bigfoot. The creatures were most prominent “a million years ago,” according to Back then, the Gigantopithecus was thought to have roamed through “semi-tropical forests in southern China and mainland Southeast Asia.”
There is no definitive description of what long-extinct Gigantopithecus looked like. It’s believed the apes grew to a height of nine to ten feet and weighed the equivalent of five adult human males. Scientists think the closest living relative to the Gigantopithecus would be the orangutan, which may or may not bear a close resemblance to the species. It’s possible that their fur was reddish, but scientists don’t rule out black or brown colors.
In short, the Gigantopithecus remains something of an enigma. This has been true for the species ever since the species was discovered in 1930s Hong Kong. Back then, their teeth were sold in Hong Kong apothecaries as “Dragon’s Teeth.” There was nothing dragonish about the fossils, but they were certainly an amazing find for scientists.
Only now have they truly started to unlock the secrets behind the Gigantopithecus, and why the largest apes thought to have ever existed died out 100,000 years ago. The teeth they left behind seem to offer up a surprisingly simple explanation for their extinction: A refusal to adapt their diets during a window of abrupt climate change.
As reported by the Daily Mail, research was conducted by scientists from the Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment or HEP, Tübingen and from the Senckenberg Research Institute in Frankfurt. The researchers carefully studied the enamel of the Gigantopithecus teeth to better understand how it ate. Some believe the Gigantopithecus was strictly vegetarian while others think the great ape was possibly a meat-eater. That both theories are true is also a possibility.
Upon careful examination of the teeth, it was determined that the Gigantopithecus ran into a massive problem. Because of the animal’s size, it would have to consume quite a bit of food each day to stay healthy. Herve Bocheren explained to the AFP that “during the Pleistocene, more and more forested area turned into savannah landscapes.” The Gigantopithecus had a choice — to adapt to the changing landscape and seek new food sources, or slowly wither away into extinction. The species stuck to forest fruit and eventually died out.
Some even believe that the Gigantopithecus might have preferred bamboo in the same way as the giant panda, another animal species facing extinction due to loss of habitat and a picky diet.
What’s interesting about the extinction of the Gigantopithecus is that it’s a situation where a species died out for reasons completely unrelated to humanity. Thanks to modern climate change and deforestation, we are witnessing similar situations play out with animal species around the world.
Perhaps a closer look at the Gigantopithecus and its extinction can help people appreciate how little information about animal species could be made available after they’ve become extinct. It could hopefully inspire action towards preventing today’s endangered apes species from following in the tragic footsteps of their ancient primate ancestors.
In this case, referring to the Gigantopithecus as a real life “King Kong” seems rather fitting, considering the tragic end of the giant ape in the famous story.
[Photo courtesy of Scott Barbour/Getty Image; Tim Evanson via Flickr | Cropped and Resized | CC BY-SA 2.0]
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Here’s a way to make environmental cleanup more fun: Next time you’ve got a polluted waterway, just unleash a swarm of tiny, bacteria-nomming robots on it.
In a few years, that crazy idea might just be possible. Researchers at the University of Bristol recently unveiled Row-Bot, an autonomous robot that paddles across dirty waterways slurping up waste and microorganisms–and using the latter to digest the former, generating electricity.
All of this works thanks to the magic of microbial fuel cells. Microbes, like you and I, break down organic matter (carbon-based things) to get energy. In the process of doing so, electrons are released. In a microbial fuel cell, some of those electrons are shuffled along a charge gradient, from a cathode to an anode. As they travel along, electrons pass through an external electrical connection that collects some of their energy in a battery or resistor.
Image Credit: Philamore et al. 2015
Row-Bot’s microbial fuel cells take advantage of a very special group of bacteria: electrigens. When these bacteria break down organic matter, they channel electrons directly to an electrode, using conductive proteins called pili, that basically act as biological wires. In nature, electrigens live on iron oxide minerals in soils and sediments, but it just so happens that many are perfectly happy doing their thing on a human-made electrode.
Image Credit: Philamore et al. 2015
Every time Row-Bot turns its paddle, it’s siphoning off a little of that electrigen energy. In the future, the researchers hope that the design might be adapted for air or land-based cleanup efforts, too. But for now, there are plenty of mucked up waterways to keep this little bot—and its microbes—busy.
[Fast Company]
Follow the author @themadstone
Image Credit: Hemma Phil Amore / University of Bristol / Bristol Robotics Laboratory, Bristol, UK
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The Australian National University
Remembering the Dead
Remembering the Dead
Tomb of the Unknown Warrior in Westminster Abbey, 7 November 1920. Imperial War Museum.
In November of 1920, Britain entombed its ‘Unknown Warrior’ in Westminster Abbey. In the wake of the First World War, partly in response to popular demand, governments began to organise an official remembrance of the war dead.[1] The demand came particularly from relatives of those who died on the battlefield and were buried in unmarked graves. The sheer number of dead, the need to bury them quickly, and the destructiveness of modern technology in the First World War had led to an enormous number of missing or unidentified bodies. The concern for ordinary soldiers was relatively new. In many of the battles of the 19th century, only officers merited a grave marker. [2] A ‘democratisation of death’ characterised the nationalist mobilisations of modern war.[3] Monuments increasingly listed the dead alphabetically rather than by rank. The idea of an ‘unknown soldier’ reflected both an unprecedented number of unidentified or missing bodies and the assumption that something was amiss in this anonymity of death, and not just for officers.
Remembrance is always also an act of forgetting. In search of an unknown soldier to represent the nation’s loss, French authorities dug up eight bodies at Verdun. One body they unearthed was Senegalese, and the corpse was returned to the ground.[4] Remembering the dead did not imply equality across the empire. Despite the efforts of Senegalese politicians, there would be no Senegalese unknown soldier. Instead, Dakar hosted a memorial to both the French Empire and the war effort with two soldiers monumentalised – one French and one Senegalese.[5] The Frenchman’s hand rested paternally on the shoulder of the Senegalese. Remembrance was a different phenomenon in the Empires. Indeed, many imperial ‘unknown soldiers’ came later, Australia’s in 1993 and Canada’s in 2000. The story of the unknown Senegalese soldier is a reminder that precisely because the individual was unidentified, nationality, race and gender could not be left uncertain. Some critics liked to suggest that given the difficulties of identifying bodies, the French Unknown Soldier might even be German. A monument to war dead regardless of nationality was unthinkable.
Historians have debated whether the ‘unknown soldiers’ responded to a popular need for mourning or whether it was a state-directed exercise in nationalism. The demand from below undoubtedly existed, but it was most successfully expressed where it did not conflict with national interests. In Britain and France, the first movers in monumentalising unknown soldiers, the First World War could be relatively easily integrated into national mythologies. But what of Alsace and Lorraine, whose soldiers fought on the German side during the war, but whose territories were transferred once more to France after the conflict? Or what of the Italians of the Trentino and Alto-Adige, who fought for the Austro-Hungarian Empire (usually on the front against Russia) but whose land became part of Italy in the peace settlement? At least in Alsace Lorraine, memorials eschewed the usual ‘mort pour la patrie’ (dead for the fatherland) and were dedicated simply to the dead of the commune. Their mourning was more private, tucked away in cemeteries rather than the public squares common elsewhere.[6]
A difficult remembrance was the norm. Mourning and loss was always inflected by the political context. Britain and France were the exceptions, victorious and territorially intact or enlarged. In Ireland, the National War Memorial could only be officially opened in the 1990s. Across much of Europe, new nation states elevated aspects of the war experience – Polish volunteers in the Austro-Hungarian Army or the ‘Czechoslovak Legions’ who fought on the Entente side - that could serve a nationalist lineage. In Russia, the experience of the First World War faded behind the advent of the Bolshevik Revolution. The politics of remembrance proved fraught in the interwar period. For all the democratisation in the symbolism of the unknown soldier, officers dominated public remembrance for much of the immediate postwar period. Veterans associations in interwar Europe tended towards pacifism. In the defeated state of Germany, public debate was captured early by an officer class that fulminated about national humiliation and a ‘stab in the back’ even though the majority of veterans did not share their views.
Many of the divisions over remembering the war dead disappeared as the political and historical context changed. The remaining veterans of the First World War died in the first decade of the twenty-first century. In France, twelve remained in 2005. Then President Jacques Chirac suggested the last might be entombed alongside the Unknown Soldier in a state funeral. But Lazare Ponticelli, the sole survivor by 2008, rejected the idea, although he ultimately consented to an official mass. Thus Nicholas Sarkozy celebrated the ‘love of fatherland’ of Ponticelli (born in Italy and not even a French citizen during the First World War) at a televised mass in Les Invalides. Ponticelli’s own recollection of war was of thinking ‘we are all going to die,’ and ‘war is completely stupid.’[7] But such sentiments are usually forgotten in the political ceremony of remembrance.
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier: ‘Here lies a French soldier dead for the fatherland, 1914-1918.’ (Image:
[1] For further elaboration on these themes, see Ben Mercer, ‘The Memory of Europe’s Age of Catastrophe, 1914-2014,’ in Nicholas Doumanis, ed., Oxford Handbook of Europe 1914-1945 (Oxford, OUP, 2016). Published online:
[2] Thomas Laqueur, ‘Memory and Naming in the Great War,’ in John R. Gillis, ed., Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994) 150-167, 152.
[3] On the ‘democratisation of death’ see Reinhard Koselleck, ‘War Memorials: Identity formations of the Survivors’ The Practice of Conceptual History: Timing History, Spacing Concepts, trans. Todd Samuel Presner (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002) 285-326.
[4] See Yves La Naour, The Living Unknown Soldier: A Story of Grief and the Great War, trans. Penny Allen (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2004) 75.
[5] See Ruth Ginio, ‘African Colonial Soldiers between Memory and Forgetfulness: The Case of Post-Colonial Senegal,’ Outre-Mers 94: 350-351 (2006) 141-155 and Brigitte Reinwald, ‘Recycling the Empire’s Unknown Soldier: Contested Memories of French West African Colonial Combatants’ War Experience,’ in Memory, History and Colonialism: engaging with Pierre Nora in colonial and postcolonial contexts (London: German Historical Institute, 2009) 37-70.
[6] See William Kidd, ‘From the Moselle to the Pyrenees: Commemoration, Cultural Memory and “Debatable Lands,”’ Journal of European Studies 35(1): 114–130.
[7] Douglas Martin, “Lazare Ponticelli, France’s Last Veteran of World War I, Is Dead at 110,” New York Times, 13 March 2008. Accessed November 2, 2015.
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The Upper Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian stratigraphic sequence in Canyonlands National Park contains about 40 flat-topped eolian sand bodies. Rhizoliths, burrows, and traces of former evaporites abound at the tops of these tabular genetic units. Upper surfaces of units were created by eolian deflation to the level of the groundwater table. Analysis of cross-stratification reveals that sands accumulated via migration and climb of relatively small dunes. Brief episodes of sand accumulation were triggered by regression and were terminated when upwind sand supplies were depleted. Upper surfaces of genetic units are diastems and represent much more geologic time than the rocks themselves.
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Why do we pucker up under the mistletoe each Christmas? There's a number of stories.
One dates back to Norse mythology. In that tale, the god Baldur was certain that Earth's plants and animals wanted to kill him, so his mother and wife negotiated with every living thing to leave Baldur alone. But mistletoe was the one plant his wife and mother overlooked, and, ultimately, Baldur was killed with an arrow made from the plant.
"We kiss beneath it to remember what Baldur's wife and mother forgot," biologist Rob Dunn wrote in Smithsonian Magazine.
Druids, or ancient Celtic people, believed mistletoe had magical powers and used it during rituals. Because of its use in pagan ceremonies, mistletoe was banned in Christian places of worship, according to Leonard Perry, a forestry professor at the University of Vermont. It's unclear when mistletoe became associated with Christmas, he wrote.
The tradition of kissing under the mistletoe dates back to 16th century England, and is possibly related to the belief of the plant's "effects on fertility and conception," according Frank Turner, a professor in the Forest Resources department at Clemson University.
"Today, greenery is still much used, but the use of mistletoe is seldom practiced even though almost everyone has heard of the custom of kissing under the mistletoe," he wrote in an article for The American Phytopathological Society. "Such a custom seems sweetly quaint and naive and perhaps is not sophisticated enough to survive our modern moral standards."
Pronunciation: /ˈmɪs(ə)ltəʊ /
Definition of mistletoe in English:
Several species in the family Viscaceae, in particular the Eurasian Viscum album and the North American Phoradendron flavescens
Pronunciation: /ˈpʌkə /
Definition of pucker in English:
(Especially with reference to a person’s face) tightly gather or contract into wrinkles or small folds:[NO OBJECT]: the child’s face puckered, ready to cry[WITH OBJECT]: the baby stirredpuckering up its faceshe puckered her lips
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tightly gathered wrinkle or small fold:a pucker between his eyebrows
late 16th century (as a verb): probably frequentative, from the base of poke2 and pocket (suggesting the formation of small purse-like gatherings).
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Zoology & Botany
Prepare a picture of/book about/a toy goat in advance
Say: Look at this animal. (Show a picture of Goat.) This is a mammal.
The bodies of goats are covered with short hair.
All goats have short tails, two horns, four legs and beard!
Remember, all animals move! Legs help goats move and run. Goats communicate with each other by bleating, what many people call the baaah sound. Let’s bleat like a goat!
This mammal is called goat. Let’s find its mouth, hair, legs, tail and head. Goats can have short or long hair and curled, silky, or coarse hair. Dairy goats can handle the cold temperatures if they have a shelter to protect from wind and have a good undercoat of hair to protect them from frigid temperatures.
Look at the body of goat. Goats come in almost any color, solid black, white, red, brown, spotted, two and three colored, or blended shades. The face has stripes.
The jaw is big and strong. It is a part of the body the goat eats and drinks water with. Jaws help to grab feed and bring it into the mouth. Because the upper jaw is wider than the lower jaw in goats, only one side of the mouth can be used at a time to grind the feed.
Look at those legs! Legs help goat climb and can run on or crawl under fences. Some breeds are able to jump more than five feet high. Most goats will also stand on their back legs to reach tree branches and shrubs.
Remember that goats are living things. They need energy to live. Goats eat wide variety of shrubs, woody plants, weeds, and briars. They are herbivorous. It means they eat both plant-based food.
Mama-goat also known as doe or a nanny lays kid. Usually they have 1-3 kids. Kids are able to stand and take their first steps within minutes of being born. Mother and kid goats recognize each other's calls soon after the mothers give birth. Mothers will often call to their kids to ensure they stay close-by to prevent them from any harm.
That’s why mamas and papas take a very good care of the little ones. They provide food and make sure their environment is safe.
It is interesting that a goat’s eye has rectangular pupil rather than round. They have excellent night vision and will often browse during the night. Goats have long, pointed ears that hang down.
Goats are found in almost every country in the world and every continent except Antarctica. Goats have been used for their milk, meat, hair, and skins over much of the world.
We need to take care of Goats and treat them with respect because they are living things just like us, people.
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Powdery Mildew
Powdery mildew is one of the most common varieties of plant fungi. It affects almost every kind of plant life; however, powdery mildew is host specific, meaning that if a tree is infected, you don’t have to worry about your rose bushes becoming infected, too. If left unchecked, the fungus can spread up the branches of a tree, causing them to wither and occasionally die.
The mildew’s powdery appearance derives from millions of small fungal spores, which spread via air currents to other trees in order to establish new areas of infection. The fungus tends to be most active in warm, dry climates. Unlike other bacterial or fungal tree infections, powdery mildew does not need damp surfaces to be able to grow. It does, however, require relatively
humid air in order to encourage the spore germination process.
Preventative measures include allowing for greater air circulation by not crowding plants, making sure to thoroughly prune areas of dense foliage in order to create the right conditions. Utilizing slow-release fertilizers that allow for controlled growth can be effective, and removing infected areas to limit the chances of an outbreak the following year is another proven method. For treating established infections, spraying the area with wettable sulfur has proven to be a successful course of action. However, be sure to follow the recommended rate specified by the instructions provided. Finally, the regular application of a fungicide can help stop the spread of powdery mildew; apply every 10 to 14 days for the best results.
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Archimedes Accomplishments | AdviseAmerica.com
Archimedes Accomplishments
Hailed as the most popular mathematician and inventor in ancient Greece, Archimedes is responsible for several important works in geometry, arithmetic and mechanics. Probably one of the most well-known stories attributed to him is his exclaiming of “Eureka!” after having made his most popular discovery (now known as Archimedes’ principle). However, that story has been deemed apocryphal as is the story of him using lots of mirrors to burn Roman ships that were laying siege on Syracuse. Despite several stories circling about of his life that can’t be proven, it has to be said that most of them to reflect his many interests, particularly in catoptrics (a branch of optics dealing with reflection of light from mirrors), mechanics and pure mathematics.
Archimedes was born in Syracuse, a Greek city-state on the eastern coast of Sicily. He spent part of his life in Egypt but moved back to Syracuse where he remained until his death. His works were published in the form of correspondence, particularly with Conon of Samos and Eratosthenes of Cyrene – both Alexandrian scholars. When the Romans laid siege on Syracuse in 213 BCE, Archimedes played a vital role in the defense of the city by building war machines which delayed Syracuse’s capture. However, the city-state eventually fell to Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus and Archimedes was killed during the sack of the city.
There were several important discoveries and works that Archimedes achieved during his life, and these accomplishments include.
Archimedes’ Principle
There is a popular anecdote regarding how Archimedes invented a way to determine the volume of an irregularly shaped object. Vitruvius, best known for his multi-volume work De architectura, tells of Archimedes being asked to determine whether silver was added by a goldsmith in making a pure gold votive crown (for a temple) for King Hiero II. The story goes: while getting into the bath, Archimedes noticed the water level rise as he got in then realized he could use that to determine the volume of the crown.
Since water is incompressible, submerging the crown would mean losing an amount of water equal to its volume. Dividing the mass of the crown by the volume of water displaced gives the density of the object. If the result is less than that of gold, then surely the material used in making the crown were less dense. After making this discovery, he allegedly screamed “Eureka!” and having forgotten to dress, ran naked on the streets.
True enough, the crown was indeed mixed in with silver. However, that story doesn’t appear in any known works of Archimedes. Plus, the exact method described in the story has been called into question, particularly on aspects of accuracy.
Instead, Archimedes comes up with a solution which is now known as Archimedes’ principle. It’s a principle in hydrostatics which he describes in his treatise On Floating Bodies. It states that a body that is immersed in fluid will experience a buoyant force that is equal to the weight of the body it displaces. The crown problem can still be solved using this principle: the crown would be balanced with a gold reference sample with the apparatus immersed in water. The scale would tip accordingly between the two samples to indicate a difference in density.
Archimedes’ Screw
A number of Archimedes’ engineering work was a result of answering the needs of Syracuse, his home city. Athenaeus of Naucratis, a Greek writer, described how Archimedes was commissioned by King Hiero II to design a ship that could be used for luxury travel and as a naval warship (Syracusia).
The Syracusia, according to Athenaeus, could carry 600 people and included garden decorations, a gymnasium and a temple dedicated to Aphrodite. Given a ship this size would leak a lot of water through the hull, Archimedes’ screw was supposedly developed in order to remove the accumulated water.
The machine developed by Archimedes featured a screw-shaped blade that revolved (this was contained in a cylinder). The machine was turned by hand and could also be used for the transfer of water from a low-lying body of water into irrigation canals.
The SS Archimedes, which was the first seagoing steamship that used a screw propeller, was launched in 1839 and was obviously named in honor of Archimedes and his work on the screw.
Archimedes wrote in Doric Greek which was the dialect of Syracuse in ancient times. Compared to Euclid, his written work hasn’t survived that well and seven of his treatises are known to exist through references made to them by other authors.
These are his surviving works:
On the Sphere and Cylinder
This treatise identifies the relationship between a sphere and a circumscribed cylinder of the same height and diameter.
On the Measurement of the Circle
Consists of three propositions written to Dositheus of Pelusium, a student of Conon of Samos. The second proposition gives the approximate value of pi.
On Conoids and Spheroids
Features 32 propositions again addressed to Dositheus. Here, Archimedes presents calculations for the areas and volumes of sections of conoids, paraboloids and spheres.
On Spirals
This work contains 28 propositions still addressed to Dositheus and defines what is now called the Archimedean spiral. This is the locus of points that correspond to the locations of a point moving away from a fixed point with a constant speed along a line that rotates with constant angular velocity over time.
On the Equilibrium of Planes
Also called Centers of Gravity of Planes. This is comprised of two volumes and contains Archimedes’ explanation of the Law of the Lever. (Archimedes is attributed with inventing the lever, which he didn’t, but he did provide this explanation.)
The Quadrature of the Parabola
Comprised of 24 propositions addressed to Dositheus where he proves that the area of any segment of a parabola is 4/3 of the area of the triangle that has the same base and height as that segment.
The Sand-Reckoner
A treatise addressed to Gelon, the son of Hiero. Although written for the layman, it presents profound mathematics. Basically, Archimedes tries to count the number of grains of sand that will fit inside the universe. It’s Archimedes’ only surviving work where he presents his views on astronomy.
The Method Concerning Mechanical Theorem
This work uses infinitesimals and explains how breaking a figure into an infinite number of infinitely small parts can determine its area and volume.
On Floating Bodies
A treatise where Archimedes describes the law of equilibrium of fluids. It features his principle of buoyancy: “Any body wholly or partially immersed in a fluid experiences an upthrust equal to, but opposite in sense to, the weight of the fluid displaced.”
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Tuesday, May 9, 2017
English Essentials: Understanding How Characters Change
In yesterday's class, we discussed some of the ways Chris Kyle has changed over the course of the book (and movie). Because round characters can be seen from all sides, we get a sense of the emotions they experience as they go through major life changes. For example, when Kyle's wife says that his "hands feel different" after his first tour of Iraq, the audience is getting a clue that Kyle is not the same man that went off to war. His physical change represents his actual change as a soldier (and sniper). This change is further emphasized when Kyle becomes a father only a few minutes later in the movie.
Writing Activity:
For today, find a specific example of how Kyle changes in the book American Sniper and explain how he has changed from the man he was before that incident took place. Make sure to use a quote, cite your page number, and discuss the way Kyle changes in the quote. Give your reader an explicit explanation ("word for word") and an implicit explanation (implied meaning in the quote).
When you have explained Kyle's change, compare it to the movie. How is this change represented in the movie? Is it different (or the same) in any important ways?
Post your response in the comments section below. Be sure to check your spelling, punctuation, and grammar. You will receive a summative score for L1 (rubric here) and RL3 (rubric here).
Then, respond to your classmates with a specific and meaningful comment.
1. Kyle describes how he has changed after being a part of Marc’s military family. Chris Kyle writes, “They put us on the front row. We were his family” (286). Chris Kyle and the rest of his soldiers were as much of Marc's family as his real family. The “we” in the quote is the entire army unit the SEALs were working with at the time that they showed up to the funeral; also this shows that people can have more than one family. People can have their real family and their work family or their friend family. Before Chris left on his first mission in Iraq, he was a family man, always with his parents and Taya. Since he left to become a Navy SEAL, he has gained another family with the military. Chris Kyle spends more time with them than he does with his real family because he works with them and is with them in another country fighting. They all do everything together: they fight together, they eat together, they sleep together, and they train together, just like a real family. Add transition He doesn’t see Taya very often, only when he comes home, for short periods of time. Add summary sentence.
2. This comment has been removed by the author.
3. “THAT NIGHT SCARED THE SHIT OUT OF ME. THAT’S WHEN I came to the realization that I'm not superhuman. I can die (337)”. Chris Kyle can die he realized after he got shot twice. Chris Kyle doesn't have and exceptional power over anybody else and he can die just as easily as anybody else.
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Internal structure
The internal organization of the Mvele follows a hierarchical order beginning from the smallest to the biggest group that is; from the family up to the tribe.
The family: For the Mvele people, the family is constituted of group of èpersons who are related by blood. These people come from the same parent with respect to a hierarchical order which goes from the eldest to the last born. These share the same wealth when it comes to pass on heritage. There exist different types of family; we have the nuclear family which is the smallest entity made up of the father, mother and her children. Another type is the extended family which is a group of nuclear families which originate from the same grandfather. The other type is lineage which is constituted of many extended families of related blood.
The Mvele people were ignorant about social organization the way it is today. The social and political structure expressed a lack of centralized political system meaning they used a decentralized system of government. The family head often played both the roles of religious head and family leader in their respective families.
What the people from the Mvele tribe had at first was a leader which they called “Zomlo”. This person was a patriarch and believed to be the holder of ancestral knowledge. The “Zomlo” was not put in place by some kind of voting or appointment. There were the elders of the society who due to circumstances the tribe was actually facing, handed to one of the patriarch the responsibilities of the “Zomlo”.
It is with the failure of the European colonizers to infiltrate the Mvele society that the latter introduced the administrative organization of the traditional society as we have it today. So the issue of these colonizers was to find reliable speakers who could serve as a sort of middle man between the colonial administration and the traditional society. All these led to the creation of the first administrative unit with the appointment of the first administrator who were now known as traditional chiefs. For many years this chiefdom remained without head because the colonizers destroyed those one who did not follow their instructions. It is just of recent that the village administrative head was restored. In order to bring more closely the administration to the people being administered, these traditional chiefs then created sub-administrative units and appointed heads to those units.
The administrative organization planned by the European colonizers to facilitate their on-going affairs was as follows;
The village: In some cases, the village corresponds to aclan in the traditional organization while in other cases; it follows a geographic cut down which did not take into consideration family links. We can find members of different clans in the same village while we can also get members of the same clan in many villages.
At the top of each village is the chiefdom headed by administrative personnel known as the village chief or 3rd degree traditional chief. This leader is chosen between the inhabitants of the village through elections administered by the administrative authority who will then enthrone the newly elected chief. Although we formally see this aspect as a form of election, this is not always the case. What is actually done looks more like a kind of succession and it the outgoing chief who while still alive take time even if it is orally to choose which of his sons will be his successor.
The group: This is the collection of villages ranging from two to seven at least. Just as the village, groups are separated by geographic frontiers. At the head of each group is found a chief of group known as 2nd degree chief. The latter is also put in place as the 3rd degree chief and the ceremony is supervised by an administrative personnel.
The Canton: A Canton is an administrative unit composed of more than one group. At the head of each canton is the 1st degree chief or superior chief. The latter is appointed by the minister of Administration and decentralization. It is this established administrative offices brought in during the colonization period that now serve as the official link between the national government and the people of the Mvele tribe. The government uses this as a kind of social control on the Mvele and through these offices , and tries to develop these regions of the county.
Rank in the Mvele Society
In the Mvele tribe, land is synonym to riches. A person’s importance, influence or even social rank is determined by the amount of land (i.e. land itself, animals and many others) in his possession.. There are three fundamental things that a man had which showed his influence or importance in the society. There is his house, the number of wives in he has and the work he has.
Sanctions and social Control
Although there now exist laws which sanction those who try to behave abnormally in the Mvele society, the traditional way of sanctioning is still presently practiced. Sanctions in this society are stratified in a way depending on what a person has done and there exists negative and positive sanctions in this community. There exist extreme and intermediary sanctions as far as negative sanctions are concerned. Extreme sanctions is referred to as ostracism and in case someone was found guilty of ostracism, he or she is banished from the land. A person victim of ostracism, is not allowed to do anything in the village and during this period, life is very difficult for the victim. Intermediary sanctions involved things like adultery and when someone is victim of adultery, there is public debate held for the victim to determine what the person has to do or give as sanctions. Depending on the degree of the thing, the person has to give things like wine, coq or sometimes a big sheep. Also, when one was found guilty of committing a crime or was looked upon as a possible source of nuisance and problems to the society, the person was reported to the “Zomlo”, the patriarchal leader. When the “Zomlo” though it necessary to talk to the individual concerned, the latter was brought to him. The “Zomlo” then tried his best to bring him or her to reasoning. In case the concerned did not take the leader’s advice, a meeting was held assembling the patriarch of the village and a decision was made as to what sanction was to be given to the individual. There is no execution as punishment in this land they either banish you from the land or ask you to give something depending on the degree of what you have done.
Concerning positive sanctions, the patriarch leader rewards those who behave well in the community by giving them a title in the village. In some cases, those who act positively, that is those who do some positive actions in the village like constructing schools and things of the sort, are attributed some tittles in the royal palace.
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Alcoholism Definition
The term alcoholism is one that tends to be used less often in professional circles these days. One of the main reasons being the huge controversy that tends to surround the actual term "alcoholism". More commonly used terms these days are the terms Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol Dependence. Definitions of both as laid out in DSM IV will be given here. DSM is the acronym for Diagnostic Statistical Manual (the official manual for diagnosis), IV means that it is in its 4th edition. The 5th edition, or DSM V, is due in 2011. So the criteria given below is the currently used diagnostic criteria.
DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria for Alcohol Abuse
1. A maladaptive pattern of alcohol abuse leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one or more of the following, occurring within a 12-month period:
a) Recurrent alcohol use resulting in failure to fulfil major role obligations at work, school, or home (e.g., repeated absences or poor work performance related to substance use; substance-related absences, suspensions or expulsions from school; or neglect of children or household).
b) Recurrent alcohol use in situations in which it is physically hazardous (e.g., driving an automobile or operating a machine).
c) Recurrent alcohol-related legal problems (e.g. arrests for alcohol-related disorderly conduct).
d) Continued alcohol use despite persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the alcohol (e.g., arguments with spouse about consequences of intoxication or physical fights).
2. These symptoms must never have met the criteria for alcohol dependence.
The main features of Alcohol Abuse are using alcohol often and in a reckless or dangerous manner.
DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria for Alcohol Dependence
A maladaptive pattern of alcohol use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three or more of the following seven criteria, occurring at any time in the same 12-month period:
1. Tolerance, as defined by either of the following:
a) A need for markedly increased amounts of alcohol to achieve intoxication or desired effect.
b) Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of alcohol.
2. Withdrawal, as defined by either of the following:
a) The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for alcohol (refer to DSM-IV for further details).
b) Alcohol is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.
3. Alcohol is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended.
4. There is a persistent desire or there are unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control alcohol use.
5. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain alcohol, use alcohol or recover from its effects.
6. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of alcohol use.
7. Alcohol use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the alcohol (e.g., continued drinking despite recognition that an ulcer was made worse by alcohol consumption).
As you can see the criteria for dependence are much more about the 'need' to drink and the physiological changes that appear to be occurring. This term dependence tends to replace the previous term alcoholism.
Read more about alcoholism here.
All material copyright Lou Lewis and John McMahon © 2017
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Engineers from Georgia Tech and Emory University have designed a staircase that takes the load off when climbing up to bed. The energy-recycling steps store up the energy of people heading downstairs and use it to give them a boost on the way back up.
Loaded with springs and equipped with pressure sensors, steps sink to meet those below when they detect footsteps. The step then locks into place, storing the energy generated by the user’s bodyweight compressing the springs inside.
Each step stays locked in the compressed position until they detect footsteps travelling in the opposite direction. When a person steps on the sensor on the next tread up, a latch is released and the lower step returns to its original position, gently lifting the user’s back leg.
‘Braking’ your fall
Walking up a flight of stairs is remarkably energy efficient. Most of the chemical energy we put into climbing up is transferred into potential energy. Going down, however, a lot more energy is spent to stop us from toppling over.
“Walking down stairs is like tapping the brakes of your car while revving the engine,” explained Lena Ting, professor of biomedical engineering in the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Emory and Georgia Tech. “Your legs use a lot of energy bracing each step to avoid falling too fast. Our stairs store that energy rather than wasting it.”
Designed to limit the energy spent in climbing upwards, the researchers didn’t initially expect the steps to ease the impact of going down as well.
Yun Seong Song, the post-doctoral researcher at Georgia Tech who built the device, explained how this works. “The spring in the stairs, instead of the ankle, acts as a cushion and brake,” he said. “The gentle downward movement alleviates work by the trailing ankle, which is what keeps you balanced and prevents you from falling too fast on normal stairs.”
Following in their footsteps
Karen Liu, one of the study’s authors and associate professor at Georgia Tech’s School of Interactive Computing, was impressed by the concept of energy-recycling shoes she had seen at a conference. Designed to give users a spring in their step when climbing the stairs, she quickly realised a more practical use for the technology.
“Current solutions for people who need help aren’t very affordable,” she said. “Elevators and stair-lifts are often impractical to install in the home.”
The researchers think their low-cost, easy-to-install, temporary stairs could allow people to retain independence and stay in their own homes following loss of mobility through injury or aging. The temporary installation could also prove beneficial for those needing short-term help getting upstairs, for example, pregnant women or people recovering from surgery.
Image credit: Yun Seong Song et al 2017. Demonstrating ascent on the energy recycling stairs.
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Preserving the Burgess Shale
+ See all authors and affiliations
Science 16 Mar 2012:
Vol. 335, Issue 6074, pp. 1280
DOI: 10.1126/science.335.6074.1280-a
CREDIT: GAINES ET AL., PROC. NATL. ACAD. SCI. U.S.A. 109, 10.1073/PNAS.1111784109 (2012)
The Burgess Shale in British Columbia, Canada, is one of the most famous fossil fields in the world, containing remarkably preserved soft-bodied marine life from just after the Cambrian explosion. In most other fossil locations, these soft, fragile tissues usually degrade in sediments soon after they are deposited. By examining the composition of the overlying sediments and measuring the sulfur isotope composition of minerals surrounding the fossils from the Burgess Shale, the Chengjiang in China, and five other Burgess Shale–type deposits, Gaines et al. propose that the unique depositional environment and seawater chemistry composition were the primary factors that facilitated preservation. The seafloor at this time in Earth's history was probably anoxic and also deprived of other oxidants such as sulfate, which inhibited initial bacterial degradation of recently deposited organic remains on the seafloor. Soon after deposition, the fossils were entombed in fine-grained clay sediments and then capped by a thick carbonate cement—a result of increasingly alkaline seawater. The cement further prevented the exchange of oxidants into sediment pore water and allowed the organic matter to remain, eventually transforming into the carbonaceous compressions seen today.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 10.1073/pnas.1111784109 (2012).
Navigate This Article
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Sarah Rush
Ancient Cambodian City Revealed by Lasers
Sarah Rush
As a child, my favorite activity at the beach was digging through the sand for lost objects. Old coins, keys, painted shells and tarnished rings lined the pockets of my beach shorts after a day by the sea. But what if there were an easier way to look at buried treasure, a way without having to get my palms dirty and sand under my fingernails?
In the world of archaeology, there is. It’s called lidar. Short for “light detection and ranging,” lidar is a remote sensing device attached to the bottom of a helicopter or airplane that sends measured laser pulses toward Earth. The light bounces off the Earth’s surface and back to the lidar device with measurements and outlines of the ground below. This information is then compiled to form precise, three-dimensional maps.
What makes lidar so special is that it can reveal objects hidden beneath both vegetation and water and, by doing so, unearth buried artifacts, dwellings and—in this particular case—entire hidden cities.
Let’s take a trip to Cambodia in Southeast Asia, where scientists and archaeologists recently used lidar to uncover a massive residential city surrounding Angkor Wat, a Hindu (and, later, Buddhist) temple built in the twelfth century during the Khmer Empire. Considered one of the world’s largest religious sites and Cambodia’s most popular tourist destination, the temple has been visited by millions of tourists each year, none of whom had any idea just what kind of buried treasure lay around them.
Archaeologist Damian Evans of Cambodia’s Siem Reap Center and his team spent nearly two weeks using lidar to survey the area around Angkor Wat—a vast expanse of thick jungle vegetation—in search of artifacts. Imagine their astonishment when they discovered a massive “buried” city with the temple at its center, complete with residential districts, dried-up canals and ponds, streets, and buildings!
One of the more mystifying discoveries was a series of lines in the ground in the shape of labyrinthine coils. Evans and the team could not be sure what these coils were used for and claimed that there was nothing similar to these coils in surviving Hindu writings or art. Overall, the discovery of the city surrounding Angkor Wat provides exciting new clues for learning more about the ancient Khmer people.
So next time you’re at the beach, dig your hands a little deeper into the sand. You never know—you might just discover an ancient city.
Did You Know?
Lidar can also be used to take “photographs” of living beings, creating surreal pieces of art. Photographers discovered this unique feature in 2014 while profiling the landmarks and people of Harari, Ethiopia. They found that using the lidar could blur and smudge images of people, generating visually-stunning photographs. The artwork was displayed in an exhibit at the New York Institute of Technology in 2014.
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"url": "http://publishingsolutionsgroup.com/blog/ancient_cambodian_city_revealed_by_lasers/"
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Understanding Yarn Labels, Symbols and Yarn Characteristics (3 hours)
Yarn labels seem to be written in Greek or hieroglyphics! How is a knitter supposed to know what those symbols mean? And even if you understood it, how helpful is that information?
This class will begin with understanding each and every piece of information that is shown on yarn labels: weight, care, fiber, gauge, length, color, dye lot, and more. Then what do you do with this information? You learn the qualities of each type of fiber, it’s strengths, weaknesses and characteristics. You learn what fibers behave similarly and would substitute well. You learn how to use it to show its best and how to care for it. You also learn how much to buy and what to do if you don’t have enough.
