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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart January 27, 1756 – December 05, 1791 Classical Period Born in Austria Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria, where his father Leopold was a violinist and composer. Wolfgang (or Wolferl, as his family called him) was a child prodigy. He composed his first piece of music at age five; he had his first piece published when he was seven; and he wrote his first opera when he was twelve. By the time Wolfgang was 6, he was an excellent pianist and violinist. He and his sister Maria Anna (known as Nannerl) traveled all over Europe performing for royalty. When he grew up, Mozart moved to Vienna, and tried to earn a living as a pianist and composer. But he had a lot of trouble handling the fact that he was no longer a child prodigy. Mozart was still a musical genius, but after he stopped being a cute kid, people stopped making a big fuss over him. Back then, musicians were treated like servants, but Mozart did not, and could not think of himself as a servant. Mozart was only 35 when he died. During his short life, he composed in all different musical forms, including operas, symphonies, concertos, masses, and chamber music. Today, he is still considered a genius!	<urn:uuid:2e29bd05-2f6e-425c-b2ef-aa4d8805c42a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.12019062042236328, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9949841499328613, "url": "https://www.classicsforkids.com/composer/?id=46" }
What Are Religious Beliefs of the Ottawa Tribe? The Ottawa tribe believed in spirits, and frequently provided gifts to these spirits. They practiced polytheism, meaning that they believed in more than one god. Native to what is now southern Ontario and Michigan in the United States, the Ottawa Tribe also called areas in Ohio and near the Appalachian Mountains home. Among their religious ceremonies included the Gi-be Wiikonge, also known as the “Feast of the Dead.” This was held each spring and summer. The women would prepare the bodies of those who had passed away for burial, while others would focus on digging the pits for the bodies. At the end of the ceremony, the dead would never be spoken of again.	<urn:uuid:324be21f-5f3e-45bf-aab0-dd7753b6c993>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.616345226764679, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9848071336746216, "url": "https://www.reference.com/world-view/religious-beliefs-ottawa-tribe-997ea47c2816e27" }
British soldiers deport "Exodus 1947" passengers In July 1947 in France, 4,500 Jewish refugees from displaced persons camps in Germany boarded the "Exodus 1947" and attempted to sail (without permission to land) to Palestine, which was under British mandate. The British intercepted the ship off the coast and forced it to anchor in Haifa, where British soldiers removed the Jewish refugees. After British authorities failed to force France to accept the refugees, the refugees were returned to DP camps in Germany. The plight of the "Exodus" passengers became a symbol of the struggle for open immigration into Palestine. • Fox News View Archival Details This content is available in the following languages Thank you for supporting our work	<urn:uuid:818d721a-f095-4ffe-868b-e2c0f90cac8e>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.765625, "fasttext_score": 0.1477978229522705, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9356529712677002, "url": "https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/film/british-soldiers-deport-exodus-1947-passengers" }
UIS Commission on Karst Hydrogeology and Speleogenesis Email Print Karstbase Bibliography Database White, William B. White, William B.; Culver, David C. Encyclopedia of Caves Entrances are connections between an underlying cave passage and the surface above. Most cave entrances are statistical accidents where the breakthrough to the surface is caused by collapse, by valley deepening, or by human activities such as road cuts, quarries, and other excavations. The number of caves with a certain number of entrances decreases rapidly with the number of entrances, leading to the prediction of a large number of caves that have no entrances. Entrances range in size over several orders of magnitude but there is no relationship between the size of the entrance and the size of the cave. stream sinks; collapse; springs; entrance statistics; habitat White, William B., 2012, Entrances , 280 - 284 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123838322000372, PDF	<urn:uuid:53a53252-f22d-4c1c-872b-f34d0b9369af>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.75, "fasttext_score": 0.2267354130744934, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8501350283622742, "url": "https://speleogenesis.com/resources/karstbase/details/9/10664" }
Print Сite this Spain and the Founding of Jamestown In 1606, King James I granted the Virginia Company a charter to settle and civilize America. Virginia Company was a joint-stock company with a group of wealthy investors and shares holder. The Virginia Company planned to establish settlements in America and make a profit. Jamestown island was selected as a site for several reasons. It was far enough inland to hide from possible Spanish attacks. The island also had deep waters for the anchorage of their ships. The presence of swamps and rivers made it easily defensible against the local native Americans who had not yet inhabited the island, such as the Powhatan Indians. The island was a triangle in shape, with a wall at each corner offering protection to its settlers. Jamestown Island was established by the Virginia Company as a settlement and became the first English colony in North America. We will write a custom essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page 308 certified writers online Learn More Some years before the establishment of the Jamestown, the Spanish ambassador in London informed the Council of State about the English plans in Virginia. The Spanish ambassador in London, Pedro de Zuniga, wrote a letter to Madrid, his capital addressing the issue (Goldman 435). Goldman (435) says the Spanish government sent an operation to overpower the project in North America. The Council of State concluded giving diplomacy a chance to work (Goldman 435). At that time, Spain was in an ongoing peace negotiation with the Dutch. The Virginia Company moved to Jamestown and started establishing settlements. Spain was filled with uncertainty after being informed that English troops had sent forces to settle in Virginia (Goldman 436). The Junta de Guerra de Indies were commanded to reinforce the Spanish points in North America. Some members of the Council of war and the Council of the Indies formed the Junta de Guerra who was a group that was only necessary when military actions were required (Goldman 436). The Council of war and the junta could not stop the English plans (Goldman 436). They were unable to maintain the entire empire across about three thousand miles. In the article, the author says that a Spanish military group led by their leader Diego de Molina landed in the English settlement at Jamestown. They were captured by the English armed men and served in captivity for several years (Goldman 63). Goldman (63) states that two Spanish militants died in detention while Molina, their leader, regained his freedom after seven years. It is believed that Jamestown was situated to prevent attacks from Spain. There was controversy in the Spanish government on whether to attack the English settlement or not. The Spanish protection of Catholicism was arguing that an immediate attack towards the English settlement should be conducted (Goldman 429). The other argument used the new political theory of reason of state, which was against the attack on the English settlement. Spain was the main stumbling block in the new English settlement but never responded in anger as expected (Goldman 429). The Spanish government was significantly affected in its finance and strategic positions in the leadership of King Philip III (Goldman 429). Spain could not respond in war towards the English settlement or rescuing its militants. According to the author, the Spanish government decided to let the settlement survive without causing conflicts. The state theory facilitated the choice of not attacking the English settlement at Jamestown following the meetings of the Spanish council debates (Goldman 429). Through this, the English men were guaranteed eventual colonization and accommodation in North America. Spain had claimed the region earlier in the fifteenth century, but they never responded in safeguarding it (Elliott 541). Alternatively, they contented themselves with diplomatic protests and powerless warnings (Goldman 428). The Spanish government was confused and were not able to come up with a strategy to help win their long-claimed region. Spain seemed to be responding to how they were expected to react during the establishments of settlements in North America. The Spanish government had dominion over several parties, such as the Indies (Elliott 541). Under the reign of King Philip III, the Spanish government consciously left its domination over the Indies, where the Spanish government used to make a lot of its wealth and power (Elliott 541). The choice of Spain to let the English settlement survive led to North America speaking English and South America speaking Spanish (Goldman 428). Spain’s decision was one of a kind having no disturbances or conflict. A few months later, after the English settlement in Virginia, the Spanish ambassador in London, Zuniga, was invited by King James I to talk about the new colony. Ambassador Zuniga expressed King’s Philip distress on the English settlement in “Indies of Castile”, which according to the treaty of 1604, belonged to the Spanish government (Goldman 438). Goldman (438) indicates that Zuniga reported to King Philip what they had discussed with King James I. Zuniga told Philip that James said he was not aware of what was happening in Virginia (Goldman 438). King James also noted that those in Jamestown had travelled to the place at their own risk. Towards the end of the interview, King James placed the fault on the parliament for the settlement in the foreign lands (Goldman 438). However, the Spaniards were so insightful to believe the talk of King James I. Get your 100% original paper on any topic done in as little as 3 hours Learn More As an ambassador, Zuniga was much occupied with intelligence, in many cases to an expansive impact. The Spanish ambassador gathered together English undertakings in Virginia, having a map of the region showing its accurate location and the sum of people in the area (Goldman 439). Goldman (439) argues that Zuniga was so passionate about destroying Jamestown since it had threatened Spain’s empire and because it was a pirate base making it extremely risky. Zuniga’s research about the land of Jamestown was fundamental to Spain if it had the idea of conquering Virginia (Goldman 439). Zuniga was ready to help his country get all that it needed showing his patriotism to his nation. In the article, “Spain and the Founding of Jamestown,” Goldman clearly views Spain as wise for its considerations on how to respond to harsh situations. I strongly agree with the author of this article, Spain and the Founding of Jamestown. Goldman, the author, explains every detail about Jamestown in Virginia in an understandable manner. The book’s organization makes it easy for learners to grasp every critical point on the first English settlement in North America. In the article, the author answers every question the learner carries in mind after studying the topic. Spain and the Foundation of Jamestown are exciting to learn since it offers an excellent history of the ancient days. Spain and the Founding of Jamestown effectively link with the standard narrative in the textbook. Both teach the history of establishing the new English settlement in the river banks of James by the Virginia company. The response of Spain towards the territory of the English people in the long-claimed land is also well explained in both the textbook and the article. Goldman’s report goes much into details about the history of the founding of Jamestown and the response between the English and Spanish people. The article is brief and precise, making it easily understandable for learners. Spain and the Founding of Jamestown is an educative topic or lesson in history. Works Cited Goldman, William S. “Spain and the Founding of Jamestown.” The William and Mary Quarterly 68.3 (2011): 427-450. Web. Elliott, J. H. “The Iberian Atlantic and Virginia.” The Atlantic World and Virginia, 1550 1624 (2007): 541-57. Cite this paper Select style StudyCorgi. (2022, August 10). Spain and the Founding of Jamestown. Retrieved from Work Cited "Spain and the Founding of Jamestown." StudyCorgi, 10 Aug. 2022, * Hyperlink the URL after pasting it to your document 1. StudyCorgi. "Spain and the Founding of Jamestown." August 10, 2022. StudyCorgi. 2022. "Spain and the Founding of Jamestown." August 10, 2022. StudyCorgi. (2022) 'Spain and the Founding of Jamestown'. 10 August.	<urn:uuid:6ea3fae3-083d-4ea3-b19f-79cef66d61a9>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.984375, "fasttext_score": 0.05921661853790283, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9673981070518494, "url": "https://studycorgi.com/spain-and-the-founding-of-jamestown/" }
What are engineering symbols? Table of Contents What are engineering symbols? A drawing is a visual representation of an object which can be interpreted by someone else. Engineering drawings are a type of technical drawing, which is used to document the design and manufacturing process. Engineering drawings are also known as technical drawings or mechanical drawings. In order to create an engineering drawing, symbols and abbreviations are used. These symbols and abbreviations are called engineering drawing abbreviations or engineering symbols. The most common types of engineering symbols include: arrows, circles, lines, shapes, numbers, letters and words. Engineers use abbreviations and symbols to quickly communicate their ideas to other engineers. These symbols are often used in engineering drawings to shorten the time it takes to draw them. Engineers use abbreviations and symbols because they are more efficient than writing out the whole word or sentence. Symbols are often used in engineering drawings because they take less time for an engineer to draw than writing out the whole word or sentence. Engineers use a lot of abbreviations in their drawings. This makes it difficult for the non-engineer to read them. In order to make the drawings more readable, engineers need to be aware of the following abbreviations and their meanings: AF: Across Flats ASSY: Assembly CM: Centimeters CL: Center line CHAM: Chamfered CH HD: Cheese Head CSK: Countersink CSK HD: Countersink Head C’BORE or CBORE: Counterbore CYL: Cylinder or Cylindrical DATUM: Datum System “: Degree (of angle) DIA: Diameter DIM: Dimension DRG: Drawing ENG: Engine, engineering EQUI SP: Equally Spaced EXT: External FIG: Figure FT: Foot GAL: Gallon GALV: Galvanized HRA: Hardness Rockwell A scale HRB: Hardness Rockwell B scale HRC: Hardness Rockwell C scale HRD: Hardness Rockwell D scale HRE: Hardness Rockwell E scale HB: Hardness Brinell HV: Hardness Vickers HEX: Hexagon HEX HD: Hexagon head HYD: Hydraulic IN: Inch INSUL: Insulated, insulation INT: Internal I/D: Internal diameter JT: Joint KG: Kilogram LH: Left hand LG: Long M/C: Machine MATL: Material MAX: Maximum M: Meter MM: Millimeter MIN: Minimum, Minute NTS: Not to scale NO.: Number O/D: Outside diameter PCD: Pitch circle diameter QTY: Quantity LB: Pound RAD or R: Radius RPM: Revolutions per minute RH: Right hand RD HD: Round head SCR: Screwed SK: Sketch SPEC: Specification SPH: Spherical SQ: Square STD: Standard SWG: Standard wire gauge THD: Thread TPI: Thread per inch VOL: Volume WT: Weight AC: Across corners ALY: Aluminum ANN: Anneal AQL: Acceptable quality level AR: As required AVG: Average BASIC or BSC: Basic dimension BC or B.C.: Bolt circle BHC: Bolt hole circle BRZ: Bronze CAD: Computer-aided design CERT: Certification CI: Cast iron CNC: Computer Numerical Control CRES: Corrosion-resistant DIM: Dimension ED: Edge distance IAW: In accordance with LMC: Least material condition MBP: Measurement between pins MBW: Measurement between wires MFD: Manufactured MFG: Manufacturing MFR: Manufacturer MMC: Maximum material condition OAL: Overall length PC: Piece PD: Pitch diameter PL: Parts list PMI: Product and manufacturing information REF: Reference RZ: Roughness, mean depth SFACE: Spotface SN: Serial number STD: Standard UNC: Unified National Coarse UNS: Unified National Special YS: Yield Strength Engineering Drawing Symbols The common Engineering Drawing Symbols are used for various purposes. They are used to convey information about the drawing, such as the type of drawing, the size and scale of the drawing, and other relevant information. The following is a list of symbols that are commonly found in engineering drawings: Basic types of symbols used in engineering drawings are countersink, counterbore, spotface, depth, radius, and diameter. Here are more commonly used engineering drawing symbols and design elements as below. engineering drawing symbols engineering drawing symbols Product Gallery Get inspired by our custom machining part projects and contact us to Get Instant Quote for rapid prototype or machined parts start from 1pcs. precision cnc machined aluminum components Leave Your Question & Needs Here Our project support team will have feedback for you within 1 working day! Or You Can Send Email to: sales@3Qmachining.com	<urn:uuid:3a7b24a8-f1f9-4456-8608-372d03380116>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.71875, "fasttext_score": 0.05162394046783447, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8347076773643494, "url": "https://www.3qmachining.com/what-are-engineering-symbols/" }
Solve Systems by Graphing Would You Rather Listen to the Lesson? Voiced by Amazon Polly When I coached peewee soccer, I remember putting dots or cones on the ground to help my players with their passing. At first, it was easy. One player stood at the cone and passed the ball to the second player who was standing at another cone. We practiced short, crisp passes. The shortest distance between two points is a straight line. That ball scooted straight across. After warming up, I talked about how in the game, everyone is moving. We have to pick a point ahead of our teammate and pass the ball there. That way, the player can run onto the ball, receive the pass and keep going. To help practice this, the player with the ball tried to pass the ball to a cone. However, the player receiving the ball started at a different spot and ran to that cone to catch the pass. The receiver was running in a straight line, the pass was going in a different line, and if they met at the same point (the cone), the pass was successful! When two lines cross at the same point, that’s solving a system of equations. Two linear equations that cross create a solution to the system. In order to solve a system by graphs, students must plot the equations and find the coordinate pair that they share. That coordinate pair is the solution to the system – just like a successful pass! If someone is running in one direction and I pass the ball parallel to them, will they be able to catch the pass? No! Because the ball and the player never cross paths. In math, that’s called “No Solution”. Or if I have the ball already, and I’m running down the field dribbling it, we are traveling along the same line. I can constantly have touches on the ball, over and over and as long as the ball and I are on the same line, there is an infinite number of solutions. This is the same as on a coordinate plane. Two functions that lie on the same line share an infinite number of solutions. Parallel lines, which will never cross, will never share a solution; and two lines that intersect have exactly one solution or point that they share. If I have the time and the space, I get my students outside to play some catch. I have used a soccer ball or basketball, a tennis ball or baseball. The key is to show how the ball travels in a straight line and a person travels in a straight line. If that person makes the catch, then they capture the solution of the system. The point in space that those two lines share is how to solve a system. Of course, if I don’t have a lot of space, I may try this with a soft ball or bean bag to show the paths and the lines that create the system. Sometimes I show a video of a sports play, football or basketball, soccer or baseball. You could even have students fold paper into triangles and flick it with their pointer finger to “pass it.” We can draw lines to show the path of the ball. The key is to show that in order to solve a system by graphing, we have to find the coordinate pair that the lines share. Set up for Solving Systems by Graphing Activity 1. To introduce the activity with a demonstration, prepare by finding a ball that works for the space you will do this in. Consider the type of ball that works for outside (soccer ball, basketball, baseball) vs inside (tennis ball, beach ball, squishy ball). 2. Prepare a video of a football play, basketball or soccer passing drill, or a baseball play where the runner gets out at the first base. You can draw a model of this on the board for the class. (Finding drill videos or replays that are marked up can be helpful too.) Here are some ideas you can use and discuss: Soccer Passing and Close Calls, Plays to first Base Video 3. Each student needs a Solving Systems by Graphing Worksheet. with solving systems by graphing examples and solving systems of equations activity. 4. Organize partnerships so students can work in pairs. Launch the Graphing Activity Pair off your students and ask for a group to demonstrate the idea behind “Complete the Pass”. Set it up like a drill in baseball or soccer. One player has the ball and is throwing it to a spot. The other player is moving towards that same spot and trying to catch the pass. On a coordinate plane, have students sketch the two lines that the ball and the runner made. Let the groups try on their own and sketch their system of equations. Explain that a system of equations is two or more equations on the same coordinate plane. Have everybody sketch the linear equation: y=x+2. You can review how to plot the graph by knowing y=mx+b, or by plugging in values. The y-intercept is 2, because when x=0 y=2. Plot this point together. Then students can march the slope of 1, or plug in another value. For example, when x= 1, y=3. Plot points and draw the graph. Explain that when they have a linear equation, any point on the line is a solution to that equation. Now, on the same coordinate plane, plot the graph y= -x + 2. Again, students can work together and plot the graph by finding points or by using y=mx+b. The graph will look like this (Image Graphed using Solve Systems by Graphing Once students have a graph of the system: You can explain that every point along the red line is a solution to y=x+2. Then go to the blue line and explain that every point along the blue line is a solution to the equation y=-x+2. Ask “So is there a point that is a solution to this system?” If the students are not sure, have them talk to each other about it. Remind them about how a complete pass was made when the ball and the player were moving along different lines. You can prompt with questions like “Do these two lines share a point? Or share a solution?” Place a dot where the lines cross. The point (0,2). On a graph, this is where they cross. They share this point in space. You can then explain how if they plug in the point (0,2) to the first equation, it is true and is a solution. Then try to plug it into the second equation to show that it works for that line as well. The point (0,2) is a solution to BOTH equations. Which means it is also a solution to the system of equations. Help students with solving systems of equations by graphing step by step. Before setting the students off to work together, show a quick video clip of some baseball plays, such as Video of Close Calls at First, and diagram the system on the boards, like this: The runner must run from home to first base. The fielder must pick up the ball and throw it directly to first base. Show these two lines on a coordinate plane. The coordinate pair for the first base is where the throw and runner intersect. This shows solving systems by graphing. Note – if you could find a field like this, draw a line for the runner, going from home to first base, and then a different color line for the throw going from shortstop to first base, and show how it is a linear system of equations. The point where they cross is at first base. Similar to the image below After the demos and introduction, students will work on matching equations to “Complete the Pass” on the Solving Systems by Graphing Worksheet. Explain that they will graph the first equation and then be given a point on the line. That is where they must make the pass. Can they find the equation that completes the pass? The equation that will cross at that point? Students will then solve the system by graphing. They will graph the system of the 2 chosen equations and name the solution to the system. Students should complete the demonstration graphs, introductory graph, and partner graphs on the Solving Systems by Graphing Worksheet. Complete the Pass: Solving Systems by Graphing Activity 1. Students work with a partner. 2. Students follow the Solving Systems by Graphing Worksheet. ROUND 1 – Hit the Target, Make the Pass 1. Students graph the “Runner” Equation in BLUE. Make sure the students choose at least 2 points or a graph with the y-intercept and slope. 2. Students then mark the indicated “catching” coordinate with an X. 3. Students choose from the 3 “Passer” Equations to find the line that solves the system. ROUND 2: Choose the BEST line to complete the pass. 1. Students draw the “runner” graph. 2. There is no target, students must choose the equation that will complete the pass. 3. Students find the solution to the system of equations by graphing. 4. Students check the coordinates to see that it is a solution to the equation. Reflecting on the Solving Systems by Graphing Activity Students should compare graphs and discuss the possible options with each other. Ask students if they can find any patterns. Prompt the discussion with the following questions: • Can you tell if the line will not cross? • What does it mean if you graph 2 lines that are parallel? • What does it mean if you graph 2 lines, and they are actually the same line? • What patterns did you discover with the lines that crossed? • Can two lines with a positive slope cross? Explain. • Can two lines with negative slopes cross? 1. Play a round of Complete the Pass by providing one equation and a “target” point. Students must use the point to create 3 different equations that will also go through that point and solve the system. Show the graph, and color code the linear equations. 2. Draw or print out a picture of a sports field or court. Highlight the lines to discuss the system of equations. Place your system on a coordinate grid or overlay a grid over your picture. Write equations for each line and solve the system by graphing. 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The Atlantic Wall - D-Day: History in an Hour Artillery position, part of the Atlantic Wall (Photo: Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-263-1583-35 / Valtingojer / CC-BY-SA) Hitler knew an invasion would at some point materialize. On 23 March 1942, in his Führer Directive No. 40, he declared, ‘In the days to come the coasts of Europe will be seriously exposed to the danger of enemy landings.’ Appointing 66-year-old Field Marshal Karl Gerd von Rundstedt in command, he ordered the building of a defensive perimeter known as the Atlantic Wall. Employing 2 million labourers from across Nazi-controlled Europe, many of them slave workers, construction began on a line of fortifications that, once completed, spread 2,800 miles along the coast of the whole of Western Europe – from the northern tip of Norway, along the coasts of Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium, along France’s Channel and Atlantic coasts down to the border of neutral Spain in the south. Consisting of some 700 concrete gun batteries and 12,250 fortified bunkers at intervals rarely more than a hundred yards, it was guarded round-the-clock by 300,000 troops. These troops were far from Hitler’s crack troops, but were, instead, often made up of the oldest and youngest men and POWs captured on the Eastern Front and forced into working for the Germans. In February 1944, Hitler appointed one of his ablest generals, Erwin Rommel, to oversee the defence of France. Rommel, who had gained fame during Germany’s defeat of France four years earlier and in North Africa where he earned the sobriquet ‘the Desert Fox’, believed that to prevent the Allies from securing a presence on continental Europe, they had to be contained on the beaches and driven back to the sea within ‘the first twenty-four hours’. Declaring the French section of the Atlantic Wall to be inadequate, Rommel ordered the immediate bolstering of defences, with the laying of mines both on the beaches, in places up to a thousand mines deep, and inland, eventually numbering some 6 million, and the installation of obstacles underwater, such as lethal metal spikes. In April 1944, on Rommel’s orders, the Germans planted huge numbers of wooden poles, fourteen to sixteen feet long, sticking out of the ground in fields behind the beaches to disrupt and damage potential Allied paratroopers or gliders. The poles, nicknamed ‘Rommel’s asparagus’, were linked by wire and often armed with a mine. Rommel also wished to have all nine German panzer divisions available in northern France near the beaches to help repulse any invasion. His superior, Rundstedt, wanted the tanks positioned north of Paris, out of reach of Allied firepower, from where they could be moved as required at short notice. Rommel argued that Allied air superiority would simply destroy the panzers once they tried to move into position. Refereeing this battle of wills, Hitler compromised and allocated three divisions to Rommel, and the rest to Rundstedt. Several ports along the Channel and Atlantic coasts were re-fortified and designated fortress status, with Hitler personally advising on their design. Each fortress was assigned a commandant, who, on promising to fight to the end, swore an oath of allegiance. French civilians were ordered to hand in their radios. Anyone caught listening to the BBC faced harsh consequences. In England, as D-Day loomed ever closer, security was also stepped up. Civilians were banned from visiting areas along the English Channel and North Sea. Europe-bound letters were censored and subject to prolonged delays between posting and delivery.	<urn:uuid:c7cb469b-f443-4f91-b7dc-cfc8ac2bff5c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.04458582401275635, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9655178785324097, "url": "https://erenow.net/ww/d-day-history-in-an-hour/4.php" }
space 8_edited.jpg The science behind fancy-colored diamonds: why are diamonds colored? Diamonds are some of the most admired and desired gemstones in the jewelry industry. The ones we’re most familiar with are the colorless diamonds. But did you know that diamonds can have many colors? Depending on how diamonds are formed, they can have different colors. Here, we discuss what gives fancy-colored diamonds their color. The color of colorless diamonds Diamonds were created deep beneath the Earth’s crust, in the upper mantle. The high pressure and temperature conditions in the upper mantle pushed and sealed the carbon atoms together to form the diamond crystal structure. For simplicity, let’s look at the diamond structure in two dimensions, as if looking at it from the side (image below). All the grey atoms are carbon atoms. Diamond lattice in two dimensions If all the positions in the diamond crystal structure were occupied by only by carbon atoms and there were no defects or impurities, then we have the colorless diamonds. However, there is no such thing as a completely perfect diamond with absolutely no impurities. That’s why even some of the colorless diamonds can have a certain subtle color, but the more clear the diamond, the fewer defects it has. Thus, the colorless diamonds can be classified as colorless, near colorless, and faintly colored depending on the coloring present in the diamond. The most pure ones among these are the ones that appear absolutely colorless to the eye. Depending on where the diamonds were formed and the precise conditions they were subjected to during their formation, they can have different colors. The stronger colored diamonds are called fancy-colored diamonds. Fancy-colored diamonds—what gives diamonds their color? There are different factors responsible for the different diamond colors. These include: 1. The presence of certain impurities, like other chemical elements, in the diamond structure (where another chemical element replaces some of the carbon atoms in the diamond lattice). 2. The presence of defects in the diamond lattice. 3. The effects of radiation on diamonds. The effects of impurities on diamond color Fancy-yellow diamonds Fancy yellow diamond Diamonds have a yellow color when there are nitrogen atoms present in the diamond crystal structure. We know there are other elements besides carbon atoms that are also present in the Earth’s upper mantle. So when the high pressures and temperatures brought the carbon atoms together, they also trapped some of those other elements in the diamond crystal structure. If there were higher amounts of nitrogen atoms present in the area where the diamonds were formed, then some of those nitrogen atoms were trapped in the diamond structure as the high pressures and temperatures pushed the atoms in their positions in the crystal structure. And it’s those nitrogen impurities that took the place of the carbon atoms in the crystal structure that lead to the yellow color of diamonds. Fancy orange diamonds Diamond lattice in two dimensions with nitrogen impurities Just like the yellow diamonds, the color of the orange diamonds is given by the presence of nitrogen impurities in the diamond crystal structure. The difference between these two comes from the way in which the nitrogen atoms are organized in the diamond lattice. A higher concentration of isolated nitrogen centers in the diamond lattice can lead to an orange color of diamonds. There could also be other reasons for the orange color of diamonds. One of them is a combination of having a plastic deformation of the crystal and having two nitrogen impurities and a vacancy grouped together in the crystal structure. A vacancy means that one of the carbon atoms is missing from where it’s supposed to be in the lattice. Fancy blue diamonds Fancy blue diamond The formation of the blue diamonds is similar to that of the yellow diamonds in the sense that as atoms get packed together in the diamond lattice, some of the carbon atoms are substituted by other chemical elements. And in the case of the blue diamonds, the chemical element that substitutes some of the carbon atoms is boron. Fancy violet diamonds The color of the fancy violet diamonds is the result of hydrogen atoms being present in the diamond lattice. Similar to the yellow and blue diamonds, here, some of the carbon atoms in the crystal structure are substituted by other atoms, in this case the impurity being the hydrogen atoms. There are two more fancy-colored diamonds whose color is given by impurities, but in these two cases, the impurities do not come from the presence of a single chemical element, but from certain mineral inclusions. And these are the white and black diamonds. Fancy white diamonds Sometimes the term “white diamonds” is used by people referring to the colorless diamonds. However, fancy white diamonds are not the pure colorless ones, but those that contain some tiny particle inclusions that give the diamond a white opalescent color. While the colors of the previously discussed fancy-colored diamonds are due to atomic-level defects, the defects in fancy white diamonds are due to larger particle inclusions in the nanometer to micrometer size range. The exact chemical composition of these particles is not yet known, but scientists have found that some of these particles contain nitrogen, hydrogen, and even some transition metals, like nickel. These particle inclusions give the fancy white diamonds a milky-like aspect. Another possible cause for the white color of diamonds is the presence of dislocation loops. These happen when there’s an additional plane of atoms in the crystal structure. These distortions in the crystal structure then lead to the “hazy” aspect of white diamonds. Fancy black diamonds Fancy black diamond Similar to the white diamonds, the color of fancy black diamonds is given by different particle inclusions. But, in the case of the black diamonds, we know what these inclusions are, and they are small particles of graphite, hematite, and pyrite. These mineral inclusions get trapped in the diamond structure during the diamond formation in the Earth’s mantle. These mineral inclusions are uniformly distributed through the diamond structure, making it difficult for the light to pass, giving the diamonds their black color. The effects of lattice defects on diamond color By defects, I’m referring to certain distortions in the structural arrangement of atoms in the diamond crystal structure. These are caused by external lateral forces present in the Earth’s mantle during the diamond formation, like the movement of tectonic plates. When these external forces act on the structure, they can induce the displacement of carbon atoms within the diamond lattice. Glide planes - the symmetry operation where a reflection is followed by a translation of atoms These small displacements of carbon atoms happen along the glide planes in the diamond structure. These small shifts in the carbon atoms positions along the glide planes are not that big that they would change the entire diamond structure, but they do cause changes in the way light is absorbed and transmitted by the diamond structure. When light passes through these planes of displacement, certain light wavelengths are selectively absorbed and others are selectively transmitted. Fancy pink diamonds and fancy red diamonds Fancy pink diamonds Glide planes are responsible for several of the fancy colors of diamonds. For example, when these defects cause the diamonds to selectively absorb light of wavelengths corresponding to the green color, then they will transmit, and we will see, a pink or red-colored diamond. Whether it’s a pink diamond or a red diamond depends on the intensity of the transmitted light, which depends on how those glide planes are positioned in the diamond structure. Fancy brown diamonds and fancy purple diamonds The fancy brown and purple diamonds also get their colors from the interference of light with the glide planes. However, in the fancy purple diamonds, some of the color might also be due to the nitrogen impurities present in the lattice. The effect of radiation on diamond color Fancy green diamonds Fancy green diamonds Diamonds originated in the Earth’s mantle, but they come from various regions around the globe. Depending on where they come from, they were exposed to different environments as they were formed because of small variations in composition of the Earths’s layers. Some of those variations in compositions included the presence of radioactive minerals close to where the diamonds were formed. Those radioactive minerals emit radiation that can affect the structural integrity of the surrounding materials. Thus, when diamonds are formed in the vicinity of radioactive minerals, the radiation emitted by these minerals is strong enough to remove some of the carbon atoms from their position in the diamond crystal structure. When an atom is displaced from its position in the crystal structure, we are left with a vacancy where the old atom used to be. The presence of these vacancies makes for light of certain wavelengths to be absorbed and others to be transmitted. Our eyes detect the transmitted light, and when the wavelength of the transmitted light corresponds to that of green light, we see the green color. And that is the case of fancy green diamonds. The rarest fancy color of diamonds Fancy red diamond The rarest fancy-colored diamond is the fancy red diamond. The red-colored diamonds are so rare that there are only about 20-30 of them in the whole world. So if you ever get to hold one, remember you’re holding one of the most rare pieced of heritage from our planet. Let me know in the comments which is your favorite fancy diamond color and why. Mine are the white ones. I think it’s because my favorite stone is opal and the milky aspect of the white diamonds makes them look a bit like opals. Do you like any of the fancy-colored diamonds? Or do you think that the colorless diamonds are nicer? Their purity does make them pretty special.	<urn:uuid:410747c4-ba5e-4cf8-834f-9ccc1249b1be>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.03125, "fasttext_score": 0.8281654119491577, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9335387945175171, "url": "https://www.mariabaias.com/post/fancy-colored-diamonds-explained" }
The Poetry Corner William Shakespeare William Shakespeare 1564 - 1616William Shakespeare was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. His works continue to be studied and reinterpreted. Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. At age 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, his sexuality, his religious beliefs and whether the works attributed to him were written by others.Read more on Wikipedia A Lover's Complaint The Passionate Pilgrim The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece The Sonnets C - Where art thou Muse that thou forgetst so long The Sonnets CI - O truant Muse what shall be thy amends The Sonnets CII - My love is strengthend, though more weak in seeming The Sonnets CIII - Alack! what poverty my Muse brings forth The Sonnets CIV - To me, fair friend, you never can be old The Sonnets CIX - O! never say that I was false of heart The Sonnets CL - O! from what power hast thou this powerful might The Sonnets CLI - Love is too young to know what conscience is The Sonnets CLII - In loving thee thou knowst I am forsworn The Sonnets CLIII - Cupid laid by his brand and fell asleep The Sonnets CLIV - The little Love-god lying once asleep The Sonnets CV - Let not my love be calld idolatry The Sonnets CVI - When in the chronicle of wasted time The Sonnets CVII - Not mine own fears, nor the prophetic soul The Sonnets CVIII - Whats in the brain, that ink may character The Sonnets CX - Alas! tis true, I have gone here and there The Sonnets CXI - O! for my sake do you with Fortune chide The Sonnets CXII - Your love and pity doth the impression fill The Sonnets CXIII - Since I left you, mine eye is in my mind The Sonnets CXIV - Or whether doth my mind, being crownd with you The Sonnets CXIX - What potions have I drunk of Siren tears The Sonnets CXL - Be wise as thou art cruel; do not press The Sonnets CXLI - In faith I do not love thee with mine eyes The Sonnets CXLII - Love is my sin, and thy dear virtue hate The Sonnets CXLIII - Lo, as a careful housewife runs to catch The Sonnets CXLIV - Two loves I have of comfort and despair The Sonnets CXLIX - Canst thou, O cruel! say I love thee not The Sonnets CXLV - Those lips that Loves own hand did make The Sonnets CXLVI - Poor soul, the centre of my sinful earth The Sonnets CXLVII - My love is as a fever longing still The Sonnets CXLVIII - O me! what eyes hath Love put in my head The Sonnets CXV - Those lines that I before have writ do lie The Sonnets CXVI - Let me not to the marriage of true minds The Sonnets CXVII - Accuse me thus: that I have scanted all The Sonnets CXVIII - Like as, to make our appetite more keen The Sonnets CXX - That you were once unkind befriends me now The Sonnets CXXI - Tis better to be vile than vile esteemd The Sonnets CXXII - Thy gift, thy tables, are within my brain The Sonnets CXXIII - No, Time, thou shalt not boast that I do change The Sonnets CXXIV - If my dear love were but the child of state The Sonnets CXXIX - The expense of spirit in a waste of shame The Sonnets CXXV - Weret aught to me I bore the canopy The Sonnets CXXVI - O thou, my lovely boy, who in thy power The Sonnets CXXVII - In the old age black was not counted fair The Sonnets CXXVIII - How oft when thou, my music, music playst The Sonnets CXXX - My mistress eyes are nothing like the sun The Sonnets CXXXI - Thou art as tyrannous, so as thou art The Sonnets CXXXII - Thine eyes I love, and they, as pitying me The Sonnets CXXXIII - Beshrew that heart that makes my heart to groan The Sonnets CXXXIV - So, now I have confessd that he is thine The Sonnets CXXXIX - O! call not me to justify the wrong The Sonnets CXXXV - Whoever hath her wish, thou hast thy Will, The Sonnets CXXXVI - If thy soul check thee that I come so near The Sonnets CXXXVII - Thou blind fool, Love, what dost thou to mine eyes The Sonnets CXXXVIII - When my love swears that she is made of truth The Sonnets I - From fairest creatures we desire increase The Sonnets II - When forty winters shall besiege thy brow The Sonnets III - Look in thy glass and tell the face thou viewest The Sonnets IV - Unthrifty loveliness, why dost thou spend The Sonnets IX - Is it for fear to wet a widows eye The Sonnets L - How heavy do I journey on the way The Sonnets LI - Thus can my love excuse the slow offence The Sonnets LII - So am I as the rich, whose blessed key The Sonnets LIII - What is your substance, whereof are you made The Sonnets LIV - O! how much more doth beauty beauteous seem The Sonnets LIX - If there be nothing new, but that which is The Sonnets LV - Not marble, nor the gilded monuments The Sonnets LVI - Sweet love, renew thy force; be it not said The Sonnets LVII - Being your slave what should I do but tend The Sonnets LVIII - That god forbid, that made me first your slave The Sonnets LX - Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore The Sonnets LXI - Is it thy will, thy image should keep open The Sonnets LXII - Sin of self-love possesseth all mine eye The Sonnets LXIII - Against my love shall be as I am now The Sonnets LXIV - When I have seen by Times fell hand defacd The Sonnets LXIX - Those parts of thee that the worlds eye doth view The Sonnets LXV - Since brass, nor stone, nor earth, nor boundless sea The Sonnets LXVI - Tired with all these, for restful death I cry The Sonnets LXVII - Ah! wherefore with infection should he live The Sonnets LXVIII - Thus is his cheek the map of days outworn The Sonnets LXX - That thou art blamd shall not be thy defect The Sonnets LXXI - No longer mourn for me when I am dead The Sonnets LXXII - O! lest the world should task you to recite The Sonnets LXXIII - That time of year thou mayst in me behold The Sonnets LXXIV - But be contented: when that fell arrest The Sonnets LXXIX - Whilst I alone did call upon thy aid The Sonnets LXXV - So are you to my thoughts as food to life The Sonnets LXXVI - Why is my verse so barren of new pride The Sonnets LXXVII - Thy glass will show thee how thy beauties wear The Sonnets LXXVIII - So oft have I invoked thee for my Muse The Sonnets LXXX - O! how I faint when I of you do write The Sonnets LXXXI - Or I shall live your epitaph to make The Sonnets LXXXII - I grant thou wert not married to my Muse The Sonnets LXXXIII - I never saw that you did painting need The Sonnets LXXXIV - Who is it that says most, which can say more The Sonnets LXXXIX - Say that thou didst forsake me for some fault The Sonnets LXXXV - My tongue-tied Muse in manners holds her still The Sonnets LXXXVI - Was it the proud full sail of his great verse The Sonnets LXXXVII - Farewell! thou art too dear for my possessing The Sonnets LXXXVIII - When thou shalt be disposd to set me light The Sonnets V - Those hours, that with gentle work did frame The Sonnets VI - Then let not winters ragged hand deface The Sonnets VII - Lo! in the orient when the gracious light The Sonnets VIII - Music to hear, why hearst thou music sadly? The Sonnets X - For shame! deny that thou bearst love to any The Sonnets XC - Then hate me when thou wilt; if ever, now The Sonnets XCI - Some glory in their birth, some in their skill The Sonnets XCII - But do thy worst to steal thyself away The Sonnets XCIII - So shall I live, supposing thou art true The Sonnets XCIV - They that have power to hurt, and will do none The Sonnets XCIX - The forward violet thus did I chide The Sonnets XCV - How sweet and lovely dost thou make the shame The Sonnets XCVI - Some say thy fault is youth, some wantonness The Sonnets XCVII - How like a winter hath my absence been The Sonnets XCVIII - From you have I been absent in the spring The Sonnets XI - As fast as thou shalt wane, so fast thou growst The Sonnets XII - When I do count the clock that tells the time The Sonnets XIII - O! that you were your self; but, love you are The Sonnets XIV - Not from the stars do I my judgement pluck The Sonnets XIX - Devouring Time, blunt thou the lions paws The Sonnets XL - Take all my loves, my love, yea take them all The Sonnets XLI - Those pretty wrongs that liberty commits The Sonnets XLII - That thou hast her it is not all my grief The Sonnets XLIII - When most I wink, then do mine eyes best see The Sonnets XLIV - If the dull substance of my flesh were thought The Sonnets XLIX - Against that time, if ever that time come The Sonnets XLV - The other two, slight air, and purging fire The Sonnets XLVI - Mine eye and heart are at a mortal war The Sonnets XLVII - Betwixt mine eye and heart a league is took The Sonnets XLVIII - How careful was I when I took my way The Sonnets XV - When I consider every thing that grows The Sonnets XVI - But wherefore do not you a mightier way The Sonnets XVII - Who will believe my verse in time to come The Sonnets XVIII - Shall I compare thee to a summers day? The Sonnets XX - A womans face with natures own hand painted The Sonnets XXI - So is it not with me as with that Muse The Sonnets XXII - My glass shall not persuade me I am old The Sonnets XXIII - As an unperfect actor on the stage The Sonnets XXIV - Mine eye hath playd the painter and hath stelld The Sonnets XXIX - When in disgrace with fortune and mens eyes The Sonnets XXV - Let those who are in favour with their stars The Sonnets XXVI - Lord of my love, to whom in vassalage The Sonnets XXVII - Weary with toil, I haste me to my bed The Sonnets XXVIII - How can I then return in happy plight The Sonnets XXX - When to the sessions of sweet silent thought The Sonnets XXXI - Thy bosom is endeared with all hearts The Sonnets XXXII - If thou survive my well-contented day The Sonnets XXXIII - Full many a glorious morning have I seen The Sonnets XXXIV - Why didst thou promise such a beauteous day The Sonnets XXXIX - O! how thy worth with manners may I sing The Sonnets XXXV - No more be grievd at that which thou hast done The Sonnets XXXVI - Let me confess that we two must be twain The Sonnets XXXVII - As a decrepit father takes delight The Sonnets XXXVIII - How can my muse want subject to invent Venus and Adonis	<urn:uuid:f4e45bec-77ec-4b2e-80d7-d0f426d78b98>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.03274625539779663, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8758569955825806, "url": "https://thepoetrycorner.app/william-shakespeare/" }
Practicing Leaves Check out some of our helpful drawing tips regarding leaves that we teach in our course, The Practice of Botanical Drawing! Monocots & Dicots The difference between Monocots & Dicots is found in their cotyledons (first leaves). Monocots have one cotyledon, while Dicots have two! Monocot leaves (Monocotyledons) have parallel veining, which means they are usually long, strappy leaves that bend over creating twists and turns. Leaves with parallel veining are grasses, tulips, irises, orchids, palms, corn, and bamboo. Dicot leaves (Dicotyledons) have net veining, also known as branching veins. Leaves with net veining are rose, hibiscus, oak, and hydrangea. Subtle Veins The key to realistic leaf veining is subtlety. Do the veins branch off before they reach the outer margins? Make sure the veins are not too straight or curving too much, but have appropriate zig-zagging to look realistic. Include the proper width variation and tapering at the tips and edges. Practice, practice, practice with your embossing tools! Subtle veins can be achieved in 3 steps – 1. watercolor 2. emboss 3. colored pencil Leaf Close-Up Take a closer look at recessed veins on the front of a leaf and the raised veins on the back. Also notice the light and dark sides, the highlight, and some tips to remember! Use tones to create slight pillowing, tone right up to the secondary vein, but tone all the way to the primary vein. Leaving off a little before lets our minds connect the dots. Also try embossing over wax paper and then adding more pencil on top! The secret to drawing a convincing rolling or twisting leaf is for all the edges to appear connected. The closest edge is drawn in green, the center vein is red, and the outer edge is blue. It is important to keep track of all three lines, as sometimes an edge will disappear. We still want to visually continue all lines even when we can’t see them so they appear to connect. Tone the overlapping areas. Add layers of colored pencil, and add in details from your leaf, such as suggestions of the veining. First, draw the entire center midvein, even if it is hidden from view, and show how it curves. I have indicated the midvein with a red pencil and used a dotted line where it is hidden from view. I have drawn all three lines with different colors in order to keep track of edges that are hidden. Leaf Planes The two sides of a leaf receive light differently because they are two separate planes, similar to an open book. When light hits these two planes, one side receives more light and the other side more shadow. If you tone your leaf using this formula, it will look dimensional, even though a leaf has very little thickness. Want to learn more? Suggested Products	<urn:uuid:01f3a224-6b45-4f56-b648-9cf8964596e4>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.84375, "fasttext_score": 0.019190669059753418, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.924907386302948, "url": "https://drawbotanical.com/practicing-leaves/" }
vacuum flask What Is A Vacuum Flask And How Does It Work? Therma \| Nanobot The vacuum flask is a type of container that is used to store liquids or other substances. The vacuum flask is made from a metal or plastic shell, with a rubber or plastic cup inside. The pressure inside the flask is greater than atmospheric pressure, which means that the liquid inside the flask cannot escape. This makes the vacuum flask a great choice for storing liquids that require a high level of protection from air and moisture. How Vacuum Flasks Work? Vacuum bottles are popularly used to keep hot drinks hot and cold drinks cold. But how exactly do they work? Vacuum flasks consist of two walls, with a vacuum in between them. This means that there is no air or other gas in the space between the walls, which prevents heat transfer by conduction or convection. The double-wall construction also helps to insulate the contents of the flask, further reducing the amount of heat transfer. As a result, a vacuum flask can keep its contents at a constant temperature for hours at a time. And Nanobot vacuum flask keeps drinks hot or cold for 24 hours. So next time you reach for your vacuum flask, you can rest assured that it will keep your drink just the way you like it. Vacuum flasks are used to keep liquids hot or cold for longer periods of time. The drinks in the Vacuum flask bottles do not change their temperature for a longer period as compared to when they are kept in normal containers. This is because the Vacuum flask bottles prevent heat transfer by conduction, convection, and radiation. As the name suggests, a Vacuum flask is a bottle from which the air has been removed. By doing this, you create an area with little to no matter. This means that there are no particles for heat to travel through, making it an ideal insulator. Vacuum flasks are often used to transport hot or cold liquids, as they will stay at their original temperature for much longer than if they were in a regular container. Vacuum insulation is also used in other objects such as ice chests and thermal clothing. It is even being adapted for use in buildings and vehicles to help save energy. Vacuum insulation is a versatile technology that is here to stay. What Is A Vacuum Flask And How Does It Work? Advantages Of Vacuum Flasks • Vacuum flasks are ideal for transporting hot and cold liquids and food items. • They are leakproof and have a vacuum seal to keep food or liquid fresh. • Vacuum flasks can be used to store hot drinks, soup,etc. & keep them hot for 24 hours. • They are easy to clean and can be stored in a cool or cold place. • They are eco- friendly. If you’re in the market for a quality drink container that will keep your beverages at just the right temperature, a vacuum flask is the perfect choice. Made in India vacuum flask bottles are made with two walls and a vacuum in between them, which prevents heat transfer by conduction or convection. This makes them ideal for keeping both hot and cold drinks at their desired temperatures. So, if you’re looking for an easy way to keep your coffee or tea warm on your commute to work or want to pack a hot or cold drink for your next picnic, be sure to buy yourself a nanobot vacuum flask today. Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.	<urn:uuid:2e23ef06-0383-444c-a174-30bcd8eb3302>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.41995370388031006, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9632130861282349, "url": "https://nanobotsolutions.com/what-is-a-vacuum-flask-and-how-does-it-work/" }
Beamwidth - Parabolic Antenna The beam diameter or beam width of an electromagnetic beam is the diameter along any specified line that is perpendicular to the beam axis and intersects it. Since beams typically do not have sharp edges, the diameter can be defined in many different ways. Five definitions of the beam width are in common use: D4σ, 10/90 or 20/80 knife-edge, 1/e2, FWHM, and D86. The beam width can be measured in units of length at a particular plane perpendicular to the beam axis, but it can also refer to the angular width, which is the angle subtended by the beam at the source. The angular width is also called the beam divergence. Beam diameter is usually used to characterize electromagnetic beams in the optical regime, and occasionally in the microwave regime, that is, cases in which the aperture from which the beam emerges is very large with respect to the wavelength. Beam diameter usually refers to a beam of circular cross section, but not necessarily so. A beam may, for example, have an elliptical cross section, in which case the orientation of the beam diameter must be specified, for example with respect to the major or minor axis of the elliptical cross section. The term “beam width” may be preferred in applications where the beam does not have circular symmetry. The angular width of the beam radiated by high-gain antennas is measured by the half-power beam width (HPBW), which is the angular separation between the points on the antenna radiation pattern at which the power drops to one-half (-3 dB) its maximum value. For parabolic antennas, the HPBW θ is given by the formula show here. A parabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a parabolic reflector, a curved surface with the cross-sectional shape of a parabola, to direct the radio waves. The most common form is shaped like a dish and is popularly called a dish antenna or parabolic dish. The main advantage of a parabolic antenna is that it has high directivity. It functions similarly to a searchlight or flashlight reflector to direct the radio waves in a narrow beam, or receive radio waves from one particular direction only. Parabolic antennas have some of the highest gains, that is, they can produce the narrowest beamwidths, of any antenna type. In order to achieve narrow beamwidths, the parabolic reflector must be much larger than the wavelength of the radio waves used, so parabolic antennas are used in the high frequency part of the radio spectrum, at UHF and microwave (SHF) frequencies, at which the wavelengths are small enough that conveniently-sized reflectors can be used. The other large use of parabolic antennas is for radar antennas, in which there is a need to transmit a narrow beam of radio waves to locate objects like ships, airplanes, and guided missiles. With the advent of home satellite television receivers, parabolic antennas have become a common feature of the landscapes of modern countries. The parabolic antenna was invented by German physicist Heinrich Hertz during his discovery of radio waves in 1887. He used cylindrical parabolic reflectors with spark-excited dipole antennas at their focus for both transmitting and receiving during his historic experiments. Related formulas θhalf-power beam width (HPBW) (deg) kfactor which varies slightly depending on the shape of the reflector and the feed illumination pattern. For an ideal uniformly illuminated parabolic reflector and θ in degrees, k would be 57.3 (the number of degrees in a radian). For a "typical" parabolic antenna k is approximately 70 (deg) λwavelength of the radio waves (m) ddiameter of the parabolic reflector (m)	<urn:uuid:e5af7364-d32a-42de-9058-1630d6c5f77e>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.859375, "fasttext_score": 0.2773516774177551, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9389904141426086, "url": "https://fxsolver.com/browse/formulas/Beamwidth+-+Parabolic+Antenna" }
The beginning of the 20th century was marked by unprecedented developments in the physics of electromagnetism. Along with the discovery of radio waves, the first prototypes began to appear for radar: an invention that allows for the real-time tracking of objects by receiving electromagnetic waves reflected off of it. In the second half of the century, the start of the space age gave rise to ideas about creating a global satellite navigation system. But this was only an intermediate stage in the evolution of navigation systems. Modern experiments in the field of subatomic particles promise to bring unprecedented accuracy to the field of navigation. The invention of the gyrocompass Until the early 20th century, the marine chronometer was still the most accurate means of navigation for sailors. That was until 1908, when the German engineer Hermann Anschütz-Kempfe patented the first gyrocompass. A few years later in 1911, Elmer Ambrose Sperry made the ship gyrocompass into a reality. Elmer Ambrose Sperry, one of the inventors of the Gyrocompass Elmer Sperry next to the first prototype of a ship gyrocompass (Photo: Hagley Museum and Library) The gyrocompass is a device with movable spherical axes. On the inside, the compass is filled with liquid, in which there is a movable floating gyroscope. The gyrocompass operates based on the principle of shifting its center of gravity relative to the four cardinal directions. When determining the correct direction for the ship,, the gyroscope remains fixed motionless, while the ship’s course is calculated according to the available tabular values. The ship gyrocompass was also equipped with a deviation compensator. Compasses have a natural magnetic error due to the fact that magnetic north is not totally aligned with true north. This problem is solved by adjusting for the latitude and longitude at which the ship is currently located. Radio waves revolutionize navigation The discovery of the properties of radio waves in 1895 made physicists consider the possibility of using them in the field of dynamic navigation. One such physicist was Scottish-born Robert Watson-Watt. In 1935, he presented the world with his first practical radar system, which worked on the principle of sending, reflecting, and receiving radio waves. The system was able not only to detect the presence of an object in his study area, but also provided data on the distance between the object and the wave emitter, as well as its speed direction. Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt, inventor of direction finding and radar technology Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt, 1935 (Image credit: Science Museum / SSPL) The next step in the development of radar systems was LORAN (Long Range Navigation), designed in the United States between 1940 and 1943. LORAN is a hyperbolic navigation system which uses two radar stations: a transmitting station and a receiving station. The pulse signal from the master and slave stations is received by a receiver located on board the ship. After that, the difference in the delay of the two signals is displayed on the cathode ray tube (CRT) of the information display. The indication of light pulses on the surface of the CRT display made it possible to understand the distance to the object, as well as to determine its size and direction. The accuracy of LORAN ranged from 100 meters to one kilometer. LORAN was used successfully in the second half of the 20th century on ships and submarines, but had a very limited coverage area, which in turn affected its accuracy. The navigation systems were phased out towards the end of the century, when global satellite navigation systems became widespread. Satellite navigation: GPS and GLONASS The development of space in the 20th century played a key role in the building of global navigation systems today. Understanding the basics of the Doppler effect helped scientists determine the vector of motion of an object in relation to the observer. It is this principle which formed the basis for today’s satellite navigation systems. 1973 marked the start of the development of GPS (Global Positioning System) by the US Department of Defense. The system uses constellations of satellites to determine the location of objects on the Earth’s surface. The system began operation in 1978, when the first eleven satellites were launched into orbit. Signals sent from GPS satellites arrive at receivers stations located on Earth, giving a real-time, complete navigation picture by providing constantly updated information about the movement of the receiver and its geographical coordinates. GPS, like LORAN, works by measuring time differences between the signals arriving at the receiving station from different satellites. Scheme of the global positioning system GPS How GPS works The more satellites involved in this process, the more accurately GPS works. At the moment, the GPS constellation consists of 24 satellites, which allows devices to calculate their location on the Earth’s surface within 10 meters. It is worth noting that GPS is only one of the satellite navigation systems out there. Similar global navigation systems are operated by Russia (GLONASS), China (BeiDou), and the EU (Galileo). With the advent of smartphones, the widespread use of global satellite navigation systems has skyrocketed. Modern smartphones can work with several satellite systems at once, which allows their users to freely travel around the world. Currently, most satellite positioning systems have moved from the government and defense sectors to the private sector. Quantum accelerometry and what lies ahead for navigation tech At the heart of the innovative technology of orientation by quantum gyroscopes and accelerometers is the process of atomic interferometry. This phenomenon is achieved by cooling atoms of matter to a state that is just above the state of absolute zero temperature (the minimum temperature that matter in the universe can have). When ultra-cooled atoms are exposed to photon beams (laser light), they can achieve a state of superposition, a special property of particles in which they acquire two spatial coordinates at once: both moving and static (taking the properties of a wave function, while remaining in the state of a particle). Quantum superposition of states and decoherence The principle of quantum superposition: corpuscular-wave dualism In engineering terms, this opens up the potential of creating an autonomous navigation system that can instantly receive information about a change in the position of an object (or an array of objects) in space. In other words, the topographic state of the landscape will be dynamic in the full sense of the term, and display the entire PTN (Position, Timing & Navigation) picture of objects located in the coverage area in real time. This technology has the potential to become an alternative to GPS, since it lacks GPS’s main disadvantage – the delay caused by the time it takes for the signal to reach Earth from orbit and back. Today, the main experiments in the field of inertial quantum navigation systems are being carried out at the Sandia National Laboratory. The quantum sensor, created by a top team of scientists, has already been operating smoothly for more than a year and a half, and is showing amazing results in predicting landscape topology and navigating objects on it. This technology can presumably be used in drone navigation systems, as well as in areas where maintaining a constant GPS signal is critical (like civil aviation and shipping). A group of scientists at Imperial College London has also managed to create their own prototype of a quantum accelerometer. They are also considering the possibilities of gravitational mapping, in which, according to a similar principle of quantum interferometry, the soil of the earth can be scanned, and then a search for minerals and other minerals will be carried out by creating interactive 3D maps of resource deposits. Quantum device of the navigation system without the use of GPS satellites A compact sensor designed by scientists at Sandia National Laboratory (Photo by Bret Latter) Whatever new navigation solutions appear in the future, the analog and manual methods of orientation and navigation which humanity relied on for millennia have been left decidedly in the past. Global satellite navigation systems operate on every smartphone, show us how to get where we’re going autonomously, and do not require users to understand anything about the technologies involved in the process. Quantum mapping technologies promise to bring even more confusion, at the same time, revolutionizing the accuracy of navigation systems.	<urn:uuid:46abe626-0633-404d-b3e2-7eebbf96b8b9>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.1875, "fasttext_score": 0.0945090651512146, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9429594278335571, "url": "https://maxpolyakov.com/brief-history-of-the-origins-navigation-2/" }