And for those mystery yarns that don’t have labels? You’ll learn how to guess at the fiber content and figure out the yardage and washability.
Each student will receive more than a dozen yarn samples and will play detective in class, figuring out everything that can be learned about these yarns. They’ll also each receive a thorough handout with symbol explanations and fiber traits.
If you’ve ever wondered what the difference is between alpaca and llama or merino and virgin wool, this class will be a valuable resource.
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Through My Lens - Dennis Donohue | Turtle, Snapping
Visitors 22
Modified 16-Jun-13
Created 16-Jun-13
7 photos
The common snapping turtle has a large head with a strong beak instead of teeth. The edges of the jaws have sharp edges to rip apart food. The squamosal meets the postorbital bone in the skull, but doesn't meet the parietal. The maxilla bone and quadratojugal also don't meet. The stapes is enclosed by the quadrate bone. This turtle does not have a secondary palate in the roof of the mouth. The vertebrae help create the carapace and then extend into opisthocoelous caudal vertebrae of the long tail. This long tail is armored by the dermal scales. The carapace has laterally reduced pleurals, 11 peripleurals, and long rib-like processes on the nuchal. The plastron is reduced and joined to the carapace by ligaments. The shell is covered by dermal scutes that create a horny armor on the turtle shell. This is caused by the cornification of the epidermis. The pelvis does not completely meet until the later adult stage is reached. There is a wide separation in the pubic and ischiadic symphyses. Due to the common snapping turtle being aquatic most of the time, its feet are webbed and have four or five claws on each foot.
Turtle, SnappingTurtle, SnappingTurtle, SnappingTurtle, SnappingTurtle, SnappingTurtle, SnappingTurtle, Snapping
Categories & Keywords
Subcategory Detail:
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black american writers
You declare you see me dimly
through a glass which will not shine,
though I stand before you boldly,
trim in rank and marking time.
You do own to hear me faintly
as a whisper out of range,
while my drums beat out the message
and the rhythms never change.
Equality, and I will be free.
Equality, and I will be free.
You announce my ways are wanton,
that I fly from man to man,
but if I’m just a shadow to you,
could you ever understand ?
We have lived a painful history,
we know the shameful past,
but I keep on marching forward,
and you keep on coming last.
Equality, and I will be free.
Equality, and I will be free.
Take the blinders from your vision,
take the padding from your ears,
and confess you’ve heard me crying,
and admit you’ve seen my tears.
Hear the tempo so compelling,
hear the blood throb in my veins.
Yes, my drums are beating nightly,
and the rhythms never change.
Equality, and I will be free.
Equality, and I will be free.
Maya Angelou
Martin Luther King Jr. with Coretta Scott King
Martin Luther King Jr. with Harry Belafonte
Albery Allson Whitman (1851-1901)
African American poet, minister and orator. Born into slavery, Whitman created a successful career for himself as a writer, and during his lifetime was acclaimed as the “Poet Laureate of the Negro Race”. (Wikipedia)
From our stacks: Title page and frontispiece from Not a Man, and Yet a Man. By A. A. Whitman. Springfield, Ohio: Republic Printing Company, 1877.
Audre Lorde
Audre Lorde, a self-proclaimed “black, lesbian, mother, warrior, poet,” was a writer, feminist, womanist, and civil rights activist. For Lorde, writing proved to be her powerful weapon against injustice. Painfully aware that differences could provoke prejudice and violence, she promoted the bridging of barriers.
Lorde began writing poetry at age twelve. She was inspired by poets such as Keats, Edna St. Vincent Millay and Helene Margaret. As the first Black student at Hunter High School, a public school for intellectually gifted girls, she worked on the school newspaper and published her first poem, “Spring, ” in Seventeen Magazine in 1951.
Her homo-erotic feelings began to emerge during her teenage years, through various crushes on female peers and teachers. So after graduation from high school, Lorde left her parents’ home and attended Hunter College. She surrounded herself with leftist thinkers and lesbian friends.
Audre Lorde dedicated her life to combating social injustice. She helped found Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, the world’s first publishing company run by women of color. She was also a founding member of Sisters in Support of Sisters in South Africa, an organization that worked to raise concerns about women under apartheid.
As a poet, she is best known for technical mastery and emotional expression, as well as her poems that express anger and outrage at civil and social injustices she observed throughout her life.Her poems and prose largely deal with issues related to civil rights, feminism, and the exploration of black female identity. Lorde won international acclaim for her poetry and prose, and was Poet Laureate of New York state from 1990 until 1991.
As a lecturer in 1970, Lorde engaged diverse student bodies on the interlocking identities of class, race, and gender, with history and culture.
Lorde reached audiences with her numerous writings. She published 15 books of poetry and prose, including 1984′s “Sister Outsider,” which is often included in the curriculum of women’s studies programs. In 1983, “Zami” hit the shelves. Lorde referred to it as a “biomythography,” but it was essentially her autobiography.
In addition to poetry, Audre Lorde was a powerful essayist and writer. In terms of her nonfiction work, she is best remembered for The Cancer Journals (1980), in which she documents her own struggle with breast cancer. Having undergone a mastectomy, Lorde refused to be victimized by the disease. Instead, she considered herself—and other women like her—to be warriors. The cancer later spread to her liver and this latest battle with the disease informs the essay collection, A Burst of Light (1989). This time, she chose to pursue alternative treatments rather than to opt for more surgery.
Dying on November 17, 1992, on the island of St. Croix, the largest of the U.S. Virgin Islands, Audre Lorde spent a lifetime exploring the pleasures and pain of being a black woman in America. Lorde’s was an essential voice in African American literature.
“Lorde was a woman for all times and all people.”
Challenge Your Shelf Day 27: Purple
Feel free to join in the challenge by clicking on the link here. I will be posting a link to the February challenge soon so keep an eye out for that if you’d like to start then. My ask and message box is always open for book talk!
On August 7, 1930 The last confirmed lynching of blacks in the Northern United States occurred as Thomas Shipp and Adam Smith were lynched by a white mob in Marion, Indiana.
The night before a young white factory worker named Claude Deeter was shot and critically injured. Deeter and his companion, a young woman, told police they had been attacked by young African-American males. The woman told authorities she had been raped, a claim she later admitted was false while under oath. Sheriff Jay Campbell set out to look for the alleged perpetrators and arrested Thomas Shipp, 19, Adam Smith, 18, and James Cameron, 16, at their homes.
The three young men were held at the local jail on suspicion of murder, robbery, and rape where they were beaten by the sheriff and his deputies until a “confession” was secured.
Word spread quickly through the county and throngs of people descended on the town clogging the courthouse square with bodies. Some estimates by local journalists put the number of people between 7,000-10,000.
Around 7:30pm word reached the crowd that Claude Deeter had died at Marion Hospital. Police brought Deeter’s bloody shirt to the square and hung it on the front window of the police station. This incensed the mob and members retrieved a length of new rope from the local hardware store along with sledgehammers and crowbars. Though he refused to unlock the jail, Sheriff Jay Campbell ordered his men not to attack the mob who soon gained entry.
Shipp was taken from his cell first and quickly beaten to death with a crowbar. Then rioters dragged his body down the sidewalk kicking and striking it with bricks, boards, and shoes along the way. They then hung his body from the jail window next to Deeter’s shirt. The mob then returned to the jail and removed the 18 year old Smith from his cell. Though beaten, he was carried alive to the old maple where members of the mob prepared a second noose and lifted him into the tree. Struggling for his life, Smith reached up and attempted to untie the noose. Several men came forward, lowered him down, stabbed him and broke his arms before lifting him up again. They then re-hung Shipp’s lifeless body next to Smith. Photographer Laurence Beitler was called in to take a formal portrait of the dead boys and crowd, a regular ritual in spectacle lynchings.
After the murder, the crowd milled around for about twenty minutes taking photographs and then returned to the jail to retrieve Cameron. Barred by the Sheriff, they chanted loudly for the sixteen year old, something Cameron would remember for the rest of his life. Pushing past the Sheriff they took hold of Cameron and carried him to the tree where a noose was placed around his neck and he was lifted up. As the rope tightened around his throat, the crowd began to argue and debate among themselves. Some said Cameron was too young, others said he had nothing to do with crime. Those advocating for his life won out and they lowered him from the tree returned him to the jail where he was smuggled out of the area by Sheriff Campbell. Lifelong scars from the attempted lynching remained visible around Cameron’s neck.
Pictures of the event were widely circulated, sparking national debate. Much attention was paid to the presence of children during the lynching. Teacher, songwriter, and labor activist Abel Meeropol saw the photos during and subsequently wrote the poem ‘Bitter Fruit’ under his pseudonym Lewis Allan, a scathing attack on the American practice of lynching. He later set the poem to music and changed the name to 'Strange Fruit’. The song was covered by Billie Holiday becoming an international. The song brought much attention to the routine brutality against African-Americans that was so common during the era.
Many Northerners reacted with shame as lynching was widely and falsely believed to be a Southern phenomena. The stark photos brought to light the reality of the practice in the Northern territories and the horrifying carnival like atmosphere of the open murders. This was the last public lynching in the North. Pieces of the rope used in the lynching were kept by members of the mob.
Cameron later stood trial, charged with being an accessory before the fact to the killing of Claude Deeter though little evidence was available and he was definitely not present at the time of the shooting. He served four years in jail and after being paroled in 1935 he moved to Detroit, Michigan where he attended Wayne State University to become a boiler engineer.
After graduating he found a job, began raising a new family, and began his lifelong work in civil rights activism. He founded several branches of the NAACP, including Madison County, Muncie, and South Bend, Indiana. From 1942 - 1950 he served as Indiana State Director of Civil Liberties reporting to Governor of Indiana Henry Schricker on violations of the “equal accommodations” laws designed to end segregation. During his eight-year tenure, Cameron investigated numerous incidents of civil rights infractions. He faced routine death threats and violence because of this work
By the 1950’s Cameron had grown weary of battling militant racists and moved to Milwaukee seeking a safer life for his wife and five children. There Cameron continued his work in civil rights by helping to organize direct action to end segregated housing in the city. He also participated in both marches on Washington the first with Martin Luther King, Jr., and the second with King’s widow Coretta Scott King. He studied history in his spare time and between 1955 and 1989 he published scores of articles and booklets detailing civil rights and occurrences of racial injustices, including “What is Equality in American Life?”; “The Lingering Problem of Reconstruction in American Life: Black Suffrage”; and “The Second Civil Rights Bill”.
in 1991 Cameron was officially pardoned by Indiana Governor Evan Bayh and the Indiana Parole Board. In 1999 he received an honorary doctoral degree (Doctor of Humanities) from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
After a visit with his wife to the Yad Vashem memorial in Israel during the early '80’s Cameron was inspired to found America’s Black Holocaust Museum. He mortgaged his house and led a grassroots campaign to fund the project, gaining support from regular people and some wealthy philanthropists. A twelve thousand square-foot gym was purchased for one dollar from the City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin and renovated with the money raised. In 1988 the museum opened to wide acclaim. It featured artifacts, photographs, postcards, and recordings dealing with slavery, lynching during Jim Crow, and the 20th century civil rights movement. Much of the material was from Cameron’s personal collection, gathered during his work as an investigator and political revolutionary. In 2008, two years after his death, the museum closed because of financial problems. It reopened on Cameron’s birthday, February 25, 2012, as a virtual museum.
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Historical reasoning is a vital skill for students, and is best done through primary sources, which are created by someone with direct, first-hand knowledge of the event taking place. Studying primary sources leads to improved critical thinking skills, which are vital in a democracy. Examining a variety of primary sources leads to a better understanding of different perspectives, a deeper understanding of the past, and higher engagement with the subject. Document-based-questions, or DBQs, provide students with support to help lead them to their own conclusions.
This set of sources, including written accounts, photographs, and political cartoons, focuses on the establishment and governance of the Congo Free State, which existed from 1885-1908. The Free State was created as the personal colony of King Leopold II of Belgium, who acted under the guise of humanitarian concerns. Sovereign power over the lands was obtained by Henry Morton Stanley, an explorer who traveled the Congo, founded outposts, and made treaties with chiefs (included in the set of documents is an example of such a treaty). Other nations, however, were interested in the Congo as well, and at the Berlin Conference in 1885 Leopold successfully played the other powers off of each other in order to gain control of the Congo. One of the key articles of the treaty is included in the set of written sources.
Today it is widely agreed that the conditions in the Congo were inhumane. The Force Publique (see photograph one) was the armed forces for the Congo, and in addition to defending the area it enforced the “taxes” that the Congolese were required to pay. These taxes were usually in the form of rubber, ivory, other agricultural products, and they were heavy enough that it was extremely difficult for them to find the time to provide for their own families. When the quotas were not met, beatings by the chicotte (whip) were common, as was the practice of taking women and children hostage to force their husbands to meet the tax. Other times members of the Force Publique or of company-based militias committed more extreme atrocities, including destroying villages, murdering the population, and cutting off the hands of the living to prove that their bullets had been used to kill. The photographs included show a range of examples of these conditions.
The international response was extensive, as the Congo became a widely-discussed scandal in Europe and America. George Washington Williams, an African American journalist, wrote an open letter to King Leopold in 1890, creating an interest in conditions in the Congo. Christian missionaries in the Congo, who had initially not created much of a stir against the conditions, began to speak out (see the letters of Reverends Clark and Whitehead). Roger Casement, who was born in Ireland and became a British diplomat, toured the Congo in 1903 and issued a scathing report. Edmund D. Morel, a British author and journalist, with the help of Casement, founded the Congo Reform Association and began an all-consuming campaign to end the atrocities in the Congo. The publicity led to a bevy of newspaper articles and political cartoons (see political cartoon section).
Because no census was taken until 1924, there is disagreement about how many Congolese died from murder, starvation, exhaustion, exposure, and disease. Many sources agree that the population was cut by half, and number estimates range from 1.5 to 12 million. Despite Leopold’s efforts at a counter publicity campaign, the damage was done, and after two years of debate the government of Belgium agreed to take over the Congo from Leopold. Though conditions improved somewhat, Belgium treated the Congo no better than other European countries treated their colonies. Not until 1960 did the Congo achieve its independence, and even then, it was unprepared because Belgium had not made education and infrastructure a priority.
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The human blind spot is located around the retna where the optic nerve leads back in to the brain. The blind spots in each eye are symmetrically aligned so the the loss in one eye can be compensated by the other eye. In the blind spot since there are no cells to find light on the optic disc, a part of the field of vision is not precieved.illustration-blind-spot.gif
The eye sends back signals to the brain that help humans navigate through the world pretty well. Many assume that what the see is really what is out there. But that is not entirely true. Since each eye has a blind spot the eye has to sometimes fill in what is there by looking at the surrounded area of the object. If the blind spots overlap while looking at a certain object or only one eye is looking at the object again it will fill in that spot by analizing the entire space.
Blind Spot Test
This is a test to 'see' if you can find your very own blind spot. This is called your Lacuna!
A blind spot in a vehicle is an area around the vehicle in which the driver cannot see when at the controls. Blind spots occur in many different vehicles such as cars, trucks, motorboats and aircrafts. There are three modes of transportation that don't have blind spots which are bicycles, motorcycles and horses.
As you can see, there are two large blind spots at each side of the vehicle but there are three mirrors in and on the vehicle that is the normal view coverage.
How to Avoid Blind Spots
Avoiding blind spots isn't easy but you can make a shoulder check by looking back towards your blind spot. This will ensure you to be a safer driver in this society. Also make sure that you are regularly checking your mirrors.
The differences between Human and Vehicle Blind Spots
A difference between human and vehicle blind spots is that you do not have to check you blind spots in human blind spots because the other side/eye sees what that eye is missing.
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Reading Test Medium-5
Australian Aborigines Demand Return of Remains
As a former British colony, Australia has close cultural and historical links with the United Kingdom, due to the British and Irish settlers who arrived in droves in the 19th and 20th centuries. One aspect of this contact is the role of Britain, and British archaeologists and collectors, in taking Aboriginal bones, relics and artefacts from Australia to museums and collections in the UK. Now leaders of the indigenous people of Australia, the Aborigines, are demanding that any Aboriginal remains in the UK are returned to Australia.
In 19th century Britain, there was a mania for collecting all kinds of objects from other countries. These were sent home, where they were kept in museums such as the British Museum and the Natural History Museum. Museums in the UK have a huge number of such objects – objects which, say protesters, were basically stolen during Britain’s long colonial history, with little or no regard for the feelings or rights of the people to whom the objects originally belonged.
Now the Australian Prime Minister is supporting Aboriginal calls for the objects and remains to be returned to their original home. A spokesman for the Aboriginal Council of New South Wales, Stevie McCoy, said: “The bones do not belong abroad. They belong here. This is about beliefs, and a traditional Aboriginal belief is that our ancestors can only find peace if their remains are buried in the homeland.”
There are certainly lots of Aboriginal remains in the UK, although their exact locations are not entirely clear. What is known is that, between them, the British Museum and the Natural History Museum have some 2,000 – 2,5000 artefacts composed of human remains, although the museums point out that only about 500 of these are of Aboriginal origin. Dr William Cowell Bell, for the London Museum Association, adds that “A lot of the objects are not human remains in their original form, but are made out of human remains. These include decorated skulls and bones from which charms and amulets have been created.” A smaller number of similar artefacts are known to be held in collections in Oxford and Cambridge.
There is some sensitivity to Aboriginal demands in the archaeological world. Lady Amanda Spurway, life president of the Glover Museum in London, says that the museum has had its small collection of Aboriginal remains packed ready for return for a decade, and is only waiting for information about where they must go.
The National College of Surgeons says it will return the remains of any individual who can be named (although it is obviously difficult to put names to them after such a long time). This growing sensitivity to the hitherto ignored rights of indigenous peoples around the world has caused some relics to be restored to their original country, particularly in Scotland, where a group of Aboriginal remains has already been returned. Edinburgh University has returned skulls and bones to Tasmania and New Zealand.
One problem, according to legal expert Ewan Mather, is that the law allowing museums to decide what to do with these objects is more relaxed in Scotland. English museums, on the other hand, are not allowed (either by law or by the groups of trustees who run them) to just hand back remains of their own accord. However, British supporters of the Aborigines claim that such restrictive laws are inhumane in the modern world, and that it would be a simple enough matter to change them in order to allow the items to be returned.
A further objection to handing back relics is because of their scientific value, claim some museum directors. Dr Bell believes that the size of the collection in the Natural History Museum in Lincoln made it a very valuable resource in the analysis of the way of life of Aborigines, and could be used to study the origin and development of the people. Breaking up the collection might mean that such knowledge could be lost forever.
Aboriginal groups, however, respond by pointing out that the scientific importance of the remains has to be seen against a backdrop of human rights. “I doubt whether the British government would allow several thousand bones of British soldiers to be used for ‘scientific purposes’ in any other country,” said Stevie McCoy, with a hint of irony. “Would the families allow it? I think there would be a public outcry, no matter how old the remains were. This practice [of taking bones and human remains] went on from the first moment the white man came to Australia right up to the early part of the 20th century. It is a scandal.”
The British government, meanwhile, has announced that it will set up a working party to discuss the possibility of changes to the law. This might allow museums to negotiate on their own with Aboriginal and other groups around the world.
Loading test. Thanks for your patience.
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John Chapman; American Pioneer
جان چاپمن :: جان چاپمنWhen the first Europeans came to North America, they found dense forests coming down right to the shore. So thick were the forests that it is said that a squirrel could travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River without once touching the ground. Clearing these trees to make room for fields and buildings was a very difficult task for the early settlers. Another difficulty was finding enough food in this new land. Many European crops would not grow in this climate. Carrying and storing seeds over a long period was also risky. Native Indians were often helpful in teaching the settlers how to find food. But sometimes there were no Indians nearby, or they were hostile. John Chapman is famous today because he helped the early settlers grow one important product – apples. Apples could be eaten fresh in the fall, or stored through the winter. They could be made into fresh apple juice or alcoholic cider. They could be dried, or made into applesauce. Apples also could be made into vinegar, which was very useful for keeping vegetables from spoiling. John Chapman was born in Massachusetts in 1774, the year before the American Revolution began. John’s father joined George Washington’s army to fight for American independence from Great Britain. While the war was going on, John’s mother died. In 1780, John’s father married again, and soon John had lots of young brothers and sisters. John probably worked on his father’s farm as he was growing up. Then he worked on neighbouring farms. It may be at this time that John began to learn about apples. After the Revolutionary War, the population of the U.S.A. was expanding. Many Americans wanted to go west over the mountains to find land in Indian Territory. In the fall of 1797, young John Chapman headed west into Pennsylvania. On his way, he gathered leftover apple seeds from the cider mills that he passed. As usual, John walked barefoot, but as he travelled snow began to fall. He tore strips off his coat and tied them around his feet. Then he made snowshoes out of tree branches. When he arrived in the west, he began to clear land and plant apple seeds. This began a pattern that would last Chapman’s whole life. He would travel ahead of the settlers, clear land, and then sell his baby apple trees to the settlers when they arrived. When the area became too settled, Chapman would move further west, and start again. Many settlers regarded John Chapman as a strange character. He never bought new clothes, but wore whatever old clothes came his way. But he was always welcome at a settler’s cabin. John was good at clearing land, telling stories, and growing apples. He liked children, and children liked him. He was a religious man and would read to the settlers about God and living together peacefully. At this time, there was conflict between the settlers and the Indians about land. John managed to be friendly with both groups. But John did warn the settlers if the Indians were planning to attack them. Every fall, John went east to gather more apple seeds. Then he would go further west and find some empty land to plant his seeds. During the warm weather, he tended all his fields of baby apple trees. Once they were properly grown, he sold the seedlings to settlers. When he had earned enough money, he bought land to grow more apple trees. In his own lifetime, he became known as Johnny Appleseed. Legends grew up about him. It was said that his bare feet could melt snow, and that he could leap across rivers. Johnny Appleseed never built himself a real home. He was a wanderer all his life, travelling west to Indiana and Iowa and back east again. He enjoyed sleeping outdoors, lying on his back, looking up at the stars and thinking about God and his world. He died in Indiana in 1845, and no one knows exactly where he is buried. But all through that region are hundreds of apple trees. These apple trees are the most fitting memorial to John Chapman – the legendary Johnny Appleseed.
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1 Response
1. سلام زبان says:
Closely compacted in substance:
As the storm cleared, a dense fog came down
Having the constituent parts crowded closely together
1 made of or containing a lot of things or people that are very close together [= thick]
Dense undergrowth/forest/woodland/jungle etc
A narrow track wound steeply up through dense forest.
A dense rurally-based population
2 difficult to see through or breathe in
Dense fog/smoke/cloud
Dense black smoke
a : marked by compactness or crowding together of parts
Dense vegetation>
b : having a high mass per unit volume
Carbon dioxide is a dense gas
Examples of DENSEThey cut a path through the dense jungle.
a dense tangle of wires
a dense cluster of stars
That part of the city has a dense population of immigrants.
A dense mass of spectators filled the courtroom.
Synonyms: compact, crowded, close, jam-packed, packed, thick, tight
Antonyms: airy, loose, open, uncrowded.
An alcoholic drink made from fermented apple juice.
(Also apple cider, sweet cider)North American; an unfermented drink made by crushing fruit, typically apples.
Another source
1: fermented apple juice often made sparkling by carbonation or fermentation in a sealed container
2: the expressed juice of fruit (as apples) used as a beverage or for making other products (as applejack)
Examples of CIDERA cup of apple cider
A relish or dessert made of apple stewed to a pulp and sweetened
All that talk about taking up the farming life was just a lot of spoiled applesauce
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Short Notes on the Order of Oxisols
i. Oxisols get their name from the oxic horizon, a diagnostic accumulation of iron and aluminum oxides.
Oxisols | Flickr - Photo Sharing!
image source:
ii. They form in climates that are usually frostless throughout the year and rainy for at least part of the year.
iii. The resistant oxides aje left in the upper layers of the soil after heat and moisture have destroyed or removed most of the salt, complex clay, organic material, and plant nutrients.
iv. Oxisols in seasonally dry climates are prone to harden into rocklike masses when exposed to the sun or subjected to alternate wetting and drying.
v. An oxisol in a continuously wet climate is usually soft but leached of most of its plant nutrients. The alternate hazards of leaching and hardening make oxisols very difficult to farm.
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Women at work
One of the most significant artists of the 20th century, Georgia O’Keeffe is known for her bold American Modernist paintings of flowers, bones, and desert landscapes.
O’Keeffe also loved to explore the female body in her paintings. Even her nonrepresentational works, such as Green-Gray Abstraction, were seen as having a deep sexual meaning. In reality, she was simply one of the first artists who could explore her sexuality and representation as a female on the larger stage, and often had no sexual intentions behind her works. In her own words: “Well—I made you take time to look at what I saw and when you took time to really notice my flowers you hung all your own associations with flowers on my flower and you write about my flower as if I think and see what you think and see of the flower—and I don’t.” Ellie Hohulin, Learning Innovation intern, March 9
Image: Alfred Stieglitz, Georgia O’Keeffe, 1918
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By Gene D. Matlock
The Eastern Hemisphere was called Tala or Talan, (The Upper World). The Western hemisphere was Atala or Atalan (The Lower World). Tala meant "above the surface." Atala meant "on, by, near, or below the surface." The English word Atoll, a low island at nearly sea level, derives from Atala. Atala eventually became the Nahuatl word for water: Atl. Any settlement on, by, on, or near water, the ancient Nahuas called ATLANTECH or ATLANTESH, meaning "A place located by, on, near or under water." Angel María Garibay, in his book Llave del Nahuatl (Key to Nahuatl) lists TECH as a "locative." (See p. 70.) Therefore, all Mexican towns and settlements located by rivers, lakes and seashores, on islands on rivers, lakes, and oceans, became Atlanteshes. For example, the following names for Mexican cities and towns show that they were or are by, on or near bodies of water: San Pedro Aztatlán, Atlán, Mazatlán, Cihuatlán, Cacatlán, Tihuatlán, and the like.
[Figure 5. The coastal Atlantesh of Mazatlán, Sinaloa.]
What if people traveling to or discussing settlements by, on, or near bodies of water didn't know the names of such settlements? In such cases, they would just say they were discussing or traveling to an "Atlantesh" (place by, on, near, or just over water).
Although "Atlantesh" indicated a settlement's proximity to bodies of water, other "Atlanteshes" did not necessarily indicate this, such as the strange canalled island town of Mexcaltitán in the marshlands off the coast of Nayarit; Janitzio, a town on an island in the center of Lake Patzucaro, Michoacán; the flower gardens and town of Xochimilco, near Mexico City.
[ABOVE: Gene Matlock's car on a bridge leading through the mangrove swamps, leading to Mexcaltitán.]
[ABOVE: Mexcaltitán.]
The Mexicans revere this island as the place they left on their Odyssey to the Valley of Mexico, where they built their Atlantesh called Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City). Notice that the circular shape and canal streets of Mexcaltitán are nearly exactly like Plato's description of the particular "Atlantesh" for which we are searching.
Many patriotic Mexicans want to be buried just off the shores of Mexcaltitán, near the present day coastal village of San Pedro Aztatlán, which most people erroneously call "Aztlán," In Sanskrit, Aztatlán means "Place by the water where the sun sets in the west." However, in Nahuatl it means "Place of Many Herons."
The residents of Janitzio and even some archeologists claim that ancient ruins lie under the part of the lake surrounding the island.
I learned about Atlanteshes and San Pedro Aztatlán from some of Mexico's foremost archeologists. However, Mexican political activists in the USA say that the ancient Mexicans were entirely incorrect about the true location of Aztatlán, which they erroneously call "Aztlán." They insist that Aztlán is really the dry deserts of Southern California and Arizona, having absolutely nothing to do with bodies of water.
We frequently see the names of Mexican cities and settlements ending in TLAN minus the prefix A. These can be either near or far from water, such as Minatitlán, Ocotlán, Tecaltitlán, Tepatitlán, Texiutlán, etc. Additionally, just as a name of a settlement near a body of water doesn't need to end in ATLAN, neither must a settlement named without reference to water end in TLAN, such as Guadalajara, Laredo, Monterrey, and Acapulco.
I have mentioned the name of the once large nation of Tannu-Tuva. Tannu is derived from the Sanskrit word Danu, meaning "conqueror." Later in history, the empire of Tannu-Tuva fragmented into many small nations. The Tannu or Danu word came to be a suffix of Turkish nations, often preceded by "S'" or "Su," meaning "Great; Superior": Kyrgistan, Afghanistan, Tajikstan, Pakistan, Kurustan (Turkey), Turkestan, Sudan, etc. Sometimes the S' was omitted, such as with Bhutan and Multan These short suffixes, such as Dan, Tan, Ten, etc., help us trace the ancient conquerors of the world to the Turkish nations and India.
The Danu, known biblically as the tribe of Dan, spread out to the countries of the world, leaving their linguistic tracks wherever they went. In Mexico and Meso-America we remember them in the names of Yucatán, Juchitán, Champotón, Celestún, Lacandón, Comitán, and many others.
The country now called Mexico originally did not have that name. It is named after the Mexica (Meshika) a.k.a., Aztatecas (Western People), a highly civilized but also bloodthirsty, cannibalistic, and bellicose tribe that once lived in Mexico's altiplano, in and around what is now Mexico City, about 100 miles in each direction. All the non-Meshika tribes, from Central America to our own American southwest, feared and hated them.
It has been wrongly said that the Spaniards conquered the Mexicans. The non-Meshikas conquered ancient Mexico, using the Spaniards as advisors and leaders. This negative legacy still exists among Mexico's non-Meshika indigenous peoples who bitterly oppose being called mexicanos, even infecting the mestizo and white citizens inhabiting the various regions of this badly divided but fascinating and enigmatic country. Many members of the Totanaca tribe of Veracruz have told me that their ambition is to separate from Mexico and become again an autonomous nation. It angers them when the Mexicans call their "Pocahontas" Marina, who helped the Spaniards in the conquest, a Mexican. Marina was a Totonac; not a Mexican.
It is a curious anomaly that they Aztatecas were also Aztecas. Aztika is the Sanskrit name for "religious people" or those who follow the Hindu Vedas (holy books).
The Aztatecas were truly "People of Water." Wherever they went in their peregrination toward what is now Mexico City, they built their homes in the middle of swamps, rivers, and lakes. Brilliant hydrologists, they conquered these wet lands by building dams when necessary, converting them to floating gardens (chinampas), made of rafts covered with dirt and fastened to posts driven into the bottom of the swamp or shallow body of water. The beautiful floating gardens in what is now the internationally known "Atlantesh" of Xochimilco, match, in beauty and productiveness, Plato's description of Atlantis' farmlands. Only in what are now Kashmir and Burma did people make use of swamp-farming as efficiently and extensively as did the Aztatecas.
Since the Aztatecas (as a people) or Aztecas (Aztikas or religionists) claimed to have come from some northeastern region covered with swamps, the Spanish padres intuited that they probably originated in the Florida Cays or Everglades.
In his book, Hindu America, India-Indian author Chaman Lal states:
"At present, we are studying the native tongues and find that at least as far as Nahuatl, Zapoteca, and Maya languages are concerned, they are of Indo-European (Turkish and Sanskrit) origin."
The aforementioned studies are by Dr. Magaña Peón and Professor Humberto J. Comyn, both members of the Geographical Society of Mexico. (p. 14.)
In the 1970s, a Mexican engineer, Eduardo Robles y Gutiérrez, published his book, La Atlántida Está en México (Editorial Diana, Mexico City). While working in Veracruz, he discovered the foundations of an ancient "Atlantesh" about 30 miles inland from the coast, in what is now the jungle-covered region of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan. Through research, he learned that magnificent abandoned buildings of fine stone blocks, all containing precious stones and idols, had once rested on the foundations of San Lorenzo. However, the Spaniards removed the treasures from these ruins and tore down the buildings, sending both the stone blocks and the treasures to Spain.
An ancient spiral-shaped harbor with high banks or dikes lining the channels had once existed near San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, exactly as described by Plato. Robles y Gutiérrez said that the extremely fertile plain and jungles in the region are criss-crossed with the ruins of many ancient irrigation canals, as well as the manmade irrigation lagoons, some with the masonry lining their banks-still intact-and still potentially usable! The archeological remains in San Lorenzo supposedly belong to the Olmec or Olman culture. The words Ulmak and Ulman are the Turkish words for our biblical Adam. The Turkic word Adam just means "man."
[ABOVE: An ancient, spiral-shaped harbor with high banks or dikes lining the channels had once existed near San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, exactly as described by Plato. Robles y Gutiérrez said that the extremely fertile plains and jungles in the area are cross-crossed with the ruins of many ancient irrigation canals, as well as manmade irrigation lagoons, some with the masonry lining their banks still intact - and still potentially usable! The archeological remains in San Lorenzo supposedly belong to the Olmec culture. The Olmecs themselves were either survivors of the Atlantis disaster or latecomers to the area.]
Some mysterious submerged ruins have been found off the coast of the Caribbean island of Bimini. Strange ruins have also been found off the western coast of Cuba.
By now, you must have intuited that there never was a place named "Atlantis" because "Atlantesh" just means "a place by, near, on, water," etc. Evidently, the person(s) who told Egyptians the story about this fabulous sunken city did not know its name. All they knew was the Nahuatl word "Atlantesh" (place by, near, on water, etc.).
In El Orígen de los Indios, Father Gregorio Perez wrote that the Aztatecas called the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantona ("Splendidly Radiant Lady of the Waters.") Their name for Atlas was Atlante. The roofs of temples represented the Upper World or Talan. The idol columns holding up the temple roofs were Atlantes. (See Figure 2.)
When Plato's story passed down to us, we became brainwashed in this error to such an extent that the Atlantis story has become a type of religion in which anyone saying "Atlantis" by that name never existed is branded as a liar and heretic! It was this type of brainwashing which led me to conclude that all of Mexico was named "Atlantis" as I said in my prior Viewzone article about Atlantis and in my book, The Last Atlantis Book You'll Ever Have to Read. For that reason, I became inspired to update that article. Nevertheless, I am proud of that article and my book. I at least chose the right location of the "Atlantesh" Plato described.
I feel that I am at least becoming vindicated for my insistence that Plato's "Atlantesh" existed in some part of Mayaland that sank under water. On Saturday, December 30, 2006, at 6:00 PM EST, National Geographic Channel presented the documentary, "Is it Real? -- Atlantis" [TV-G]. anthropologist George Erikson presented evidence that Atlantis once existed in the Yucatan and in submerged lands off the Yucatan, Bahamas, and Cuban coasts 11,500 years ago when sea levels were about 400 feet lower than today. Erikson presented Plato's argument that civilizations are periodically destroyed, often by the people who inhabit them, and only a few of the unlettered survive to eventually create new civilizations, unaware of the past.(see www.AtlantisinAmerica.com )
Could San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan be the "Atlantesh" described by Plato? Evidently not, for it is above ground. So what is the name of the "Atlantesh" researchers say lies under the sea off the coast of Veracruz and Yucatan? To find out for myself, in August. 1982, my now deceased Mexican wife Consuelo and I followed all the inland "Atlanteshes" in Mexico, starting from the coastal "Atlantesh" of Mexcaltitán. We followed them to what is now Mexico City and then to San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, Vera Cruz, admitting the glaring truth that most of them fit the description of Plato's unnamed "Atlantesh," Finally, we arrived at the eastern shore of Southern Veracruz. At that time I became convinced that if all the other Atlanteshes we visited since leaving coastal Mexcaltitán resembled Plato's 'Atlantesh,' I had no choice but to conclude that the remains of a city beyond San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan may lie somewhere under water. Are all these Atlanteshes resembling Plato's description just a quaint coincidence?
What is the name of that "Atlantesh?" For that answer we must study the books of the Hindus.
India's Mt. Meru was the highest of two smaller peaks existing beside it. In Sanskrit, the word Trikuta means "Three Peaks." There are two known Trikutas in India. One is in Jammu, next to Kashmir. The other Trikuta is in Ceylon.
According to the stories of Kubera, Hindu god of gold and treasure (Kheever or our biblical Heber) and his Yakshi or Yakhu subjects, all of whom were Nagas, exiled a number of North and South Indian tribes, including the Mayans of Ceylon, to Mexico (Patala). After that, they settled on an island called Trikuta off the coast of Yucatán and Veracruz. Later, some violent natural catastrophe caused Trikuta to sink below the sea. However, a large peak, existing between San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán and wherever Trikuta sank, was too high to sink below the water. We know it today as Mt. Orizaba. The Olmecs called it Citlalteptl ("Mountain of the Stars"). It is the third largest peak in North America.
[Mt. Orizaba]
Their must be some truth to the legends, for the old Turkish Piri Reis map shows large islands off the coast of Yucatan. Read the Viewzone article about the Piri Reis map.
The Mayans remembered this catastrophe in their worship and fear of Huracan, god of fire and strong winds. The Mayans have always had a fear of cyclonic activity in their region. Also, geologists have long suspected that a fearsome tsunami or super-hurricane once flattened Yucatan. It is possible that a meteorite falling on Trikuta destroyed it, simultaneously sending a super-destructive tsunami across the Yucatan peninsula.
Some authorities, who strongly reject the idea that the real "Atlantesh" existed in some sunken part of today's Mexico, mention that Plato said "Atlantis" had elephants. There is a fierce animal in Meso-America with a short trunk, making it look somewhat like an elephant: the tapir. However, a stelai in Copán, Honduras, does show turbaned mahouts riding on an elephant. This elephant may be the Mayans' remembrance that their forefathers came from in country that had elephants: Ceylon.
[A tapir.]
Should we continue our useless guessing games about the so-called place called "Atlantis" for several more Millenniums? Or should we confidently begin our search for the submerged "Trikuta" Atlantesh lying off the coast of Veracruz and Yucatán?
Other history related articles on this site:
Costa Rican Spheres.
1700 Yr Old Computer.
Peruvian Holes.
Dinosaur Stones.
The Phaistos Disc.
Ancient Petroglyphs.
Brazilian Stone Head.
Hebrew in Colorado!.
Atlantis in Mexico.
Queen of Sheba.
Celts in Oklahoma.
Phoenicians in America.
Ancient Dino Figures
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Sunday, May 13, 2012
Calculus: Continuity
A definition for "continuous" from is "being in immediate connection or spatial relationship." Mathematical continuity is the same, roughly speaking. A function f(x) is continuous at a value a if the limit of the function as x approaches a is equal to the functional value at a. In other words:
This simple definition actually contains three implications.
Many functions are continuous over their entire domains, such as polynomials and rational functions. The domain of a polynomial function is all real numbers and the domain of rational functions are everywhere except at vertical asymptotes. Thus, to find the limit of a polynomial or rational functions (that are not restricted in any way) at a particular value, one must simply find the functional value at the desired x-value. Easy enough, right?
A function can be discontinuous at a value a if the above requirements are not met. There are multiple types of discontinuity.
A function can be continuous from only one side and we call that left-hand or right-hand continuity. A function is continuous over an interval if the function is continuous at every value in the interval. You can use the definition of continuity (using limits) to determine if a function is continuous over an interval or at a value.
You can also use the properties of continuity to determine if a function is continuous. Let f and g be continuous functions at a and let c be a constant. Then the following functions are also continuous at a:
1. f + g
2. f – g
3. cf
4. fg
5. f/g, provided g(a) does not equal zero
If you are asked to determine if a function is continuous at a value a, first see if you can break it into two functions (f and g) that you know are continuous, probably some combination of rational and polynomial functions. Then the above properties tell you that these combinations of two continuous functions are also continuous.
Many functions are continuous over their entire domains, not just polynomials and rationals. Here is a list: polynomials, rational, root, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions are all continuous at every number in their domains. Thus, any sum or difference (properties 1 and 2) of these, any multiple of these (3), any product of these (4), and any quotient of these (5; provided the denominator is not zero) is also continuous at a, provided that a is in the domain of both continuous functions.
If g is continuous at a and f is continuous at g(a), then the composite function f(g(x)) is also continuous at a. Note that here, f(x) does not need to be continuous at a, but at g(a) because g(a) is what is being "fed" into the f(x) function in the case of composite functions.
Intermediate Value Theorem: Suppose f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and let N be any number between f(a) and f(b), where f(a) does not equal f(b). Then there must exist a number c in (a, b) such that f(c) = N.
This sounds confusing, but it makes perfect sense. If a function is continuous over an interval, then it is continuous at every number in that interval. If there is a y-value, N, between two other y-values, f(a) and f(b), which are all in this continuous interval, then there must be some x-value whose functional value is N, and we call that value c. This value occurs in the open interval (a, b). Since the function is continuous over this interval, we can think of it as not being "broken" between these x-values a and b. Since it's not broken, every x-value in this interval has a y-value and vice-versa: every y-value in the interval (f(a), f(b)) must have an x-value in the interval (a, b).
We will use continuity in further Calculus topics and the Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT) is used in many Calculus proofs, so you should become familiar with it and work some problems involving it before you move to the next topic of interest.
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Visit Kaʻala Cloud Forest, a fog swept slope in the mountains, via this 360 Virtual Reality (VR) Time-lapse video at v=RyVDl8ZSXIE.kaala_cloud_forest.jpg
John DeLay, Ph.D., Assistant Professor in Geography at Honolulu CC explains that the video allows viewers to, “observe cloud formation on a day when a process called convection is occurring on the leeward side of the mountain. As the warm air rises along the mountain slopes it expands and cools as the air pressure decreases with altitude. This is called adiabatic cooling.”
DeLay explained that a similar process regularly takes place on the windward side as the prevailing trade winds encounter the mountain and the air is forced to rise in a process called orographic lifting. As the air cools, relative humidity increases and eventually water vapor condenses into liquid water, forming a cloud. When the cloud encounters vegetation or the ground it is referred to as fog. Fog drip helps contribute moisture to the water budget of a cloud forest.
“In a cooperative effort with researchers at UH Mānoa, HonCC is trying to determine how much fog drip is occurring,” shared DeLay.
Each year DeLay brings a few students to the site each semester. The VR video, however, provides an opportunity to bring the mountain to the classroom.
Take the virtual tour of the Kaʻala Cloud Forest at v=RyVDl8ZSXIE. Choose a high resolution for the settings wheel (ie. 1080s HD) in the right corner. If you are viewing on your smartphone without a VR headset, click and drag on the screen or tap the direction arrows at upper left or wave your phone around.
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Have you ever thought What exactly is Radio Frequency Communication
Radio frequency (often abbreviated as, RF), can be described as any frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum with radio wave propagation that lie in the range extending from about 3 kHz to 300 GHz; this includes the frequencies that are used for communications or the radar signals. That said, you should know that RF generally refers to electrical rather than the mechanical oscillations.
RF communication utilizes radio waves rather than wires to exchange signals, and this is where the term “wireless communication,” comes from. RF modules generally use frequencies to distinguish the different radio signals, therefore, in order for the RF modules to communicate, they have to be operating on the same exact frequency. That said, you should know that radio frequency is normally measured in units known as hertz (abbreviated as Hz), which represent number of cycles/second when the radio wave(s) is transmitted. 1 hertz (Hz) equals 1 cycle/second, and 1 megahertz (abbreviated as, MHz) equals 1 million cycles/second.
A radio frequency (RF) signal basically refers to the wireless electromagnetic signal that’s utilized as a form of communication, when talking about wireless electronics. As mentioned earlier, radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation which have identified radio frequencies which usually range from about 3Hz to 300 GHz. Not every radio wave is the same; they can be small or big, or they can be far apart or close together. On the radio stations we normally listen to, every station uses waves which are on a slightly different frequency from the other stations. Whenever you happen to switch from one radio station to another, your radio picks up and then plays waves of that particular frequency.
Frequency normally refers to the oscillation rate of the radio waves. It can also refer to how close together or far apart the waves are. When the radio waves are too far apart, that is known as low frequency, and when the radio waves are close together, that is known as high frequency. That said, you should know that radio frequency propagation happens at speed of light, and doesn’t need any medium (such as air) in order for it to travel. Radio frequency waves occur naturally from lightning, the sun flares, and even from stars which radiate radio frequency waves as the get older. However, people usually communicate with man made radio waves which oscillate at various select frequencies.
The man made radio frequency waves are produced by oscillating current for a certain number of times, and radiating it off the conductor (which is referred to as the antenna), into an empty space (this is the space that’s occupied by air and not the outer space), as electromagnetic radio waves. The RF signals are received and sent using conductors via the phenomenon that’s called the skin effect, where radio frequency current latches itself and then flows through the conductors’ surface; this effect is actually the basis and the core of radio technology.
The best thing about RF communication, is that it’s omnipresent (that is to mean it’s all around us). It plays a crucial role in many of the communications systems which we depend on a daily basis, such as fire and police radio systems, TV and radio broadcasts, and satellite communications. Cordless phones, cellphones, Wireless internet (Wi Fi), and Bluetooth also operate in the radio frequency spectrum. In addition to that, there are other appliances outside of the communications field that use RF. They include; microwave ovens, garage door openers, among others. Some wireless devices such as TV remote controls, cordless computer mice, computer keyboards, and even two way radios also operate using RF frequency.
Two way radios are based on the RF frequency and they perform group communication using minimum radio frequency channel resources. This is to mean that if all the users are in the same location or area (most of the time), you will only need a single channel resource in order to talk to them. By using RF, two way radios have the capability of facilitating âone to manyâ group communication (which is also known as a group call), very efficiently. By efficient, I mean that 1 user can communicate/talk to 1, 5, 10, 100 or even 1000’s of users at a go. The 2 way radio user doesnât need to keep on repeating the same message if he/she needs to convey to many users.
Software Defined Radio (SDR) Market Forecast By End-use Industry 2014-2020
We are seeing a monumental movement in the radio communication industry, as this very technical article shows the transition from hardware to software within the radio communication industry is just around the corner. With 3G and 4G providing Data and Voice Comms covering large distances, RF communication will find it hard to compete, the simple answer seems to be Tetra, but is that long term? There will always be a need for point to point communications, but larger comms infrastructures could possibly be managed in a different way.
With the evolution of digital electronics the radio market and communication technologies have evolved a lot. Though the concept of software defined radio (SDR) is not new, in the recent years, this market has undergone many changes in terms of technology and uses. SDR is a type of radio communication system where communication is carried out by the use of software on embedded system or personal computer instead of implementing hardware such as filters, amplifiers, mixers, detectors, demodulators and modulators, among others. SDR are capable of transmitting and receiving a wide spectrum of frequency. When the data from a source is converted into digital format, the remaining activities involved in radio communications are carried out with the help of software driven automated functions.
SDR optimizes the tactical information system as embedded software used in SDR helps in the dynamic selection of the communication channel. The number of digital service users is increasing resulting into the improved adoption rate of software defined radio. Public safety, military and commercial use are the three major end-use applications of SDR systems. The demand for SDRs in expected to increase in coming years owing to efficiency and cost effectiveness offered by them. The industry has undergone transformation from analog to digital. Thus, the advance capabilities of digital radio are expected to drive the growth of SDR market. Multiple regulations govern the SDR market and this affects the market growth and trends. For instance, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) legally created a newer class for equipment of SDRs that had streamlined equipment authorization procedure.
Military modernization programs being carried out by several countries such as South Korea, India, Germany, Japan and the U.S and the interoperability provided by SDR are major driving forces for SDR market. The issues faced in the integration of the various sub systems pose a challenge to the SDR market. Further, the development of software platforms, technologies and tools, which allow flexible specification, design and implementation of radio systems, is another significant challenge. Players in software defined radio market have potential opportunity in technical advancements of SDR technology such as resolving the problem of frequency congestion, wide frequency range (spectrum) and improved broadcasting services in future.
Software defined radio market is segmented on the basis of type, end-user application and geography. On the basis of type of SDR, the market is segmented into ideal software defined radio, baseband software defined radio (BBSDR) and high frequency software defined radio (HFSDR). On the basis of end-user industry, SDR market is segmented into defense industry, telecom industry, manufacturing plants, public safety vendors and personal use. U.S. Canada, Japan, France, Brazil, South Korea, India, Germany and Italy have emerged as the leading countries for software defined radio market.
Some of the key vendors in software defined radio market are BAE Systems PLC, Elbit Systems Ltd., IndraSistemas, L3 Communications Corporation, Raytheon Co., Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co KG, Thales Group, Viasat Incorporated, SAAB AB, Rockwell Collins, Northrop Grumman Corp., ITT Corporation, Harris Corporation and Datasoft Corporation, among others.
This research report presents a comprehensive assessment of the market and contains thoughtful insights, facts, historical data and statistically-supported and industry-validated market data and projections with a suitable set of assumptions and methodology. It provides analysis and information by categories such as market segments, regions, product type and distribution channels.
I Bought a Two-Way Radio With a Range of 25 Miles…Why Wonât It Work?
Sorry, but youâve been had. Although many manufacturers boast that their radios can reach amazing distances, this is, in almost every instance weâve encountered, a fallacy.
How is this legal, you may ask?
Essentially, your radio quite probably could work over a range of 25 miles, but that is a theoretical estimate, working on the assumption that the myriad variables that affect two-way radio signal (such as atmospheric conditions, topography, objects in the way and etc) are simply not in effect.
All of them. At the exact same time.
So, assuming that you used your two-way radio in a vacuum, where weather didnât exist and no obstacles, man-made or otherwise, were present, you would be able to communicate with someone else who was further away in that impossible vacuum, maybe even 25 miles away, but otherwise? Forget it.
The fact is that the average two-way radio has a range of between one and two miles and not much more (maybe three, but weâre not making any promises). CB radio fares significantly better, largely because it makes use of large aerials. Now, Signal-boosting equipment can be used to improve your two-wayâs performance (for example, repeaters), but such equipment is expensive and hard to obtain for legal reasons.
There are, however, a few factors that can have an affect on your radioâs range. The frequency being used, the power output, the size of the antenna, the complexity of the signal being sent, signal interference, background noise and (as we wrote earlier) objects in the way are all factors that can improve (or hamper) your efforts to get your signal to reach as far as possible.
So, talking on your radio whilst in the car will have a deleterious affect on your signal, as will deliberately walking through wooded areas or places with a lot of rocks/mountains if you can take an easier path.
However, a larger antenna (if youâre tech orientated, the antenna can be replaced with a better one â although this should only be attempted if you are
1. a) Sure about licensing laws
1. b) Tech savvy enough to void the warranty and not regret it later, can really add a few hundred meters to a radioâs range, as can a switch in frequencies.
Also, your choice of VHF or UHF radio will have an affect as well, a UHF signal, for example, generally penetrates buildings and objects better than a VHF signal, whereas VHF is better for outdoor use where there is a lot of open space to transmit across.
Having said/written that, even in optimum conditions, you are extremely unlikely to transmit over a distance of 25 miles. Sorry.
As an aside, mobile phones donât suffer from this lack of coverage, largely because cell towers are in place that bounce the signal from one to the other and thus carry it across a far larger area, your mobile is still your best bet to break that 25 mile mark, weâre afraid.
If you really must use radio communications over long distances, we recommend going to the Website 2 way radio online
Hope that helps.
MIT’s new method of radio transmission could one day make wireless VR a reality
VR is the Buzz word for this year, every technology company clambering to get their headset out on to the market. Much of the market needs to catch-up though, the power of home computing needs to improve and removing the inevitable extra cabling and wires that come with current headsets. Luckily this article is about the future technology of VR headsets, see what we can expect as this technology grows.
If you want to use one of today’s major VR headsets, whether the Oculus Rift, the HTC Vive, or the PS VR, you have to accept the fact that there will be an illusion-shattering cable that tethers you to the small supercomputer that’s powering your virtual world.
But researchers from MITâs Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) may have a solution in MoVr, a wireless virtual reality system. Instead of using Wi-Fi or Bluetooth to transmit data, the research teamâs MoVR system uses high-frequency millimeter wave radio to stream data from a computer to a headset wirelessly at dramatically faster speeds than traditional technology.
There have been a variety of approaches to solving this problem already. Smartphone-based headsets such as Google’s Daydream View and Samsung’s Gear VR allow for untethered VR by simply offloading the computational work directly to a phone inside the headset. Or the entire idea of VR backpacks, which allow for a more mobile VR experience by building a computer that’s more easily carried. But there are still a lot of limitations to either of these solutions.
Latency is the whole reason a wireless solution hasn’t worked so far. VR is especially latency-sensitive, along with the huge bandwidth requirements that VR needs to display the level of high-resolution video required for virtual reality to work. But the MIT team claims that the millimeter wave signals can transmit fast enough to make a wireless VR headset feasible.
The issue with using millimeter wave technology is that the signal needs a direct line of sight, and fares poorly when it encounters any obstacles. MoVR gets around this by working as a programmable mirror that can direct the direction of the signal to the headset even while itâs moving to always make sure the signal is transmitting directly to the headset’s receivers.
For now, the MoVR is simply a prototype, with the team hoping to further shrink down the system to allow for multiple wireless headsets in one room without encountering signal interference. But even as a proof-of-concept, it’s an interesting perspective on how virtual reality could one day work.
Spy Earpiece: A Micro Earpiece That Will Help You Through Presentations, Interviews, Speeches + More
When you think of a spy earpiece, the first thing that comes to mind is inspector gadget or Mission impossible, well it does for us anyway. But there are real world applications for these earpieces are wide. As this article explains, when you need a little help with prompts on a big presentation or you need to receive instructions during a lecture, then a micro earpiece could be the answer.
This device originally developed for covert operations is now made available for the public to use. Each earpiece kit can provide a way for you to transmit and receive audio information without anybody in the room knowing. Whether you want to receive pre-recorded messages or information from another party to assist you during your presentation / interview or speech, the earpiece can be set up with your phone, audio recorder, radio, or MP3 player to send the message to your earpiece , placed in your ear channel so that it is undetectable .. All kits also include a built in microphone so that you can engage in 2 way conversation should you wish
So how does it work?
The key is the inductive transmitter that will transmit audio from a phone / mp3 player to the earpiece. The transmitter itself is available in many forms. For example the transmitter may be included within a neckloop to be worn around the users neck, this may connect to your phone or mp3 player via its earphone socket. Or you may have a Bluetooth are often included in everyday objects such as a pair of glasses, a Pen or even a bluetooth watch. The transmitter acts as the aerial for reception and signal transmitter from phone to earpiece. At the same time, output sound picked up by the tiny microphone attached to the neckloop / pen / glasses is sent through your phone just as if the user is talking directly into it.
How to Use The Spy Earpiece?
Depending on what kind of information you wish to receive the earpiece can be set up to suit. For example during a presentation or speech you may wish to pre-record your speech or presentation on an mp3 player, then play it back to yourself during the presentation / speech. Or simply record a simple prompt for each point you would like to make. You could then connect up your mp3 player to an inductive neckloop included in most earpiece kits, and wear a spy earpiece. So long as the battery is inserted into the earpiece you will hear the audio from your mp3 player in the earpiece.
Alternatively you may prefer to have a team prepped in another room to assist you during your speech. This can be achieved by simply starting a mobile phone conversation with your team just before the speech starts. You would then need to either connect an inductive neckloop to the headphone output of your phone, or pair your phone with a bluetooth induction neckloop / pen / glasses. Insert the earpiece into your ear making sure the battery is inserted correctly. Your team should be able to hear your speech in real time over the phone, and can give you tips in your earpiece along the way. The same may apply in an interview situation, you may wish to have a third party issue you advice during your interview.
Each Inductive transmitter whether it be a neckloop or a bluetooth device like a pen, glasses or bluetooth neckloop, will also include a built in microphone so you can also talk back to your colleagues should you wish during your speech / presentation or interview.
Lets not forget the original intention of the Spy Earpiece which is for security and covert surveillance. The Spy Earpiece excels in these situations where the requirement is for a security operative to communicate covertly.
The key to success is in the careful planning and preparation so that everything runs smooth.
The way I see it, when the challenge is great and the results mean everything, why not try the Spy Earpiece and take the risk out of the equation?
Source -Â https://techfeatured.com/1592/spy-earpiece-a-micro-earpiece-that-will-help-you-through-presentations-interviews-speeches-more
Axum: The Future of Wireless Audio 1
Axum: The Future of Wireless Audio 2
Axum: The Future of Wireless Audio 3
Axum: The Future of Wireless Audio 4
Axum: The Future of Wireless Audio 5
Could hearing loss be a hidden cost of gaming?
Is this is a real problem? Do you use a set of headphones whilst gaming? This article has information on how damaging wearing gaming headphones is and what the future impact might be. Read this, examine how you use your headphones and get on with lifeâ¦
According to the Q1 2016 GameTrack report, 18.8 million people between the ages of 6 and 64 game and those between 11 and 64 spend an average 8.8 hours per week doing so.
 Amongst Gamers the largest group is 15 to 24 year old males who are most at risk of permanently damaging their hearing. This group spends the most amount of time gaming and are also the most attracted to the âloudâ games. Furthermore a majority of them live in a shared accommodation and use headphones so as not to disturb others. This group also the most likely to take part in other activities which can be harmful to their hearing such as listening to music through headphones, going to gigs and festivals, and nightclubs.
 Unfortunately the price of their enjoyment could well be significant and permanent hearing damage. Whilst there is clearly a risk to the Gamer, it could transfer as a liability to the games companies in the form of legal action relating to their duty of care.
 The first significant step is to make Gamers aware of how much sound exposure they are experiencing and what they can do to prevent hearing damage, because hearing damage is permanent
 Hearing damage is caused by the combination of how long you listen (time), how loud you listen (volume), and what you listen to (energy content). The combination of these three factors create a âsound doseâ, if the dose is too high it starts to damage your hearing.
 The UNâs World Health Organisation and hearing conservation organisations are increasing awareness of the risks and advise users to restrict their daily sound dose to less than 85dB average over 8 hours.
 Gamers who use headphones currently have no realistic way to indicate what level they are listening at and how much of their daily sound dose they have used. The answer will be to provide them with an intelligent sound dose measurement app or software, giving them their individual sound dose exposure information and guidance, with optional protection, so that for the first time they can make informed decisions about their hearing health.
Offering workers hearing protection options
Much Like Protecting your sight or looking after your health, your hearing should also be protected, this article tackles hearing protection within the workplace and what type of earplugs are best, Enjoy.
OSHA regulations dictate we offer a âvarietyâ of hearing protectors to noise-exposed workers. What is best practice for providing a variety while keeping inventory to a minimum?
Per CFR 1910.95(i)(3), âEmployees shall be given the opportunity to select their hearing protectors from a variety of suitable hearing protectors provided by the employer.â But does âvariety of suitable hearing protectorsâ mean two or 10, earplugs or earmuffs, different colors or different sizes?
The wrong approach is to choose a variety based on factors that have no effect on protecting hearing, including the published noise reduction rating. Some safety managers offer several different large foam earplugs that are yellow, green and orange â mistakenly assuming they meet the âvarietyâ requirement and not realizing that a significant portion of their workforce will never achieve an adequate fit with a large foam earplug. In those cases, their supposed âvarietyâ actually limits the number of workers adequately protected.
This bad assumption is often codified into company safety policies that require a minimum NRR: âApproved hearing protectors must have an NRR of at least 32 decibels,â or similar criteria. By definition, that typically means a large foam earplug. Despite the higher NRR based on 10 laboratory test subjects, workers with smaller ear canals will never achieve an adequate fit with those large foam earplugs to stop noise-induced hearing loss.
What are the factors that affect good fit of an earplug?
• Size:Â Like a cork in a bottle, an earplug that is too large or too small will never achieve an acoustic seal to protect hearing. Offering a variety of sizes significantly improves the percentage of employees obtaining a good fit.
• Shape:Â Ear canal openings may appear round, oval or slit. A foam earplug often fills an oval or slit opening better than pre-molded earplugs.
• Ease of insertion:Â Some workers have difficulty rolling or inserting foam earplugs due to lack of mobility. For these workers, an earplug with a stem may be easier to insert.
Based on thousands of fit tests administered to workers in the field, the following four earplug styles provide a selection that would adequately protect nearly every worker:
• Large foam earplug
• Smaller foam earplug
• Large reusable earplug
• Smaller reusable earplug
The good news is that offering a variety does not necessarily increase cost. Buying 1,000 earplugs of one style or 250 earplugs of four different styles is fairly equivalent in cost. But the bigger variety significantly increases the probability that more workers will be adequately protected.
Many worksites adjust their inventory based on results of their fit-testing of hearing protectors. By reviewing which earplugs repeatedly provide the best fit, these companies identify the gaps or duplications in their offering and can adjust accordingly. Sometimes, this means adding a smaller-size earplug, but many times companies find they can remove some less-effective earplugs from their inventory. Itâs not necessary to carry a dozen different earplug styles.
Finally, any offering of hearing protection needs a hands-on training component. How can a workers determine whether their ear canal is large or small, round or oval? Itâs impossible to view your own ear canal opening in a mirror. A quick glance by a safety trainer can be of tremendous benefit in helping workers select the right earplug the first time.
Hytera launches new DMR handheld radio
Hytera have a wide range of radios in their catalogue now, and this is a new addition. The PD98X is for the professional communicator, a radio that has more added extras than a lot of smart phones. A couple of questions we would like to ask are:
What will the price be?
Can I use my current Hytera earpiece with this radio?
And when will this be available?
But this does seem to be a nice addition to the Hytera range and we canât wait to try it out.
Hytera, a leading solution provider of professional mobile radio communications, has launched its latest digital mobile radio (DMR) handheld PD98X, adding another strong member to its top-notch DMR portfolio.
PD98X offers an exceptional audio experience through noise cancellation technology, while boasting new features including full duplex calls, recording capability via Micro SD, Bluetooth 4.0 for audio or data and single frequency repeater mode to increase coverage, said a statement from the company.
GS Kok, senior vice president of Hytera, said: âWe are proud to announce the launch of PD98X.â
âA series of cutting-edge innovations and designs have been added into this new model to make it a full-featured radio to satisfy customers’ increasing demand for functionality and user experience,â he said.
The addition of the PD985 positions Hytera with the most complete DMR radio portfolio to meet diversified requirements, from simple, reliable and cost-effective handsets (PD3 and PD4 series) to rugged and feature-rich solutions (PD5 and PD6 series), up to the high-end, professional system radios (PD7, PD9 and X1 series), it said.
The key advanced features of PD98X include:
â¢Full Duplex Call
PD98X enables frontline personnel to make telephony calls between other PD98X and telephones or mobile phones.
â¢Single Frequency Repeater Mode
Based on interference cancellation technology, PD98X is able to use one slot to receive a signal and another to transmit it in the same frequency using DMO mode to extend the communication distance.
â¢Built-in Bluetooth 4.0
With integrated Bluetooth 4.0, PD98X supports both audio transmit and programming via Bluetooth.
â¢Noise Cancellation and 2.5W Audio Output
Maximum 2.5W output speaker and new noise cancelling technology ensure clear and loud voice communication.
â¢IP68 Protection
PD98X complies with the highest dust and waterproof standards, to confront the harshest environments. The radio continues to function after submersion down to 2 meters for up to four hours.
â¢Smart Battery
This feature makes it easier to monitor the battery status, such as battery life time and charging time, reducing charging time dramatically.
â¢Audio Recording via Micro SD Card
PD98X supports up to a 32GB Micro SD card, to record up to 576 hours digital/analog audio.
The whole portfolio offers display and non-display, GPS and non-GPS, UHF and VHF versions, allowing customers to select the best handset for their daily operation and mission-critical scenarios,
Source – http://www.tradearabia.com/news/IND_312771.html
What Walkie Talkie Channel Should I Use
You may get confused about various types of walkie talkies on sale in the UK, or not be certain what type of walkie talkies you require, and what youâre legally allowed to use in some other countries that you plan to visit, or in your part of the world. Firstly, it is important to have in mind that any type of walkie talkie will function in any part of the world.
A walkie talkie is used on a channel that has a frequency associated with the walkie talkie. In other words, if a channel has a frequency different from that of a walkie talkie, then the two will not work together.
License Free Walkie Talkies
There are 446 license-free frequencies that can be used for leisure radios such as, Motorola talkabout, Binatone and Cobra radios. However, there are eight PMR466 frequencies or PMR466 channels that can be used.
The spacing between each of these frequencies is 12.5 kHz. As the system name suggests, PMR446 frequencies are located around 446MHz and are in the UHF segment of the radio range.
Even though they are not necessarily authorized, PMR446 frequencies are harmonized for use across European countries.
High level use of PMR446 frequencies may result in some annoying problems. However, these can be reduced or rectified by changing the frequency of the PMR446. Other systems such as DCS codes and CTCSS tone can as well help in alleviating the problems.
In view of the possible high use of the frequencies and the PMR446âs unlicensed nature, the scheme is not appropriate for individuals who need to gain access to frequencies at specific times and locations or for life use.
These are simple, short-range walkie talkies that conform to the European Union-wide PMR446 standard and can be used by any person in the United Kingdom or European Union without a license. These types of radios are commonly sold in High-Street shops as well as in most radio outlets.
Commonly known as “PMR446sâ radios that meet these standards usually have a power output of 0.5watts, meaning that their range is lower compared to the powerful business walkie talkies that are a licensed and which feature power outputs of 4-5 watts. All of them make use of the same eight channels and this causes problems sometimes if a given area has a lot of radio users using these channels.
Licensed Walkie Talkies
Two Way Radio for Business
Licensed handheld walkie talkies can have a power output of 5 watts, but “license free” PMR446 walkie talkies can only have 0.5watt power output. Therefore, the licensed walkie talkies usually have a better signal penetration and better range in buildings.
A majority of businesses prefer using a licensed 2-way walkie talkie system because, in spite of the benefits of license free walkie talkies (PMR 446), they have some downsides (like lower power, a short range and interference) which make them less effective than licensed business radio systems.
Taxi as well as other transport companies, and large sites like factories or hospitals, and businesses situated in a number of different locations are excellent examples of circumstances where a licensed radio system may be a favored option.
These situations require more powerful radios as opposed to hand-held portable walkie talkies with low frequencies . If the system of your radio relies on vehicle-mounted radios or a base station, a licensed radio system is necessary.
If you want start using a radio system in your business, then you will have to get a license from Ofcom. In other words, Ofcom is a company that controls who can transmit on what frequency and where, to ensure that different users donât interfere with each other.
Business radio system users range from factories and taxi companies, to industrial sites, hospitals, transport operators and care homes. To begin Ofcomâs licensing process there are a number of requirements that a business must first of all fulfil.
Ofcom license is especially important regarding official radio users like police, military, railways, air traffic control and emergency services, railways, etc. Radio systems that meet specific standards can be used without any license from Ofcom. For many walkie talkie users, license free radios will be okay. And if you are in need of a license, it isnât that expensive or complicated to get one.
The UK simple license is a license issued by Ofcom and gives holders the right to use more powerful radios. It is effectively a license to use powerful radios any place in the UK, using give frequencies which are shared by anyone using this license. This license is easy and quick to apply for, costs about £75 per organization, and is valid for 5 years.
It is the only option for people who need to use their radio systems anywhere in the United Kingdom, and is ideal for most business radios users.
Geographic License
This license provides you with specific frequencies or frequency allocated just for your organizationâs use within a given geographical area. The cost of the license varies from moderately cheap in most locations in the UK (about £100 annually), with the cost heightening in key cities, more so London, where the demand for radio frequencies is very high, going for up to more than £500 per year.
Radios that are designed to use dedicated frequencies such as this, should not be used outside of the licensed area, since the same frequency will possibly have been assigned to somebody else and you will therefore be causing interference to them.
UK Business Radio Suppliers License
This is a license for hire companies and radio equipment suppliers. It allows these companies to do short term radio hire via a set of frequencies allotted to radio hire companies. It also allows these companies to provide âdemoâ radio systems to potential customers and to undertake repairs to radio systems.
When these companies hire out their radio equipment, itâs hired using this license, so that the person hiring it does need to worry about licensing issues.
The importance of walkie talkies and radios in the UK and other parts of the world cannot be overlooked. Not only are these gadgets important in everyday communication, but they continue to play a very crucial role in the development of other communication tools. A lot of useful information about radios and walkie talkies has been highlighted in this article for the benefit of radio users and the public in general.
5 Examples of Earpiece to Hear Far Away
1. Using a Mobile Phone And Bluetooth headsets or Earpiece
To do this, you simply need to go into your mobile phone’s settings and then change answering mode to Auto; this enables your phone to answer automatically when you ring it. Most mobile phones only work in the Auto answer mode, after you have plugged in the headset.
After turning on the Bluetooth headset, make sure it’s properly paired with your cell phone, and confirm the battery has adequate charge. Hide your Bluetooth headset somewhere you know it’ll pick up the sounds clearly, however, make sure that it’s well hidden.
Leave the room, however, do not go very far. The Bluetooth connection will work through the walls, but if you happen to go far away, it’ll not work very well (the range can be up to about 30 feet or 3 rooms away). Now test your cell phone by calling it to see how far you can actually go and still get to hear the bugged room through the Bluetooth headset.
You can wait for the conversations to get to the interesting part, and then turn on voice recorder on the cell phone; it should be able to record via the microphone of your Bluetooth headset.
2. Using a Two Way Radio and Earpiece
Two way radios allow users to communicate when they’re far away such that they can not hear each other. These devices use radio frequencies instead of cell phone towers which means they will work in areas where there’s no cell phone coverage or reception.
The two way radios offer instantaneous communication; users simply need to press the Push-To-Talk (also known as PTT) key, and they can instantly talk and convey their particular message to the other party. This is due to the quick call setup time that’s entrenched in this technology. The ability to offer quick communications is one of the reasons why most organizations prefer the two way radios for their tactical and operational communications.
Another great feature of the two way radios, is the ability to facilitate one to many (also known as, group calls) communications effectively. This basically means that a single user can conveniently communicate with 2, 10, 20, and more, of other two way radio users at the same time. In short, there is no need for you to repeat time and time again when you want to communicate with many people and using a two way radio earpiece, this communication is much more secure
3. Ear Spy Application
Ear Spy App is a great eavesdropping tool. Depending on just how good your cell phone is, this app can become a very high powered listening tool. Ear Spy application can route the audio from your cell phone’s mic right to to your headset letting you eavesdrop on the people around you whilst remaining inconspicuous. When using a Bluetooth, you can use this app to spy from a room nearby; you simply need to leave your cell phone near the target, and then use your Bluetooth headset to eavesdrop. If you want to fine tune the incoming signals, you can use the graphics audio equalizer. Whether you wish to eavesdrop on particular conversations or you just want to play some spy games, Ear Spy application will be of great help in your endeavor. You should know that this app requires you to use headphones, otherwise you will get poor audio feedback.
4. Spy Glasses
This spy device comprises of an in built Bluetooth transmitter which looks like ordinary glasses, a microphone and a wireless earpiece. Connections between the glasses, the earpiece and your cell phone are wireless, thus totally unnoticeable to other people; the device’s ultra compact design basically ensures nobody will know it is a spy tool. Spy glasses are compatible with almost any mobile phone which has the Bluetooth option. Actually, the Spy glasses are universally compatible with all the standard Bluetooth enabled equipment including computers. Some of the features of this device include; excellent transmission and reception of audio signals, built in microphone, and a large capacity Lithium battery.
5. Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs)
Modern technological advances are ever increasing human’s potential for developing tiny things. As for the United States Air Force, this translates to revolutionary designs in the air vehicles to provide the war fighters with new tools which can enhance both the situational awareness, and also the capacity of engaging quickly, accurately, and with minimal collateral damage. This is where Micro Air Vehicles (also known as MAVs) come in. The term MAV or micro air vehicle, refers to the a new type of advanced remotely controlled aircraft (abbreviated as, UAV) that’s significantly much smaller than other similar aircraft. Typically, MAVs can easily blend in with the surrounding environment, stay in air for a long period of time, and can go places which can’t be reached safely by humans, or most of the other types surveillance equipment.
The target dimensions for MAVs is approximately 6 inches (15 centimeters), and the development of actual insect sized aircrafts is expected in near future. As a matter of fact, various efforts in the research on micro air vehicles have involved attempting to mimic flying insects so as to achieve the flight capabilities which aren’t attainable through the use of other means of aerial propulsion. In the year 2007, a bug like Micro air vehicle model with a wingspan of 3 cm was revealed at a robotic’s conference; in the year 2008, the United States Air Force released a video showing Micro air vehicles which were the size of a bumblebee; and in the year 2012, some engineers from Johns Hopkins University started studying flight of butterflies to discover how airborne robots can mimic their maneuvers.
The potential military use is 1 of the key driving factors, although the micro air vehicle can also be used commercially, as well as in scientific and mapping applications. The main military use envisioned for the micro air vehicle is gathering of intelligence via the use of microphones, cameras, or other types of sensor.
Some of the above points are illegal, and you should not do any of them. Also, do not use any of the above methods to record any intimate relations; the legal consequences of doing so are very severe. Finally, keep in mind that it’s illegal in the US to make recordings of people without their consent/permission; and depending on what you’ll do with the recordings, you might find yourself in big trouble.
Where To Purchase a Walkie Talkie Headset
Walkie talkies are widely used in almost any setting where the portable radio communication is necessary, including but not limited to; loud environments, in forests, in airports, when hunting, in airports, hiking and other outdoor recreation, among others. The units come in handy in situations where many people need to listen, and only 1 needs to talk at a go, for instance, when giving instructions to workers on a camping site. In other words, Walkie talkies are a great communication tools to have, regardless of whether you’re using them for fun, at home, or at work, to help in facilitating things to run smoothly. That being so, they have one major limitation, and that’s the fact that they’re hand held devices which you’ve to carry with you at all times, and handle whenever you want to communicate. If both of your hands are full, then that can be very inconvenient. Fortunately however, today, there lots of accessories you can use, such as the Walkie talkie headset, which frees up your hands, thus allowing you to talk or communicate with much ease. Moreover nothing helps enhance the audio quality of the Walkie Talkie more than the headset.