What Is mTLS? Mutual TLS, or mTLS for short, is a mechanism for mutual authentication between services. Also known as two-way authentication, it ensures that the parties at each end of a connection are who they claim to be. It operates on the premise of a Zero Trust security framework to verify devices, servers, and API connections. Zero Trust verification assumes there are threats within and external to the network. Thus, no connection should be trusted automatically. It also operates on the principle of least-privilege access which involves giving each party only as much access as they need. This approach confines each user’s access to only the things they are allowed to view. In this Mutual TLS arrangement, a connection can occur only if each party exchanges, verifies, and trusts each other’s certificate. Common examples where mTLS is useful to include: • Authenticating user devices on a corporate network • Business-to-Business (B2B) communication through APIs • IoT devices Types of Certificates Involved in mTLS As noted earlier, mTLS relies on certificates. A certificate represents each party’s identity. Without it, they have no way of proving they are approved to access the requested resources. The handshake relies on a cryptography standard known as X.509. It is a standard that defines the format of public-key certificates. There are three types of certificates each of which meets this standard. Root CA Certificate The certificate is used to determine which certificate authority signed the client’s certificate. The server uses it to determine if the client should be trusted. The certificate meets the X.509 standard. Client and Server Certificate Both the client and server use secure certificates that also meet the X.509 standard. How Does mTLS Work? Authentication via this method is a complex process where each party involved must prove their identity to one another. The process operates on the concept of certificate exchange. In mTLS, both the client and server have a certificate. Each side must present certificates to verify their identity. The exchange takes place over an encrypted connection. 1. The client initiates the process by sending a “hello” message to the server. 2. The server responds to the client with a “hello” message and information about its SSL certificate. It also sends a random string of text known as the “server random” 3. The client verifies the server’s certificate with the certificate authority that issued it 4. The client retrieves the public key from the server’s SSL certificate. 5. The client sends another message to the server with a random string of text that is referred to as the “premaster secret”. It also sends the public key along with this message 6. The server verifies that the public key is correct and decrypts the message 7. Both parties generate session keys based on the server random and premaster secret 8. The client sends a “finished” message 9. The server responds with a “finished” message 10. The handshake is completed and communication begins. Exceptions to This Process The above process is the ideal scenario. However, things can go wrong that will prevent the handshake from completing successfully. • Certificate Expired - When verifying the client’s credentials, the server checks the current date and compares it to the validity period on the client’s certificate. If the certificate has expired, the handshake fails. • The Certificate Is Revoked - The server checks the client’s certificate to ensure it is not on the system’s revoked certificate list. If so, the handshake fails. • Certificate Not in The Certificate Chain - The server maintains a list of trusted certificate authorities (CA) that specify which certificates will be accepted. If the client’s certificate is not on that list, the handshake fails. Why is mTLS Important? Using mTLS is vital to ensuring two-way authentication between servers or services on a network. It helps minimize the chances of data transferred between each party from being intercepted. More Secure Communication With Third-Party Clients Authenticating internal requests using mTLS comes with relative certainty that each party in the transaction is valid. However, what happens when you introduce an external client? The confidence level that they can be trusted decreases. Using mTLS helps you be more confident in providing access to those external requests. Less Reliant on Insecure Static Login Methods Static login methods are more administrative intensive. You must stay on top of changing the password regularly, monitoring its usage, and making sure it is properly protected. More Difficult for a Hacker to Impersonate a Remote API Call Credentials used in this method are still susceptible to being compromised. However, the complexity requires more sophisticated skills to impersonate an authentication attempt. Uses Fewer Network Resources Using mTLS means your APIs talk directly to one another. As a result, you won’t need to use a network tunnel to communicate. Use Cases for mTLS Secure two-way communication is necessary for cloud environments. Their need to communicate over the internet makes transferring data between them subject to interception. Here are two examples of using this type of secure communication in a cloud environment. Connecting Cloud Services with On-Premise Servers An e-commerce site that uses a CDN to deliver content is a perfect use case for mTLS. A site visitor establishes a standard TLS connection to the server. The CDN server does not want to perform a cryptographic communication with every site visitor. There would be too many certificates to maintain. Instead, the CDN establishes an mTLS connection with the origin server to return the requested content. Service Mesh Environments The microservices architecture is now the preferred method of application deployment. The discrete code blocks enable the maintainability, scalability, and reusability companies require to remain agile. Each of these code blocks must communicate over a network and must do so with trusted connections. Using a service mesh to centralize the management of microservices gives developers the ability to control both ends of the communication between services. Glossary of Terms A guide to the nomenclature of data integration technology.	<urn:uuid:873240b4-f122-4065-9054-dcd2a0ebfa7b>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.8125, "fasttext_score": 0.1367485523223877, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8961097598075867, "url": "https://www.integrate.io/glossary/what-is-mtls/" }
Revised Short Research Paper – Greek Fire: A Dangerous Weapon and Mysterious Secret Ancient technologies rarely avoid complete dissections and explanations by modern historians or scientists; however, Greek fire continues to baffle today’s great minds despite its impacts on Greek warfare. The mystery lives due to the jealous attempt by the Byzantine empire to keep the weapon from opposing militaries (Heydt 46). Historians credit a Byzantine Greek architect and chemist, Kallinikos of Heliopolis, for the greatest utilization of Greek fire sometimes called Byzatine or Kallinikos fire (Warfare History Network, “Greek Fire: The Byzantine Empire’s Secret Weapon the Ancient World Feared”). The Byzantine’s first notable use of the incendiary was to hold off the Arab invasions on Constantinople during the years 617-678 A.D (Partington xxi). The Byzantine reputation, along with the reputation of Greek fire, grew during continual successful battles after its implication until the fall of the empire and the loss of Greek fire. Because of Arab siege on Heliopolis, Kallinikos offered his services to the Byzantine emperor ruling over Constantinople (Mayor). Because of the threat of invasion, the emperor accepted Kallinikos’ offer which would become a wise decision. Other incendiaries preceded Kallinikos’ Greek fire, but none would prove as deterring or effective during warfare, especially naval warfare (Warfare History Network, “Greek Fire: The Byzantine Empire’s Secret Weapon the Ancient World Feared”). Military security drove the necessity for such a secretive weapon. Under constant attack, the Byzantines needed a technology to place them above their invaders. The invention and the implication of Greek fire derived from this desired advantage and showed its effectiveness by maintaining the Byzantine empire from roughly 600 A.D to 1200 A.D (Roland 655). The mysterious yet effective deterrent died with the Byzantine empire since it stayed such a well-kept secret within the empire. Historians understand the immense advantage given by the technology, but how it worked eludes explanation due to its restricted exposure. For instance, historians cannot agree on what the chemical composition of Greek fire would have been. The majority suggests a mixture of sulfur, liquid petroleum, an adhesive such as tree sap (Warfare History Network, “Greek Fire: The Byzantine Empire’s Secret Weapon the Ancient World Feared”). The Greeks presumably produced a highly flammable liquid from these ingredients to later be dispersed and lit from pumps or valves located on military vehicles, usually a ship (Mayor). The ability for Greek fire to stay ablaze over water gave the weapon its defining factor. The liquid reacted with surrounding oxygen to produce roaring, immense flames (Popular Science Review 332). These flames struck fear and confusion in Byzantine’s opposition discouraging invasions for hundreds of years. The Byzantine empire stayed impregnable due to the shock factor and the reputation of the potent Greek fire. The introduction of Greek fire changed how their enemies thought about invading. Written accounts describe the potent incendiary “destroy[ing] and burn[ing] up everything it meets” showing the fear and hesitation it produced (Heydt 46). Historians fail to produce any more context for Greek fire because of the Byzantine secrecy, but some historians believe the Byzantines used saltpeter, the major ingredient in gunpowder, to create Greek fire which would make it a predecessor to gunpowder (Partington xxii). This link would boost the impact and importance on Greek fire substantially due to gunpowder’s influence on later generations. In conclusion, Greek fire arguably prevented Byzantine from invasion for over 600 years due to its unrivaled destruction and hysteria producing effect, yet it lived and died with the empire preventing the potent incendiary from directly affecting subsequent technologies. *revised version is 519 words not counting in text citations* -Joel Scarbro Summary of the Chapter “The Emergence of Big Business” in Mansel Blackford’s Business Enterprise in American History Mansel Blackford attempts to express the important roles railroads fulfilled before and during the rise of big business in the United States in this chapter. He claims that railroad companies fore-fronted big business and bureaucracy because of the unprecedented amount of capital they required to operate and the precise organization needed to run the complex, high-speed, dangerous form of transportation . Blackford stresses the importance of the company, and governmental, hierarchies created to effectively and efficiently run the lines in influencing America’s general view on businesses and how they should be ran. The two major components Blackford rewarded for this revolution of business are the need for small-detail precision of a large operation and the forming of large corporations to control the market instead of smaller, competing companies. Bureaucracy and departmentalization are the hero’s of this story according to Blackford. Early Railroad companies, undoubtedly, imitated military operations in terms of having powerful employers over looking superintendents overlooking railroad officers overlooking specialized operators to ensure they could confidently control their lines. As forward thinking people such as Benjamin Latrobe from the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad or Herman Haupt from the Pennsylvania started to add more and more middle men along with different departments to oversee the varying responsibilities of running a railroad, the lines started to grow into these huge corporations or bureaucracies that not only ran railroads potently but also supported a towering amount of people. The railroads were not simply expensive , advanced travel devices. No, they were social, economic, and political connections that provided a speedy way to expand commerce along with outreach. Markets benefited as a result. The railroads themselves generated $17-35 million each, but their success supported, but really required, the success of other industries. Farming, textiles, and consumer goods are the most obvious beneficiaries of far-reaching, quick transportation, but the most notable could be information. Railroads required communication and information to be shared over significant distances. Telegraphing, and later on telephoning, grow right along with 1.6 million miles of telegraph wires in operation by 1915 and 13.3 million telephones in use by 1920. Railroads quite literally paved the way for success in America. All in all, I agree with a lot, if not all, of what Blackford is saying. It makes since to me. I mean the chapter tends to lead in the direction of railroads dominating the reason for success in other markets since Blackford does not provide any alternatives. I would recommend this quick read to anyone interested, but if you desire more information, then check out the following links. *the above section is 427 words* I found this reading extremely interesting and I had a hnch others did as well, so I found a popular (good or bad) media for all things history to rely onto you, Crash Course. The first link is a video done by john green about the industrial revolution but more specifically railroads during the industrial revolution. It speaks about many of the topics discussed in the reading but in a more flashy way. I found the fact that railroads standardized time zones intriguing, so I decided to include an article speaking on the topic from Not only did railroads metaphorically change time and space by providing a way for people to travel long distances quickly unlike ever before, but quite literally changed them by creating time zones and unfortunately defacing Mother Earth. *the above section is 132 words* -Joel Scarbro Summary of the Chapter “Early Foundations” in David Lewis’ Iron and Steel in America David Lewis seeks to elucidate the importance of iron replacing wood as the dominant material for a whole sleuth of technologies early Americans used daily even though the practice was brought over from Europe. The world’s tools and machines were mainly made from wood before the implementation of iron which directly juxtaposes most societies that greatly transitioned over afterwards. This can be seen in today’s society where metals dominant the material scene alongside plastic which well not be discussed. However, there was a time were most of the technologies used be the general public were wood based, but the limitations placed on wood by friction would allow iron to replace wood in parts that required strength or long durations of friction. Iron, unlike wood, will only melt or burn at high temperatures and is extremely durable comparably. Iron was also more versatile than other metals being accessible and customizable to the job it was needed for. These qualities allowed for iron to be used in many applications from drill bits to military weaponry. This transition improved efficiency and longevity of society’s tools which would lead to increased work production and general livelihood. The ramifications of iron replacing wood did not end at better, more durable technologies. No, large-scale iron-making created a new societal construct that affected many early American communities. For example, blacksmiths could be found in any place where humans populated; however, in some instances the demand of iron was so prevalent that it caused legal action or formed trade relations. Places that did not produce enough iron, such as Virginia, had to control blacksmith’s rates and import iron from overseas. Also, new workplaces including such technologies as bloomeries, blast furnaces, and/or refineries were necessary to produce better and better irons. Bloomeries which produced the most basic and versatile form of iron, named “wrought iron”, were not producing enough iron. This lead to the creation of blast furnaces that could produce large amount of molten iron that could be poured into any mold, originally dubbed “pig iron”. Refineries made the production of steel possible which providing a very strong metal to anyone with the means to purchase it. These advances lead to Americas global influence on trade to improve which is shown by the fact that America produced one-seventh of the worlds iron by 1775. * above section is 386 words * Lewis does well to explain how irons implication in widely-used applications bettered not only the technology itself but also general society. He also goes into great detail about the technologies used for making iron, but for a some quick references check at the following links. The first link is a YouTube video explaining blast furnaces. It focuses more on later successes and implications of blast furnaces which isn’t what Lewis is speaking about in this part of his book, but I feel it describes the process of making iron with blast furnaces well. It seems to be an old production which is interesting to watch due to its black and white color scheme and narrative style. The second link is a summary of how iron production evolved by the United States’ National Park Service. They provide an extensive explanation of the history of iron-making, how it gradually improved with advancing technology, and its implications afterwards. * above section is 110 words * Oh if you are wondering why it was called “pig iron” take a look at this picture graciously already created and can be found on google images. It is a side by side comparison of young piglets feeding of their mother and iron being poured into the molds from a blast furnace! – Joel Scarbro Summary of Karen Fisk’s “Arkwright: Cotton King or Spin Doctor?” Karen Fisk seeks to determine the validity of some of Sir Richard Arkwright’s titles such as ‘father of the factory system’ or ‘Cotton King’ in her magazine article, “Arkwright: Cotton King or Spin Doctor?” that was published in History Today in 1998. Richard Arkwright was an English barber turned inventor/entrepreneur during the early years of the industrial revolution that would go on to own numerous successful cotton mills and receive knightship, along with other high diplomacy statuses, for his contributions by George III. Fisk finds Arkwright’s reputation reasonable, but she clarifies that Arkwright should maybe share his recognition with other key contributors to his success and the success of early industrialized factories in general. For example, Arkwright’s success came from his patented spinning frame, later renamed the water frame, that drastically sped up the process for making cotton based threads and determined business mindset that led to well-organized, productive mills. However, Fisk points out that Arkwright received considerable assistance in inventing his solution to the mystery of a working spinning wheel and that many competitors were extremely close to beating him to the punch. Arkwright employed a clockmaker named John Kaye, who had previously worked on similar, unsuccessful inventions for Arkwright’s competitors, which leads Fisk to suggest Arkwright merely modified an attempt by a man named Thomas Highs. Also, complex, mechanized machines and water power had already been used in earlier textile mills meaning Arkwright simply popularized already practiced techniques. His mills required a lot of capital which he received from two men named John Smalley and David Thronley who were also heavily involved in Arkwright’s rise to success. These factors provide many reasonable arguments for a shared crown for many of Arkwright’s titles. Yet, Arkwright was not inseparable from other factory tycoons during the birth of the industrial revolution. He had a well-known reputation of being accommodating to his workers and held strict restrictions on child labor as Fisk mentions. He took his employee’s well being into consideration even providing them with housing for their families, schooling for their children, and farms for fresh foods. The same cannot be said for many industrial factories which created a bad stigma around the newly introduced working conditions. Health was a concern due to unsanitary work spaces that also posed a threat to young children since many factories employed from the age of 5 and up. * above section is 394 words * For further reading on the topic of this topic check out the following link that provides some interesting facts about child labor during the British industrial revolution even though it is an encyclopedia source. Also for further information on Arkwright or his invention check out: The first link is a biography of Sir Richard Arkwright. It focuses more on Arkwright’s success and potential scandals than Fisk’s article does and his drastically shorter which makes things very clear. It speaks on his early beginnings as a barber with a less-fortunate background and how he turned a challenge into an opportunity to become an wealthy businessman. It also mentions the riches of his success, but provides some interesting problems he faced along his journey. The second link is a short clip taken from a longer documentary on YouTube. The clip shows Arkwright’s machine in action which I thought would be useful. * above section is 104 words * – Joel Scarbro	<urn:uuid:5a3e18a9-0184-4276-898b-01bc525f43c2>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.1817966103553772, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9577876329421997, "url": "https://blogs.lt.vt.edu/jascarbro/author/jascarbro/" }
PSY 201 Discussion Piaget’s Theory March 8, 2022 PSY 201 Discussion Piaget’s Theory PSY 201 Discussion Piaget’s Theory Compare and contrast Piagetâ€™s theory of cognitive development with the theories proposed by Vygotsky and Bandura. Use the following scenario: you are a second grade teacher and are writing a lesson plan to teach math facts (addition and subtraction). Based on Piagetâ€™s theory of cognitive development, what materials would you incorporate into your lesson plan? Be specific and explain how your plan is driven by Piagetâ€™s theory. How would you change your lesson plan based on Vygotskyâ€™s theory? Based on Bandura’s theory? DQ2 IQ and Genetics It used to be thought that IQ was strictly determined by genetics. After reading After the Bell Curve, do you believe that IQ is solely influenced by genetics? Based on your readings, what advice would you offer to parents/caregivers/and educators in order to maximize IQ? Click here to ORDER an A++ paper from our Verified MASTERS and DOCTORATE WRITERS:PSY 201 Discussion Piaget’s Theory PSY 201 Discussion Piaget's Theory PSY 201 Discussion Piaget’s Theory Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget took the intellectual functioning of adults as the central phenomenon to be explained and wanted to know how an adult acquired the ability to think logically and to draw valid conclusions about the world from evidence. Piaget’s theory rests on the fundamental notion that the child develops through stages until arriving at a stage of thinking that resembles that of an adult. The four stages given by Piaget are: (1) the sensorimotor stage from birth to 2 years, (2) the preoperational stage from 2 to 7 years, (3) the concrete-operational stage from 7 to 12 years, and (4) the stage of formal operations that characterizes the adolescent and the adult. One of Piaget’s fundamental assumptions is that early intellectual growth arises primarily out of the child’s interactions with objects in the environment. For example, Piaget believed that a two-year-old child who repeatedly builds and knocks down a tower of blocks is learning that the arrangement of objects in the world can be reversed. According to Piaget, children organize and adapt their experiences with objects into increasingly sophisticated cognitive models that enable them to deal with future situations in more effective ways. The older child, for instance, who has learned the concept of reversibility, will be able to execute an intelligent and logical search for a missing object, retracing steps, for example, in order to determine where he or she may have dropped a set of keys. As children pass through successive stages of cognitive development, their knowledge of the world assumes different forms, with each stage building on the models and concepts acquired in the preceding stage. Adolescents in the final developmental stage, that of formal operations, are able to think in a rational and systematic manner about hypothetical problems that are not necessarily in accord with their experience. Piaget’s theory is treated in greater detail below in the sections on cognitive development in infancy and childhood. Learning theory A more distinctively American theoretical view focuses primarily on the child’s actions, rather than on his emotions or thinking. This point of view, called learning theory, is concerned with identifying those mechanisms that can be offered to explain differences in behaviour, motives, and values among children. Its major principles stress the effects of reward and punishment (administered by parents, teachers, and peers) on the child’s tendency to adopt the behaviour and values of others. Learning theory is thus directed to the overt actions of the child, rather than to inner psychological states or mechanisms. Posted in nursing by Clarissa	<urn:uuid:5cf75889-f276-4304-8ffe-da1b5e180c46>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.796875, "fasttext_score": 0.10576170682907104, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9338319301605225, "url": "https://www.allnursingessays.com/psy-201-discussion-piagets-theory/" }
The eruption of Etna A stream of lava at the time of the eruption of Etna. Ancient lava flows are dated using the Potassium- Argon method. As soon as the magma becomes solid, the potassium -40 is trapped. Following this, it slowly transforms due to the radioactivity of the argon atoms that equally stay trapped in the rock. The age of this is then given by the proportion found of both elements.	<urn:uuid:2d7f0f42-5c02-4c6b-8e82-e0051f08a44a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.6946725845336914, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.938398540019989, "url": "https://www.radioactivity.eu.com/site/illustration/images/etna.htm" }
How to Write a Biography (With Examples) What is a Biography? A biography is a written account of someone’s life. It usually details the subject’s occupation, place in history, and what makes them unique. People write biographies about others in order to record the events that make up that person’s life for posterity or because they are interesting enough to be turned into books. There are many different styles, types, and lengths of biographies that are typically geared toward people’s different interests. A bio might detail someone’s entire lifetime or focus on a specific period in the person’s life. Biography ideas There are many different types of biographies. There are some standard classifications for these works, but there is overlap across the categories. The following list shows six basic types of biographical subjects: 1) Living people, which accounts for about half of all published biographies 2) People who have died within the last 50 years 3) Historical figures, which accounts for about one-quarter of biographies 4) Celebrities and entertainment stars 5) Business and political leaders 6) Athletes and other famous performers 4. A Living Person: The subject of this biography might be someone living now or who lived within the past fifty years. This type of biography is often referred to as a current or recent bio. 5. A Historical Figure: The historical figure must have been dead for at least 50 years to be classified as such. Many high school and college students write biographies on famous historical figures, such as Martin Luther King Jr., Amelia Earhart, George Washington Carver, Rosa Parks, Helen Keller, Christopher Columbus, and Abraham Lincoln. 6. A Celebrity: Celebrities are people who have done something significant to gain widespread recognition, such as being a successful actor or musician. They are often featured in the tabloids because of their exploits. 7. An Entertainment Star: The entertainment industry offers many opportunities for aspiring writers to write biographies about their favorite stars. Even those who do not usually opt for biographies can be attracted to such a book if their favorite entertainer is written about. 8. A Business or Political Leader: This type of bio details the life of someone influential in business or politics, such as John D. Rockefeller, Nelson Mandela, Fidel Castro, Bill Gates, Oprah Winfrey, and Arnold Schwarzenegger. 9. An Athlete or Other Famous Performer: Writers often choose to write a biography on an athlete or other performer because their experiences can be used to show how someone might succeed in their own field. There are many books about famous athletes, from those written for children to those directed at adults. • 100 % Money Back Guarantee if you are unsatisfied • Free revisions • 24/7 customer support • Timely Delivery • Direct Communication with writer Types of biographies The first type is an authorized bio, written with the subject’s cooperation. The second type is an unauthorized bio, in which the writer does not have the consent of the subject to write and publish it. This kind of book can sometimes produce libel problems if written carelessly and without proper research and attribution. The third type of biography can be called a “virtual” or “fictional” bio. A subject is not involved in writing it, but it uses their lives as inspiration for a novel, play, or film. Structure of a Biography A biography is very different from other types of writing because it is factual and meant to be more like a history book than any other type of novel. While fictional novels are allowed to be creative with the storyline, biographies must stick to the facts or else they can cause libel problems for both you and your subject if anything untrue is said. The first part of any bio is the introduction. This should contain all the general information necessary to understand your subject and why they are important enough to write about. You might want to explain their upbringing, family life, etc., but it’s also a good idea to include some details that will help readers empathize with your subject to be more interested in reading about them. The next step is the body of your work, which is broken down into chapters. Each chapter should focus on important details of your subject’s life, including major events and turning points that made them who they are today. Try to make each chapter a cohesive whole by using lots of facts and stories from their life. The final section should be a conclusion that sums up the most important details of your subject’s life and explains why they inspire others. You can also include some other information about what they have been doing recently or are still alive when their funeral would be held. If you want, you can also include a call to action for the sake of the reader’s closure. How to Write a Biography Write an Outline Outlines help writers develop their thoughts before they begin the actual writing process. Writers can do this by writing out what they plan to include in each section of the bio. This makes the process easier to manage and helps writers stay with their original intent as they write. Make a Timeline Take some time before beginning the actual writing process to make a timeline. Use this as a guide for structuring your bio. For example, you could divide your biography into sections that include the person’s earlier years, middle years and later years. Choose Your Format Biographies can be written in a variety of formats, depending on the length and style. For a book-length biography, a writer might mix anecdotes with facts and interviews with researched material. The facts should be well documented from reliable sources such as those found through academic papers or journals. A shorter version could have sections that focus on major events in the person’s life. Use different sections to cover the person’s early years, middle years and later years. Use anecdotes and interviews to give perspective on the person’s life. Cite your sources to be as accurate as possible about what happened in the person’s life. Set a word goal for how long you want your biography to be. How to write a professional bio Honesty is the best policy when writing a professional bio. This means sticking with facts, staying objective and avoiding opinionated language. A good way to learn how to write a professional bio is by reading examples of bios written by professionals in your industry or by other professionals in related industries. These are not necessarily written for print but can help you learn how the language is used. Writing a professional bio involves knowing what you want to say and then using your words carefully so that you do not mislead or misrepresent yourself in any way. It also involves finding ways to express yourself creatively with simple, beautiful writing. This doesn’t mean flowery language; it just means creatively expressing yourself. Stick to the facts when you are writing a professional bio. This means sharing information that is strictly factual, not opinionated or subjective. Also, do not feel obligated to include every single detail of your life in this short space. Use select details instead of trying to give an all-encompassing picture of yourself. If you need to, write a second bio just for your close friends and family that might include personal details such as hobbies or goals. Write in the third person when writing a professional bio. This means to stick with “he” and “she” rather than using “I.” The language should be unbiased, so it is best not to use words such as “my” or “mine.” You can also use simple, clear language instead of flowery words and phrases. Use short sentences and paragraphs that are easy to read. Avoid writing the bio in one long paragraph; this is not an interesting way to write, and it’s difficult for readers to follow. Use a mixture of short and long sentences and write in a way that is to the point and easy to understand. Remember that your bio should be all about you – not about what you do or who you work for. You can talk briefly about yourself at the beginning of your bio, but make sure it quickly transitions into talking more specifically about your business. How to Write a Bio for Your Professional Website A professional bio is similar in many ways to the one you write for your resume. The difference is that it’s written specifically for readers interested in learning more about you and your business, rather than people who are currently hiring or looking for a potential employer. The focus should be on how your business can meet the needs of potential clients or customers, but also on how your business is unique. With your online bio, you can create a platform where your business can grow. If your bio is intended for social media, for instance, a Twitter bio, make it brief and straight to the point. You don’t want your audience to be left guessing who you are after reading your bio. Use bios to build a personal brand. Tailor your online bio to reflect what you want to emphasize about yourself and your work. This means knowing who your target audience will be before you start writing. Here, you can include details such as professional goals and your accomplishments in and outside of work. What to Include in a Bio for a personal website When you are writing a bio, think of it as a story about your business. A good bio will capture the audience’s attention and make them want to know more about what you have to offer. You can include content that includes: Job title Your professional history A shortlist of your specialties Your mission statement Awards you have won Testimonials from previous clients/customers Contact information, including a description of your business and what it does. If appropriate for your industry, include photos or graphics that help to illustrate your work or some aspect of the services you provide. Keep in mind that some platforms, like LinkedIn, will limit the amount of content you can include in your bio. What Not to Include in a Professional Bio When writing a professional bio, avoid including personal information about yourself or your family members. Also, please avoid making subjective or judgmental statements that are not necessarily true for everyone who reads them. For example, do not include statements such as “I always help my clients succeed.” Instead, stick to more objective language such as “I help my clients achieve their goals by…” Another way to word the same statement is: “My clients report that I have helped them meet xyz goals” or “My clients generally find that I am good at helping them with abc goals.” Do not include marketing language in your bio. You won’t want to come across as trying too hard to sell yourself, so stick with being factual and let the quality of your work speak for itself. If you have a certain number of specialties in a particular field, list them briefly in the bio, but don’t forget to include information on how you can help your customers or clients. Make sure the bio is specific to your industry. State what kind of work you do, who you work with and focus on highlighting your strengths in that field. For example, if you are an accountant, then list down some important aspects such as: Industry experience areas: How many years of experience do you have? Do not include irrelevant information such as age or date of birth. It is suggested to stick with the past 10 years and emphasize your current position and expertise in your industry. If you refer to yourself in your bio, it is suggested that you use “I” and not “we.” Do not use the first person when referring to your business. Process of writing a bio Brainstorm words and phrases that come to mind when you think about who your target audience is and how they will benefit from the products or services that you provide. Write a list of words and phrases to use as a reference when you start writing your bio. Look over your brainstormed words and phrases and those from professional bios in your industry or other related industries. Review your final draft before you publish it online. Check to make sure that it is clear and easy to read. It should only take a few minutes to review since you will already have a good sense of what your bio says after the prewriting process. Below is a short bio for your liking. Biography of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in Hodgenville, Kentucky. He was the son of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Abraham barely knew his mother because she died in 1817 when he was only 8 years old. The Lincoln family moved to Indiana when Abraham was 7 years old and then 7 more times until they settled in Illinois when Abraham was 21. Abraham Lincoln got his education by reading books at home and studying with local schoolmasters in Indiana and Kentucky before attending school for just one year in Indiana. Lincoln worked part-time as a shop assistant and later on a ferryboat to earn the money he needed for his education. What should I include in my biography? A bio should give the reader an understanding of what made the person notable. That means it’s important to include things like who they were, what they did, and why they mattered in history. A good way to get started is by writing out your thoughts ahead of time in an outline based on the different sections you want to use for your bio. For example, you could write about their earlier years, middle years, and later years. Another way is to start writing your bio by focusing on just one part of their life, such as an anecdote or interview with the person. Both methods will help you get started with the actual writing of your work, but it’s important to set a word goal for yourself so that you don’t get too overwhelmed with the length of your paper. It’s also important to make sure you cite what you write so that anyone reading can find out where your information comes from. If you prefer longer bios, then check out the examples below Biography examples Example 1 In 57-58 A.D., Paul wrote the Book of Romans to the people of Rome who trusted Jesus Christ. It is in this book that Paul explains God’s plan of salvation for humans. The significance placed on our faith in Jesus Christ by the Book astonishes me. The Book emphasized that we must submit to Christ as our Master and lord. This Book has had a great impact on my life. I used to believe that good works alone could deliver us everlasting life, but I was proven wrong through the Book of Romans. The Book of Romans can be compared to the other books in the Bible, particularly the Old Testament, in which case it may be stated that. In contrast, salvation is promised by adhering to the Jewish Law or Mosaic Law in the Old Testament, salvation comes through faith in Christ and will result in eternal life. The Old Testament is full of stories about God’s people offering animals as sacrifices. In the Book of Romans, we discover that we no longer need to offer animal sacrifices because Jesus Himself paid the ultimate price for our salvation. The Jewish Law’s requirement of righteousness in the Old Testament was completed through Christ’s sacrifice, detailed in the Book of Romans. The Mosaic Covenant in the Old Testament set the pace for the New Covenant in Jesus Christ. In the Old Testament, simply keeping the law guaranteed one salvation, but as stated by Paul in Romans, faith in Christ is what matters now. Example 2 Troy features a superb cast and is regarded as one of the classics of Hollywood. It has received 11 accolades, including an Academy Award for Best Picture in 1957 and numerous international honors for its acting performances. My interest in military history films, as well as Homer’s The Iliad, propelled me to watch Troy. The film features the love story between Paris and Helen that started the Trojan War, as well as Achilles’ battle with Hector during the war. It is through these two main plots that we are made aware of how warfare has changed over time. Troy is an ancient city in present-day Turkey that was formerly a part of today’s Turkey. It has historical importance because of the Trojan War fought by the Greeks (Woodford). There has been a debate about the existence of Troy. Despite this, it is widely accepted that such a city did not exist, but Homer described it as Iliad. The city of Troy is popularly known for the war that was fought there, the Trojan War. Homer recorded this in his epic poem ‘Iliad.’ According to him, it all started with a quarrel between Paris and Menelaus, who were husband and brother of Helen, respectively. In order to resolve the conflict, Agamemnon, Menelaus’ brother, commissioned a group of men to retrieve Helen from Paris. The first expedition was a failure as it failed to kidnap Helen. This would, later on, trigger the great war that wreaked havoc in both cities involved and also those who were not related at all. The historic war scene from the Iliad has been retold in fiction. Brad Pitt played Achilles, the Greek war hero who led his Myrmidons and the Greek army to attack Troy. Hector was the prince of Troy, whose mother – Thetis – was half-sunken (Woodford). The storyline diverged from actual lore when Paris is able to kill Achilles in one blow. This is not an accurate portrayal because the spear Hector only landed on his ankle, but it did not beat him (Woodford). The movie is set in a 3000 BC city during the Bronze Age, and it depicts some of the storylines of love relationships and compassion. Some of the tale leads are entirely made up. The overall plot is loosely based on Homer’s Iliad from the Trojan War (Wilson). With its tremendous box-office success and inclusion in Warner Bros. list of top movies, it has been recorded that the film was made with a budget of $163 million and also an estimated loss of $25 million as well as a worldwide gross revenue of over $497.5 million (Wilson). The movie is a clear example of a well-edited, historically accurate and dramatized film. It provides a valuable insight into the lives in one of civilization’s early cities, passed on from generation to generation through literature. The war scenes are very graphic that makes it an interesting watch for many Hollywood fans. Generally, it can be said that the film is a very accurate depiction of the conditions during the Bronze Age and what happened in Troy thousands of years ago. Short, concise and to the point, you now have a clear idea of how to write a bio. Remember that using relevant examples will help you a lot. The main thing is that your writing style should not be different from what you can find in other pieces of work. You have to use simple words and avoid complicated sentences as much as you can. Tips for writing a bio It is important to take good notes while researching for your bio. It helps you learn about the person and gives you a great opportunity to develop their character. It is also important that you highlight the significant events in your subject’s life, such as when they were brought up when they got married and so on. This gives structure to your bio. Be sure to use the right tone in writing a bio. Your tone must be formal and professional, especially if you are writing for a company or school purposes. However, it can be informal if you are only writing for yourself. It is better to go with a formal tone since it is more serious and readers will take it seriously. Write many drafts for your bio. Allow yourself the time to rewrite and refine them so you can produce a great final product that future generations will remember. When writing an academic bio, cite your sources so that anyone reading your biography will know your sources for the information. Whether it’s for personal or professional purposes, make sure that the facts in your bio are well documented from reliable sources. Do not use adjectives to describe people who are still alive since you might offend someone. This is especially true if the person is a public figure or celebrity. If you must use adjectives, make them positive. When writing a bio on someone who is still alive, be respectful of the person’s privacy. When writing a professional bio, remember to include only work-related information that is relevant for your readers. When writing a formal bio, adhere to standard conventions and always use third person singular. Final Remarks Writing a short bio is probably one of the best ways to spend your time as a writer because it allows you to learn about someone’s life and use that information as inspiration for your own work. Plus, biographies also sell well and sometimes become best-sellers so that they can make you a lot of money. The main thing you have to remember is that writing a good bio takes time and effort, so if you are committed to learning about someone’s life, then don’t give up at the first sign of trouble or boredom. If you enjoy writing bios, then it won’t take long before your name becomes synonymous with the genre, and you will become so busy that your only choice will be to write faster. Similar Posts Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.	<urn:uuid:eeb03b47-c6bd-4962-b7f6-c7aa38c4fcb6>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.058080852031707764, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9641578793525696, "url": "https://tenuredbuddy.com/blog/how-to-write-a-biography-with-examples/" }
December 02, 2020 Merchant Ships - Research Vessels The oceans cover over 70% of Earth's surface, and as such, are of immense scientific importance. Man has long taken ships to sea to plumb the ocean's mysteries, first charting the surface and then measuring its depths. Today, these are incredibly sophisticated, with equipment for measuring all sorts of parameters in several fields of science. A portolan chart from 1492 The most basic of ocean sciences is hydrography, the mapping of coastlines and the depths of water, usually to create charts. The first proper navigation charts were probably the medieval Portolan charts. These charts, based entirely on angles and distances between the points in question, were incredibly accurate portrayals of the coasts, allowing mariners navigating by landmarks and compass to find their path. Over time, celestial navigation and latitude and longitude were introduced, and charts became more sophisticated. However, these were privately published, and it wasn't until 1795 that the Royal Navy appointed Alexander Dalrymple as Hydrographer and formalized the collection and publication of hydrographic data. A modern replica of Endeavour in Sidney harbor Dalrymple was able to draw on the work of men like James Cook, who made his name mapping the coast of Newfoundland in the mid-1700s, producing charts that were used for 200 years. Cook's work in the Saint Lawrence was vital to the British amphibious assault at Quebec City, and in 1768 he was given command of the bark Endeavour, possibly the first identifiable research ship. Cook's task was to carry astronomer Charles Green to Tahiti to observe the transit of Venus, and then to go in search of the fabled Terra Australis Incognita, the proposed southern continent. After observing the transit, he instead became the first European to properly map New Zealand, and the first to reach Australia's east coast. Cook went on to make two more voyages in the Pacific, the second in HMS Resolution making him the first to cross the Antarctic Circle and demolishing the fabled southern continent. His last voyage, also in Resolution, took him to the Pacific coast of North America, and to Hawaii, where he was tragically killed. Throughout all of this, the instruments of exploration remained primitive, essentially the tools of ordinary navigation, with the main difference being the skill and intent of their users. Matthew Maury But it was during the 19th century that ocean science really took off. Matthew Fontaine Maury, an American naval officer beached by injury, combed through the logs of hundreds of voyages, and was able to gain new insight into the winds and currents of the oceans, culminating in his 1855 publication of The Physical Geography of the Seas. Maury's work established the new science of oceanography, and enabled sailing vessels to make faster and safer voyages.1 Challenger in the far south But while Maury had worked from existing data, gathered in the course of normal operations, others set out specifically to learn more about the oceans. The first of these expeditions sailed aboard HMS Challenger in 1872. Challenger was a corvette that had lost 15 of her 17 guns to make way for scientific equipment. A dredging system was set up to capture specimens of marine life, which would then be analyzed in a lab fitted with microscopes, dissection equipment, and thousands of alcohol-filled jars to preserve them. Nor was equipment for physical studies neglected. Challenger carried 180 miles of line for sounding,2 and equipment to get samples of the bottom, and of water from specified depths, which would then be analyzed for chemical composition onboard. The weather was also studied, and one of the expedition's four years saw the temperature measured every two hours. The final report ran to 50 volumes, and one of the most notable discoveries was the Challenger Deep, the deepest place in the oceans. After the Challenger expedition, international exploration focused mostly on the poles, and it wasn't until after WWI that a new tool entered the arsenal of oceanography, the depth sounder. This allowed scientists to profile the bottom of the ocean's depths without the hassle of doing traditional soundings in deep water. An early user was the German Meteor expedition in 1925-27, which studied the South Atlantic between the equator and Antarctica, covering everything from topography and meterology to marine life and water temperature. Bathyscape Trieste, preparing for the first dive on the Marianas Trench But it wasn't until after WWII that the modern research ship truly emerged, driven by the Cold War. Some of this was that both sides used their scientific prowess as another front in this thankfully peaceful competition, but mostly it was due to the increasing importance of the submarine, and a consequent need to know more about the world beneath the waves. An increasing interest in the environment also played a part, and has continued to drive the construction and operation of these vessels since the early 90s. HMS Enterprise The increasing sophistication of research methods has meant that the old method of taking a random ship and slapping some scientists into it is no longer feasible. Instead, the vessels are specialized, not only for scientific research, but also depending on what fields they work in. Hydrographic ships, for instance, are fitted with sophisticated 3D sonars to allow them to map the bottom, while similar vessels with slightly different sensors are used to search beneath the seabed for oil. Besides the routine tasks of mapping to produce updated charts, hydrographic ships can be vital in disaster response if the disaster is one, like a tsunami or earthquake, that is likely to have rearranged the seabed. HMS Enterprise deployed in this role after the 2020 explosion in Beirut. The aft deck of USNS Maury But hydrographic research is almost unique in being able to be conducted by the ship itself. Most modern marine science relies heavily on putting systems into the water, either towed by the research ship, controlled by a cable, or increasingly capable of autonomous operation. This requires a large, open deck, relatively low to the water, and a crane or A-frame. Heavy winches are usually fitted for towed systems. Besides permanent labs to do everything from analyze marine life to monitor the composition of the air and sea, many ships have mounting points for the ubiquitous shipping containers, allowing specialized labs to be swapped out, depending on the mission. Another important feature is low noise, for acoustic studies, and good low-speed control, which is usually facilitated by azipods and a dynamic positioning system similar to that used by oilfield support ships. RV Petrel A major role of research vessels today is the discovery of wrecks, although this is in fact an outgrowth of the Cold War missions. Robert Ballard, known for discovering a number of wrecks, was a Commander in the Navy Reserve, and found the Titanic with the last few days he had after checking the wrecks of the nuclear submarines Thresher and Scorpion, lost in the 1960s. Recent years have seen a huge number of significant discoveries, mostly thanks to RV Petrel, whose work was funded by the estate of the late Paul Allen, cofounder of Microsoft. Sadly, it appears that COVID has brought this to an end. Polar Research Vessel Polarstern unloading supplies in the Antarctic There are two major types of research vessels that haven't been discussed. The first is the polar research ship, which is essentially a research ship with an icebreaking hull. The boundaries between a research vessel and a straight icebreaker are rather blurry at the moment, with most icebreakers having at least some capability to carry scientists and their equipment. The second is the fisheries research vessel. This is designed to monitor fish stocks with an eye towards promoting ocean fishing. In practice, these are essentially research vessels equipped with fishing gear, including trawls, lines and ramps to handle the equipment over. The Japanese took this even further, operating a research whaling program for a number of years, before finally withdrawing from the International Whaling Commission and resuming commercial whaling in their waters in 2019. And it is to whaling that we will turn our attention next time. 1 Maury's reputation was somewhat besmirched by his resignation in 1861 to fight for the Confederacy during the Civil War, but his scientific work is unquestionably amazing. 2 Essentially attaching a weight to a rope and letting it go until it hits the bottom, then measuring the rope. Sounding was a common technique in shallow water for safety, but rare in the depths for obvious reasons. 1. December 02, 2020John Schilling said... Possibly a stupid question, but when you're sounding the ocean deeps with 19th-century technology, how do you know when the weighted rope has actually hit the bottom? 2. December 02, 2020bean said... I think you put a lot of weight on the end of the rope, and take careful account of the buoyancy of the line itself. But I'm not really sure. 3. December 02, 2020Chuck said... I imagine you're just looking for any sudden drop in tension, and that's assumed to be an indication of hitting bottom. Apparently there were mechanized devices used in the 1800's. A significant model seemed to be this one used by the royal navy which stopped automatically when the line hit bottom, so I imagine the tension change was noticeable. (Here is an interesting post mentioning how the introduction of these machines actually changed sounding to something done by officers from something done by the crew.) I'm curious how they compensated for deepwater currents. 4. December 02, 2020Chuck said... Also @bean You might want to check the " key on your keyboard, the quotes around research in "research" whaling program didn't show up. 5. December 02, 2020Lambert said... Since when was 'How does it taste on a sandwich?' not a perfectly valid area of cetological research? And the sinkers on the sounding line were made from 0.25cwt of lead so they'll exert much more of a force than the weight of the line itself. 6. December 02, 2020fxbdm said... I am fairly certain the famous British amphibious assault was against Quebec City, not Montreal. 7. December 02, 2020bean said... Pretty much. That's much easier to do in shallow water, but manageable in deep. As for research whaling, I'm not getting involved there. I don't support the program, but I find a lot of the opposition to it even worse. That's likely to be overwhelmed by a couple miles of rope. Oops. Fixed. 8. December 02, 2020bobbert said... Isn't it going to strange to do whaling-ships before regular fish-boats? 9. December 02, 2020bean said... They're different enough that I can make it work. Whaling is most of the way done, and doesn't seem to be suffering for it. 10. December 03, 2020Anonymous said... 'Research' whaling was always just an excuse to do commercial whaling and I doubt anyone, on any side of the issue really thought otherwise. I can understand hating the opposition, both for their tendency to perform extremely stupid and dangerous stunts and for the fact that without them Japan might have stopped it on their own instead of made it a nationalist symbol. 11. December 04, 2020Chuck said... I guess bean's right, it's probably better not to do the whaling debate here, esp. when we have the whaling thread upcoming do have it in! (I kid.) Comments from SlateStarCodex: Leave a comment All comments are reviewed before being displayed. Name (required): E-mail (required, will not be published): You can use Markdown in comments! Enter value: Captcha	<urn:uuid:e6135843-c0f7-4e56-869b-c23653722e9e>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.578125, "fasttext_score": 0.2541279196739197, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9705944657325745, "url": "https://www.navalgazing.net/Merchant-Ships-Research-Vessels" }
How Haiti and the Dominican Republic Made Peace After the Jan. 12 earthquake that ravaged Haiti's capital city, international relief organizations flooded the country with emergency aid, including food, water, medical supplies, and construction equipment. The United States sent warships and Israel flew prefabricated hospitals that they erected on the spot to serve as emergency trauma units. Next to those efforts, the contributions from Haiti's closest neighbor, the Dominican Republic, seemed earnest and magnanimous, if not exactly breathtaking. In fact, they were. While the two countries share a single island, they also share a bloody history—built on mutual distrust and resentment. Haiti occupied the Dominican Republic from 1822 until 1824, a brief period marked by brutal dictatorship and violent uprisings. Dominicans harbored deep anti-Haitian sentiments long after gaining their independence. In 1937, for example, between 12,000 and 25,000 Haitians living along the border were slaughtered by Dominican armed forces. The bad feelings never really abated; in recent years they manifested as a violent opposition to Haitian immigration. But after centuries of rancor, the 7.0-magnitude earthquake that killed more than 200,000 people may finally make friends of these neighbors. Before the quake, anti-Haitian violence had reached fever pitch: Haitian migrants were routinely lynched, burned, and beheaded in the Dominican Republic. But in the wake of this most recent tragedy, Dominicans responded promptly and with great charity to their Haitian neighbors. They threw open their borders to Haitians in need of medical care, halted the deportation of thousands of illegal Haitian immigrants, and sent millions of dollars worth of urgently needed supplies—along with debris-removing heavy equipment and an army of volunteers to use it. That began a thaw. After the most pressing crises subsided, the Dominican Republic pledged some $110 million to build a Haitian university that will be nearly a third larger than all the existing Haitian universities combined. Meanwhile, violence inside the Dominican Republic against Haitian migrants screeched to a halt. "We've had zero reports of violent attacks since the quake," says Michele Wucker, executive director of the World Policy Institute and author of Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans, Haitians, and the Struggle for Hispaniola. Dominican officials have also been instrumental in helping international aid groups access their earthquake-ravaged neighbor, Wucker says. Virtually every level of Dominican government has reached out to its Haitian counterpart. And last month Dominican officials impounded stolen food aid being sold in Dominican markets and returned it to Haiti. Former president Clinton recognized the shift and, at a recent U.N.-sponsored donors' conference, praised Dominican leaders for their "astonishing change in attitude." Experts say the earthquake has elicited more than just relief for Haiti's rescue and rebuilding efforts; it has reshaped the narrative of these two nations. "Ultranationalists can no longer use the myth of the Haitian invasion to whip up nationalist feelings," says Bridget Wooding, a sociologist at the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences who works on Haitian-Dominican issues. "It is an unprecedented opportunity to change the course of history." Still, the shift has not been uniform; Dominican policymakers, for their part, are ambivalent. Keen to avoid a massive influx of environmental or natural-disaster refugees as the hurricane season approaches, the government has secured its border more tightly in recent weeks and begun repatriating undocumented Haitians (including those who entered seeking medical care after the quake). The Dominican Parliament even passed a constitutional amendment that denies citizenship to the children of undocumented Haitian immigrants. The change in law was proposed in 2009 and implemented just weeks after the quake. On the Haitian side, gratitude for all the overtures is twinged with wariness about lingering xenophobic sentiments. "It's great that the lynchings and beheadings have stopped," says Marselha Margerin, advocacy director at the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights. "But it's too early to tell if that change will be a lasting one." Haitian activists and human-rights groups are advocating for laws that guarantee the right of citizenship to Dominicans of Haitian descent—and immigration policies for Haitians that are on par with those for other immigrant groups. They are also calling for reactivation of the binational committee formed in 1996 to address border issues and migration policies, which would mean a level of cooperation these nations had given up on. But even if the temblor doesn't result in a wholesale transformation of cross-border attitudes, it has meant a big change from the prequake posture. "The Dominican government was quick to provide aid," says Margerin. But there is also "a window of opportunity to address the larger issues." If Santo Domingo can stanch its innate suspicion of Haiti, it could be the beginning of a beautiful friendship.	<urn:uuid:42b4e930-76b9-4892-9165-5a7107e56eb3>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.023787200450897217, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9571683406829834, "url": "https://www.newsweek.com/how-haiti-and-dominican-republic-made-peace-70721" }