To use the headset, you simply need to plug it into the Walkie talkie, and then you can leave the unit clipped onto your belt. The headset will allow you to not only hear clearly, but it also helps in cancelling out noise from your surroundings or environment. The boom mic of the headset allows you to talk directly into the Walkie talkie without having to hold the device up near your mouth.
Radio Connector Types
Walkie talkies don’t use the same types of connectors for attaching the speakers, earpiece/microphones or headsets. Today, there are many different connector types available on the market. Even different Walkie talkie models from the same company might have different connector types. Actually, just because 2 different radios have a same physical connection socket, doesn’t always mean that they’re internally wired up the same way; this means that you should never assume that having the same socket means similar accessories will work in both Walkie talkies. So always be careful when choosing the connectors for your radios.
Active vs Passive
The Active Walkie talkie headsets normally manage the ambient sound that’s around it, and send a similar frequency to unwanted sounds to cancel it out; this increases the sounds to noise ratio of unwanted sounds, eventually cancelling the noise out. The Passive Walkie talkie headsets rely on the insulated or the sound absorbent material to muffle the sounds; this is a cheaper option which only protect ups to a certain decibel level.
Today, there is a wide range of walkie talkie headsets to choose from. Your choice should depend on your particular needs, however, you should also make sure you choose one which will work great in your particular ambiance. If you are looking to buy a Walkie talkie headset, contact Headsetonline .co.uk today, and we will gladly provide you with the perfect unit geared to meet each and every one of your needs.
A review of the Icom IC-7300 direct RF sampling transceiver
Icom and ham radio go hand-in-hand, one of their main markets is supplying top of the range equipment, this IC-7300 follows on from the wonderful IC-F7200 (which is a favourite in the office) and sits along side the new range of digital IC-F1000 & 2000 radios that are going really well, but have a new connector type, so new Icom radio earpieces are needed. Read the comprehensive review we found from the swling.com website.
In August 2015 at the Tokyo Hamfair, Icom debuted a new type of transceiver in their product lineââone featuring a direct RF sampling receiver. Essentially, it was an SDRtabletop transceiver.
At about the same time that the IC-7300 started shipping around the world, Icom pulled their venerable IC-7200 off the market. Yet the IC-7200 was established as a well-loved product, due to its highly sensitive receiver, its relatively robust front end, and its quality audio. Moreover, it was simple to operate, which made superb as a Field Day or radio club rig.
Therefore, even though the IC-7300 promised much more versatility than the IC-7200, for its price point it had a tough act to follow.
So, of courseââeven more so than with any other radio Icom has introduced in the past few yearsââI was eager to get my hands on a IC-7300.  Iâm very fortunate that my good friend, Dave Anderson (K4SV) was one of the first purchasers of the IC-7300, and that he didnât mind (after only having the rig perhaps one week!) allowing me to borrow it for a several weeks for evaluation.
Note:  I should state here that since this rig was loaned to me, I evaluated it based on the firmware version it shipped with, and made no modifications to it.
Icom-IC-7300-FrontThis review primarily focuses on the receiverâs performance, functionality and usability.
Introducing the Icom IC-7300
In recent years, the âbig threeâ ham radio manufacturers have been using color displays, andââIcom most especiallyââtouch screens. While Iâm no fan of backlit touch screens in mobile applications, I  think touch screen displays make a lot of sense in a base radio. If carefully designed, a touch screen can save an operator from heavily-buried menus and decrease the number of multi-function buttons on the front panel.
The challenge, of course, is making a display with intuitive controls, and one that is large enough, and with sufficient resolution, to be useful to the operator. In the past, Iâve been disappointed by many displays; the most successful have been incorporated in DX/Contest-class (i.e., pricier) transceivers, meanwhile, entry-level and mid-priced transceiver displays often seem half-baked. While the graphics may be crisp, spectrum displays at this price point are often too compressed to be useful, and if not a touch display, force the user to pause operation in order to find the correct knob or button to change settings. In such cases, I find myself wondering why the manufacturer went to the expense of a color display at allââ?
But what about the C-7300 display?  Iâm thoroughly pleased to report that Icom did afantasticjob of balancing utility and function in design of the IC-7300âs color touch display and front panel. There are  number of ways you can chose to display and arrange elements on the screenâsince Iâm an SDR fan, I typically chose a display setting which gave the waterfall the most real estate. Of course, one can chose to give the frequency display priority or a number of other arrangements.
User interface
I can tell that Icom built upon their experience with the IC-7100ââtheir first entry-level touch screen display transceiver.
I was able to get the IC-7300 on the air in very little time. Within five minutes of turning on the IC-7300, I was able to:
• change the display to feature a spectrum waterfall;
• change the span of the waterfall display;
• adjust the TX power output;
• change the filters selection and the transmit mode;
• change bands and make direct-frequency entries;
• adjust notch, passband, and filter width;
• adjust AF and RF gain;
• set A/B VFOs and operate split;
• change AGC settings;
• turn on Noise Reduction/Noise Blanker, and
• adjust compression.
Basically, I found that all the essential functions are clearly laid out, accessible, and highly functional. Â Impressive.
The IC-7300 ships with a manualââ aptly titled, the âBasicâ manualââand a CD with the full and unabridged operations manual.  The Basic Manual covers a great deal a lot more than the manual which accompanied the Icom ID-51a. If you read through the manual, youâll readily familiarize yourself with most of the IC-7300âs higher function operations, and especially, youâll be able to adjust the settings to your operation style. The Manual is written in simple language, and includes a lot of diagrams and graphics.
If youâre like me, you will find youâll also need to reference that unabridged manual, so hang on to the CD, too.
Still, I imagine thereâs a large percentage of future IC-7300 owners that will never need to reference the manualââespecially if they donât care about tweaking band edges or similar settings. Yes, believe it or not, itâs that easy to use.
While I spent a great deal of time listening to CW and SSB in various band conditions and at various times of day, I spent less time on the air transmitting.
With that said, all of my transmitting time was in CW since the IC-7300 mic was accidentally left out when my friend loaned me the rig.
Iâm please to report that CW operation is quite pleasant. All of the adjustmentsââRF Power, Key Speed, and CW Pitchââcan be quickly modified using the multi-function knob. While in CW mode, you can also toggle full break-in mode, which is quite smooth, via the function button and touch screen.
SSB functions are similar. While in  SSB mode, the multi-function knob allows you to change the tx power, mic gain, and monitor level. The function button opens an on-screen menu with VOX, compression, TBW, and the monitor toggle.
Hereâs a short video I made with my phone while I made a few adjustments to the IC-7300:
Of course, my smartphonesâs microphone canât accurately reproduce the audio from the IC-7300, but you probably get the idea.
The only annoyance I notedââand perhaps Iâm more sensitive to this, being primarily a QRPerââis that the 7300âs cooling fan starts up each time you key up. It even comes on when transmit power is at its lowest setting. I find this a little distracting in CW.  Fortunately, however, the 7300âs fan is fairly quiet and operates smoothly.
Receiver performance and reader survey results
Since our radio comparison shoot-outs have been particularly popular (and useful; check out our shoot-out between top portables, and ultra-compact radios, and others), I decided it would make sense to invite our informed readership to evaluate the Icom IC-7300âs performance in a series of blind, informal tests. (For information about these surveys,please read the first survey.)
Below, Iâve matched the labels (Radio A/Radio B) with the radio models. Â Iâve also included pie charts which show the results from the survey.
Icom IC-7300 vs. WinRadio Excalibur
Weak Signal CW (40 meter band)
Based on listener comments, those of you who preferred the â7300Â did so because the CW was more interpretable and stable.
Some of you noted that I didnât quite have CW at the same pitch on both rigs. I believe this is because the IC-7300âs calibration was ever so slightly off. This has since been addressed.
Weak/Strong SSB QSO (40 meter band)
This result was almost tied. The Excaliburâs audioââwithout any adjustmentsââhas a fuller and âbassierâ sound. The â7300 can be adjusted to have similar characteristics, but the default EQ settings produce very flat audio. Many of you commented that the IC-7300 more faithfully produced audio optimized for SSB.
Shortwave Broadcast recordings
The following recordings were made on the 31 meter broadcast band in the evening. Both radios had the same filter width: 9 kHz and 8.2 kHz.
Weak Shortwave AM (Radio Bandeirantes 31 meter band)
There was a noticeable preference for the WinRadio Excalibur in this particular audio set. Even though the Excaliburâs audio splattered a bit, the content was more interpretable. The IC-7300âs audio sounded flat in comparisonââagain, something that can be adjusted quite easily in the â7300âs audio settings.
Strong Shortwave AM (Radio Romania International, French 31 Meter Band)
Once again, the Excalibur won favor, but I imagine results would have been closer had I adjusted the â7300âs audio EQ.
Mediumwave Broadcast recordings
Note that the following mediumwave recordings were made during the morning hours (grayline). The strong station is the closest AM broadcaster to my home;Â itâs not a blow-torch âClass Aâ type station, merely the closest local broadcaster.
In the âweakâ sample, I tuned to 630 kHz where multiple broadcasters could be heard on frequency, but one was dominant.
Both radios are set to a filter width of 9.0 kHz.
Strong Mediumwave AM (1010 kHz)
Two out of three listeners preferred the Excalibur in this example.
Weak Mediumwave AM (630 kHz)
In this particular example, the IC-7300 could not pull the strongest broadcaster out of the pile as well as the WinRadio Excalibur. In fairness, the Excalibur was using AM sync detection, something the IC-7300 lacks.
Icom IC-7300 vs. Elecraft KX3
I also decided to pit the IC-7300 against my well-loved Elecraft KX3.
Audio Clip 1: CW (20 meter band)
Elecraft KX3: Radio A
Elecraft - CW
Based on comments, readers who preferred the IC-7300 felt the CW sounded more pleasant and stable.
Audio Clip 2: Weak Signal CW (20 meter band)
Elecraft - WeakCW
Your comments indicated that the CW seemed to âpop outâ of the noise slightly better with the IC-7300.
Audio Clip 3: Weak/Strong SSB
(Sable Island working Asia/Pacific on 20 meter band)
Elecraft SSB
These results were spilt in the middle. Again, I believe this comes down to personal preference in the audio. And againââin both radiosââthe audio EQ can be adjusted to suit the operator.
Receiver performance summary
I enjoy producing audio clips for readers to compare and comment upon. Each time Iâve done so in the past, Iâve had listeners argue the virtues of a particular audio clip while others have the complete opposite reaction to that same clip. Not all of us prefer our audio served up in the same way. No doubt, thereâs a great deal of subjectivity in this sort of test.
Iâve had the IC-7300 on the air every day since I took possession of it. Iâve listened to SSB, CW, and lots of AM/SW broadcasters.
And hereâs my summary: the IC-7300 is an excellent receiver. It has a low noise floor, superb sensitivity and excellent selectivity. I even slightly prefer its audio to that of my Elecraft KX3, and Iâm a huge fan of the little KX3.
Iâve written before about how difficult it is to compare SDRs;Â the problem is that there are so many ways to tweak your audio, filters, AGC, noise reduction, etc. that itâs hard to compare apples with apples.
In the audio samples above, the IC-7300 and WinRadio Excalibur were both set to their default audio settings. In SSB and CW, the IC-7300 excels, in my opinion. CW seems to pop out of the noise better and SSB is more pleasant and interpretable. The Excalibur has a better audio profile for AM broadcasters, though. Its default audio simply sounds fullerâmore robust.
The audio from the IC-7300 on AM sounded absolutely flat. However, if I tweak the audio of the â7300, adding more bass, it instantly sounds more like a dedicated tabletop receiver.
I should also mention that while the IC-7300âs built-in digital recording is a fantastic and effective feature, it doesnât produce audio true to whatâs heard through headphones live. This is especially the case when you add more bass and treble response as in the RRI example above. When the audio EQ is set to a default flat, itâs quite accurate.
To be clear: Â for broadcast listening, Iâll still reach for my SDRs (the Excalibur, FDM-S2,TitanSDRand CR-1a).
If, however, I have limited space and/or budget for multiple receivers, Iâd be quite happy using the IC-7300 as a broadcast receiver on the HF bands.
Speaking from the Shortwave Radio Listener (SWL) perspective, meanwhile, am I pleased with how the â7300 handles the broadcast bands?  Most definitely.
And as a ham radio operator, am I pleased with the IC-7300âs receiverââ? Â Absolutely.
In short: Â the IC-7300 seems to have some of the best all-around receiver qualities of any transceiver I know under $2,000.
Every radio has its pros and cons. When I begin a review of a radio, I take notes of my initial impressions. Hereâs my list for the IC-7300:
• Excellent sensitivity and selectivity
• Excellent, highly-customizable RX and TX audio
• Color touch screen interface
• Spectrum display is large enough to be useful
• Intuitive functions
• Twin PBT is both intuitive to operate and effective
• Effective RF gain to compensate for noisy band conditions
• Built-in RX and TX recording, file transfers via common SD card
• Front panel knobs and buttons are spaced appropriately and easy to use
• Quiet cooling fan (see con)
• Decodes RTTY on screen
• Built-in ATU
• Antenna analyzer function (not tested)
• Lacks secondary receive antenna jack on rear panel
• Cooling fan immediately starts up on CW/SSB transmit at any power setting (see pro regarding fan noise)
• Occasionally you may get lost in deeper customized functions
• Supplied printed basic ownerâs manual, while well-written, doesnât fully cover the IC-7300s functions and options; you must explore the digital ownerâs manual in supplied CD.
In a nutshell: Icom has hit a home run with the IC-7300. Â If I didnât already have an Elecraft KX3 and K2, I would buy the IC-7300 without hesitation.
Though the price point is a little high for an âentry level transceiver,â itâs worth every penny, in my opinion. For $1500 US, you get a fantastic general-coverage transceiver with an intuitive interface, nearly every function you can imagine, and performance that would please even a seasoned DXer.
Though I havenât done and A/B comparison with the IC-7200, I imagine the IC-7300 would prevail in a test. The IC-7300 would certainly wipe the floor with itâs more economical brother, the IC-718.
Radio clubs, take note:
In my view, the IC-7300 has the makings of an excellent radio club rig in which performance, functionality, as well as ease of use are important. I expect that the IC-7300 will not only cope very well with crowded and crazy Field Day conditions, but it will also give any newcomers to the hobby a little experience with a proper modern transceiver. The fact that you can view signals so easily on the spectrum display means that it will be easier to chase contacts and monitor bands as they open and close. Indeed, what better way to mentor a newly-minted ham in modes, contacts, carriers, QRN, QRM, and so forth, than to simply point these out on the IC-7300âs bright, clear displayââ?
If your club is considering a transceiver upgrade or purchase, do seriously consider the IC-7300. I think youâll find this rig is up to the task.
And for home? The Icom IC-7300 may be all of the rig youâll ever need.
Hytera to Supply Critical Communication Systems to EU delegations Worldwide
Hytera are truly making huge waves in the two way radio market and this acquisition on Motorolas home turf is remarkable. An insider has told us that this tender was won through a lot of hard work and attention to detail. Hytera are growing rapidly, we have heard from one source at Earpieceonline that their Hytera earpieces are out selling their Motorola equivalents this year.
The Professional Mobile Radio expert from Germany, Hytera Mobilfunk GmbH, is awarded with the tender to supply EU delegations worldwide with radio communication networks based on multiple technologies.
Hytera Mobilfunk GmbH confirms the successful conclusion of the negotiations with the European External Action Service (EEAS) over a framework contract for radio communication networks in EU delegations.
The contract is to run for the next four years and implies a supply of multiple critical communications systems, for local and long distance communications. Next to that, Hytera will also be responsible for the installation, updating, replacement, repair and maintenance of those networks. Additionally there will be a technical support for the EU delegations and headquarters of the EEAS.
Matthias Klausing, CEO of Hytera Mobilfunk in Germany âI´m proud and honoured by the trust the EEAS puts in us as a company. And I´m looking forward to a good and constructive cooperation.â
– See more at: http://www.tetra-applications.com/33031/news/hytera-to-supply-critical-communication-systems-to-eu-delegations-worldwide#sthash.I1P9dSt1.dpuf
Scientists Astounded as Four Legged Fossil Snake Turns up In Museum
A unique species of early cretaceous snake â unique in that it apparently had four functioning limbs â has been discovered in the Bürgermeister Müller Museum in Solnhofen, Germany this month.
The discovery was made by Dr. David Martill of the University of Portsmouth, who was showing a group of students through the museumâs collection when he noticed the specimenâs remarkable attributes.
The snake, which measured about 15 centimetres from nose to tail, is thought to have been a carnivore (a fact borne out by the bones of smaller animals preserved in its stomach) and probably hunted via constriction, like many of todayâs snakes. Experts believe that it may even have used its limbs to aid in the process.
Built for burrowing (an activity which likely would not have included its limbs in any significant way), this new discovery lends credence to the scientists who argue for snake evolution occurring on land, as opposed to in the sea.
Fossil snakes with stunted hind limbs are known to palaeontologists â and even todayâs boas and pythons have a small pair of spurs where their hind limbs are thought to have once been. However, no snake, extinct or extant, has ever been discovered with four limbs.
Appropriately enough, Dr. Martill named the creature Tetrapodophis, meaning âfour-legged snakeâ.
However, some experts are not convinced. In our vibrant, ecologically diverse world, there are a great many species of legless lizards that are not true snakes. European slow worms, for example, are snake-like in aspect, but they are lizards, not snakes. Another example would be the Mexican Bipedidae family, which are serpentine in appearance, but which retain a pair of fully functioning forelimbs.
âIs it even a snake? I honestly donât think so,â said the University of Albertaâs Dr. Michael Caldwell, an expert in snake evolution, to National Geographic.comâs Ed Yong. According to Caldwell and a growing number of other critics, Tetrapodophis lacks certain distinctive features in the spine and the skull that would label it a snake. The fact that this is the only known specimen in the world and that the skull is only partially preserved will probably see the debate continue until such time as a complete specimen is unearthed.
But Dr. Martill is insistent that his discovery is a snake. Speaking to National Geographic, he pointed out the specimenâs backwards-pointing teeth, single row of belly scales, the connections between the vertebrae and the shortness of the animalâs tail after the hip â all of which suggest snake to the educated observer. Of course, many legless lizards also feature these traits, but none has all of them. This means that even if the animal has been mis-identified, it is still totally unique to science.
Even more mysterious are the origins of the fossil itself, which contains the rather distinctive characteristics indicative of the Crato formation in Brazil. Discounting for a second that this is quite possibly the earliest fossil snake known to have emerged from South America, question marks have been raised regarding how the specimen could have made it to Germany when the trade of such artefacts is illegal under Brazilian law.
Since 1942, it has been illegal for any unlicensed person to dig for fossils in Brazil without first gaining permission from the Brazilian National Department of Mineral Production (DNPM). Last year, a number of people were prosecuted (where they faced a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison) for the illegal export of Brazilian fossils to museums in Germany and Great Britain. Odds are that Brazilian authorities, as well as the scientific community in general, will be looking into the origins of such an important find with great interest.
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What is a backslash on a keyboard?
Quick Answer
The backslash key is the key that produces the "\" character. While it is rarely used in standard documents, it's commonly used in programming, web development and other technical areas.
Continue Reading
Full Answer
Windows uses the backslash key to separate directories. Users who wants to access a "Music" directory stored in an "Audio" directory on the C drive can access it by typing the following command: cd C:\Audio\Music.
Linux and UNIX-based computers, on the other hand, use the forward slash character to access directories. Backslashes are often used to split one line of code into multiple lines, which helps make code easier to read.
Learn more about Keyboard
Related Questions
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"language_score": 0.8958946466445923,
"url": "https://www.reference.com/technology/backslash-keyboard-ee6eff8138d09bfe"
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Wednesday, January 7, 2015
Thursday, January 8. 2015
Today's schedule is D-AG-C-B-A
D Block Law 9/10 - Today we'll finish up our fingerprint graphs from yesterday's activity. Remember you need to count how many Loops, Arches and Whorls there are for all the students in the class for the Thumb, Index, Middle Ring and Pinky fingers. This should be a bar graph comparing potentially 15 sets of data. After you've finished the class fingerprint graph you may continue working on the Clue Us In crime scene reconstruction project. You will have library time next week for this project.
C & A Blocks Social Studies 10 - George Stanley wrote in The Canadians, "Bonds of steel as well as of sentiment were needed to hold the new Confederation together. Without railways there would be and could be no Canada."
“The opening by us first of a Northern Pacific Railroad seals the destiny of the British possessions west of the ninety-first meridian. They will become so Americanized in interests and feelings that they will be in effect severed from the new Dominion, and the question of their annexation will be but a question of time” 1869 United States Senate Committee Report
“The United States government are resolved to do all that they can, short of war, to get possession of the western territory, and we must take immediate and vigorous steps to counteract them. One of the first things to be done is to show unmistakably our resolve to build the Pacific Railway” Sir John A Macdonald (1875)
Today is a planning day for your next project. You are going to be making a children's story book about the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway from Toronto to Vancouver. Since the book is targeted for 5 to 9 year old children you'll need to choose your words carefully and have age appropriate language. 5 to 9 year old children are, however, not dumb and you are trying to tell a story of the challenges involved in building the railway along with the characters who did it. You will need to include:
1. the building of the railway in three locations (northern Ontario, the prairies, and through the mountains in B.C.);
2. you'll need to show what passenger cars and locomotives looked like;
3. you'll need to show what trestles and tunnels looked like;
4. you'll need to identify the main characters (Smith, Macdonald, Van Horne, Flemming and Onderdonk);
5. you'll need to show what it was like for workers (different conditions for "whites" and coolies);
6. you'll need to show the last spike in Craigellachie and have a map of the railway.
Here are some websites that can help you understand the rail experience in Canadian history (HINT for your upcoming project):
Sir Sandford Fleming The Knight of Time
Railway Witnesses, Memory of a Nation
Revelstoke Railway Museum Photo Archive
The Canadian Encyclopedia - Building the Railway
The Kids site of Canadian Settlement - Chinese & the Railway
Vancouver Public Library - CPR History
BC Archives - CPR
Kamloops Art Gallery - Andrew Onderdonk & the CPR
Library & Archives Canada: Canada by Train
Library & Archives Canada: The Kid's site of Canadian Trains
Musee McCord Museum: CPR form sea to sea
Musee McCord Museum: Forging the National Dream
Canada Science and Technology Museum: Railways
Remember Tuesday-Wednesday-Thursday in the library for this next week and Friday Unit Test.
Nitro | Historica Canada
B Block Law 12 - Today we'll look at intentional torts focusing on trespass to property and trespass to person (assault and battery & false imprisonment) along with defences to these intentional torts (consent, self-defence, defence of a third party, defence of property, legal authority, and necessity). We'll also look at defamation of character and strict liability in civil law. This gets us to the end of the torts unit in Law 12 and then next week we'll begin our look at family law.
Duhaime Tort and Personal Law Dictionary
Saskatchewan Schools Law 30 Intentional Tort on line unit
Spark Notes on Intentional Torts
Personal Injury Intentional Tort website
After, I'll give you the rest of the class to work on your case study project...there are a few things you should know about helping people in distress or need:
Section 1: No liability for emergency aid unless gross negligence
Section 2:Exceptions
Section 3:Health Care (Consent) and Care Facility (Admission) Act
No liability for emergency aid unless gross negligence:
1 A person who renders emergency medical services or aid to an ill, injured or unconscious person, at the immediate scene of an accident or emergency that has caused the illness, injury or unconsciousness, is not liable for damages for injury to or death of that person caused by the person's act or omission in rendering the medical services or aid unless that person is grossly negligent.
2 Section 1 does not apply if the person rendering the medical services or aid
(a) is employed expressly for that purpose, or
(b) does so with a view to gain.
Health Care (Consent) and Care Facility (Admission) Act
3 The Health Care (Consent) and Care Facility (Admission) Act does not affect anything in this Act.
COMMON LAW: The Duty To Assist
As a general principle, common law does not require a bystander to help someone in peril - the priest and the Levite would not be liable for failing to assist the stranger. Common law jurisdictions generally rely on inducements - the carrot and stick approach - to persuade citizens to aid others by minimizing risk to themselves. However, several exceptions exist where failure to act could result in both civil and criminal liability. A "special relationship" may give rise to a duty to assist. Such a relationship exists when, for example, one party derives an economic advantage from the other. An employer may be obligated to assist an employee injured at work. In an accident, common carriers must assist passengers, and innkeepers must aid their quests. Although the spectrum of special relationships has not yet been determined by the courts, the scope will likely expand as it has in the United States.
Another exception occurs when a person creates a situation placing another in danger. A negligent motorist who causes an accident involving injuries is liable if he or she does not provide assistance. In some circumstances, a person is assumed to have a duty to assist because of the nature of his or her job. Policemen and Firemen, not good samaritans since it is their job to assist in an emergency. In general, a good samaritan is not paid for rescuing people in danger.
Risks Of A Good Samaritan
In Legal theory, the bystander is safe as long as he or she does absolutely nothing. But as soon as steps are taken to help, immunity for failing to act is removed. If a bystander decides to act as a good samaritan and chooses to intervene, he or she will be liable to the victim if rescue actions were unreasonable, and indeed aggravated the plight of the sufferer.
So long as nothing is done to worsen the situation, a good samaritan can abandon the rescue effort and leave the scene. A point is reached, however, when someone who intervenes is considered to have assumed a legal duty to act, but the rule and limits have not been tested.
The good samaritan probably runs greater risk of being held liable for personal injury or damage to property to a third party than to the victim. But the old common law defense of necessity protects a rescuer from liability for trespass if the individual enters another's property or uses others' goods necessary to save lives or protect property. A good samaritan can break into a garage and seize an axe to save a stranger trapped in a burning car.
Rights Of A Good Samaritan
What happens when a good samaritan suffers injuries or damage to his or her property as a result of responding to a call for help? Courts formerly considered that risk of loss or injury was voluntarily assumed. Today, the rights of a good samaritan to claim compensation depend mainly on whether the emergency was caused by another's negligence or fault. If danger is caused by the victim, the good samaritan can claim compensation from the victim. If a third party causes the situation, both rescuer and victim can recover damages from that person.
The Ogopogo Case
The case of Horsley v MacLaren, 1970, represents a controversial example of the right to compensation. A quest (Matthews) on a power boat (the Ogopogo) owned by the defendant (MacLaren) fell overboard into Lake Ontario. MacLaren tried to rescue Matthews but was unsuccessful. Meanwhile, the plaintiff Horsley (another quest) attempted to save Matthews but both men drowned. The court held that MacLaren had a duty to rescue Matthews because of a special relationship - a power boat operator owed a duty of protective care to the passengers - and if negligent, MacLaren would be liable to Matthews (or his dependents).
Horsley, on the other hand, was a good samaritan with no duty to rescue Matthews. His only recourse was against MacLaren and his right to compensation depended on whether MacLaren had been negligent to Matthews, which the Supreme Court found not to be the case. Since MacLaren was not liable to Matthews, he could not be liable to Horsley.
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What is a Buffer Zone?
Buffer zones are known in geography as a zonal area that has the purpose to keep two or more other areas distant from each other. They can be created to help prevent violence, protect an environment. Nature reserves are known as buffer zones, and are often in large uninhabited areas. You can find more information here:
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Additional Math Pages & Resources
Friday, April 15, 2011
Phooey on Flats, Part III
This week I'm sharing how we teach reasoning in math class. We are using "find the best way to reduce problems caused by flat tires" as an example of a societal problem. ( Read the two earlier blogs in this series )
Here are the problem-solving techniques we teach in 4 through 6th grades:
1. Reasoning using logic
2. Reasoning using patterns
3. Reasoning by trial and error
4. Reasoning by asking questions
5. Reasoning using a possibility chart
6. Reasoning by process of elimination
7. Solving problems using deductive reasoning
8. Estimating which answer is most reasonable
9. Reasoning by examining evidence and making notes
10. Reasoning by working backwards from a given solution
11. Determining if there is enough information to solve a problem
Which process might be most useful in deciding on a flat-tire solution?
Re-read the list, then keep them in mind as we review some real flat tire incidents. I will code these 4 different solutions red (useless), black (not sure) and green (helpful):
A. My vehicle has a mini-spare tire. Driving across the desert on paved roads, I hit a small rock and cracked my alloy wheel. The impact damaged the tire irreparably. I changed the wheel, put on the mini-spare and drove home. It took 10 days to get a new wheel and tire.
RUN-FLAT - wouldn't have helped if the rim was broken.
TIRE INFLATOR - wouldn't have helped if the rim was broken.
ROADSIDE SERVICE - the rim was ruined so my spare was essential. There was no mobile phone signal for 50 miles.
TPMS - it would have warned me that the tire lost air (but I learned that as soon as I hit the rock).
B. In the morning my tire was flat. I put on the spare. I could see a huge screw sticking out of the middle of the tread of the flat tire. I marked the spot, pulled out the screw and went to the store to have the flat fixed.
RUN-FLAT - the screw probably wouldn't have mattered to a run-flat tire; it would have held air.
TIRE INFLATOR - would have re-inflated the tire after removing the screw (or I could leave it in).
ROADSIDE SERVICE - someone could have changed my tire for me.
TPMS - it would have warned me that the tire lost air (but I could easily see it).
C. My wife was driving down the street. She realized a rear tire was flat when someone honked and pointed. She limped the car 2 blocks to a parking lot and called me to come and change the tire. The sidewall had been damaged by a pothole.
RUN-FLAT - probably wouldn't have prevented the sidewall damage.
TIRE INFLATOR - it wouldn't have worked on the sidewall damage.
ROADSIDE SERVICE - someone DID change her tire. Me. This worked!
TPMS - it would have warned her when the tire was damaged.
DI was about to depart on a cross-country trip when I saw my front tire was low. I pulled out a screw sticking out from the corner of the tread, and the tire went flat. No tire stores in town had a new tire, and they wouldn't repair mine. Rather than continue without a spare, I bought an inflator and filled the tire. It's been holding air for 9 years (now as a spare).
RUN-FLAT - none available on my elderly car and wheel.
TIRE INFLATOR - it DID work on the sidewall / tread puncture.
ROADSIDE SERVICE - someone could have changed my tire, but I would still have had to inflate it.
TPMS - it would have warned me that the tire was leaking.
Don't worry right now about choosing the best solution of the 4 solutions. The question is Which of the 11 math reasoning methods are we using?
[Click here for my answer]
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The crustal dichotomy between the ancient highlands of the Southern Hemisphere and the young-appearing northern lowlands is a defining feature of Mars. In the Eastern Hemisphere the dichotomy boundary is marked by a prominent scarp and extensional and compressional tectonic features. Topographic data across the boundary returned from the Mars Global Surveyor indicate lithospheric flexure of the southern highlands. The topography of the boundary can be fit by a universal lithospheric deflection profile that corresponds to an elastic thickness of ∼31–36 km. Flexure of the southern highlands may be due to late Noachian–early Hesperian vertical loading of the northern lowlands. Fracturing and normal faulting along the boundary may be in response to bending stresses, while thrust faulting may result from a combination of stresses due to flexure, erosion, and global contraction.
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Write a Science Fiction Story
In this activity, students are asked to answer several prewriting questions for a science fiction story that includes a robot character. Next, they are asked to write the story.
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"language": "en",
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"url": "https://www.teachervision.com/write-science-fiction-story"
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Posted by: kenwbudd | October 23, 2010
A Brief Review of Creativity
Often times creativity is thought to be artistic, lofty, intelligent, out-of-the-ordinary, and beyond understanding.
However, creativity comes in much simpler forms such as formulating a solution to an everyday problem; if someone runs out of fuel on the highway, the person must think of a way to get to his/her destination, and this requires creativity even if it is in its simplest form.
Creativity can be observed in the unusual as well. For instance, Craig Wallace, now a college freshman, developed a nuclear fusion reactor out of junkyard parts and cheap finds. Creativity is not just the writings of Descartes or the oil paintings of Klimt, so what is it?
What Is Creativity?
After exhaustive research, Morgan (1953) listed the universal factor for creativity to be novelty (Cropley, 1999). Novelty requires originality and newness. There must be something fresh to the idea.
Sternberg and Lubert (1995) proposed that novelty must be coupled with appropriateness for something to be considered creative. Novelty can be the coalescence of any two or more different things or thoughts. For instance,
Damien Hirst is a controversial artist who has sliced animals into fragments, but many people do not consider this creative even though it is novel and original. Many people do not recognize the factor of appropriateness in his work and consider it to be feckless.
Although creativity can be seen in the products, it can also be considered in terms of the process. Weisberg (1986) proposes that creativity can be defined by the novel use of tools to solve problems or novel problem solving. Dr. Gunther von Hagens has in the past few years started exhibiting the dissected and transfigured bodies of people.
Professor von Hagens is a medical professor at the University of Heidelberg who perfected plastic injection into bodily tissue. This is a novel use of tools to solve the problem of decay and distortion from old methods of preserving human tissue. The end product is creative because of the creative use of tools.
Ward, Finke, and Smith (1995) defined creativity in the products made, the differences in people, the pressures that motivate, and the processes behind creativity. The products made are new and fresh which is the clearest example of creativity.
However, there are defining subtleties in people; for example, some people are considered to be more creative than others, and in addition to inherent differences in people, there are different motivations for creativity (e.g., some people are driven to create).
Finally, the process for creativity can be different. Some people seclude themselves while others seek guidance and dialogue.
While there is debate over the guidelines for judging creativity, two things remain: novelty and appropriateness. These two things may be viewed in the product, the tools, the people, the motivation, and/or the processes, but these are the two necessary ingredients.
Once considered to be the result of insanity or divine intervention, now the mystery behind creativity is slowly being revealed. There has been much debate over what exactly creativity is, and now creativity is believed to be characterised by novel and appropriate ideas, products, and/or use of tools.
It was once thought that creativity was caused by psychoticism, but now it is considered to be a series of cognitions following some sort of process. The process is not precisely known, but there are thoughtful speculations which remove the mystery from creativity and the stigma that it is only being possessed by geniuses.
With all this new information, there is a great deal of implementation. AI is now being considered to be more alive if it possesses creativity, and theories are quickly being developed as to how to program creativity.
Education is attempting to encompass creativity in addition to the acquisition of hard facts and other skills, and business is noticing the importance of creativity in furthering growth of individual companies and departments.
To read more visit…………………A Brief Review of Creativity
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The drag produced by the northward movement of the Indian plate has caused the Indoburman Ranges, an accretionary prism, to decouple from the Burma plate along the Kabaw fault, and the Burma plate itself has decoupled from the Eastern Highlands of Burma along the Sagaing fault. The Indoburman Ranges have probably been dragged north slightly ahead of the Burma plate, although at times the two plates may have locked together to move as one unit. It is suggested that the double arc formed by the Indoburman Ranges and the Andaman-Nicobar-Sumatra islands was formerly one large single arc. Northward translation of this larger single arcuate structure has caused the tail end of the arc, i.e., the Andaman-Nicobar-Sumatra section, to rotate into the Burma plate, causing a bending of the arc to form the present double arc and compression within the Burma plate to form the Pegu Yoma folding. Northward movement of the Burma plate has also resulted in offset by over 400 km of the Irrawaddy River from its former connection through the channel of what is now the Chindwin River.
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Eolian landforms in Estancia basin, central New Mexico, record two episodes of extreme drought and low groundwater levels during the middle Holocene (7000–5400 14C yr B.P.), followed by a rise in the water table through the late Holocene. Blowouts and associated lunettes formed when water levels fell below the desiccated floor of pluvial Lake Estancia, allowing widespread deflation. Elevation of the water table in the basin is regulated by a balance between evaporation from playas that occupy the blowouts and recharge of aquifers in the adjacent Manzano Mountains. Isotopic analyses of modern precipitation and groundwater reveal that recharge originates primarily as winter moisture, which is amplified during El Niños and diminished during La Niñas. Thus, changes in the elevation of a reconstructed Holocene water table may reflect systematic changes in El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) circulation.
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A gluten-free diet involves eliminating gluten, a protein, from your diet. This is found in wheat, barley, and rye.
Oats were reported to contain gluten, but it is actually avenin, a protein similar to gluten, which is found in oats. Most people with celiac disease can tolerate oats without any adverse health effects.
Celiac disease, which affects roughly one per cent of the population, occurs when the small intense is damaged by gluten. This reaction then causes the immune system to attack the lining of the bowel, and food is not absorbed properly.
Who can follow a gluten-free diet?
People with celiac disease must follow a gluten-free diet, as those with extreme sensitivity to gluten can experience sickness if they consume even a trace of gluten.
Otherwise, people with a gluten allergy or gluten sensitivity may adopt the gluten-free diet if they experience bloating, pain and stomach cramps. However, this allergy to gluten is not the same as celiac disease, which is an autoimmune disease.
A number of people follow a gluten-free diet as maintaining a healthy diet through avoiding pre-prepared foods can be beneficial.
Celiac disease and diabetes
Like type 1 diabetes, celiac disease is an autoimmune disease, and it can be common for someone to have both conditions.
According to the American Diabetes Association, 10 per cent of people with type 1 diabetes also have celiac disease.
As food is absorbed differently while your body recovers from celiac disease and eating gluten, this can make it challenging to manage your diabetes.
In 2013, a Mayo Clinic study on mice concluded that a gluten-free diet may prevent type 1 diabetes from developing, suggesting that gluten could be a causal factor in the development of type 1.
However, tests on gluten-free diets in children at risk of type 1 diabetes are yet to conclusively show that the diet protects against type 1 autoimmunity.
You should also ask your pharmacist if any of your medication contains gluten in case a suitable replacement may need to be arranged.
How does avoiding gluten help in celiac disease?
When the lining of the small intestine becomes inflamed, a gluten-free diet is required to heal the intestine and return it to a pre-celiac state.
Many people with celiac disease need to adhere to a strict gluten-free diet to avoid adverse health effects, but while some can tolerate a small amount of gluten without feeling unwell, following the diet is essential so your ability to absorb food increases.
Which foods should be avoided in a gluten free diet?
Carbohydrates such as bread, pasta and noodles contain wheat flour, and will need to be avoided, as will pastries, cakes, pies and biscuits. However, many supermarkets will stock gluten-free replacements for a number of these items.
Anything cooked in breadcrumbs and batter will contain gluten, while certain cereals may also be unsuitable.
A number of pre-prepared foods might include gluten as a binding agent, which can further limit your options.
Among the foods which could contain gluten include:
• Crisps and potato chips
• Curries
• Ice cream
• Sausages and processed meats
• Packaged meals
• Certain sauces, such as soy sauce
• Alcohol – beer, lager, ale and stouts
It is wise to become as informed as possible regarding ingredient lists to assess what has gluten in it. Labels such as “gluten free” and “suitable for celiac” may also appear on the packaging.
What can I eat on a gluten free diet?
Thankfully, there are gluten-free alternatives for a number of foods, such as bread, pasta, biscuits and cereals. Gluten-free flour also enables you to amend recipes which would otherwise be made with wheat flour.
Other foods you can freely eat include:
• Fruit and vegetables
• Most dairy products
• Fresh meat and fish
• Rice
• Potatoes
• Beans and nuts
Eating more home cooked meals and cooking from scratch will allow you to monitor your diet far more closely than eating packaged foods.
There are several gluten-free cooking books that can teach you how best to prepare your meals at home. Teaching yourself how to count carbohydrates will also allow you to accurately substitute gluten-free ingredients into your recipes without exceeding your serving size.
Moreover, quite a few restaurants provide information on which of their meals contain gluten and which ones are gluten-free. If this information is not displayed, be sure to ask which foods may have been prepared with gluten-containing ingredients.
Are blood sugar levels affected by a gluten-free diet?
The blood sugar levels of someone with diabetes may be affected on a gluten-free diet, but these changes should not be major.
As food is absorbed differently in people with celiac disease, this may result in unexplained highs or lows among diabetics.
Insulin requirements may therefore be slightly higher or lower, which could impact people who are susceptible to hypoglycemia.
Are there side-effects from a gluten free diet?
If you are looking to adopt a gluten-free diet, but you do not have celiac disease, or a gluten allergy, you should see your doctor beforehand.
You may be prescribed supplements to ensure you do not experience any nutrient deficiencies, which can be a side-effect of a gluten-free diet.
Gluten-free diet and vitamins
Nutrient supplements may be beneficial if the small intestines of patients are not properly able to absorb vitamins.
Research has shown people with celiac disease may be deficient in iron, magnesium, Vitamin D and calcium.
However, certain vitamin supplements may contain gluten, and extra care should be taken to ensure you are not exposed to gluten.
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Night Astronomy Assignment 3
Celestial Objects
1. Under the link "observing the moon" go to "a month of moon watching." What is the most obvious feature in days 3 & 4 of the moon?
2. Go to the link "messier on the moon" and describe what the messier crater is.
3. How large is the Tyco Crater?
4. Click on Jupiter and then go to the Jupiter observing guide. Explain why Jupiter is called the Amateur's planet.
5. What are some things you can observe on Jupiter with a small telescope?
6. Go to the link, "an observing guide to Saturn" and explain why "you can never see Saturn as well as you want?"
7. Go to the link on Comets. How often to great comets come along?
8. Go to the link "Messier Objects" and explain who Charles Messier was.
9. List three common messier objects by name.
10. Explain what a Galaxy is.
11. Go to the link "Galaxy Photos" and list 3 of the more interesting galaxies you see on this page.
12. Go to the link Nebulas and list the three types of nebulas.
13. Go to the link Nebula astrophotos and list three of the most interesting nebulas you see on this page.
14. Go to the link "Star Clusters." Describe the two types of star clusters and give an example of each.
15. Go to the link "star clusters images." Do most of the clusters on this page appear to be open or globular clusters?
16. Go to the link "doulbe and variable stars." Explain what double stars are.
17. What colors are the double stars Albireo?
18. Explain what Variable stars are.
19. Why observe variable stars?
20. What are three types of variable stars?
21. Under the link "distances to stars" explain what a light year is.
22. Diagram how the parallax method is used to determine the distances to stars.
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he Spanish mission was a frontier institution that sought to incorporate indigenous people into the Spanish colonial empire, its Catholic religion, and certain aspects of its Hispanic culture through the formal establishment or recognition of sedentary Indian communities entrusted to the tutelage of missionaries under the protection and control of the Spanish state. This joint institution of indigenous communities and the Spanish church and state was developed in response to the often very detrimental results of leaving the Hispanic control of relations with Indians on the expanding frontier to overly enterprising civilians and soldiers. This had resulted too often in the abuse and even enslavement of the Indians and a heightening of antagonism. To the degree that the mission effort succeeded, it furthered the Spanish goals of political, economic, and religious expansion in America in competition with other European-origin nations. Spanish colonial authorities enjoyed the patronato real (royal patronage) over ecclesiastical affairs, granted to the Spanish crown by the pope. As patrons the state authorities made the final determination as to where and when missions would be founded or closed, what administrative policies would be observed, who could be missionaries, how many missionaries could be assigned to each mission, and how many
soldiers if any would be stationed at a mission. In turn, the state paid for the missionaries’ overseas travel, the founding costs of a mission, and the missionaries’ annual salary. The state also usually provided military protection and enforcement. Franciscans from several of their provinces and missionary colleges in New Spain established all the missions in Texas. The ideal of the missionaries themselves, supported by royal decrees, was to establish autonomous Christian
This historical monument has been standing as the center of the Spanish Mission civilation for many years.
towns with communal property, labor, worship, political life, and social relations all supervised by the missionaries and insulated from the possible negative influences of other Indian groups and Spaniards themselves. Daily life was to follow a highly organized routine of prayer,
work, training, meals, and relaxation, punctuated by frequent religious holidays and celebrations. In this closely supervised setting the Indians were expected to mature in Christianity and Spanish political and economic practices until they would no longer require special mission status. Then their communities could be incorporated as such into ordinary colonial society, albeit with all its racial and class distinctions. This transition from official mission status to ordinary Spanish society, when it occurred in an official manner, was called “secularization.” In this official transaction, the mission’s communal properties were privatized, the direction of civil life became a purely secular affair, and the direction of church life was transferred from the missionary religious orders to the Catholic diocesan church.qv Although colonial law specified no precise time for this transition to take effect, increasing pressure for the secularization of most missions developed in the last decades of the eighteenth century. Colonial authorities and Franciscan missionaries attempted to introduce the mission system into widely scattered areas of Texas between 1682 and 1793, with greatly varying results. In all, twentysix missions were maintained for different lengths of time within the future boundaries of the state. To this number should be added San Miguel de los Adaesqv (the easternmost colonial Texas outpost, which was later incorporated into Louisiana) and
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Hammurabi Illustration
Ancient Mesopotamia for Kids
Hammurabi's Code
One of the ancient Babylonian kings was named Hammurabi. King Hammurabi was a very clever man.
Hammurabi was tired of people changing the laws whenever they wanted an advantage. So Hammurabi did something no one before him had ever done. He had all the laws written down on stone and clay tablets. He did this so that everyone could know what the law was and no one, not poor man or noble, would be able to say that that wasn't the law.
Hammurabi also built the city of Babylon in Marduk's honor. Marduk was the most important god in Babylonian. All the other gods reported to Marduk, just as all the other nobles had to report to the king of Babylon. This was very clever of King Hammurabi. People were afraid to attack Babylon. They did not wish to risk Marduk's anger!
The Laws of Hammurabi (interactive)
Free Powerpoints about Hammurabi
Interactive Quiz about the Land Between Two Rivers (with answers)
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Feathered Tunic
Date: 15th–early 17th century
Geography: Peru
Culture: Chimú
Medium: Cotton, feathers
Dimensions: H. 27 1/2 × W. 27 in. (69.9 × 68.6 cm)
Classification: Feathers-Containers
Credit Line: Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1963
Accession Number: 63.163
The Chimú urban capital of Chan Chan housed thousands of specialized artisans living in densely populated areas close to the monumental architectural complexes. These artisans—potters, metallurgists, bead makers, woodworkers, and weavers—were closely supervised by members of the ruling elite, who provided raw materials and controlled the symbolic content of artistic production. The Chimú elite had to maintain contacts with populations from the Amazonian Basin in order to be supplied with foreign materials such as brilliantly colored feathers. Feather workers used a few coastal birds such as cormorants, egrets, ducks, and flamencos for their white, black, and pink feathers. However, the most popular feathers came from the rainforest. Macaws, parrots, parakeets, curassows, and tanagers provided the most vivid colors: yellow, green, blue, purple, and turquoise. This tunic includes feathers from Muscovy Ducks, Razor-billed Corassows, and Amazona parrots and macaws, and depicts sea birds in squares of alternating colors. In Chimú religion, sea birds such as pelicans were closely associated with the idea of human and agricultural fertility.
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Thursday, September 17, 2009
Venice and Genoa
Abu-Lughod’s fourth chapter details the battle between Genoa and Venice over control of the valuable sea lanes facilitating trade between Europe and the Near and Far East. Despite their impressive advancements in business and navigation technology, both met a rapid decline in the middle and latter stages of the fourteenth stages for a variety of reasons. Before the “Great Depression” of that time, however, Venice and Genoa rose to be naval powers beginning with the first Crusade. Genoa was a more active player, providing support to the European Crusaders and contributing to their initial success. Venice delayed its involvement until the Crusaders made some advance in their conquest. Because of their contributions, Venice and Genoa were rewarded with control over certain land plots and cities, transforming their role in Eastern trade from “passive to active.” Through their direct involvement in the Crusades, the increased demand of eastern goods brought about by European contact with the East, and the strategic position of their ports, Venice and Genoa shifted “the center of gravity” of world trade into their territory. The Italians continued to expand their trading empires, building larger and more powerful fleets, taking over more ports, and negotiating better terms of trade. Eventually, Venice came to dominate trade in the Eastern Mediterranean, the Levant, Egypt, and the Black Sea while Genoa’s hegemonic zone of commerce included North Africa, Northwestern Europe, and the Western Mediterranean. The two sides never stopped battling over control over trade territory, but both vastly grew culturally and commercially, especially in the thirteenth century. Despite their rapid growth, Genoa and Venice found themselves heavily affected by a variety of factors that contributed to the “Great Depression” of the mid-fourteenth century.
So what caused this economic decline in Venice and Genoa? And why was Venice better able to at least somewhat maintain its economy? In regard to the first question, the obvious answer is the Black Plague’s devastating effect on population, and thus manpower. Because of their extensive networks of trade, Venice and Genoa were hit very hard by the Plague, losing as much as 40-60% of their population. Reduced manpower led to a halt in construction of port facilities and a decline in the size of the convoys of trade ships. This decline, however, had begun before the arrival of the Plague, indicating that there were several other underlying factors, which I was most interested in. One factor mentioned was crop failure, which resulted in a decline in municipal financing and the eventual failure of big banks, though Venice and Genoa were well insulated. Political factionalism and its effects are also briefly mentioned, but once again, it is difficult to tie Venice and Genoa to these claims as either the political differences were always present or Genoa and Venice are absent from discussions of similar political failures. As we have discussed in class, some of the factors involved were out of either city’s control. For example, Genoa’s natural and “captured” zones of dominance were not as useful in the second half of the fourteenth centuries, as the Portuguese were better situated on the Atlantic and the overland routes through Central Asia were increasingly fragmented with the decline of the Mongol empire.
For me, the most compelling aspect of the decline involved its economic aspects, as individualistic Genoa was unable to create a safety net from its risks while Venice was able to stay afloat on the back of a more socialist system in which the state provided subsidies in the form of public goods. So was it simply a matter of socialism versus capitalism that allowed Venice to rise over Genoa? Are there applications from this example to our current economic situation? Have we simply taken too many risks that we cannot recover because we have no safety net? It must be mentioned that a large part of Venice’s ability to hang on was the result of a risk, and fortunately for Venice, a successful bet on the southern sea route as opposed to Genoa’s hold in Central Asia. So, perhaps it was just simple luck that sustained Venice while stomping out Genoa in the world trade system. All in all, I believe there are too many factors to be able to say that the discussion should center on the cities’ different entrepreneurial styles. Rather, there are several different factors that contributed to the economic decline, not just in Italy but in all parts of the world system at the time.
1 comment:
1. Do you not think the entrepreneurial styles of political leaders make a huge difference to either the rise or decline of Venice? Was it not the lack of political vision that ultimately led to the decline of Venice rather than trade competition?
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Blood Clotting
How could blood clotting have evolved? Blood clotting automatically swings into action when we get a cut. The formation of a blood clot is a complex, multi-step process that utilizes numerous proteins, many with no other function besides clotting. Each protein depends on an enzyme to activate it.
So which evolved first-the protein or enzyme? Not the protein; for it cannot function without the enzyme to switch it on. But why would nature evolve the activating enzyme first? Without the protein, it serves no purpose. Furthermore, if blood clotting had evolved step-by-step over eons, creatures would have bled to death before it was ever perfected. The system is irreducibly complex and could not have evolved.
("The Case Against Darwin" by James Perloff, WorldNetDaily, February 20, 2001)
Bible Study
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The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), formerly also known as CP Rail is the Transcontinental railroad for Canada. Between 1881 and 1885, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) completed a line that spanned from the port of Montreal to the Pacific coast, fulfilling a condition of British Columbia's 1871 entry into the Canadian Confederation. The City of Vancouver, incorporated in 1886, was designated the western terminus of the line. The CPR became the first transcontinental railway company in North America in 1889 after its International Railway of Maine opened, connecting CPR to the Atlantic coast.
Canadian Pacific Railway in Southern VictoryEdit
The Canadian Pacific Railway was constructed to unite Canada in the east with the west. Many in the United States looked upon the railroad with suspicion. They saw the railroad as Britain’s method of shipping troops across the frontier to places where they might attack the United States.[1] During the Second Mexican War, the rail line was used to ship Empire Forces to Montana Territory in order to raid the gold mines.
In 1914, as the Great War began, the railroad was seen as Canada's life line, shipping food from the west to the east. Although the line was cut in 1915 in the Rockies at Kicking Horse Pass, it did little to strangle Canada, as the West Coast was still in supply, thanks to the combined allied navies' efforts in bottling up Seattle.[2] The main junction of the line in Winnipeg was seen as the lynchpin of the line, and it was the target of the US Army. Although the Canadians built lines further north, the town eventually fell, putting those new lines in danger. Cut off from food supplies in the west, the east was forced to surrender.[3]
During the Second Great War, the railroad ironically became the US' lifeline as the Confederates cut the country in two during Operation Blackbeard.
Canadian Pacific Railway in Worldwar Edit
When the Race invaded North America in 1942, they cut the US in half after they destroyed part of the Transcontinental Railroad. The United States then had to rely heavily on the Canadian Pacific Railway as a method of getting supplies from the West to East.
References Edit
1. How Few Remain, pgs. 33. Paperback
2. Walk in Hell, pgs. 248. Paperback
3. Breakthroughs, pgs. 386. Paperback
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part of posterior semicircular canal semicircular duct posterior semicircular duct FMA:61126 MA:0001214 The semicircular canals are three half-circular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear. The three canals are the horizontal semicircular canal (also known as the lateral semicircular canal), superior semicircular canal (also known as the anterior semicircular canal), and the posterior semicircular canal. The canals are aligned approximately orthogonally to one another. The horizontal canal is aligned roughly horizontally in the head. The superior and anterior canals are aligned roughly at a 45 degree angle to a vertical plane drawn from the nose to the back of the skull. Thus, the horizontal canal detects horizontal head movements (such as when doing a pirouette), while the superior and posterior canals detect vertical head movements. Each canal is filled with a fluid called endolymph and contains a motion sensor with little hairs whose ends are embedded in a gelatinous structure called the cupula. As the skull twists in any direction, the endolymph is thrown into different sections of the canals. The cilia detect when the endolymph rushes past, and a signal is then sent to the brain. The semicircular canals are a component of the Labyrinth. Among species of mammals, the size of the semicircular canals is correlated with their type of locomotion. Specifically, species that are agile and have fast, jerky locomotion have larger canals relative to their body size than those that move more cautiously. UBERON:0001858 VHOG:0000248 Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. (...) Vertebrates also have at least two vertical semicircular ducts (...). In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus.[well established][VHOG] detect vertical head movements uberon
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Battle of Tours
Battle of Tours, 732 AD
War is a military action fought between two parties, generally involving battles that cost the lives of soldiers. War is the state of two parties solving their hostilities by fighting to achieve their goals, whether to eliminate a rival clan, crush a rebellion, settle border disputes, conquer a nation, loot gold, overthrow an evil ruler, or go on a religious quest. War is made up of campaigns, which are wars fought within wars, who are in turn made up of battles, who are sometimes made up of a series of skirmishes.
Aftermath of an 18th century battlefield
Warfare has changed since the early era: in the Bronze Age (4000 BCE-1750 BCE), people used flints, torches, and stones; in the Golden Age of Civilization (1750 BCE-507 BCE), people started to ride horses and use chariots in addition to swords; in the Greco-Roman Era (507 BCE-476 AD), people started to use shields, armor, and siegecraft; in the Feudal Era (476 AD-811 AD) people used tougher armor and small armies commanded by knights, primarily men on horseback; in the Medieval Era (811 AD-1540 AD) only one battle in 99 sieges and raids were fought as people began using catapults, crossbows, ballistas, and siege towers; in the Early Modern Era (1540 AD-1700 AD) people started to use muskets and gunpowder weapons, rendering armor obsolete; in the Colonial Era (1700 AD-1789 AD) people started wearing uniforms rather than armor; in the Napoleonic Era (1789 AD-1815 AD) people used rifles and better cannon; in the Imperial Era (1815 AD-1898 AD) people started to use automatic weapons, Gatling Guns, and helmets, and in the Modern Era (1898 AD-present) warfare has involved bombs, planes, tanks, and other warcraft.
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I have worked during the previous weeks on some transpositions features for Flat. I will try to explain in this post what is the logic behind music intervals.
Intervals are defined with 2 values: diatonic and chromatic.
This is all a matters of intervals. Let's take a simple piano keyboard.
Keyboard We will start from the C. The diatonic shift is the number of white keys you you have to move to reach the destination pitch. If you move to a D, you shift of one white key: the diatonic value is 1. If you move to F, you shift of 3 white keys, the diatonic value is 3.
Step Diatonic
C 0
D 1
E 2
F 3
G 4
A 5
B 6
There is a specific vocabulary for each diatonic value: if you stay on the C, this is called unison. If you move to the D, it is called a second. For a F, it is called a fourth.
Let's add that to the table:
Step Diatonic Name
C 0 unison
D 1 second
E 2 third
F 3 fourth
G 4 fifth
A 5 sixth
B 6 seventh
The chromatic value is the number of keys you have to move, including black keys. To move from C to E, you move of 4 keys, but to move from C to F, you move of 5 keys. There are also musical terms for these values of chromatic. Let's update the table:
Step Diatonic Name Chromatic Prefix
C 0 unison 0 perfect
D 1 second 2 major
E 2 third 4 major
F 3 fourth 5 perfect
G 4 fifth 7 perfect
A 5 sixth 9 major
B 6 seventh 11 major
You can add alterations to base pitch steps: from G, you can make a Gb, or a G#. What are the corresponding intervals? Since the base pitch step is G, the diatonic value will stay the same, 4. It is the chromatic value that will change: 6 for Gb, 8 for G#. And each of these variation has a musical name.
Step Diatonic Name Chromatic Prefix Alteration
C 0 unison 0 perfect natural
1 augmented sharp
D 1 second 0 diminished double flat
1 minor flat
2 major natural
3 augmented sharp
E 2 third 2 diminished double flat
3 minor flat
4 major natural
5 augmented sharp
F 3 fourth 4 diminished flat
5 perfect natural
6 augmented sharp
G 4 fifth 6 diminished flat
7 perfect natural
8 augmented sharp
A 5 sixth 7 diminished double flat
8 minor flat
9 major natural
10 augmented sharp
B 6 seventh 9 diminished double flat
10 minor flat
11 major natural
But wait, E# has the same chromatic value than F. This is because they are on the same key: they have the same sound. It is the chromatic value that will tell what is the actual sound. The diatonic value will tell us how do we write this sound. Two notes with the same sound but different writting are called enharmonic. For instance: E# and F, E and Fb, B and Cb.
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Adjective "demystifying" definition and examples
Definitions and examples
Make (a difficult subject) clearer and easier to understand.
1. 'In response to my attempts a few weeks ago to demystify the day-to-day movements in share prices, one reader has asked for a similar explanation of the foreign exchange markets.'
2. 'This kind of attempt to demystify intellectuals and artists by relating them to objective social processes is in itself neither misguided nor new.'
3. 'They will help users to navigate and access content across all platforms, with a wider remit of helping to demystify technology.'
4. 'First, I will discuss the origin of my idea and how it works, then I will attempt to demystify the art of kernel module programming with a few short examples.'
5. 'He demystifies the equipment to help readers understand the fundamental principles of photography.'
6. 'It's difficult to demystify my hidden practice of picking and choosing.'
7. 'As a whole, these patterns of early modern thought help demystify subject positions that have frequently been perceived as either enigmatic or idiosyncratic.'
8. 'The annual event sets out to demystify the subject by making it more accessible and enjoyable.'
9. 'The tears come because one suddenly realises that, in demystifying the belief systems in this inexorable process of enquiry, one's own vantage point is no less prone to attack.'
10. 'I am not trying to minimize the importance of design any more than I am attempting to demystify the nature of scientific observation.'
More definitions
1. to rid of mystery or obscurity; clarify: to demystify medical procedures.
More examples(as adjective)
"pressures can be demystifying."
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Informing our community about where we've come from, and where we're going.
Eighteenth Century
Father Le Loutre's War began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports on June 21, 1749.[1] By unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mi'kmaq (1726), which were signed after Dummer's War.[2] The British quickly began to build other settlements. To guard against Mi'kmaq, Acadian and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax (1749), Dartmouth (1750), Bedford (Fort Sackville) (1751), Lunenburg (1753) and Lawrencetown (1754).
The history of Bedford began when Governor Edward Cornwallis organised his men and began the construction of a road leading to Minas Basin on the Bay of Fundy after establishing the garrison at Halifax. To protect it, he hired John Gorham (military officer) and his Rangers to erect a fort on the shore of Bedford Basin. It was named Fort Sackville after Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset.[3] The area around the fort became known as Sackville until the mid-1850s when it became Bedford.
In 1752, among the first to receive a large land grant was George Scott in the Fort Sackville area. Joseph Scott, paymaster at the Halifax Garrison in the 1760s received two grants in 1759 and 1765. He built Scott Manor House in 1770.
Nineteenth Century
Twentieth Century
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How To Make Paper From a Tree
Everybody knows that paper is made from trees, bees make honey and ants make sugar (hang on…) but have you ever thought about the actual process that goes into making it?
image2There’s an almost alchemic process to making paper as we know it that has been developed from ancient times when our ancestors would write on a form of paper made from reeds known as papyrus.
First, workers harvest trees, mostly from special tree-growing areas called tree farms. After the trees are removed, more trees are planted in their place. While they are growing, the young trees produce lots of oxygen, and provide great habitat for deer, quail, turkeys and other wildlife.
The logs are transported to the paper company where they get a bath to rinse away dirt and other impurities before being turned into small chips of wood. The chips are then sorted according to size, and moved to the pulping operation, where they will be turned into pulp for making paper.
In the pulping stage, the individual wood fibers in the chips must be separated from one another. This can be accomplished using one or more pulping techniques. The type of paper that’s being made determines the pulping process that is used. The finished pulp looks like a mushy, watery solution. But if you look at it under a microscope, you will see that the individual wood fibers have all been separated.
Now it’s time to make paper out of our pulp. That mainly means getting the water out of the wood-fiber soup, since this papermaking stock is about 99% water. The first area in which this takes place is called the wet end of the papermaking machine.
First, papermakers spray the stock onto a long, wide screen, called a wire. Immediately, water begins to drain out the bottom of the wire. This water is collected so that it can be reused over and over again. Meanwhile, the pulp fibers are caught on the top side of the wire, and begin to bond together in a very thin mat. The fiber mat remaining on the wire is then squeezed between felt-covered press rollers to absorb more of the water.
Even when this wet end work is over, the pulpy stuff on the wire is still about 60% water. But now it’s time for the dry end.
In the dry end, huge metal cylinders are heated by filling them with steam. The wet paper, which can be up to 30 feet wide, passes through these hot rollers – sometimes dozens of them, and often in three to five groups. Heating and drying the wet sheet seals the fibers closer and closer together, turning them gradually from pulp into paper.
When you look at a piece of paper, can you find any difference in thickness in that single sheet? Probably not, thanks to a part of the paper machine called the calender – big, heavy cast iron rollers that press the drying paper smooth and uniform in thickness.
Sometimes the paper is coated, often with fine clay, to make it glossier and easier to print on.
A bit more drying, then rolled onto a big spool or reel, the pulp – a miraculous mat of fibers from trees – has become paper, ready for a thousand different uses.
Picture from
Edited from an artivcle – paper college
Posted in Discussion, Industry / Legislation Changes, Introduction, Priory Press Tagged with:
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posted by .
why are karyotypes important tools for genetics?
• science -
Karyotypes are pictures of a cell's chromosomes taken when they are the most visible (most condensed). The picture is then edited so that all of the chromosomes are oriented in the same direction, paired up, and then sorted into the correct numerical order.
A karyotype can easily reveal chromosomal abnormalities, such as missing a chromosome (such as in Turner syndrome), having an extra chromosome (as in trisomy 21), or others (having a deletion of part of a chromosome, a transversion, etc.)
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Narrative Techniques in "Wuthering Heights"
"Wuthering Heights" is Emily Bronte's only novel, and it tells the tale of star-crossed lovers Catherine and Heathcliff. Catherine refuses to be with Heathcliff because he is poor, so Heathcliff goes off to win his fortune, only to return home to find her married to Edgar. The novel employs a complex narrative structure to tell this tale, which winds on for many decades and includes many plot twists and turns along the way.
Multiple Narrators
The novel employs two primary narrators: Lockwood and Nelly. Lockwood is Heathcliff's tenant in the present day, and he wants to learn more about the mysterious man. His narration provides a frame narrative for the story. Lockwood learns the back story of Heathcliff, Catherine and the other residents of Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange from the housekeeper, Nelly. Her narration provides the internal narrative, which is focused in the past. Other characters provide important narration through their dialogue to Nelly. By using Lockwood as the external narrator, Bronte creates some distance from the events. Then, when introducing Nelly's narrative, supported by the other characters' narratives, the novel takes on the tone of a stage drama. All of the narrators are considered unreliable, creating more intrigue around the suspenseful story.
Multiple Narratives
In addition to using multiple narrators, the novel also uses multiple narrative devices. For example, Catherine provides significant narration through her diary, as does Isabella in a letter that she writers to Nelly. Each of these devices allows the characters to provide extensive, first-person narration, which gives important intimate details about the story. Catherine's narration reveals her conflicted feelings about Heathcliff, showing his softer side. Meanwhile, Isabella's letter reveals the lengths to which Heathcliff will go for revenge, revealing his darker nature. These internal narrative devices help to provide more nuance into the already complex series of events.
Time Shift
The shift between Lockwood and Nelly's narratives also represents a shift between past and present. The novel starts in the present day, when Heathcliff appears to be an irredeemable and evil man and Catherine is only a ghost, whether just haunting Heathcliff's mind or physically haunting the manor, as he suggests. By starting in the present day, the novel shows just how desperate the situation has become. The reader knows from the start that the story will not end happily. This creates suspense about how the events will unfold.
Gloomy Setting
The choice of setting is another significant narrative technique. The moors are dark, stormy and gloomy, which reflects the tone of the story. The novel begins and ends with gloomy circumstances. There are few moments of levity throughout, and even those are overshadowed by a sense of foreboding, such as Catherine knowing that she will never marry Heathcliff, even though she loves him. The narrative's interior is just as stormy as the moors outside.
About the Author
Photo Credits
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Friday, July 29, 2011
Fun Math Game: "Bizz-Buzz" (Practicing Common Multiples)
"Bizz-Buzz" is a more challenging version of "Buzz" and would be a good activity for students who've already mastered that game.
The same rules of that game apply to "Bizz-Buzz," only this time, students will be given two numbers. When the group counts and one student reaches a multiple of the first number, they will say "bizz" instead. As in the first game, when a student reaches a multiple of the second number, they will say "buzz" instead. When a student reaches a common multiple of both numbers, they will say "bizz-buzz!"
For instance, let's say your target numbers are 4 and 7. When the group is going around counting, any student who is supposed to say 4, 8, 12, 16, etc. will say "bizz" instead of those numbers. If a student is supposed to say 7, 14, 21, etc. when it is their turn, they will say "buzz." The student who is supposed to say 28, however, should say "bizz-buzz."
Just like in the first game, if any student misses saying either "bizz," "buzz" or "bizz-buzz" at the correct time (or takes a long pause to figure out when they should say it), the entire group has to begin their counting over again with 1. Counting continues as long as students say the right numbers or terms.
As you can see, "Bizz-Buzz" is a good way to practice common multiples, mental math and cooperative learning. It may be difficult at first to keep up with the numbers mentally, but that's what makes it fun!
Give it a try and see how your class likes it!
1 comment:
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The Modern Missionary Movement Started in Colonial Times
by Tamera Lynn Kraft
America is well known for the modern missionary movement. The missionary movement is credited with starting in the mid 1800s during the Second Great Awakening, but it really began with a 100 year prayer movement in colonial times. The people who started this movement were called the Moravians.
In 1727, a group of Moravians in Saxony started a round the clock prayer meeting that lasted 110 years. By 1737, Moravians had settled in Savannah, Georgia to share the Gospel. At this time, they met John Wesley, from the first Great Awakening and had a profound impact on his ministry.
In 1741, the Moravians moved to an estate owned by John Whitfield, another preacher from the Great Awakening, and started ministering to the Delaware Indians in the region. They established the towns of Bethlehem and Nazareth in Pennsylvania and moved throughout the colonies sharing the Gospel wherever they went.
Schoenbrunn Village
By 1772, the Delaware were being pushed into Ohio, and the Moravians followed them. They set up two villages there, one in Schoenbrunn and one in Gnadenhutten. They risked great dangers, not only from the other tribes, but from the British forces once the Revolutionary War began. The British accused the Moravians of informing the colonialist about troop movements, a charge that was mostly true.
The Moravians finally abandoned their villages to move on to avoid clashes with the British. That fall, a group of converted Delaware returned to Gnadenhutten to harvest their crops. They were massacred by American soldiers who mistakenly thought they were raiders.
There aren’t that many Moravian in the United States today although there are clusters of congregations in Ohio, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Georgia. There are also some areas in Canada with large Moravian populations. Moravians in America moved on to evangelize other parts of the world. The largest groups of Moravians now live in East Africa and the Caribbean. They left their mark on America though through their missionary endeavors and paved the way for other missionaries.
100 Steps to Freedom
by Tamera Lynn Kraft
John Parker’s Foundry
John Rankin’s House in Ripley, Ohio
Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote her famous novel, “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”, about the escape of the slave, Eliza, after hearing the story from Rev. Rankin.
How Camp Meetings Ushered in the Second Great Awakening
by Tamera Lynn Kraft
The year was 1800. Within the last 30 years, the United States had become a nation, adopted a Constitution. Within the last year, it had elected its second president, John Adams. An unusual church service in Red River, Kentucky near the border of Tennessee ushered in a move of God called the Second Great Awakening that would sweep the nation for years to come.
A series of meetings was organized in June by Presbyterian minister James
McGready, and many Presbyterian and Methodists ministers took part. Because
many other congregations located along Muddy River and Gasper River planned to
attend, it was decided the meeting would be held outside near the Red River
Meeting House. This was the first “camp meeting” reportedly held in the United
The services were well attending and were like many revival meetings of the time. On the last day of services, as William Hodge was preaching, a woman stood and started shouting praises to God. Soon others joined her. The service ended, but nobody was willing to leave. Mr. Hodge, according to an account by Methodist minister, John McGee, “felt such a power come on him that he quit his seat and sat down in the floor of the pulpit.” At that point McGee began to tremble, and the congregation started weeping. Revival broke out as people started shouting, and the floor was covered with those who had been slain in the Spirit (an occurrence where people are overwhelmed by God and can no longer stand).
A letter from McGready described the service.
“In June, the sacrament was administered at Red River. This was the greatest time we had ever seen before. On Monday multitudes were struck down under awful conviction; the cries of the distressed filled the whole house. There you might see profane swearers, and sabbath breakers pricked to the heart, and crying out, ‘what shall we do to be saved?’ There frolicers, and dancers crying for mercy. There you might see little children of ten, eleven and twelve years of age, praying and crying for redemption, in the blood of Jesus, in agonies of distress. During this sacrament, and until the Tuesday following, ten persons we believe, were savingly brought home to Christ.”
After the Red River Camp Meeting, other meetings were held where people would travel long distances and camp at the site. Camp Meetings spread throughout Kentucky, Tennessee, and Southern Ohio in what became known as the Revival of 1800. McGready travelled well into October where even bad weather didn’t keep people away.
Rankin House
John Rankin also started camp meetings into Tennessee and North Carolina with many of the same results. Later he settled in Ripley, Ohio where he conducted an underground railroad station from his house. He claimed over 1,000 escaped slaves that made their way to freedom went through his home.
In 1801, Methodist preacher Barton Stone attended one of the camp meetings near Red River. He decided to organize his own camp meeting in Cane Ridge, Kentucky in 1801. 20,000 people attended, and again, revival broke out. Over the next year, more than 10,000 people visited Cane Ridge services where unusual moves of God were reported.
One feature of these camp meeting revivals was the presence and conversion of blacks, many of whom were slaves. Women, children, and blacks were also allowed to participate as exhorters, lay people who preached impromptu sermons encouraging others.
Abolitionists in Colonial America
by Tamera Lynn Kraft
Most people think abolitionism didn’t really come to be until the early 1800, but abolitionist views in America started almost as early as slavery in America.
The first Africans that came to America, according to some historians, were sold to Jamestown colonists in 1619 as indentured servants although some say there were already Africans there. The twenty men had been stolen from a Portuguese slave ship and were allowed land and freedom when there period of service was done, but by the 1630s, some colonists were keeping African servants for life. John Punch, in 1640, was the first documented indentured for life servant. In 1662, the law recognized slavery and instituted statutes that any children born would follow the status of their mother making it so children could be born slaves.
The first dispute against this practice was that Christians could not own their brothers in Christ. If a slave was baptized in the faith, he had to be freed. In 1667, the General Assembly outlawed freedom by baptism. By 1705, an array of slave codes were enacted, and half of the labor force in Virginia. In the 1620s, the Dutch West India Company introduced slavery to New England, and be 1700, slavery was established as an institution there as well.
Even though slavery was being established in the colonies, there was a movement growing to end the practice. Throughout the 17th century, many evangelicals and Quakers came out against slavery. As early as 1688, four Quakers in Germantown signed a protest against the practice of slavery and made their case that the practice was not Christian and against Biblical precepts. In the 1730s and 1740s, during the Great Awakening, preachers decried owning slaves as sin.
During the American Revolution, Moravian and Quaker preachers convinced over a thousand slave owners to free their slaves. The newly formed states debated whether to allow slavery to continue. It was finally decided to outlaw the slave trade within twenty years and allow each state to decide for itself. The economy in the South was also encouraging freedom for slaves. Planters were shifting from labor-intensive tobacco to mixed-crop cultivation and needed fewer workers.
After the American Revolution, northern states gradually outlawed slavery. In 1808, the United States criminalized the slave trade and outlawed any new slaves being brought to America. If it hadn’t been for Eli Whitney’s cotton gin patent in 1794, slavery may have only been a footnote in history. The cotton gin overnight made the practice of slavery profitable. We’ll never know if the invention had been delayed twenty years, if that would have ended slavery. Either way, it didn’t end abolitionism. The abolitionist movement that started in Colonial times would continue to grow until a war forced the end of slavery in the United States.
The First Independence Day
by Tamera Lynn Kraft
On June 7th, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, representative from Virginia, made a resolution in the Continental Congress. He proposed, “Resolved: That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved.”