Copy generation from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In film production, the copy generation is the degree of origin of a film copy from the original film recording, which is referred to as the original negative or camera negative . When making copies of film, there is inevitably a loss of copying , a reduction in sharpness , contrast range and color fidelity, and an increase in noise caused by film grain . These losses increase with each copy generation. Furthermore, the number of picture disturbances caused by dust, scratches, tread marks or stains can increase. In order to minimize loss of quality, there should be as few generations as possible between cinema screening copies and camera negatives. Ideally, film copies should come directly from the camera negative, i.e. be created in the first generation. However, this best quality solution is almost always ruled out because of the risk of damaging the original . Examples of the degree of origin of the film copy from the camera negative from the time before the advent of digital technology: • Interpositive , also intermediate positives or duplicate negatives ( Color Reversal Intermediate , CRI), are usually first-generation copies, i.e. they come directly from the camera negative. • Internegatives are usually second generation copies because they are not created directly from the camera negative , but from an interpositive. • Theatrical screening copies are usually third generation copies, i.e. a copy of a copy of a copy of the camera negative. Scenes in which optical effects such as apertures are used are usually two generations further away from the camera negative. • Some directors, such as Martin Scorsese , secure first-generation high-quality screening copies for their private archives, i.e. copies that are drawn directly from the cut camera negative ( cut negative ). • Up until the advent of digital technology in film production, screening copies were occasionally taken directly from the cut negative for important events such as film premieres or press screenings. Since the advent of digital technology in film production, the problem of the generation of copies has moved somewhat into the background. At the digital level, there are no or, in the case of lossy compression, only very low copying losses.	<urn:uuid:ab353f83-5afb-469a-a7a8-7d47ee91ce36>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.1572939157485962, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9343125820159912, "url": "https://de.zxc.wiki/wiki/Kopiengeneration" }
Space telescope offers rare glimpse of Earth-sized rocky exoplanet Steve Gorman, Reuters Posted at Aug 20 2019 10:16 AM Space telescope offers rare glimpse of Earth-sized rocky exoplanet 1 An artist's conception of an exoplanet beyond our own solar system known to astronomers as LHS 3844b, which lies about 48.6 light years from Earth is shown in this handout photo obtained August 19, 2019. NASA-JPL/Handout via Reuters The research, published in the scientific journal Nature, also shows the distant planet's surface is likely to resemble the barren exterior of the Earth's moon or Mercury, possibly covered in dark volcanic rock. Known to astronomers as LHS 3844b, this exoplanet about 1.3 times the size of Earth is locked in a tight orbit - one revolution every 11 hours - around a small, relatively cool star called a red dwarf, the most prevalent and long-lived type of star in the galaxy. The study will likely add to a debate among astronomers about whether the search for life-sustaining conditions beyond our solar system should focus on exoplanets around red dwarfs - accounting for 75 percent of all stars in the Milky Way - or less common, larger, hotter stars more like our own sun. The principal finding is that it probably possesses little if any atmosphere - a conclusion reached by measuring the temperature difference between the side of the planet perpetually facing its star, and the cooler, dark side facing away from it. "The temperature contrast on this planet is about as big as it can possibly be," said researcher Laura Kreidberg of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts. She is lead author of the study. Similar analysis previously was used to determine that another exoplanet, 55 Cancri e, about twice as big as Earth and believed to be half-covered in molten lava, likely possesses an atmosphere thicker than Earth's. This exoplanet, unlike LHS 3844b, orbits a sun-like star. The planet in the latest study was detected last year by NASA's newly launched Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, an orbiting telescope that pinpoints distant worlds by spotting periodic, dips in the light observed from their parent stars when an object passes in front of them.	<urn:uuid:14bfd21f-9b76-4298-864a-74db4d319fdb>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.765625, "fasttext_score": 0.061495959758758545, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9276641011238098, "url": "https://news.abs-cbn.com/overseas/08/20/19/space-telescope-offers-rare-glimpse-of-earth-sized-rocky-exoplanet" }
Sharpness (photography) from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The ability to distinguish between details in an image is called sharpness . Sharpness is an important goal in the technical implementation of photography. • If sharpness is physically present, one speaks of sharpness . • If sharpness only appears to exist, one speaks of sharpness impression . In everyday photography, sharpness only plays a secondary role; the impression of sharpness is always the dominant factor in assessing the quality of a photo . Image information can only be represented through sharpness. If many details can be distinguished, an image is very sharp. Differences between details can be seen in brightness, hue, and color intensity. • In everyday life, the term sharpness is often mixed up with the term resolution (fine grain or high number of pixels = high sharpness). However, the resolution is only one of many factors that influence the sharpness. Sharpness Pattern 1: Image details can be distinguished in several ways. Evaluation criteria A photo can only convey information if it is sharp. The quality of this information transport is assessed in photography in three ways: The classic counting measure The number of lines that can still be distinguished is counted. The result is a numerical value. This method is often used to evaluate lenses, printers, cameras and other technical devices. Sharpness pattern 2: A section from the Siemens star test image is visible here. The artistic picture statement In art, sharpness is a special contrast medium. The additional image information is only transmitted through the difference between sharp and unsharp. From an aesthetic point of view, less sharpness (= fewer details) can be seen in an image, but this image can nevertheless convey more information. Sharpness pattern 3: The left image contains more sharpness (hair) - nevertheless the right image provides different image information (the hair blows). The subjective impression of sharpness This sharpness rating dominates our daily viewing habits. Depending on the specific circumstances (media resolution, image size, viewing distance and time, image message and your own expectations), an individual degree of sharpness is created. An example: In the upper focus pattern 2 (excerpt from Siemens star) there is a shrinking font. If this font is compared with the small font on a printed product, the smallest font on the printed product can be seen more clearly. Nevertheless, the monitor image is also perceived as sharp because the monitors themselves light up. This creates a high contrast range, which in turn creates a high impression of sharpness. Sharpness Pattern 4: Two versions of a face can be seen in the middle. Most viewers consider the photo on the right to be sharper (because it has more contrast). In the enlargements (outside) you can clearly see that the left image contains more sharpness. Sharpness and the impression of sharpness are two different things. This type of sharpness assessment is influenced by a great many subjective things - hence the name subjective sharpness impression . Factors Affecting Spiciness Sorting Influencing factor Details, examples Admission condition light Brightness, color, direction distance Disturbances in the air, focal length , depth of field , distance measurement ... Move Camera, subject ( camera shake , motion blur , ...) Weather Digital everyday cameras often have an ideal working range of up to 40 degrees Celsius - artifacts are increasingly formed above this . Recording technology Lens system Quality, construction resolution Film grain, amount of pixels (physical amount) control Mechanics, electrics Image storage Film quality, file format, ... equipment Image stabilizer, tripod, ... motive Differences in detail Contrast , brightness, color, ... structure Moiré , ... development Fixation chemical development, manipulation by the camera software optimization Unsharp masking , ... transfer Exposure, printing, ... evaluation The right amount s. a. Sharpness patterns 5 and 6: when is a detail sharp? Type and circumstance Image projection, printing, room lighting, ... Edge sharpness In optics , photography and cinematography , this describes a special criterion that can be observed at the edges. The more abrupt the transitions from dark to light, the sharper the image. The extent to which the edges are represented is called acute in photography . The edge sharpness is a matter of the (light) opening: An infinitely small hole in the camera obscura creates an infinitely sharp (without considering diffraction effects ), but also infinitely dark image. When you finally make the hole large, the image becomes brighter, but also less sharp. Edge sharpness has nothing to do with resolution . Measurement method In addition to suitable technical devices , three requirements are important when measuring sharpness: The reference (test image) The test image is reproduced - and compared with the finished image as a reference. The difference between the two measures sharpness. Only a suitable reference offers optimal conditions for measuring sharpness. Sharpness Pattern 5: Different sections of the same photo. The middle section is overlaid by artifacts ( moiré ). If this image were used as a reference, the result would be falsified. Defined boundary conditions Sharpness is influenced by many factors. Since the sharpness measurement should deliver a comparable result, the boundary conditions must be specified. The result is a numerical value. These idealized conditions have the disadvantage that they are of no great use in everyday photography, because something is constantly changing here - ideal conditions rarely prevail. The change of an essential condition, for example the temperature, often makes the determined numerical value unusable. The result depends on the selected measurement method (measurement accuracy) and its evaluation. Sharpness pattern 6: The section of a Siemens star reproduced with one digital and one analog SLR camera. * The enlargement shows the typical sharp image of a sensor (center) and a 35mm film (right). * How are image details better reproduced? Focus measurement always needs a comparison. The sharpness of the images above can be compared in several ways: • Visibility of disturbances (grain) = blurring (so the film would be the loser) • High contrast at the edge border = sharpness (that would make the film the winner) Even with sharpness pattern 5 , the result would depend on the measurement accuracy. Since the artifacts can only be seen in the medium image resolution, the measured value can be falsified. Sharpness impression In everyday life, people are always surrounded by a mixture between actual (physically present) sharpness and the appearance of sharpness, caused by the subjective perception of the person. The latter is referred to as the impression of sharpness. The sharpness of photographs can be changed using the impression of sharpness. The techniques used to influence the impression of sharpness are summarized under the term image optimization . Current change Sharpness pattern 7: The subjective impression of sharpness can be improved by means of brush retouching . The technique of being able to change the subjective impression of sharpness of an image is more than a hundred years old. Using fine brushes and special paint, the image details that are important for the impression of sharpness (mostly eyes and contours) were delicately drawn. This method was so successful that it was used by most professional photographers for such purposes by the late 20th century. Even today, with the appropriate software, images can be retouched in such a way that their impression of sharpness is improved. The second, also very old method is that of changing the contrast . Using different developer chemistry and paper types as well as targeted re- exposure , the contrast could be manipulated globally in the entire image. In the second half of the 20th century, the change in contrast received a decisive leap in quality: unsharp masking (the contrast is only intensified locally at the edges within an image). Both techniques were able to assert themselves successfully in the digital photo age. At the beginning of the 1990s a new era in photography was ushered in (very unspectacularly). At this point, 95% of all photos were made in large laboratories. At that time, the large laboratories introduced the technology of automatic image optimization . In a split second, every photo (then analog) was analyzed and manipulated. This technology was able to dodge, re-expose, unsharp masking of each image in tenths of a second , etc. The software on which this process was based required years of fine adjustment (it had to be “trained”). As a result, over time there was a gradual transition to completely different viewing habits. The best way to see this change is by comparing photos from the 1980s and 1990s. Although the technology of the 35mm film (used by most photographers) has not changed significantly during this period, you can clearly see the difference in the photos from this time. In the years of the millennium, the mass spread of digital photography began. In order to conceal the serious deficiencies of the digital technology at the time, the entire image production line was adapted to the user profiles . A typical example of this is the profile of the “clipper” : Vacation and family motifs should be printed out for the photo album in a size of 10 cm × 15 cm. The printers were set up so that they increased the amount of black much more than was necessary. As a result, the image motifs looked very strong and rich in contrast (impression of sharpness). This concealed the weakness of the printer that it was very difficult to print delicate colors. With the restriction to 10 cm × 15 cm, the physical lack of sharpness of digital images was barely visible. Since our viewing habits, as mentioned above, have now adapted to the omnipresent, automated image optimization , the actual sharpness of an image only plays a secondary role - the impression of sharpness is primarily important. Sharpness pattern 8: Left photo: Inkjet printers increase the impression of sharpness by adding black. Right photo: After lightening the left photo, you can clearly see the poor quality of inkjet printers. Influence on the impression of sharpness Sharpness pattern 9: In the perception of sharpness (sharpness impression), the resolution plays a third-rate role. 1. The image optimization has the most important influence on the impression of sharpness . • It is impossible to show the raw version of a photo with any imaging technique . In every imaging process, there is a change in the image. All methods and associated devices (printers, monitors, imagesetter ...) that can display photos are called imaging processes. • The most basic form of seeing a photo in its raw version is only offered by the slide . But even here, changing the color temperature with which the slide is viewed is enough to change the image impression. • Since a photo is changed in every processing step, one tries to control this change (to optimize the images ). • In professional photography, one tries to keep the effects of these changes low by coordinating all image-changing things (calibration, profiles, ...) . But here too the change is there. 2. The second most important influence is physical sharpness. 3. The third most important influence is the resolution . • The most common assumption is: many pixels = a lot of sharpness. However, sharpness is mainly perceived by the differences in brightness, color and saturation. • Of course, the number of pixels also plays a role, but this is third-rate. Assessment of the impression of sharpness Tests are necessary to assess the impression of sharpness. If these are carried out taking into account the typical problem areas, the defects become visible, which have a serious effect on the reduction in the impression of sharpness. • Example test 1: In the sharpness pattern 10, two image motifs can be seen on the left and in the middle, which can serve as a pattern for a picture with your own camera. Very dark and very light image details are important, combined with a typical mixed color (skin). A photo of the finished image must be at least 20 cm × 30 cm in size. This photo must be held next to the original (the model) . How many image details are still visible in the dark and light parts of the image? Is the skin tone right? Is there a color cast? • Sample test 2: A photo of this test file must be at least 20 cm × 30 cm in size and compared with the monitor image. There is no imaging procedure without flaws. All methods and associated devices (printers, monitors, imagesetters, ...) that can display photos are called imaging processes. Sharpness pattern 10: Self-test to assess the sharpness performance. The two left motifs show examples of self-photography. A drawing refers to the recognizability of details and structures in local areas of an image. If there is no longer any drawing, the image will only contain low-contrast areas in these areas instead of the structures. Drawing is a term for the subjective (sharpness) evaluation of a photo. Sharpness examples 100% edge sharpness would be the ideal condition for a sharp photo - but this is impossible . What comes closest to this ideal (100% sharpness) is the vector graphic . However, only lines and edges can be displayed with it. The main characteristics of photos are: • soft gradients between the colors • Colored areas with natural structure • Merging of different picture elements (without edges that look like “cut with scissors”). Every photo contains blur. The following is therefore decisive for the impression of high sharpness: • the application of the photo (purpose, viewing distance, ambient light, ...) • the expectation of the viewer (technical "perfection", high recall value , "just for fun", ...) • the right mixture between sharpness and blurring (artistic blurring, motion blurring, ...) • the quality of the image optimization ( physical sharpness only influences the sharpness impression by 25% ) sharper, more useful very fuzzy, unusable easy optimization of the blurred image Contrast in focus Differences in brightness are the strongest differences that the human eye can perceive in a photo. These differences in brightness can be perceived both globally (affecting the entire picture) and locally (between individual picture elements). These differences are called contrast. With a high contrast, the subjective impression of sharpness can be increased - usually at the expense of physical sharpness . Sharpness Pattern 11: A high-contrast photo. The problem: the more contrasty a photo is, the less sharp it is. Instead, the impression of sharpness increases. Contrast range Sharpness pattern 12: If this photo had the contrast range of nature, viewing would have to be blind The greatest difference in contrast in our everyday life is between the dead of night and blazing sunshine. One speaks here of a large contrast range. The human eye adapts to this difference by opening and closing the pupil . Cameras use a similar method by opening and closing the shutter . A high contrast range provides a high degree of sharpness - however, there is no image system that can completely fix the contrast range of nature in one image. Therefore, the natural range of contrast of a subject must be reduced before the image is saved. Contrast differentiation The contrast range of a photo is defined by the area between the lightest and darkest point. In the technical representation, black and white are used for this. Sharpness pattern 13: In digital photography, the number of gradations is measured in "bits". The more gradations there are, the more sharpness can be stored in an image. Depending on the number of differentiation levels, a photo is able to convey image information (= to be sharp). In digital photography, mostly 8 bits (= 256 gradations per color channel) are used. This guarantees a sufficient degree of sharpness in everyday life. Photo quality > literal translation: "nature of a photograph" Photo quality is understood as the totality of all influencing factors that influence the quality of a photo. The type of recording (analog or digital) only has a limited influence on the photo quality. You can take excellent pictures with old analog cameras that have no electronics, and with an expensive digital camera you can take unusable snapshots. In addition to the sharpness , which is often the only quality feature for laypeople, many other criteria also play a role: • technical parameters: color, brightness, ... • subjective parameters: expectations, experience, ... • Ambient conditions: lighting conditions, form of presentation, ... Any condition that affects photo quality also affects sharpness. Therefore, the differentiated assessment of sharpness can be considered as an example for the assessment of photo quality. > literal translation: "press together" If the photo from a camera were saved with 10 million pixels without compression, the file would be 30 megabytes in size. This is roughly the equivalent of 20 photos if the same camera were to save the photos with JPEG (high quality) compression. Storage space costs money. Therefore, all manufacturers of imaging systems are trying to reduce the file size. For this reason it is compressed. A distinction is made between lossless and lossy compression. • Lossless compressions reduce the file size to half or a third of the original size. The problem: The resulting files are usually not universal - special software is required. • Lossy compressions can reduce the file size to as little as 5% of the original size. This is made possible by deleting non-dominant image information. The resulting files are universal and can be used by most computer programs. Lossy compression is always associated with a loss of sharpness. Sharpness pattern 17: The numerous artifacts resulted almost exclusively from the use of the JPEG format or were amplified by it. Most images saved in JPEG format contain such artifacts - but mostly in a weakened form. Image optimization > in the same way for: improving the quality impression of a photo • The image information of every digital photo is influenced by: The image optimization tries to control each of these changes. The main methods are: • Emphasize edges and contours: • Contrast increase: • Increase the contrast range: • self-luminous projection (slide, beamer, ...) • Use paper of high whiteness (more light is reflected) and use black of high purity (less light is reflected) • Special photo papers are available for inkjet printers. With these the o. G. Requirements met. • Influence brightness ( post-exposure , tonal value spreading, ...) • With inkjet printers, more black is generally added than is technically necessary. This serves to increase the impression of sharpness. • Create high-contrast differences: • Change the background in the photo • Change picture frame and presentation location • and more … All of the above methods can be used in analog and digital form. See also Portal: Photography - Overview of Wikipedia content on photography Web links Commons : Sharpness - collection of pictures, videos and audio files Individual evidence 1. Christoph Handmann: Camera test with reference to the dynamic range test , Bachelor thesis, 2015, accessed on April 8, 2016	<urn:uuid:da7b9438-fc4f-44cd-8f6a-8600464127f3>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.02277761697769165, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9332741498947144, "url": "https://de.zxc.wiki/wiki/Sch%C3%A4rfe_(Fotografie)" }
The Null Hypothesis Instructions: In each row, select the word(s) to identify the null hypothesis. 1. How do three age groups compare with respect to blood pressure? Null hypothesis: Zero the difference between group means. 2. Does blood pressure (Y) increase with hours of exercise (X)? Null hypothesis: The slope of the line is . 3. Does an ancient coin give a fair flip? Null hypothesis: The probability of "heads" one half. 4. Are blood type and gender related? Null hypothesis: of the two variables.	<urn:uuid:9f19dc7a-4722-481e-b1c1-b968bacf002f>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.75, "fasttext_score": 1.0000096559524536, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8875913023948669, "url": "https://www.causeweb.org/smiles/songs/null-hypothesis" }
Friday, December 16, 2016 An Example of Moral Courage: Fannie Lou Hamer (1917-1977) Fannie Lou Hamer (1917-1977) Moral courage is defined as "the courage to take action for moral reasons despite the risk of adverse consequences." In other words, moral courage is the courage that is required to do what one knows or believes is right when that choice involves personal risk, or when it will result in personal vilification or actual danger. Moral courage is often exhibited by the most ordinary people, and examples are all around us. Fannie Lou Hamer was the daughter of a black sharecropper from rural Mississippi who helped black American citizens exercise their rights to vote in the 1960's. For that simple act, Fannie Lou Hamer was threatened, thrown into jail, beaten so badly she suffered permanent kidney damage, and shot at. For helping other Americans vote. For standing up to those who would deny those people their rights as American citizens. For that, she should've been awarded a medal. In 1962, already 45 years old, Fanny Lou Hamer made a decision to attend a public meeting held by young civil rights workers who'd come to the Deep South to register black voters. After that meeting, she and 17 other hopeful black voters rented a bus and traveled to the county courthouse in Indianola, Mississippi, about 25 miles South of Ruleville, intending to register themselves to vote. That very day, when she returned to the plantation where she worked picking cotton by hand, she was fired by the plantation owner who had warned her about registering to vote. She was forced to leave the plantation where she'd worked since she was six years old. Fannie Lou, rather than give up the struggle for black rights, began traveling with the Students Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), organizing freedom schools and black voter registration drives. She said, later, "They kicked me off the plantation; they set me free." In 1963, while returning to Ruleville, MS from a literacy workshop in Charleston South Carolina, was arrested in Winona, Mississippi and jailed on a false charge. While in jail, she was held down in a cell while two other inmates were ordered by the police to beat her with a blackjack. The beating was nearly fatal, and had lasting physical effects; but it didn't stop Ms. Hamer. She returned to her work, organizing voter registration drives in Mississippi. Fannie Lou Hamer came to the attention of the entire nation in 1964, during the US Presidential election that year, when she traveled to Washington, DC with the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (or "Freedom Democrats"). The Freedom Democrats were there to challenge the Mississippi delegation at the Democratic Nominating Convention which was all-white, and anti-civil rights. The population of Mississippi in 1964 was 45% black [source]. That meant nearly half of the people of Mississippi were not represented politically at the convention. PBS's American Experience told the story of Fannie Lou Hamer's powerful speech to the 1964 Democratic National Committee and President Lyndon Johnson's ridiculous response to it: (3m40s) I gave up a good job, a 20-acre farm and the house we built in Alabama, to get out of America's Deep South. All I had to do to keep those things was to do what Fannie Lou Hamer would not – what I was taught growing up in America's Bible Belt: a little "Yassuh, Massah, Suh!" never kilt no n*r." I'm glad I had an example like that of Fannie Lou Hamer to emulate. Someone for whom Liberty is more than just a word or an empty promise. Wednesday, December 14, 2016 Act as a sovereign individual; always. Not as a slave of the State On 25 January, 2013, John Kiriakou was sentenced to 30 months in prison for exposing torture in Guantanamo Bay. He served every day of that 30 month sentence. He is the only man who ever went to prison because of the CIA torture program. At the time, General David Petraeus (a man of no great moral authority), who was then CIA director, stated "This case ... marks an important victory for our Agency, for our Intelligence Community, and for our country. Oaths do matter, and there are indeed consequences for those who believe they are above the laws". That's the argument that was used by the defendants at the Nuremberg trials ... that their oath of allegiance to the State, and to serve as an instrument of that state, absolved them of responsibility for their own actions. They were hanged anyway ... the judgement of the court being that we are all, individually, responsible for our own actions. Not the State, the Marine Corps, the First Baptist Church, or the Boy Scouts of America. Moral autonomy is having the freedom and possessing the courage, and the will, to make moral decisions on one's own, individually. It's standing on one's own two feet; and sometimes that requires sacrifice. Moral autonomy is at the root of what is termed "character." Character is always individual. You don't display character by joining a group. Moral autonomy is the ability to choose the right course of action, by oneself, without any outside pressure or influence. Our first allegiances, as men and women of characters, should always be to our principles, and to our families, those who depend on us, not to some oath of allegiance to a State. To put the powerful above our principles is to act as a tool of an authority that seeks only to enrich and empower itself at our expense; in other words, to act as a slave, rather than a man. It is not just a choice to act amorally, giving over our moral choice to another; it is moral cowardice to refuse to do what we believe is right, using our "oath of allegiance" to excuse that choice. Ironically, it was under US leadership that the Allies prosecuted not only leaders of the Nazi Party but also industrialists, doctors, and prison commandants. The Americans and Soviets also wanted to prosecute the people who had created the legal framework for the Nazi regime, but British and French leaders objected. Consequently, the United States, acting on its own, convened a separate Nuremberg tribunal to try lawyers, judges, and legal policymakers. In doing so, it established the principle that anyone who violated international laws against harming prisoners in wartime could be prosecuted as war criminals, no matter how many internal memos they had written to the contrary or how much they claimed they were "only doing their jobs." The precedent for dealing with war crimes was set by Americans. And they're fully prepared to walk away from that precedent now. It is not only a glaring hypocrisy to the whole world ... it is a demonstration of weakness. And a clear indication of how far the nation has fallen, morally. So, my verdict on war resisters like Justin ColbyKimberley RiveraDean Walcott, Edward Snowden: heroes, by virtue of retaining their autonomy as human beings when all around them grovelled, claiming they had no choice other than to act as a helpless tool of authority. Sunday, December 11, 2016 Yes, trials ARE the American way There's a twisted irony in the fact that Saddam Hussein was never convicted of the single worst charge brought against him, the claim that he authorized the use of chemical and nerve agents to murder innocent civilians (specifically in one Kurdish village, Halabja). Under the charter of the Iraq Special Tribunal which tried and convicted Saddam Hussein, there was a "presumption of innocence" for that crime: SECTION THREE: Jurisdiction and Crimes PART TWO: Rights of the Accused Article 20. a) All persons shall be equal before the Tribunal. b) Everyone shall be presumed innocent until proven guilty before the Tribunal in accordance with the law. In other words, Saddam Hussein, never having been convicted of the Halabja murders, is legally and by our own standards of justice, presumed innocent of that genocidal crime. History now records that Saddam Hussein was hanged for executing the perpetrators of a plot to assassinate him and overthrow his government in military coup d'état. Referred to as the Dujail Massacre, more than 140 people were sentenced and executed for their alleged involvement in the plot. He was guilty of that, it was a harsh act, a brutal one, and it was an act of reprisal against his political enemies ... but it was not the genocidal murder of innocent civilians that Halabja was. The trial of Saddam Hussein for the Halabja massacre should've been completed before his execution. My opinion is that someone did NOT want the truth to come out about that massacre. As it stands, Saddam Hussein is innocent (by presumption) of that crime. Forever. That is the law. There were damned good reasons why the Nazi officers were forced to stand trial for war crimes at Nuremberg before they were hanged. There were reasons why the full truth was made public; documented, and committed to history. Reasons that persist to this day. Very few serious doubts remain about the atrocities that they committed in the name of "social cleansing." There are very good reasons that we should always want men like these brought to trial. Public trials. Now Saddam Hussein will never be tried for genocide. And the evidence against him will remain, forever, a "classified" secret. There are very good reasons that we should always want men like these brought to trial. Here's one: Saddam Hussein is, by law – a law we are all bound to respect – innocent of genocide. Saturday, December 10, 2016 Viola Desmond to be on a new Canadian $10 bill the windows. America's wars changed this Southern boy forever Why, yes, of course I'm glad I immigrated to Canada from the US Deep South when I did (October 2005). It was the right decision for me and my family; and the best thing I've ever done; even if many years too late. But it was a lot more than simply a change of residence. It marked a change in me; who I choose to be, and how I choose to live the remainder of my life. And, as strange as this sounds, I have to credit America's headlong foolish rush into a series of unnecessary wars for that change in me. Without the wars; I'd have remained the man I was, "happy as a pig in slop" as they say in Alabama. Too often. people told me that I should "get over it." In other words, return to who (or even where) I was before. Never. I remain absolutely antiwar, but America's wars aren't what's important; they only reveal the truth about Americans. The wars didn't change most Americans like they changed me; they only brought to the surface, and made visible, what was already there. Something I discerned for the first time; something I want absolutely no part of. And to those who say, "What have you accomplished, what have you changed?", I'd say this: I changed the most important thing of all. In the end, the most important thing I did, and certainly the most difficult, was this: I changed myself. Here's the bottom line: I will no longer give my unquestioning allegiance to politicians, to institutions, to political parties, and to religious leaders, especially those who have betrayed my loyalty and trust. I'll go with my gut from now on. All morality is ultimately individual. Allowing institutions to define moral behaviour for us, refusing to live by a personal standard, is not merely "amoral" ... it is immoral. It is a choice to abandon morality as a basis for one's actions and to yield the moral responsibility for one's choices to another person or an institution. By the way, where were America's churches when all this went down? Most (at least in the Bible Belt) were in lockstep with the national sentiment of hate-filled desire for blood ... for vengeance. Their role was to assure Americans that evil had God's "stamp of approval." That was a lie ... a blasphemous lie, and I'm using the term "blasphemous" both literally and accurately. The wrong choices that most Christians made were made because they were easy to make. In my opinion, the right choice for Christians should never been an easy one. The basic tenet of the Christian faith is love for others, and Christians should be immune to all appeals to the basest emotions of humans (hate, envy, greed, prejudice, and the desire for vengeance). They were not, because society had made the wrong choices easier; the right choices (like speaking out against evil-doers) very, VERY difficult 15 years ago. Why do I kick against a stone wall? I guess I'm actually trying to make those hard choices a little easier for others, and more socially-acceptable – choices that better society ... that better the living conditions and the prospects for the greater number. I don't want others to have to endure the pain I have. And, maybe along the way, I might save the lives and limbs of a few young men and women who are being used to advance the purposes of those who care nothing for them. Americans were easily led into an extended series of wars that, as most wars do, will be manifested most vividly in the blood shed by the sons and daughters of poor men serving to make rich men richer. [the US is currently involved in direct military action in at least seven countries; four more than when President Obama took office eight years ago]. Where were the good Americans when all this started, and when all of this could most easily have been prevented? I believe they were learning to listen to voices that "tickle the ear." Those voices say, "The messages of peace, love, kindness, compassion, self-sacrifice and humility are old-fashioned, quaint, we can't afford them anymore. It is your destiny to own more, and to think of yourself first ... not to worry about the plight of others or even the world you leave your children's children." I know, because I heard that message, I heard that lie, and I loved it. I loved it, and I lived it for 45 years. I'm no longer that man and never will be again. Saturday, November 26, 2016 Viva la revolución. Viva Castro! For what it's worth, Canadians don't buy the American lies about Fidel Castro. And neither do I, anymore. Canadians are very proud of having stood by Cuba, an ally, despite the shameful US embargo against that tiny country, which caused incalculable (and unnecessary) poverty and suffering to the Cuban people. For some bullshit theory about Communism taking over the world. Try as they might, lie as they might, American leaders have failed over the past 5 decades to convince the Cuban people and most of the world (especially Canada) that the poverty in Cuba is due to its socialist government. Cuba's poverty is the result of a 54-year trade embargo by the United States, an embargo that completely failed to result in an overthrow of the Castro government. Incidentally, Fidel Castro was not primarily a communist; he was never an ideologue, he wasn't following a socialist ideology ... he was a nationalist. His first concern was Cuba, and his people, and after overthrowing the corrupt US-backed Batista government in 1959, he appealed to the West to support him, to welcome his new government and to help Cuba survive. He was rebuffed by President Kennedy in the US and Canada's Prime Minister, John Diefenbaker, refused to meet with him. Castro's government was forced to accept aid from the Soviet Union in order to survive. Which is the only reason it survived. Things could've been different, if men had been better, wiser, more courageous, and I don't mean Fidel Castro. His courage, his resolve, his dedication to his people, was absolute and unquestionable. The CIA made hundreds of attempts to assassinate Fidel Castro in Cuba. According to one source, 638 attempts have been documented. They used poisons, exploding cigars (seriously), and they attempted to embarrass him by using a super-hallucinogenic to induce a wild acid trip during a public appearance. They also tried to use a "potent depilatory that would cause his beard, eyebrows, and pubic hair to fall out." Especially in comparison to his "enemies", Fidel Castro stands tall as a man and a leader. Canadians are glad they stood by him. We disagree with the approach the United States has taken with Cuba. We think that our approach is much better – of partnership, of collaboration, of engagement. It's not our job to tell our friends and allies what they should do or shouldn't do. It is our job to make sure we're doing what we know that we should do, that we can do in terms of creating opportunities for Canadians, for Canadian companies, but also opportunities for Cuba to continue to develop, to modernize, to improve in the many areas that it's building success in. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau at the University of Havana, Wednesday, 16 November 2016 Wednesday, November 23, 2016 What was Libya like under the "cruel dictator" Muammar Gaddafi? I know that Hillary Clinton (as the US Secretary of State) is being blamed for the 2011 overthrow of the Libyan government (that of Muammar Gaddafi) and turned that country into a failed state that is now a major source of violent extremism. It is true that the election of Hillary Clinton to the Presidency would have almost certainly guaranteed more US aggressions for the purpose "regime change" and, consequently, a spread of terrorism. But she didn't act alone ... not at all. With the recent examples of the US failures in Afghanistan and Iraq, what was the overwhelming mood of Americans in 2011 to the use of military force to overthrow another government in Libya? It was shameful. There was almost no opposition in the US except, perhaps, among Libertarians. Certainly not from either of the political parties. Where was the "opposition party" that was so willing to attack Clinton for Benghazi? Silent. The exaggerated reports of Gaddafi's evil cruelty were swallowed whole by a frightened gullible public. Propaganda works well on Americans. Too well. What did the United State do to Libya? Ask, rather, what was Libya like under Gaddafi's dictatorial rule (and, yes, it was dictatorial)? But how did the people of Libya fare under Gaddafi, at least compared to other nations in that region of the world? We know, for instance, that everyone in Libya had access to an excellent health care system: The number of medical doctors and dentists reportedly increased sevenfold between 1970 and 1985, producing a ratio of one doctor per 673 citizens. In 1985 about one-third of the doctors in the Libya were native-born, with the remainder being primarily expatriate foreigners. The number of hospital beds tripled in this same time period. Among major health hazards endemic in the country in the 1970s were typhoid and paratyphoid, infectious hepatitis, leishmaniasis, rabies, meningitis, schistosomiasis, venereal diseases, and the principal childhood ailments. Malaria has been eradicated, and significant progress has been made against trachoma and leprosy. In 1985 the infant mortality rate was 84 per 1,000; by 2004, the U.S. Agency for International Development estimated that the infant mortality rate had dropped to 25.7 per 1,000. Other estimates report an infant mortality rate of less than 20 per 1,000. We know that primary education was both free to all Libyan citizens and was compulsory: In 2001 public expenditures on education amounted to about 2.7 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) ... in the early 1980s, estimates of total literacy were between 50 and 60 percent, or about 70 percent for men and 35 percent for women, but the gender gap has since narrowed, especially because of increased female school attendance. For 2001 the United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Report estimates that the adult literacy rate climbed to about 80.8 percent, or 91.3 percent for males and 69.3 percent for females. According to 2004 U.S. government estimates, 82 percent of the total adult population (age 15 and older) is literate, or 92 percent of males and 72 percent of females. We know that Libya ranked 55th out of 170 countries on the 2010 United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Report, which measures overall quality of life. 55th in the entire world! The government subsidizes medical care and education. A labor law provides for workers’ compensation, pension rights, minimum rest periods, and maximum working hours. The government also heavily subsidizes rent, utilities, oil, and food staples. It is a fact that the full truth is never exactly what we're told. In the case of the Libyan war, the truth was very much different from what we were being told. The Libyan war was, first and foremost, a propaganda war; and it was another war for regional power and control of resources. Concern for human rights or for national self-determination through democratic elections, were non-issues. So, after decades of relative stability in Libya, especially in relation to the rest of the middle east, why did it suddenly become necessary for the U.S. to support (financially and militarily) Gaddafi's enemies in a civil war? In January, 2009, Gaddafi announced that he was considering the nationalization of the foreign oil companies in Libya. He also threatened to grant Russian, Chinese, and Indian oil companies the rights to pump and purchase Libyan oil. Gaddafi sealed his own fate when he made the mistake Saddam Hussein made when Saddam announced in September 2000 that Iraq was no longer going to accept the U.S. petro-dollar for oil being sold under the UN’s Oil-for-Food program and, instead, Iraq would begin using the euro as Iraq's oil export currency. Gaddafi, like Hussein before him, threatened U.S. hegemony over the oil resources of the middle east. That was his real "crime." Patriotism and "democracy" were used sell yet another neocon war ... and this time, just like every other time, most people bought it. Just like most people will buy the next one. Don't tell me there won't be a "next one." You just wait for it. Saturday, November 12, 2016 Wayne Morse and Ernest Gruening – who were they? The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was passed by a joint resolution of the United States Congress on August 7, 1964 and was signed by President Lyndon Johnson three days later. The Resolution gave the US President congressional authorization to make the first major military strikes (followed by a rapid escalation of the war) on Vietnam and its neighbouring countries without a formal declaration of war by Congress (a requirement of the US Constitution). The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave Johnson the authority to launch the first major military strikes on Vietnam and began a ten-year period of abject shame for the United States. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was passed unanimously in the House of Representatives, but it was opposed in the Senate by two men, both were Democrats which mean they broke with their party in voting their consciences. Those Senators were Wayne Morse (Oregon) and Ernest Gruening (Alaska). During the debate on the Resolution, Senator Gruening told the Senate that he opposed "sending our American boys into combat in a war in which we have no business, which is not our war, into which we have been misguidedly drawn, which is steadily being escalated". He was, of course, 100% right in taking that stand. Morse and Gruening opposed the Resolution for the most honourable of reasons, they believe that the war dishonoured America and, as it turned out, they were both right about that. They didn't do it to garner votes, or to go along with their political party and its leaders, or to gain the approval of their peers. Moral courage being defined as "the courage to take action for moral reasons despite the risk of adverse consequences," I regard those two votes as acts of courage; extremely rare among political leaders at the time. Rare even today. Both men died in 1974, just after the Vietnam war ended. I am glad they saw their act of courage vindicated by events. We aren't all so fortunate. Saigon, 1966 Monday, November 7, 2016 The "Mayaguez Incident" (May 1975) Saigon. The following day, the South Vietnamese government of President Thieu surrendered to the Viet Cong, and that long regrettable war was over. Earlier in that same month, US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger was quoted in the Washington Post as saying: "The U.S. must carry out some act somewhere in the world which shows its determination to continue to be a world power The US had been humiliated in its first decisive military defeat. And that's why, in May 1975, the "Mayaguez Incident" became a huge news item; proof that Americans were back from their defeat and on top again. The military operation that "rescued" the crew of the Mayaguez; well, that was the proof. Except, the story spun as propaganda was not quite true. So, what actually happened? The Mayaguez was an American cargo ship that had sailed from South Vietnam in mid-May 1975 en route to Thailand. As it passed an island which belonged to Cambodia (a country the US had bombed during the Vietnam war, it was stopped by the Cambodians, whose government had recently fallen to the Khmer Rouge. The ship was forced into an island port, and the crew was place on a fishing boat and moved to the Cambodian mainland. The crew was questioned about spying, but at no time were any of them mistreated, and they later said they were treated respectfully and courteously. The Cambodians, convinced that the ship was not spying, released the crew and put them on a fishing boat headed for an American fleet. That was about 6:15 P.M. [all times are EDT] on Wednesday, May 14. At 7 P.M, Phnom Penh radio, which is heard in Bangkok, announced the release of the Mayaguez crew. That transmission was intercepted by the CIA station in Bangkok and translated. There is little doubt that the Americans in knew of the crew's release. Nevertheless, the Marine assault ordered by President Gerald Ford on Koh Tang Island (where the Mayaguez crew had been held before being taken by ship to the Cambodian mainland) was not halted That assault was a disaster. Four of 11 helicopters transporting the Marines (CH-53s) were shot down, five more were disabled. 12 Marines were killed in the initial assault, from gunfire and drowning, and one-third of the Marine landing force (65 out of 200) were soon dead or wounded (which, by the way, exceeds the casualty rate in the Marine invasion of Iwo Jima). 23 more were killed in a helicopter crash (which was quickly hushed up) in Thailand during the evacuation of Koh Tang Island. Final toll: 41 US Marines dead. 15 killed in action; 3 MIA and presumed dead, 23 killed in an evacuation helicopter crash. 50 wounded. And they "rescued" no one. The Mayaguez assault on Koh Tang was the last official battle of the Vietnam War. The names of the Americans killed, as well as those of three U.S. Marines who were left behind on the island of Koh Tang after the battle and were subsequently executed by the Khmer Rouge, are the final names on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. President Ford actually went on U.S. national television to announce the heroic recovery of the Mayaguez and the rescue of its crew, but he conveniently forgot to mention the fact that the crew had in fact been released voluntarily by the Khmer Rouge. The 1975 Mayaguez Incident was a fiasco for the US military. But that's not at all the way you heard it, is it? Thursday, November 3, 2016 Have Americans completely abandoned their belief in the "natural rights of man" ? Americans make a huge deal out of their founding documents (the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution), but few would acknowledge that those documents, and the United States itself, were founded on "natural rights." What are "natural rights"? These are the rights of all human beings; rights we all enjoy simply because we are human beings. These rights are not granted by governments, or laws, or constitutions and, therefore, they cannot be abolished by governments. Natural rights are the rights of all people, everywhere ... not granted by virtue of citizenship in any one country or adherence to any of the "one true" religions. I'm not going to try to sell libertarian principles, but I would say this, libertarian thought is completely grounded, just like the United States itself, in the whole notion of "natural rights." Libertarianism is completely consistent with every founding principle of the American nation. The whole basis of libertarian thought is based primarily on the recognition of natural rights. And if you want to understand American principles, read a modern explanation of libertarian theory. I'd recommend the first three Chapters of Murray Rothbard's book For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto, first published in 1973. (download it for free) If you prefer to avoid modern libertarian ideas completely (and I think that's understandable), you really need to read the works of those Western thinkers of the "enlightenment" whose ideas spawned the American revolution. John Locke (1632–1704) was one of the first and most prominent of those who conceptualized rights as natural and inalienable. Locke, Thomas Hobbes, even Thomas Paine (Common Sense and Rights of Man), Alexander Hamilton and James Madison (the Federalist Papers). Thomas Jefferson in the 1776 United States Declaration of Independence, famously condensed this to: are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights ... Thus, America, perhaps uniquely in the annals of history, was a nation born in an explicitly libertarian revolution, a revolution against global empire; against taxation, corporate favoritism (primarily trade monopoly), and against militarism and concentrated centralized power (in a monarch or chief executive). But Americans have strayed far from that tradition, and have changed dramatically to become the most powerful enemies of the notion of natural rights on the planet, systematically destroying it everywhere, replacing it with the idea that rights are a gift to other nations by the great and wonderful United States. No matter if hundreds of thousands of people are dying; at least they're free from communism, or Islamist fundamentalism, or some other "-ism" just as evil. And the US has a list of other nations that it wants to "gift" with their form of democracy. I just can't understand why they'd resist, can you? Most Americans are 1) authoritarians and 2) they are statists. Both of those things stand in opposition to the concept of natural rights. Most Americans today believe that any rights we enjoy are granted by the laws created by men, protected by the armies of men, and are limited to those people who live under the protection of those states which recognize these rights in their legal systems. The traditional American notion, long since abandoned, is that we all (every human being by virtue of our humanity) possess certain unalienable rights (we cannot be separated from them). The men who enshrined this belief in the American Declaration of Independence believed so strongly in natural rights that they considered it a "self-evident" truth; in other words, they believed it was an obvious truth that didn't need further justification. At that time, if you'll recall, the concept of natural rights certainly wasn't obvious or recognized by those who believed in the so-called "Divine Right of Kings", the monarchists or Tories who believed that defying the will of the King was heresy, the King ruled by divine appointment, not by the "consent of the governed." Most Americans are authoritarians. It surprised me when I realized that. I had been so steeped in the "myth" of the rugged, courageous and independent American, I wasn't able to see how badly the myth differs from reality. Americans are largely followers. And while I thought for a long time that the Democratic Party offered an alternative to the "goose-stepping" obedience of the Republicans that surrounded me in the Deep South, that notion was shattered when Democrats gave their unquestioning support and allegiance (especially in the first two years of his 1st term in office) to the war policies of President Obama. Because he was "their" leader, everything they criticized the former President for was suddenly A-OK. Authoritarian followers. Most Americans are statists. Statists believe that a large, powerful, central government is desirable; they may argue endlessly over whether that government should be be primarily a "welfare state" or a "warfare state," but in the end, neither side being willing to compromise on its goals for society, Americans will continue to live with government attempts to have both. And, in the end, they'll live under a totalitarian state, essentially one that is financially unsustainable, and an enemy to liberty. In short, Americans believe that government grants them their rights; and government can rescind those rights. And I don't accept that belief. Do you? To the contrary, that implicit trust in government is all that is necessary to ensure those rights will be abridged. Friday, October 14, 2016 Have you heard of the McCarran-Walter Act of 1952? It was a surprise to me, thirteen years ago (and "surprised is quite an understatement), to receive death threats for having the audacity to question, in a public forum, the wisdom of attacking a country without just cause, on the basis of unproven claims of a threat (which turned out not to exist). I was surprised, again, when I called the FBI detachment near the threatener's home in Cedartown, Georgia, and was told, "Mr. Auids, our country is at war, and we must all be willing to give up our freedoms for national security." I was astonished at that response, and I told the young FBI agent that that was not how I understood my rights as an American. "If young American men and American women are supposed to be dying to defend our liberty, then what kind of a coward would I be to give those liberties up, without hesitation, because of my fear?" He did not understand. Few people did, thirteen years ago. I was surprised, recently, to learn that Pierre Elliott Trudeau, prior to becoming Prime Minister of Canada in 1968, was blacklisted in the 1950's by the United States and prevented from entering that country because of a visit he had made to a conference in Moscow, and because he subscribed to a number of left-wing publications. Trudeau was not considered a security risk; he was prevented from entering the country because of his beliefs. It was his ideas that the US government was afraid of. Think Stalinist Russia, the East German Stasi, or North Korea under Kim Jong-un. Trudeau was banned under the McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 which, while sponsored by two Democrats, was strongly opposed, by President Harry Truman, whose veto of the bill was overridden. The bill, which was designed, ostensibly, to remove racist discrimination from US immigration statutes, replaced race with ideology as a basis of discrimination, as a way of keeping Communist ideas out of the country. It was Americans' way of keeping ideas they feared out of the country. Now, 60 years later, we're seeing fear driving calls for new immigration restrictions, based again on ideology. I'm pretty darned confident that the majority of Americans will find their way back to the traditional values of the nation, but fear will often make people act in irrational, shameful ways. Truman's objection to the bill, which was designed to block immigration from Eastern European countries (Soviet bloc) was that it was unAmerican in its departure from the traditional American position of offering refuge to those who who were fleeing tyranny and oppression. America was supposed to be a different, better, place. Because fear of ideas was not an American trait. The McCarran-Walter Act is still on the books, although the provisions have been softened somewhat. Restrictions based on political opinions for temporary immigration were revoked by the Immigration Act of 1990; however, those restrictions can still be applied to those seeking to permanently relocate to the United States. In an appearance before a House of Representatives subcommittee held in 2005, author Larry McMurtry (who wrote Lonesome Dove), representing PEN America (a literary journal which advocates for the freedom of expression in journalism), said: An objective look at the laws that govern the flow of people and information across our borders reveal some serious shortcomings in this regard. One of the most glaring examples of our failure to consistently and fully protect First Amendment rights is the 1952 McCarran-Walter Act whose ideological-exclusion provisions—still in effect for those who seek to reside here permanently—are an affront to all who cherish January 3, 2005 For the record, after being banned from entering the United States, Pierre Elliot Trudeau appealed that ban and it was rescinded. A word to the unwise. Torch every book. Char every page. Burn every word to ash. Ideas are incombustible. And therein lies your real fear. – Ellen Hopkins It was an "unpology" – Donald Trump, Saturday, 8 October, 2016 This week, that "apology" was mentioned to me by several Canadian co-workers, most of whom wanted to know what I thought about (as a former American). All agreed that it was not a true apology. Canadians just know that; they recognize it as a denial of responsibility. Donald Trump refused to accept responsibility for his own actions; he merely admitted that those actions were wrong (or, more accurately, stupid), but he certainly didn't apologize for anything HE had done; only saying he was sorry if someone else might've been offended. So, I asked my co-workers, "What's that called?" No one knew, although they knew very well that it was insincere, and it was worthless; they didn't know what to call it. I said, "It's sort of like a back-handed (insincere) compliment, but that's not it ... I mean ... there has to be a name for that." So, this morning, I took the time to find out what that's called. It's popularly termed an "unpology" (as defined here). An unpology can be recognized by what it contains that you will never find in a sincere, genuine apology: • Lots of I-statements that aren’t "I'm sorry" • The word "if," as in, "if you were offended." • Deflection of blame • Excuses cantering on the apologizer, e.g. "I was hurt and lashed out." • The apologizer's desired outcome, e.g, "I hope we can all move on." • A change of subject following the apology See which of those you can find in Donald Trump unpology. Oh, you just gotta love that last paragraph, such an obvious attempt at deflection of guilt.	<urn:uuid:b3ff54a4-5704-4e76-8506-542f903539b9>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.578125, "fasttext_score": 0.05392324924468994, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9709370136260986, "url": "http://caulds.blogspot.ca/2016/" }
Aeration, Biology Aeration is the process on which water and air come into contact. It is carried out by spraying water in the form of spray or fountain over air. Aeration achieves the following objectives: • It promotes good taste and removes odour by exchange between water and the atmosphere. • It increases the content of O2. • It removes CO2, H2S and other volatile substances from water which are responsible for bad taste and odour in water. Aeration also removes impurities of Fe and Mn. To ensure proper aeration it is necessary: • To increase the surface area of contact of water and air. This is done by producing small droplets of water. • The surface of the liquid should be constantly agitated to ensure proper mixing of air with water. Posted Date: 7/11/2012 8:46:45 AM \| Location : United States Related Discussions:- Aeration, Assignment Help, Ask Question on Aeration, Get Answer, Expert's Help, Aeration Discussions Write discussion on Aeration Your posts are moderated Related Questions Elastase The inactive proelastase is activated by trypsin to the active form elastase. Elastase attacks peptide bonds next to the small amino acid residues such 3s g The neurotransmitter found in insects that is similar to dopamine is? Explain the Sponge Method? In the sponge method, sterilized sponge with 45 x 5 cm contact surface and free from antimicrobial agent is used. Aseptically, it is moistened with 1 Large Quantity of energy is released during an earthquake with a combination of radiated elastic strain seismic waves frictional, heating of the fault surface and cracking of the r E m u l s io n products Ground meat products such as sausages, patties and luncheon meats are emulsion based products and their quality depends upon the ability of lean m Q. Which kind of circulatory system do molluscs have? How can it be compared to the respiratory system of annelids? Molluscs, with the exception of cephalopods, have an open ci Q. What do energy pyramids represent? The Energy pyramids represent the amount of accessible energy in each trophic level of the food chain. joey has a splinter in his finger. His mother pulled the skin away from the splinter with a sterile needle and removed the splinter. Joey did not feel pain and did not bleed. Expla Q. What do you mean by Herbaria and Museums? A herbarium is a collection of pressed and dried plants arranged according to some valid system of classification and available for Which of the below terms is used to describe the formation of fibrous tissue where it generally does not exist? Is it: a) Fibrosis b) Fibrogenesis c) Fibrositis d) Non	<urn:uuid:18a8afff-c647-4fb7-b673-b6ea068cefd4>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.59375, "fasttext_score": 0.04221981763839722, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9192817807197571, "url": "http://www.expertsmind.com/questions/aeration-3016555.aspx" }
Saber and Scroll While ancient Greece’s far-flung overseas slave trade deeply impacted neighboring cultures and displaced thousands of foreign people, it also acted as an unexpected catalyst that shifted the development of the art of southeastern Europe. Evidence suggests that the trade opened new societal elements that had not previously existed in either the Scythian culture of the Eurasian steppes or the Thracian tribes of the Balkans. As a result, the slave trade contributed to a significant change in the Scythians’ way of life that in turn introduced eastern artistic designs and techniques, a process known as “orientalizing,” that spread into the Balkans. Further, craftsmen of other cultures, such as the Celts who had moved into southeastern Europe from the west, quickly adopted and adapted the new designs. Beginning with the inception of Greek colonization in the seventh century BC, this dynamic, interwoven progression of artistic transmission was driven to a peak in the fourth century and subsequently carried beyond, both in time and distance. *Please note that the Recommended Citation provides general information for citation. This citation may not be appropriate for your discipline. To locate the correct citation style for APUS programs and receive citation help, visit http://apus.campusguides.com/writing/citation.	<urn:uuid:dee48342-a940-426e-94f1-20ddc3864ad6>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.25, "fasttext_score": 0.3473600149154663, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9376068711280823, "url": "http://digitalcommons.apus.edu/saberandscroll/vol2/iss2/4/" }
Charles Darwin's ecological experiment on Ascension isle By Howard Falcon-Lang By a bizarre twist, this great imperial experiment may hold the key to the future colonization of Mars. The tiny tropical island of Ascension isn't easy it find. It is marooned in the ocean, 1,600km (1000 miles) from the coast of Africa and 2,250km (1,400 miles) from South America. A new island was born. But arriving on Ascension put an unexpected spring in Darwin's step. Darwin's great buddy was Joseph Hooker, the intrepid botanist and explorer. Only a few years after Darwin's return, Hooker was off on his own adventures, an ambitious slingshot around Antarctica aboard HMS Erebus and Terror. Mirroring Darwin's voyage, Hooker called in on Ascension on the way home in 1843. Ascension was an arid island, buffeted by dry trade winds from southern Africa. Devoid of trees at the time of Darwin and Hooker's visits, the little rain that did fall quickly evaporated away. Egged on by Darwin, in 1847 Hooker advised the Royal Navy to set in motion an elaborate plan. With the help of Kew Gardens - where Hooker's dad was director - shipments of trees were to be sent to Ascension. The idea was breathtakingly simple. Trees would capture more rain, reduce evaporation and create rich loamy soils. The "cinder" would become a garden. Soon, on the highest peak at 859m (2,817ft), great changes were afoot. By the late 1870s, eucalyptus, norfolk island pine, bamboo, and banana had all run riot. Yet could Darwin's secret garden have more far reaching consequences? Dr Dave Wilkinson is an ecologist at Liverpool John Moores University, who has written extensively about Ascension Island's strange ecosystem. He first visited Ascension in 2003. "I remember thinking, this is really weird," he told the BBC. Wilkinson describes the vegetation of "Green Mountain" - as the highest peak is now known - as a "cloud forest". The trees capture sea mist, creating a damp oasis amid the aridity. "This is really exciting!" exclaimed Wilkinson. "It's a terrible waste that no one is studying it," remarked Wilkinson at the end of the interview. Ascension Island's secret is safe for years to come, it seems. Inside a toxic hellhole, Iron Mountain Mine by Peter Fimrite A strange chemical smell lingered in the stifling heat as a group of environmental scientists groped in the darkness through one of the most polluted places on Earth. The Iron Mountain Mine, outside of Redding, is a hellish pit where acid water sloshes against your boots, greenish bacterial slime gurgles out of the walls, and stalactites and stalagmites of acid salt, copper and iron jut out like rusty daggers. "You don't want to splash this stuff," said Rick Sugarek, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's project manager for the Iron Mountain Superfund site. "This is the concentrated stuff." The water - so acidic it could dissolve fabrics and burn skin - lapped against the rubber boots of the scientists, toxic-substance specialists, geologists and EPA officials who slopped in the dark toward the source of the toxic stew that created what experts describe as the "world's worst water." "It's really kind of creepy," said Jane Vorpagel, a staff environmental scientist for the California Department of Fish and Game, who was seeing the slime-dripping cavern for the first time. The recent mine tour was, in part, an attempt to familiarize Jared Blumenfeld, the Environmental Protection Agency's recently appointed regional administrator, with the worst of the 128 Superfund sites in his district. But it was also a lesson on the extent of the damage humans are capable of inflicting on their environment and the innovative methods of resolving those problems. The EPA has taken extraordinary measures to neutralize the toxic mixture that polluted the Sacramento River and its tributaries for more than a century. The flow of pollution, which killed thousands of fish and did untold damage to the river habitat, is largely being held at bay and the damage has been contained. But the journey through the vile dungeon of the mine showed clearly that the danger will always remain. Iron Mountain, about 9 miles northwest of Redding, was once a majestic peak topped with red iron rust that suggested to miners in the 1860s that a little digging might reveal valuable copper. A company called Mountain Copper established a 4,400-acre mine in the 1890s and began to supply sulfuric acid to refineries in the Bay Area. It became the largest copper mine in California by the turn of the century, and a small city of laborers lived on the mountain. Twenty cavities the size of office buildings were drilled into the rock. The mining operation turned to rubble what was originally a 200-foot-thick by 3,000-foot-long underground deposit of pyrite, the metallic mineral known as fool's gold. The destruction of the mountain exposed the pyrite to oxygen, water and bacteria that combined to create poisonous runoff. The result was the worst concentration of acid in the world, about 500 times more toxic than any other mine. Today, dirt roads snake over and around the mountain. Treatment plants, holding ponds and dams are scattered about to catch the toxic runoff. The entire area is carved up. Rubble and large areas of bare reddish dirt pock the hills. The primary source of the acid is inside a shaft on the side of a steep, barren hillside known as the Richmond Mine. The group that trekked into the bowels of this shaft was one of the first to ever go that deep; it included news media and other observers not directly involved in Superfund research. Inside, the sound of bubbling and burbling is everywhere as water drips onto superheated rocks and turns into vapor. The chemical steam heats up the cavern and emits a strong odor. One visitor is told it might not be good to breathe the air there for extended periods of time. This is what Sugarek calls "the belly of the beast," a place so hot and lacking in oxygen that it has to be pumped full of air so workers and visitors don't pass out. The Richmond tunnel is mostly covered with a fiber concrete that protects against collapse, but the acid salts eat away at the material deeper inside, exposing rotting old timber beams. Iridescent green copper stalactites jut down from above, and sparkling black mineral deposits known as Voltaite multiply over the rock walls, much of which is made of pyrite. The tour group wore rubber boots and gear to protect against ever-present water that is so acidic even a droplet would eat a hole in blue jeans or dissolve the stitching on boots, much like battery acid. Splashing it on bare skin would cause "exfoliation," Sugarek said with a wry grin. "This certainly seems like the mother lode of contaminated sites," Blumenfeld said. "It is our job to learn from this and make sure it never happens again." Over the past year, workers dredged much of the 170,000 cubic yards of copper, cadmium, zinc and iron that had flowed out of the mine and accumulated for 50 years at the bottom of the Spring Creek arm of the Keswick Reservoir. The sediments were piped up to a newly built treatment facility that separated out the solids and neutralized the toxic metals, which were then dried out and secured in pits on nearby federal land. Sugarek, who has been in charge of the Superfund site for 20 years, said the management of toxic material will continue, but, to date, 98 percent of the toxic material has been captured and contained. "Our main goal at the EPA was to protect the Sacramento River," Sugarek said. "A ton a day of copper and zinc used to hit the river. We have been able to reduce that to 2 percent of what it once was." The flow from this chemical cauldron into the Sacramento River and its tributaries was devastating, EPA officials said. Before the creeping acid was contained, it was as bad for the environment as 100 oil refineries pouring petroleum into a salmon spawning stream would have been, Sugarek said. The Bureau of Reclamation built an earthen dam in 1963 to block the steady flow of sludge, but it would often overflow during heavy winter rains and the copper and metals would get into the Sacramento River. The mine was finally abandoned in 1966 and collapsed in on itself shortly after that, but the problem only got worse. By the time the EPA took over management of the area in the 1980s, a ton of acidic water a day was flowing into the river and the water in the debris dam was blood red from the mixture of iron and copper. In 1988, a sudden surge of power at a U.S. Bureau of Reclamation plant sent 2,000 cubic feet per second of metal-laden water flowing out of the Keswick Reservoir, turning the Sacramento River red all the way to Hamilton City, 100 miles away. Desperate, the EPA built the Slick Rock Creek Retention Dam in 2004, which captured most of the red sludge. Now the EPA is concentrating on the leftover mess, which is expected to cost the government $200 million to manage over 30 years. A federal court recently held the owner of the mountain, Ted Arman, and Iron Mountain Mines Inc. liable for nearly $27 million in past cleanup costs and some $30 million in interest accrued over the years. The former owner, Rhône-Poulenc, which later became Aventis CropScience USA Inc., agreed to pay the federal government $154 million over 30 years in future cleanup costs. Sugarek said the runoff can be captured, cleaned and turned into landfill for up to 100 years if the money is available. The problem is that the toxic broth will continue pouring out of the mine for 3,000 years until the pyrite is used up or someone figures out a way to neutralize the chemical and biological reactions, scientists say. "There is nothing that we have in the world today that solves this particular dilemma," Sugarek said. "What we can do is collect it and treat it and hope that in the next 30 years we have come up with new technology or techniques to resolve it." At one point during the mine tour several members began edging into a cavern and were quickly alerted by EPA officials that it was not safe to go any farther. A sudden increase in temperature was immediately apparent at the mouth of this cavity. The shaft leads into a place deeper inside where researchers recently found six unique strains of bacteria living in a bed of pink slime that are part of a little-understood biochemical cycle that devours iron, produces sulfuric acid, and creates a nightmarish broth of copper, zinc and arsenic. There, the chemical reactions drive temperatures up to 130 degrees and the puddled water is sulfuric acid, concentrated enough to melt an aluminum ladder. Sugarek said the rocks inside this noxious horror house have been known to catch on fire from time to time. NASA once sent a robot in - and nobody ever saw the machine again or collected any scientific data from it, Sugarek said. Scientists at NASA and UC Berkeley have not given up. They are studying the pink slime and what they believe is a primitive form of bacteria inside the mine, a substance so unusual that it can survive in laboratory-grade acid. It is a measure of success, Blumenfeld said, that this toxic concoction is no longer pouring into the river. "We've come across to the other side of the mountain," he said. "It is great to see that we can get back to a place where the water again runs clear. If you can clean up the Iron Mountain Mine, you can clean up anything." Westerners vs. the World: We are the WEIRD ones by Adam McDowell The Ultimatum Game works like this: You are given $100 and asked to share it with someone else. You can offer that person any amount and if he accepts the offer, you each get to keep your share. If he rejects your offer, you both walk away empty-handed. How much would you offer? If it's close to half the loot, you're a typical North American. Studies show educated Americans will make an average offer of $48, whether in the interest of fairness or in the knowledge that too low an offer to their counterpart could be rejected as unfair. If you're on the other side of the table, you're likely to reject offers right up to $40. "I was inclined to believe that rejection in the Ultimatum Game would be widespread. With the Machiguenga, they felt rejecting was absurd, which is really what economists think about rejection," Dr. Henrich says. "It's completely irrational to turn down free money. Why would you do that?" It turns out the Machiguenga — whose number system goes: one, two, three, many — are not alone in their thinking. Most people from non-Western cultures introduced to the Ultimatum Game play differently than Westerners. And that is one clue that the Western mind differs in fundamental ways from the rest of humanity, according to Dr. Henrich. He and two other UBC researchers authored a paper shaking up the fields of psychology, cognitive science and behavioural economics by questioning whether we can know anything about humanity in general if we only study a "truly unusual group of people" — the privileged products of Western industrial societies, who just happen to make up the vast majority of behavioural science test subjects. The article, titled "The weirdest people in the world?", appears in the current issue of the journal Brain and Behavioral Sciences. Dr. Henrich and co-authors Steven Heine and Ara Norenzayan argue that life-long members of societies that are Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic — people who are WEIRD — see the world in ways that are alien from the rest of the human family. The UBC trio have come to the controversial conclusion that, say, the Machiguenga are not psychological outliers among humanity. We are. "If you're a Westerner, your intuitions about human psychology are probably wrong or at least there's good reason to believe they're wrong," Dr. Henrich says. After analyzing reams of data from earlier studies, the UBC team found that WEIRD people reacted differently from others in experiment after experiment involving measures of fairness, anti-social punishment and co-operation, as well as visual illusions and questions of individualism and conformity. Others punish participants perceived as too altruistic in co-operation games, but very few in the English-speaking West would ever dream of penalizing the generous. Westerners tend to group objects based on resemblance (notebooks and magazines go together, for example) while Chinese test subjects prefer function (grouping, say, a notebook with a pencil). Privileged Westerners, uniquely, define themselves by their personal characteristics as opposed to their roles in society. Moreover, WEIRD people do not simply react to the world differently, according to the paper, they perceive it differently to begin with. Take the well-known Muller-Lyer optical illusion, which uses arrows to trick the viewer into thinking one line is longer than another, even if both are the same length. (See the diagram on this page.) "No matter how many times you measure those lines, you can't cause yourself to see them as the same length," Dr. Henrich says. At least that's true for a Westerner. For some hunter-gatherers, the Muller-Lyer lines do not cause an illusion. "You do this with foragers in the Kalahari [Desert] and they just see the lines as the same length." WEIRD people, the UBC researchers argue, have unusual ideas of fairness, are more individualistic and less conformist than other people. In many of these respects, Americans are the most "extreme" Westerners, especially young ones. And educated Americans are even more extremely WEIRD than uneducated ones. "The fact that WEIRD people are the outliers in so many key domains of the behavioral sciences may render them one of the worst subpopulations one could study for generalizing about Homo sapiens," the authors conclude. "If the goal of the research program is to shed light on the human condition, then this narrow, unrepresentative sample may lead to an uneven and incomplete understanding." In other words, we do not know what we thought we knew about the human mind. We only know about the mind of a particular, unusual slice of humanity. The UBC researchers also found that 96% of behavioural science experiment subjects are from Western industrialized countries, which account for just 12% of the world's population. Sixty-eight percent were Americans. The United States is dominant in the field of psychology, accounting for 70% of all journal citations, compared with 37% in chemistry. Undergraduate students are often used to stand in for the entire species. "This is a serious problem because psychology varies across cultures and chemistry doesn't," says Jonathan Haidt, a psychologist at the University of Virginia. The paper argues that either many studies' conclusions have to be retested on non-WEIRD cultural groups — a daunting proposition in terms of resources — or they must be understood to offer insight only into the minds of rich, educated Westerners. If WEIRD people are indeed weird, it is the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution that have made them so. In the example of the Muller-Lyer illusion, the UBC team hypothesizes that growing up in an industrial-era environment with plenty of 90-degree lines and carpentered edges led to WEIRD people's sense of vision being susceptible to the deception. "We live in this world with police and institutions and pre-packaged food, TV, the Internet, watches and clocks and calendars. Our heads are loaded with all this information for navigating those environments. So we should expect our brains to be distorted," Dr. Henrich says. North American behavioural scientists were aware of the issues raised by the paper. "It confirms something that many researchers knew all along but didn't want to admit or acknowledge because its implications are so troublesome," says Dr. Haidt of the University of Virginia, who was on a panel of academics who reviewed the article before publication. Dr. Henrich says the UBC team expected stiff resistance to its ideas. But overall the paper has been well-received, says Dr. Haidt, although, of course, it has been read mostly by WEIRD academics. But how would the other 88% of humanity react? Would they be surprised to learn that rich Westerners are, in a word, weird? "I don't think so," Dr. Henrich says. Some psychologists doubt whether privileged Westerners actually are the odd people out. Cultural psychologist Will Bennis of Northwestern University applauds the UBC team's call to widen the spectrum of humanity studied by behavioural scientists, but he doubts whether a more cosmopolitan subject pool will sustain the idea that WEIRD people are "more unique, more distinct, more different from all the other populations that have been targets of research." "Why do they look like outliers? Is it because they are more weird than other populations? Or is it something methodological that's making it look like they're outliers," Dr. Bennis asks. He notes a human tendency, throughout history and across cultures, to regard one's own group as unique. "There's a lot of reasons why we might mistakenly assume that our group is special," he says. "The point isn't that our group is not special, it's that each group is special in its own unique way. As WEIRD psychologists ... we happen to know what's special about our own group and we happen to focus on that in our psychological research." The WEIRD hypothesis does not throw out the whole idea of human behavioural and psychological universals. The UBC team remains confident that displays of pride and some aspects of mating, for example, will turn out to be pan-human characteristics. The UBC researchers acknowledge the limits of what is known about WEIRD versus non-WEIRD populations. Because data comparing how people from different populations think is relatively hard to come by, the authors write, "we cannot accurately evaluate the full extent of how unusual WEIRD people are." "This is, however, precisely the point. We hope research teams will be inspired to span the globe and prove our claims of non-representativeness wrong." Dancing at the Movies A montage of movie dance scenes set perfectly to "Footloose" - A collection of dance clips from almost 40 movies from dance movies to comedies, from Fred Astaire to Micheal Jackson. Google's Earth By William Gibson “I ACTUALLY think most people don’t want Google to answer their questions,” said the search giant’s chief executive, Eric Schmidt, in a recent and controversial interview. “They want Google to tell them what they should be doing next.” Do we really desire Google to tell us what we should be doing next? I believe that we do, though with some rather complicated qualifiers. Science fiction never imagined Google, but it certainly imagined computers that would advise us what to do. HAL 9000, in “2001: A Space Odyssey,” will forever come to mind, his advice, we assume, imminently reliable — before his malfunction. But HAL was a discrete entity, a genie in a bottle, something we imagined owning or being assigned. Google is a distributed entity, a two-way membrane, a game-changing tool on the order of the equally handy flint hand ax, with which we chop our way through the very densest thickets of information. Google is all of those things, and a very large and powerful corporation to boot. Google is not ours. Which feels confusing, because we are its unpaid content-providers, in one way or another. We generate product for Google, our every search a minuscule contribution. Google is made of us, a sort of coral reef of human minds and their products. And still we balk at Mr. Schmidt’s claim that we want Google to tell us what to do next. Is he saying that when we search for dinner recommendations, Google might recommend a movie instead? If our genie recommended the movie, I imagine we’d go, intrigued. If Google did that, I imagine, we’d bridle, then begin our next search. Jeremy Bentham’s Panopticon prison design is a perennial metaphor in discussions of digital surveillance and data mining, but it doesn’t really suit an entity like Google. Bentham’s all-seeing eye looks down from a central viewpoint, the gaze of a Victorian warder. In Google, we are at once the surveilled and the individual retinal cells of the surveillant, however many millions of us, constantly if unconsciously participatory. We are part of a post-geographical, post-national super-state, one that handily says no to China. Or yes, depending on profit considerations and strategy. But we do not participate in Google on that level. We’re citizens, but without rights. Much of the discussion of Mr. Schmidt’s interview centered on another comment: his suggestion that young people who catastrophically expose their private lives via social networking sites might need to be granted a name change and a fresh identity as adults. This, interestingly, is a matter of Google letting societal chips fall where they may, to be tidied by lawmakers and legislation as best they can, while the erection of new world architecture continues apace. If Google were sufficiently concerned about this, perhaps the company should issue children with free “training wheels” identities at birth, terminating at the age of majority. One could then either opt to connect one’s adult identity to one’s childhood identity, or not. Childhoodlessness, being obviously suspect on a résumé, would give birth to an industry providing faux adolescences, expensively retro-inserted, the creation of which would gainfully employ a great many writers of fiction. So there would be a silver lining of sorts. To be sure, I don’t find this a very realistic idea, however much the prospect of millions of people living out their lives in individual witness protection programs, prisoners of their own youthful folly, appeals to my novelistic Kafka glands. Nor do I take much comfort in the thought that Google itself would have to be trusted never to link one’s sober adulthood to one’s wild youth, which surely the search engine, wielding as yet unimagined tools of transparency, eventually could and would do. I imagine that those who are indiscreet on the Web will continue to have to make the best of it, while sharper cookies, pocketing nyms and proxy cascades (as sharper cookies already do), slouch toward an ever more Googleable future, one in which Google, to some even greater extent than it does now, helps us decide what we’ll do next. William Gibson is the author of the forthcoming novel “Zero History.” After all these years, Beach Boys still sending out good vibrations It's hard to think about summer music without conjuring up images of America's top pop band of all time, The Beach Boys. Songs such as "Surfin' USA," "Kokomo," "California Girls" and "Good Vibrations" have been part of the pop culture landscape for decades and it doesn't matter if you're 8 or 80, the songs seem to resonate with everyone. Mike Love, along with his cousins Dennis, Carl and Brian Wilson and good friend Al Jardine comprised the original lineup from 1961 and Love continues the band today. "I think the subject matter has a lot to do with the longevity of the songs," Love says. "We were writing about surfing, cars and great girls we lusted after. We really defined a Southern Californian lifestyle that could be vicariously enjoyed by people all around the world. There were great harmonies and fun lyrics and they became very successful." With 36 top-40 hits, the Beach Boys have been on the American charts more than any other rock band and, although the band has gone through fights, hardships and adversity through the years, they continue to tour and put out best selling albums. "Our last album -- 'Sounds of Summer' sold 3 million copies, which in the age of downloading, I think is really great," Love says. "It's incredible to us that we are still able to do what we love every day." Touring hundreds of dates each year, Love and the band have probably sang each tune tens of thousands of times. Still, he says, the audience keeps the songs challenging and fun. "It's a combination of the energy of the audience with the intricacies of the songs that keeps us on our toes as musicians," Love says. "Ninety-nine percent of the time we have a structured list, but we will drop in requests or different songs. The spontaneity of the audience and their singing along gets us all excited." With two upcoming shows in Connecticut -- one at the Foxwoods casino on Aug. 6 and one a day earlier at the Live@Five outdoor event at Columbus Park in Stamford, the Beach Boys will be bringing their legendary harmonies to the state next week. "The Stamford show is more of a party atmosphere with people eating and drinking and so it's slightly different," Love says. "Both shows will offer something great and people of all ages come to the show and have fun." Next year will mark the 50th anniversary of the band that started as five California young lads harmonizing as good as anyone had ever heard. It's just a special milestone. Not that many people have endured that long in the music field," Love says. "We started out in 61 and the Beatles and Rolling Stones came along later, and it really says a lot about the band as far as how much of an effect the band and the songs have had on people for so long." Dennis and Carl Wilson have passed away and both Jardine and Brian Wilson continue to tour in their own bands, but as the 50th anniversary approaches, there is talk that all surviving members will reunite for a Beach Boys reunion in 2011, including early members Bruce Johnston and David Marks. "I've had a few conversations recently with my cousin Brian about doing some musical projects together next year," Love says. "He's been busy but I think that we will get together and put a Beach Boys project together." Love understands that the reunion would be big news. Looking ahead, Love says the group is also making plans to record some Beach Boys classics with some of the top contemporary artists. "There are a lot of people I would like to work with and we are thinking about starting a new project next year to coincide with our 50th, and talking with Justin Timberlake for 'Good Vibrations" and Kenny Chesney for 'Kokomo,' and we are just starting to get in touch with people now," Love says. "We want to match up the artist with the proper Beach Boys song." Another thing Love would enjoy is to continue bringing music to audiences both old and new. "I'd like to play with some more symphony orchestras and I would like to do some new music," he says. "We were very fortunate early on that people liked our music and we had success and I'm looking forward to continuing doing what we love." 50 years of The Beach Boys - But Reunion or NOT? It seems like no one knows for sure whether or not The Beach Boys will reunite for their 50th anniversary. The group, which started in 1961, hasn't confirmed one way or the other for 100%, and different stories contradict each other. This story suggest a reunion : The Beach Boys Plan 100-Date Anniversary Tour by World Entertainment News Network Al Jardine has confirmed the original The Beach Boys are planning a major reunion to mark the group's 50th anniversary in 2011 - and it will probably be a free extravaganza. Bandmate Mike Love recently suggested he'd be teaming up with the three original members of the group for shows in 2011 and now Jardine has more details about what could be one of the gigs of next year. Jardine, who has been pushing for a full Beach Boys reunion for years, tells RollingStone.com the band will reunite for at least one concert. He says, "It's a big deal. I don't know where it will be yet, but it'll probably be free. Golden Gate Park (in San Francisco) was mentioned, as was the (National) Mall in Washington, D.C. and the north shore of Chicago, by the beach." But band leader Brian Wilson has yet to confirm his plans for a reunion. His manager, Jean Sievers, says, "Brian has a big new album coming out in August, and that's what he's a hundred per cent focused on." Jardine, however, has big plans: "I want to see a 100-date anniversary tour. I want to go all around the world... If we're going to rehearse and make this such a wonderful show, we should take it on the road. It's the next logical step." While this story suggests no reunion : Beach Boys' 50th anniversary reunion? Don't bet on it by The Los Angeles Times 2010 (MCT) - Rolling Stone quotes former Beach Boy Al Jardine saying that the surviving original members of the group will reunite for at least one concert in 2011 to mark the 50th anniversary of the band's first release, "Surfin'." But that's news both to Mike Love, the founding member who controls rights to the Beach Boys name, and to Brian Wilson, the group's creative mastermind who has pursued a variety of ambitious solo projects and tours over the last decade. Wilson's manager, Jean Sievers, told the Los Angeles Times this week that he has no plans for Beach Boys reunion activities -- and Rolling Stone quotes her to that effect -- and that he is focusing his attention on his forthcoming solo album "Brian Wilson Reimagines George Gershwin," in which he has recorded his versions of several Gershwin classics and completed two song fragments left behind by the composer at his death in 1937. Love also issued a statement recently regarding Beach Boys' 50th anniversary reunion rumors, stating: "The Beach Boys continue to tour approximately 150 shows a year in multiple countries. At this time there are no plans for my cousin Brian to rejoin the tour. He has new solo projects on the horizon and I wish him love and success. We have had some discussions of writing and possibly recording together, but nothing has been planned." "Myself, I would love to see one final reunion, Brian Wilson, Alan Jardine, Mike Love, Bruce Johnston, and have one final tour, and hang up the lapels then. It's been 50 years of music that will last for the next 50,000 years. Enjoy your retirement, and have fun, fun, fun." The Price of Innocence by Erin Mulvaney Christopher Scott and Claude Simmons were released from prison on October 23, 2009, after serving 13 years for a murder they didn’t commit. But the euphoria of freedom quickly gave way to panic: How would they make their way as free men with little but jail time on their resumés? A state law designed to help exonerees readjust would help, but only after they untangled reels of red tape to get their due compensation, clear their criminal records and find employment, housing and identification. The $10,000 reintegration payment was meant to combat this issue, says Kelvin Bass, a spokesman for state Sen. Royce West, D-Dallas, the lawmaker who added the reintegration language into the bill. Bass says West’s office has noticed some weaknesses with the Tim Cole law — namely, how that reintegration money gets paid. The law calls for the creation of a new division within the Texas Department of Criminal Justice to provide help and benefits to exonerees, including the initial $10,000 payment. But that division is not yet operational, Bass says. Meanwhile, while the measure says the comptroller’s office is in charge of dispensing the monthly compensation, it leaves the TDCJ responsible for paying the initial reintegration money. The TDCJ acknowledges it is responsible. But agency spokesman Jason Clark says the $10,000 is deducted from the total sum awarded to the exoneree as restitution — which is overseen by the comptroller. He said the money doesn’t start to flow until the inmate is formally exonerated, not just directly upon his or her release. And even when the initial money does flow, Clark said, it can only be used for living expenses, though the department also offers case management services to link the wrongfully imprisoned with needed services. “It’s a great idea, but there is nothing in place,” Bass says. “And even with being awarded the compensation, there is no structure. Just handing somebody money isn’t enough.” Bass says the same lack of structure plagues elements of the bill designed to help exonerated prisoners get medical care and counseling, services they can count on in prison. The new law requires the TDCJ to help exonerees get both, he says, but the procedures and programs have yet to be established. Few exonerees leave prison without physical or mental health problems, Moore says, and they don’t have easy access to medication or counseling when they’re released. Many become paranoid, and some aren’t ever able to recover. “It’s all the stuff we take for granted that they are terrified of,” she says. “Some guys won’t go out at night. Some won’t go outside the yard without somebody with them. They just don’t want to be locked up again.” Scott is adjusting fairly well but says he feels nervous about the simplest tasks — even driving. It’s understandable: It was when he was pulled over for speeding more than 13 years ago that he was arrested and charged with a capital murder he didn’t commit. He says he avoids getting behind the wheel at all costs. “You don’t know how it plays on my mind,” Scott says. “Anything could happen. They say lightening don’t strike twice, but I don’t want to take that chance.” "It's like putting dues on your life" When a court rules that a prisoner has been wrongfully convicted and orders him freed, that’s only the beginning of the bureaucratic nightmare — not the end. Clearing one’s name is a next to impossible task, as is proving one’s innocence to potential employers who run background checks. In Texas, expunction removes information about a felony or misdemeanor arrest from the records in every court or investigative agency where documents or files may exist. Once the record is expunged, the individual can deny the arrest ever occurred, and any information related to it is permanently deleted from his or her record. But the process of getting a criminal record expunged can take up to a year. An exoneree has to petition the district court, wait for hearings to be scheduled, get orders granted and then wait for all the agencies to delete the records. Former inmates wait two to three months to receive either a pardon or a writ of habeas corpus from the Court of Criminal Appeals. Only then can they file for compensation, which can take an additional two to three months to receive. What’s more, expunction is not automatic in exonerations, and it only removes criminal records from government agency files — not from private data-mining businesses. Inmates often must use their compensation money, when they can finally get their hands on it, to pay for lawyers to help them clear their records. Scott and Simmons still have capital murder and sexual assault charges on their criminal records, and Moore said it might be another three to four months before they are expunged. In the next legislative session, West will re-file a bill that failed during the 2009 session requiring the district attorney who originally prosecuted the exoneree to represent that person for the expunction process — a surefire way to speed it up and to save the exoneree money. In comparison to other states, Texas is fairly progressive on the wrongful conviction compensation scale. Roughly half of state governments pay exonerees for their trouble. And less than a third of all wrongfully convicted prisoners nationwide have received compensation, according to an Innocence Project study. Still, Scott says no amount of money can compensate someone who has been wrongfully imprisoned. “It’s like putting dues on your life,” he says. “I was a good father; I was always home by 10 p.m. to see my kids and help them with their schoolwork. I would have been a married man by now. They took all that away from me.” Scott, who has found housing in Carrollton and has begun to reconnect with his family, is taking advantage of another provision in the new law that allows for 120 hours of state tuition for education. He starts at Brookhaven Community College in the fall, and says he wants to study law and try to fight for other people who were wrongfully convicted. “There are a lot more people in prison that need help,” he says, “and I want to do everything I can to help them.” Food Stylists Put The Sizzle On Your Burger Try to get through the day without seeing a photograph of food. You can't. Those images are everywhere, from the McDonald's billboard on the side of the bus to the box of cereal you grab off the grocery shelf. But of course, the actual cereal you pour never looks as delicious as the picture on the box. That's because a food stylist has probably spent hours selecting the best-looking flakes and arranging them in the most appealing way for the photograph. Food stylist Delores Custer tells NPR's Guy Raz that she looks for "flakes with character" and arranges them one by one on the spoon for maximum appeal. That pristine splash of milk? It might be sculpted acrylic. Or it might be a digital illustration or even Elmer's glue — but it's definitely not milk. Real milk would make the cereal soggy and unappealing on camera. Yet surprisingly, most of what you see in the ads is real food. If you're looking at a McDonald's ad, that's really a Big Mac there — though someone like Custer has picked through thousands of buns, patties and lettuce leaves to find the most photogenic example of each. That milk in the cereal ad may not be real, but Custer says if the ad is for milk, then you'll see real milk. Real food can be difficult to work with, Custer says. "Food is like children: It doesn't like to behave in front of company." So stylists have a vast array of tricks and tools for making it behave. Slippery cutlery can be stuck in place with mortician's wax. Roast chickens tend to wrinkle and dry out after a few minutes, so Custer undercooks them and then paints the skin with a mixture of angostura bitters, yellow food coloring, and a dash of detergent for the perfect glistening roasted look. Tall sandwiches present a special challenge: How do you stack up all that ham and cheese and lettuce without flattening everything? Custer invented her own technique, using an armature of bolts and clear plastic discs to hold everything up. Custer has spent more than 30 years as a food stylist. Her new book, Food Styling, has all the tips and tricks of a trade you see every day but never really think about. "You know when you were a little kid and you would hear, 'Don't play with your food'? We food stylists get to play with our food all of the time," she says. But, she warns, "just because it's pretty doesn't mean that it's good." "As food stylists, we're always looking for the pretty ones. We want the lemons that are just the right size, that have the right color yellow, the right texture on their skin." But that might be different from the lemon you choose in a grocery store. "I know that the juiciest lemons have a certain look to them, and those would be lemons that I wouldn't pick for my food styling assignments." What’s Up, Doc? New Looneys LOS ANGELES — Ask a first grader to identify Bugs Bunny and the response more likely than not will be a blank stare. Dora, sure. Mickey, alive and kicking. But Porky who? Worried that the low profile of the Looney Tunes cast of characters among children is the start of th-th-th-that’s all folks for the historic cartoon franchise, Warner Brothers is embarking on a five-alarm rescue effort. A new 26-episode half-hour series, “The Looney Tunes Show,” is headed toward Cartoon Network in the fall and will star Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck as odd-couple roommates in a contemporary cul-de-sac. Yosemite Sam, Tweety Bird, Sylvester, Marvin the Martian and Porky Pig are their neighbors. Meanwhile, Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote are going back to work in movie theaters in a series of 3-D shorts. The first of these shorts — Warner has approved three, and three more are in development — will play ahead of the movie “Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore,” which arrives in theaters July 30. The studio’s consumer products and home entertainment divisions are trying to do their share, releasing a new Nintendo game featuring the Tasmanian Devil in September and several new DVD compilations. An expansion is also under way at LooneyTunes.com. “We talked at great length about whether we were audacious enough to take on such iconic treasures,” said Peter Roth, president of Warner Brothers Television, who was recently given oversight of the franchise after a restructuring. “It’s both costly and risky, but I think an extraordinary opportunity.” Warner declined to say how much it is spending on the initiative, but the television series alone carries a cost of about $750,000 an episode, according to industry estimates. “We want to reinvigorate the brand with the best possible execution — high-quality, high-end state of the art,” Mr. Roth said. Improving the quality will not be difficult. “The bar had gone so low that we could only go up,” said Sam Register, who took over as executive vice president of creative affairs at Warner Brothers Animation two years ago, referring to previous efforts to reimagine Looney Tunes for a new generation. Warner has a reputation, both with fans and inside the industry, for ham-fisted campaigns to breathe new life into the franchise. Steven Spielberg sparked things up in the early 1990s with “Tiny Toons Adventures,” a series in which new characters interacted with the originals. But a 2002 effort, “Baby Looney Tunes,” was a dud for the former WB network and later for the Cartoon Network. Big-screen resuscitation efforts have not fared much better. “Space Jam,” a mix of animation and live action starring Michael Jordan, turned a profit back in 1996. But the most recent picture, the 2003 animation-live-action hybrid “Looney Tunes: Back in Action,” left North American audiences holding their noses. The movie, with Brendan Fraser, cost an estimated $95 million and sold $25 million in tickets in North America, according to Box Office Mojo and adjusting for inflation. More recently, big plans for an online Looney Tunes world fizzled amid the economic downturn. “The Loonatics Unleashed,” another television series, was yet another sprucing-up effort from 2005 that introduced futuristic-looking, anime-influenced versions of Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck, was a wipeout. Many parents hated the Loonatics, which had mohawks and menacing eyes, and the series was canceled in 2007. This revival, Mr. Register and Mr. Roth promise, will be different. One major shift involves the DNA of the wisecracking characters — it’s the same as what first made them stars in the 1940s. Bugs, Daffy, Porky and crew for the first time in years will look and behave in a manner that is familiar to adults who grew up on the cartoons. No babies. No punked-out space adventurers. “We really like the voice and the tone of the show, and the look is just magnificent,” said Stuart Snyder, who oversees Cartoon Network as chief operating officer of Turner Broadcasting’s kids media division. With the Road Runner, who never utters a sound other than the occasional “beep, beep,” and Wile E. Coyote, Warner went directly back to the classic looks — although they will be rendered with computers, an appearance that is now most familiar to children. The speaking characters were more difficult to update, but even they will hew closely to the hallmarks of the past. “The minute you start drawing Bugs Bunny exactly as he was drawn in 1949, you expect the same animation and the voice to be exactly the same,” Mr. Register said. “That’s obviously not possible, so you pull the best stuff from the characters and do something slightly new with it.” He added that art from “The Loonatics Unleashed” is framed and hanging in Warner’s animation offices as a reminder of what not to do. The new series, still awaiting a premiere date, will be broken into bite-size components. There will be three six-minute stories that relate to one another, along with a two-minute “Merrie Melodies” component — in which characters perform in music videos (one features Elmer Fudd singing a love ballad to a grilled cheese sandwich) — and a two-minute Road Runner chase. Despite misfires, the Looney Tunes brand is a still formidable part of Warner Brothers’ consumer products business, especially overseas, where syndicated reruns of various incarnations still enjoy heavy play. Warner has tried to keep the brand alive in the United States in part by a healthy-eating partnership with Safeway and concerts nationwide called Bugs Bunny at the Symphony where orchestras play the music from classics like “The Rabbit of Seville.” Sales of Looney Tunes merchandise have been sliding for about eight years, but still ring up over $1 billion annually on a global basis via 1,000 licensees. (To compare, Winnie the Pooh generates about $5 billion annually for Disney.) The hope is that “The Looney Tunes Show,” supported by the theatrical shorts, will fuel new product lines. “We have to invest quite a bit of money in the content first,” said Brad Globe, president of Warner Brothers Consumer Products. “Once there is new content out there, then retailers will become more interested in it.” Jerry Beck, an animation historian and the author of the coming “100 Greatest Looney Tunes Cartoons,” said that fans would welcome another attempt to bring back the brand and that Warner, having hired top animation talent to work on the project, seems to be on the right track this time. “Bugs is down but not out,” Mr. Beck said. “It’s very, very difficult to reweave older characters back into the culture, but I’m glad that Warner is at least not giving up on these guys.” The real reason we send our kids to French immersion By Dan Gardner Keep out the slow kids. Keep out the troubled kids. Keep out the poor and the crippled. Only admit the bright, well-behaved, hard-working kids from prosperous homes. That's the ideal classroom. That's the one we want our kids in. And thanks to French immersion, we've figured out how to get it. Oh, we'll never say so out loud. We may not even admit it to ourselves. But let's be frank. Everyone knows why French immersion is so popular among the ambitious parents who drive high-end SUVs, serve on school committees, and draft detailed plans for getting their children into Harvard. It's because immersion is the elite stream. The good kids are in immersion. The kids with parents like us. The kids we want our children to be around. And no one else. In the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board, more children (2,329 in 2007) start French immersion in Grade One than the English program (2,014). But in Grade Two, the numbers flip. In each successive grade, the gap gets a little wider as kids trickle from French immersion to the English program. The rude word for this process is "culling." Immersion is tough. Kids who struggle are culled. Slow kids are culled. Troubled kids. Poor kids who come to school with empty stomachs. Disabled kids who need teaching assistants. All the kids who could burden teachers and drag the class down and annoy the ambitious parents of future Harvard alumni. Forget national unity. Making kids bilingual for the good of the country is as dead as Trudeau. Job prospects? That's the reason most parents give when researchers ask why they choose immersion, but I think that's what we say in polite company. Chinese or Spanish would look much better on the résumés of future corporate executives, and ambitious parents don't dream of their children becoming assistant deputy ministers. Not even in Ottawa. It's about the streaming. We all know it. We just don't talk about it. A neighbour in my pleasant, upper-middle-class neighbourhood recently agonized over where to place her son in Grade One. She wanted to put him in French immersion like all the other kids from nice neighbourhoods but she worried the boy wouldn't advance as quickly in core subjects. So she settled on the English program and went into the (very good) local school to have a look around. The Special Ed teacher introduced herself immediately. Why wouldn't she? Here is an ambitious, engaged parent from a good neighbourhood who has decided her son will not start school in French immersion. Clearly, something's wrong with the child. Given the importance of immersion in Ottawa, and the potential consequences of streaming students at the earliest ages, one would think the Ottawa-Carleton board would be deeply concerned. But one would be wrong. The board has no research on immersion and streaming. Fortunately, the polite silence was recently broken by J. Douglas Willms, the Canada Research Chair in Human Development at the University of New Brunswick. In the current issue of Policy Options magazine, Mr. Willms dissects the data on early French immersion in New Brunswick and shows conclusively that immersion is segregating students. Kids with special needs are the first to go. Mr. Willms found that while 17 per cent of children in the English program "are in special education plans for the whole school year," that figure drops to seven per cent in French immersion. But that is just the beginning. "The segregation associated with French immersion is much broader and deeper," Mr. Willms wrote. Boys are modestly underrepresented in French immersion because boys are more likely to have trouble with reading. In a typical class of 20, Mr. Willms writes, there are 11 girls and nine boys. There is also "some segregation according to ability." In each of five developmental criteria, Mr. Willms finds, "children enrolled in EFI have significantly higher scores. ... The differences are most pronounced in measures of cognitive and language skills, which are important predictors of academic success." Meanwhile, "the proportion of vulnerable children in (core English) classes is more than twice that in EFI," Mr. Willms writes. But the most startling of Mr. Willms' discoveries was the class divide. After grouping schoolchildren into five socioeconomic bands -- based on their parents' income, education and occupation -- Mr. Willms found enrolment in French immersion was heavily biased toward the top end. "Compared with children in the middle socioeconomic group, those from the highest socioeconomic group are nearly twice as likely to enroll" in French immersion, he writes. "In contrast, those in the lowest socioeconomic group are about half as likely to enroll in EFI. Well over half of all children enrolled in EFI are from the two wealthiest socioeconomic groups." This is a stunning level of segregation. "The divide is comparable to or larger than the divide between non-Hispanic whites and African-Americans in the U.S.," he writes. Not only is this unjust, Mr. Willms notes. It's bad for kids. "Children from higher socioeconomic groups tend to do well in any setting," he writes, but not less fortunate kids. "When children with lower ability or children from lower socioeconomic groups are concentrated in particular schools or classes, they tend to perform worse than when they are in mixed ability classes." This basic truth -- well-established by research -- is behind a move in the U.S. toward integrating schools by socioeconomic class. And not only there. "Many countries that practice early streaming are attempting to overhaul their school system to delay streaming until the later stages of secondary school," Mr. Willms writes. But in Canada, we prefer not to discuss what French immersion is doing to schools. It's easier to say nothing. And, entre nous, ambitious parents are just fine with keeping the lesser kids out of their child's classroom. Suing Mohammed’s Heirs for Libel by Baron Bodissey In August of last year, a Saudi law firm brought legal action against all the Danish newspapers that published the Mohammed cartoons. It was a blatant probe of the infidel system of defenses, using lawfare to breach the virtual walls of Danish society in order to inflict maximum damage on the culture that dared to insult the prophet. After pointing out the real purposes of this particular probe, I recommended that the Danes mount a stringent counter-probe to discourage any further similar lawfare: And sending the Saudi lawyers packing after a stern judicial admonishment is not good enough. The Danish newspapers will by then have incurred substantial legal costs, and the time of judges, clerks, bailiffs, and innumerable government lawyers will have been consumed in pointless wrangling. The only way to repel this probe successfully is to make it very, very expensive for the people who launched it. Only a painful result will discourage more of the same behavior later on, in other contexts. Double indemnity is the only way to go. A finding against the plaintiffs with a levy of twice the court costs would send an unambiguous message and discourage further probing. This past February it seemed that the Danish media might take the opposite tack, and begin a campaign of groveling apology and dhimmitude. Editor-in-Chief Tøger Seidenfaden of the Danish newspaper Politiken — “The New York Times of Denmark” — negotiated a settlement with the “descendants of the Prophet Mohammed”, apologizing for offending them and promising to be a good dhimmi in the future. Fortunately, Mr. Seidenfaden was in the minority among the Danes. Even the employees of his own newspaper turned against him, publishing an open letter expressing their dismay and their opposition to his actions. And now a new organization has sprung up to take exactly the action I was hoping for last year: it is countersuing the descendants of Mr. Mohammed Pbuh, Esq. Led by Hans Erling Jensen, a group called Eticha has filed a libel lawsuit on behalf of all the non-Muslims whom Mohammed defamed and insulted in the Koran. Mr. Erling sent me a copy of the letter he sent to the Saudi law firm. The full text and his introductory explanation are included at the bottom of this post, but here’s the meat of his case: You and your clients apparently continue to insist that Muhammed ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Hashimi al-Qurashi may not be portrayed or caricatured. This implies that you and your clients give your unconditional support to the text of the Quran, as it exists today, as well as to the Hadith that, combined with the Quran (and the Sirat) form the basis of Islam and Sharia. The descendants of the people whom your clients’ forefather compared to apes, pigs and rats, and whose case we now represent, feel not only personally insulted, but also emotionally aggrieved by these denigrations, as their own ancestors have been ridiculed, persecuted and expelled from their lands, since the Quran and Hadith imply that non-Muslims are the enemies of Allah and therefore were and are to be treated as outlaws. Due to the fact that Muhammed ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Hashimi al-Qurashi claimed, that not he, but Allah was the author of this insult and thus ascribed the saying to him, we find this not only blasphemous but also a thinly disguised attempt to decriminalize Muhammed ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Hashimi al-Qurashi’s own misdemeanors. This will possibly be addressed in a later court case. The lawsuit demands an apology, and also that the offending passages of the Koran be changed or removed from all publicly available copies of the book in mosques, libraries, etc., by the end of this year. It divides the offensive material up into seven categories: 1. There are passages asserting that certain Jews are descendants of apes and pigs, 2. that there is only one god and that this god is Allah, 3. that Muhammed ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Hashimi al-Qurashi is his last prophet, 4. that everyone who does not believe this and the day of judgment are doomed to spend eternity in hell and here on earth they shall be persecuted, tortured or murdered unless they convert to the Muslims’ god Allah and approve the Muslims’ prophet Muhammed as god’s messenger 5. that Allah should furnish detailed revelations of certain people’s sex-life, 6. that Muhammad ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Hashimi al-Qurashi seen in today’s light still is the best example people can have (in spite of his barbaric behavior). 7. We also claim that the said Muhammad is responsible for a century-old persecution of women by asserting that they are worth less than men in intelligence, in matters of inheritance economy and parentage. For that we need a major alteration to be made public. Yes, that should do for starters. More on this link.... Winner of the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing By Gene Weingarten The charge in the courtroom was manslaughter, brought by the Commonwealth of Virginia. No significant facts were in dispute. Miles Harrison, 49, was an amiable person, a diligent businessman and a doting, conscientious father until the day last summer -- beset by problems at work, making call after call on his cellphone -- he forgot to drop his son, Chase, at day care. The toddler slowly sweltered to death, strapped into a car seat for nearly nine hours in an office parking lot in Herndon in the blistering heat of July. It was an inexplicable, inexcusable mistake, but was it a crime? That was the question for a judge to decide. At one point, during a recess, Harrison rose unsteadily to his feet, turned to leave the courtroom and saw, as if for the first time, that there were people witnessing his disgrace. The big man's eyes lowered. He swayed a little until someone steadied him, and then he gasped out in a keening falsetto: "My poor baby!" A group of middle-schoolers filed into the room for a scheduled class trip to the courthouse. The teacher clearly hadn't expected this; within a few minutes, the wide-eyed kids were hustled back out. The trial would last three days. Sitting through it, side by side in the rear of the courtroom, were two women who had traveled hours to get there. Unlike almost everyone else on the spectator benches, they were not relatives or co-workers or close friends of the accused. ". . . the lower portion of the body was red to red-purple. . ." As the most excruciating of the evidence came out, from the medical examiner, the women in the back drew closer together, leaning in to each other. " . . . a green discoloration of the abdomen . . . autolysis of the organs . . . what we call skin slippage . . . the core body temperature reaches 108 degrees when death ensues." Mary -- the older, shorter one -- trembled. Lyn -- the younger, taller one with the long, strawberry-blond hair -- gathered her in, one arm around the shoulder, the other across their bodies, holding hands. When the trial ended, Lyn Balfour and Mary Parks left quietly, drawing no attention to themselves. They hadn't wanted to be there, but they'd felt a duty, both to the defendant and, in a much more complicated way, to themselves. It was unusual, to say the least: three people together in one place, sharing the same heartbreaking history. All three had accidentally killed their babies in the identical, incomprehensible, modern way. Two decades ago, this was relatively rare. But in the early 1990s, car-safety experts declared that passenger-side front airbags could kill children, and they recommended that child seats be moved to the back of the car; then, for even more safety for the very young, that the baby seats be pivoted to face the rear. If few foresaw the tragic consequence of the lessened visibility of the child . . . well, who can blame them? What kind of person forgets a baby? Each instance has its own macabre signature. One father had parked his car next to the grounds of a county fair; as he discovered his son's body, a calliope tootled merrily beside him. Another man, wanting to end things quickly, tried to wrestle a gun from a police officer at the scene. Several people -- including Mary Parks of Blacksburg -- have driven from their workplace to the day-care center to pick up the child they'd thought they'd dropped off, never noticing the corpse in the back seat. As it happens, just five days before Miles Harrison forgot his toddler son in the parking lot of the Herndon corporate-relocation business where he worked, a similar event had occurred a few hundred miles southeast. After a long shift at work, a Portsmouth, Va., sanitation department electrician named Andrew Culpepper picked up his toddler son from his parents, drove home, went into the house and then fell asleep, forgetting he'd had the boy in the car, leaving him to bake to death outside his home. Harrison was charged with a crime. Culpepper was not. In each case, the decision fell to one person. With Harrison, it was Ray Morrogh, the Fairfax commonwealth's attorney. In an interview a few days after he brought the charge of involuntary manslaughter, Morrogh explained why. "There is a lot to be said for reaffirming people's obligations to protect their children," he said. "When you have children, you have responsibilities. I am very strong in the defense of children's safety." Morrogh has two kids himself, ages 12 and 14. He was asked if he could imagine this ever having happened to him. The question seemed to take him aback. He went on to another subject, and then, 10 minutes later, made up his mind: "I have to say no, it couldn't have happened to me. I am a watchful father." In Portsmouth, the decision not to charge Culpepper, 40, was made by Commonwealth's Attorney Earle Mobley. As tragic as the child's death was, Mobley says, a police investigation showed that there was no crime because there was no intent; Culpepper wasn't callously gambling with the child's life -- he had forgotten the child was there. "The easy thing in a case like this is to dump it on a jury, but that is not the right thing to do," Mobley says. A prosecutor's responsibility, he says, is to achieve justice, not to settle some sort of score. "I'm not pretty sure I made the right decision," he says. "I'm positive I made the right decision." There may be no clear right or wrong in deciding how to handle cases such as these; in each case, a public servant is trying to do his best with a Solomonic dilemma. But public servants are also human beings, and they will inevitably bring to their judgment the full weight of that complicated fact. "You know, it's interesting we're talking today," Mobley says. He has five children. Today, he says, is the birthday of his sixth. "She died of leukemia in 1993. She was almost 3." Mobley pauses. He doesn't want to create the wrong impression. He made the decision on the law, he says, "but I also have some idea what it feels like, what it does to you, when you lose a child." So, after his son's death, Andrew Culpepper was sent home to try to live the remainder of his life with what he had done. After his son's death, Miles Harrison was charged with a felony. His mug shot was in the newspapers and on TV, with the haunted, hunted, naked-eyed look these parents always have, up against the wall. He hired an expensive lawyer. Over months, both sides developed their cases. Witnesses were assembled and interviewed. Efforts at a plea bargain failed. The trial began. The court heard how Harrison and his wife had been a late-40s childless couple desperately wanting to become parents, and how they'd made three visits to Moscow, setting out each time on a grueling 10-hour railroad trip to the Russian hinterlands to find and adopt their 18-month-old son from an orphanage bed he'd seldom been allowed to leave. Harrison's next-door neighbor testified how she'd watched the new father giddily frolic on the lawn with his son. Harrison's sister testified how she had worked with her brother and sister-in-law for weeks to find the ideal day-care situation for the boy, who would need special attention to recover from the effects of his painfully austere beginnings. From the witness stand, Harrison's mother defiantly declared that Miles had been a fine son and a perfect, loving father. Distraught but composed, Harrison's wife, Carol, described the phone call that her husband had made to her right after he'd discovered what he'd done, the phone call she'd fielded on a bus coming home from work. It was, she said, unintelligible screaming. In the end, Fairfax County Circuit Court Judge R. Terence Ney found Miles Harrison not guilty. There was no crime, he said, citing the identical legal reasons Earle Mobley had cited for not charging Andrew Culpepper in the first place. At the verdict, Harrison gasped, sobbed, then tried to stand, but the man had nothing left. His legs buckled, and he crashed pathetically to his knees. So, if it's not manslaughter, what is it? An accident? "No, that's an imperfect word." This is Mark Warschauer, an internationally acclaimed expert in language learning and technology, professor of education at the University of California at Irvine. "The word 'accident' makes it sound like it can't be prevented," Warschauer says, "but 'incident' makes it sound trivial. And it is not trivial." Warschauer is a Fulbright scholar, specializing in the use of laptops to spread literacy to children. In the summer of 2003, he returned to his office from lunch to find a crowd surrounding a car in the parking lot. Police had smashed the window open with a crowbar. Only as he got closer did Warschauer realize it was his car. That was his first clue that he'd forgotten to drop his 10-month-old son, Mikey, at day care that morning. Mikey was dead. Warschauer wasn't charged with a crime, but for months afterward he contemplated suicide. Gradually, he says, the urge subsided, if not the grief and guilt. "We lack a term for what this is," Warschauer says. And also, he says, we need an understanding of why it happens to the people it happens to. David Diamond is picking at his breakfast at a Washington hotel, trying to explain. "Memory is a machine," he says, "and it is not flawless. Our conscious mind prioritizes things by importance, but on a cellular level, our memory does not. If you're capable of forgetting your cellphone, you are potentially capable of forgetting your child." Diamond is a professor of molecular physiology at the University of South Florida and a consultant to the veterans hospital in Tampa. He's here for a national science conference to give a speech about his research, which involves the intersection of emotion, stress and memory. What he's found is that under some circumstances, the most sophisticated part of our thought-processing center can be held hostage to a competing memory system, a primitive portion of the brain that is -- by a design as old as the dinosaur's -- inattentive, pigheaded, nonanalytical, stupid. Diamond is the memory expert with a lousy memory, the one who recently realized, while driving to the mall, that his infant granddaughter was asleep in the back of the car. He remembered only because his wife, sitting beside him, mentioned the baby. He understands what could have happened had he been alone with the child. Almost worse, he understands exactly why. The human brain, he says, is a magnificent but jury-rigged device in which newer and more sophisticated structures sit atop a junk heap of prototype brains still used by lower species. At the top of the device are the smartest and most nimble parts: the prefrontal cortex, which thinks and analyzes, and the hippocampus, which makes and holds on to our immediate memories. At the bottom is the basal ganglia, nearly identical to the brains of lizards, controlling voluntary but barely conscious actions. Diamond says that in situations involving familiar, routine motor skills, the human animal presses the basal ganglia into service as a sort of auxiliary autopilot. When our prefrontal cortex and hippocampus are planning our day on the way to work, the ignorant but efficient basal ganglia is operating the car; that's why you'll sometimes find yourself having driven from point A to point B without a clear recollection of the route you took, the turns you made or the scenery you saw. Ordinarily, says Diamond, this delegation of duty "works beautifully, like a symphony. But sometimes, it turns into the '1812 Overture.' The cannons take over and overwhelm." By experimentally exposing rats to the presence of cats, and then recording electrochemical changes in the rodents' brains, Diamond has found that stress -- either sudden or chronic -- can weaken the brain's higher-functioning centers, making them more susceptible to bullying from the basal ganglia. He's seen the