The resolution was postponed until July 1st to give the delegates a chance to convince the colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and South Carolina to vote yes on the resolution.
On June 11th, Congress commission five men to write a declaration listing grievances against the king of England and to declare the United States of America to be an independent nation. Those five men were Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston. Thomas Jefferson was considered the most elegant writer of the five and was elected to write the document. He finished it on June 28th, and it was submitted for review.
On July 1st, debate on Lee’s resolution began. The Congress decided that any resolution for independence should be unanimous, and the vote was postponed a day. The next day, the resolution was passed with every state but New York voted yes. New York abstained from the vote.
The Declaration of Independence was accepted on July 4th. Later that evening, the liberty bell rang out in celebration. 200 copies were ordered to be made called the Dunlap Broadsides. The first real Independence Day celebration that year took place on July 8th when the document was read in the square in Philadelphia. A few days later, it was read to General Washington’s troops.
The next year, the day was celebrated with picnics and fireworks, a tradition that continues to this day.
Congress established Independence Day as a holiday in 1870, but it didn’t become a legal federal holiday until 1941 when Congress passed the law. Even before the law was passed, Adam’s vision of Independence Day became a reality every year since our Independence was declared.
Read The Declaration of Independence
by Tamera Lynn Kraft
American history is no longer studying in school, so many people don’t understand what is so special about our founding document. For those who haven’t read it, here is the text of
The Declaration of Independence.
• For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
• For imposing taxes on us without our consent:
Attested, CHARLES THOMSON, Secretary
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
New York
North Carolina
South Carolina
New Jersey
10 Reasons the USA Should be Celebrated
by Tamera Lynn Kraft
The United States of America has a unique history and heritage that most other nations haven’t shared. Whether you call it exceptionalism or something else, America is special and should be celebrated for its differences. At this time in history, we are divided as a nation in a way we haven’t been since the Civil War, yet I believe America will survive and thrive. Here are some of the things to be proud of this 4th of July.
The United States was birthed out of a revival. While other nations’ origins were born out of class warfare, overthrowing dictators, and bloody overthrows, America fought a civilized Revolutionary War in comparison. A few years earlier, men like Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, and the Wesley brothers had led the colonies into a untied nation under God during the First Great Awakening. Our founding fathers were affected by this revival and many were strong Christians. The day of the vote on Independence, the Continental Congress all got on their knees and prayed for God’s guidance.
The United States First Amendment guarantees the rights to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of press, and freedom of assembly. This amendment has been assaulted in recent years, but it is the bedrock of why we remain a free society.
The United States has a peaceful transfer of power. Other nations also have this, but many don’t. We are guaranteed that every four years there will be an honest election and the leaders will abide by the will of the people whether they like it or not. It doesn’t matter if you like this president or the last one, you can rest easy that there will not be a coup. The Constitution put this in play, but it was initiated before that when our first president, George Washington, refused to become king.
The United States is a democratic republic. Many people don’t understand this or believe the USA is a democracy. We are a democracy, but we are also a republic. That means that although leaders are chosen by majority vote, we don’t have mob rule. Every person, every minority, is represented and protected.
The United States has a balance of powers. Our government moves slowly because of this, but it essential to our form of government and prevents dictatorship. When it works correctly, the Congress makes the laws, the President enforces the laws, and the Supreme Court interprets the laws. The US Constitution is above every branch of the government and has kept us from straying from our origins.
The United States is the strongest nation on Earth. When it comes to military power, financial power, and innovation, the US is the strongest nation. We could use that strength to conquer, but instead, we use that strength to protect and serve.
The United States has benefitted the quality of life everywhere. Because of the structure of freedom in our DNA, the US has been a leader in industry, medicine, innovation, creativity, and innovation. We gave the world electric lights, movies, computers, and airplanes. We were the only nation to put a human being on the moon. Our scientists are some of the best in the world.
The United States has the best medical treatment in the world. While debates are going on in Congress about medical insurance, remember how medical technology and innovation is stronger in the US than any other country. People who can afford it come to the US for medical treatment. We have shared that technology with other nations and have been instrumental in the fight against aides, ebola, and other epidemics.
The United States learns from its mistakes. America isn’t perfect, but no nation is. We have made mistakes. Slavery, prejudice, and our treatment of indigenous people are some of them. Yet with each generation, we strive to learn from the mistakes of the past and correct them.
The United States is great because it is good. In the 1800s, Alexis de Tocqueville toured America and said, “America is great because she is good. If America ceases to be good, America will cease to be great.” While this statement is being worn thin, America is still good in many ways. America and Americans go overseas every year to help people in other nations. We give more money and man power to help in natural disasters than any other nation. Missionaries all over the world feed the hungry, cloth the poor, treat the sick, and care for orphans. In this country, when we become aware of a need, there is an outpouring to meet it. Not everyone in America is good, but there is a remnant that is still good.
For these reasons and more, America has been a beacon of hope drawing people from all over the world. We have reason to be proud to be Americans, so let’s celebrate.
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climate science
As tonnes of radioactive water continue to spew out of Reactor Number l at Fukushima, there’s no argument from the scientific community about the spread of these poisonous substances across the Pacific Ocean.
More research into whether Fukushima radioactive pollutants are responsible for warming seawater temperatures which are proving disastrous to sea lion pups, seabirds, dolphins, turtles, and sea stars, demonstrates an alarming picture.
Millions of sea stars up and down the west coast of North America have died, reduced to mounds of white goo. Sea stars it turns out, are sentinels for radionuclides- nuclear waste. 20 years ago, the US government gave money to researchers to study the impact of long lived radionuclides which might leak from Russian nuclear waste in the Arctic.
The study was to assess the extent to which sea stars ( and other similar species) accumulate radioisotopes and can be used as bio-indicators of released radioactive wastes. Yet in spite of this evidence, the US government has made no connection between the massive loss of millions of sea stars and the spread long living radioactive isotopes from Fukushima into the Pacific Ocean.
Results of experiments so far have indicated that sea stars can accumulate diverse radionuclides making them “ very effective bioindicators of any released radionuclides from disposed radioactive waste.”
As one scientist is reported saying :- “ I was surprised to see not only how many individual sea stars were dying, but also how many different species. Later, I learned the entire western U.S. was actually affected – that was very shocking.”
Earlier this year, dead sea stars washed up on the coast of Wales. Thousands of sea stars washed up on a stretch of a Welsh beach. Between 2008 and 2012, Sellafield a nuclear reprocessing site, close to the village of Seascale on the coast of the Irish Sea in Cumbria, England had legally spewed 13 trillion becquerels into the Irish Sea by pipeline.
The world experienced record breaking ocean temperatures in 2014, and for the first time, these increases were NOT due to El Nino. And although it is extremely difficult to reach definitive conclusions about the cause (s) of the astonishing increase in seawater temperatures – the lack of any major research into the impacts of Fukushima radioactive pollutant releases on the Pacific Ocean are nothing short of a crime against nature.
As one scientist says:- “Fukushima makes the Pacific Ocean a radioactive garbage dump.”
As if the evidence of warming seawater temperatures which could be attributable to Fukushima radiation spreading across the Pacific Ocean, some experts are saying that the major drought in California could also be due to Fukushima. A high pressure weather ridge may link drought to a radioactive Pacific Ocean.
Yoichi Shimatsu, former editor of the Japan Times Group, has visited Fukushima since the disaster and reported about it extensively. He argues that since the Fukushima meltdown, there have been too many freakish weather trends and events to blame on anthropogenic global warming alone.
The avoidance of any mention, much less research, into radiation effects on weather, is leaving North American communities unprepared and defenceless against the lethal onslaught, which has probably already doomed many marine and coastal species while contaminating the food supply for the human population.
Another observer notes that Fukushima radioactive contamination is rapidly warming North Pacific seawater, which have created a high pressure ridge off the west coast and influenced the climate in North America.
The contaminated water will not move out for many years, but decay heat release will continue, so look for Pacific sea surface temperatures to keep increasing and the California drought to continue.”
Ocean currents and air currents are changing and we have no way of knowing whether the Australian coastline is impacted by Fukushima.
Just in case you may think this post is not relevant to Australia, particularly the east coast which is the other side of the Pacific Ocean, warming seawater temperatures off south-east Australia are through the roof.
Around four times the global average.
The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage cannot be protected unless scientists, governments, mainstream media, commercial fishermen, tourism, conservation groups and other entities relying on a healthy Reef are made aware of the global risks of ongoing releases of radioactive pollutants from Fukushima continue.
The public has a right to be informed about the real extent of damage which Fukushima has caused and continues to cause to life on earth.
Sue Arnold, Editor.
1. Only when the last tree has died
and the last river been poisoned
and the last fish been caught
will we realise we cannot eat money
2. It’s not that these groups don’t know or care, it’s that free trade agreements like TPP and laws like Canada’s Bill C-51 have made us powerless
3. Thank you for your energy and for writing this.. Peace to you.. All I can think to do right now is vote for Bernie Sanders. I know he can’t fix this mess, but he will focus on it as I is part of our lives now. He will pay attention to it and work to do what he can to help. Jane would be all over it as first lady~
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King lear
Essay by eradicator_01 December 2002
download word file, 4 pages 3.7
Blindness in a Different Light in Shakespeare's King Lear
Under normal circumstances and in the simplest terms, one might
William Shakespeare's tragedy King Lear, blindness is a word that
means so much more than just a physical flaw. Rather, King Lear
can serve to show that the term applies also to one's ability to
use reason in a logical process of thought. In particular,
blindness describes some characters' lack of good judgement when
it comes to seeing another for whom they really are. King Lear,
Gloucester and Albany are three prime examples of characters who
suffered most due to being blind. Lear was unmistakenably the
blindest of these. It would be fair to say that because Lear was
King, the reader should expect him to have outstanding reasoning
skills. Unfortunately, as the story progressed it became clear
that his lack of insight prevented him from making the right
decisions. This flaw would lead to the eventual downfall of Lear.
The first apparent mistake came when Lear allowed himself to be
fooled by Regan and Goneril, and gave to them his throne. The two
did not love him at all. Lear never understood the depth of
Cordelia's love for him. He banished his only daughter from the
kingdom without giving any real thought to what she had said.
Lear did say to his only true daughter; ".....for we/ have no
such daughter, nor shall we ever see/ that face of hers again.
Therefore be gone/ without our grace, our love, our benison."
(Shakespeare 1, 1. 262-265)
Blindness can also be cited for the reason that Lear would banish
Kent, a very faithful follower of his. Kent tried to...
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Frida Kahlo "Frida Kahol." Enclyclopedia Britannica, 2017. Britannica School. Accessed 20 Mar. 2017.
Frida Kahlo is from the country of Mexico, and she is known as a painter. She is famous for her many self portaits that often show her in pain from her many surgeries. Other than a few basic art classes that she took while she was a student Kahlo was basically a self taught artist. Her art explores her culture and nationalism to Mexico. After her death, in 1995 The Diary of Frida Kahlo and The Letters of Frida Kahlo were published. Both books show how Kahlo lived and what she experienced. Lastly, Kahlo was politically active as a communist. In the late 1930's she gave refuge to the exiled Soviet leader Leon Trotsky.
Eight Themes of World History
Two of the eight themes that Frida Kahlo can relate to is cultural interaction and religion. This is because Kahlo was an artist. In her art she explored her identity as a Mexican women and artist. Often times in her art there would be religious and cultural symbol incorperated into the painting. She tried to capture Mexican culture in her artwork. Lastly, after her trip to the United States Kahlo said that her nationalism towards Mexico strengthed.
Quote by Frida Kahlo
"At the end of the day, we can endure much more than we think we can" This quote relates to frida Kahlo because she was hit by a bus and underwent three dozen operations, however she endured it all and lived to create beautiful pieces of art work that express her and Mexican culture.
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History of Panama (1821–1903)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Part of a series on the
History of Panama
Coat of arms of Panama
Flag of Panama.svg Panama portal
Panama thus became part of Colombia, then governed under the 1821 Constitution of Cúcuta, and was designated a department with two provinces, Panamá and Veraguas. With the addition of Ecuador to the liberated area, the whole country became known as Gran Colombia. Panama sent a force of 700 men to join Simón Bolívar in Peru, where the Peruvian War of Independence continued.
Despite the sweeping implications of the Monroe Doctrine, President John Quincy Adams—in deciding to send delegates to the Panama conference—was not disposed to obligate the United States to defend its southern neighbors. Adams instructed his delegates to refrain from participating in deliberations concerning regional security and to emphasize discussions of maritime neutrality and commerce. Nevertheless, many members of the United States Congress opposed participation under any conditions. By the time participation was approved, the delegation had no time to reach the conference. The British and Dutch sent unofficial representatives.
The Congress of Panama, which convened in June and adjourned in July 1826, was attended by four American states—Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Peru. The Treaty of Union, League, and Perpetual Confederation drawn up at that congress would have bound all parties to mutual defense and to the peaceful settlement of disputes. Furthermore, because some feared that monarchical elements sympathetic to Spain and its allies might regain control of one of the new republics, the treaty included a provision that if a member state substantially changed its form of government, it would be excluded from the confederation and could be readmitted only with the unanimous consent of all other members.
The California gold rush and the railroad[edit]
Even before the United States acquired California after the Mexican–American War (1846–48), many heading for California used the isthmus crossing in preference to the long and dangerous wagon route across the vast plains and rugged mountain ranges. Discovery of gold in 1848 increased traffic greatly. In 1847 a group of New York City financiers organized the Panama Railroad Company. This company secured an exclusive concession from Colombia allowing construction of a crossing, which might be by road, rail, river, or a combination. After surveys, a railroad was chosen, and a new contract so specifying was obtained in 1850. The railroad track followed generally the line of the present canal. The first through train from the Atlantic to the Pacific side ran on the completed track on January 28, 1855.
The gold rush traffic, even before the completion of the railroad, restored Panama's prosperity. Between 1848 and 1869, about 375,000 persons crossed the isthmus from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and 225,000 crossed in the opposite direction. Prices for food and services were greatly inflated, producing enormous profits from meals and lodging.
The railroad also created a new city and port at the Atlantic terminus of the line. The town that immediately sprang up to accommodate the railroad offices, warehouses, docks, and shops and to lodge both railroad workers and passengers soon became, and remains, the second largest in the country. United States citizens named it Aspinwall, after one of the founders of the Panama Railroad Company, but the Panamanians christened it Colón, in honor of Columbus. Both names were used for many years, but because the Panamanians insisted that no such place as Aspinwall existed and refused to deliver mail so addressed, the name Colón prevailed.
The gold rush and the railroad also brought the United States "Wild West" to the isthmus. The forty-niners tended to be an unruly lot, usually bored as they waited for a ship to California, frequently drunk, and often armed. Many also displayed prejudice verging on contempt for other races and cultures. The so-called Watermelon War of 1856, in which at least sixteen persons were killed, was the most serious clash of races and cultures of the period.
In 1869 the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed in the United States. This development reduced passenger and freight traffic across the isthmus and diminished the amount of gold and silver shipped east. During the height of the gold rush, however, from 1855 to 1858, only one-tenth of the ordinary commercial freight was destined for or originated in California. The balance concerned trade of the North Americans with Europe and Asia. The railroad company, because of its exceptionally high return on a capitalization that never exceeded US$7 million, paid a total of nearly US$38 million in dividends between 1853 and 1905. Panama received US$25,000 from Colombia's annuity and benefited from transient trade and some inflow of capital.
The uncompleted French canal[edit]
The spillover from Colombia's civil strife[edit]
During the last half of the nineteenth century, violent clashes between the supporters of the Liberal and Conservative parties in Colombia left the isthmus' affairs in constant turmoil. Local self-government for the department of Panama was extended when the Liberals were in power and withdrawn when the Conservatives prevailed. The Catholic Church was disestablished under the Liberals and reestablished under the Conservatives. The fortunes of local partisans rose and fell abruptly and often violently.
Between 1863 and 1886, the isthmus had twenty-six presidents. Coup d'état, rebellions, and violence were almost continuous, staged by troops of the central government, by local citizens against centrally imposed edicts, and by factions out of power. The chaotic conditions that had prevailed under the federalist constitution of 1863 culminated in the 1884 election of Rafael Núñez as president of Colombia, supported by a coalition of moderate Liberals and Conservatives. Núñez called all factions to participate in a new constituent assembly, but his request was met by an armed revolt of the radical Liberals.
Early in 1885, the Panama crisis of 1885 took place. A revolt headed by a radical Liberal general and centered in Panama City developed into a three-way fight. Colón was virtually destroyed. United States forces landed at the request of the Colombian government but were too late to save the city from being burned. Millions of dollars in claims were submitted by companies and citizens of the United States, France, and Britain, but Colombia successfully pleaded its lack of responsibility.
Additional United States naval forces occupied both Colón and Panama City and guarded the railroad to ensure uninterrupted transit until Colombian forces landed to protect the railroad. The new constitution of 1886 established the Republic of Colombia as a unitary state, with departments were distinctly subordinate to the central government. Panama was singled out as subject to the direct authority of the government. The United States consul general reported that three-quarters of the Panamanians wanted independence from Colombia and would revolt if they could get arms and be sure of freedom from United States intervention.
Throughout the period of turmoil, the United States had retained its interest in building a canal through either Nicaragua or Panama. An obstacle to this goal was overcome in December 1901 when the United States and Britain signed the Hay–Pauncefote Treaty. This treaty nullified the provisions of the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty of 1850 and signified British acceptance of a canal constructed solely by or under the auspices of the United States with guarantees of neutrality.
The 1903 treaty and qualified independence[edit]
Naval operations during the Spanish–American War (1898–1901) served to convince U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States needed to control a canal somewhere in the Western Hemisphere. This interest culminated in the Spooner Bill of June 29, 1902, providing for a canal through the isthmus of Panama, and the Hay–Herrán Treaty of January 22, 1903, under which Colombia gave consent to such a project in the form of a 100-year lease on an area 10 kilometers wide. This treaty, however, was not ratified in Bogotá, and the United States, determined to construct a canal across the isthmus, intensively encouraged the Panamanian separatist movement.
With financial assistance arranged by Philippe Bunau-Varilla, a French national representing the interests of Lesseps's company, the native Panamanian leaders conspired to take advantage of United States interest in a new regime on the isthmus. In October and November 1903, the revolutionary junta, with the protection of United States naval forces, carried out a successful uprising against the Colombian government. Acting, paradoxically, under the Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty of 1846 between the United States and Colombia—which provided that United States forces could intervene in the event of disorder on the isthmus to guarantee Colombian sovereignty and open transit across the isthmus—the United States prevented a Colombian force from moving across the isthmus to Panama City to suppress the insurrection.
The rights granted to the United States in the so-called Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty were extensive. They included a grant "in perpetuity of the use, occupation, and control" of a sixteen-kilometer-wide strip of territory and extensions of three nautical miles into the sea from each terminal "for the construction, maintenance, operation, sanitation, and protection" of an isthmian canal.
• This article incorporates text from the public domain Library of Congress Panama country study.
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Philosophy Lexicon of Arguments
One, number 1: in modern logic it is not possible to introduce the number one directly. It must be introduced indirectly, via existential quantification ("for at least one x ...") and universal quantification ("for all x ..."). In addition, identity is needed. See also definition, identity, logic, elementary logic, number theory, numbers.
Author Item Excerpt Meta data
Books on Amazon
I 110
0/1/zero /one/numbersn/Frege: 0 is the object which falls under the term "equal to 0" - so a object (zero) falls under the concept - because an object falls under the concept, the concept is the number one (1 object, zero). - in contrast 0: no object falls under the term "equal to 0 but not equal to 0" - hence, 0 is the number which belongs to the concept.
G. Frege
Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik Stuttgart 1987
G. Frege
Funktion, Begriff, Bedeutung Göttingen 1994
G. Frege
Logische Untersuchungen Göttingen 1993
> Counter arguments against Frege
Ed. Martin Schulz, access date 2017-08-18
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Earth Imaging Journal: Remote Sensing, Satellite Images, Satellite Imagery
Breaking News
Dewberry To Lead Lidar Project Covering Six Areas in Northern California
September 15, 2014
Investigating Sunglint Science
If you look frequently at satellite imagery or astronaut photography, you’ve probably noticed bright patches of light that can make certain bodies of water gleam with unusual color. As shown in the examples at left, that gleam is caused by sunglint, an optical phenomenon that occurs when sunlight reflects off the surface of water at the same angle a satellite sensor views it. The result is a mirror-like specular reflection of sunlight off the water and back at the satellite sensor or astronaut.
Although sunglint washes out many features, it also reveals details about the water and atmospheric circulation that may be hidden. In the accompanying images, sunglint exposed wakes caused by north and northwest winds that roughened and smoothed the water surface behind Crete and the other islands.
Notice the strips of sunglint in this mosaic. The data were collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite on July 3, 2014. The combination of sunglint, wind patterns and island shapes around Crete and the Aegean islands made for a particularly spectacular scene that day, as shown in the top image.
The islands create a sort of wind shadow—blocking, slowing and redirecting air flow. That wind, or lack of it, piles up waves and choppy water in some places and calms the water surface in others, changing how light is reflected.
Although sunglint often produces visually stunning images, the phenomenon can create problems for remote sensing scientists because it obscures features that usually are visible. As a result, researchers have developed several methods to screen sunglint-contaminated imagery out of data archives.
Despite the challenges posed by sunglint, the phenomenon does offer some unique scientific opportunities. It makes it easier, for instance, to detect oil on water surfaces, whether it’s from natural oil seeps or human-caused oil spills. This is because a layer of oil smooths water surfaces.
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On The Path to Lasting Change
Notes on the Populist Movement (circa. 1850-1900)
The Populist Movement grew out of the Farmer’s Alliance and alliances between them and Railway Unions. For the Farmers the need to come together cooperatively grew from the unfair and unscrupulous practices of monopolized banks, monopolized transportation and equipment companies, and their ties with and cooperation of Government. In every business direction a farmer turned, he faced the squeeze of his limited money. It is worth noting that during this period greenbacks (printed paper monies) were in high demand as the U.S. population grew rapidly, yet no new money entered into the system.
Ways the farmer was squeezed for money: Typically, in a farming town in the Midwest or in the South one or two wealthy individuals who had a monopoly on the different aspects of the farming business such as owning the land, bank, farming supply; seed, jute bags, weighing, equipment, and the general store. Farmer’s could get various necessities on credit, loaned out with exorbitantly high interests rates (25%). Farmers would have liens placed on their properties and eventually would see them repossessed. The Government regulated prices a farmer could get for his grain etc, however, monopolized railway companies could charge as much as they wished to transport those grains.
Farmers allied as many aspects of business as possible in order to buy and sell together to get the best prices on both ends.
As the Alliance grew, the Movement became political realizing that for true liberty they must change the way government favors wealthy Robber Barons. In the Midwest the Alliances fought to include Negroes, however, this was a harder battle in the South. Faced with just as much resistance for equality the South began to give way. One of the reasons was that Negroes generally did not own their land; conflicts arose within the Alliance when Black farm laborers would strike for higher wages – they were striking against farm owner members of the Alliance. In addition, in the Railways, they chose not to allow Black railroad employees into their Unions. When the Railway Union called for a strike and the boycott of Pullman cars, they did not have the support from the multitudes of Black laborers and therefore lost effectiveness.
Playing to a two party political system, the Democratic Party eventually absorbed the Populist Party.
There is much learned from the Populist Movement that grew out of the Farmers Alliance. Hypothetically speaking, if I were to form a movement I would be weary of affiliating or having too many ideological roots with the Populists. Digging for the truth, in this case, involves discovering not only the purpose of such an association; understanding why it came to be in the first place, but also how it evolved. And especially if its existence is not noted in recent history; understanding why an organization created to defend the equal and fair treatment of the working class no longer exists. Reasons I give are simple on their surface; however, grow more complex when contemplating man’s existence as being in constant flux; ever evolving towards that which is unclear for most of us.
Historians site a Populist backlash, one can say, brought on by the Populist. Early on leaders of the Alliance sought to include Blacks in its mission statement and member ranks. However, as the Alliance grew out of the more liberal Midwest, using the terms more and liberal loosely, and progressed into the South, they faced a population still struggling with their Civil War defeat, the end of Slavery, and Blacks as equals; the white male ego had a strong hold of its notion of superiority. The tenacious South refused black equality. The eviction of White tenants of the crop-lien system replaced with black tenants, caused racial tensions to ignite, and hence alliances between whites and blacks eventually withered. Recall most Blacks and poor Whites were laborers or tenant farmers (Sharecroppers) a legalized form of slavery. This modus operandi would never be a way to improve one’s life; this system never meant to profit the tenant, it kept him in a circle of credit and debt; always owing to the Owner, “The Man”.
White men like Tom Watson of the Georgian Populists sought racial equality, at first. (“You are kept apart that you may be separately fleeced of your earnings…” A People’s History of the United States. H. Zinn, p291) But as Watson came against uncomfortable opposition he eventually became a supporter of racism. Now, as the Alliance became the Populist Party, this want of racism, the belief that all men are not created equal, became a playing card for the Democrats. The Democrats knowing that many of the Farmer’s were good ole’ boys of the South, still hanging on to the hatred of racism, used this to sway farmers away from the Populists Party. Eventually voting laws put into place kept Black citizens out of the voting process. However, these same devices – the requirement of land ownership, poll taxes, and literacy tests, also worked against the poorest of whites, and that was no oversight.
You see the Alliance and hence the Populist Party was a chance to align the desires of, in contemporary terms, Upper Middle, Middle, and Poor Classes – both black and white – against the monopoly of the rich elite who had the government’s cooperation. Howard Zinn in his epic history book “A People’s History of the United States”, states that the Democratic Party played on the racism that they knew already existed amongst farmers of the Populist Party, winning them away from the Alliance. And if you consider the terms Modernity and Post Modernity (et.al.) to demarcate times of notable human evolving, you can see in the Declaration of Independence and the Declaration’s influence American Constitution’s Bill of Rights claims of equality both the growth and limitations of human’s thoughts and feelings. “All men are created equal…” excluded women and people of color considered with no higher regard than a farm mule.
This documented contemplation of equality amongst humans is a point in the evolution of our thoughts and feelings, however, as an exclusionary device shows the limitations of this advance. But if these men had not been so forth right in their ignorance, spelling it out in the Declaration and later in the Constitution, instead of letting it exist as an unspoken doctrine – would we then have had something so specific to aim our desires of evolving further? Real history documents that before the ink was even dry critical voices from women, blacks, and the poor masses arose.
Divested by personal interests the Populist Movement eventually lacked strength in numbers. What could have been an inclusive tour de force representing every working class citizen was whittled down to a small voice in the cacophony of the Democratic Party. The chance to stand as one against the tyranny of aristocratic monopolies was lost to man’s inability to see equality over personal gain. The mind obviously not evolved enough. They failed to see that the wealthy elite had created the room of the Golden Calf with floors bedazzled with emeralds, ceilings clustered with diamonds, and walls of mirrors. The promise of utopia was in that room. They couldn’t understand that just as they were being tempted by all that glitters and promises, and wanted to pass through that door, that others too would want to come in.
The promise room of the Golden Calf isn’t big enough to fit us all. Yet we’ll keep pushing and pushing, because we’re starving outside that door, because everything is devoted to making that room bigger for the ones inside. But there are not enough emeralds and diamonds in the world to grow that room, and those glass mirrors keep shattering from the crush of reality.
Had things gone differently, had the white farmers, tradesmen, and laborers seen the truth – the belief of inequalities bringing about a tiered system of oppression; that their worry was bound with the worry of all people regardless of sex or the color of skin – would this Yoke, that feels here but distant and shrouded, be with us today?
You see this is why the truth was never widely publicized, why the historians hired by the government educated the children of the 19th and 20th Centuries based on a selective history. To do otherwise would have unveiled those shrouded Yokes you are wearing, it would have implied that the country with Lady Liberty as her mascot was just as much an oppressor as any of the regimes we claimed as enemies of liberty, justice, and democracy.
To tell the truth to the people would have awakened them to the fact that working as one we could accomplish as much, but most likely more. Divided, as we were, blinded by hatred and misunderstanding – our weaknesses preyed upon, they knew that they could separate people, convincing them of their individual interests as being something separate from the interest of every American citizen.
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LinkLog: Fermi estimate
In science, particularly in physics or engineering education, a Fermi problem, Fermi question, or Fermi estimate is an estimation problem designed to teach dimensional analysis, approximation, and the importance of clearly identifying one’s assumptions. Named after physicist Enrico Fermi, such problems typically involve making justified guesses about quantities that seem impossible to compute given limited available information.
Fermi was known for his ability to make good approximate calculations with little or no actual data, hence the name. One example is his estimate of the strength of the atomic bomb detonated at the Trinity test, based on the distance travelled by pieces of paper dropped from his hand during the blast.[1] Fermi’s estimate of 10 kilotons of TNT was remarkably close to the now-accepted value of around 20 kilotons, a difference of less than one order of magnitude.
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National Symbols of Myanmar
The national symbols of Myanmar are icons, symbols and other cultural expressions which are seen as representative of the Burmese people. These have been compiled over centuries and are mainly from the Bamar majority, while other ethnic groups also maintain their own symbols. No official codification or de jure recognition exists, but most of these symbols are seen as de facto representative of the Burmese people. The use of much of these symbols was raised during the Konbaung dynasty which ruled Burma from 1761 to 1885.
National flag of Myanmar
National flora of Myanmar
Padauk - The padauk is referred to as the national flower of Myanmar and is associated with the Thingyan period (Burmese New Year, usually mid-April). Unfortunately, it is often mistaken with the Cassia fistula (Ngu-wah), which is the national flower of Thailand.
Thazin - The thazin orchid is another important plant. According to a Burmese poem, during the Konbaung era, the king had the right to claim the first flowering bud of thazin within the realm and any disobediance was punishable by death.
National fauna of Myanmar
Green Peafowl
The Green Peafowl, called the 'Daung' or U-Doung in Burmese, is one of the national animals of Burma. It is strongly associated with the Konbaung monarchy and the anti-colonial nationalist movements and thus is popularly seen as the symbol of the Burmese state. The Dancing peacock, Ka-Doung was used as the symbol of the Burmese monarch and was stamped on the highest denominator coins minted by Burma's last dynasty. Upon independence, it was again featured on Burmese banknotes from 1948 til 1966. The 'Dancing Peacock' also appeared on certain flags of the Konbaung dynasty, British Burma and also the State of Burma which was a collaborationist Japanese client state during the Second World War.
The Chinthe, a leogryph found mainly in front of pagodas and temples, have been promoted by the previous military government as the symbol of state. The Chinthe had been used as a symbol of state, mainly as a supporting figure to the peacock, after independence, but it became more prominent only after 1988 - when it began to appear on almost all denominations of Burmese banknotes and coins (1999). The main throne of the later Konbaung dynasty was the Golden Lion Throne.
White Elephant
The white elephant is another symbol of state associated with the days of the monarchy. Like in neighboring Thailand, the white elephant is revered as a blessing towards the entire country. The importance of the white elephant to Burmese and Theravada culture can be traced to the role which white elephants play in Buddhist cosmology and the Jatakas. Hsinbyushin, the name of a Konbaung King means 'Lord of the White Elephant'.
National food of Myanmar
it is the de facto national dish of Burma. It is a rice noodle dish served with thick fish broth and is generally eaten for breakfast. The main ingredients of the broth are catfish, chickpea flour, lemongrass, banana stem, garlic, onion, ginger and ngapi.
Laphet thoke
It is another symbolic dish of Burma, albeit a snack. It consists of pickled tea leaves soaked in oil eaten with an assortment of fritters including roasted groundnuts, deep fried garlic, sun dried prawns, toasted sesame and deep fried crispy beans. Laphet is served in a traditional 'oat' - a lacquer container with individual compartments for each ingredient. Lahpet was an ancient symbolic peace offering between warring kingdoms in the history of Myanmar, and is exchanged and consumed after settling a dispute.
National Sport of Myanmar
Chinlone is the national sport of Burma. A non-competitive sport, the game focuses on players attempting to exhibit moves designed to prevent the ball from touching the ground, without using their hands. Mandalay is a major centre for playing and learning chinlone.
National Instrument of Myanmar
The Saung or Burmese harp, is the national musical instrument of Burma. Although not used much in modern music, it is seen as the epitome of Burmese culture. It is the only surviving harp in Asia.
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Siege Of Tyre
In 332 BC, Alexander the Great set out to conquer Tyre, a strategic coastal base in the war between the Greeks and the Persians. Unable to storm the city, he blockaded Tyre for seven months, but Tyre held on. Alexander used the debris of the abandoned mainland city to build a causeway and once within reach of the city walls, he used his siege engines to batter and finally breach the fortifications. It is said that Alexander was so enraged at the Tyrians' defense and the loss of his men that he destroyed half the city. According to Arrian the Tyrian losses were about 8,000, while the Macedonians lost 400. Alexander granted pardon to the king and his family, whilst the 30,000 residents and foreigners taken were sold into slavery.
Tyre, the largest and most important city-state of Phoenicia, was located both on the mediterranean coast as well as a nearby Island with two natural harbors on the landward side. The Island laid about half a mile from the coast in Alexander’s day, and its high walls reached 150 feet on the east side of the island. There were approximately 40,000 people in the city, though the women and children were evacuated to Carthage, an ancient Phoenician colony. The Carthaginians also promised to send a fleet to Tyre’s aid. As Alexander did not have much of a navy, he resolved to take the city and thus deny the Persians of their last harbor in the region.
The Mole
Alexander began with an engineering feat that shows the true extent of his brilliance; as he could not attack the city from sea, he built a kilometer-long causeway stretching out to the island on a natural land bridge no more than two meters deep. This mole allowed his artillery to get in range of the walls, and is still there to this day, as it was made of stone. As the work came near the walls, however, the water became much deeper, and the combined attacks from the walls and Tyrian navy made construction nearly impossible. Therefore, Alexander constructed two towers 150 feet high and moved them to the end of the causeway. Like most of Alexander’s siege towers, these were moving artillery platforms, with catapults on the top to clear defenders off of the walls, and ballista below to hurl rocks at the wall and attacking ships. The towers were made of wood, but were covered in rawhide to protect them from fire arrows.
The Blockade
This convinced Alexander that he would be unable to take Tyre without a navy. Fate would soon provide him with one. Presently, the Persian navy returned to find their home cities under Alexander’s control. Since their allegiance was to their city, they were therefore Alexander’s. He now had eighty ships. This coincided with the arrival of another hundred and twenty from Cyprus, which had heard of his victories and wished to join him. With the arrival of another twenty three ships, Alexander had two hundred and twenty three galleys under his command. Alexander then sailed on Tyre and quickly blockaded both ports with his superior numbers. He had several of the slower galleys, and a few barges, refit with battering rams, the only known case of battering rams being used on ships. Finding that large underwater blocks of stone kept the rams from reaching the walls, Alexander had them removed by crane ships. The rams then anchored near the walls, but the Tyrians sent out ships and divers to cut the anchor cables. Alexander responded by replacing them with chains.
The Tyrians tried another brilliant counter attack, yet were not so fortunate this time. They noticed that Alexander returned to the mainland at the same time every afternoon for lunch, at the same time much of his navy did. They therefore attacked at this time, but found Alexander had skipped his afternoon siesta, and was able to quickly counter the sortie.
The Breakthrough
Alexander started testing the wall at various points with his rams, until he made small breach in the south end of the island. He then coordinated an attack across the breach with a bombardment from all sides by his navy. Once his troops forced their way into the city, they easily overtook the garrison, and quickly captured the city. Those citizens that took shelter in the temple of Hercules were pardoned by Alexander, including the king of Tyre. The others, some 30,000 people, were sold into slavery, both because of the length of the siege, and because the Tyrians had executed some captured sailors on the walls.
List of sieges
• 724-720 BC: Assyrian Siege by king Shalmaneser V
• 701 BC: Assyrian Siege by king Sennacherib
• 663 BC: Assyrian Siege by king Ashurbanipal
• 585-570 BC: Babylonian Siege by king Nebuchadnezzar II
• 332 BC: Macedonian Siege by Alexander the Great.
• 1111-1112 AD: By the Crusaders of Baldwin I
See also
Forum Topics
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Information on Tulip Flowers
Tulips flowers, which are perennial bulbs, come in many brilliants shades including red, orange, yellow, purple, pink, white and blended colors. When most people think of tulips, they picture those striking flowers known for blooming in Holland. Although tulips have been grown in the Netherlands as far back as the end of the sixteenth century, they didn't originate there. Tulips actually came from central Asia. They then spread to China, Mongolia and next to Europe. The Turks began cultivating tulips throughout Asia and Persia around 1000 A.D.
While some are large and used around shrubs or in flower beds, others are shorter and usually planted in rock gardens, patios or pathways. They can be star-shaped, oval, pointed, fringed, edged or rounded. According to the Iowa State University Extension, most tulips grow to only 4 to 12 inches high, as their growth can be hindered by so many other plants surrounding them.