same sort of thing play out in cases he's followed involving infant deaths in cars. "The quality of prior parental care seems to be irrelevant," he said. "The important factors that keep showing up involve a combination of stress, emotion, lack of sleep and change in routine, where the basal ganglia is trying to do what it's supposed to do, and the conscious mind is too weakened to resist. What happens is that the memory circuits in a vulnerable hippocampus literally get overwritten, like with a computer program. Unless the memory circuit is rebooted -- such as if the child cries, or, you know, if the wife mentions the child in the back -- it can entirely disappear." Diamond stops. "There is a case in Virginia where this is exactly what happened, the whole set of stress factors. I was consulted on it a couple of years ago. It was a woman named, ah . . ." He puts down his fork, searches the ceiling, the wall, the floor, then shakes his head. He's been stressing over his conference speech, he says, and his memory retrieval is shot. He can't summon the name. Lyn Balfour? "Yeah, Lyn Balfour! The perfect storm." It's mid-October. Lyn Balfour is on her cellphone, ordering a replacement strap for a bouncy seat for the new baby and simultaneously trying to arrange for an emergency sitter, because she has to get to the fertility clinic, pronto, because she just got lab results back, and she's ovulating, and her husband's in Iraq, and she wants to get artificially inseminated with his sperm, like right now, but, crap, the sitter is busy, so she grabs the kid and the keys and the diaper bag and is out the door and in the car and gone. But now the baby is fussing, so she's reaching back to give him a bottle of juice, one eye on him and the other on a seemingly endless series of hairpin turns that she negotiates adroitly. "Actually," she laughs, "I'm getting better about not doing too much at once. I've been simplifying my life a lot." Raelyn Balfour is what is commonly called a type-A personality. She is the first to admit that her temperament contributed to the death of her son, Bryce, two years ago. It happened on March 30, 2007, the day she accidentally left the 9-month-old in the parking lot of the Charlottesville judge advocate general's office, where she worked as a transportation administrator. The high temperature that day was only in the 60s, but the biometrics and thermodynamics of babies and cars combine mercilessly: Young children have lousy thermostats, and heat builds quickly in a closed vehicle in the sun. The temperature in Balfour's car that day topped 110 degrees. There's a dismayingly cartoonish expression for what happened to Lyn Balfour on March 30, 2007. British psychologist James Reason coined the term the "Swiss Cheese Model" in 1990 to explain through analogy why catastrophic failures can occur in organizations despite multiple layers of defense. Reason likens the layers to slices of Swiss cheese, piled upon each other, five or six deep. The holes represent small, potentially insignificant weaknesses. Things will totally collapse only rarely, he says, but when they do, it is by coincidence -- when all the holes happen to align so that there is a breach through the entire system. On the day Balfour forgot Bryce in the car, she had been up much of the night, first babysitting for a friend who had to take her dog to an emergency vet clinic, then caring for Bryce, who was cranky with a cold. Because the baby was also tired, he uncharacteristically dozed in the car, so he made no noise. Because Balfour was planning to bring Bryce's usual car seat to the fire station to be professionally installed, Bryce was positioned in a different car seat that day, not behind the passenger but behind the driver, and was thus not visible in the rear-view mirror. Because the family's second car was on loan to a relative, Balfour drove her husband to work that day, meaning the diaper bag was in the back, not on the passenger seat, as usual, where she could see it. Because of a phone conversation with a young relative in trouble, and another with her boss about a crisis at work, Balfour spent most of the trip on her cell, stressed, solving other people's problems. Because the babysitter had a new phone, it didn't yet contain Balfour's office phone number, only her cell number, meaning that when the sitter phoned to wonder why Balfour hadn't dropped Bryce off that morning, it rang unheard in Balfour's pocketbook. The holes, all of them, aligned. There is no consistent character profile of the parent who does this to his or her child. The 13 who were interviewed for this story include the introverted and extroverted; the sweet, the sullen, the stoic and the terribly fragile. None of those descriptions exactly fits Lyn Balfour, a 37-year-old Army reservist who has served in combat zones and who seems to remain -- at least on the subject of the death of her son -- in battle. "I don't feel I need to forgive myself," she says plainly, "because what I did was not intentional." Balfour is tall and stands taller, moving with a purposeful, swinging stride. She's got a weak chin but a strong mouth that she uses without much editing. She's funny and brassy and in your face, the sort of person you either like or don't like, right away. It had been Balfour's idea to go to the trial of Miles Harrison, and it was she who walked up to Harrison in the hallway during a break, pushed past a crowd and threw her arms around his neck, pulling him close. For almost a full minute, she whispered in his ear. His eyes grew wider, and then he sobbed into her shoulder like a baby. What she had told him was who she was and that she knows he'd been a good, loving father, and he must not be ashamed. Balfour grew up medium-poor in Michigan. There was a man she'd been told was her father and a close family friend who, she later learned, was actually her father. Her two sets of grandparents wound up divorcing each other, then switching partners. There was alcoholism, divorce, a battle for custody. When Balfour turned 18, she was ready for the discipline of the Army. She served in Bosnia and twice in Iraq, where she specialized in intelligence analysis and construction management, and where she discovered a skill at juggling a dozen things at once. She won a Bronze Star for managing $47 million in projects without mislaying a penny. She got married, had a son, divorced, met Jarrett Balfour and within a month decided this handsome, younger man would be her husband. Eighteen months later, he was. Bryce was their first child together. Braiden, conceived with Jarrett's sperm when he was in Iraq, is their second. Today, in the same way, they're trying for a third. Balfour has stopped at the fertility clinic for her procedure, and she's now driving to the JAG school, to demonstrate where and how her son's death happened. Down the road to the right is where she dropped Jarrett off at work, which was not customary, and which she theorizes put a subconscious check mark in her brain: Delivery made. Now she's pointing out the house of the babysitter she'd driven obliviously past as she talked to her boss about a scheduling snafu and to her nephew about helping to pay his gambling debts. And here is the parking lot of the JAG school, on the University of Virginia campus. She's pulling into the same spot she was parked in that day, the place where Bryce died. "It was like this, except these two spots next to us were empty," she notes blandly as she gets out of the car, gathers her keys and leans in to get the diaper bag. There is an almost pugnacious matter-of-factness about Lyn Balfour that can seem disconcerting, particularly if you have a preconception about how a person in her circumstances is supposed to face the world. You might expect, for example, that she has gotten another car. But this black Honda Pilot with the pink Tinkerbell steering wheel cover is the same car Bryce died in, just inches from where Balfour is bending over Braiden to unstrap him. "It didn't make financial sense to get a new car," she says. Balfour's eyes are impassive. Her attitude is clear: You got a problem with that? Not all cases of infant hyperthermia in cars are like the ones this article is about: simple if bewildering lapses of memory by an otherwise apparently good parent. In other types of cases, there is a history of prior neglect, or evidence of substance abuse. Sometimes, the parent knowingly left the child in the car, despite the obvious peril. In one particularly egregious instance, a mother used her locked car as an inexpensive substitute for day care. When hyperthermia deaths are treated as crimes, these are the ones that tend to result in prison sentences. Cases like Lyn Balfour's, when prosecuted, typically end in some sort of compromise: a plea to a reduced charge, sometimes with probation and a suspended sentence, sometimes with community service. Going all the way to trial is a relative rarity. What happened to Balfour was even rarer. She was charged not with manslaughter, but with second-degree murder, carrying a possible prison sentence of up to 40 years. And as a condition of remaining free on bond, the court prohibited her from being alone with any minors, including her own teenage son. So Balfour hired John Zwerling, a top-gun criminal defense lawyer from Alexandria. That meant that Jarrett Balfour, an employee of a civilian military contractor, had no choice but to take an assignment in Iraq. The extra combat pay would be needed for legal expenses. Lyn Balfour would have to face this alone. That is when she began to move past grief and guilt and paralyzing self-doubt to a very specific, very focused anger. John Zwerling presents a passable version of Nero Wolfe, Rex Stout's portly, eccentric genius hero of detective fiction. Zwerling's law offices are in a handsome Old Town townhouse with dark walnut molding and dark wooden shutters. The boss is the guy with the Santa beard sitting in the chair with a hole in the leather, in jeans and a shirt with a big stain, the front buttons laboring mightily to do their job. Zwerling's first task, he says, was to make the case that second-degree murder was a preposterous charge in a case lacking even the faintest whisper of intent. That, he did. After a preliminary hearing, the charge was reduced to involuntary manslaughter. Zwerling's second and more daunting job was to craft a defense for a case that was being prosecuted with what at times seemed like theatrical zeal. Here is how Assistant Commonwealth's Attorney Elizabeth Killeen would sum it up before the jury: "This little boy's life did not have to end this way, on a hospital gurney. Deceased. Dead. His life squandered, and gone forever." In the end, Zwerling had one key decision to make. In criminal cases, jurors want to hear from the defendant. Zwerling liked and respected Balfour, but should he put her on the stand? "Have you met her?" he asks. "Then you've seen that mental girdle she puts on, the protective armor against the world, how she closes up and becomes a soldier. It helps her survive, but it can seem off-putting if you're someone who wants to see how crushed she is." Zwerling decided not to risk it. "I wound up putting her on the stand in a different way," he says, "so people could see the real Lyn -- vulnerable, with no guile, no posturing." What Zwerling did was play two audiotapes for the jury. One was Balfour's interrogation by police in the hospital about an hour after Bryce's death; her answers are immeasurably sad, almost unintelligible, half sob, half whisper: "I killed my baby," she says tremulously. "Oh, God, I'm so sorry." The second tape was a call to 911 made by a passerby, in those first few seconds after Balfour discovered the body and beseeched a stranger to summon help. Zwerling swivels to his computer, punches up an audio file. "Want to hear it?" Balfour is reenacting her movements from that day after work. She walks from her cubicle in room 153A of the JAG school, out to the front of the building. By mid-afternoon she had finally checked her cell and discovered she'd missed an early morning call from her babysitter. She called back, but got only voice mail. It didn't worry her. She and the babysitter were friends, and they talked often about all sorts of things. Balfour left a message asking for a callback. It came when she was standing where she is now, on a spacious stone patio in front of the JAG school, heading toward the parking lot. As it happens, there is a Civil War-era cannon that is aimed, with unsettling irony, exactly where she stands. The babysitter asked Balfour where Bryce was. Balfour said: "What do you mean? He's with you." It is 60 feet to the end of the patio, then a stairwell with 11 steps down, then two steps across, then a second stairwell, 12 steps down, one more off the curb and then a 30-foot sprint to the car. Balfour estimates the whole thing took half a minute or less. She knew it was too late when, through the window, she saw Bryce's limp hand, and then his face, unmarked but lifeless and shiny, Balfour says, "like a porcelain doll." It was seconds later that the passerby called 911. The tape is unendurable. Mostly, you hear a woman's voice, tense but precise, explaining to a police dispatcher what she is seeing. Initially, there's nothing in the background. Then Balfour howls at the top of her lungs, "OH, MY GOD, NOOOO!" Then, for a few seconds, nothing. Then a deafening shriek: "NO, NO, PLEASE, NO!!!" Three more seconds, then: What is happening is that Balfour is administering CPR. At that moment, she recalls, she felt like two people occupying one body: Lyn, the crisply efficient certified combat lifesaver, and Lyn, the incompetent mother who would never again know happiness. Breathe, compress, breathe, compress. Each time that she came up for air, she lost it. Then, back to the patient. After hearing this tape, the jury deliberated for all of 90 minutes, including time for lunch. The not-guilty verdict was unanimous. "I didn't feel this case should ever have been brought," says juror Colin Rosse, a retired radio executive. "It may have been negligence, but it was an honest mistake." Jury foreman James Schlothauer, an inspections official for the county government, doesn't fault the prosecution; Balfour's case was complex, he says, and the facts needed an airing. But the facts, he says, also made the verdict a slam dunk. It was "a big doggone accident," he says, that might have happened to anyone. To anyone? Schlothauer hesitates. "Well, it happened to me." The results were not catastrophic, Schlothauer says, but the underlying malfunction was similar: Busy and stressed, he and his wife once got their responsibilities confused, and neither stopped at day care for their daughter at the end of the day. "We both got home, and it was, 'Wait, where's Lily?' 'I thought you got her!' 'I thought you got her!' " What if that mix-up had happened at the beginning of the day? "To anyone," Schlothauer says. There is no national clearinghouse for cases of infant hyperthermia, no government agency charged with data collection and oversight. The closest thing is in the basement office of a comfortable home in suburban Kansas City, Kan., where a former sales and marketing executive named Janette Fennell runs a nonprofit organization called Kids and Cars. Kids and Cars lobbies for increased car safety for children, and as such maintains one of the saddest databases in America. Fennell is on a sofa, her bare feet tucked under her, leafing through files. Amber, her college intern, walks up and plops a fax of a new wire service story on the table. "Frontover," Amber says. "Parking lot, North Carolina." There's a grisly terminology to this business. "Backovers" happen when you look in the rearview mirror and fail to see the child behind the car, or never look at all. "Frontovers" occur almost exclusively with pickups and SUVs, where the driver sits high off the ground. There are "power window strangulations" and "cars put in motion by child" and, finally, "hyperthermia." In a collage on Fennell's wall are snapshots of dozens of infants and toddlers, some proudly holding up fingers, as if saying, "I'm 2!" Or "I'm 3!" The photos, typically, are from their final birthdays. Fennell has met or talked with many of the parents in the hyperthermia cases, and some now work with her organization. She doesn't seek them out. They find her name, often late at night, sleeplessly searching the Web for some sign that there are others who have lived in the same hell and survived. There is a general misconception, Fennell says, about who these people are: "They tend to be the doting parents, the kind who buy baby locks and safety gates." These cases, she says, are failures of memory, not of love. Fennell has an expression that's half smile, half wince. She uses it often. "Some people think, 'Okay, I can see forgetting a child for two minutes, but not eight hours.' What they don't understand is that the parent in his or her mind has dropped off the baby at day care and thinks the baby is happy and well taken care of. Once that's in your brain, there is no reason to worry or check on the baby for the rest of the day." Fennell believes that prosecuting parents in this type of case is both cruel and pointless: It's not as though the fear of a prison sentence is what will keep a parent from doing this. The answer to the problem, Fennell believes, lies in improved car safety features and in increased public awareness that this can happen, that the results of a momentary lapse of memory can be horrifying. What is the worst case she knows of? "I don't really like to . . ." she says. She looks away. She won't hold eye contact for this. "The child pulled all her hair out before she died." For years, Fennell has been lobbying for a law requiring back-seat sensors in new cars, sensors that would sound an alarm if a child's weight remained in the seat after the ignition is turned off. Last year, she almost succeeded. The 2008 Cameron Gulbransen Kids' Transportation Safety Act -- which requires safety improvements in power windows and in rear visibility, and protections against a child accidentally setting a car in motion -- originally had a rear seat-sensor requirement, too. It never made the final bill; sponsors withdrew it, fearing they couldn't get it past a powerful auto manufacturers' lobby. There are a few aftermarket products that alert a parent if a child remains in a car that has been turned off. These products are not huge sellers. They have likely run up against the same marketing problem that confronted three NASA engineers a few years ago. In 2000, Chris Edwards, Terry Mack and Edward Modlin began to work on just such a product after one of their colleagues, Kevin Shelton, accidentally left his 9-month-old son to die in the parking lot of NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Va. The inventors patented a device with weight sensors and a keychain alarm. Based on aerospace technology, it was easy to use; it was relatively cheap, and it worked. Janette Fennell had high hopes for this product: The dramatic narrative behind it, she felt, and the fact that it came from NASA, created a likelihood of widespread publicity and public acceptance. That was five years ago. The device still isn't on the shelves. The inventors could not find a commercial partner willing to manufacture it. One big problem was liability. If you made it, you could face enormous lawsuits if it malfunctioned and a child died. But another big problem was psychological: Marketing studies suggested it wouldn't sell well. The problem is this simple: People think this could never happen to them. "I was that guy, before. I'd read the stories, and I'd go, 'What were those parents thinking?' " Mikey Terry is a contractor from Maypearl, Tex., a big man with soft eyes. At the moment he realized what he'd done, he was in the cab of a truck and his 6-month-old daughter, Mika, was in a closed vehicle in the broiling Texas sun in a parking lot 40 miles away. So his frantic sprint to the car was conducted at 100 miles an hour in a 30-foot gooseneck trailer hauling thousands of pounds of lumber the size of telephone poles. On that day in June 2005, Terry had been recently laid off, and he'd taken a day job building a wall in the auditorium of a Catholic church just outside of town. He'd remembered to drop his older daughter at day care, but as he was driving the baby to a different day care location, he got a call about a new permanent job. This really caught his attention. It was a fatal distraction. Terry, 35, wasn't charged with a crime. His punishment has been more subtle. The Terrys are Southern Baptists. Before Mika's death, Mikey Terry says, church used to be every Sunday, all day Sunday, morning Bible study through evening meal. He and his wife, Michele, don't go much anymore. It's too confusing, he says. "I feel guilty about everyone in church talking about how blessed we all are. I don't feel blessed anymore. I feel I have been wronged by God. And that I have wronged God. And I don't know how to deal with that." Four years have passed, but he still won't go near the Catholic church he'd been working at that day. As his daughter died outside, he was inside, building a wall on which would hang an enormous crucifix. "This is a case of pure evil negligence of the worse kind . . . He deserves the death sentence." "I wonder if this was his way of telling his wife that he didn't really want a kid." "He was too busy chasing after real estate commissions. This shows how morally corrupt people in real estate-related professions are." These were readers' online comments to The Washington Post news article of July 10, 2008, reporting the circumstances of the death of Miles Harrison's son. These comments were typical of many others, and they are typical of what happens again and again, year after year in community after community, when these cases arise. A substantial proportion of the public reacts not merely with anger, but with frothing vitriol. After Lyn Balfour's acquittal, this comment appeared on the Charlottesville News Web site: Lyn Balfour's Ruckersville home is fragrant with spice candles and the faintly sweet feel of kitsch. Braiden boings happily in a baby bouncer, the same one Bryce had, and crawls on a patchwork comforter that had been Bryce's, too. As Balfour is text-messaging Jarrett in Iraq, she's checking out Braiden's diaper, multitasking as always. "People say I'm a strong woman," Balfour says, "but I'm not. It's just that when I grieve, I grieve alone . . ." The pacifier pops out of Braiden's mouth. Balfour rinses it, pops it back in. " . . . because deep down I feel I don't have the right to grieve in front of others." Balfour says she has carefully crafted the face she shows the world. "I would like to disappear, to move someplace where no one knows who I am and what I did. I would do that in a heartbeat, but I can't. I have to say my name. I'm the lady who killed her child, and I have to be that lady because I promised Bryce." The promise, she says, came as she held her son's body in the hospital. "I kissed him for the last time, and I told him how sorry I was, and I said I would do everything in my power to make sure this will never happen to another child." Balfour has done this in a way suited to her personality; she has become a modern, maternal version of the Ancient Mariner, from time to time brazenly bellying up to strangers in places such as Sam's Club and starting a conversation about children, so she can tell them what she did to one of hers. An in-your-face cautionary tale. Unlike most parents to whom this has happened, Balfour will talk to the media, anytime. She works with Kids and Cars, telling her story repeatedly. Her point is always consistent, always resolute, always tinged with a little anger, always a little self-serving, sometimes a bit abrasive: This can happen to anyone. This is a mistake, not a crime, and should not be prosecuted. Cars need safety devices to prevent this. She seldom seems in doubt or in particular anguish. No one sees her cry. "The truth is," she says, "the pain never gets less. It's never dulled. I just put it away for a while, until I'm in private. " Balfour doesn't like to think about Bryce's final ordeal. A kindly doctor once told her that her son probably didn't suffer a great deal, and she clings to this resolutely. In her mind, Bryce died unafraid, surrounded by consoling angels. The deity Balfour believes in loves us unconditionally and takes a direct hand in our lives; this delivers comfort, but also doubt. "When I was 16 in high school," she says, "I was date-raped. I had an abortion. I never told anyone, not my friends and not my mother. As the abortion was happening, I prayed to God and asked Him to take the baby back, and give him back to me when I could take care of him." So . . .? "So, I do wonder, sometimes . . . Balfour wipes a tear. " . . . It's there in the back of my mind, that what happened to me is punishment from God. I killed a child, and then I had one ripped away from me at the peak of my happiness." On the floor, Braiden is entranced by an Elmo doll. "Sometimes," Balfour says, "I wish I had died in childbirth with him . . ." She's weeping now. For the moment, there's no soldier left. " . . . that way, Jarrett could have Braiden, and I could be with Bryce." Miles Harrison is in a Leesburg Starbucks, seated next to the condiment station, pulling napkin after napkin to dry his eyes. "I hurt my wife so much," he says, "and by the grace of whatever wonderful quality is within her, she has forgiven me. And that makes me feel even worse. Because I can't forgive me." In the months after he was acquitted in the death of his son, Harrison's public agony continued. His mug shot was back in the newspapers after the Russian Foreign Ministry officially protested his acquittal and threatened to halt the country's adoption program with Americans. It was something of an international incident. For months, Harrison declined to speak for this article, but in early February, he said he was ready. "I pray for forgiveness from the Russian people," he said. "There are good people in this country who deserve children, and there are children in Russia who need parents. Please don't punish everyone for my mistake." Harrison is a Roman Catholic. Weeks after Chase's death, he returned to his local church, where priest and parishioners left him to grieve in solitude. Afterward, the priest embraced him and whispered in his ear: "I will always be here for you." The church is St. Francis de Sales in Purcellville. The priest was Father Michael Kelly. On New Year's Eve, on a windswept road after a heavy rain, as Father Michael stopped to move a tree that had fallen across the road, he was struck by another falling tree and killed. Harrison doesn't know what to make of this; nothing entirely holds together anymore, except, to his astonishment, his marriage. In their home, Carol and Miles Harrison have kept Chase's nursery exactly as it was, and the child's photos are all over. "Sometimes we'll look at a picture together," Harrison says, "and I will see Carol cry. She tries not to let me see, but I see, and I feel such guilt and hurt." Harrison says he knows it is unlikely he and Carol will be allowed to adopt again. He leans forward, his voice breaking into a sobbing falsetto, as it did in the courtroom at his worse moment of shame. "I have cheated her out of being a mother." In Starbucks, heads turn. "She would be the best mother in the world." The first time, someone answers the phone but doesn't say anything. There is just the sound of a TV turned up way too loud, and after a little while, the phone clicks dead. A few days later, he answers, but the TV is not lowered. Call back later, he says. On the third day, he takes the call. Are you doing okay? "I don't even know. Tryin' to take it day by day." Andrew Culpepper's voice is a flat monotone, like a man in a trance. His sentences are short and truncated. This is the sanitation department electrician in Portsmouth, the lucky one. He was the man who wasn't criminally charged when Miles Harrison was. He never had to legally defend himself. Are you alone now? "Yeah. " She left you? "Yeah. She's hurt and stuff. Dealing with it her way, I guess." Are you thankful you weren't prosecuted? No answer. "Not for myself, for my parents. Doesn't matter what they do to me. Nothing I don't do to myself every day." Are you sure you're okay? "I try to take my mind off it. When I start thinking about it, I get like . . ." Like what? Silence for the longest time. "Like this." As part of her plan to simplify her life, Lyn Balfour has quit her job. It's going to get a little more complicated soon, because she's pregnant again: The insemination that she had on that day in October was successful. The baby is due in July. Balfour's laywers petitioned the court to get the record of her prosecution expunged. Such a request is usually unopposed after an acquittal, in recognition that a legally innocent person has a right to start again with a legally clean slate. But in this case, Commonwealth's Attorney Dave Chapman challenged it and, unusually, argued the relatively small legal battle himself. Outside the courthouse, Chapman ex-plained: "It's very rare to oppose expungement. But we are, because of the enormity of this case, because it is the sole public record of the death of a completely defenseless and helpless infant." After a half-day hearing, the judge ruled for the commonwealth, saying Balfour had failed to prove that she would suffer a "manifest injustice" if the court records remained unsealed. Afterward, Balfour calmly answered questions from the news media, as always. She was unemotional, unapologetic, on message. She will consider an appeal. She will continue to speak out for greater public awareness of the dangers of leaving children alone in cars. She sounded, as always, just a little bit cold. Jarrett Balfour finally made it home, after 18 months in Iraq, where his job was to analyze seized explosive devices made by insurgents and try to identify their technology and trace their origin. He extended his tour of duty twice, as the legal bills kept mounting. Jarrett is 30. He's tall, lanky and strikingly handsome, with sandy hair brushed straight back. He looks like a man leaning into a strong wind. Initially after he got home, Jarrett says, things were awkward, with "hiccups" in communication. He would make an innocuous statement about something Braiden was doing, and Lyn would overreact, as if he were second-guessing her parenting skills. It's getting better, he says. Braiden is 91/2 months old, exactly the age Bryce was when he died. Lyn has been having nightmares again. Just before the tragedy, she had two dreams that seem to her, in retrospect, like foreboding. In one, she accidentally drowned Bryce; in the other, it was death by fire. Balfour believes these dreams were sent by God to help prepare her for what she was about to endure. Recently she dreamed she lost control of Braiden's stroller, and it rolled out into traffic. No, she doesn't think it's the same thing, happening again. "I couldn't take it again," Jarrett says quietly. So, there are tensions. They are working it out. Both of them say they are confident this marriage will last. After Jarrett leaves for work, Lyn talks about how much the presence of Braiden has helped them heal. She considers her family blessed because they've been able to have other children: "Can you imagine losing your only child and not having a hope of having another? Can you imagine that despair?" That's why, she says, she's made a decision. She's checked it out, and it would be legal. There would be no way for any authority to stop it because it would fall into the class of a private adoption. She'd need a sperm donor and an egg donor, because she wouldn't want to use her own egg. That would make it too personal. What is she saying, exactly? Miles and Carol Harrison deserve another child, Balfour explains measuredly. They would be wonderful parents. This is the woman you either like or don't like, right away. She is brassy and strong-willed and, depending on your viewpoint, refreshingly open or abrasively forward. Above all, she is decisive. Balfour says she's made up her mind. If Miles and Carol Harrison are denied another adoption, if they exhaust all their options and are still without a baby, she will offer to carry one for them, as a gift.	<urn:uuid:e516eb0b-7e4f-4685-a3ec-04d0e297ff3d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.0201990008354187, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.973308265209198, "url": "http://flynnsinn.blogspot.com/2010/" }
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary Jump to: navigation, search From Middle English thirst, thurst, from Old English þurst, form Western Proto-Germanic þurstuz, from Proto-Indo-European ters- (dry). Cognates include Old High German thurst, Middle High German durst, German Durst, Old Saxon thurst, Old Dutch thursti, Middle Dutch dorst, dorste, Dutch dorst, Old Norse þorsti (Swedish törst, Icelandic þorsti, Danish tørst, Norwegian tørst), non-Germanic: Ancient Greek τέρσομαι (térsomai), Albanian djersë (sweat), Sanskrit तृष्यति (tṛṣyati) and Latin terra. thirst (plural thirsts) 1. A sensation of dryness in the throat associated with a craving for liquids, produced by deprivation of drink, or by some other cause (such as fear, excitement, etc.) which spots the secretion of the pharyngeal mucous membrane 2. The condition producing the sensation of thirst. a thirst for gold Derived terms[edit] See also[edit] 1. (intransitive) To be thirsty. • Bible, Exodus xvii. 3 The people thirsted there for water. 2. (intransitive, usually followed by "for") To desire. • Bible, Psalms xlii. 2 My soul thirsteth for [] the living God. I thirst for knowledge and education will sate me. Further reading[edit]	<urn:uuid:796f750c-014c-435c-ac05-e68ac7854294>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.02681630849838257, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8711522817611694, "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thirst" }
Original image LivioAndronico via Wikimedia Commons // CC BY 4.0 Why the Laocoön Sculpture Had the Wrong Arm for Four Centuries Original image LivioAndronico via Wikimedia Commons // CC BY 4.0 In his first-century book Natural History, Roman naturalist and philosopher Pliny the Elder sang the praises of a sculpture located at the palace of Titus, Roman emperor from 79-81. He called the piece the Laocoön, writing that it was "a work to be preferred to all others, either in painting or sculpture." The sculpture, which Pliny believed was made from a single block of marble, was said to depict the legend of a Trojan priest named Laocoön, who was killed along with his two sons by sea serpents sent by the gods. Laocoön had been trying to warn his fellow Trojans about the suspicious horse lurking outside of their gates, which displeased Athena and Poseidon, who favored the horse-delivering Greeks. Unfortunately, for many centuries, Pliny’s description was all that was left of the masterpiece. Then, in 1506, it was unearthed in Rome by a farmer digging up his vineyards. Michelangelo, among others, examined the statue and confirmed that it was the same one Pliny had described. Sadly, the fabled Laocoön (also called Laocoön and His Sons) hadn’t fully survived the test of time: It was missing the priest's right arm, among other pieces. Respected artists of the day debated how to make the piece whole again. Michelangelo thought the missing arm had been bent back over the shoulders, trying to lift off the serpents. Others, including famed Renaissance painter and architect Raphael, believed the arm had been extended up and outward, as if pleading with the gods. (By the way, at least one art historian has since speculated that Michelangelo was entirely responsible for the sculpture, which would make the “unearthing” an elaborate prank.) In 1510, the pope’s architect held a contest to see which artist could best complete the sculpture. The judge? Raphael. The Renaissance master awarded the work to sculptor Jacopo Sansovino, who (in line with Raphael's own beliefs) had created a version with an outstretched arm. But for reasons that are somewhat unclear, that version of the arm was never attached to the sculpture. An even straighter one, crafted by Michelangelo's former assistant, Giovanni Montorsoli, was added in 1532, and survived on the statue for centuries. Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain Fast-forward to 1905, when archaeologist Ludwig Pollak discovered the original missing arm in Rome, scattered in a stonemason's yard among a group of other marble body parts. He recognized that the style and age were similar to the Laocoön, and, suspecting that it was one of the sculpture's lost pieces, turned it over to the piece's current owner—the Vatican. Pollak was proved right when a drill hole was found in the arm that perfectly matched a drill hole in the shoulder of the sculpture. And the rediscovered arm was bent, as Michelangelo had originally suspected—not extended, as Raphael had thought. That meant the position of the Montorsoli arm, the one that had been attached to Laocoön's body for close to 400 years, had been incorrect. The arm Pollak found was added to the sculpture in the late 1950s. But art enthusiasts who like the look of the outstretched arm more than the bent one don't need to worry. There are copies all over the world (like this one in Versailles) that still portray the old extended position—so you can still view it the way you (and Raphael) prefer. Original image Original image [h/t Adweek] Original image Take a Look at These Tiny, Futuristic Homes From the 1960s Original image If you find yourself in Friche de l’Escalette, a sculpture park in Marseille, France, this year, you may feel like there’s been some kind of alien invasion among the industrial ruins scattered throughout the park. The institution’s latest exhibition, Utopie Plastic, features three retro-futuristic houses from the 1960s that look straight out of The Jetsons. As Curbed reports, the prefabricated houses are stocked with mid-century plastic furniture like Quasar Khahn’s inflatable chair. The rounded interior of a Futuro home with two experimental retro chairs inside. The show includes one of the Futuro homes, spaceship-like tiny houses originally designed as ski chalets by architect Matti Suuronen. At the time, they cost only $12,000 to $14,000, and could be built on any terrain because of their stilt legs. A Maison Bulle à Six Coques home lights up with a blue glow at night in the sculpture park. You can also view Maison Bulle à Six Coques, a flower-shaped hut (its name means Six-Shell Bubble House) by French architect Jean Maneval. The prototype design was first introduced at an art fair in 1956, and went into production in 1968. It came in green, white, or brown, and later inspired an entire vacation village in the Pyrenees, where developers built 20 Bubble Houses. A modular Hexacube house is lit up at twilight. And then there’s Georges Candilis and Anja Blamsfeld's 1972 Hexacube design, a modular polyester and fiberglass hut that looked kind of like a giant Port-a-Potty. Multiple Hexacubes could be combined together to make a larger house, and they ushered in a new era of modular, expandable construction. The era of plastic tiny houses like these came to an end during the 1970s, when the oil crisis in the U.S. made plastic prohibitively expensive—at least for people who were looking for prefab houses on the cheap. The exhibit is open by appointment until October 1, 2017. [h/t Curbed] All images © C. Baraja, courtesy Friche de l’Escalette More from mental floss studios	<urn:uuid:1c0106c5-c4af-4e14-b251-c86034a7957b>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.65625, "fasttext_score": 0.02066582441329956, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9644004702568054, "url": "http://mentalfloss.com/article/92168/why-laocoon-sculpture-had-wrong-arm-four-centuries" }
Learn English Through Story ★ Subtitles: The Phantom of the Opera (Level 1) Short description: But who has actually seen him? (Click CC button to turn on/off subtitles. 1. alone: not with other people 2. angel: a messenger from God, or a very special, wonderful person 3. box: a small ‘room’ with three walls in a theatre; you can watch the stage from a box, but other people can’t see you 4. chandelier: a very big, heautiful light, which has lots of little lights in it 5. clever: quick to understand and learn 6. crash: (v) to fall or hit something hard and noisily 7. dancer: someone who dances (moving the body to music) 8. dangerous: something dangerous can hurt or kill you 9. director: somebody who is the head person in a company, theatre, etc. 10. doorkeeper: (in this story) a person who looks after the boxes in a theatre 11. enemy: the opposite of a friend 12. floor: all the rooms on the same level in a building 13. fool: someone who is stupid, not quick at understanding or learning 14. ghost: people can see the ghost of a dead person 15. ground: the ground is under our feet 16. hole: a small opening in something 17. joke: something people say or do to make other people laugh 18. kiss: to touch someone lovingly with your mouth 19. lake: a big area of water, with land all round it 20. light: (n) to see in the dark, you need a light 21. mad: ill in the head 22. mask: a cover that you put over the face to hide it 23. mirror: a piece of glass where you can see yourself (some special mirrors you can also look through, like a window) 24. missing: (adj) if something or someone is missing, you can’t find them 25. music: when you sing or play an instrument, you make music 26. neck: the part of the body between the head and the shoulders 27. opera: a play in a theatre which has singing and music 28. passage: a long narrow place in a building between rooms 29. phantom: a ghost 30. rope: very thick, strong string 31. scream: to cry out in a very loud, high voice 32. secret: something that you do not tell other people 33. shadow: a place or thing that is dark because there is something between it and the light 34. shout: to speak or cry very loudly and strongly 35. stage: the part of a theatre where actors, singers, and dancers stand and move 36. stare: to look at someone or something for a long time 37. terrible: very, very bad 38. toad: a small animal, like a frog, that lives in wet places 39. torture: (n) doing very painful, terrible things to people’s bodies 40. ugly: not beautiful 41. voice: you talk of sing with your voice 42. whisper: to speak very, very quietly You may also like... 2 Responses 1. Anushka says: all are good stories to build up our vocabulary and English language..Thanks a lot dear sir and madam, 2. Elaine Silva says: Good job. Great videos . Is it possible to have the transcription of this video to use in class? Thank you very much. Leave a Reply	<urn:uuid:52262cc0-adcb-4a4a-91f3-1b0d143684fd>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.875, "fasttext_score": 0.6717774868011475, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9177714586257935, "url": "http://english7levels.com/learn-english-through-story-subtitles-the-phantom-of-the-opera-level-1/" }
What Causes a Mirage in The Desert Talking about a mirage, it is a false image of something. While walking in deserts sometimes, it appears that the source of water is close, but when we look again, the source of water is much far than our expectations. A mirage can be taken as a false image of something that we see at some place, but actually is situated at some other place. In order to understand what a mirage is, you will need to understand how the light travels through air and in order to understand the same; we will need to get much deeper and to make it easy we have bought here some information regarding the same. what causes a mirage in the desert 1. The variation of path of light with temperature:- If the temperature is same, let it be cold or hot, the light will travel in a straight line through it. Cooled air has a high refractive index than warm air and if a steady temperature gradient exists, the light will follow a curved path toward the cooler air. 2. The Way Light Travels:- The photons of light have the capability to travel faster through the hot air than they can do through the hot air and the reason for it being that hot air is less dense. The mirages are likely to be observed more on a hot dry day and high ranges of temperature. 3. Formation of Mirages In The Deserts:- One thing we should keep in consideration that the sand in deserts can be carried with the wind and thus the sand dunes or the heap of sand also keep on moving from one place to another because of the winds and thus it is quite easy to see a mirage in a desert with one fact being the same while other fact being that the desert sand gets easily heated because of the sun’s rays and thus the temperature gets quiet enough to make mirages because of the temperature. 4. The Nature of Air:- It is the nature of air that it gets lifted up when heated, but in case when mirages are formed, the air closest to the surface is the hottest and least dense while the air density gradually increases with the height. The angle that is made with the incident rays to the refracted rays creates a mirage what our eyes may seem to occur somewhere but is actually occurring somewhere else. 5. In Summers Even The Roads Show Mirage:- In summers, the vehicles that are running on a road that has got a long way ahead may also experience mirage because of the road getting heated because of temperature and thus the temperature change making the surrounding air be heated resulting in the formation of mirages.	<urn:uuid:5512c4c9-0aab-460d-80bd-dd419589804a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.7342644333839417, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9489524364471436, "url": "http://www.joinsuccess.net/causes-a-mirage-in-the-desert/" }
How to Build a Toy Crane By Linda Shepard Create a toy crane from household materials. Building a toy crane with the help of a young child will teach the youngster how basic engineering principles can create a useful and fun device. This toy crane’s simple construction illustrates how large objects can be moved with the help of machinery. The supplies for this project can be found around the house and require no special shopping trip. On the next rainy weekend, spend a half-hour building a toy crane that will fascinate your child for days. Cut the duct tape to measure 7 inches. Cut a second piece of tape to measure 3 inches. Press the sticky side of the short piece of tape to the sticky side of the long piece, centering the short piece. Stick the ends of the long piece of tape to the top arch of a doorway, creating a pulley. Measure the height of the doorway arch and double it. Subtract 2 feet and use that measurement for the length of twine. Pull the twine through the pulley, leaving both ends hanging at an even length. Let the two magnets grab each other on either side of one end of hanging twine to create the crane. Scatter the nails and washers below the crane. Let the magnets pick up the nails and washers by pulling the no-magnet end of twine. Manipulate the magnets to move the nails and washers into the box. About the Author	<urn:uuid:053cecc9-f54d-4bf9-85a0-e7c47b9264ac>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.04982870817184448, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9264026880264282, "url": "http://howtoadult.com/build-toy-crane-6712100.html" }
Neoplasm \| Understanding and definition of Neoplasia Neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue as a result of neoplasia. Neoplasia ("new growth" in Greek) is the abnormal proliferation of cells. The growth of neoplastic cells exceeds and is not coordinated with that of the normal tissues around it. The growth persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli. It usually causes a lump or tumor. Neoplasms may be benign, pre-malignant (carcinoma in situ) or malignant (cancer). Because neoplasia includes very different diseases, it is difficult to find an all-encompassing definition. The definition of the British oncologist R.A. Willis is widely cited: A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues, and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimulus which evoked the change. Neoplastic tumors often contain more than one type of cell, but their initiation and continued growth is usually dependent on a single population of neoplastic cells. These cells are presumed to be clonal - that is, they are descended from a single progenitor cell.	<urn:uuid:6c6dabf8-cdc2-45ce-add0-f866c3ec4bc5>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.765625, "fasttext_score": 0.12895894050598145, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.941422164440155, "url": "http://onceuponaman.blogspot.com/2011/06/neoplasm-understanding-and-definition.html" }
Jan Wnek Some people know the story of the Wright brothers. Even fewer know the story of Otto Lilienthal, who is credited with inventing the glider. But how is it possible that an uneducated Polish carpenter could invent an aircraft in the 1860s and have it lost in history? Such is the story of Jan Wnek, the man who changed history, but never wrote it down. Over time, oral traditions about Wnek have made it difficult to distinguish the man from the myth. Historical records state that Wnek was born a poor peasant in 1828 along the Polish countryside. Stories say that even from a young age, Wnek was known to be a savant in carpentry, and was able to construct mechanisms far beyond his education. When he wasn’t improving the structures on farm equipment, he was a talented sculptor who worked for a local church constructing religious figures. His sculptures were well known for having ornate and beautiful wings, a foreshadowing of the work that would make Wnek famous. Many of these sculptures still stand today. Sculptures by Wnek in the museum dedicated to him Inspired by the wings of birds, Wnek believed humans could achieve flight by using some of the same mechanisms. He noticed that birds used rising air currents to gain height, and built wings for himself using the same principles. Wnek did not understand the complicated physics behind flight, but by copying the wings of a bird he eventually built a glider made of ash and linen that allowed him to make small controlled flights off of a hill. As his models improved over time, he built a ramp off of the top of the church to launch himself from. Wnek became famous in his local area for his flights, and performed them during public holidays in front of an audience. But, Wnek’s passion would also be his demise, as he eventually crashed his glider and was killed in the accident. The Jan Wnek museum in Poland Wnek invented his glider almost 25 years before Lilienthal would be credited with inventing the first. His achievements were revolutionary. Unfortunately, they weren’t influential. Wnek’s only fame ever came from his local region of Poland, and most of his achievements died with him. Although many church records, death records, eyewitnesses, and oral traditions prove the validity of Wnek’s glider, the design was never recorded. A model of what Wnek’s glider likely looked like The story of the poor and uneducated man who dreamed that he could fly has been passed down with the Polish people for centuries. Unfortunately, the plans for Wnek’s glider have never been discovered, and he will forever live in obscurity. Like the myth of Icarus, Wnek flew too close to the sun. Ching Shih When you think of the word “pirate”, rough men with bushy beards and hooks for hands sailing around Europe is usually the first image to come to mind. It might surprise you to know that one of the most vicious and powerful pirates of all time was a Chinese woman. And thus is the story of Ching Shih, one of the biggest badasses in all of history. Ching Shih in battle against the Chinese government Ching Shih was born some time around 1775, and much of what happened during her early life is still unknown. Her real story starts when she was working as a prostitute in the city of Canton when she was captured and held hostage by pirates. Little did these pirates know that the woman that they were capturing would someday send them all to Davy Jones locker. After winning the favor of some of the higher ranking pirates, Ching Shih was married to a pirate named Zheng Yi. Zheng Yi came from a family who had been pirates for a hundred years, and had a reputation as a man not to be messed with. They used this reputation to acquire ships for their fleet, which they aptly named the Red Flag Fleet. Unfortunately, their marriage was cut short when Zheng Yi was killed in Vietnam. If Ching Shih had lived today, she would have made one hell of a politician. Knowing the importance of networking, she began making connections and solidifying her authority with powerful members of her husband’s family immediately following his death. Eventually, she worked her way up to captain. Anyone who was angry about working for a female pirate was quickly quieted by the set of strict rules that she put in place. Breaking any of her rules, such as the rules against raping female prisoners or disobeying her orders, resulted in one’s immediate death. Needless to say, the pirates followed them. With her new fleet of pirates and ships, Ching Shih was basically unstoppable. She and her pirates became infamous for ransacking towns all over the Chinese coastline. In total, Ching Shih the Red Flag Fleet controlled 1,500 ships and had 80,000 members. When the Chinese government tried to stop her by attacking her with their Imperial fleet, instead of backing down Ching Shih went to battle and won by a landslide. Luckily for her, she even got some free ships out of the war. By keeping a strict code of rules for her pirates (and being a merciless killing machine) Ching Shih quickly became the most powerful pirate in the world. In fact, she was so powerful that the Admiral of the Chinese Navy committed suicide when he thought that she was going to capture him. Talk about a reputation. Eventually Ching Shih’s reign came to an end. After being beaten by her military strategies for years, the Chinese government decided to grant Ching Shih amnesty. She was even allowed to keep the loot she had gathered over the years. Once her pirating days were done, she moved to the countryside and opened a casino. She spent her last days having fun and spending her money, and lived to age 69. So after being a kidnapped prostitute, Ching Shih rose through the ranks of her captors to become one of the most powerful pirates of all time. She was a military strategist, a political mastermind, and a natural leader. It was the perfect crime, and best of all; she got away with it in the end. Alexandre Balthazar Laurent Grimod de La Reynière Have you ever looked down at your pizza and wondered why you were eating it? After scarfing down a fourth slice, it’s a common reaction. The answer can be attributed to one of history’s great forgotten eccentrics and legendary party throwers. A man so grand that they named him 5 times, Alexandre Balthazaar Laurent Grimod de la Reyniere. Our good friend Alexandre was born in 1758 to one of the wealthiest families in Paris. However, life wasn’t easy for the young Grimod de la Reyniere. He was born with deformed claw-like hands, a condition that made his parents keep him away from any houseguests, and caused him to develop the strange sense of humor that would one day make him famous. It was in his seclusion that Grimod de la Reyniere developed his interests in art, theater, and writing, which eventually lead to a job writing theater reviews for a journal. During this time, Alexandre became famous for the grand dinner parties he would throw in his parent’s hotel while they were gone. Not only were his parties the most elite, but they were the rowdiest. Alexandre eventually became known as the ultimate frat boy of 18th century France. However his reign was quickly cut short by his parents, who sent him to live in an abbey after a particularly strange incident where Alexandre dressed up a pig and made it the guest of honor at his party. Riddled with teenage angst and living in a monastery, Alexandre began studying the art of food. In order to support himself, he opened a small food store in Lyon and devoted his time to learning about gastronomy until his father died unexpectedly in 1792. This allowed him to move back to Paris and resume his life as a socialite and bona fide party animal. Now there is a guy who knows that he can pull off that hat Grimod de la Reyniere lived during a time when restaurants were nothing like they are today. Most wealthy people had cooks, and poorer people had to make their own food. The restaurants that were around weren’t popular with nobles, and therefore didn’t take their food very seriously. However, all of this was about to change with Alexandre back in town. In order to spark interest in food among his elite friends, Grimod de la Reyniere started frequenting a different restaurant every night, then writing reviews about what food was best in a journal which he then gave out to the people at his dinner parties. His colonial era blogs started making their way around town and were eventually published as the world’s first restaurant guide, which contributed to the popularity of restaurants and therefore changed the way that people have eaten ever since. Grimod de la Reyniere doing what he loved best: eating One day in the mail Grimod de la Reyniere’s friends received a notice that he had died, and were invited to his funeral. Halfway through the service a special guest showed up: Alexandre, who had staged the whole thing just to see who would come. The fake funeral turned into a retirement party, after which Grimod de la Reyniere moved to the country with his mistress and lived to age 80. So next time you look down at your pizza, remember to thank Alexandre Balthazaar Laurent Grimod de la Reyniere for the restaurant that it came from. What would he do if he were there watching you eat your fourth slice? Probably eat a fifth.	<urn:uuid:8e03508d-7b02-47da-a856-a0a2d15c78d5>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.4320818781852722, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.987919807434082, "url": "https://smv6x2.wordpress.com/" }
Encyclopedia of the Great Plains David J. Wishart, Editor In 1870 the first "Chinaman" set foot on the streets of Denver, Colorado. A local paper described him as "short, fat, round-faced, almond-eyed beauty," and added that he "appeared quite happy to get among civilized people." Despite this kind of ridicule, the Chinese of Denver soon became an essential element in the city's urban economy. They provided domestic services to a primarily male population for an affordable price, services that had not been available before the Chinese arrival. From that time on, the Asian presence in Denver and in many other parts of the Great Plains has been a permanent fixture. But if one were to open a Denver history book, or any history book about the Great Plains for that matter, one would be hardpressed to find more than one or two pages written on Asians. This marginalization from the pages of history is a clear injustice to a people who have been fundamental to the development of the region. From the late-nineteenth-century Chinese, who did the vast majority of the region's laundry, to the present-day Southeast Asians who have revitalized city neighborhoods and provided a workforce for the region's meatpacking industry, Asians have made and continue to make vital contributions to the prosperity and growth of the Great Plains. Chinese Pioneers The Chinese were the first Asian immigrant group to reach the region. Settling originally in the California goldfields, they began moving eastward in the 1860s following railroad construction and mining opportunities. From California they moved to Nevada, Montana, Wyoming, and then Colorado. Although the first Chinese came to the Western Plains to work on the railroads and in the mines, the vast majority who followed these pioneers came to fill the empty economic niche in laundry work and other domestic services, a necessity in the rough-and-tumble, predominantly male frontier towns. By 1880, for example, Denver had a thriving Chinese community of 238, of whom more than 80 percent worked as laundrymen. In other towns such as Deadwood, South Dakota, Chinese opened restaurants, general provision stores, and opium dens. The Plains' Chinese population gradually began to move farther east, providing similar urban services along the way. By 1890 there were 224 Chinese in Nebraska, and by 1920, 261 had settled in Oklahoma. Chinese also migrated to the Prairie Provinces of Canada. The majority settled in large cities such as Edmonton and Calgary, Alberta, while others settled in smaller urban communities such as Lethbridge and Medicine Hat, Alberta. Many were brought in by American contractors (especially the Minnesota firm of Langdon and Shepard) to lay the tracks of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the years 1881 to 1883. Many of the laborers were recruited directly from the United States, and some returned to the United States after the contract ended. After 1883 the Canadian Pacific Railway recruited directly from Canton and Hong Kong, as well as from Vancouver. By 1900 Calgary had become home to approximately eighty Chinese who worked as laborers, cooks, and domestic servants. Despite being invaluable to the Great Plains urban economy, the Chinese were still subject to discrimination. White workers blamed Chinese for the slow economy and resented Chinese competition, particularly in the mining industry. Politicians stoked this volatile issue in order to gain the labor vote. As a result, towns often practiced discriminatory taxation and passed economic sanctions against the Chinese. There were times when these discriminatory measures did not satisfy a town's populace and violence ensued. On Sunday, October 31, 1880, for example, a group of several hundred white males incited an anti-Chinese riot that resulted in the death of one laundryman and the destruction of Denver's Hop Alley. The immediate cause was a bar fight between two Chinese and two whites, but the underlying cause was the anti-Chinese agitation of the local Democratic Party and labor organizations. A similar incident occurred in Calgary. On August 2, 1892, a mob of more than 300 destroyed Chinese laundries after learning that four Chinese who had been quarantined for smallpox had been released. In both cases, authorities were exceedingly slow to react. The best-known and bloodiest action against the Chinese in, or near, the Great Plains occurred in September of 1885 in Rock Springs, Wyoming. A few months earlier, the Union Pacific Coal Division had brought in about 300 Chinese to work in the local mines, an action that infuriated local white workers. On September 2, two white miners found that the seam to which they had been assigned was already being tapped by two Chinese miners. The enraged miners proceeded to rally other white miners, and by early afternoon a mob of 150 moved on Rock Springs' Chinatown, slaughtering residents at every opportunity. At day's end, twenty-six Chinese were dead and fifteen others were wounded. Government troops eventually restored order and helped company officials to reinstate Chinese in the mines. To this day, the Rock Springs massacre stands as one of the most brutal manifestations of American opposition to the Chinese presence. The Chinese were not always passive in the face of such oppression. They used the legal system as a means of resistance and sometimes even won their cases. In 1882, for example, local authorities accused Yee Shun of murdering a fellow Chinese in Las Vegas, New Mexico. Although the court eventually found Yee Shun guilty, the defense team achieved a legal victory of immense proportions for all Chinese in America. They were able to overturn a prior ruling prohibiting Chinese from testifying in court. Another legal victory for the Chinese occurred in Regina, Saskatchewan, in 1907. On the morning of August 8, nine patrons of the Capital Restaurant became ill after eating porridge. Local authorities soon discovered that Charlie Mack, the Chinese cook of a competing restaurant, had poisoned the porridge. Mack disappeared before he could be arrested, causing the local authorities to detain the entire male Chinese population of Regina in an effort to extract information concerning his whereabouts. The Chinese, encouraged by their lawyers, prosecuted the local officials. They won their case, received a small indemnity, and had the satisfaction of seeing Regina's police chief removed from office. By 1890 the Chinese population in the Great Plains had peaked. Every state, territory, and province in the region had Chinese residents. Soon afterward, however, this population began to decline, especially in Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana, the states where the largest settlements had been concentrated. The decline followed a national trend that had begun with the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act and continued in the early twentieth century with the passage of the 1902 Chinese Exclusion Act, a congressional bill that made permanent the 1882 act. Because most Chinese in the United States, including the Great Plains, were male, and because immigration had been banned, there was little natural population growth. Under the circumstances, community roots never had a chance to take hold, and they withered quickly after 1902. Similarly, Canada imposed restrictions on Chinese immigration in 1903 and 1923. The legislation virtually halted Chinese immigration until 1947, when it was repealed. Japanese: From Farms to Internment With the decline in the Chinese population, industrialists and growers needed a new source of cheap labor. They turned to newly arrived Japanese immigrants. Between 1880 and 1900, yearly Japanese immigration to the United States increased from 148 to 24,326. Although most Japanese settled in Hawaii and California, a good number moved to the Great Plains. Like the Chinese before them, the Japanese followed rail, mining, and agricultural work to Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado. By 1910 Japanese migrants also began moving to Nebraska and Kansas to pursue sugar beet work and to coastal Texas to cultivate rice. One immigrant, Naokichi Hokazano, was particularly instrumental in bringing Japanese to the Plains. Arriving in Denver in 1898, Hokazano promptly contracted seventy Japanese to harvest 1,200 acres of sugar beets that he owned. Hokazano has been criticized by Asian American historians for exploiting the labor of his countrymen by paying them substandard wages. Nevertheless, he was responsible, at least in part, for the increase in Japanese migration from the West Coast to the Great Plains. By 1909, of the 3,500 Japanese in Colorado, almost 2,000 were connected to the sugar beet industry. Within twenty years, through skill, enterprise, and hard work, several of these immigrants became successful landowners and farmers, a pattern of upward mobility first seen in California. The Japanese in this economic sector were so successful that many competing white farmers gave up, leaving the industry open to further Japanese control. These pioneers of Colorado agriculture irrigated, and thus made arable, much of the land in the northeast corner of the state. Today, they are honored in the state capitol building, where Naokichi Hokazano is memorialized in a stained-glass window. Japanese also started urban businesses and organized civic institutions. By 1916 they owned sixty-seven stores in Denver and had founded the Japanese Methodist Church and the Denver Buddhist Church. In Scottsbluff, hub of Nebraska's sugar beet industry, Japanese settlers started the Japanese-language newspaper Neshyu Jibo (Nebraska News) and founded the Japanese Association of Nebraska. In Texas, Japanese dominated the nursery industry. Like the Chinese before them, Japanese also settled in the Prairie Provinces of Canada, moving into southern Alberta shortly after the turn of the century. They migrated mainly from British Columbia and the United States. As in the United States, they worked in the mines, on railways, and in agriculture and were quite often recruited by labor supply companies. In 1907 the Canadian Nippon Supply Company recruited a large group of Japanese to work in the mines near Lethbridge, Alberta. The following year, Nippon Supply sent 300 more workers to the Lethbridge mines. Unfair treatment by their employers and by fellow countrymen working for labor supply companies prompted Japanese laborers to organize labor unions soon after their arrival in the Prairie Provinces. It was not until the 1920s, however, that Japanese workers were accepted as equals, with equal pay, to white workers. As in the American Great Plains, Japanese in the Prairie Provinces made their greatest contribution in agriculture. In 1907 the Canadian Pacific Railway recruited 370 Japanese workers through the Nippon Supply Company to build irrigation ditches. The Raymond Knight Sugar Company recruited 100 Japanese workers in 1908 and another 105 in 1909. The workers remained wage laborers for only a few years, however, as they soon began to lease and, on occasion, buy their own tracts of land. These successful Japanese pioneers eventually established permanent communities with their own newspapers, churches and temples, and social organizations. Their success in farming prompted a more virulent racism. In the early 1920s, following the example of California, the states of Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, and Texas passed legislation barring Japanese from owning or leasing land. Colorado was the only Plains state with a significant Japanese population that did not pass an alien land law. This was one reason why more Japanese moved to Colorado than elsewhere in the Great Plains, and why Japanese Coloradans were so successful in agriculture. The worst act of discrimination perpetrated against Japanese Americans–an act that did not bring an o.cial apology from the United States until August 10, 1988–came during World War II. On February 19, 1942, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 allowing for the internment of all Japanese within a designated militarized zone. While this zone was located primarily on the West Coast, "suspected" Japanese community leaders throughout the nation were also interned, including those in the Plains. Rev. Hiram Hisanori Kano of Nebraska, for instance, was arrested on the day of the Pearl Harbor attack. He was held in a Santa Fe, New Mexico, internment camp until 1944. Kano and other community leaders were imprisoned merely on suspicion of disloyalty. Elsewhere in the Great Plains anti-Japanese hysteria led to house searches by the FBI, often carried out in a demeaning and destructive manner. The Plains was the site of one of the largest internment camps in the United States, Granada, Colorado (also called Amache). Heart Mountain, Wyoming, another large camp, was just to the west of the Plains. Several smaller camps were also located in the region. At one such camp in Lordsburg, New Mexico, in the early morning of July 27, 1942, an army guard shot and killed Hirota Isamura and Toshira Kobata as they were being delivered for internment. The guard insisted that Isamura and Kobata were trying to escape, although several eyewitness accounts maintained otherwise. The guard went unpunished. Meanwhile, as fellow Japanese Americans were being imprisoned, young nisei (second-generation Japanese Americans) served in the American military with distinction. One of them, Ben Kuroki of Hershey, Nebraska, came home with a distinguished war record only to find himself ostracized for being Japanese. This discrimination led Kuroki to campaign against the injustices of internment. The long-overdue apology for internment came only after a hard-fought redress effort by Japanese Americans. Bill Hosokawa, a resident of Denver and himself a veteran of internment, was particularly instrumental in gaining this apology. Hosokawa was interned at Heart Mountain in Wyoming, where he published the camp newspaper. After his release Hosokawa became active in the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL), the organization primarily responsible for redress. Hosokawa also became the Denver Post's first foreign correspondent, and he covered the Korean War in this capacity. Later in his career he became the Post's Sunday magazine editor and then the assistant managing editor. His career as a journalist made him JACL's selection to write a history of second-generation Japanese Americans called Nisei: The Quiet Americans (1969). Hosokawa and the JACL are at the center of a five-decade-old controversy that has divided the Japanese American community. During the months preceding internment, the JACL took the stance that cooperation with the government's internment plans was a necessary evil that Japanese Americans would have to endure in order to demonstrate their loyalty. This stance has not been popular with the more militant members of the Japanese American population who argue that it was in essence a sellout. This controversy continues to this day and has been fervently taken up by third-generation Japanese Americans, the sansei. Japanese Canadians were also persecuted during World War II, and again the Great Plains, securely in the heart of the country, was the setting for their forced relocation. In 1942, 20,881 Japanese, 75 percent of them Canadian citizens, were taken from their homes and moved to detention camps in the interior of British Columbia and to sugar beet farms in Manitoba and Alberta. Many of the relocated Japanese Canadians worked for individual farmers, but others were gathered into huge "prisoner of war" camps at Lethbridge and Medicine Hat. The Canadian government sold off their assets–farms, homes, fishing boats–and used the proceeds to finance the internment. At the end of the war, Japanese Canadians were given the choice of either returning to a devastated Japan or moving permanently to the Prairie Provinces or eastern Canada. Most chose the latter option. The discrimination did not end with the war. In 1946 the Canadian government tried to deport 10,000 Japanese Canadians, and only an international outcry prevented this infamy. Japanese Canadians did not regain their status as Canadian citizens until 1949. Late Twentieth-Century Developments In 1965 the U.S. Congress passed an Immigration Reform Act. By removing racially based quotas, promoting family reunification as a priority, and encouraging the immigration of professionals, the act opened the way for a great increase in Asian immigration to the United States, including the Great Plains. As a result the Plains has experienced a recent influx of Filipinos, Koreans, Chinese, and South Asians (Indians and Pakistanis). Each of these ethnic groups has thriving communities in major Plains cities. In 2000 the Denver metropolitan area, for instance, had an Asian population of approximately 63,000, Dallas–Fort Worth had an Asian population of close to 195,480, and Oklahoma City had an Asian population of almost 18,000. Chinese and Koreans have played a significant role in reviving small businesses in urban areas. Filipinos have mainly entered the professional ranks. And Indians, in addition to being both shopkeepers and professionals, have built an occupational specialty in the small-motel industry. Chinese and Indians, in particular, are well represented in higher education and the high-technology industry. Similar circumstances have resulted in a significant increase in Asian numbers in the Canadian Prairie Provinces. As of 1991 Alberta was home to 71,635 Chinese, 16,310 Filipinos, and 54,750 South Asians; Manitoba was home to 11,145, 22,045, and 24,465, respectively; and Saskatchewan was home to 7,550, 1,635, and 11,285, respectively. In recent years a large number of Chinese left Hong Kong in anticipation of the July 1997 takeover by the People's Republic of China. Canadian immigration policy encouraged the immigration of wealthy Hong Kong investors by granting automatic residency to any person investing $1 million in the Canadian economy. Most Asians have settled in urban areas, particularly Edmonton, Calgary, and Lethbridge. The presence of the Nikka Yuko Garden in Lethbridge, one of the most authentic Japanese gardens in North America, is visual evidence of the importance of the Japanese presence in the Prairie Provinces. Also in the recent years, the Great Plains has attracted large numbers of refugees from Southeast Asia. Subsequent family reunification has swelled their numbers. Having been forced to flee their homelands due to war, several million have made new homes in the United States and Canada. They migrated in two waves, one in 1975 and the other starting in 1979 and continuing to the present. The first wave consisted primarily of the highly educated or professionals fleeing from Vietnam and, in smaller numbers, from Cambodia. By contrast, the 1979 wave consisted mostly of farmers and rural dwellers from Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. While U.S. relief agencies intended to relocate these refugees to all parts of the nation, the majority have gathered in only a few states–California, Texas, Washington, Oregon, and Minnesota. Thus, although the Plains' Southeast Asian population is relatively small, it is growing and certainly an invaluable contributor to the region's social and economic fabric. In at least four Plains cities–Denver, Oklahoma City, Tulsa, and Wichita–Southeast Asians have formed communities with populations of more than 1,000. These communities have started to form civic organizations that address the multiplicity of adjustment problems faced by refugees. The Oklahoma Vietnamese, for instance, formed the Vietnamese American Association (VAA) in 1978. To date the VAA has offered English classes and job training, placement, and upgrading services. The VAA has been so successful that the federal government has used it as a model for its national program. View larger In Denver, Southeast Asians have also formed community organizations. Led by a first-wave refugee, Khan Penn, the Cambodian community formed the Colorado Cambodian Community (CCC) in 1976. The CCC emphasizes the preservation and observation of cultural traditions and revolves to a large extent around the Buddhist temple. These sorts of community activities also serve to ease the adjustment of Cambodian refugees although not in as concrete a manner as the VAA in Oklahoma City. Southeast Asians have noticeably affected the demographic makeup of some Plains regions. For example, more than 100 Laotians settled in the small town of Tecumseh, Nebraska, between 1982 and 1992. In the late 1990s they accounted for about 6 percent of the town's population and more than 17 percent of its schoolchildren. Refugees often move to small towns like Tecumseh in order to escape the more economically competitive environments of large cities. In many instances they are also recruited by local industries, such as Tecumseh's Campbell Soup canning factory. Garden City, Kansas, has seen similar changes as more than 1,000 Vietnamese migrated into the city, mainly to work in local meatpacking companies. Southeast Asian numbers in the Plains are growing at a rapid rate. In Colorado, for instance, 7,210 Vietnamese, 1,320 Cambodians, 1,202 Hmong, and 1,996 Laotians were noted in the 1990 census. More than 97 percent of these groups lived in urban areas, particularly in Denver. Similar situations can be found in Nebraska although on a smaller scale. More than 2,600 Southeast Asians lived in the state in 1990, of whom 1,800 were Vietnamese. The Vietnamese numbers grew to 6,364 by 2000. In Colorado, according to the 2000 census, Vietnamese were the second-largest Asian ethnic group after Koreans. In Kansas the Vietnamese population of 11,623 (2000) made it the single largest Asian ethnic group. In 2000 the total Southeast Asian population in Kansas numbered more than 15,000. A similar demographic situation existed in Oklahoma. There, the Vietnamese numbered 12,566 in 2000, with the total Southeast Asian population amounting to more than 15,000. The significant numbers of Southeast Asians have not only revitalized the meatpacking industry and other labor-intensive industries in the Plains but have also reenergized key segments of urban economies. In Denver, for instance, the entrepreneurial drive of Vietnamese refugees invigorated a slumping Chinatown economy. They opened new restaurants and groceries, an immigrant entrepreneurial staple, and they own and operate beauty parlors, nightclubs, coffee shops, and jewelry stores, to name only a few enterprises. Southeast Asians have also contributed significantly to the success of Denver's high-tech industry. A large number, if not a majority, of assembly-line workers in this industry are Southeast Asian. Asian Americans have clearly played a significant if not always acknowledged role in the history of the American and Canadian Great Plains. This role dates back to the time of Chinese railroad construction workers and miners and Japanese agricultural laborers. Today, although Asian Americans constitute no more than 5 percent of the population of any Great Plains county, Asian Americans are essential to the regional economy. Southeast Asians are contributing to the growth of communities that otherwise might be declining, and in urban areas such as Denver, Colorado, and Lethbridge, Alberta, Asian Americans are contributing to the rejuvenation of the urban economy. Asian Americans have been, and will continue to be, integral actors in the history of the Great Plains. Malcolm Yeung Evelyn Hu-DeHart University of Colorado at Boulder Barth, Gunther. Bitter Strength: A History of the Chinese in the United States, 1850-1870. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964. Culley, John J. "Trouble at the Lordsburg Internment Camp." New Mexico Historical Review 60 (1985): 225-48. Daniels, Roger. Concentration Camps, North America: Japanese in the United States and Canada during World War II. Malabar FL: R. E. Krieger Publishing Co., 1989. Fairbairn, Kenneth J., and Hafiza Khatun. "Residential Segregation and the Intra-Urban Migration of South Asians in Edmonton." Canadian Ethnic Studies 21 (1989): 45-64. Ichioka, Yuji. The Issei: The World of the First Generation Japanese, 1885-1924. New York: Free Press, 1988. Iwaasa, David. "Canadian Japanese in Southern Alberta: 1905 through 1945." In Two Monographs on Japanese Canadians, edited by Roger Daniels. New York: Arno Press, 1978. Kano, Hiram Hisanori. A History of the Japanese in Nebraska, edited by Jean and Sheryll Patterson-Black. Scottsbluff NE: Scottsbluff Public Library, 1984. Muzney, Charles C. The Vietnamese in Oklahoma City: A Study in Ethnic Change. New York: AMS Press, Inc., 1989. Ralph, Martin G. Boy from Nebraska: The Story of Ben Kuroki. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1946. Sontag, Deborah. "New Immigrants Test Nation's Heartland." New York Times, October 18, 1993. Storti, Craig. Incident at Bitter Creek: The Story of the Rock Springs Chinese Massacre. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1991. Takaki, Ronald T. Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans. Boston: Little, Brown, 1989. Wortman, Roy. "Denver's Anti-Chinese Riot, 1880." Colorado Magazine 42 (1965): 275-91. Wunder, John R. "Law and the Chinese in Frontier Montana." Montana: The Magazine of Western History 30 (1980): 18-31. Previous: \| Contents \| Next: Amache Internment Camp XML: egp.asam.001.xml	<urn:uuid:edb83cc0-3aea-44bb-9e8a-669928fee001>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.03457772731781006, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9645703434944153, "url": "http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.asam.001" }
Monday, November 28, 2011 William Beebe and Otis Barton William Beebe, left and Otis Barton with the Bathysphere 1931 William Beebe inside the Bathysphere Bathysphere on display at the New York Aquarium Entrance Port Viewing Ports The Bathysphere is a spherical deep-sea submersible which was unpowered and lowered into the ocean on a cable, and was used to conduct a series of dives off the coast of Bermuda from 1930 to 1934. The Bathysphere was designed in 1928 and 1929 by the American Engineer Otis Barton, to be used by the naturalist William Beebe for studying undersea wildlife. Beebe and Barton conducted dives in the Bathysphere together, marking the first time that a marine biologist observed deep-sea animals in their native environment. Their dives set several consecutive world records for the deepest dive ever performed by a human. The record set by the deepest of these, to a depth of 3,028 feet on August 15, 1934, lasted until it was broken by Barton in 1949. In 1928, the American naturalist William Beebe was given permission by the British government to establish a research station on Nonsuch Island, Bermuda. Using this station, Beebe planned to conduct an in-depth study of the animals inhabiting an eight-mile-square area of ocean, from a depth of two miles to the surface. Although his initial plan called for him to conduct this study by means of helmet diving and dredging, Beebe soon realized that these methods were inadequate for gaining a detailed understanding of deep-sea animals, and began making plans to invent a way to observe them in their native habitat. As of the late 1920s, the deepest humans could safely descend in diving helmets was 100 feet, since beyond that point the pressure becomes too great. Submarines of the time had descended to a maximum of 383 feet, but had no windows, making them useless for Beebe's goal of observing deep-sea animals. The deepest in the ocean that any human had descended at this point was 525 feet wearing an armored suit, but these suits also made movement and observation extremely difficult. What Beebe hoped to create was a deep-sea vessel which both could descend to a much greater depth than any human had descended thus far, and also would enable him to clearly observe and document the deep ocean's wildlife. Beebe's initial design called for a cylindrical vessel, and articles describing his plans were published in The New York Times. These articles caught the attention of the engineer Otis Barton, who had his own ambition to become a deep-sea explorer. Barton was certain that a cylinder would not be strong enough to withstand the pressure of the depths to which Beebe was planning to descend, and sent Beebe several letters proposing an alternative design to him. So many unqualified opportunists were attempting to join Beebe in his efforts that Beebe tended to ignore most of his mail, and Barton's first efforts to contact him were fruitless. A mutual friend of Barton's and Beebe's eventually arranged a meeting between the two, enabling Barton to present his design to Beebe in person. Beebe approved of Barton's design, and the two of them made a deal: Barton would pay for the vessel and all of the other equipment to go with it, while Beebe would pay for other expenses such as chartering a ship to raise and lower it, and as the owner of the vessel Barton would accompany Beebe on his dives in it. Barton's design called for a spherical vessel, as a sphere is the best possible shape for resisting high pressure. The sphere had openings for three 3-inch-thick (76 mm) windows made of fused quartz, the strongest transparent material then available, as well a 400-pound entrance hatch which was to be bolted down before a descent. Initially only two of the windows were mounted on the sphere, and a steel plug was mounted in place of the third window. Oxygen was supplied from high-pressure cylinders carried inside the sphere, while pans of soda lime and calcium chloride were mounted inside the sphere's walls to absorb exhaled CO2 and moisture. Air was to be circulated past these trays by the Bathysphere's occupants using palm-leaf fans. The casting of the steel sphere was handled by Watson Stillman Hydraulic Machinery Company in Roselle, New Jersey, and the cord to raise and lower the sphere was provided by John A. Roebling's Sons Company. General Electric provided a lamp which would be mounted just inside one of the windows to illuminate animals outside the sphere, and Bell Laboratories provided a telephone system by which divers inside the sphere could communicate with the surface. The cables for the telephone and to provide electricity for the lamp were sealed inside a rubber hose, which entered the body of the Bathysphere through a stuffing box. After the initial version of the sphere had been cast in June 1929, it was discovered that it was too heavy to be lifted by the winch which would be used to lower it into the ocean, requiring Barton to have the sphere melted and re-cast. The final, lighter design consisted of a hollow sphere of 1-inch-thick (25 mm) cast steel which was 4.75 ft (1.5 m) in diameter. Its weight was 2.25 tons above the water, although its buoyancy reduced this by 1.4 tons when it was submerged, and the 3000 feet of steel cable weighed an additional 1.35 tons. From 1930 to 1934, Beebe and Barton used the Bathysphere to conduct a series of dives of increasing depth off the coast of Nonsuch Island, becoming the first people to observe deep-sea animals in their native environment. The Bathysphere was lowered into the ocean using a steel cable, and a second cable carried a phone line which the Bathysphere's occupants used to communicate with the surface, as well as an electrical cable for a searchlight to illuminate animals outside the Bathysphere. Beebe's observations were relayed up the phone line to be recorded by Gloria Hollister, his chief technical associate who was also in charge of preparing specimens obtained from dredging. Beebe and Barton made a total of 35 dives in the Bathysphere, setting several consecutive world records for the deepest dive ever performed by a human. The record set by the deepest of these, to a depth of 3,028 feet on August 15, 1934, lasted until it was broken by Barton in 1949. In 1931, Beebe and Barton's Bathysphere dives were interrupted for a year due to technical problems and uncooperative weather. An additional difficulty in 1931 was the death of Beebe's father, and Beebe left Nonsuch Island for a week in order to attend his father's funeral. A second year-long interruption occurred in 1933, and was caused in part by a lack of funds due to the Great Depression. Although Beebe and Barton performed no dives in 1933, their work gathered a large amount of publicity when the Bathysphere was displayed in a special exhibit for the American Museum of Natural History, and later at the Century of Progress World's Fair in Chicago, where they shared the fair's Hall of Science with Auguste Piccard. Beebe and Barton also obtained publicity for their dives from several articles Beebe wrote describing them for National Geographic, and from an NBC radio broadcast in which Beebe's voice transmitted up the phone line from inside the Bathysphere was broadcast nationally over the radio. Although Beebe attempted to ensure that Barton would receive credit as the Bathysphere's inventor and Beebe's fellow diver, the popular media tended to ignore Barton and pay attention only to Beebe. Barton was often resentful of this, believing Beebe to be deliberately hogging the fame. Beebe in turn lacked patience for Barton's unpredictable moods, and felt that Barton did not display the proper respect for the natural world. Still, Beebe and Barton both had something the other needed: Beebe for his experience as a marine biologist, and Barton for his mechanical skill. Out of pragmatic concern for the success of their dives, they managed to resolve their disagreements well enough to work together at Nonsuch Island, although they did not remain on good terms afterwards. It is likely that Beebe became romantically involved with Hollister during his work at Nonsuch Island. An entry in Beebe's personal journal, written in a secret code that he used when describing things he wished kept secret, reads "I kissed her [Gloria] and she loves me." It is unclear whether Elswyth knew of Beebe's affair with Gloria, but if she did she appears to not have minded it. In addition to the open nature of their marriage, Elswyth described in a 1940s interview with Today's Woman magazine that she enjoyed the knowledge that Beebe was attractive to women. Beebe continued to conduct marine research after 1934, but he felt that he had seen what he wanted to see using the Bathysphere, and that further dives were too expensive for whatever knowledge he gained from them to be worth the cost. With the help of Beebe's friend the physician Henry Lloyd, Beebe conducted an expedition in the West Indies examining the stomach contents of tuna, which uncovered previously unknown larval forms of several species of fish. Shortly after returning, Beebe set out on a longer expedition to the waters around Baja California, financed by the Californian businessman Templeton Crocker on board his yacht the Zaca. The goal of this expedition was to study the area's undersea fauna by means of dredging and helmet diving, and Beebe and his team were surprised by the diversity of animals that they encountered there. In 1937 Beebe went on a second expedition aboard the Zaca, documenting the native wildlife along the Pacific Coast from Mexico to Colombia. During this expedition, rather than focusing on either sea animals as he had at Nonsuch Island or on birds as he had earlier in his life, he attempted to document all aspects of the ecosystem. Beebe described his two expeditions on board the Zaca in his books Zaca Venture and The Book of Bays, in which he emphasized his concern for threatened habitats and his dismay at human destruction. The New York Aquarium No comments:	<urn:uuid:7c2a5b62-d48a-42cf-9a14-0a377799c683>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.890625, "fasttext_score": 0.05281871557235718, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9825989603996277, "url": "http://circusnospin.blogspot.com/2011/11/william-beebe-and-otis-barton.html" }
For our first advanced science project, we were to build a Rube Goldberg machine that could not be taller, wider, or thicker than 80cm, and had at least 10 energy transfers. The goal of the machine was to turn on a calculator while being over 15 seconds in length. Before I could start to design/construct my machine, I conducted some research. I read about Rube Goldberg machines and found some examples on-line. I watched videos, and researched the history of Rube Goldberg machines. After brain storming some ideas and viewing a bunch on Google, I was ready to start my project. My first step was to design a rough draft of my machine, and to plan out my ten transfers of energy. After this, I drafted a more detailed sketch of my machine. Now I started to build my machine using my sketch as a guide. Once it was build, I then worked on reliability and made sure it would work correctly every time. 1) After I release a marble at the beginning of the track, it travels down and hits a metal gate. 2) This metal gate then hits another marble sending it down a ramp. 3) The metal marble falls into a metal spiral that guides it down into a cup that pulls a wooden peg down. 4) Wooden peg falls and allows race car to run down ramp. 5) Race car hits marble. 6) Marble lands in cup, weighing it down. 7) Cup with marble weighs down, and pulls up ramp, which causes a marble to fall. 8) Marble then hits metal gate. 9) Metal gate hits another marble causing it to roll down a ramp. 10) Marble then hits another gate. 11) Gate hits another marble that rolls down a ramp. 12) Marble falls down a tube which hits a pin, that presses on the on button on the calculator. Final Sketch My Final Project I ran my machine 5 times. My machine worked perfectly once. It was doing things that it had never done in trial. I had adjusted several things to help with reliability before I brought it to school, but when it got there, things must had shifted. If I had more time I would have made the hole for the first marble deeper so it wouldn't start to roll before it was hit by the metal gate. I would also have build a little wall to keep the marble from flying out on the ramps after the car hits the marble, the piece of wood I had there was not enough.	<urn:uuid:be983ab0-a58a-4977-be95-3c8c07a6016b>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.16247785091400146, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9619356989860535, "url": "http://cornellchem.wikispaces.com/Austin?responseToken=0c75c207ab4d5e8382b885dd3d03fe08d" }
sea, law of the sea, law of the: international agreement regulating the use and exploitation of the world's oceans. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) calls for limited, and strictly controlled, mining of the seabed establishes in general a 12-nautical-mile (22-kilometer) limit for territorial waters gives all nations' ships the right of innocent passage through crucial straits and sets up international antipollution regulations. Most of the industrial nations opposed the restrictions on seabed mining, but Third World nations, the chief beneficiaries of the agreement, favored the treaty and created the majority that passed it. The United States has not signed the treaty, and it and other nations have sought to renegotiate the provisions on seabed mining. The treaty came into force in 1994 after it was ratified by the required 60 nations, but many provisions already had been internationally accepted. See also maritime law seas, freedom of the . See more Encyclopedia articles on: International Law Browse By Subject Play Poptropica Worlds Download Poptropica and play for free! Explore a limitless universe of uncharted islands App store Google Play	<urn:uuid:8115b289-d613-4a6f-acf5-cfef527c583f>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.01935058832168579, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8831397891044617, "url": "https://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/social-sciences-and-the-law/law/international-law/sea-law-of-the" }
Panda bear facts Or Giant panda description Panda bear facts and giant panda description :- The Scientific name of Panda Bear is Ailuropoda Melanoleuca. The ancestor of the giant panda is the Ailurarctos (“cat bear”), which is an extinct genus of the Chinese panda that lived 8 million years ago. The skull of another ancestor, Ailuropoda microta, shows that it was half the size of a modern-day giant panda. Research shows that for the past 3 million years, giant pandas have evolved as a separate linage from other bears. The Giant Panda lives in mountain forests of southwest China, usually the Gansu, Shanxi and Sichuan provinces. Approximately 99 percent of a panda’s diet bamboo leaves and shoots is void of much nutritional value. Its carnivore-adapted digestive system cannot digest cellulose well, thus it lives a low-energy, sedentary lifestyle but persists in eating some 60 species of bamboo. Pandas must eat upwards of 30 pounds of bamboo daily just to stay full. (panda bear facts),(giant panda description) A panda’s paw has six digits—five fingers and an opposable pseudo-thumb (actually an enlarged wrist bone) it uses merely to hold bamboo while eating. But bamboo is so low in nutrients so they spend at least 12 hours each day eating it.They eat up to 12 kilograms (26.4 pounds) of bamboo daily. The red panda and the giant panda share the same habitat and diet, and both animals are also endangered. However, scientific tests show that the red panda is in the raccoon family while the giant panda is in the bear family. Some scientists believe that the giant panda is so special that it should belong to its own family group. The average panda’s home range is thought to be about 5 square kilometers (1.9 square miles), with male ranges larger than that of females. In China’s Han dynasty (206 BC – 24 AD), the highly prized and gentle pandas graced the gardens of the emperors. Pandas were believed to have mystical powers. Panda bear facts giant panda description Baby panda bear facts and information Panda bear facts Or Giant panda description • A baby panda is called a cub or rookie. • It is born pink. • It weighs about 3-4 ounces and measures about 15 cm. • It is born with its eyes shut. It opens its eyes in about 6-8 weeks. • It is born without hair. When it is about 3 months old, its hair fully grows. • It is klutzy. It often falls, trips and rolls over while exploring its surroundings. • A mother Panda cradles its babies in its arm for several days after birth. • A baby panda can climb trees after seven months of its birth. How many pandas are left in the world ? Possibly as few as 1,600 giant pandas still roam the mountainous forests of central China, and more than 300 live in captivity in various facilities around the globe. The latest census in 2014 found that there were 1,864 giant pandas alive in the wild. While still very low, this represents a real success story, with numbers increasing from around 1,000 in the late 1970s. The International Union for Conservation of Nature, which keeps track of threatened species across the world, said it was reclassifying the animal as only ‘vulnerable’ after its wild population in China rose by nearly 17 percent. This magnificent animal, a survivor of the ice age and centuries beyond, is now in grave danger of extinction. The survival of each living panda becomes crucial to the survival of the species; each animal, those in captivity and in the wild, must be attended to on a daily basis if they are sick or injured. Without proper medical equipment and medicine, Giant Pandas will die and each death brings us one step closer to a world without these unique creatures; one step closer to the destruction of yet another species and its ecosystem. Giant Pandas are on the World Conservation Union’s Red List of Threatened Animals. The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) protects Giant Pandas, as well as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). While hunting and poaching have been reduced due to strict laws by the Chinese government, accidental capture of Giant Pandas in traps set for other animals still possess a serious problem. Low birth rates and difficulties with reproduction also limit the numbers. Information about pandas habitat Older Giant pandas spend most of their time eating or sleeping. Younger ones like to play. They play with other Giant Pandas, running, chasing each other, climbing trees, and tumbling on the ground. Giant Pandas are truly “roly poly” creatures when they play. Giant Pandas do not have a permanent den and do not hibernate. In the winter they will seek shelter in hollow trees. Giant Pandas typically have a range of 4-7 km but can travel up to 10 km a day looking for food, water, and shelter. Giant pandas Behavior pays their lives consumption bamboo and walking round the forest floor. They’re sensible climbers and might additionally swim. They don’t build dens or hibernate. They like shallow slopes and solitary living. If it’s too cold up within the mountains, they head right down to the valleys wherever it’s hotter. Panda can peel and eat bamboo stick in 40 seconds. They sit during the meal. (giant panda description) Panda bear facts Or Giant panda description Panda bear facts – Giant panda description One problem for wild Giant Pandas is that the bamboo species flowers and dies. It then takes several years for the bamboo to recover. In the past, Giant Pandas would migrate to other areas in search for new plants. Now, with their range fragmented, this is often difficult.Giant Pandas drink water from the rivers and streams in their mountain environment. Pandas are solitary animals (live on their own). They demand large portion of the forest just for themselves because they don’t have enough energy to compete with other pandas for food, territory and mates. The bears mated and Ling-Ling gave birth to three sets of twins during the 1980’s. Unfortunately, all of the cubs died shortly after birth. Since the death of Ling-Ling there have been no Pandas in the U.S. Reproductive rates of Pandas are low, with low fertility rates for both the male and female. To make matters more difficult, the breeding period lasts a mere 24 – 48 hours.Major efforts are underway by both the Chinese and the U.S. to develop successful artificial insemination of captive pandas to increase their numbers. Hopes for the Panda Bears’ long term survival probably depend on the success of these programs. Also Read This Post :- Sundarban royal bengal tiger interesting facts Where do giant pandas live Wild Pandas are only found in the remote mountainous regions of Central China. There are wet and cool bamboo forest is these areas of China which are sufficient to fulfill the Giant Panda’s all needs. There are some Pandas living in zoos outside of China, but they are fed manually by the zookeepers. The Giant Panda has lived for centuries in coniferous forests with dense undergrowth of bamboo at elevations of 5,000 to 11,000 feet. Rain or dense mist throughout the year shrouds these remote forests in heavy clouds. In the winter snow is common. Giant panda bear diet facts The giant panda has all the necessary equipment for a meat based diet but it has no taste for it and will happily live on bamboo. Pandas use their teeth to peel off the tough outer layers to reveal the soft inner tissue of the stalk. Strong jawbones and cheek muscles help pandas crush and chew the thick stalks with their flattened back teeth. Bamboo leaves are also on the menu, as pandas strip them off the stalks, wad them up, and eat them. (Panda bear facts),(giant panda description) Red panda characteristics Panda bear facts Or Giant panda description Panda bear facts giant panda description Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here	<urn:uuid:27891236-a1f9-44dd-bedd-06b86a41fe3c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.030471086502075195, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9348670840263367, "url": "https://lasthabit.com/panda-bear-facts-giant-panda-description/" }
Lincoln Separates from Family In 1831, Abraham Lincoln was a young man of 22 when he and a couple of companions floated down the Sangamon River in a flatboat on their way to New Orleans. In mid-April, he neared New Salem, Illinois, a small village founded two years earlier by James Rutledge and John M. Camron. The people of New Salem first noticed Lincoln shortly after he arrived, when his flatboat became stranded on the nearby milldam. A crowd gathered to watch the group of men work to free the boat--included among them was a lanky fellow who had taken charge. Under his direction, the other crew members unloaded the cargo from the stern causing the flatboat to right itself. The tall young man then went ashore and borrowed an auger from Onstot's cooper shop, drilled a hole in the bow allowing the water to drain out, which caused the flatboat to ease over the dam. Denton Offutt, who had hired Lincoln to man the flatboat, was impressed with Lincoln's handling of the incident, and awarded him with the offer of a clerk position in his store. However, when Lincoln returned from New Orleans, the store was not yet open, so Lincoln took a variety of other jobs, including helping to pilot a steamboat down the Sangamon River to Beardstown on the Illinois River. Back in New Salem, Lincoln participated in his first election on August 1, 1831. He entertained bystanders during slow periods of the election. By remaining at the polls throughout the day, he met most of the men who lived in the New Salem area, the vast majority of whom would later help elect him to the Illinois State Legislature. In April of 1832, Chief Black Hawk, leader of the Sac and Fox tribes, along with several hundred well-armed Indians, crossed the Mississippi River into Illinois, with the intention of planting corn. Their arrival caused panic among the Illinois frontier communities, and Governor Reynolds called for volunteers to drive the Indians out. During this time, all white males between the ages of 18 and 45 were obligated to enlist in the militia, and provide themselves with the proper equipment. Lincoln was still employed by Offutt when the call came out, but he saw that the store was about to fail, so he enlisted at Richland for 30 days service beginning on April 21, 1832. Each company elected its own captain. The men in Lincoln's company were friends and neighbors from the New Salem area; they elected him Captain by a huge majority. His term of service expired on May 27, 1832, but Lincoln re-enlisted two more times totalling 51 days of service. Lincoln saw no fighting during this all this time, but he did help bury five men who had been killed and scalped at Kellogg's Grove. Lincoln was mustered out of federal service on July 10, 1832, at White River, Wisconsin Territory; he walked back to New Salem. He would always treat this service lightly, but it did provide him with a knowledge of soldiers and their lifestyles--and a small land grant in Iowa. Lincoln returned to New Salem just two weeks before the August election, and immediately returned to campaigning for the State Legislature, which had been interrupted by the Black Hawk War. He made very few speeches, but at Pappsville, a town just west of Springfield, a large crowd asked him to speak. According to A. Y. Ellis, a New Salem merchant, Lincoln responded with the following remarks: "Fellow citizens, I presume you all know who I am-I am humble Abraham Lincoln. I have been solicited by many friends to become a candidate for the legislature. My policies are short and sweet, like the old woman's dance. I am in favor of a National Bank, I am in favor of the Internal improvement system, and a high protective tariff. These are my sentiments and political principles. If elected I shall be thankful; and if not, it will be all the same." Lincoln lost the election of 1832, but he gained an enthusiasm for politics that would always remain with him. There were 13 candidates in this election, and out of a total of 8,315 votes cast, Lincoln received 657 votes. Of the 300 votes cast at New Salem, Lincoln received 277. With the election over and with no job, Lincoln looked for other opportunities. He soon found himself a merchant in his own right. In January 1833, he entered into a partnership with William F. Berry to purchase a small store. This venture didn't last long. According to Lincoln, this business simply put him deeper and deeper in debt. In April of 1833, he sold his interest in the store to Berry. Lincoln received an appointment as Postmaster of New Salem on May 7, 1833. He retained this position until the post office was relocated to Petersburg on May 30, 1836. How Lincoln got this job, is not known for certain. According to one source, the women of New Salem were irritated when Samuel Hill, the former postmaster, spent more time serving the men whisky instead of taking care of postal duties. As postmaster, Lincoln was always willing to please customers and would go out of his way to do so. For example, when he knew that someone was waiting for an important letter, he would walk several miles to deliver it. If he was going to survey a piece of land in the country, he would deliver the mail to the people along the route. This job was not a confining one and Lincoln supplemented his post office income with odd jobs such as splitting rails, harvesting crops, helping at the mill, and tending store in New Salem. Towards the end of 1833, Lincoln secured employment as a deputy to John Calhoun the county surveyor. At first Lincoln didn't want the job, but after being assured that the job would not involve political commitments, he accepted it. When William Berry, Lincoln's former business partner, died on January 10, 1835, Lincoln was saddled with the debts of the partnership. (As late as 1848, while serving as a United States Congressman from Illinois, Lincoln was finally able to pay off what he called "the national debt.") His formal education prior to his New Salem years was limited, but Lincoln seemed to have an early interest in legal matters. When still a young man growing up in Indiana, he borrowed a copy of the Revised Statutes of Indiana and read it with care. In 1833, he purchased a book of legal forms, and drew up mortgages, deeds, and other legal documents for his friends at no charge, and even argued minor cases. But it was at New Salem that he began studying the law in earnest, with the encouragement and advice of John T. Stuart. Lincoln traveled the 20 miles to Springfield in order to borrow books from Stuart's law office. His diligence proved successful. On September 9, 1836, Lincoln was granted a license to practice law. On March 1, 1837, the Illinois Supreme Court awarded him a certificate of admission to the bar. He had begun the career that he would follow for the remainder of his life; he was no longer "a floating piece of driftwood," as he once referred to himself. After the Illinois State Legislature adjourned on March 6, 1837, Lincoln returned to the fading village of New Salem. He saw no future there for either legal work or wider political opportunities. Springfield, on the other hand, offered both. He was well known there, and he enjoyed increasing popularity because of his efforts to move the state capital from Vandalia to Springfield. On April 15, 1837, on a borrowed horse, with everything he owned in two saddlebags, Lincoln moved to Springfield, the place he would call home for the next 24 years of his life.	<urn:uuid:c29273fe-c8dd-46e6-a3fe-791e54b0d748>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.018432199954986572, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9853417873382568, "url": "https://worldhistoryproject.org/1831/7/lincoln-separates-from-family" }
Successfully reported this slideshow. Published on A primer on memory. Learn how it forms, the types of memory, and ways to enhance your own memory functions. Published in: Education • Be the first to comment 1. 1. Memory<br />A primer<br /> 2. 2. A class to improve your memory?<br /> 3. 3. What is Memory?<br />Simply, activity within the brain that allows you to recall information that you have learned or experienced.<br /> 4. 4. Short Term vs. Long Term Memory<br />Short Term Memory<br />Long Term Memory<br />Stores information for a few seconds or minutes<br />Your brain is meant to hold an average of 7 items at a time, just right for a phone number but not so great for a credit card.<br />Requires an effort to retain <br />Motivation to remember if it is meaningful to you, you need it, or it is emotional <br /> 5. 5. Some examples of long term memories<br />Episodic memories (personal memories about events at specific times)<br />Semantic memories (factual data not bound to time or place)<br />Procedural memory (skills that you do so often that no effort is needed)<br /> 6. 6. Quick quiz: Choose Episodic, semantic or procedural<br />What type of memory would it be if you could name all of the planets?<br />Would it be a different type of memory if you had visited Mars?<br />How about if you had constructed a 3D replication of the solar system with all of the planets?<br />Answers: Semantic memory, episodic memory, procedural memory<br /> 7. 7. A Memory Quiz on: Your memory<br />Describe how to fill your gas tank with gas.<br />How many of the state capitals can you name?<br />What was the phone number of your last home?<br />How many of the major highways can you name in San Diego?<br />How do you make a good cup of coffee?<br />What was the most unusual thing you have done for a vacation?<br /> 8. 8. How Memory Works<br />3 Steps:<br />Acquisition: Information is “learned” and stored in temporary nerve cell pathways in the brain<br />Consolidation: As nerve pathways are strengthened and reinforced by constantly reviewing the information, the information becomes consolidated in the long term memory banks<br />Retrieval: When you want the information, the brain reactivates the pathway and the information is remembered.<br /> 9. 9. Visual representation<br />A memory is a connection between nerves in the brain.<br />Memory involves the use of several mental processes, including memory, attention, thinking, sensation and representation.<br /> 10. 10. Acquisition: Information sent through neural pathways<br />Information travels along one neuronal pathway. At the end of neuron is a space (synapse). The sending neuron releases a neural transmitter which is received by the second neuron. The key to a successful memory is CONCENTRATION. <br /> 11. 11. Consolidation: Short term to long term<br />Every time the pathways are engaged in remembering something, they become stronger and reinforced. This is called consolidation. When a memory is consolidated, it goes into long term memory.<br />Consolidation can take days, weeks or even YEARS<br />Factors which enhance consolidation of memories include having a pre-existing memory, or having an emotional response to the memory.<br />Sleep has been shown to be very effective in consolidation of memories.<br /> 12. 12. Retrieval: Recalling the information<br />When you need to recall something you have remembered, the brain needs to follow the same pattern of nerve cells. <br />Obviously, the more you retrieve information, the easier it is to restore. This is because those nerve connections are so healthy and developed due to use!<br /> 13. 13. Neurons & neurotransmitters<br />A memory relies on the action of neurons which are comprised of millions of cells, and are activated by neurotransmitters.<br />As we age, we are less able toproduce neurotransmitters,which is a possible reasonfor loss in memory ability aswe age.<br /> 14. 14. Why the fuss about neurotransmitters?<br />Neurotransmitters are important for focus, mental clarity, better recall, energy & decreased brain fog.<br />Specifically, four neurotransmitters are especially important in learning & memory:<br />Dopamine<br />Acetylcholine<br />Norepinephrine<br />Serotonin<br /> 15. 15. The big picture<br />Since we are producing less neurotransmitters as we age, we need to look for ways to increase production, so we can remember, learn, focus & feel more alive. We can cause increased production by engaging our brain. <br />What releases neurotransmitters?<br />Norepinephrine is released in a new, novel or surprising experience<br />Dopamine is released with pleasure, reward or joy<br />Acetycholine is released with focus<br /> 16. 16. Brain Science: Areas of the brain involved in Memory<br /><ul><li>Hippocampus (largest role in processing memory) 17. 17. Amygdala (helps imprint memories that involve emotion) 18. 18. Cerebral cortex (stores most long term memory in different zones, such as language, sensory, problem solving, etc.)</li></li></ul><li>A common fallacy about Consolidation <br /> 19. 19. 3 facts about consolidation from research<br />Overtraining can disrupt performance. It might be better if learning occurs in short sessions which include naps along with a good sleep schedule.<br />To remember something from the past, it is necessary to rehearse the memory and periodically reactivate the memory.<br />Tests may be one of the best ways to consolidate a memory<br /> 20. 20. Practical techniques to improve memory<br />Attention and focus are key to memory! Tune out everything else.<br />Elaboration (add visual, auditory and other information) helps cement idea<br />Repetition helps strengthen the pathways<br />When studying, take breaks so facts won’t interfere with one another<br />Engage your brain when you want to remember something…Think of the spelling, a picture of the word, perhaps even pronounce it.<br /> 21. 21. Bottom line<br />Concentration is the key to a good memory<br />Also significant is if it involved an emotional experience or if it ties in with another memory<br />Use multiple senses to enhance learning<br />Releasing neurotransmitters will help you to remember it easier<br />The more often you rehearse or retrieve information, the more developed your pathways will become, and the easier it will be for you to remember<br />Make sure to add periods of sleep to your studies<br /> 22. 22. Short quiz<br />What are the 3 steps to form a memory?<br />Why do we remember better if we are surprised?<br />What sort of situations enhance a memory?<br />What are some of the things that neurotransmitters can do for the brain?<br /> 23. 23. Question: A shared memory<br />What do you remember about the day that Kennedy was shot?<br />First ABC news Bulletin<br />Where were you as you followed his progress?<br />News bulletin which interrupted TV show<br />What do you remember about his funeral? (Day of the week, weather?)<br />Funeral Procession<br />	<urn:uuid:60445c10-5f85-4894-8efb-78704b9b941d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.96875, "fasttext_score": 0.6764417886734009, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8756789565086365, "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/mprine/memory-8143387" }
Početak » Uncategorized » English around the world English around the world Skorašnji članci Skorašnji komentari images (1) Like American English, English in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa has evolved such that they are distinct from British English. However, cultural and political ties have meant that until relatively recently British English has acted as the benchmark for representing ‘standardised’ English — spelling tends to adhere to British English conventions, for instance. Elsewhere in Africa and on the Indian subcontinent, English is still used as an official language in several countries, even though these countries are independent of British rule. However, English remains very much a second language for most people, used in administration, education and government and as a means of communicating between speakers of diverse languages. As with most of the Commonwealth, British English is the model on which, for instance, Indian English or Nigerian English is based. In the Caribbean and especially in Canada, however, historical links with the UK compete with geographical, cultural and economic ties with the USA, so that some aspects of the local varieties of English follow British norms and others reflect US usage. (British library, http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/minority-ethnic) Ostavite odgovor Popunite detalje ispod ili pritisnite na ikonicu da biste se prijavili: WordPress.com logo Komentarišet koristeći svoj WordPress.com nalog. Odjavite se / Promeni ) Google+ photo Komentarišet koristeći svoj Google+ nalog. Odjavite se / Promeni ) Slika na Tviteru Komentarišet koristeći svoj Twitter nalog. Odjavite se / Promeni ) Fejsbukova fotografija Komentarišet koristeći svoj Facebook nalog. Odjavite se / Promeni ) Povezivanje sa %s Najpopularniji članci i strane %d bloggers like this:	<urn:uuid:455292d7-bd84-48c6-88a0-d41aae629e74>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.18602067232131958, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7728362679481506, "url": "https://engspeakzoneonline.wordpress.com/2015/04/08/english-around-the-world/" }
What is the 'Spillover Effect ' Spillover effect refers to the impact that seemingly unrelated events in one nation can have on the economies of other nations. Although there are positive spillover effects, the term is most commonly applied to the negative impact a domestic event has on other parts of the world. For example, if consumer spending in the United States declines, it has spillover effects on the economies that depend on the U.S. as their largest export market. The larger an economy is, the more spillover effects it is likely to produce across the global economy. BREAKING DOWN 'Spillover Effect ' Spillover effects are a type of network effect that has become more common as globalization deepens the financial connections between economies. The Canada-U.S. trade relationship provides an example of spillover effects. This is because the U.S. is Canada’s main market by a wide margin across nearly every export oriented sector. The effects of a minor U.S. slowdown are amplified by the Canadian reliance on the U.S. market for its own growth. Since 2009, China has also emerged as a major source of spillover effects. This is because Chinese manufacturers have driven much of the global commodity demand growth since 2000. With China becoming the number two economy in the world after the U.S., the number of countries that experience spillover effects from a Chinese slowdown is significant. China slowing down has a palpable impact on worldwide trade in metals, energy, grains, and many more commodities. This leads to economic pain through much of the world, although it is most acute in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Africa, as these areas count on China for a larger percentage of their revenue. Spillover Effects on Unconnected and Safe Haven Economies There are some countries that experience very little as far as spillover effects from the global market. These closed off economies are getting rarer as even North Korea – an economy nearly sealed off from the world trade – feels spillover effects from the Chinese slowdown. A few developed economies are sway to economic phenomenon that can overwhelm spillover effects. Japan, the U.S. and the eurozone, for example, experience spillover effects from China, but this impact is partially counteracted by the flight to safety by investors when global markets get shaky. Similarly, if one of the economies in this safe haven group is struggling, investment will usually go to one of the remaining safe havens. This effect was seen with the U.S. investment inflows during the EU’s struggles with the Greek debt crisis. When dollars flow into U.S. Treasuries, the yield goes down along with the borrowing cost for American home buyers, borrowers and businesses. This is an example of a positive spillover effect from the perspective of a U.S. consumer. 1. Spillover Dividend A type of dividend in which the payment year and the taxable ... 2. Weekend Effect The weekend effect is a phenomenon in financial markets in which ... 3. Network Effect 4. January Effect The January effect is the tendency for stock prices to rise in ... 5. The Wealth Effect 6. Headline Effect The effect that negative news in the popular press has on a corporation ... Related Articles 1. Investing Why U.S. Investors are Concerned About China Since the U.S. and China's economic relationship is so extensive, the recent Chinese turmoil has elicited fear in the eyes of U.S. investors. 2. Financial Advisor Why When China Sneezes the U.S. Catches a Cold 3. Investing Slow Growth in China to Affect Asia-Pacific As China's growth slows, it will affect different countries in the Asia-Pacific region differently. 4. Investing Problems Loom For The Chinese Economy 5. Investing Why China Imports Matter to Global Economy The Chinese economy is a very important cog in the wheel of the global economy. If Chinese imports slow, the global economic threat is contagion. 6. Investing How the Chinese Stock Market Heavily Affects the US 7. Trading Countries Most Affected By A Strong U.S. Dollar The U.S. dollar is still the most important currency in the world. It's used for trade, foreign reserves, and as a substitute for the gold standard. As the U.S. dollar continues to grow stronger, ... 8. Investing The Chinese Economy Needs More Stimulus China's central bank, the Peoples' Bank of China (PBoC), has cut its benchmark interest rate for the sixth time in 12 months, to a record low of 4.35%, casting doubt on the growth expectations ... 9. Insights IMF Slashes U.S. Growth Forecast The IMF has taken a machete its 2016 U.S. GDP forecast. In the years ahead, the fund warns, U.S. growth may be considerably slower than in the past. 10. Insights IMF: These Top 3 Banks Pose Global Financial Risk The IMF believes these three banks pose the greatest systemic risk to the global financial economy. 1. What effect do stock buybacks have on the economy? Learn about the effect of stock buybacks on the economy. Stock buybacks lead to rising stock prices as the supply of stock ... Read Answer >> 2. How can a change in fiscal policy have a multiplier effect on the economy? Hot Definitions 1. Diversification 2. Liquidity 3. Federal Funds Rate 4. Call Option 5. Standard Deviation 6. Entrepreneur Trading Center	<urn:uuid:a925b049-8917-418b-9aad-a7054c2f872d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.6110125780105591, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.932840883731842, "url": "https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/spillover-effect.asp" }
12319 - 20170430 - Penn Museum in Philadelphia explores magic in the ancient world in new exhibition - Phliadelphia, PA - 16.04.2016-30.04.2017 Wedjat Eye Amulet. Faience, 1539–656 BCE. Egypt. Photo: Penn Museum for photography. Protective amulets, incantation bowls, curse tablets, powerful rings, magical stones, and anatomical votives—these objects and more, once used by ancient peoples seeking to fulfill desires through supernatural means, are featured in Magic in the Ancient World. The new exhibition opened Saturday, April 16 at the Penn Museum in Philadelphia, and runs through April 2017. Magic for Many Purposes After a brief introduction into the unique perspectives on magic held by ancient Egyptians, Mesopotamians, Greeks, and Romans, the exhibition considers diverse uses of magic: for protection; for health and healing; for curses and countercurses; for wielding secret power; and for special help in the afterlife. A Near Eastern frog amulet (circa 1400 to 1000 BCE) could encourage good luck; the frightful Macedonian Gorgon face on a silver coin (circa 411 to 350 BCE) could keep enemies at bay; the popular wedjat eye amulet from Egypt (circa 1539-636 BCE) symbolized health and protection; Mesopotamian incantation bowls (circa 300 to 700 CE), decorated with Aramaic spells and bound demons, offered protection. While some magic was intended for protection, other magic was less benign: magical curses could harm, impair, or disable one’s enemies. Roman lead curse tablets from Beth Shean (circa 100 BCE to 400 CE), and Babylonian anti-witchcraft clay tablets (circa 750-300 BCE), offer insight into ways that people have attempted to lay curses upon others—or combat perceived bewitching. In ancient Egypt, magic was used extensively to help the dead achieve a happy afterlife. There were magical spells from the Book of the Dead (a sample on papyrus dates to circa 1279-1213 BCE), and elegantly carved canopic jars (circa 1539-1292 BCE) bearing likenesses of gods, designed to protect the deceased’s internal organs. Inside the tomb, enchanted shabti figurines (circa 1075-945 BCE) were ready to come to life and do the work that the deceased would be otherwise obligated to perform in the underworld. There was secret magic, too. Through mystical arts, practitioners sought to transform metals into gold, read minds, see the future, control the gods—even become immortal. Throughout the Mediterranean, magical rings and gems, created as objects to grant their bearer godlike magical powers, were made. A selection of magical rings, gems, and pendants, from 200 - 500 CE, bear testament to the beauty—and diverse uses—of these small treasures. Frequently invoked to heal the sick and protect women in childbirth, magic was often used in addition to, or in lieu of, medical treatments of the day. An ivory wand from Egypt (ca. 1938-1739 BCE) was used to draw a protective circle around a woman giving birth or nursing. Anatomical offerings, like a terracotta foot votive (circa 300-100 BCE) from Etruscan Italy, were dedicated to a god for healing the body part represented. Erotic plaques, examples of which come from Babylon (circa 2000-1800 BCE) and ancient Egypt (circa 1539-1075 BCE) may have been in use in magic rituals to ensure potency. Sexual acts could also be interpreted as portents of the future.	<urn:uuid:b08032e8-4764-402e-9c86-eb976e6a55d5>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.07121419906616211, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9281489849090576, "url": "http://ficboek.blogspot.com/2016/06/12319-20170430-penn-museum-in.html" }
To intonate is to speak in a deliberate, almost musical way. Most poets intonate when they read their poems aloud. You'll intonate when you're speaking carefully to someone who can't hear well, and also when you're giving a speech. Chanting or reciting a story, song, or piece of verse also requires you to intonate — modulating the way your voice rises and falls as you speak. Intonate comes from the Medieval Latin intonare, "speak according to tone," from the Greek root tonos, "string," or "pitch." Definitions of intonate v speak carefully, as with rising and falling pitch or in a particular tone “please intonate with sadness” Type of: judge, label, pronounce pronounce judgment on v recite with musical intonation; recite as a chant or a psalm cantillate, chant, intone speak, chant, or declaim in a singsong Type of: produce tones with the voice Sign up, it's free!	<urn:uuid:acf7a775-41e4-4b48-8cdf-c041b87a9288>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.75, "fasttext_score": 0.13210248947143555, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.938189685344696, "url": "https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/intonate" }
{[ promptMessage ]} Bookmark it {[ promptMessage ]} De Soto Narrative intro De Soto Narrative intro - Though the Spanish were initially... View Full Document Right Arrow Icon De Soto Narrative. Richard Hakluyt, ed., The Discovery and Conquest of Terra Florida by Don Ferdinando De Soto, (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1851), pp. 56-59. This document is a narrative of the Spanish exploration of Florida, led by De Soto, in 1539-43. It was written after the voyage was over by a survivor known only as “the Gentleman of Elvas.” In this selection, he gives an account of their time in a Native American city known as Cofitachequi. It was one of the largest towns in North America, and the Spanish explorers had heard about it from other Native Americans they captured or communicated with long before they finally found it. Background image of page 1 Unformatted text preview: Though the Spanish were initially greeted with guarded friendliness by the leader of the town, known to the writer as “the Lady of Cofitachequi,” De Soto orders his men to leave shortly after they had arrived. Why does the writer say that De Soto (who he calls the Governor) wanted to leave? What reasons did De Soto give his men for moving on? From this piece, what would you say were the reasons the Spanish explorers were unable to “colonize” or “conquer” Cofitachequi? Why had a similar Spanish voyage succeeded in conquering the much larger Aztec city of Tenochtitlan, but this voyage against Cofitachequi failed?... View Full Document {[ snackBarMessage ]} Ask a homework question - tutors are online	<urn:uuid:e8e1581b-693a-474f-a6c7-d104eb054f9f>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.22087645530700684, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9698705077171326, "url": "https://www.coursehero.com/file/197824/De-Soto-Narrative-intro/" }
• Frost shattering in the Royal Geographical Society Islands in the Canadian Arctic. (Photo: Nick Walker) [jel-i-frak-shuh n] Also know as frost shattering, frost wedging or congelifraction, gelifraction is the mechanical fracturing of rock caused by repeated freezing and thawing cycles. Water seeps into pores and cracks in rocks, especially sandstone and shale, where it freezes and expands (by nine per cent), slowly “exploding” its surroundings. This weathering occurs wherever there are freeze-thaw cycles. From the Latin gelu, meaning “frost” and “icy coldness,” and frangere (fract-), for “break” Progressively mild winters have led to a decrease in coastal ice along the cliffs of the Îles de la Madeleine, Prince Edward Island and other shores in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This not only leaves sandstone cliffs more susceptible to the battering of storm waves, it intensifies the natural process of gelifraction, because the coasts are more exposed to the combination of rain and meltwater and sudden freezes.	<urn:uuid:54e5eb07-84ff-437a-8d61-384bc1876efc>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.96875, "fasttext_score": 0.11387056112289429, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8848790526390076, "url": "http://canadiangeographic.ca/article/geography-word-week-gelifraction" }
Top Previous Next A trigger is a named database object that is associated with a table and that activates when a particular event occurs for the table. Activation of a trigger means execution of a set of commands attached to that trigger. For example, BEFORE trigger for INSERT statements could be used to check the values to be inserted into new rows. Please note: You can read more about triggers in Using Triggers topic of MySQL Manual: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/triggers.html With Database Designer for MySQL you can edit table triggers. See also: Diagram Objects: Trigger Editor	<urn:uuid:7257f37d-8d34-4f21-a4fd-99c5f8ab85c7>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.578125, "fasttext_score": 0.041529059410095215, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7944163084030151, "url": "https://www.microolap.com/products/database/mysql-designer/help/triggers.htm" }