Types of Exotic Species
Hybrid tulips are known to be weak and are difficult to establish, so many gardeners prefer tulip species (also called botanical species). Species tulips also return each year and multiply over time. A popular species tulip is the Blue-eyed Wildflower tulip, which grows to only 6 to 8 inches and produces exquisite white blooms with blue centers. Lady Jane is an exceptionally stunning species tulip as it has different flower colors in one tulip. When a Lady Jane is closed, it's pink with a white stripe on the margins of its petals---but when it opens, the flower's pure white center is revealed.
Diseases and Pests
Common diseases that inflict tulips include gray mold and viruses. Tulips also suffer from rotting problems including bulb, stem and root-rot diseases. Pests that bother tulips are aphids such as tulip bulb aphids, foxglove aphids, black bean aphids, green peach aphids and melon aphids. They also battle bulb flies, including the Narcissus bulb fly. Bulb and spider mites, snails and slugs, as well as foliage-feeding caterpillars such as the Omnivores leafier are other common pests.
The Backyard Gardener recommends planting tulips in the fall. These bulbs need time for resting so they can produce stunning flowers. Gardeners in colder climates should plant bulbs in early fall, while those living in more temperate or warmer regions can plant them at the end of autumn. Besides looking breathtaking when grouped together in flower beds, tulips look even more dazzling when they're combined with other bulbs, perennials, annuals or shrubs. For the most dramatic effects, consider a plant's bloom season, height and color.
Because tulips can't grow well in hard-packed soil, it's important to loosen soil before planting tulip bulbs. The Backyard Gardener recommends measuring a tulip bulb's width and then multiplying this figure by three to find the proper planting depth. Species tulips do better in rock gardens and need well-drained soil without much gravel and full sun exposure. Planting in raised beds or on gentle slops assures better drainage.
Keywords: tulip flowers, about tulips, tulip information
About this Author
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About IEDP
About IEDP
Sunday, February 6, 2011
February 7, 1974 - Grenada's Independence Day
This day, February 7, marks the 37th Anniversary of Grenada’s independence from the United Kingdom. Premier, Sir Eric Matthew Gairy, Grenada’s first Prime Minister, led the country into independence. Prior to independence, Grenada became an “Associated State of the United Kingdom” in 1967, which enabled Grenada to be responsible for her own internal affairs, while the UK still remained responsible for Grenada’s defense and foreign affairs.
Every independence day, it is customary for the current Prime Minister and Governor Generals to offer independence messages. Past messages have updated the Grenadian public on increased government social spending, as well as progress related to new policies such as the working Draft of Grenada’s National Strategic Development Plan introduced in 2007 by Prime Minister Keith Mitchell to promote investments in agriculture, health, education, and youth. This year’s independence message by Prime Minister Tillman Thomas focuses on the theme of “Celebrating 37 years through challenging times, with optimism and resilience.” In his message, Prime Minister Thomas calls for Grenadians to unite and tolerate differences among one another in an effort to move forward in the years to come.
Mr. Anthony C. George designed Grenada’s national flag.
The star at the very center of the flag represents the capital of St. George, symbolizing Grenada’s sovereignty and a guiding light for the country. The diagonal lines which divide the flag into three colors radiating from the star symbolize “maximum expansion” to indicate progress and how far Grenadians have come from their colonial past. Red is the most prominent color on the flag signifying national fervor, pride, and aspirations. Yellow symbolizes warmth and Grenada’s beautiful sunshine, while green represents Grenada’s fertile soil and lush vegetation. The left green triangle showcases the Isle of Spice with nutmeg, Grenada’s highly valued export. The gold outer stars convey Grenada’s six parishes which are: St. Andrew, St. George, St. David, St. John, St. Mark, and St. Patrick.
Locals look forward to celebrating Grenada’s independence each year. Calypso and soca music also fill neighborhoods and bars. Grenadian folk dancers express their national pride by wearing green, red, and yellow. Locals decorate the streets for the annual military parade.
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AskDefine | Define conflict
Dictionary Definition
7 a disagreement or argument about something important; "he had a dispute with his wife"; "there were irreconcilable differences"; "the familiar conflict between Republicans and Democrats" [syn: dispute, difference, difference of opinion]
1 be in conflict; "The two proposals conflict!"
2 go against, as of rules and laws; "He ran afould of the law"; "This behavior conflicts with our rules" [syn: run afoul, infringe, contravene]
User Contributed Dictionary
From conflictus, past participle of confligere "to strike together," from com- "together" + fligere "to strike"
Pronunciation 1
• a UK /ˈkɒnflɪkt/, /"kQnflIkt/
• a US , /ˈkɑːnflɪkt/, /"kAnflIkt/
1. A clash or disagreement, often violent, between two opposing groups or individuals.
2. An incompatibility of two things that cannot be simultaneously fulfilled.
She wanted to attend the meeting but there was a conflict in her schedule that day.
clash or disagreement
• Bosnian: konflikt
• Cebuano: away
• Croatian: konflikt
• Czech: střet, konflikt
• Danish: konflikt
• Dutch: conflict, geschil, strijd
• Finnish: konflikti
• French: conflit
• German: Konflikt, Streit
• Hebrew: סכסוך
• Italian: conflitto
• Russian: конфликт
• Serbian:
Cyrillic: конфликт
Roman: konflikt
• Slovak: stret , konflikt
• Spanish: conflicto
• Swedish: konflikt
• Bosnian: konflikt
• Cebuano: dili magkauyon
• Croatian: konflikt
• Danish: konflikt
• Dutch: conflict, tegenstrijdigheid
• Finnish: ristiriita
• French: conflit
• German: Konflikt, Inkompatibilität
• Hebrew: התנגשות , חוסר התאמה
• Italian: incompatibilità
• Russian: конфликт
• Serbian:
Cyrillic: конфликт
Roman: konflikt
• Spanish: discrepancia
Pronunciation 2
• , /kənˈflɪkt/, /k@n"flIkt/
1. In the context of "intransitive|with ‘with’": To be at odds (with); to disagree or be incompatible
2. In the context of "intransitive|with ‘with’": To overlap (with), as in a schedule.
Your conference call conflicts with my conference call. You’ll have to reschedule.
be at odds (with)
overlap with, as in a schedule
Extensive Definition
Conflict is a state of discord caused by the actual or perceived opposition of needs, values and interests. A conflict can be internal (within oneself) or external (between two or more individuals). Conflict as a concept can help explain many aspects of social life such as social disagreement, conflicts of interests, and fights between individuals, groups, or organizations. In political terms, "conflict" can refer to wars, revolutions or other struggles, which may involve the use of force as in the term armed conflict. Without proper social arrangement or resolution, conflicts in social settings can result in stress or tensions among stakeholders.
Conflict as taught for graduate and professional work in conflict resolution (which can be win-win, where both parties get what they want, win-lose where one party gets what they want, or lose-lose where both parties don't get what they want) commonly has the definition: "when two or more parties, with perceived incompatible goals, seek to undermine each other's goal-seeking capability".
One should not confuse the distinction between the presence and absence of conflict with the difference between competition and co-operation. In competitive situations, the two or more individuals or parties each have mutually inconsistent goals, either party tries to reach their goal it will undermine the attempts of the other to reach theirs. Therefore, competitive situations will, by their nature, cause conflict. However, conflict can also occur in cooperative situations, in which two or more individuals or parties have consistent goals, because the manner in which one party tries to reach their goal can still undermine the other individual or party.
A clash of interests, values, actions or directions often sparks a conflict. Conflicts refer to the existence of that clash. Psychologically, a conflict exists when the reduction of one motivating stimulus involves an increase in another, so that a new adjustment is demanded. The word is applicable from the instant that the clash occurs. Even when we say that there is a potential conflict we are implying that there is already a conflict of direction even though a clash may not yet have occurred.
Types and Modes of Conflict
Conflict can exist at a variety of levels of analysis:
Conflicts in these levels may appear "nested" in conflicts residing at larger levels of analysis. For example, conflict within a work team may play out the dynamics of a broader conflict in the organization as a whole. (See Marie Dugan's article on Nested Conflict. John Paul Lederach has also written on this.) Theorists have claimed that parties can conceptualize responses to conflict according to a two-dimensional scheme; concern for one's own outcomes and concern for the outcomes of the other party. This scheme leads to the following hypotheses:
In Western society, practitioners usually suggest that attempts to find mutually beneficial solutions lead to the most satisfactory outcomes, but this may not hold true for many Asian societies. Several theorists detect successive phases in the development of conflicts.
Often a group finds itself in conflict over facts, goals, methods or values. It is critical that it properly identify the type of conflict it is experiencing if it hopes to manage the conflict through to resolution. For example, a group will often treat an assumption as a fact.
The more difficult type of conflict is when values are the root cause. It is more likely that a conflict over facts, or assumptions, will be resolved than one over values. It is extremely difficult to "prove" that a value is "right" or "correct". In some instances, a group will benefit from the use of a facilitator or process consultant to help identify the specific type of conflict. Practitioners of nonviolence have developed many practices to solve social and political conflicts without resorting to violence or coercion.
Conflict can arise between several characters and there can be more than one in a story or plot line. The little plot lines usually enhance the main conflict.
• Many conflicts have a supposedly racial or ethnic basis. This would include such conflicts as the Bosnian-Croatian conflict (see Kosovo), the conflict in Rwanda.
An example of ideological conflict is the struggle over slavery between the Northern and Southern USA. The dispute would eventually lead to secession.
Causes of Conflict
Structural Factors (How the conflict is set up) Personal Factors
The assertion that "conflict is emotionally defined and driven," and "does not exist in the absence of emotion" is challenged by Economics, e.g. "the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses." In this context, scarcity means that available resources are insufficient to satisfy all wants and needs. The subject of conflict as a purely rational, strategic decision is specifically addressed by Game Theory, a branch of Economics.
Where applicable, there are many components to the emotions that are intertwined with conflict. There is a behavioral, physiological, cognitive component.
• Behavioral- The way emotional experience gets expressed which can be verbal or non-verbal and intentional or un-intentional.
• Physiological- The bodily experience of emotion. The way emotions make us feel in comparison to our identity.
• Cognitive- The idea that we “assess or appraise” an event to reveal its relevancy to ourselves.
These three components collectively advise that “the meanings of emotional experience and expression are determined by cultural values, beliefs, and practices.”
• Cultural values- culture tells people who are a part of it, “Which emotions ought to be expressed in particular situations” and “what emotions are to be felt.”
• Physical- This escalation results from “anger or frustration.”
• Verbal- This escalation results from “negative perceptions of the annoyer’s character.”
There are several principles of conflict and emotion.
1. Conflict is emotionally defined-conflict involves emotion because something “triggers” it. The conflict is with the parties involved and how they decide to resolve it — “events that trigger conflict are events that elicit emotion.”
2. Conflict is emotionally valence — emotion levels during conflict can be intense or less intense. The “intensity” levels “may be indicative of the importance and meaning of the conflict issues for each” party.
3. Conflict Invokes a moral stance — when an event occurs it can be interpreted as moral or immoral. The judging of this morality “influences one’s orientation to the conflict, relationship to the parties involved, and the conflict issues”.
4. Conflict is identity based — Emotions and Identity are a part of conflict. When a person knows their values, beliefs, and morals they are able to determine whether the conflict is personal, relevant, and moral. “Identity related conflicts are potentially more destructive.”
5. Conflict is relational — “conflict is relational in the sense that emotional communication conveys relational definitions that impact conflict.” “Key relational elements are power and social status.”
Emotions are acceptable in the workplace as long as they can be controlled and utilized for productive organizational outcomes.
Ways of addressing conflict
Five basic ways of addressing conflict were identified by Thomas and Kilman in 1976:
• Avoidance – avoid or postpone conflict by ignoring it, changing the subject, etc. Avoidance can be useful as a temporary measure to buy time or as an expedient means of dealing with very minor, non-recurring conflicts. In more severe cases, conflict avoidance can involve severing a relationship or leaving a group.
• Collaboration – work together to find a mutually beneficial solution. While the Thomas Kilman grid views collaboration as the only win-win solution to conflict, collaboration can also be time-intensive and inappropriate when there is not enough trust, respect or communication among participants for collaboration to occur.
• Compromise – find a middle ground in which each party is partially satisfied.
• Competition – assert one's viewpoint at the potential expense of another. It can be useful when achieving one's objectives outweighs one's concern for the relationship.
• Accommodation – surrender one's own needs and wishes to accommodate the other party.
The Thomas Kilman Instrument can be used to assess one's dominant style for addressing conflict.
Ongoing conflicts
Many NGOs and independent groups attempt to monitor the situation of ongoing conflicts. Unfortunately, the definitions of war, conflict, armed struggle, revolution and all these words which describe violent opposition between States or armed organised groups, are not precise enough to distinguish one from another. For example, the word terrorism is used indifferently by many governments to delegitimate every kind of armed revolt and, at the same time, by many rebel groups to delegitimate the armed repression of sovereign governments.
External links
conflict in Arabic: صراع
conflict in Bulgarian: Конфликт
conflict in Czech: Konflikt
conflict in Danish: Konflikt
conflict in German: Konflikt
conflict in Spanish: Conflicto
conflict in French: Conflit (science sociale)
conflict in Korean: 갈등
conflict in Indonesian: Konflik
conflict in Italian: Conflitto (sociologia)
conflict in Hebrew: קונפליקט
conflict in Javanese: Konflik
conflict in Latvian: Konflikts
conflict in Lithuanian: Konfliktas
conflict in Hungarian: Konfliktus
conflict in Malay (macrolanguage): Konflik
conflict in Dutch: Conflict (onenigheid)
conflict in Japanese: 紛争
conflict in Norwegian: Konflikt
conflict in Polish: Konflikt interpersonalny
conflict in Portuguese: Conflito
conflict in Romanian: Conflict
conflict in Russian: Конфликт
conflict in Sicilian: Pizzìu
conflict in Simple English: Conflict
conflict in Slovak: Konflikt
conflict in Serbian: Конфликт
conflict in Finnish: Konflikti
conflict in Swedish: Konflikt
conflict in Yiddish: געפעכט
Synonyms, Antonyms and Related Words
Discordia, Eris, Kilkenny cats, action, aerial combat, affray, agree to disagree, altercation, ambivalence, ambivalence of impulse, antagonism, antagonize, antipathy, antithesis, argument, argumentation, armored combat, backlash, bad blood, battle, battle royal, be antipathetic, be at cross-purposes, be at variance, be distinct, be distinguished, be inimical, be opposed to, beat against, belligerence, bickering, brawl, break, break off, brush, bullfight, cat-and-dog life, clash, clash of arms, clash with, clashing, cockfight, collide, collision, combat, competition, concours, conflict with, confrontation, confutation, confute, contention, contentiousness, contest, contestation, contradict, contradiction, contradistinction, contraindication, contrapose, contraposition, contrariety, contrariness, contrast, contrast with, contravene, controversy, controvert, counter, counteract, counteraction, counterattack, counterbalance, countercheck, counterpoise, counterpose, counterposition, countervail, counterwork, counterworking, crankiness, cross, cross-purposes, crotchetiness, cut and thrust, debate, decompensation, depart from, despitefulness, deviate from, differ, differ in opinion, difference, disaccord, disaccordance, disaffinity, disagree, disagree with, disagreement, discord, discordance, discordancy, discrepancy, disharmony, disparity, disputation, dispute, dissension, dissent, dissidence, dissonance, disturb, disunion, disunity, divaricate from, diverge, diverge from, divergence, diversity, dogfight, embroilment, emotional shock, emulation, engagement, enmity, exchange of blows, external frustration, faction, feud, fight, fighting, fire fight, fracas, fractiousness, fray, friction, frustration, go against, go counter to, grate, ground combat, hand-to-hand combat, hand-to-hand fight, hate, hatred, hit a clinker, hold opposite views, hostility, house-to-house combat, inaccordance, incompatibility, incompatibleness, inconsistency, inequality, inharmoniousness, inharmony, inimicalness, interfere, interfere with, interference, jangle, jar, jar with, jarring, jostle, juxtapose in opposition, kick, litigation, lock horns, logomachy, malevolence, malice, malignity, meet, meet head-on, meeting, mental shock, militate against, mischief, mismatch, mismate, misunderstand one another, naval combat, negate, negation, negativeness, nonconformity, noncooperation, not accord with, not get along, not square with, object, obstinacy, offset, open conflict, oppose, oppositeness, opposition, opposure, oppugn, oppugnance, oppugnancy, paper war, passage of arms, perverseness, perversity, pitched battle, play at cross-purposes, polarity, polemic, psychological stress, pull different ways, quarrel, quarreling, quarrelsomeness, reaction, recalcitrance, recoil, refractoriness, rencontre, renitency, repercussion, repugnance, resist, resistance, revolt, rivalry, row, rub, rumble, run against, run counter to, running fight, scramble, scrapping, scrimmage, scuffle, set off, shoving match, showdown, skirmish, spat, spite, spitefulness, squabble, squabbling, stand apart, stand over against, stand-up fight, strained relations, street fight, stress, strife, striving, struggle, swim upstream, swimming upstream, tauromachy, tension, tiff, trauma, traumatism, tug-of-war, tussle, uncooperativeness, unharmoniousness, unpleasantness, unstring, untune, variance, vary, vying, war, war of words, warfare, words, work against, wrangle, wrangling
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Activity: A Picture’s Worth A Thousand Words
This activity supports Common Core in English Language Arts — CCR Anchor Standards for Reading — CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.R.5 and CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.R.6.
Duration: One or two class periods.
1) Select a photograph or several from the Recollection Wisconsin collections. To locate photographs that will inspire creative contributions from your students, try our thematic boards on Pinterest:
2) Ask students to list the information they can infer from the photograph(s), including facts as well as emotions.
3) Next, with their inferences in mind, have students write about a single photograph using two different genres: for example, a poem and a newspaper article, or a short fiction story and a letter to the editor.
4) Then have students compare and contrast the various structures of these diverse texts. Ask: How does our understanding of the photo change when it’s written about in different ways? How does it stay the same?
Life on a Wisconsin Farm on Pinterest
Wisconsin School Days on Pinterest
Wisconsin in Action on Pinterest
Wisconsin Performances on Pinterest
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The real Thucydides’ trap
Thucydides was an Athenian General and historian who chronicled the Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens that occurred from 431to 404 BC. Thucydides work is a classic book about the perils of hegemonic transition and great powers war. Thucydides explained the start of the Peloponnesian War by writing “It was the rise of Athens and the fear that this inspired in Sparta that made war inevitable.”[1] Professor Graham Allison of the Harvard Kennedy School has popularized the phrase “Thucydides’ trap,” to explain the likelihood of conflict between a rising power and a currently dominant one. Allison points out that “In 11 of 15 cases since 1500 where a rising power emerged to challenge a ruling power, war occurred.”[2] The Thucydides’ trap formation has come to be shorthand for a systematic view of the likelihood of conflict between China and the United States. This usage has even spread to Chinese President Xi Jinping who said “We all need to work together to avoid the Thucydides trap – destructive tensions between an emerging power and established powers … Our aim is to foster a new model of major country relations.”[3] However, those like Graham Allison who talk about a Thucydides trap only capture half the meaning of The Peloponnesian War. The true trap is countries going into, and continuing, war clouded by passions like fear, hubris, and notions of honor.
In Thucydides’ history, human emotion made conflict inevitable, and at several points where peace was possible, emotion propelled it forward. In the beginning, there is a set of speeches in Sparta debating the possibility of going to war with Athens. At that time in Sparta, there were Athenian envoys who gave a speech explaining why Athens had built their empire, saying “the nature of the case first compelled us to advance our empire to its present height; fear being our principle motive, through honor and interest afterwards came in.”[4] After the Athenian’s speech, Archidamus, the Spartan king, and Sthenelaidas, a Spartan ephor, made contrasting cases about going to war with Athens. Archidamus told the Spartan people not to underestimate the power of Athens and the cost of going to war and urged that Sparta “must not be hurried into deciding in a day’s brief space a question which concerns many lives and fortunes and many cities, and in which honor is deeply involved- but we must decide calmly.”[5] However, Sthenelaidas advocated, “Vote, therefore, Spartans, for war, as the honor of Sparta demands.”[6] The Spartans followed Sthenelaidas, which led to a war of honor and fear against the Athenians.
In the seventh year of the Peloponnesian War, in the battle of Pylos, the Athenians won a major victory over Sparta. After the battle, Athenian forces were able to trap a group of Spartan soldiers on an island. Because of their loss, and realizing that it was impossible to rescue the men on the island, Sparta entered into an armistice with Athens, and sent envoys to Athens offer a peace treaty. The Spartan envoys warned Athens that their misfortune at Pylos was not a result of diminished strength, but an error of judgment, and enjoined the Athenians to “treat their gains as precarious,” and advised that “if great enmities are ever to be really settled, we think it will be, not by the system of revenge and military success… but when the more fortunate combatant waives his privileges and, guided by gentler feelings, conquers his rival in generosity and accords peace on more moderate conditions than expected.”[7] However, the Athenians, led by Cleon, who Thucydides described as the most violent man in Athens, decided to ignore the advice of the Spartan envoys. Furthermore, Cleon accused the Spartans of not having right intentions, and made further demands on Sparta for a return of territories that Athens had previously ceded to Sparta before the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War, resulting in an end to the armistice and a continuation of the war.[8]
If the United States and China fight a war, it will occur because of the same fear and honor that led the Spartans to start the Peloponnesian War, or the Athenians to continue despite an opportunity for peace. Neither China nor the United States are immune from the self-pride Athens and Sparta displayed. Prominent Chinese scholar Ye Zicheng expressed this sense of nationalism when he wrote, “If China does not become a world power, the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation will be incomplete. Only when it becomes a world power can we say that the total rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has been achieved.”[9] American exceptionalism, the conviction that the United States holds a unique place and role in human history, provides a counterpart to Chinese nationalism, and is widespread enough to be a central plank of the Republican Party’s platform.[10]
This strong belief of a special place in the world can make a country sensitive to insult, intended or otherwise. One important example occurred in 1999 when NATO aircraft bombed the Chinese embassy in Belgrade during Operation Allied Force in Bosnia, killing three Chinese citizens. The United States claimed that the bombing was an accident, but few Chinese accepted this explanation, and in the aftermath, more than 100,000 Chinese protested across the country, including attacking the American embassy and consulates. Contributing to the anti-American outrage was Chinese state media stating the bombing was not an accident.[11] Anti-Chinese sentiment is not as widespread or as vocal in the United States, but it is common for American politicians and pundits to portray the rise of China as a risk to America’s place in the world. For example, anti-Chinese themes have been part of several political campaign advertisements in the United States[12], and it is common for both popular and scholarly writing and commentary to portray China as the most important threat to the United States.[13]
The best advice that Thucydides’ work offers U.S. policy makers is clear, do not let emotions such as hubris, fear, and honor drag you into a hegemonic war with China, and if war does occur, do not let these same emotions cloud your judgment if there is a chance for peace. At the same time, be wary of these emotions in Chinese leadership and the Chinese populace, and do not provoke them unnecessarily. Do not use anti-Chinese rhetoric that can inflame populist anger for domestic political purposes. None of this is to say that American policy makers should appease China to avoid conflict, but that conflict is less likely if both sides remain levelheaded. These same warnings apply to the conduct of the war, rather than acting like Cleon and letting passion dictate the course of the war, prudent American leaders should reflect on the message of the Spartan envoys after the battle Pylos when they argued for an end to the cycle of revenge and an equitable peace.
[1] Graham Allison, “Avoiding Thucydides’s Trap,” Financial Times, August 22, 2012,
[2] Ibid.
[3] Mark Valencia, “China needs patience to achieve a peaceful rise,” South China Morning Post, February 8, 2014,
[4] Thucydides, 43.
[5] Ibid, 47.
[6] Ibid, 48.
[7] Ibid, 233.
[8] Ibid, 234-235.
[9] Ye Zicheng, Inside China’s Grand Strategy: The Perspective from the People’s Republic (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2011), 74.
[10] Republican Platform, American Exceptionalism (accessed April 25, 2015); available from
[11] Rebecca MacKinnon, “China gives green light to embassy protests, but warns against violence,” CNN, May 9, 1999,
[12] Frank Chi, “In campaign ads, China is fair game; Chinese-Americans are not,” Boston Globe, November 8, 2010,
[13] This is a common example of the China as a threat article: James Jay Carafano, “Wake Up, America: China Is a Real Threat,” The National Interest, February 7, 2015,
About Leon Whyte
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Spartacus was born in 111 BC and was born in Thrace, Rome. Not much is known about his child hood but he had an extraordinary life in adult hood.
Enslavement and escape
Spartacus. was trained at a gladiator school near Capua belonging to a slave owner named Lentulus Batiatus. Then, in 73 b.c, Spartacus was among a group of slaves plotting an escape plan. About seventy slaves were apart of the escape. Although they had a small number, they attacked the small stuff first like the kitchens, the fought their way through their whole line of defense and acquired more escaped slaves and more artillery. Now on a defensible position on mount Vesuvius, the rebel slaves chose Spartacus and two Gallic slaves, Crixus and Oenomaus as their leaders, as they rebels started the Third Servile War.
Third Servile War
On Spartacus's way to invade Italy, the escaped slaves had recruited 90,000 to 120,000 escaped slaves into their ranks. During their voyage, one of the leaders Crixus, wanted to attack Rome, so Crixus and 30,000 men set sail to the city of Rome where he raided the hillsides. Later after a long hard battle, Crixus was defeated and killed.
At picenum in central Italy, Spartacus defeated the army of consuls, and then headed north and defeated the proconsul Gaul at Mutina. The alps were open to the rebels, but the Gauls and Germans refused to go, so Spartacus turned south to Rome after he won 2 more battles, which threw Rome in state of panic. Under a new military enforcer, Crassus was sent to deal with the rebellious army.
Spartacus Death
After running from Crassus army and only had a few engagements, Spartacus army was defeated near the Siler River in Italy. It is said that Spartacus died in the battle, but there were so many dead bodies that his could not be identified. About 6000 slaves were crucified to warn escaped slaves what would happen to them if they were found. About 5000 slaves escaped north but were captured by Crassus army marching back from spain.
Spartacus's impact
Spartacus has inspired many TV shows and movies and books. The symbolism of Spartacus is that if you see a symbol of a warrior leading an army, it means that an uprising rebel that takes control, and does what he isn't supposed to. In a nutshell, a symbol of Spartacus means emancipation.
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Europe's Wadden Sea seals on the 'up'
Seals in the Wadden Sea area of the North Sea were once in danger of dying out. Now they are thriving. Bradnee Chambers from the Bonn-based CMS and Rüdiger Strempel from the Wadden Sea Secretariat explain why.
Located on the south-eastern margin of the North Sea and extending from Denmark in the north-east, along the German North Sea coast to the Dutch island of Texel in the south-west, the Wadden Sea is the world's largest unbroken system of intertidal sand and mud flats, where natural processes have been allowed to take their course undisturbed by human intervention throughout most of the area.
It is also a biodiversity hotspot. Every year, up to 12 million birds stop off here during their migration between their breeding grounds in the Arctic and their wintering areas in Africa. The region is home to over 10,000 species of plants and animals – including some 40,000 harbour seals and over 4,000 grey seals.
The return of the seals
So what's so special about seals in the Wadden Sea? Given the status of the populations only a few years ago, the numbers counted are nothing short of spectacular.
Global Media Forum 2014 Bradnee Chambers
Bradnee Chambers heads the UN CMS in Bonn
Devastating outbreaks of phocine distemper, a potentially fatal virus, in 1988 and 2002, each wiped out between fifty and sixty percent of the region's harbour seal population. Grey seals, originally endemic to the Wadden Sea, had all but disappeared by the last quarter of the 20th century. Now they are back. And never since 1981, when organized counts of harbour seals across the Wadden Sea began, have researchers recorded a higher number of individuals.
World Heritage recognition
This success is due in no small measure to the efforts undertaken within the framework of the Wadden Sea Seals Agreement (WSSA). It was concluded under the auspices of the United Nations Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) in 1990, and is administered by the Common Wadden Sea Secretariat (CWSS). The WSSA aims to promote close cooperation between the three parties: Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands, in order to achieve and maintain a favourable conservation status for the harbour seal population in the region. And it is achieving its aim, as key players beyond the Wadden Sea region acknowledge.
Wadden Sea
The Wadden Sea is internationally valued as a key site for wildlife.
The successful protection of harbour and gray seals over the last decades was one of the factors that contributed to the acceptance of the Dutch and German Wadden Sea as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in June 2009. The Danish part of the area followed suit in 2014. So this month, the three countries involved, and CMS and CWSS, can look back on a quarter century of fruitful cooperation, as the Agreement celebrates its 25th anniversary.
The centrepiece of the international cooperation is the continually updated Seal Management Plan. It deals with issues like habitat protection, research and monitoring, pollution and public information.
Rüdiger Strempel
Rüdiger Strempel heads the CWSS.
The current plan not only covers the Wadden Sea stock of harbour seals, but also the breeding stocks of the grey seal, which is not covered by the WSSA. The plan seeks to strike a balance between conservation and management of the area.
At the eleventh hour, the WSSA was instrumental in keeping these iconic animal species from virtually disappearing from the region. By bringing all those involved together, including experts and managers, and by enhancing awareness of the conservation and protection needs of the seal populations in the Wadden Sea, the WSSA shows how various international organizations and bodies from within and outside of the UN system can successfully work together to bring an international legal instrument to life, to benefit the region it covers. Good news all round for the residents of the Wadden Sea.
Bradnee Chambers is Executive Secretary of the Bonn-based Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals.
Rüdiger Strempel is Head of the Common Wadden Sea Secretariat
DW recommends
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Moments in U.S. Diplomatic History
Congo in Crisis: The Rise and Fall of Katangan Secession
Katanga MercenariesWhen the Republic of the Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) became independent from Belgium in June 1960, the new country immediately descended into a political chaos known as the “Congo Crisis.” The arbitrary boundaries drawn by Colonial powers combined with leftover racial tensions and general uncertainty led to violence along racial lines and widespread mutiny in the Belgian-led army. Belgian troops sent in to protect Belgian citizens clashed with Congolese forces, leading to the U.N. ordering the Belgian forces out of the country.
On July 11, 1960, less than two weeks after the country formally gained independence, a politician named Moise Tshombe declared the southernmost province of the Congo to be an independent nation called the State of Katanga. Katanga, with its copperbelt and lucrative mining operations was the wealthiest province of the Congo. The Belgians, French, and British, wanting influence in the wealthy region, supported the Katanga movement in practice, if not in name. Despite U.N. regulations forbidding countries from directly supporting the secessionists, members of the European armed forces became hired mercenaries in Katanga’s army. (Pictured at right)
Patrice Lumumba, Prime Minister of the Congo, appealed to the U.N. for forces to end the secessionist movement. The U.N. initially refused, considering the rebellion an internal issue. Patrice Lumumba had managed to acquire Soviet weapons for the Congolese army before he was deposed as Prime Minister by Mobuto Sese Seko in November 1960 and killed in early 1961. This led the U.N. to pass Resolution 161, which authorized U.N. forces to take “all appropriate measures” to prevent civil war in the Congo; essentially authorizing the U.N. to take offensive measures against the Katangan state. The conflict came to a close in January 1963, after U.N. and U.S. forces overwhelmed the Katangan military and Moise Tshembe stepped down as President of Katanga.
Francis Terry McNamara was an officer at the U.S. consul in Elisabethville from 1961 to 1963 and witnessed firsthand the struggle to bring peace to the Congo. He recalls his experiences with Charles Stuart Kennedy in a 1993 interview.
You can read more Moments on Congo as well as McNamara’s account of the evacuation from Can Tho, Vietnam.
“He was worried by threats that mercenaries would kill him”
Moise TshombeMcNAMARA: Things were far from decided in the Congo. There were two sets of potential secessionists: one was the Katangese, the other was the Lumumbists in the northeast. These were being supported by the Russians and the Egyptians at the time. The embassy was worried that if the Katangan secession succeeded, it would encourage the secession of this other Russian-backed group.….
At that point, there was no direct communication between Leopoldville and Elisabethville, between Katanga and the rest of the Congo…Before I went [to Elisabethville], while I was in Leopoldville, I met some officers from the Indian Army, just by chance. We became friendly, and one of them told me, “Oh, we’re going up to Elisabethville in a week or two, and we’ll see you up there.”
I said, “Fine,” and I didn’t think anything of it, because I didn’t know the significance of this. I was brand new and didn’t understand all of the subtleties of troop movements, etc.
American policy was highly unpopular in Katanga. We opposed secession. Our allies disagreed with our efforts to force Katanga to acquiesce….
Q: What was your impression of [Tshombe, pictured]?
McNAMARA: A man of great charm. Great charm and intelligence. Good leader. The idea that he was just a creature of neocolonial influences is a gross exaggeration and misunderstanding of fact. Like most African political leaders his support was tribally based. He openly opposed the central government.
In the beginning he was manipulated, to a degree, by the Belgians, the French and the British. But they did not create his authentic local rapport. It still exists. There is a lack of trust of a faraway control government. People’s only real identification is still with tribe and region. The country is an artificial creation of the colonial powers. Prior to independence in 1960, Africans had no role in governance, nor was there any national civic life.
“There I was, watching as tracer bullets pass back and forth in front of me”
DRC mapWhat happened was, about a brigade of Indian troops suddenly arrived shortly [in Elisabethville] after I did. At about four o’clock in the morning, I was awakened by noise in the central square just down the street. I looked out the window, and saw U.N. troops and armored cars drawn up in the main square. The post office had been occupied by Katangan “paracommandos.”
Tensions had been growing over the past few days as the U.N. picked up mercenaries and Belgian officers… In response the paracommandos took over the post office in the center of town.
Suddenly, that night, Indian troops came into the Place de Post, in front of the post office. I heard them issue an ultimatum, over a loudspeaker…They gave the Katangans an ultimatum to surrender and leave the post office. When the Katangans refused, the Indians started to shoot. The shooting went on for some time. There was riposte from the Katangans, but they were outgunned and lacked effective leadership. Their mercenary officers were in hiding. The post office was stormed by Indian troops.
By eight o’clock in the morning, resistance had ended. The Katangans had suffered some casualties but most were taken prisoner…This is how the fighting started in Elisabethville based on my own observations…They tried to grab Tshombe in his palace, but he got away before they could seize him.…
There I was, in an upstairs window, watching as tracer bullets pass back and forth in front of me. I watched the spectacle through most of the early morning. The next morning, after the U.N. Indian troop stormed the Post Office, I came out of the apartment. It was a little risky, because I’m white and I was in civilian clothes…
I remember the apartment house that I was in had… large columns that supported the upper floors. A number of whites had collected sheltering behind the columns. I don’t know who they were. A couple may have been mercenaries….But nobody had guns that I could see. Anyway, we were all trying to see what was going on in the Place. …
Then I went to the Consulate General and helped draft reports on what had happened, including my own observations. We had not known the military action was planned, nor did we expect anything so dramatic….
However, there is no question as to what was going on in terms of the dynamics within the U.N. The Indians and the Africans, the so-called Bandung group, the Ghanaians, the radical Africans and Asians, had made a deal with us….And that was that we would enforce the unity of the Congo, against the wishes of our colonialist allies, in return for their support in keeping the U.N. presence strong in the country.
The U.N. was seen by us as keeping the Russians and the Egyptians out… Whether [the deal] was implicit or explicit, I don’t know. I know of no documentary evidence, but…I reckon that an informal deal was struck between the Kennedy administration and [Kwame] Nkrumah [leader of Ghana] and [Jawaharlal] Nehru [leader of India].
“We lay on the floor and hoped the random firing would not penetrate the sides of the building”
map of the congoThat day, there were a couple of things that happened. One, the African population began hunting Ba-Lubas. Ba-Lubas are from Kasai and from Northern Katanga. They were not viewed favorably by tribesmen from southern Katanga who provided the bulk of support for Tshombe’s separatist movement. On the contrary, the Ba-Lubas strongly supported the central government. The antagonism stems, at least in part, from the large number of Ba-Lubas that enjoyed well-paid jobs, especially with the copper company.
Groups of young Katangans sought them out, beat them and often killed them. I was walking down the main street of Elisabethville that day when suddenly I saw a man peddling like mad on a bicycle, with a gang of youths chasing him on foot.
Finally, one guy caught up to him. This gent had a bicycle chain attached to a stick that he used like a whip. It wrapped around the unfortunate’s neck. The chaser then yanked the man backwards off the bicycle. He landed with a sickening thud. The chain had cut into his neck and was strangling him. The gang of assailants then proceeded to kick him to death. The Ba-Luba pogrom caused the tribe’s local population to move into a camp under the protection of the U.N.
Early in the afternoon I left the consulate with a colleague named Tom Cassilly, who was in Elisabethville on TDY [temporary duty], to get the wife of the CIA communicator, Will Poole. We were trying to concentrate the Americans at the consulate and in houses where they would be more accessible, less isolated and in areas away from points of potential conflict.
We picked up “Dottie” Poole in the consulate Jeep and were bringing her back to the consulate building, when suddenly we ran into Katangan troops preparing an attack on the U.N. headquarters. When they saw our Jeep, they began shooting at us. They mistook it for a U.N. vehicle….
Anyway, we pulled into a driveway, jumped out of the car, and got into a drainage ditch. When the shooting died down, we went to a neighboring house and knocked on the door. A young Belgian couple opened the door and let us in. We all took shelter in their cave, in the back of the house as the rate of firing increased. The Katangans soon surrounded the house.
They then banged on the door. When the owner opened up, he was told politely that they wanted us to come out of the house. The man insisted that we were not from the U.N. We refused to leave the questionable safety of the house.
Surprisingly, they did not force the issue or attempt to enter the house. Instead, they asked the Belgian next door, “Do you think those are U.N. people?” He assured them that we must be local civilians as our Jeep’s license plates were ordinary Congolese private plates. This seemed to satisfy them, and they went away.
We stayed in the Belgian’s cave for the best part of the afternoon. Just before dusk, we decided to make a run for it. I told Cassilly to take Mrs. Poole and head up the street where I could shelter behind some buildings. They shot at us as we were leaving, but the bullets were high above the top of the Jeep. Cassilly and Mrs. Poole soon joined me and we returned to her house rather than attempt to cross the town to the consulate.
In her apartment, we had no communications. We simply lay on the floor and hoped the random firing would not penetrate the sides of the building. In the middle of the night, a U.N. convoy suddenly pulled up in front of the house, complete with armored cars. When we had gone missing, the people in the consulate had organized a search party for us fearing that we had been taken prisoner by the Katangans. Fortunately, the convoy was able to escort us to the consulate….
“The U.N. went bananas”
UN (1)I was in the U.N. headquarters every day during the fighting with advice and information crossing lines at some considerable risk. Advising on military operations and on the attitude of the population. I gave firsthand accounts of Katangan military dispositions and on their reaction to the fighting.
We had our Consulate General situated next to Tshombe’s palace. I was floating around town, talking to people, moving between the lines. I found a relatively lightly covered back road leading into the U.N. camp. The Gurkhas [Nepalese and Indian soldiers] would often provide covering fire while I scooted into the camp. It was an incredible situation, and it went on for some two weeks.
Finally, a cease-fire was declared. The U.N. had seriously miscalculated Katangan resolve and mercenary abilities. Indeed, French mercenaries had engineered the capture of Jadotville without firing a shot. They were held as hostage. This had much to do with the acceptance of a hasty cease-fire and the conditions of the cease-fire. A period of uneasy peace followed for some three months. As time passed, things got more and more tense.
Early in December, the consulate organized a large reception. A new consul had been appointed. His name was Hoffacker. He took Bill Canup’s place….The reception in November was held to honor a visit to Elisabethville by Senator Thomas Dodd [D-Connecticut, pictured at left] — father of Senator Chris Dodd.
Senator Dodd was in Tshombe’s hip pocket. He supported Katangan independence and followed a line pushed by the well-financed Katanga lobbying operation in Washington. Hoffacker invited both Katangans and U.N. people to the reception. In his naive way, he thought understanding could be furthered by putting the two immediate protagonists together.
Since these U.N. people on the spot were no more than an instrument, they were unable to change policy made by their betters in Washington, New York, New Delhi or Accra. Only limited tactical decision was made in Elisabethville. Unaware of this reality, poor Hoffacker held an attempted love-in….
DoddAfter the reception, a smaller dinner was to be held at the local Mobil Oil man’s house. Senator Dodd (pictured) was to be guest of honor….The two U.N. people arrived at the Mobil Oil man’s house at about nine in the evening without guards. Unfortunately, the house was just up the street from the Katangan general’s home, which was surrounded by a Katangan paracommandos protection unit. The paracommandos saw the U.N. car arrive and the two representatives go in the house. Perhaps, suspecting a plot or a seizing opportunity, they surrounded the house, went inside, and dragged [U.N. delegates] Urquhart and George Ivan Smith out, taking them prisoners. A Belgian banker tried to intervene, and was beaten for his trouble.
Just as they were forcing these two U.N. people into the back of a truck, the motorcade, with Tshombe’s motorcycle outriders and a presidential limousine, arrived with Senator Dodd and Hoffacker. Rapidly sizing up the situation, Hoffacker jumped from the car.
With the help of the Katangan motorcycle escort, he got George Ivan Smith away from the paracommandos. Brian Urquhart, however, was already inside the truck. Hoffacker either did not know he was there or could not get at him. In any case, he got Ivan Smith into the car with Dodd and hurriedly left the scene before the paracommandos could react….Poor Urquhart was left to the tender mercies of the paracommandos.
The U.N. went bananas. The U.N. troops were ready to go. Brian was now being held in an army camp outside town. Finally they got Urquhart released, but only after the personal intervention of the most intransigent of Tshombe’s ministers, Gadfoid Manungo.
“I saw that it was a penis and testicles, stuck on the end of this stick”
Pressures within the U.N. in New York had brought about a cease-fire. However, nothing had been solved, aside from the U.N. forces having consolidated their positions within Elisabethville. However, they still didn’t control the town completely; they controlled the European center of the town as well as strategic points around the town….
[The Katangans] still held parts of the city and, of course, the rest of South Katanga. The U.N. held the center of the town and a few positions around the city. These included: the airport, their own headquarters on the northern fringes of the city and an area east of the city where the Ba-Luba people had gathered in a refugee camp….
All sorts of things, unfortunately, were taking place within this refugee camp. For instance, one day, when I was in the camp with some Swedish soldiers who were there administering and guarding the camp, a group of Ba-Lubas came down the muddy street, chanting and dancing. There was a man leading them, waving a stick much like a drum major. I noticed at a distance that there was something on the end of the stick.
As they drew abreast of us, I saw that it was a penis and testicles, stuck on the end of this stick; a little bit like children skewer a hot dog to the end of a stick to roast it. One of the Swedish soldiers next to me got sick to his stomach when he saw what the Ba-Luba was waving so joyously.
Apparently the Ba-Lubas had caught someone, from an opposing tribe, killed him and castrated him. Evidently, some terrible things were going on. There was even talk of cannibalism. The social tensions under which people were living were so harsh that some people lost usually observed social and moral restraints.
[The U.S. consulate was] looked on as the enemy. We were supporting the central government and the U.N. in their fight against Katanga. The American government supplied the essential element in terms of support for the U.N. force in the Congo. It couldn’t have existed without American support and encouragement…
UN forcesThere had been demonstrations against the consulate, which was, by this time, guarded by Gurkha soldiers… At the same time that we were viewed as an enemy, we were also viewed as an entity that could be influenced and could be decisive. If they could bring around American opinion to be sympathetic to Katangan separatism or opposed to U.N. armed intervention in the Congo, then the U.N. could lose vital support. Secession would succeed if the Katangans could neutralize the U.N. force. The central government — on its own — was incapable of bringing Katanga to heel.
[Tshombe] was in control….Belgian, and British mining and railway interests were supporting Tshombe. However,…Tshombe had a genuine African constituency in South Katanga. Tribalism was strong, and there was a natural constituency for separatism.
The Congo, as it was put together by King Leopold, was an artificial entity…It had no relationship to anything African. It cut across tribal, ethnic, and natural geographic lines. Few of the people in Africa had any real identity with the Congo as a nation. They didn’t have any feeling of nationhood…The tribes in South Katanga felt that, since the riches were in their territory, they should benefit primarily from these riches. They shouldn’t have to share them with others in this very large country, which produced precious little else at this time….
At the same time, we were advising the U.N. on military and political affairs. They were isolated without much reliable intelligence. I gave them briefings every day to the U.N. leaders on what was going on in town, the mood of the Katangans, and their military dispositions. Members of the Swedish contingent had cultivated some contacts among the local Belgian population. This seemed to be the extent of their sources of information. Given our greater mobility and wider range of contacts we were able to brief and advise the U.N. leadership. At the same time, we reported to Washington and to Leopoldville what was going on, on both the U.N. and on the Katangan side.
It was obvious in November-December that anything could set off another bout of fighting. The U.N. was building up its forces….Something sparked it, and I don’t remember what. It seems to me that it was a little exchange of fire between the Katangans and the U.N. on one of the perimeters….
“Suddenly, the Fouga appeared, dove towards us and dropped a small bomb”
The fighting broke out in mid-December. It went on for about two weeks. The outcome was an assertion of U.N. control over the whole of the center of Elisabethville. They extended their perimeters out to the suburbs of town…The Ethiopians were involved in this, the Swedes, the Irish, and the Indians. The Ethiopians were accused of some atrocities, killing civilians. They killed some Belgians…And as far as I could tell, it was true.
What was more troubling was that a lot of Africans were also being hurt, killed, displaced, and not too much notice was being taken of that. Anyway, the fighting was reasonably hard. The opposition wasn’t well organized, but it was there. Mercenaries were involved in all of the most effective action taken against the U.N.
The Katangans had two or three small jet trainers called “Fougas”. They carried small bombs and a couple of machine guns. The U.N., on the other hand, had no air support…The Fouga took on an incredible psychological and symbolic significance. One day, I was in the U.N. headquarters, and the Irish Army chief of staff, from Ireland, was there….
One of the Fougas bombed and strafed the U.N. headquarters at about noon. The large foreign press corps was assembled for an impromptu press conference with the Irish general…Suddenly, the Fouga appeared, dove towards us and dropped a small bomb. We all jumped for cover. Clearly, there was great fear of Fouga. I’m not quite sure why, because its capabilities were very limited.
The second bout of fighting was again inconclusive, aside from the fact that the U.N. people extended their perimeters and took full control of the center of Elisabethville.
Air forceDuring the fighting, things got really nasty as far as Americans were concerned. The Katangans started threatening Americans. They hadn’t threatened Americans before…American Air Force airplanes at this point were coming into Elisabethville, bringing in supplies and troops to strengthen the [non-American troops]. No longer were they just hired airplanes that were being contracted for by the U.N., and maybe paid for with American money, but these were actual USAF airplanes.
The American support for the whole operation was therefore much more obvious to the average Katangan. It was also equally obvious that America was certainly not taking any sort of neutral role, that we were one of the essential elements in this whole thing. So, naturally, the average Katangan started to be alienated from and angry with America, and threatening of Americans there, even Americans who were sympathetic towards them.
We decided that we had to evacuate the American citizens in Elisabethville, because it was getting too dangerous. Fighting in town continued at a fairly intense level for a couple of weeks. It ended just after Christmas with another inconclusive cease-fire. Western public opinion had again been mobilized to save the Katangan regime….
This was also the time when [second Secretary-General of the U.N.] Dag Hammarskjold lost his life as a result of a crash in Northern Rhodesia, near Ndola. He was coming to Ndola to meet with Tshombe. Presumably, they were to discuss an end to the fight….
“The fighting had resulted in many casualties, especially among the African population”
There was still tension [after the second ceasefire], but the Katangans had gotten a good bloody nose by this time. The whole of the modern center of Elisabethville was now firmly in the hands of the U.N. A lot of it was badly damaged, however, because of the fighting. The fighting had also resulted in many casualties especially among the African population. A few Europeans were hurt or killed but most civilian casualties were Africans.
I think the Katangans were very happy to have this respite. They realized that they weren’t, militarily, a match for the U.N. forces. But they also hadn’t surrendered, and they hadn’t lost much territory aside from the center of their capital. In any case, they weren’t giving up. Mainly as a ploy to buy time, they expressed a willingness to negotiate. This was typical Tshombe…
From a military point of view, the several cease-fires in Katanga were premature and saved the Katangans from much worse defeats…Tension started again to build up some three or four months after the fighting had ended.
Since the U.N. controlled the area, Ba-Lubas from the refugee camps had filtered in occupying many of the large villas in what had been one of the town’s most affluent suburbs. Sensing Katangan weakness, the Ba-Lubas became aggressive. It was dangerous to go into areas they dominated. They assumed that any white civilian was Belgian and sympathetic towards the Katangans.
The Indian brigade became the central strike force of the U.N. command…This was the crack military unit that they really needed to finish the Katangans, if the circumstances, and U.N. politics, allowed. The tenuous situation rocked on inconclusively, with the U.N. sitting in the middle of Elisabethville, for about six months as tension again began to build up. During this period the Katangans organized popular demonstrations against the U.N.
The most notable were demonstrations by women. They taunted and insulted the Indian soldiers. It was an impressive show of discipline as the soldiers tried to maintain dignity without reacting physically to terrible provocation. The Katangans, of course, had the press there waiting to record any U.N. “abuse” of poor defenseless women. Indeed, these Katangan ladies were formidable… The Indians, of course, were biding their time waiting for the right excuse to squash the Katangans and end the comedy.
“American consulate radios were turned off so that the Indian offensive could not be stopped by another weak-kneed cease-fire order coming from New York or Washington”
GurkhasUltimately, in June or July, fighting again broke out. This time, the Indians were ready to bring the thing to a conclusion. The Katangans still held the copper-mining centers of Jadotville and Kolwezi… The real economic prize was in Katangan lands.
To end the secession and restore the country’s most valuable economic asset to central government control the U.N. had to take control of these towns and their nearby mines and refineries.
When fighting started, I remember going out with Nirona, the Brigadier, to an area where there were mercenaries and some Katangans on a hillside. A battalion of Gurkhas (pictured) were in the valley below. To get to the Gurkha position a journalist, an Indian armor officer, and I took a captured Jeep down a road, into the area the Gurkhas were in….
When the Katangans saw us they fired mortars at us. With this little diversion the brigade commander gave the order to the Gurkhas to charge up the hill at our Katangan antagonists. The Gurkhas decided on a kukri [machete] charge. They took their kukris out, laid their rifles down, and went up the hill, screaming. The mercenaries and their Katangan friends saw a mass of madmen coming at them with fierce looking knives. Sensibly, they took off.
We watched them as they ran off, got into Jeeps and left in great haste. The Indians then decided to go all the way to Kolwezi…American consulate radios were turned off so that the Indian offensive could not be stopped by another weak-kneed cease-fire order coming from New York or Washington…
And the Indians went for Jadotville. They got very little resistance, but there were some bridges blown up, and they had to get across some small rivers. The U.S. had lent a couple of our amphibious APCs [armored personnel carriers] to get across the rivers. Anyway, the offensive was mounted on Jadotville. I went into Jadotville with the Indians as I was their only trusted guide…There, we searched for anything of interest that might have been left behind as the Katangans beat a hasty retreat towards Kolwezi. We found nothing.
After Jadotville, the Indians continued on the road to Kolwezi. Predictably, however, they were finally stopped by yet another cease-fire order from [UN headquarters in] New York. Orders had arrived by aircraft from Leopoldville and radio contact was quickly restored. Ultimately, the U.N. got into Kolwezi as well.
Tshombe capitulated and the remnants of the Katangan gendarmerie (army) fled into Angola. The U.N. then was in control of South Katanga, and the Katangan secession was over.
Return to Moments in U.S. Diplomatic History
Congo in Crisis: The Rise and …
by Chris Sibilla time to read: 19 min
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How Do Species Interact?
Grizzly Bear Feeds on a Jumping Salmon, Alaska
Ron Crabtree / Getty Images
Wildlife species interact with each other in numerous, complex ways. Fortunately, we can make some general statements about these interactions. This enables us to better understand the role species play within their communities and how individual species can positively or negatively affect the species around them.
A resource, in ecological terms, is something (such as food, water, habitat, sunlight, prey) that is required by an organism to perform a vital function such as grow or reproduce. A consumer is an organism that consumes a resource (such as predators, herbivores, or detritivores). Thus, most interactions between animals involve one or more competitor species vying for a resource.
Species interactions can be categorized into one of four basic groups based on how the participating species are affected by the interaction. These include:
• competitive interactions
• consumer-resource interactions
• detritivore-detritus interactions
• mutualistic interactions
Competitive interactions are interactions involving two or more species that are competing for the same resources and all species involved in the competitive interaction are negatively impacted. Competitive interactions are in many cases indirect, two species consume the same resource but they do not directly interact with each other, instead they impact each other by the effect they have on the resource.
Consumer-resource interactions are interactions in which individuals of one species consumes individuals of another species. Examples of consumer-resource interactions include predator-prey interactions and herbivore-plant interactions. These consumer-resource interactions affect the species involved in different ways, the resource species is negatively impacted while the consumer species is positively impacted.
Detritivore-detritus interactions involve a species that consumes the detritus (dead or decomposing organic matter) of another species. The detritivore-detritus interaction is a positive interaction for the consumer and has no impact on the resource.
Finally, mutualistic interactions are interactions in which both species, resource, and consumer, benefit from the interaction.
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The Vedas are the most ancient and most important of all Hindu sacred literature. There are four Vedas, although only three are mentioned in the Buddhist scriptures (M.II,133). They are the èg Veda, the Sāma Veda, the Yajur Veda, all composed between the 13th and 7th century BC, and the Atharva Veda, included into the sacred canon only several centuries after the Buddha.
The Vedas are believed by Hindus to be an eternal (sanātana) revelation (śruti) of divine origin (apauruṣeya). Those who deny the authority of the Vedas are said to be 'impure' (nāstaka). The Buddha said that nothing is eternal, he considered revelation to be an unreliable means of knowledge and he rejected the idea of a supreme god as unconvincing. He also cast serious doubts on the claim that the authors of the Vedas had divine knowledge. Once a brahman asked him what he thought of the belief that the authors of the Vedas had direct experience of the divine. The Buddha replied, 'What do you think about this? Is there one brahman who says, “I know. I see. This alone is true, all else is false?
No Gotama.
Did any of the teachers of the brahmans or even their teachers going back through seven generations ever say that?
No Gotama.
Then what of ancient brahman sages who composed the Vedic hymns, who chanted, uttered and compiled them and which the brahmans of today still chant and recite, just repeating what has been repeated and chanting what has been chanted? Did they ever say “We know. We see. This alone is true, all else is false?
No Gotama. They did not.
Imagine a string of blind men each touching each other. The first one does not see, the middle one does not see and neither does the last. The claim of the brahmans is like this. The first one does not see, the middle one does not see and neither does the last. So it seems that the faith of the brahmans turns out to be groundless (M.II,169-70).
The Buddha also rejected the practice of animal sacrifices, the efficacy of rituals and the caste system, all of which are legitimized by the Vedas. Those who say that the Buddha was a Hindu or that Buddhism is a reformed version of Hinduism are seriously misinformed.
Historical significance
Here are two examples of Vedic chanting: This first one is a slightly modernized rendition of Vedic chanting and the second example is the real thing, done as it was done at the time of the Buddha. Brahmins can do this for hours at a stretch; with perfect intonation and without error.
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In 50 to 60 million years cycads have changed very little and as such are often referred to as ‘living fossils’. The word cycad is derived from the Greek word ‘cyckos’ meaning palm-like and they are often confused with palms and tree ferns, but in fact are unrelated. Cycads belong to a group of plants called gymnosperms (meaning ‘naked seeds’) where the reproductive organs are produced in cones and not flowers as in other species.
These cones are the part of the plant that has poisonous properties. The seed kernels are highly toxic while the pulp around the seeds is generally considered non-toxic, but could have trace elements of the toxins cycasin and macrozamin. The amount of these toxins will differ from species to species. Cycads are listed in the top ten plants most commonly responsible for poisonings recorded by hospitals in South Africa. Symptoms of poisoning include vomiting, diarrhoea, headaches, dizziness and seizures. The toxins are known to cause severe liver damage in humans and are also carcinogenic. A case of poisoning occurred during the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902 when nearly 70 men including General Jan Smuts and two of his lieutenants fell ill after eating fruit from ENCEPHALARTOS longifolius (Zuurberg Cycad). General Smuts was said to have been extremely ill and this incident is regarded by some as a turning point in his personal military strategy in the Cape.
The bright orange to red cones attract many animals including baboons, vervet monkeys, dassies, fruit bats and birds. After eating the fleshy covering, the animals spit out the poisonous kernels and disperse the seeds. In South Africa cycad stems have in the past been used as a food source, hence the Afrikaans name for cycads ‘broodboom’ (bread tree). The pith was removed from the stems, tied up in an animal skin, fermented and then ground into a meal.
All cycads in South Africa are now protected by law and the trade in cycads is strictly controlled due to over-collection from the wild in the past.
Return to the top of Cycads
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human lice
Human lice can be found throughout the United States and worldwide. There are three types of human lice and their common name is derived from the areas of the body they infest. They are head lice, body lice and pubic lice. The body lice are the only ones that are vectors of human diseases.
All human lice are very small with the pubic lice being the smallest and measuring only 1/16th inch in length. The head and body lice are closer to 1/8th inch. The pubic louse is sometimes called a crab louse due to resembling the shape of an ocean crab. However, recognition of the type of lice is often simply the result of the location of the body in which they are found.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the life cycle of the head louse has three stages: egg, nymph and adult. Head lice eggs are called nits and are hard to see, often becoming confused with dandruff and dry hair spray flakes. The nits are found glued to the hair shaft very near the scalp. The eggs take approximately one week to hatch into a tiny nymph about the size of a pinhead. After three molts, the nymph will mature into an adult 7 days after hatching from the nit.
The life cycle of the body louse is the same as the head louse. They can be found on hair shafts anywhere on the human body but most often inside the seams of clothing. Adult body lice can feed on blood several times a day. The body louse will die within a couple days without blood meals.
As with the head louse and body louse, the life cycle of the pubic louse consists of three stages: egg, nymph and adult. Adult pubic lice are only found on human bodies and require blood to survive. The pubic lice are transmitted from person to person during sexual activity. Transmission can also take place from clothing or bedding to another human host.
The type of lice involved identifies the activity or habits of human lice. Head lice, for example, are only found on the head and will live there continually unless disturbed or knocked loose from scratching, combing hair or attaching to one’s hat. Transmission of head lice usually occurs when there is direct contact of two heads or sharing combs, brushes or hats.
Body lice will venture off the body and can be found on clothing and bedding. Occasionally, body lice can be seen on the human body while feeding. Body lice are also known to transmit diseases such as typhus, trench fever and louse-borne relapsing fever.
Pubic lice are normally found in the genital area on pubic hair. The can also be found on other body hair such as on legs, armpits, beard or eyebrows. Pubic lice are most often transmitted through sexual contact.
There are several things one can do to prevent exposure to head lice. Do not share any hats, scarves, brushes, combs hair ribbons or any other item that is normally exposed to the head. Avoiding head to head contact at school, slumber parties and playgrounds will help prevent exposure.
Prevention and control of body lice consists of regular bathing and properly laundering of clothes and bedding. Use hot water and high temperature drying cycle when laundering infested clothing and bedding. Never share clothing, beds or towels that may have been used by an infested person.
Pubic lice are most commonly spread from person to person by sexual contact. Rarely will transmission occur from clothing, bedding or toilet seats. Sexual contact with an infested person must be avoided until infected partner has been treated, examined and declared to be free of lice.
Regular shampooing and bathing of the body and proper laundering of clothing and bedding will create an environment that is not inviting to human lice. Additional care and examination is recommended for those who frequent public places such as schools and other areas where there may be outbreaks of lice.
The control of head, body and pubic lice is only performed or treated medically and through personal hygiene of the human body and laundering of clothing and bedding. Any louse that becomes dislodged from the human host will not survive for extended periods of time. Professional treatment of insecticides is not necessary and should not be applied for control of human lice. Contact a medical professional for practical information on controlling human lice.
dog and cat near a st. louis home
Tips To Protect Your Pets From Pests
Do you have a furry family member? If so, you are probably aware that your pets can be the target of pests, and there is a good chance you've already… Continue
hot dogs in front of american flag
Keep Pests Away On Memorial Day
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Pronunciation of Mosaicist: Learn how to pronounce Mosaicist in English correctly
Learn how to say Mosaicist correctly in English with this tutorial pronunciation video.
Oxford dictionary definition of the word mosaic:
1a picture or pattern produced by arranging together small pieces of stone, tile, glass, etc.:
mosaics on the interior depict scenes from the Old Testament
[mass noun]:
the walls and vaults are decorated by marble and mosaic
a colourful and variegated pattern:
the bird’s plumage was a mosaic of slate-grey, blue, and brown
a combination of diverse elements forming a more or less coherent whole:
a cultural mosaic
an arrangement of photosensitive elements in a television camera.
2 Biology an individual (especially an animal) composed of cells of two genetically different types.
3 (also mosaic disease) a virus disease that results in leaf variegation in tobacco, maize, sugar cane, and other plants.
verb (mosaics, mosaicking, mosaicked)
[with object]
decorate with a mosaic:
(as adjective mosaicked)
the mosaicked swimming pool
combine (distinct or disparate elements) to form a picture or pattern:
the digital data were combined, or mosaicked, to delineate counties
denoting an individual composed of cells of two genetically different types.
Pronunciation: /-ɪsɪst/
late Middle English: from French mosaïque, based on Latin musi(v)um decoration with small square stones, perhaps ultimately from Greek mousa ‘a muse’
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Asiento was a liscense issued by Spain to provide slave to its colonies. The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 separated Spain from African source of slaves. It issued liscences to provide slaves to its colonies. The Portuguese initially owned the asiento, later the Dutch, the French, a Genoese Company, and then the English. For a period of time, between 1750-1862, Spain issued it to herself. This liscence was lucrative to the nation that owned it. Many European nation competed among each other for it.
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Efficient Routing Algorithm for Wireless Networks Based on Bandwidth and Clock Rate
The algorithm inculcates the use of dynamic - distance vector routing protocols such as RIP, RIPV2, IGRP, and EIGRP to determine the path. These routing protocols will determine the best path by analyzing only the hop count. I.e. if a packet goes through a router it refers to one hop. So the least number of hop counts will be always considered as best path. In such case, those protocols will determine only the shortest path, but not the best path. The reason being on its ignorance of bandwidth (speed of transmitting the data) and clock rate(bits/sec) of the path in which the data has to travel, therefore wastage of time in routing and re-routing occurs.
Provided by: Creative Commons Topic: Networking Date Added: Mar 2014 Format: PDF
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The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus or a Medieval Forgery?
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“shroud” of Turin
Apparently, the first historical mention of the shroud as the “shroud of Turin” is in the late 16th century when it was brought to the cathedral in that city, though it was allegedly discovered in Turkey during one of the so-called “Holy” Crusades in the so-called “Middle” Ages. In 1988, the Vatican allowed the shroud to be dated by three independent sources–Oxford University, the University of Arizona, and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology–and each of them dated the cloth as originating in medieval times, around 1350.
The shroud allegedly was in a fire during the early part of the 16th century and, according to believers in the shroud’s authenticity, that is what accounts for the carbon dating of the shroud as being no more than 650 years old. To non-believers, this sounds like an ad hoc hypothesis.
According to microchemist Dr. Walter McCrone,
the relic trade
McCrone’s theory is that “a male model was daubed with paint and wrapped in the sheet to create the shadowy figure of Jesus.” The model was covered in red ochre, “a pigment found in earth and widely used in Italy during the Middle Ages, and pressed his forehead, cheekbones and other parts of his head and body on to the linen to create the image that exists today. Vermilion paint, made from mercuric sulphide, was then splashed onto the image’s wrists, feet and body to represent blood.”
McCrone analyzed the shroud and found traces of chemicals that were used in “two common artist’s pigments of the 14th century, red ochre and vermilion, with a collagen (gelatin) tempera binder” (McCrone 1998). He makes his complete case that the shroud is a medieval painting in Judgment Day for the Shroud of Turin (March 1999). For his work, McCrone was awarded the American Chemical Society’s Award in Analytical Chemistry in 2000.
the evidence for authenticity
Some believers think the crown of thorns was made of this type of tumbleweed. However, Danin did not examine the shroud itself. His sample of pollen grains originated with Max Frei, who tape-lifted pollen grain samples from the shroud. Frei’s pollen grains have been controversial from the beginning. Frei, who once pronounced the forged “Hitler Diaries” to be genuine, probably introduced the pollen grains himself or was duped and innocently picked up pollen grains another pious fraud had introduced (Nickell).
Danin notes that another relic believed to be the burial face cloth of Jesus (the Sudarium of Oviedo in Spain) contains the same two types of pollen grains as the Shroud and also is stained with type AB blood. Since the Sudarium is believed to havethe Sudarium of Oviedo existed before the 8th century, according to Danin, there is “clear evidence that the shroud originated before the eighth century.” The cloth is believed to have been in a chest of relics from at least the time of the Moorish invasion of Spain. It is said to have been in the chest when it was opened in 1075. But, since there is no blood on the shroud of Turin and there is no good reason to accept Danin’s assumption that the pollen grains were on the Shroud from its origin, this argument is spurious.
Moreover, that there are two cloths believed to have been wrapped around the dead body of Jesus does not strengthen the claim that the shroud is authentic, but weakens it. How many more cloths are there that we don’t know about? Were they mass produced like pieces of the true cross, straw from Jesus’ manger, chunks of Noah’s ark? That cloths in Spain and Italy have identical pollen grains and blood stains is a bit less than “clear evidence” that they originated at the same time, especially since there is clear evidence that the claim that they have identical pollen grains and blood stains is not true. But, even if it were true, it would be of little value in establishing that either of these cloths touched the body of Jesus.
unraveling the weave
The weave of the cloth is said to be typical of the weave wealthy Jews would have had in the time of Jesus. The weave of the wealthy Jew doesn’t seem consistent with the kind of people Jesus supposedly hung out with. However, as one reader, Hal Nelson, pointed out, “The linen cloth was supplied by Joseph of Arimathea, described in Matthew 27 as a “rich man” as well as a disciple. (The weave of Turin is herring bone; the weave of Oviedo is taffeta, proving, I suppose, that Jesus had disciples of all types, even AB.)
To the believer, however, it is not the scientific proof of the shroud’s authenticity that gives the shroud its special significance. It is the faith in the miraculous origin of the image that defines their belief. The miracle is taken as a sign that the resurrection really happened and that Jesus was divine.
Just another relic?
Perhaps the most fascinating aspect of the shroud of Turin controversy is the way true believers keep bringing up red herrings and the way skeptics keep taking the bait. Danin made his plant image/pollen grain argument in 1998, a follow-up on another plant image argument he made in 1997. He said in the 1998 article that his evidence showed that “the Shroud could have come only from the Near East.” An AP article by Traci Angel (8/3/99) quotes Danin as saying that the evidence “clearly point to a floral grouping from the area surrounding Jerusalem.” No doubt, a raging debate will follow (once again!) as to the origin of the plants and pollen gains. As if it matters. Even if it is established beyond any reasonable doubt that the shroud originated in Jerusalem and was used to wrap up the body of Jesus, so what? Would that prove Jesus rose from the dead? I don’t think so. To believe anyone rose from the dead can’t be based on physical evidence, because resurrection is a physical impossibility. Only religious faith can sustain such a belief. To believe that someone floated up to the sky and disappeared (i.e., rose into heaven) is also not going to be proved one way or the other by these shroud arguments. Finally, no amount of physical evidence could ever demonstrate that a man was a god, was also his own Father and conceived without his mother ever having had sex. Thus, no matter how many brilliant scientists marshal forth their brilliant papers with evidence for images of Biblical ropes, sponges, thorns, spears, flowers, tumbleweeds, blood, etc., none of it has the slightest relevance for proving these matters of faith.
latest news
Dr. Raymond Rogers, a retired chemist from Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, claims that the part of the cloth tested and dated at around 1350 was not part of the original shroud. According to Rogers, the labs that dated the cloth to the 14th century tested a patch made to repair damage done by fire. How does he know this, since the patch was destroyed in the testing? According to shroud investigator Joe Nickell, Rogers “relied on two little threads allegedly left over from the sampling” and the word of “pro-authenticity researchers who guessed that the carbon-14 sample came from a ‘rewoven area’ of repair.” According to Nickell, P.E. Damon’s 1989 article published in Nature claims that “textile experts specifically made efforts to select a site for taking the radiocarbon sample that was away from patches and seams.”
Says Nickell,
The reported differences include the presence—allegedly only on the “radiocarbon sample”—of cotton fibers and a coating of madder root dye in a binding medium that his tests “suggest” is gum Arabic….However, Rogers’ assertions to the contrary, both the cotton and the madder have been found elsewhere on the shroud. Both were specifically reported by famed microanalyst Walter McCrone.
Dr. Rogers estimates the actual date of the shroud to be between about 1,000 BCE. and 1700 CE. Still, all the evidence points toward the medieval forgery hypothesis. As Nickell notes, “no examples of its complex herringbone weave are known from the time of Jesus when, in any case, burial cloths tended to be of plain weave” (1998: 35). “In addition, Jewish burial practice utilized—and the Gospel of John specifically describes for Jesus—multiple burial wrappings with a separate cloth over the face.”*
more latest news
Alberto Carpinteri, a professor of structural mechanics at the Polytechnic University of Turin, has announced that he and a few colleagues “believe it is possible that neutron emissions by earthquakes could have induced the image formation on the Shroud’s [sic] linen fibres, through thermal neutron capture on nitrogen nuclei, and could also have caused a wrong radiocarbon dating.”*
I believe it is possible that pigs sent from an alien world created the shroud to see what follies humans would engage in. We can all believe what we want about what’s possible, but in this case it is important to note that Carpinteri’s belief about neutron emissions from rocks is universally rejected by physicists. Carpinteri was the president of the National Institute for Research in Metrology (INRiM) until he was dismissed after two-thirds of the board of directors resigned in objection to his support of piezonuclear fission.* The resignations came on the heels of a petition signed by 1,200 INRIM researchers and staff addressed to Minister of Education Francesco Profumo expressing their concerns about Carpinteri.* Carpinteri’s response to his critics was to threaten them with legal action. Profumo’s response was to announce that he has no intention of funding piezonuclear research without the backing of the scientific community.*
Piezonuclear fission is the notion that “compressing solids can provoke nucleus-splitting reactions without emitting gamma-rays or producing nuclear waste.”
See also faith, miracle, and Lying for God.
reader comments
further reading
books and articles
Nickell, Joe. (1994). “Pollens on the ‘Shroud’: A study in deception,” Skeptical Inquirer, Summer.
Schafersman, Steven D. (1998). “Unraveling the Shroud of Turin,” Approfondimento Sindone, Year II, vol. 2.
Toro, Hernán. 2004. Las anomalías ignoradas del “sudario” de Turín. Pensar. Vol. 1 No. 1. Despite the abundance of pseudo-scientific verbiage used by defenders of the “shroud” as the burial cloth of Jesus, the authenticity of the the images on the “shroud” cannot withstand a simple logical analysis. The figure is not a negative, the image is not anatomically accurate, no one can say that the wounds of the nails are on the wrists, the spots of “blood” are but pictures painted with red ocher and vermilion, the supposed corpse has ape-like proportions and adopts impossible positions, and the figure does not satisfy the geometric conditions of contact formation.
The Shroud of Turin Research at McCrone Research Institute
McCrone Walter C. “Red Ochre and Vermilion on Shroud Tapes?” Approfondimento Sindone 1998.
CSICOP Press Release on Turin Shroud (August 23, 2000)
New “Shroud” Claims Challenged as Spurious (CSICOP – June 1996)
The Skeptical Shroud of Turin Website
Debunking the Shroud – Made by Human Hands by Gary Vikan
“Shroud of Turin Survives Suspicious Fire,” by D. Trull, Enigma Editor
Barry Schwortz’s Shroud of Turin page
The shroud on display in Turin’s San Giovanni Cathedral
new Shroud of Turin depicts Y-shaped crucifixion “…Borrini wanted to know if the ‘bloodstains’ on the left arm, the clearest ones, were consistent with the flow of blood from the wrist of a crucified person. So he asked Luigi Garlaschelli of the University of Pavia, Italy, to assume different crucifixion postures, while a cannula attached to his wrist dribbled donated blood down his arm….” [/new]
Turin “Shroud” Called “Supernatural” by Joe Nickell “…scientists working for the Italian government have claimed to find evidence that the image of Jesus crucified appearing on the notorious Shroud of Turin was not produced by a medieval artist but instead was likely caused by a supernatural event. Unfortunately, their work violates so many principles of science and logic as to raise serious questions about their motivation.”
Age of shroud of Turin disputed again
Mystery reopened? No. Bizarrely, the less-noticed Oxford University press release on the same topic was entitled “International radiocarbon dating experts confirm the Turin Shroud is a medieval fake” and, though including Professor Ramsey’s very proper willingness to conduct further research, added that “the researchers conclude the original radiocarbon date of 14th century is correct, based on current evidence, but they have yet to test whether there is anything in the specific storage conditions of the shroud which might affect this conclusion”.* Last updated 12-Sep-2014
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Show Summary Details
Quick Reference
Name for the Goídels, allegedly the third invaders of early Ireland, in their own language; the Féni followed the Eacute;rainn and the Lagin. Unlike their predecessors, the Féni are said to have migrated directly to Ireland from the Continent, not by way of Britain. In early Irish usage, the term Féni implies the old, aboriginal, purest population, i.e. free land-tillers, as opposed to servants or slaves; honorifically, Féni implies ‘true’ Irish. In the Brehon Laws of early Ireland, the term féne-chas denoted those laws applying to landed freeholders. Féni is unrelated to the term fianna, although the neologism Fenian was derived from a confusion between the two terms.
Subjects: Religion.
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