and hit return. Code words Walt Whitman and his (likely) lover Bill Duckett. The word "homosexual" didn't appear in print until 1869, when a Hungarian writer named Karl-Maria Kertbeny wrote an anonymous pamphlet arguing against a proposed section of the Prussian legal code that would make homosexual acts illegal. Kertenby's close friend had been gay, and he'd committed suicide after an extortionist threatened to expose him. Kertbeny wanted to make sure nothing like that ever happened again. For much of its history, homosexuality had a language problem. Gay people lived in a world with no words for what they were, where homosexual love wasn't only forbidden but invisible--enciphered in metaphor, perhaps, but never plainly discussed. Enter Walt Whitman. In the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass, he published his "Calamus" poems: a thinly veiled celebration of love between men. We two boys together clinging, One the other never leaving, Whitman had his own word for homosexuality: "adhesiveness." He borrowed the term from phrenology: a popular pseudoscience based on the idea that the size and shape of a person's skull said something fundamental about their character. According to your cranial measurements, you could be classified as "adhesive": which meant you were highly prone to same-sex friendships. As science, phrenology was bullshit--but, by linking sexuality to an unalterable fact of physiology, Whitman was making a radical point: he was born this way.	<urn:uuid:1f447eed-327a-498e-a3a4-3878463c3a6c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.5336583256721497, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9723320603370667, "url": "http://www.bentarnoff.com/blog/code-words,28/" }
Dec 1, 2005 50 years ago today. Rosa Parks stood up for what she believed. She changed the course of history,beginning the end of segregation. Thank you Mrs. Parks. Jackie Robinson had already started his journey as the first black baseball player, but he had the support of the baseball teams management. Mrs. Parks had no one's backing but the NAACP and that was after the fact. This small women changed our country in one brief shining moment by making her stand against tyranny and bigotry. We all need to remember her today, If only for a brief moment. We need to remember that all it takes is one person standing up for what they believe and things can begin to change for the better. She showed us that. Today's, Picture.	<urn:uuid:e13877f0-342f-4367-95c8-a5daa1ccd1d0>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.13069748878479004, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9794045686721802, "url": "http://leftwingnutjob.blogspot.com/2005/12/50-years-ago-today.html" }
Resources on poetry by the poets themselves A syllable is the beat in the word, but it is not that simple. Some syllables stamp, some just touch down and lift off. There are strong ones and weak ones, stressed and unstressed ones. The poems below are all by children from Years 5 and 6 at a primary school in Cheshire. The school was on a week long study visit to Anglesey, and the poems were written while working with a dancer from the Cheshire Dance Workshop, and the poet Gillian Clarke. One day they visited a prehistoric burial ground called Barclodiad y Gawres, which is Welsh for The Apron of the Giantess. Perhaps the shape of the little bay at the foot of the cliff, with its apron of sand and lacy frill of incoming waves, gave rise to this name. Hand out copies of the poem which follow, and read the article and the poem out loud to the class. Listen to this verse taken from a chant made up by a group of children working with Gillian Clarke on a visit to an ancient burial mound on a cliff where the river meets the sea. The name of the place translates from Welsh as ‘Apron of the Giantess’. The children were asked to call out two-syllable words about water, and one-syllable words about the rocky chamber. It was decided, as a group, that one refrain would be ‘Apron of the giantess’, and that the other would be ‘Chamber of a thousand bones.’ Listening to the sound is much more important than looking at the printed page. Let the children hear the rhythm, the stressed and unstressed syllables. River, ripple, shiver, quiver, Apron of the giantess. Rock, tomb, jag, knife, Chamber of a thousand bones. How can there be four stressed syllables in every line even though some lines are longer than others? Look at it carefully, and LISTEN to it even more carefully. Count the syllables. Listen for stressed ones - just 4 of those in every line. • Line 1: 8 syllables. • Line 2: 7 syllables • Line 3: 4 syllables • Line 4: 7 syllables. Every one of those lines has just four stressed beats. Without even being told to do so, the Cheshire children stamped the rhythm as they chanted, 4 times in every line, one stamp for each two-syllable word, and one louder stamp for every one-syllable word. Here is the whole poem. River, ripple, shiver, quiver, Apron of the Giantess. Rock, tomb, jag, knife, Chamber of a thousand bones. Flowing, glowing, swaying, lapping, Apron of the Giantess. Dark, cave, wet, dead, Chamber of a thousand bones. Swiftly, salty, shimmer, glimmer, Apron of the Giantess. Ice, shell, stone, slab, Chamber of a thousand bones. Counting syllables is made easy if you ask each child to say their own name, and count the syllables in it. Ask every child in the class to raise a hand if their name has one syllable, then those with two syllables raise their hands, then three, then four. Some children are instinctively very good at this. Others take time to realise that we are not LOOKING at a name. We are LISTENING to it. Ian, for example, might think his three-letter name must be a one-syllable sound. But of course it has two syllables. Claire may be surprised that her six letters make only one syllable. This is a quick way to find out if everyone understands what a syllable is. For those who don’t get it, now is the time to put them right, before moving on to working with syllables. You might try some haiku (the three line, 17 syllable Japanese poetic form). As you know, counting syllables is good for haiku, but not good for counting the beat. A short description of something might start them off. It is useful to write the number 5, 7, 5, in the margin of the page. Let the children think of one line at a time, counting on their fingers. Here is an example: 5. The birds are singing 7. trees are coming into leaf. 5. And look! First snowdrops. There is more to haiku than just counting syllables, of course, but it can be a useful beginning to writing, and a short goal for the reluctant. You can introduce haiku into all project work, including science. There are many books on haiku, and poet and class teacher Sandy Brownjohn has a lesson on haiku in her book, ‘Does it Have to Rhyme?’ The poem about the chamber is a chant. The Cheshire children made a dance, invented a tune, and sang it. Let the class make a chant. Choose a subject. Collect lists of words grouped in one and two syllables. Put them all together and decide how to perform the result. The following poems were written by the children, this time working on their own. They were asked to describe being inside the burial mound, using words of only one-syllable. There were no bones to be seen, of course, and no smell of death in the chamber. All traces were gone thousands of years ago. The bones in the poems are pure imagination. FEAR by Kirsty Trapped in a wall of stone tombs of grey shut me in The smell of death The bones of the dead lie Black fear creeps through my heart. (Can you find a word with more than one syllable in the poem?) TOMB by Louise Rain drums In the dead tomb Dust blinds me from the edge of the past. Graves stare Dull, dark, Cold, dead. DREAM by Kate A dream of death The breath of the sea Dark, wet A cell dead and still. Trap of bones. THE GRAVE by David Tomb dark Earth hard Slab cold Rock rough Bone white Stone dead Get the class to write short poems using, as far as possible, one syllable words only. As you can see from the above examples, this works well in poems about cold, stony places. Good subjects might be Snow, Ice, Cave, Rain, In the Dark, Waiting. Discuss possible subjects with the class. One-syllable words, and short sentences, can make a story more exciting. Get the children to describe waiting for something to happen in 25 words, or 50 words. Here is an example of a little story of 100 words of one syllable. He was late. I watched the street. It was dark. Mist rose from the fields and the wet grass. I could hear an owl call. A dog barked. A cat ran down the lane. In the house there was not a sound but the tick-tock of the clock. A floor board creaked. Then the lights of a car lit the wall of my room as it turned from the road to the drive. He was home at last. Safe home. I could have cried. It had been such a long, cold wait in the dark on my own. That’s 100 words. Now get the class to write their own one hundred word story using one syllable words. Double syllable words are often fluid, as the children found when they wrote about the burial chamber by the sea. When they chose words to describe the rock chamber, the words were hard and clinked like stones. When they chose two-syllable words to describe water, they noticed how the words flowed: river, ripple, shiver, quiver, flowing, glowing, swaying, lapping, swiftly, salty, shimmer, glimmer. Get the class to write a poem about water using lots of two-syllable words. Try not to have too many ‘ing’ endings. The children should read the results aloud. They will discover the effect as they read. Alert the children to the way writers sometimes use one syllable words, and short sentences, to add suspense to a story or a poem. Help them to find for themselves poems and stories where this happens.	<urn:uuid:2b9802bd-f7c2-4adc-8f2f-8d850b00262d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.71875, "fasttext_score": 0.11679685115814209, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9586082100868225, "url": "http://www.sheerpoetry.co.uk/junior/literacy-hour/year-6/syllables" }
Inuvialuit Elder The Inuvialuit The word Inuvialuit, in the Inuit language, quite literally means ‘the real people’. Indeed, the Inuvialuit are a resilient population who have successfully adapted to the challenges presented by the arctic region of Western Canada. The Inuvialuit have long called the Yukon North Slope home. Four thousand years ago, a people whose ancestry can be traced back to the Siberian Neolithic appeared on what is now known as the Yukon North Slope. Archaeologists identify these people as the Paleo-Eskimo. These people, and their Inuit descendants, were the first to successfully adopt a way a life that allowed for survival in this severe environment. These original inhabitants lived on the mainland of the Yukon North Slope, and survived by hunting and fishing. Around the year 1000, it is thought that a new group of people – the Thule – migrated eastward and displaced the original inhabitants. The Western Thule are believed to be the ancestors of the present-day Canadian Inuit population. The Inuit include many closely related groups who share traditional knowledge, tools and skills related to hunting and fishing. The Inuvialuit, or ‘the real people’, are one sub–group of the Canadian Inuit population. The history of the Inuvialuit is largely unwritten, and is dependent upon traditional oral accounts. The rich oral history of the Inuvialuit is an important counterbalance to our limited scientific and empirical knowledge of the Yukon North Slope. Looking Toward the Future The Inuvialuit are a hardy people who have successfully weathered many seasons, and have managed to thrive amidst a turbulent sea of change. Much of this change was the result of contact with the western world, which first occurred about a hundred and fifty years ago. Since that time, there has been outside interest in the Inuvialuit traditional lands for many different reasons, some positive and some negative. Despite outside influences, the Inuvialuit have found refuge in their time-honoured way of life. The Inuvialuit of the Yukon North Slope continue to rely upon local wildlife for a large part of their subsistence, just as their ancestors did. The harvesting of sea mammals is particularly important. Hunting and whaling are two ongoing traditions that are the basis of the Inuvialuit life, even today. In 1984, the signing of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement (IFA) marked a significant milestone for this exceptional population. The IFA is proof positive that the Inuvialuit are the true guardians of their traditional land, and ensures that Inuvialuit customs are not hastily relegated to the past. Instead, the Inuvialuit have been given formal recognition by the Canadian federal government, and are respected as a distinct culture within modern Canadian society. To be sure, the Inuvialuit have much knowledge to share - knowledge that is just as relevant today as it was many years ago. The modern Inuvialuit way-of-life combines respect for the past with an optimistic outlook. There is little doubt that this extraordinary community will continue to flourish, despite the ever-present changing tides.	<urn:uuid:e4e54b95-009d-4c2e-a032-186c3daf1d3c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.03125, "fasttext_score": 0.31115609407424927, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.949064314365387, "url": "http://www.wmacns.ca/north_slope/inuvialuit/" }
Close vision bar Open vision bar English 9 Summer Reading Assignment NAME: ______________________________________ Animal Farm: Take-Home Test SUMMER READING DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions for the 9th grade SUMMER READING: Animal Farm. Use the book to answer these questions. Write all responses using COMPLETE SENTENCES, and make sure that you CITE the page numbers where you find the answers. Chapters 1 - 3 1. Identify Old Major, Boxer, Clover, Benjamin and Mollie. 2. For what purpose did Major call the meeting of the animals? 3. After they vote and decide rats are comrades, Major summarizes his points for the animals to remember. What are they? 4. What is "Beasts of England"? What does it stand for? 5. Why did the pigs get the job of teaching and organizing? 6. Identify Snowball, Napoleon, Squealer and Moses. 7. What actually brought about the rebellion? 8. What were the Seven Commandments? 9. Who gained leadership of the animals? Why? 10. Describe the animals' flag. 11. What happened to the milk and apples? How did Squealer rationalize Chapters 4 - 6 12. What was the Battle of the Cowshed? 13. What was Snowball's role in the Battle of the Cowshed? 14. Describe the relationship between Napoleon and Snowball. 15. What topic divided the animals? Which pig was for and which was 16. How did Napoleon get rid of Snowball and gain full control of the 17. What changes did Napoleon make first? 18. How did Squealer justify Napoleon's take-over to the others? 19. What two maxims did Boxer adopt? 20. Why did Napoleon in fact change his mind and decide to have the animals build the windmill? 21. For what purpose did Napoleon begin trading? 22. Why did the pigs say they had to move into the house? 23. Who did Napoleon blame for the windmill disaster? Why? Chapters 7 - 8 24. Why did the hens have to give up their eggs? 25. How has Snowball's role been changed by the end of Chapter 6? 26. Why did Napoleon begin executing animals? 27. Whom did Boxer blame for the executions? What was his solution? 28. Why did the animals sing the "Beasts of England" song slowly and mournfully as they were gathered on the knoll? 29. Why was the singing of "Beasts of England" banned? 30. In what ways has Napoleon set himself apart from the other animals? 31. How did Frederick cheat Napoleon? 32. What moved the animals to attack Frederick and his men at the Battle of the Windmill? 33. Why was Comrade Napoleon "dying"? Chapters 9 - 10 34. What special treatment did pigs and piglets get? 35. What happened to Boxer? 36. The animals on the farm worked hard. What was their consolation? 37. What was Clover startled to discover? 38. What commandment took the place of the Seven Commandments? 39. What did the other animals see when they looked into the farmhouse?	<urn:uuid:46a7901b-04f4-4031-a7c1-60828ea2567c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 1.0000100135803223, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.954047441482544, "url": "http://www.whsd.k12.pa.us/olc/page.aspx?id=108425&s=1449" }
Were the Clovis the first Americans? The Clovis-First Theory The fossilized remains of a mammoth in Mongolia. From the size of the animal, it's apparent that it took coordination and several people to slaughter a mammoth. Frederic J. Brown/AFP/Getty Images On the timeline of history, the Clovis people appeared out of nowhere and disappeared in the blink of an eye. Clovis sites were found throughout the southern and eastern United States. Radiocarbon dating revealed that the Clovis had a pretty short existence: They first appeared in America around 9,200 B.C. and vanished 500 years later, around 8,700 B.C. So where did the Clovis come from -- and where did they go? Intense investigation into clues the Clovis left behind was launched as more artifacts were discovered. The Clovis-First theory proposes that these people came from Siberia, where hunter-gatherer tribes lived. Around the time the Clovis lived in the Americas, the world was in the middle of an Ice Age. The Ice Age lowered sea levels because so much water was frozen solid; as a result, land that's now under water was exposed. The Bering land bridge, which connects Alaska to Siberia and is now under the Bering Strait, is supposedly the passage the Clovis crossed from Siberia to Alaska. In the time of the Clovis migration, the land bridge would have been about a mile wide. Much of Alaska and Canada were covered by a vast ice sheet, but geological evidence shows there was a recession in the ice (called the ice-free corridor) that would have allowed the Clovis to migrate through to the northern parts of the United States. From there, they traveled south and spread across the continent. But why would the Clovis leave home for a strange, new world? The answer to this question ties into the answer about the Clovis' disappearance. The Clovis, like other prehistoric cultures, were hunter-gatherers. They foraged for plants and hunted animals for food. There's evidence at Clovis sites that they slaughtered enormous game like mastodon and mammoths with their unique projectile points. These big game species had far-flung migratory patterns. The Clovis would've been dependent on these animals, and where the mastodon and mammoths migrated, the Clovis followed. So it's possible that the Clovis' food sources led them into North America. The prevailing theory among Clovis-First adherents is that the Clovis' dependency on mammoths and mastodons led to their downfall. Theorists believe that the Clovis people either overestimated the abundance of their food sources or weren't diversified enough in their diets. The Clovis may have overhunted mastodons and mammoths, leading to both species' extinction in North America and the eventual extinction of the Clovis. This Clovis-First theory is supported by archaeological evidence. For decades, archaeologists and anthropologists who subscribed to the Clovis-First theory so ardently believed that this early culture was the first to settle the Americas that they jealously guarded their ideas and evidence. A "Clovis barrier" [source: Rose] shielded by the scientists who formed a sort of "Clovis police" [source: UNL] discounted any other theory that placed other cultures in the Americas earlier than the Clovis. But evidence from around the world pokes holes in the Clovis-First theory. At least one site suggests there's another explanation for the presence of the first humans in the Americas. In 1998, a final study of a site excavated near Monte Verde, Chile, broke through the Clovis barrier. Find out about the Monte Verde site and how it changed the outlook of American prehistory on the next page. More to Explore	<urn:uuid:2e4baddf-b0c4-445b-a131-622377c007db>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.96875, "fasttext_score": 0.9687039852142334, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9680519104003906, "url": "https://history.howstuffworks.com/history-vs-myth/clovis1.htm" }
The narwhal sports an eight-foot-long spiraled tooth that makes it resemble a unicorn of the sea. Some thought that the whale, typically 13 to 15 feet long, used it to break arctic ice; others theorized that it served as a lance in male jousts. The tooth, in fact, may be a giant sensor for navigating and hunting. Through electron microscopy of two male tusks, researchers from Harvard University, the Smithsonian Institution, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology discovered that a single horn possesses some 10 million nerves running from its surface to its core. Instead of inflicting the narwhals with a massive ice cream headache, this sensitive tooth appears capable of detecting changes in water temperature, pressure and particle gradients linked with salinity and prey. Their findings surfaced last December at the 16th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals in San Diego.	<urn:uuid:e340816f-0706-4311-9f3d-1479cc7e1510>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.019369423389434814, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9314497709274292, "url": "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/sense-and-sensitivity/" }
Jabiru (Jabiru mycteria) [order] CICONIIFORMES \| [family] Ciconiidae \| [latin] Jabiru mycteria \| [authority] Lichtenstein, 1819 \| [UK] Jabiru \| [FR] Jabiru d’Amerique \| [DE] Jaribu \| [ES] Jabiru Americano \| [NL] Jabiroe Monotypic species The Jabiru (Jabiru mycteria) is a large stork found in the Americas from Mexico to Argentina, except west of the Andes. It is most common in the Pantanal region of Brazil and the Eastern Chaco region of Paraguay. It is the only member of the genus Jabiru. The name comes from the Tupi-Guarana language and means “swollen neck”. The name Jabiru has also been used for two other birds of a distinct genus: the Asian Black-necked Stork (Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus), commonly called “Jabiru” in Australia; and sometimes also for the Saddle-billed Stork (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis) of sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, Gardiner’s Egyptian hieroglyph G29, believed to depict an E. senegalensis, is sometimes labeled “Jabiru” in hieroglyph lists. The proposed Late Pleistocene fossil stork genus Prociconia from Brazil might actually belong in Jabiru. A fossil species of jabiru was found in the early Pliocene Codore Formation near Urumaco, Venezuela Physical charateristics Listen to the sound of Jabiru Copyright remark: Most sounds derived from xeno-canto recorded by Allen T. Chartier wingspan min.: 230 cm wingspan max.: 250 cm size min.: 122 cm size max.: 140 cm incubation min.: 27 days incubation max.: 32 days fledging min.: 80 days fledging max.: 32 days broods: 1 eggs min.: 2 eggs max.: 5 Latin America : South Mexico to North Argentina In feeding pairs (they are monogamous), wing-flapping exhibits are believed to be a form of courtship behavior. During courtship, males establish themselves at a nest site. A female then approaches a male until he accepts her presence. Females are most often rejected. During copulation, males step onto a female’s back from the side, hooking his toes over her shoulders and bending his legs for contact. The female opens her wings while the male flaps his slowly for balance. The male shakes his head and clatters his bill alongside the female’s bill throughout copulation. Male and female jabiru stay together for at least one breeding season, possibly staying together through multiple breeding seasons . Feeding habits Video Jabiru copyright: youtube Jabiru are found in the Americas west of the Andes. They are found as far north as Mexico and as far south as Argentina and are most commonly found in wetland regions of Brazil and Paraguay. Jabiru have been spotted in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Columbia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, and Venezuela, with rare sightings as far north as Texas. Jabiru status Least Concern Movements after breeding season, small groups tend to congregate, often with other Ciconiiformes. Jabiru do not migrate, although they do move within a large range throughout the year, seeking optimal foraging areas. They are much more scattered when breeding. Sometimes crosses Andes in Peru. Preliminary results of study using radio-tracking in Pantanal of Brazil suggests birds may move to Chaco zone of Argentina, Nov-Jun. Vagrant to Texas and Oklahoma, USA. Distribution map Jabiru distribution range map Leave a Reply	<urn:uuid:a80bf982-1004-4b67-887b-b8f7f28581e6>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.022323310375213623, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9349557161331177, "url": "http://www.planetofbirds.com/ciconiiformes-ciconiidae-jabiru-jabiru-mycteria" }
Difference Between JavaScript and HTML (With Table) JavaScript and HTML both are high-level programming languages used to create the web pages on the World Wide Web. HTML is considered to be an old language used for creating web pages by displaying plain text. JavaScript, on the other hand, is an advanced high-level programming language based on Object Oriented Programming used to add more functionality to the content. HTML consists of codes and a variety of tags used to decide what content is to be displayed on the web pages whereas JavaScript has various functions and scripts to add more advanced functionality to the web pages. JavaScript vs HTML The difference between JavaScript and HTML is that HTML creates a basic structure of web pages by displaying the content in plain text whereas JavaScript makes the basic HTML web page look more dynamic and interactive. Comparison Table Between JavaScript and HTML Parameters of ComparisonJavaScriptHTML DefinitionAn advanced programming language that makes web pages more interactive and attractive. It is a scripting language.The most basic language to create web pages on the web. It is a markup language. UsageGives static web pages the dynamic functionality.Provides static content on web pages that cannot be changed. PlatformStatic content can be displayed by any web browser.Code runs only on the JS engine. CommunityUnder ECMA TC-39 Committee.Under W3C and WHATWG. CompatibilityDoesn’t have cross-browser compatibility. Supported by browsers based on the functionalities.Has the cross-browser compatibility. Supported by all the browsers. IntegrationCan be embedded inside HTML.Cannot be embedded inside JavaScript. StandardizationHas been standardized by ECMA.Has been standardized by W3C and WHATWG. GeneralityUsed in many client and server side environment.Used in majority of sites of the World Wide Web. What is JavaScript JavaScript is an advanced programming language used to create websites that look interactive and dynamic. It adds more functionality to the static code of HTML. JavaScript is also called as the browser’s language. This high-level scripting language can easily insert dynamic text in web pages written in HTML. Introduced by Netscape, it runs on the client-side of the browser. JavaScript is maintained by the ECMA (European Computer Manufacturers Association) group and also has confirmation of the ECMAScript specification. JavaScript requires the JavaScript engine to interpret and run the JavaScript code. It is a multi-paradigm programming language based on the Object Oriented Programming. What is HTML HTML or HyperText Markup Language is the most basic language used in creating web pages. It is the most basic building block of web. It is used to define the meaning and structure of the web content. HTML was developed by the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) and the WHATWG (Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group). It gives a format to the plain text to provide it a proper structure. The HTML files are stored in the memory with .html or .htm extension. It uses various tags to display the content on web pages. These tags are predefined in the HTML and cannot be modified. Examples of these tags are: <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, <h6>, <br>, <p>, etc. HTML along with CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), which is a Style Sheet Language maintained by W3C, modifies and makes the website look better. CSS includes content in HTML that help in making the web page look rich and better. Main Differences Between HTML and JavaScript 1. HTML helps in displaying the content whereas JavaScript helps in adding various functionalities in displaying the data. 2. HTML uses a variety of elements and tags to display the data on the web pages whereas JavaScript is a scripting language that helps in making the static HTML code look more dynamic. 3. HTML consists of various tags like the Header tags, paragraph tags, line break tags, horizontal lines, etc whereas JavaScript has its inbuilt functions used to define and manipulate the data in the form of objects. 4. HTML has a cross-browser compatibility and can work on all browsers whereas JavaScript isn’t cross-browser compatible and is unable to show some functionalities when the browser or its version changes. 5. HTML with CSS provides formatting to the data and displays in a structured format whereas JavaScript integrates the HTML code and provides dynamic functionality to it. 6. HTML has attributes used to define characteristics of HTML elements whereas JavaScript has Object notation and structure with different types like Number, Boolean, String, Date, Time, etc. 7. HTML’s static content will be displayed from the server side whereas JavaScript’s scripts are executed from the client-side on the web browser. 8. HTML supports various data types like title, header, footer, content, images, audio and video tags displayed on web page whereas JavaScript controls the display of these data types on web page on the basis of the functionalities. 9. HTML has elements that are defined using a starting tag (<i>) with a closing tag, element name preceded by forward slash (</i>), whereas in JavaScript functions and events provide the dynamic functionality when executed. 10. Latest version HTML 5.0 and above support video streaming and has multimedia features whereas the latest JavaScript standard ES 8 (ECMAScript) supports high-level functional programming, higher-order functions, many asynchronous functions and memory optimizations. 11. HTML’s DOM (Document Object Model) is an object that can be modified using APIs whereas the JavaScript language’s specification is used for manipulating many complex client side functional requirements with the help of functional programming benefits. HTML language is used for static web content whereas JavaScript language is used for a dynamic environment for the webpages. HTML displays the content whereas JavaScript creates an interactive environment for the users to interact with the web content. HTML uses various tags to display the content on the web page whereas JavaScript is based on the concept of Object Oriented Programming that makes the content as well as the website more interactive and dynamic. The HTML has no supporting libraries to enhance the display of content on the web pages whereas JavaScript has libraries like AngularJS, ReactJS, etc to add more functionality to the content on web pages. 1. https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/1028174.971344 2. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=A-tltyafYmEC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=JavaScript+and+HTML&ots=J6DK8PXDBQ&sig=gpdqbkLmZtfHIYJjOrHjbi7mNb8	<urn:uuid:2c8d7e9c-84b6-42fd-95e3-9b49ff273a9f>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.8125, "fasttext_score": 0.6223285794258118, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7967963814735413, "url": "https://askanydifference.com/difference-between-javascript-and-html/" }
Yellow-rumped Warbler photo by Mick Thompson CC BY-NC Yellow-rumped Warbler are gray with flashes of white in their wings and patches of yellow on the face, sides, and rump. Females are duller. Both males and females are a paler brown in winter but still have a bright yellow rump. They are a fairly large warbler (4.7-5.5 in) with a large head and long narrow tail. Yellow-rumped Warbler spend the summer in forested areas in Alaska, Canada, and the Pacific coast and western mountains of eastern USA. Winters are spent in open woodlands and urban areas with lots of berries and fruit bushes in the southern United States from California, along the Gulf Coast, and up the Atlantic coast to Virginia and Maryland. There are two distinct sub-species of Yellow-rumped Warbler. Myrtle Warbler (eastern US and Canada's boreal forest) have a white throat and dark ear patches. Audubon's Warbler (mountainous west) have a yellow throat and the males have more white in their wings. Did you know? Yellow-rumped Warbler are the only warbler able to digest the wax in Bayberries and Wax Myrtle. Large flocks swoop down the east coast during migration to feast on Wax Myrtle berries. See Also: Cape May Warbler, Townsend's Warbler, Wilson's Warbler, Yellow Warbler	<urn:uuid:6121aae2-cb69-4355-af57-98e68923d8a1>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.13750594854354858, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9580276608467102, "url": "https://www.naturecompanion.ca/birds/yellrump/" }
Potato cyst nematode (PCN) is an important pest of potatoes. It damages the roots causing poor growth, wilting during periods of water stress and early senescence. This can mean up to 80% loss in tuber yield. Severely infested plants are stunted, often chlorotic and grow in patches because roots are killed. Rhizoctonia and other fungal diseases associated with nematode feeding may also contribute to the yield loss. There are two closely related species; Globodera pallida (white PCN) and G. rostochiensis (yellow PCN). It is mainly spread by the movement of cysts in soil attached to potato tubers, farm machinery or footwear. Cysts can also be spread by wind and floodwater. Viable PCN cysts can persist in the absence of potatoes for 15 years or more. Management Recommendations Key tactics include selecting resistant or tolerant cultivars (see the British Potato Variety Database, maintained by the Potato Council), using PCN-free certified seed and extending the interval between potato crops and rotations using non-host crops. Cultivars vary in their tolerance to PCN, with some still able to produce an acceptable yield in the presence of PCN. Varieties resistant to G. rostochiensis are available and will help to minimise the build up of PCN but there is only limited resistance to G. pallida. New PCN-resistant varieties are now coming through; for example, ‘Arsenal’ from Agrico UK has resistance to both species of PCN. Under EU Directive 2007/33/EC, seed potatoes or potatoes for export must only be planted on land that has been found to be free from PCN infestation following an official soil test. This test must be undertaken by a Plant Health and Seed Inspectorate (PHSI) inspector. The growing of ware potatoes is permitted, subject to the implementation of a Control Programme (see www.fera.defra.gov.uk/plants/plantHealth). A number of chemical treatments for PCN are available. However, none of them offer complete control, and their effectiveness depends on various factors including soil conditions and weather, and the method and timing. Related links	<urn:uuid:7886649a-e19a-4ebc-90f6-5a20f1b32e97>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.022128164768218994, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9309476017951965, "url": "https://croprotect.com/pests/potato-cyst-nematode" }
Who Constructed the Statue of Liberty? The Statue of Liberty stands proudly on Liberty Island in New York Harbor. France gave the Statue of Liberty to the United States, and it was dedicated on Oct. 28, 1886. French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi designed the Statue of Liberty, and Gustave Eiffel built the metal framework. The Statue of Liberty is a beloved icon of freedom, and it was historically a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving by sea to the United States. The Statue Design and Construction Process Bartholdi traveled to the United States to explore potential sites for the statue. When he saw what would later be named Liberty Island, he immediately recognized this spot as the point that vessels usually sailed past when arriving in the United States. He spoke with President Ulysses S. Grant about using the island for the monument, and Grant agreed to reserve the site for the statue. Bartholdi made the first model concept in 1870. Who Was Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi? Bartholdi was a sculptor and a strong Union supporter. Bartholdi worked on many projects, and he also served as a major in the Franco-Prussian War. After Bartholdi’s home of Alsace was lost in the war, he decided that the time was right to focus on the Statue of Liberty project. Biography of Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Bartholdi was born in 1834 to a prosperous family. After his father died, his family moved to Paris. Bartholdi began his professional career in 1852 with a project to build a statue of Gen. Jean Rapp for his hometown of Colmar. Bartholdi traveled to Egypt and Yemen in 1855 and 1856, trips that sparked his interest in monumental sculptures. With many monuments and sculptures to his credit, his final project was completed in 1903. Bartholdi died in 1904 of tuberculosis. Origin and Design Édouard René de Laboulaye, the president of the French Anti-Slavery Society, proposed the idea of a monument to be given to the United States by France as a way to honor the Union’s victory in the Civil War. Sketches were made of the monument shortly thereafter. Style and Symbolism The idea was for the monument to express American liberty, and Bartholdi chose to create a monument that resembled Libertas, the Roman goddess of freedom. Lady Liberty was designed to have a crown and a torch used to enlighten the world. Early Work and Construction in France The building project began in 1875. The French were going to pay for the statue, while the Americans had to pay for the pedestal. France raised funds for the statue’s construction, and Bartholdi actually began building parts of Lady Liberty’s right arm before the plans were fully finalized. Bartholdi then focused on building the head before bringing on Gustave Eiffel to work on the statue’s structure. Eiffel used a curtain-wall construction technique that made the exterior of the statue not need to be load-bearing. The strength of the statue comes from its interior framework. Fundraising and Construction Fundraising was necessary to raise money to pay for the construction. France sold models of the statue and tickets for people to watch the construction activity. A lottery was also created to raise money. The United States also raised funds to pay for the pedestal. Art and manuscript auctions took place, and poet Emma Lazarus donated an original work for auction. In 1885, a French steamer arrived at New York Harbor with the pieces of the statue on board. When the pedestal was finished in 1886, assembly of the statue began. A dedication ceremony was held on Oct. 28, 1886, and President Grover Cleveland presided over the celebration. Dedication festivities included parades, public addresses, and a ceremony on Liberty Island. Poor weather forced the postponement of the planned fireworks. Ellis Island Pre-Colonial and Colonial Use Initially, Native American tribes used Ellis Island for hunting and fishing, and they built small communities on the island. When Dutch settlers arrived in the area, they named this island and two others the “Oyster Islands.” Ellis Island was eventually called Little Oyster Island. At one point, this island was a site where pirates were executed. Samuel Ellis purchased the island in 1774. Military Use and Fort Gibson When tensions built between the United States, France, and Britain in the late 1700s, Ellis Island became part of the fortifications to keep America safe. Various fortifications were built in preparation for a war that never materialized. In 1806, Samuel Ryerson, a descendant of Samuel Ellis, sold the island to John A. Berry. In 1808, the state of New York purchased the island, which it then sold to the federal government. Col. Jonathan Williams suggested that new fortifications be built around the harbor, and these buildings later became Fort Gibson. Fort Gibson served as a barracks during the War of 1812. First Immigration In 1847, the state sought permission to use Ellis Island as a location for convalescence for immigrants, but its request was denied. However, Fort Gibson would be dismantled in 1865, and in 1890, Congress would authorize preparations on Ellis Island that would lead to the creation of country’s first federal immigration station. The island’s land size nearly doubled during construction, and a hospital, detention and laundry buildings, and utility plant were built. This immigration station opened on Jan. 1, 1892. But in 1897, a fire completely burned down all of the buildings. Second Immigration Legislation was quickly passed to build a new immigration station that would be fireproof. This new station opened on Dec. 17, 1900, and 2,251 immigrants were processed through the station on that first day. Medical and Primary Inspections When ships arrived at New York Harbor, they were halted at a quarantine station. People with contagious diseases were quarantined elsewhere, but most people were unloaded in Manhattan and then taken to Ellis Island to be processed. Those traveling as first- and second-class passengers often did not have to go to Ellis Island; they would be checked while they were still on the ship. At Ellis Island, inspector checked immigrants for visible physical disabilities. Doctors watched immigrants walk to look for signs of infirmity. Inspectors also checked for eye diseases like trachoma. Immigrants were marked with chalk on their clothing to indicate whether they passed or whether they needed further inspection. Conversion to Detention Center The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 reduced the number of immigrants allowed into the United States significantly. Later, Ellis Island became an immigrant detention center, only holding immigrants who were being detained or deported.	<urn:uuid:d2f42349-da2b-4b19-98bb-ad7e4118829e>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.22430133819580078, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.977902352809906, "url": "https://constructiondisputes.com/who-constructed-the-statue-of-liberty/" }
Advertisement Remove all ads Explain Clearly, with Examples, the Distinction Between Magnitude of Displacement (Sometimes Called Distance) Over an Interval of Time, and the Total Length of Path Covered by a Particle Over the Same Interval - Physics Explain clearly, with examples, the distinction between magnitude of displacement (sometimes called distance) over an interval of time, and the total length of path covered by a particle over the same interval. Advertisement Remove all ads Solution 1 The magnitude of displacement over an interval of time is the shortest distance (which is a straight line) between the initial and final positions of the particle. The total path length of a particle is the actual path length covered by the particle in a given interval of time. For example, suppose a particle moves from point A to point B and then, comes back to a point, C taking a total time t, as shown below. Then, the magnitude of displacement of the particle = AC. Whereas, total path length = AB + BC It is also important to note that the magnitude of displacement can never be greater than the total path length. However, in some cases, both quantities are equal to each other. Solution 2 Suppose a particle goes from point A to B along a straight path and returns to A along the same path. The magnitude of the displacement of the particle is zero, because the particle has returned to its initial position. The total length of path covered by the particle is AB + BA = AB + AB = 2 AB. Thus, the second quantity is greater than the first, Is there an error in this question or solution? Advertisement Remove all ads NCERT Class 11 Physics Textbook Chapter 3 Motion in a Straight Line Q 13.1 \| Page 57 Advertisement Remove all ads Advertisement Remove all ads View all notifications Forgot password? View in app×	<urn:uuid:d64de75f-38d4-42d6-a6d6-7567a291ccf8>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.42008936405181885, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8693290948867798, "url": "https://www.shaalaa.com/question-bank-solutions/explain-clearly-examples-distinction-between-magnitude-displacement-sometimes-called-distance-over-interval-time-total-length-path-covered-particle-over-same-interval-position-path-length-displacement_10017" }
Interesting Facts About Bassoons orchestra image by Pedro Luis from Bassoons have 8 feet of tubing and are bent into a “U” shape, which makes them easier to play, according to Like the oboe and the English horn, bassoons have conical bores. With conical bores, one end of tubing is wider than tubing at the other end of the instrument. The curved metal tube that makes up the body of the bassoon is called the bocal. At the end of the bocal, a double reed is attached. Double reeds are usually made from cane reed, which is extremely similar to bamboo. The first bassoons were called curtals and dulcians, according to Unlike modern bassoons, early bassoons were carved from a single piece of wood and didn’t have any keys. Musicians played early bassoons by using their fingers to cover up holes in the wood. The first bassoon with separate joints was made in the 17th century in France. The modern 17-key bassoon was developed in the 19th century. The first bassoons only had eight finger holes, according to Western Michigan University. The modern bassoon was designed in 1823 by Gottfried Weber and Carl Almenrader, according to Western Michigan University. The design used to make the instrument was called the Heckel System. Carl Almenrader’s sons continued to make improvements to the bassoon through two generations. By the early 1900s, Heckel’s company was the main company producing bassoons. It produced 4,000 bassoons by the turn of the century. The bassoon is the largest woodwind instrument aside from the contrabassoon, according to Bassoons are 8 feet long, according to Contrabassoons are 16 feet long. Bassoons have a normal range of three octaves, according to Georgia State University. There are four tonal sections. The lowest tonal section ranges from the B-flat below the bass clef to the first line G of the bass clef. The second tonal section ranges from the first space A of the bass clef to the D above middle C. The third tonal section ranges from the fifth line E of the tenor clef to B-flat. The fourth tonal section starts at the A above the tenor clef staff to the next highest E-flat, according to Virginia Tech. Quick Facts Bassoon music is usually written in bass or tenor clef, according to Virginia Tech. Students' bassoons are usually made out of plastic to make them more affordable. The bassoon is often referred to as the clown of the orchestra because of its ability to make comical and unique noises, according to The original role of the bassoon was to double the cellos, thus enhancing the bass line. Solos for the bassoon are few and far between.	<urn:uuid:82efe215-af7d-48db-8851-c81ff8416f28>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.018390119075775146, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.975318193435669, "url": "https://ourpastimes.com/interesting-facts-about-bassoons-12329893.html" }
LKBEN11200: What is a software stub? This article has not been checked! Author: Wim Peeters - Keskon GmbH & Co. KG you would like to know what a stub is an how it can be used A stub is a piece of code used to replace another programming functionality. (e.g. a Procedure for function) Instead of the original source code, the stub will be called. The software stub may simulate the existing behavior or even do nothing at all. In the latter case, you can think of using a stub as a temporary piece of software yet to be written. Stub are usefull in porting and testing software. An example of a stub in c++ might be: int GetWindSpeed(void) cout << "Here you connect to the device and get the speed back." << endl; cout << "Stub returns always 4!" << endl; return 4; In the case above, you can compile and test your software without even having a hardware device. It just returns a "legal" value. Most of the time you can think of a stub as a piece of code which declares a function with parameters the real function accepts. A kind of a placeholder with a known interface to make it possible to compile and link your application. About the Author	<urn:uuid:0d061c89-b26c-4f3e-a90b-6bfb54ce065b>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.4020431637763977, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.913809061050415, "url": "https://www.lubby.org/en/DB/details/LKBEN11200" }
What is HPLC? • Author: Vera Koester • Published Date: 20 June 2016 • Copyright: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA thumbnail image: What is HPLC? High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is an analytical technique to separate, identify, and quantify components in a mixture. It is the single biggest chromatography technique essential to most laboratories worldwide. How Does HPLC Work? In column chromatography a solvent drips through a column filled with an adsorbent under gravity. HPLC is a highly improved form of column chromatography. A pump forces a solvent through a column under high pressures of up to 400 atmospheres. The column packing material or adsorbent or stationary phase is typically a granular material made of solid particles such as silica or polymers. The pressure makes the technique much faster compared to column chromatography. This allows using much smaller particles for the column packing material. The smaller particles have a much greater surface area for interactions between the stationary phase and the molecules flowing past it. This results in a much better separation of the components of the mixture. The pressurized liquid is typically a mixture of solvents such as water, acetonitrile and/or methanol and is referred to as the mobile phase. The components of a mixture are separated from each other due to their different degrees of interaction with the absorbent particles. This causes different elution rates for the different components and leads to the separation of the components as they flow out the column. Compared to column chromatography, HPLC is highly automated and extremely sensitive. Types of HPLC The two most common variants are normal-phase and reversed-phase HPLC. Normal-Phase HPLC The column is filled with tiny silica particles, and a non-polar solvent, for example, hexane. A typical column has an internal diameter of 4.6 mm or smaller and a length of 150 to 250 mm. Non-polar compounds in the mixture will pass more quickly through the column, as polar compounds will stick longer to the polar silica than non-polar compounds will. Reversed-Phase HPLC The column size is the same. The column is filled with silica particles which are modified to make them non-polar. This is done by attaching long hydrocarbon chains (8–18 C atoms) to its surface. A polar solvent is used, for example, a mixture of water and an alcohol such as methanol. Polar compounds in the mixture will pass more quickly through the column because a strong attraction occurs between the polar solvent and the polar molecules in the mixture. Non-polar molecules are slowed down on their way through the column. They form varying degrees of attraction with the hydrocarbon groups principally through van der Waals dispersion forces and hydrophobic interactions. They are also less soluble in the aqueous mobile phase components facilitating their interactions with the hydrocarbon groups. Reversed phase HPLC is the most commonly used form of HPLC Also of Interest Article Views: 108762 Sign in Area Please sign in below Additional Sign In options Article Comments - To add a comment please sign in	<urn:uuid:9dd70100-34b7-4fcf-b555-0f5e2daeec70>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.20561450719833374, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9104752540588379, "url": "https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/education/9464911/What_is_HPLC.html" }
On This Day… On the 1st October 2011 the line belt was withdrawn from Royal Signals working dress By the early 2000s the Lineman had become Driver Lineman and by the late 2000s the trade was Driver Lineman Storeman. In 2011 it was felt that the title Driver Lineman Storeman no longer accurately described the trade and the name of the trade was changed to Communication Logistic Specialist (CLS). At the same time line training was removed from specialist trade training, instead it was delivered to Royal Signals soldiers of all trades as part of the basic signalling skills package. Role of the Lineman When the Corps was formed in 1920, Lineman was an essential trade and included four specialisations. For short distances Linemen laid copper cabling by hand, while for longer lays they used the horse-drawn cable wagon. These wagons were modifications of artillery gun carriages and remained in service until 1937, when they were replaced by mechanised cable layers and later by line-laying Land Rovers. Leather harnesses and brass buckles were used to strap the horses to the cable wagons. These were prone to snapping and so the Linemen wore a spare strap as a belt around their waists. The belt would also be used as an aid to climb telegraph poles when more permanent communications were needed. Linemen wore the belt with pride and the line belt became part of their working dress. Skills evolve to meet changes in technology Throughout the 20th century the role and responsibilities of the Lineman evolved in line with changing technologies. Thus the Lineman developed the skills necessary to lay, test and repair fibre optic and coax cables as well as the ubiquitous D10 twisted cables. Similarly, new tasks appeared in response to changing military needs. During the Cold War, the Soviet army became proficient at locating and destroying the sources of radio transmissions. British field HQs were therefore separated from the ‘radio villages’ and ‘antenna farms’ from which radio transmissions were made. Linemen had the task of laying the long lengths of cable which connected these to the HQs. HQs moved every few hours and this meant the Linemen were extremely busy. The increasing requirement for fixed communications systems within British military airfields, operating bases and barracks led to an important change in role in the 1970s. The TeleMechs and then the Installation Technicians took responsibility for the more static environments: maintaining and repairing the Army’s fixed telephone systems and fibre optic networks. The Linemen then looked after the more mobile environments, installing and testing different types of field communication cables and telephones. Roger So Far The illustrated Corps Centenary book Buy now: Royal Signals Museum Shop Linemen in Burma. Cable on display at the museum Fibre optic cable	<urn:uuid:e1e0fec0-d78b-41dc-8d51-2ec8e04cdd3b>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.030006110668182373, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9751556515693665, "url": "https://www.royalsignalsmuseum.co.uk/on-this-day-1st-october/" }
Skip to content Euler's totient function In number theory, Euler's totient function counts the positive integers up to a given integer n that are relatively prime to n. It is written using the Greek letter phi as φ(n) or ϕ(n), and may also be called Euler's phi function. In other words, it is the number of integers k in the range 1 ≤ k ≤ n for which the greatest common divisor gcd(n, k) is equal to 1.Since a number less than or equal to and relatively prime to a given number is called a totative, the totient function phi(n) can be simply defined as the number of totatives of n. So this was a brief introduction to the concept of Euler's totient function. Now let's try to understand this concept in more details using a simple example Let's take the example of n = 24 and we are supposed to calculate phi(n) First we need to calculate a list of co-prime numbers less than or equal to n: this list consist of 8 totatives so phi(n) = phi(24) = 8 Wasn't this simple ? Now let's dive into some properties of phi or the Euler's totient function 1. φ(1) = 1 since for n = 1 the only integer in the range from 1 to n is 1 itself, and gcd(1, 1) = 1 2. For any prime p, phi(p) can be calculated as p-1 phi(p) = p-1 3. Suppose we have a number n = p * q then phi is defined as the product of phi of p and phi of q and d / phi(d) where d is defined as the gcd of p and q phi(pq) = phi(p) * phi(q) * (d/phi(d)) where d = gcd(p,q) 4. For any a and n which are relative primes then a^phi(n) = 1 mod(n) ReferTotient function Practice Challenges	<urn:uuid:73bf5445-adb0-4f25-a630-7fee6db23c10>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 5, "edu_score": 4.59375, "fasttext_score": 0.9988043308258057, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9187958836555481, "url": "http://teambi0s.gitlab.io/bi0s-wiki/crypto/euler-totient-function/" }
Throughout history, a multitude of women have shaped the course of life as we know it, from major scientific discoveries to securing voting rights across the globe. However, it has only been over the past century that their feats have started to gain the recognition they deserve. Sydenham High School, part of Girls’ Day School Trust, a leading group of independent girls’ schools in the UK, brings you a list of inspirational women that everyone should know about. Sophie Scholl German anti-Nazi political activist of the White Rose (May 1921 – February 1943) During the height of the Nazi era, a non-violent group known as the White Rose emerged who adopted a strategy of passive resistance to Hitler’s rule by publishing leaflets calling for social justice and democracy. Sophie Scholl, a student from Munich University, risked her life to distribute White Rose leaflets. She was caught, convicted for treason and executed, but her death was not in vain; her tireless work led to one of the leaflets being smuggled out of Germany and then falling into the hands of the Allied Forces, who dropped millions of copies over Germany. Her courageous work in the resistance tremendously aided in undoing some of the brainwashing caused by the Nazis. Her bravery and strong moral compass make her an excellent role model. Ada Lovelace One of the first computer programmers in the world (December 1815 – November 1852) Lovelace was an English mathematician and writer who met Charles Babbage, known today as the ‘father of the computer’, when she was 17. Babbage had invented a machine that was supposedly only able to perform mathematical calculations. However, after previewing the machine before its completion, Lovelace invented her own theories about the machine. This included a method in which the machine could repeat a series of instructions through letters, symbols and numbers. This process is known as ‘looping’ and is something which computer programmes still use today. Due to this discovery, and the fact that she was able to realise the true potential of technology, Lovelace is regarded as the first computer programmer in the world. In a time when gender stereotypes have no place, fearless women like Ada are crucial. Rosalind Franklin Pioneer in the discovery of DNA (July 1920 – April 1958) Franklin was an English Scientist who specialised in crystallography and X-ray diffraction. In 1951, Franklin began working as a research associate at King’s College London where she studied DNA fibres in depth. Her research led to one of the most important discoveries in human history – the discovery of ‘the secret life’ – the structure of DNA. The photo she took that proved the existence of DNA was acquired after 100 hours of X-ray exposure from a machine that Franklin herself had refined. Many other scientists took her research and used it to support their evidence of a DNA model, taking the credit for her discovery & even winning Nobel Prizes based on her work. Franklin was educated at a private day school for girls, allowing her to excel and eventually make one of the most important discoveries of all time. The Suffragettes The women who risked it all to get the vote (October 1903 -1918) The world ‘suffrage’ means having the right to vote in political elections. Women had been campaigning to get the vote for decades but it wasn’t until the Suffragettes involvement that they managed to achieve this goal. The Suffragettes were a women’s organisation – members of the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) – who fought tirelessly to gain women the right to vote. Founded in 1903 in Britain by Emily Pankhurst, the WSPU realised that women had to ‘do the work themselves’ in order to win the right to vote and the Suffragettes’ motto became ‘deeds not words’. They began organising militant protests and risked being thrown in prison due to their disruptive tactics which included smashing windows and blowing up postboxes. They were arrested, assaulted by police and even tortured during their time in prison. However, their persistence meant that the British Government couldn’t ignore them and in 1918 the Representation of the People Act was passed, finally giving women the right to vote in the UK. They also gave other nations a push to do the same. The Suffragettes’ bravery is a perfect example of the importance of inspiring positive change through resilience, a key aim of Sydenham High School. Khadijah Mellah Sydenham High’s very own inspirational woman In honour of this piece, Sydenham High has put forward their choice of inspirational woman, their very own Khadijah Mellah – a Year 13 racehorse superstar. Khadijah began her sporting journey at Sydenham, trying out for the cricket and rowing teams before discovering her passion for horses. She joined the Ebony Horse Club in Brixton and was determined to train alongside her A-level studies, demonstrating her fantastic work ethic and willingness to step out of her comfort zone. Khadijah overcame adversity after falling from her horse in the spring and continued to pursue her love of racing. Her ambition paid off, as she was invited to take part in the Magnolia Cup at Goodwood, a race to raise money for the charity Wellbeing of Women. Not only did she race against celebrities such as cycling Olympian Victoria Pendleton and model Vogue Williams, after only four months of training on a race horse, but Khadijah won the race. The 18-year-old made headlines in France, Turkey, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia and South Africa, to name just a few, and has filmed a documentary called ‘Riding a Dream’ which airs this autumn, by which time she will have started her Mechanical Engineering degree at the University of Brighton. Sydenham High is immensely proud of Khadijah’s achievements and many pupils find her inspiring not only due to her sporting success, but her ambition, determination and work ethic. All of these inspirational women exhibit the kind of values Sydenham High encourages in its pupils; the motto of Nyle ye Drede, meaning ‘Fear nothing’ lies at the heart of everything they do. Click here to book your place at Sydenham High’s open days	<urn:uuid:05d280bf-a5f6-4668-83bb-3865ffff3dd4>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.75, "fasttext_score": 0.029318034648895264, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.973271906375885, "url": "https://absolutely-education.co.uk/inspirational-women-you-should-know-about/" }
10 Facts About Queen Boudicca \| History Hit 10 Facts About Queen Boudicca Tristan Hughes Ancient and Classical Ancient Rome HISTORYHIT.TV A new online only channel for history lovers In 60/61 AD Britain’s most famous Celtic Queen led a bloody revolt against Rome, determined to evict the occupiers from Britain by the spear. Her name was Boudicca, a name that now sits among the most recognised in the whole of British history. Here are 10 facts about the Iceni queen. 1. Her daughters were bequeathed the Iceni Kingdom… Following the death of Prasutagus, Boudicca’s husband, the Iceni chieftain had willed that his kingdom be divided equally between his two daughters and the Roman Emperor Nero. Boudicca would retain the title of Queen. 2. …but the Romans had other ideas Rather than abide by the late Prasutagus’ wishes, the Romans had other plans. They wanted to seize Iceni wealth. Throughout Iceni territory, they committed mass ill-treatment of both the native nobility and the common folk. Lands were pillaged and homes were plundered, sparking great resentment among all levels of the tribal hierarchy towards the Roman soldiers. Iceni royalty did not avoid the Roman scourge. Prasutagus’ two daughters, supposedly meant for joint rule with Rome, were raped. Boudicca, the Iceni queen, was flogged. According to Tacitus: An engraving depicting Boudicca haranguing the Britons. (Credit: John Opie). 3. She roused the Britons to revolt The injustice Boudicca, her daughters and the rest of her tribe suffered at Roman hands sparked rebellion. She became a figurehead for revolt against Roman rule. Citing her family’s mistreatment she harangued her subjects and neighbouring tribes, encouraging them to rise up and join her in forcing the Romans out of Britain by the spear. Past Roman oppression against these tribes ensured that Boudicca’s rallying cry met with much approval; very quickly the ranks of her rebellion swelled. 4. She swiftly sacked three Roman cities In due succession Boudicca and her horde razed the Roman cities of Camulodonum (Colchester), Verulamium (St Albans) and Londinium (London). Slaughter was rife in these three Roman colonies: according to Tacitus some 70,000 Romans were put to the sword. The sacking of Camulodonum was particularly brutal. Known for its large population of Roman veterans and epitomising Roman over-lordship, Boudicca’s soldiers vented their full fury at the largely-unprotected colony. No-one was spared. This was a terror campaign with a deadly message to all Romans in Britain: get out or die. Simon Jenkins comes on the show to provide a short history of London: from Roman times to present day.Watch Now 5. Her forces then massacred the famous Ninth Legion Though the Ninth Legion is best remembered for its later disappearance, in 61 AD it played an active role opposing Boudicca’s revolt. Upon hearing of the sacking of Camulodonum, the Ninth Legion – stationed at Lindum Colonia (modern day Lincoln) – marched south to come to the aid. It was not to be. The legion was annihilated. En-route Boudicca and her large army overwhelmed and destroyed almost the entire relief force. No infantrymen were spared: only the Roman commander and his cavalry managed to escape the slaughter. 6. Her defining encounter was at the Battle of Watling Street Boudicca confronted the last, great bastion of Roman resistance in Britain somewhere along Watling Street. Her opposition consisted of two Roman legions – the 14th and parts of the 20th – commanded by Suetonius Paulinus. Paulinus was the Roman Governor of Britain, who had previously been preparing to attack the Druid haven on Anglesey. Watling Street route General route of Watling Street overlaid on an outdated map of the Roman road network in Britain (Credit: Neddyseagoon / CC). 7. She greatly-outnumbered her opponent According to Cassius Dio, Boudicca had amassed an army of 230,000 warriors, though more conservative figures place her strength near the 100,000 mark. Suetonius Paulinus meanwhile, had just under 10,000 men. Despite being greatly-outnumbered, Paulinus could take heart in two factors. First of all, the governor had chosen a battleground that helped to negate his foe’s numerical advantage: he had placed his forces at the head of a bowl-shaped valley. Any attacking force would be funnelled in by the terrain. Secondly, Paulinus knew that his soldiers had the advantage in skill, armour and discipline. 8. History has provided her a fiery pre-battle speech… Tacitus provides her a glorious – if not certainly fictitious – speech before the decisive battle. She ends her vicious disparagement of her foe with the words: Why has history persistently ignored or failed to recognise the role of women? In this Spotlight interview with Dan Snow, Mary Beard explores the many ways throughout history that women have been put down or silenced.Watch Now 9. …but her army still lost the battle Paulinus’ tactics negated Boudicca’s numerical advantage. Compressed in the bowl-shaped valley, Boudicca’s advancing soldiers found themselves hemmed in and unable to use their weapons. Their numbers worked against them and the ill-equipped warriors became sitting targets for their enemy. Roman pila javelins rained down on their ranks, inflicting terrible casualties. Paulinus seized the momentum. Taking out their short swords, the Romans advanced down the hill in wedge formation, carving through their foe and inflicting terrible casualties. A cavalry charge put to flight the last remnants of organised resistance. According to Tacitus: …some reports put the British dead at not much below eighty thousand, with roughly four hundred Roman soldiers killed. Statue of Suetonius Paulinus at the Roman Baths Statue of Suetonius Paulinus, the victor of Watling Street, at the Roman Baths in Bath (Credit: Ad Meskens / CC). 10. She committed suicide following the defeat Although the sources debate her exact fate, the most popular story is that Boudicca committed suicide with poison, along with her daughters. Tags: Boudicca Tristan Hughes	<urn:uuid:af23659d-8a9c-4623-aefd-d40b09407df7>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.84375, "fasttext_score": 0.04209327697753906, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9563137292861938, "url": "https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-boudicca/" }
What is Juneteenth and Why Do We Celebrate It? Independence Day is the quintessential all-American holiday, but those annual Fourth of July celebrations don't hold the same significance for all Americans. That's where Juneteenth comes in. When the 13 original colonies declared their independence from Great Britain on July 4, 1776, Black Americans remained in chains. Their enslavement continued even after the colonies won their freedom in the American Revolutionary War in 1783. They remained slaves for another 82 years. So, this year, while most Americans are marking the birthday of the United States with burgers, hot dogs, and fireworks, many black Americans will already have celebrated their independence the previous month, on Juneteenth. What is Juneteenth? Also known as Freedom Day and Emancipation Day, Juneteenth may not be the national holiday Martin Luther King Jr.’s birthday is, but it’s just as important, maybe even more so. Says Reverend Ronald V. Meyers, chairman of the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation, “[It’s] a time of celebration but also a time of reflection, healing, and hopefully, a time for the country to come together and deal with its slave legacy.” It’s also now an official company holiday at Twitter and Square, reports The New York Times. Want to be a better ally for the Black community? Here are 14 small ways you can fight racism every day. What is Juneteenth? Although many Americans may not even be aware of it, Juneteenth recognizes a pivotal turning point in American history. The most popular celebration of Black emancipation in the United States after the Civil War, it commemorates June 19, 1865, the day Union General Gordon Granger, accompanied by approximately 1,800 federal troops, arrived in Galveston, Texas, formerly part of the Confederate States of America, to take over the state and enforce Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation from 1863. The name itself is, of course, a clever mash-up of the month and the date (“June” + “the nineteenth”). Today, 47 states and the District of Columbia acknowledge Juneteenth as a state holiday or special day of observance, usually on the third Saturday in June. Don’t miss these 14 rarely seen photos of Martin Luther King, Jr. What did General Granger do? General Gordon Granger illustrationbenoitb/Getty ImagesUpon his arrival in Galveston, he issued General Order No. 3 at the Headquarters District of Texas. It declared, “The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. This involves an absolute equality of personal rights and rights of property, between former masters and slaves and the connection heretofore existing between them, becomes that between employer and hired labor.” It went on to advise Freedmen to remain, “at their present homes and work for wages,” as they would not be permitted to linger at military posts, and idleness would not be supported there or elsewhere. Now more than ever, we all need these 25 powerful quotes that speak volumes in the fight against racism. Where did the Emancipation of Proclamation fit in? When Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, it did not free a single slave in the Union. At the time, the Civil War had been dragging on for nearly two years, and the proclamation technically freed slaves only in areas of the Confederacy that were under Union control. It was a largely symbolic gesture that signaled a shift in the purpose of the war, from being strictly about states’ rights and preserving the Union to also including the issue of slavery. The passage and ratification of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865, eight months after the assassination of Lincoln, officially abolished slavery throughout the entire country. Find out more about the 13th Amendment and the historical implications of the Emancipation Proclamation. Why didn’t the end of the Civil War immediately free all the slaves? When Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at the Appomattox Court House in Virginia on April 9, 1865, the Civil War officially ended, but the cease-fire freed slaves only in the Confederate states, per the decree of the Emancipation Proclamation. Even then, more than a century before the arrival of the 24-hour news cycle, word of the agreement took time to reach some soldiers in the South. The Army of the Trans-Mississippi, for instance, didn’t formally surrender until May 26. Tragically, the U.S. suffered more military fatalities during the Civil War than any war before or since. Why was Texas so significant? The state represented slavery’s last stand in the South. After Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, many slaves in areas where fighting was taking place, fled behind Union lines as the U.S. military advanced into the South, gaining their freedom. Since few major battles had been waged in Texas, many slave owners from other states fled there with their slaves, seeking protection of their human property. In historian Leon Litwack’s book Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery, former slave Allen Manning recalled: “It look [stet] like everybody in the world was going to Texas.” Even after Granger’s arrival effectively freed the state’s 250,000 slaves, many owners kept this information from their slaves until the close of the harvest season. FYI: Here’s how to support the Black Lives Matter movements and become anti-racist. How was Juneteenth born? Some slave owners didn’t give up easily. Many slaves who acted on Granger’s announcement ended up paying with their lives. “You could see lots of n—— hangin’ to trees in Sabine bottom right after freedom, ’cause they cotch ’em swimmin’ ‘cross Sabine River and shoot ’em,” former slave Susan Merritt recalled in Litwack’s book. Those who persevered celebrated, and one year after slaves in Texas were declared free by Granger’s military order, the first Juneteenth celebration was held. As the years passed and Black people migrated in and out of Texas, the tradition spread. In 1979, Texas became the first state to make Juneteenth an official holiday. How did 19th-century Black people celebrate Juneteenth? Readings of the Emancipation Proclamation, religious ceremonies, the singing of Negro spirituals, and, of course, traditional African-American food marked those early occasions. Black people dressed in their best clothing to celebrate their independence day. Whites in Southern states tried to intervene by forbidding Blacks to use their public spaces, so Black people congregated around rivers and lakes and eventually were able to raise enough money to buy celebration spaces such as Emancipation Park in Houston and Booker T. Washington Park in Mexia. Washington is famous for, among many other things, being the first black American to dine at the White House. What about Juneteenth today? man with pan-african flagsArthur Tilley/Getty ImagesIt is celebrated in the 21st century in much the same way it was celebrated from the beginning, with many now wearing red, black, and green, in honor of the Pan-African flag. Barbecue chicken and meat, collard greens, black-eyed peas, sweet potatoes, watermelon, red soda water, and tea cakes, the official Juneteenth dessert, are all on the menus. Episodes of the ABC TV series black-ish and the Netflix series #blackAF have been devoted to Juneteenth. A number of organizations, including the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation, are pushing for it to become an unpaid national holiday, like Flag Day. “We may have gotten there in different ways and at different times,” the foundation’s founder and chair Rev. Ronald Meyers told Time magazine in 2008, “but you can’t really celebrate freedom in America by just going with the Fourth of July.” You can get find out more about his organization’s efforts at nationaljuneteenth.com. Read on for 50 facts about America that most Americans don’t know. Popular Videos Jeremy Helligar	<urn:uuid:daa12ea8-a886-45ae-bbaa-2779fca2425f>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.75, "fasttext_score": 0.06858289241790771, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9571196436882019, "url": "https://www.rd.com/article/what-is-juneteenth/" }
第二节阅读理解(共7 小题，每小题2 分，满分14 分) It’s reported that a company called MicroCHIPS has developed a wirelessly controlled device(装置). The device is put under the skin and can supply a drug directly into the patient’s body. People give the name“microchips”to it. Microchips bring good news to patients with long-term( 长期的) illnesses, for example, Osteoporosis( 骨质疏松症). People with Osteoporosis have to get daily injections( 注射) of medicine. One type of treatment requires injections for two years. Many patients stop taking the medicine because of the pain and stress of the infections. However, microchips can deal with it. Doctors will program the device before putting it under the skin, and the device has the ability to release(释放) a dose (剂量) at a given time, every single day. One microchip can hold a full year’s worth of medicine. Microchips may one day free (使…… 摆脱)people from having to remember to take their medicine, or get injections. The device may also be useful in treating other long-term diseases, including heart disease, cancer and even AIDS. 67. What is the passage mainly about? A. It introduces the company MicroCHIPS. B. It introduces a new wirelessly controlled device called ” microchips”. C. It introduces some common long-tern diseases. D. It’s about how the device called“microchips”works. 68. According to the passage, why do many patients stop getting injections? A. Because of the pain and stress of the injections. B. Because they are too lazy. C. Because they like taking pills(药丸). D. Because they are waiting for the new device. 69. According to how the device works, which of the following is the correct order? ① Put the device under the skin. ② The device releases a dose at a given time. ③ Doctors program it. A. ①②③ B. ②③① C. ③①② D. ③②① Wang Bing’s father began smoking when he was a freshman ( 大学一年级学生)in college. His friend passed him his first cigarette. He has now been smoking for more than 30 years. It’s a classic example of how young people are introduced to cigarettes, except that nowadays smokers develop their habit at an even younger age. It has become a major concern( 担忧) in China that many teenagers begin to smoke. A survey showed that 22.5% of the middle school students questioned had tried smoking and 15.8% of them smoked regularly. For many teenagers, smoking is a symbol of being an adult, independence, maturity(成熟) and attractiveness because the images who they love best often smoke on screen. The social environment also plays an important role in attracting teenagers to smoking. They are used to seeing their elders, especially male family members, smoking at home. Many of them imitate adult behavior and become new smokers. To increase the price of cigarettes is an effective way to reduce the number of young smokers, as teenagers have limited money to spend on them. Another way is to educate the teenagers to voluntarily refuse cigarettes. A survey shows that 92.5% of the students know smoking will be bad for their health. If we persuade them in a proper way, most of them may give up smoking. All in all, the society, the government, the school and the family should join together to take the responsibility for an anti-smoking ( 禁烟) campaign aimed at teenagers, not just to put empty slogans and warnings on cigarette packs. 70. The writer uses the first paragraph to ______. A. tell the readers a story of a smoker B. introduce the topic of the passage C. introduce the college life of Wang Bing’s father. 71. What’s the main idea of this passage? A. The teenagers think smoking is a symbol of being an adult and independence. B. The social environment encourages the teenagers to smoke. C. The teenagers should be educated to refuse to smoke. D. The teenage smoking has become a serious problem in China. 72. What does the word ”imitate”in Paragraph 5 mean in Chinese? A. 指责B. 忍受C. 模仿D. 支持 73. From the underlined part of the last sentence of this passage, we can infer(推断) that the writer thinks putting slogans and warnings on cigarette packs is ______to solve the problem. A. not enough B. of no use C. of great help D. of great importance.	<urn:uuid:555a02ea-f473-4664-aa21-961e9ddcbe61>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.6851546764373779, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9320006966590881, "url": "https://www.hjenglish.com/chuzhong/p406113/page4/" }
Technical Articles on Microsoft SQL Server What is a Stored Procedure in SQL Server? The name for a batch of Transact-SQL or CLR code that is stored within SQL Server and can be called directly by applications or within other programming constructs. Stored Procedure Syntax A stored procedure is a set of one or more SQL statements that are stored together in database. To create a stored procedure use CREATE PROCEDURE statement. To use the stored procedure you send a request for it to be executed. When server recieves the request, it executes the stored procedure. Clauses in SQL Server SQL Server provides with the following clauses that can be used in the SELECT statements: WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY. Constraints in SQL Server A constraint is a property assigned to a column or the set of columns in a table that prevents certain types of inconsistent data values from being placed in the column(s). IDENTITY property in SQL Server The IDENTITY property makes generating unique values easy. IDENTITY isn't a datatype. It is a column property Pre-Defined Datatypes in SQL Server In a Database, each column, local variable, expression, and parameter has a related data type. A data type is an attribute that specifies the type of data that the object can hold: integer data, character data, monetary data, data and time data, binary strings, and so on. User-Defined Data Types in SQL Server User Defined Functions User Defined Functions are compact pieces of Transact SQL code, which can accept parameters, and return either a value, or a table. Data transformation and reference value retrieval are common uses for functions. Default databases in SQL Server SQL Server consists of six databases by default. How to create View in SQL Server? In this article I am going to describe what is view and how to create views in SQL Server 2005 database. A view is a virtual table that consists of columns from one or more tables. A trigger is also similar to a procedure but, which doesn't require to be called. It will be fired when we perform any DML Operation on the table on which the trigger is dependent. Guidelines to use INDEX in SQL Server Choosing the correct columns and types for an index is an important step in creating an effective index. In this article, we will talk about two main points, namely short index keys and selective indexes. Advantages & drawbacks of INDEX How an INDEX Works ? The SQL Server engine uses an index in much the same way a reader uses a book index. For example, one way to find all references to CHERUKURI statements in a SQL book would be to begin on page one and scan each page of the book. @@ Keywords in SQL Server SQL Server @@ Keywords (Transact-SQL) Logical Operators in SQL Server Logical operators test for the truth of some condition. Logical operators, like comparison operators, return a Boolean data type with a value of TRUE, FALSE, or UNKNOWN. What are Magic Tables in SQL Server? Whenever a trigger fires in response to the INSERT,DELETE,or UPDATE statement,two special tables are created.These are the inserted and the deleted tables.They are also referred to as the magic tables. How can you increase SQL performance? Every index increases the time takes to perform INSERTS, UPDATES, and DELETES, so the number of indexes should not be too much. Try to use maximum 4-5 indexes on one table, not more. How to Write Stored Procedures effectively At processing time, T-SQL works well with a set. Therefore, avoid cursors wherever possible; even if it means using two or three steps or maybe even a temporary table. What are Ranking Functions in SQL Server SQL Server 2005 provides you easy and efficient ways for different types of ranking requirements. There are four ranking functions in SQL Server 2005: RANK, DENSE_RANK, ROW_NUMBER, NTILE. How to Find nth Record in a table? There may be ways to slove this problem, and it found easy in this soluntion. How to configure SQL Server 2005 to allow remote connections We can’t move through each individual record one by one in this situation inside a stored procedure. Therefore, whenever we find some situation where we need to process each record individually we can use cursors. Add leading zeros to number Formatting numbers to add leading zeros can be done in SQL Server. It is just simple. Lets create a new table and see how it works Differences between SQL Server temporary tables and table variables There are three major theoretical differences between temporary tables And table variables Retrieving Dynamic XML from SQL Server using FOR XML To allow the retrieval of data in the XML format from SQL Server, the FOR XML command has been added to the T-SQL syntax. Using the FOR XML command with a sequel query allows the results to be generated as XML. SQL Server DateTime Formatting This articles describes the most popular style codes that are available for use when converting between a DateTime and a character representation. Each example uses date, 16 November 1982. How to read data from XML string This article describes how to read data from xml string to sql table. How to save images in SQL Server from backend What is SQL Injection SQL injection is yet another common vulnerability that is the result of lax input validation. SQL injection is an attack on the site itself—in particular its database. Database Mail in SQL Server Configuration component has two sub components. One is the Database Mail account, which contains information such as the SMTP server login, Email account, Login and password for SMTP mail. Performance Tuning You can improve your SQL Server application performance by optimizing the queries you use. The following sections outline techniques you can use to optimize query performance. Logical Design and Physical Design of Database Logical design, Defining business entities, attributes for each entity, and relationships among entities. How To Delete Duplicate Records in SQL Server How to find and delete Duplicate Records from Table in SQL Server New Data Types in SQL Server 2008 This articles briefs about the New Data Types introduced in SQL Server 2008. SQL Server Object Types in sys.objects SQL Server Object Types in sys.objects Split Function in SQL Server Split Function is a user defined table valued function which accepts two parameters, one is string to split and other one is delimiter to split the first string. LOB Data Types FILESTREAM Data Type The FILESTREAM data type combines the performance of accessing LOBs directly from the NTFS file system with the referential integrity and direct access through the SQL Server relational database engine. It can be used for both binary and text data, and it supports files up to the size of the disk volume. STUFF AND FOR XML PATH for String Concatenation We can use XmlPath to concatenate column data into single row. Stuff is used to remove the first character after string concatenation.	<urn:uuid:e7e754d4-7f7e-41f7-ac30-40fbc3ada667>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.10766613483428955, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8355986475944519, "url": "http://venkateswarlu.net/SQLServer/Articles.aspx" }
MCAT CARS Strategy Course Trial Session - Tuesday at 8PM ET! Reserve Spot MCAT Content / Circulatory System / Capillary Beds Capillary beds Topic: Circulatory System The capillary bed is an interwoven network of capillaries that supplies an organ—the more metabolically active the cells, more capillaries required to supply nutrients and carry away waste products. A capillary bed can consist of two types of vessels: true capillaries, which branch mainly from arterioles and provide an exchange between cells and the circulation, and vascular shunts, short vessels that directly connect arterioles and venules at opposite ends of the bed, allowing for bypass. Capillaries are important in the exchange of fluids and solutes between the circulatory system and the cells. There are three main types of capillaries: Continuous: an uninterrupted lining, only allowing small molecules like water and ions to diffuse through. Fenestrated: Fenestrated capillaries have pores in the endothelial cells (60-80 nanometers in diameter) that allow small molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse. Sinusoidal: Sinusoidal capillaries are a special type of fenestrated capillaries that have larger openings (30–40 μm in diameter) in the endothelium. These types of blood vessels allow red and white blood cells (7.5μm–25μm diameter) and various serum proteins through. The exchange of gases and solutes occurs in the capillaries by the mass movement of fluids into and out of capillary beds. This movement often referred to as bulk flow, involves two pressure-driven mechanisms: Volumes of fluid move from an area of higher pressure in a capillary bed to an area of lower pressure in the tissues via filtration. In contrast, the movement of fluid from an area of higher pressure in the tissues into an area of lower pressure in the capillaries is reabsorption. Two types of pressure interact to drive each of these movements: hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure. Blood hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by the blood confined within blood vessels or heart chambers. This is the force that drives fluid out of capillaries and into the tissues. As fluid exits, a capillary and moves into tissues, the hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid correspondingly rises. This opposing hydrostatic pressure is called the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure. Generally, the pressure originating from the arterial pathways is considerably higher than the interstitial pressure, because lymphatic vessels are continually absorbing excess fluid from the tissues. Thus, fluid generally moves out of the capillary and into the interstitial fluid. This process is called filtration. Reabsorption occurs due to the movement of fluid from the interstitial fluid back into the capillaries due to osmotic pressure. Whereas hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out of the capillary, osmotic pressure draws fluid back in. Capillaries also play a part in thermoregulation and heat loss. Warmblood from the body’s core typically loses heat to the environment as it passes near the skin in capillary beds by radiation. Capillary beds have a large surface area and so can be a good source of heat loss to assist thermoregulation, they cannot vasoconstrict or dilate, however. Practice Questions Khan Academy MCAT Official Prep (AAMC) Practice Exam 3 C/P Section Passage 9 Question 52 Biology Question Pack, Vol 2. Passage 5 Question 28 Sample Test B/B Section Passage 9 Question 51 Key Points • Capillary bed is a network of numerous capillaries formed from true capillaries and/or vascular shunts. • Capillaries connect arterioles and venules and enable the exchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and many other nutrients and waste substances between the blood and surrounding tissues. • There are three main types of capillaries: continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal. • Hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes out of the capillaries and osmotic pressure helps it to be reabsorbed into the capillaries Key Terms Capillary: Any of the small blood vessels that connect arteries to veins. Vascular: related to blood vessel Reabsorption: in the cardiovascular system, the movement of material from the interstitial fluid into the capillaries Filtration: in the cardiovascular system, the movement of material from a capillary into the interstitial fluid, moving from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure Hydrostatic pressure: force blood exerts against a capillary Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure: the force exerted by the fluid in the tissue spaces Interstitial fluid: fluid found between cells Vasodilation: dilation of the blood vessels Vasoconstriction: constriction of a blood vessel Capillary beds: collections of narrow blood vessels where the gaseous exchange is possible Thermoregulation: regulation of body temperature Billing Information {{ cardForm.errors.get('number') }} {{ registerForm.errors.get('zip') }} {{ registerForm.errors.get('coupon') }}	<urn:uuid:ffb99706-6257-4f44-b273-d11438bef3d2>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.84375, "fasttext_score": 0.5462350249290466, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8865973949432373, "url": "https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/circulatory-system/capillary-beds" }
Skip to content Related Articles Related Articles Weiler Atherton – Polygon Clipping Algorithm • Last Updated : 26 Aug, 2019 Weiler Atherton Polygon Clipping Algorithm is an algorithm made to allow clipping of even concave algorithms to be possible. Unlike Sutherland – Hodgman polygon clipping algorithm, this algorithm is able to clip concave polygons without leaving any residue behind. 1. First make a list of all intersection points namely i1, i2, i3, ... 2. Classify those intersection points as entering or exiting. 3. Now, make two lists, one for the clipping polygon, and the other for the clipped polygon. 4. Fill both the lists up in such a way that the intersection points lie between the correct vertices of each of the polygon. That is the clipping polygon list is filled up with all the vertices of the clipping polygon along with the intersecting points lying between the corresponding vertices. 5. Now, start at the 'to be clipped' polygon's list. 6. Choose the first intersection point which has been labelled as an entering point. Follow the points in the list (looping back to the top of the list, in case the list ends) and keep on pushing them into a vector or something similar of the sorts. Keep on following the list until an exiting intersection point is found. 7. Now switch the list to the 'polygon that is clipping' list, and find the exiting the intersection that was previously encountered. Now keep on following the points in this list (similar to how we followed the previous list) until the entering intersection point is found (the one that was found in the previous 'to be clipped' polygon's list). 8. This vector now formed by pushing all the encountered points in the two lists, is now the clipped polygon (one of the many clipped polygons if any of the clipping polygons is concave). 9. Repeat this clipping procedure (i.e. from step 5) until all the entering intersection points have been visited once. 1. Finding all the intersection points and grouping them Here, let there be a polygon ABCD and another polygon VWXYZ. Let ABCD be the clipping polygon and let VWXYZ be the clipped polygon. So, we can find the intersection points using any method. For example, we can find the intersecting points separately and then find for each intersecting point find if it is entering or leaving, or, we can use Cyrus Beck and find all the intersecting points and also get if a point is entering or exiting. Refer Cyrus Beck for more information on this algorithm. 2. Making and filling of two lists Now, we make two lists. One for the clipping polygon and one for the clipped polygon. Now this is how we fill it: 3. Running of the algorithm We start at the clipped polygon’s list, i.e. VWXYZ. Now, we find the first intersecting point that is entering. Hence we choose i1. From here we begin the making of the list of vertices (or vector) to make a clipped sub-polygon. According to the given example, i1 Y i2 is a clipped sub-polygon. Similarly, we get: i0 V i3 as another sub-polygon also. Hence, we were able to get two sub-polygons as a result of this polygon clipping, which involved a concave polygon, which resulted in: Similarly, this clipping works for convex polygons. This polygon clipping algorithm does not work for self – intersecting polygons, although some methods have been proposed to be able to solve this issue also, and have successfully worked. Let V1V2V3V4V5V6 be the clipping window and P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 be the polygon. Now, here is how the algorithm will operate. Two lists are generated, one for the clipping window, and the other for the polygon. We will start from the polygon’s list. (Note that the polygon’s list only contains the polygon’s vertices and the intersections and similarly for the clipping window’s list.) So, according to the algorithm, the first polygon to be formed will be i2 i3 i8 i1 Then the next subpolygon, i4 i5 i6 i7. The output will look like: K. Weiler and P. Atherton. 1988. Hidden surface removal using polygon area sorting. In Tutorial: computer graphics; image synthesis, Kenneth I. Joy, Charles W. Grant, Nelson L. Max, and Lansing Hatfield (Eds.). Computer Science Press, Inc., New York, NY, USA 209-217. For implementation of Weiler Atherton, check Implementation My Personal Notes arrow_drop_up Recommended Articles Page :	<urn:uuid:d7072310-c315-4bfd-8da8-3fc8056c5523>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.65625, "fasttext_score": 0.05595672130584717, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8840477466583252, "url": "https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/weiler-atherton-polygon-clipping-algorithm/?ref=leftbar-rightbar" }
Course of Raku / Essentials / Conditional checks Ternary operator The ternary operator in Raku is a two-part construction ??!!. A Boolean test is followed by two expressions, one of which is executed depending on the result of the test. my $shines = 'Sun'; my $day-time = $shines eq 'Sun' ?? 'day' !! 'night'; say $day-time; With the current value of the $shines variable, this program prints day. If you change it to Moon, the result will be night. It is possible to chain ternary expressions. Just make sure it doesn’t get too complicated. my $hours = 20; my $day-time = $hours <= 6 ?? 'Night' !! $hours <= 12 ?? 'Morning' !! $hours <= 18 ?? 'Afternoon' !! 'Evening'; say $day-time; Here, depending on the value in $hours, a different part of day will be reported. Complete the quiz that covers the contents of this topic. Course navigation Conditional checks / Comparing strings \| 💪 Exercises: Conditional checks	<urn:uuid:855ba34d-633e-4be3-9fe3-604192857f2c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.78125, "fasttext_score": 0.048810720443725586, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8155980110168457, "url": "https://course.raku.org/essentials/conditional-checks/ternary-operator/" }
Exploratory design with mathematics in Processing Golden Ratio and Generative Arts \| Math and Processing Tesselations with Turtle Graphics For this lecture, two small projects are created by using the program Processing. The first project is an exploration of using Processing to analyze perspectives and symmetries in a Renaissance painting. "The School of Athens" is taken as an example. Through using scale transformation the right proportion could be measured in this painting and through using the Catmull-Rom spines [1] in processing, a composition could be found in the painting. Final design The final design of this elective is focused on making a tesselation art piece in Processing using Turtle Graphics. In the designed artwork, Heesch-Kienzle style C3C3C3C3 is used. This tessellation shape consists of four lines: AB, AC, DB, and DC, in which AB is the same line as AC and DB is the same line as DC. Turning the line AB in around point A over 120 degrees clockwise falls into the position AC. Point D is a reflection-point of point A with respect to the line BC. Whereby turning DB around point D counter-clockwise over 120 degrees will fall into the line DC. An example of a Processing code from Feijs is used for visualizing this tessellation[2]. 1. Twigg, C. (2003). Catmull-rom splines. Computer41(6), 4-6. 2. Feijs, L. M., & Hu, J. (2013). Turtles for tessellations. Proceedings of Bridges, 241-248.	<urn:uuid:6e93227b-053a-40ae-8bb5-d4fab69356ff>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.018863260746002197, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8798514008522034, "url": "http://jingcailiu.com/generative-arts/" }
What is Sandblasting? The Term “Sand” in Sandblasting Sandblasting is a very general term which is used to describe the process of propelling very small bits of material at high speed to clean or etch a surface. Sand (silica sand, beach sand, river sand) used to be commonly used for sandblasting, hence the term “Sand Blasting”, but silica sand breaks up easily causing large amounts of dust, which exposes the operator to silicosis, a debilitating lung disease, which is caused by the extended inhalation of the dust created by the use of silica sand as a sandblasting media. The use of silica sand as an abrasive media in sandblasting is banned in many countries, including Australia, and is now recognized world-wide as a Class 1 Carcinogen. Sandblasting Media However other materials can be safely used in place of silica sand. At Neumann Industrial Coatings – Abrasive Blasting, we predominately use steel grit, for removing rust and layers of paint from thick metal surfaces, and crushed glass, for lighter surface which could be damaged using other heavier media. Other types of media that are available includes: steel shot, steel grit, aluminium oxide, copper slag, crushed glass grit, glass beads, silicon carbide, plastic, pumice, corn cob, walnut shells, and many others. But there are still dangers in inhaling the fine dust particles during the process. Abrasive blasting or sandblasting is carefully controlled, and we always use alternate air supply, protective clothing, and proper ventilation when sandblasting. Steel Grit Blasting Media Glass Bead Blasting Media The Process Very simply, the abrasive blasting (sandblasting) process consists of three components: the abrasive media, compressed air, and a blasting nozzle. At our Abrasive Blasting Facility in Currumbin we predominately use abrasive blasting (sandblasting) to clean metal objects of rust and paint prior to painting. But sand blasting can also be used, by others for etching and small object cleaning. The History of Sandblasting The sandblasting process was first patented in the US in 1870, after the observation of how sand-laden winds affected objects they came in contact with, by Tilghman a chemist from Philadelphia, who also invented the air compressor. The 1870 patent by Tilghman was described as: A shot stream hurled to high speed by a steam or a draught is used as a tool to cut the stone and other materials. If it is hurled to a lower speed, it is used to grind down and ornament the glass surface.” 1886 saw Gutmann build the first suction sandblasting machine. He later patented the “compressed air sandblaster” in 1893. Benjamin Chew Tilghmann invented the Sandblasting Process in 1872 Scroll to Top Head Office Visit the websites above for more detailed information on our services.	<urn:uuid:f74d6371-0a3b-4219-8a80-edfcb6bae4a0>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.07323533296585083, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8995571136474609, "url": "https://neumannindustrialcoatings.com.au/what-is-sandblasting/" }
On Remembrance Day An exploration of Canadian Remembrance Day history, customs, and traditions. Who are the people who offered their lives in war? Why do we remember them? How do we honour their memory? For children learning about remembrance and the human toll of war, there can be hard questions to answer. This book is meant to answer the questions kids ask about Remembrance Day and to explain how and why we honour the men and women who have served our country. Canada has developed unique ways of honouring and demonstrating respect for its war dead and veterans. Through every generation there are Canadian families who have lost loved ones to international conflict and war. On Remembrance Day presents the origins, traditions, and customs of Canada’s Remembrance Day in a fashion that is engaging and easy to read. …a wonderful book to share with elementary school children leading up to November 11. Resource Links (NS) About the Author Eleanor Creasey Posted by Kendra on October 30, 2014 Eleanor Creasey photo Eleanor Creasey	<urn:uuid:2a61a0af-a36b-4a4f-895d-c077ef285615>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.8125, "fasttext_score": 0.3747466206550598, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9494563937187195, "url": "http://www.dundurn.com/books/Remembrance-Day" }
Skip to content The population known as “submillimeter galaxies” (SMGs) was first discovered using the SCUBA on the JCMT Telescope at 850μm. SMGs are understood to be a population of massive, dust-enshrouded systems which are forming stars at rates of 100-1,000 times faster than the Milky Way currently does. However, there's a problem! The typical angular resolution of single-dish observation at 850μm is 15–30''. Therefore, it is a challenge for us to analyse the morphology and then to study the mechanism(s) trigger the starburst in SMGs. With the SCUBA-2/JCMT observation at 450μm, which is deeper than that at 850μm because of the roughly two times higher angular resolution and therefore lower confusion limit, Dr Yu-Yen Chang (a postdoctoral researcher at ASIAA) and her collaborators, including Fangxia An and Yiping Ao from PMO, detail studied the structural properties and NIR morphologies of 450μm-detected SMGs. They found that the SMGs and star-forming galaxies show high fractions (~70%) of disturbed features at z=2, which suggest that their star formation activity is related to galaxy merging and the stellar structures of SMGs are similar to those of star-forming galaxies. Fig. 1 Visual classification of the 450μm detected sources and 850μm sources. The comparison star-forming galaxies are matched to stellar mass and SFR (left panel), as well as sSFR (right panel). Most of the SMGs contain merger features, similarly or slightly more frequently than the comparison sample. (Image by AN Fangxia) For more detail and information about this work, seen in The Astrophysical Journal.	<urn:uuid:4d99b098-a3c6-46b0-8df0-4d2c4a92bd98>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.042548537254333496, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8807889819145203, "url": "http://english.pmo.cas.cn/research/rp/201911/t20191123_224964.html" }
Primary Source Plan for the City of Moscow • Plan for the City of Moscow This 1793 map of Moscow shows a relatively modest and compact city when compared to the sprawling metropolis of the 21st century. From this perspective, the viewer can see the remains of a fortification wall that once encompassed the entirety of the city. Additionally, the map illustrates the importance of waterways in city development and community life in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Nearly all of the city has expanded to hug the rivers and canals or provide easy access to its banks. A possible historical exercise might be to compare this map to one of Moscow from the end of the 19th century to see not only how the city itself changed over time but also how the way it grew changed, expanding further and further from the waterways that once were central to its commerce and life. "The first geodetic plan of Moscow," 1793. How to Cite This Source Plan for the City of Moscow in World History Commons,	<urn:uuid:819e1c3a-60b6-445e-8c90-2dfbe5003bc3>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.04410606622695923, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9483940005302429, "url": "https://worldhistorycommons.org/node/2407" }
Gerrymandering: Is it good? Is it bad? Does it matter? images of the word gerrymandering Peer Advice & Teaching Tips Reading Time: < 1 minute Author: Professor Clare Brock If you watched the democratic debates, you might have heard Amy Klobuchar bring up gerrymandering. This is a common subject to tackle in Introductory U.S. Government classes, but it can be tough for students to understand who does it, how it works, and why it matters. Fortunately, some great online resources are available to make the topic more approachable. The Gerrymandering project Before coming to class, students can read the 538 Interactive Blog Post “The Gerrymandering Project.” Assign students in advance to pick a side – pro or con gerrymandering, then host an in class debate dealing with the following questions: Do you think it is possible to get rid of gerrymandering? Should we try to reduce it, and if so, why (or why not) and how? This also makes a great discussion board, if you’re teaching online. Online games are another great way to get students to understand politics in a very hands-on way. Ask students to play “Mission 2: Partisan Gerrymander” in the Redistricting Game, then discuss. Ask them to think about whether gerrymandering all just part of the “politics game,” or if they think that it is bad for representation? Ask them to consider – if they believe that partisan gerrymandering does harm democracy, who would they like to see drawing districts instead? If you’re teaching Congress, the gerrymandering discussion can be particularly useful both in discussing campaigns and elections, as well as when discussing types of representation. Students can consider how different types of gerrymandering lead to different types of representation, and who benefits from that. Given that racial gerrymandering is the only type of gerrymandering not permissible, you can lead this into a discussion of descriptive versus substantive representation, and how those two types of representation might or might not overlap.	<urn:uuid:9741bf79-d094-42b7-8f65-6973ae6e76db>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.890625, "fasttext_score": 0.020369231700897217, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9323604702949524, "url": "https://blog.cengage.com/gerrymandering-is-it-good-is-it-bad-does-it-matter/" }
The Pied Piper of Hamelin by Robert Browning ‘The Pied Piper of Hamelin’ by Robert Browning is an entertaining poem about the importance of telling the truth and keeping one’s promises. Throughout the poem, Browning uses engaging images and clear, concise diction to tell the Pied Piper’s story. The words are mostly within a child’s vocabulary, and the consistent rhyme scheme makes the poem feel like the original story by the Brothers Grimm. It was originally published in Children’s and Household Tales in 1812. Browning’s ‘The Pied Piper of Hamelin’ has influenced the way that children learn, and adults remember the story today. The Pied Piper of Hamelin by Robert Browning The Pied Piper of Hamelin’ by Robert Browning retells the traditional story of the Pied Piper with engaging details and a playful tone. In the first lines of the poem, the speaker begins by describing the town of Hamelin and the central issue they’re contending with. The town is overrun with rats. They’re everywhere and making the townspeople miserable. Luckily for them, the Piper turns up and offers to rid their town of rats for a fee of 1,000 guilders. They accept happily, and the Piper does exactly what he promised. Once the rats are gone, the Piper asks for his money, and the Mayor refuses to pay him. In order to teach the town a lesson, the Piper plays his pipe again and leads all the town’s children through a mountain passage. After this, the town attempts to seek him out and pay what they owe, but they’re never able to. The children grow up and have children of their own who remember their past as a legend. Throughout ‘The Pied Piper of Hamelin, ’ Browning engages with themes of the truth, promises, and magic. The Piper’s magic is at the center of this story. Without it, Hamelin and the Piper wouldn’t have ended up in the situation they’re in. He has control over any living thing and depending on how he uses his pipe. He can drive them into the river or out of town. Once Hamelin’s mayor betrays him, he uses his powers to teach the city a lesson about telling the truth and keeping one’s promises. It’s one that they never forget. The Piper did everything he said he was going to, completely keeping up his end of the bargain. Structure and Form The Pied Piper of Hamelin’ by Robert Browning is a light-hearted poem that is separated out into fifteen parts of varying lengths. Some, such as Part I, are as short as nine lines, while others, like Part VII, are as long as forty-eight lines. The poem does not follow a single consistent rhyme scheme, but it does rhyme throughout. For example, the first stanza follows a pattern of ABCCCBDDB, and the second stanza, using different end sounds, rhymes ABABAAACCA. The continual use of rhyme influences the poem’s overall tone, making sure it maintains its story-telling, fairy tale-esque tone. Literary Devices Browning makes use of several literary devices in ‘The Pied Piper of Hamelin.’ These include but are not limited to: • Caesurae: occurs when the poet inserts a pause into the middle of a line. This might occur due to their use of punctuation or meter. For example, “Come in!”–the Mayor cried, looking bigger” and “A thousand guilders! The Mayor looked blue.” • Alliteration: occurs when the poet repeats the same consonant sound at the beginning of words. For example, “bit” and “babies” in line two of Part II and “heard” and “Hamelin” in line one of Part VIII. • Anaphora: occurs when the poet repeats the same word or words at the beginning of lines. For example, “And” starts thirteen lines in Part VII. • Imagery: occurs when the poet uses particularly interesting and clear descriptions. For example, “With sharp blue eyes, each like a pin, / And light loose hair, yet swarthy skin” in Part V. Detailed Analysis Part I Hamelin Town’s in Brunswick, By famous Hanover city; The river Weser, deep and wide, Washes its wall on the southern side; A pleasanter spot you never spied; But, when begins my ditty, Almost five hundred years ago, To see the townsfolk suffer so From vermin, was a pity. In the first lines of ‘The Pied Piper of Hamelin,’ the speaker begins with the exposition. He describes the setting and states that it’s in this place, “Hamelin Town in Brunswick,” 500 years ago that his story begins. It involves “vermin” was “was a pity.” Part II Rats! They fought the dogs and killed the cats, And bit the babies in the cradles, And ate the cheeses out of the vats, And licked the soup from the cooks’ own ladle’s, Split open the kegs of salted sprats, Made nests inside men’s Sunday hats, And even spoiled the women’s chats By drowning their speaking With shrieking and squeaking In fifty different sharps and flats. The city has a serious rat problem, and Browning uses the following lines to describe all the things that the rats did to irritate the town’s population. They “bit the babies” and “licked the soup.” The rats were loud and irritating all the time. In these lines, readers can find examples of enjambment as well. Part III At last the people in a body To the town hall came flocking: “‘Tis clear,” cried they, ‘our Mayor’s a noddy; And as for our Corporation–shocking To think we buy gowns lined with ermine For dolts that can’t or won’t determine What’s best to rid us of our vermin! You hope, because you’re old and obese, To find in the furry civic robe ease? Rouse up, sirs! Give your brains a racking To find the remedy we’re lacking, Or, sure as fate, we’ll send you packing!” At this the Mayor and Corporation Quaked with a mighty consternation. In Part III, the speaker adds more details to the story. Browning uses a specific dialect in these lines that conveys the people in a specific way. This adds personality to the story and makes it more realistic. The use of sharp words like “lacking” and “packing” in this stanza help to convey the townspeople’s anger. They are determined to fix the problem in the town, or they’re going to send their Mayor “packing.” Browning uses other great examples of literary devices in this stanza, including alliteration and internal rhyme. Part IV An hour they sat in council, At length the Mayor broke silence: “For a guilder I’d my ermine gown sell, I wish I were a mile hence! It’s easy to bid one rack one’s brain– I’m sure my poor head aches again, I’ve scratched it so, and all in vain Oh for a trap, a trap, a trap!” Just as he said this, what should hap At the chamber door but a gentle tap? “Bless us,’ cried the Mayor, “what’s that?” (With the Corporation as he sat, Looking little though wondrous fat; Nor brighter was his eye, nor moister Than a too-long-opened oyster, Save when at noon his paunch grew mutinous For a plate of turtle, green and glutinous) “Only a scraping of shoes on the mat? Anything like the sound of a rat Makes my heart go pit-a-pat!” The fourth part of ‘The Pied Piper of Hamelin’ contains more of the meeting with the mayor and the townspeople. The Mayor and the Corporation have a long, stressful meeting in which they don’t manage to resolve anything. It’s not until Part V that something changes for them. But, before that, the poet spends these lines emphasizing how useless the officials in this town are. He also spends lines mocking the Mayor, comparing him to “a too-long-opened oyster.” In the last lines of this stanza, the speaker alludes to the arrival of the Pied Piper. Part V And in did come the strangest figure! His queer long coat from heel to head Was half of yellow and half of red And he himself was tall and thin, With sharp blue eyes, each like a pin, And light loose hair, yet swarthy skin, No tuft on cheek nor beard on chin, But lips where smiles went out and in– There was no guessing his kith and kin! And nobody could enough admire The tall man and his quaint attire. Quoth one: “It’s as if my great-grandsire, Starting up at the Trump of Doom’s tone, Had walked this way from his painted tombstone!” In these lines, the “strangest figure” appears. Browning outlines the Piper’s appearance, which is completely unusual in that town. No one could tell who his “kith and kin” were. He’s out of place in this town, and Browning makes a concerted effort to ensure the reader understands that. Part VI He advanced to the council-table: By means of a secret charm, to draw All creatures living beneath the sun, That creep or swim or fly or run, After me so as you never saw! And I chiefly use my charm On creatures that do people harm, The mole and toad and newt and viper; And people call me the Pied Piper.” (And here they noticed round his neck A scarf of red and yellow stripe, To match with his coat of the self-same check; And at the scarf’s end hung a pipe; And his fingers, they noticed, were ever straying As if impatient to be playing Upon this pipe, as low it dangled Over his vesture so old-fangled.) In Tartary I freed the Cham, Last June, from his huge swarm of gnats; I eased in Asia the Nizam Of a monstrous brood of vampyre-bats: And as for what your brain bewilders– If I can rid your town of rats Will you give me a thousand guilders?” “One? Fifty thousand!” was the exclamation Of the astonished Mayor and Corporation. In the next section, which is the longest so far, the Piper explains to the council what he can do for them. He can use a secret charm to bring creatures to his side. It doesn’t matter what they are. He can control them. He brings out his pipe in the next lines, explaining that he has freed other towns from animals in the past. For example, he says, he “eased in Asia the Nizam / Of a monstrous brood of vampyre-bats.” The town agrees to pay him as much and more than he wants if he’ll help them. Part VII Lines 1-21 Into the street the Piper stept, Smiling first a little smile, As if he knew what magic slept In his quiet pipe the while; Then, like a musical adept, To blow the pipe his lips he wrinkled, And green and blue his sharp eyes twinkled, Like a candle-flame where salt is sprinkled; And ere three shrill notes the pipe uttered, You heard as if an army muttered; And the muttering grew to a grumbling; And the grumbling grew to a mighty rumbling; And out of the houses the rats came tumbling. Great rats, small rats, lean rats, brawny rats, Brown rats, black rats, gray rats, tawny rats, Grave old plodders, gay young friskers, Fathers, mothers, uncles, cousins, Cocking tails and pricking whiskers, Families by tens and dozens, Brothers, sisters, husbands, wives– Followed the Piper for their lives. In the first part of this section, the Piper goes out into the street and brings out his pipe. He plays it, his eye twinkle, and the “muttering” around him grew “to a grumbling,” then a “rumbling.” It’s clear that the Piper is working some kind of magic in these lines, an important feature of a fairy tale. Just as the Piper promised, the rats start running to his side. They tumble out of the houses and join together, “Fathers, mothers, uncles, cousins,” as they head towards the Piper. Lines 22-48 From street to street he piped advancing, And step for step they followed dancing, Until they came to the river Weser Wherein all plunged and perished! ‹Save one who, stout as Julius Caesar, Swam across and lived to carry (As the manuscript he cherished) To Rat-land home his commentary: I heard a sound as of scraping tripe, And putting apples, wondrous ripe, Into a cider-press’s gripe: And a moving away of pickle-tub-boards, And a leaving ajar of conserve-cupboards, And a drawing the corks of train-oil-flasks, And a breaking the hoops of butter-casks: And it seemed as if a voice (Sweeter far than by harp or by psaltery Is breathed) called out, ‘Oh rats, rejoice! The world is grown to one vast dry-saltery! So munch on, crunch on, take your nuncheon, Breakfast, supper, dinner, luncheon!’ And just as a bulky sugar-puncheon, All ready staved, like a great sun shone Glorious scarce an inch before me, Just as methought it said ‘Come bore me!’ — I found the Weser rolling o’er me.” The classic image of the Pied Piper leading the rats away from the town grows in the following lines. He leads them towards a river where they plunge in and period. All, that is, “Save one,” who was able to swim across and carry his story to “Rat-land.” His commentary follows, explaining what happened to them with techniques like repetition and anaphora. He heard wonderful things in the tune of the pipe and followed along, as did all his brethren. They were tricked into the river before they knew what was happening. You should have heard the Hamelin people Ringing the bells till they rocked the steeple. Poke out the nests and block up the holes! Consult with carpenters and builders And leave in our town not even a trace Of the rats!”– when suddenly, up the face Of the Piper perked in the market-place, The eighth part of ‘The Pied Piper of Hamelin’ is only nine lines long and describes how happily the people of Hamelin celebrated after the rats were gone from their city. They packed in the holes to keep the rats from getting back into the city and used poles to push out the nests. When the Piper returns, he asks for his “thousand guilders.” Part IX A thousand guilders! The Mayor looked blue; So did the Corporation too. For council dinners made rare havoc And half the money would replenish Their cellar’s biggest butt with Rhenish. To pay this sum to a wandering fellow With a gypsy coat of red and yellow! “Beside,” quoth the Mayor with a knowing wink, “Our business was done at the river’s brink; We saw with our eyes the vermin sink, And what’s dead can’t come to life, I think. So, friend, we’re not the folks to shrink From the duty of giving you something for drink, And a matter of money to put in your poke; But as for the guilders, what we spoke Beside, our losses have made us thrifty . A thousand guilders! Come, take fifty! Unfortunately, the Mayor is just as untrustworthy as he seemed in the first lines of the poem. He tries to renege on his promised sum of money, asking the Piper if he’d take fifty guilders rather than 100. The Mayor knows that the task is over and the rats are dead. He explicitly states that they can’t come back to life, so there’s no reason for him to pay the Piper. Parts X and XI The Piper’s face fell, and he cried, “No trifling! I can’t wait! Beside, I’ve promised to visit by dinnertime Bagdad, and accept the prime Of the Head-Cook’s pottage, all he’s rich in, For having left, in the Caliph’s kitchen, Of a nest of scorpions no survivor– With him I proved no bargain-driver, With you, don’t think I’ll bate a stiver! And folks who put me in a passion May find me pipe to another fashion.” Being worse treated than a Cook? Insulted by a lazy ribald With idle pipe and vesture piebald? You threaten us, fellow? Do your worst, Blow your pipe there till you burst!” The Piper threatens to undo what he did to help the town in the next lines of ‘The Pied Piper of Hamelin.’ He says that he can if he wants, “pipe in another fashion.” The Mayor is disturbed by this news and starts to threaten the Piper, telling him to pipe till his pipe bursts. Or, in simpler terms, do his worst. Part XII Once more he stept into the street And to his lips again Laid his long pipe of smooth straight cane; And ere he blew three notes (such sweet Soft notes as yet musician’s cunning Never gave the enraptured air) There was a rustling that seemed like a bustling Of merry crowds justling at pitching and hustling, Small feet were pattering, wooden shoes clattering, Little hands clapping, and little tongues chattering, Out came the children running. All the little boys and girls, With rosy cheeks and flaxen curls, And sparkling eyes and teeth like pearls, Tripping and skipping, ran merrily after The wonderful music with shouting and laughter. The Piper does exactly what the Mayor threatened and was likely secretly afraid of. He goes into the street and brings out his pipe again. As he does so, there is a rustling in the air and the sound of small feet “pattering, wooden shoes clattering.” The children started running out of all the houses around town, skipping and dancing to the music. Lines 1-24 The Mayor was dumb, and the Council stood As if they were changed into blocks of wood, Unable to move a step or cry, To the children merrily skipping by– And could only follow with the eye That joyous crowd at the Piper’s back. But how the Mayor was on the rack And the wretched Council’s bosoms beat, As the Piper turned from the High Street To where the Weser rolled its water’s Right in the way of their sons and daughters! However he turned from South to West And to Koppelberg Hill his steps addressed, And after him the children pressed; Great was the joy in every breast. “He never can cross that mighty top! He’s forced to let the piping drop And we shall see our children stop! When, lo, as they reached the mountain-side, A wondrous portal opened wide, As if a cavern was suddenly hollowed; And the Piper advanced and the children followed, And when all were in to the very last, The door in the mountain-side shut fast. The Mayor, Browning’s speaker, says, was “Dumb.” He didn’t know what to do or how to react to what the Piper was demonstrating. He also uses a simile in these lines comparing the Mayor and the Council to blocks of wood. The Piper makes the children follow him out of the town and through a secret mountain doorway the former opened. The Mayor and Council make some half-hearted threats to stop them, but they disappear. Lines 25-48 Did I say all? No! One was lame, And could not dance the whole of the way; And in after years, if you would blame His sadness, he was used to say,– “It’s dull in our town since my playmates left! I can’t forget that I’m bereft Of all the pleasant sights they see, Which the Piper also promised me. Joining the town and just at hand, Where waters gushed and fruit-trees grew, And flowers put forth a fairer hue, And everything was strange and new; The sparrows were brighter than peacocks here, And their dogs outran our fallow deer, And honey-bees had lost their stings, And horses were born with eagles’ wings: And just as I became assured My lame foot would be speedily cured, The music stopped and I stood still, And found myself outside the hill, Left alone against my will, To go now limping as before, And never hear of that country more! Browning alludes to the initial rat exodus in the next lines of ‘The Pied Piper of Hamelin.’ Just as in that example, there is one child left behind. He tells his story, as the rat told his. The child has been lonely since his playmates left, and he recollects what he heard in the Piper’s music. This child has a limp, and it’s this disability that kept him from being able to keep up with his friends as they went into the mountain. Part XIV Lines 1-20 Alas, alas for Hamelin! There came into many a burgher’s pate A text which says that heaven’s gate Opens to the rich at as easy rate As the needle’s eye takes a camel in! The mayor sent East, West, North and South, To offer the Piper, by word of mouth Wherever it was men’s lot to find him, Silver and gold to his heart’s content, If he’d only return the way he went, And bring the children behind him. But when they saw ’twas a lost endeavor, And Piper and dancers were gone forever, They made a decree that lawyers never Should think their records dated duly If, after the day of the month and year, These words did not as well appear: “And so long after what happened here On the twenty-second of July, Thirteen hundred and seventy-six;” And the better in memory to fix The place of the children’s last retreat, They called it the Pied Piper’s Street, Where any one playing on pipe or tabor Was sure for the future to lose his labor. Nor suffered they hostelry or tavern To shock with mirth a street so solemn, But opposite the place of the cavern They wrote the story on a column, And on the great church-window painted The same, to make the world acquainted How their children were stolen away, And there it stands to this very day. And I must not omit to say That, in Transylvania there’s a tribe Of alien people who ascribe To the outlandish ways and dress On which their neighbors lay such stress, To their fathers and mothers having risen Out of some subterranean prison Into which they were trepanned Long time ago in a mighty band Out of Hamelin town in Brunswick land, But how or why they don’t understand. The narrator explains how the city of Hamelin tried afterward to find the Piper and to pay the fee he’d originally been promised. Unfortunately for them, they had no luck. Their children were gone, and the Piper was nowhere to be found. They decide to name a street after him and do everything they could to make sure future generations remembered: “how their children were stolen away.” In the last lines of this stanza of ‘The Pied Piper of Hamelin,’ the speaker alludes to another story, one based around the children who were led away from their homes and had children of their own. Now, their descendants don’t remember who they are or where their forbearers came from. They have a legend about their past, but no one understands it. Part XV So, Willy, let you and me be wipers Of scores out with all men–especially pipers! If we’ve promised them ought, let us keep our promise. The last four lines of the poem are addressed to “Willy.” In these lines, he sums up the moral of the story—how important it is to keep promises. If the town had simply come through with the payment, the Piper asked for. Then they’d have been spared the tragedy of losing their children. Similar Poetry Readers who enjoyed ‘The Pied Piper of Hamelin’ should also consider reading some other Robert Browning poems. For example: • Fra Lippo Lippi– a dramatic monologue written in blank verse that tells the scandalous story of a painter’s life. • Andrea del Sarto’- is told from the perceptive of Andre del Sarto, an artist who wants to talk about his art and life with his wife. • The Wanderers’ –depicts a group of men who are restlessly seeking out progress and adventure. What's your thoughts? Join the conversation by commenting Discover the Essential Secrets of Poetry Thank you for subscribing. Something went wrong. Scroll Up Discover the Secrets of Poetry Success - keep your inbox updated! Something went wrong. 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more dates coming soon! Milk Carton Generator Use water to get things really moo-ving Australian Curriculum links • Science > Physical Sciences > Year 4 > ACSSU076 • Science > Earth and Space Sciences > Year 7 > ACSSU116 • Science > Physical Sciences > Year 10 > ACSSU229 You’ll need • Empty cardboard milk carton • Water • String • Nail • Masking tape • Scissors • Tray to catch falling water Try this 1. Using the nail, punch holes in the bottom right hand corner of each side of the milk carton. 2. Punch a hole in the middle of the top of the carton and tie a piece of string through this hole to hang the carton. 3. Use masking tape to cover the holes in the bottom, and hang the carton outdoors or over a tray to catch the water. 4. Fill the milk carton with water. 5. Take the masking tape off one hole and observe what happens. 6. Take the tape off the hole opposite to this. Does this make any difference? 7. Uncover all 4 holes. What happens? Further investigation • Using a new milk carton, try punching the holes in different places on the carton. What difference does this make to the movement of the milk carton? • Try changing the size of the holes in the milk carton. Does this affect the movement? • Can you make your spinning milk carton do work? Using a pulley and string, you could try and make it winch up an object, or pull an object along the ground. What’s happening? Isaac Newton’s 3rd law of motion states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. The action in this experiment is the water pouring out of the holes. The reaction to this is the force of the water pushing the carton in the opposite direction. The more holes, the faster the carton turns. This is similar to many turbines. Water or steam is forced through holes and is used to make the turbine turn. A shaft connects the turbine to an electrical generator, which makes electrical energy when it is turned.	<urn:uuid:8f06341c-23d2-4a01-9a4c-7dce30c2c09e>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.78125, "fasttext_score": 0.05488461256027222, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8450953364372253, "url": "https://www.questacon.edu.au/outreach/programs/science-circus/activities/milk-carton-generator" }
Bandages and Dressings Bandages and dressings are two different things. A dressing is a material which is in direct contact with a wound, whereas a bandage is a material placed or wrapped over top of the dressing to keep it in place and absorb fluids. A wound is any damage to the body that cuts, punctures, tears or otherwise damages the skin. That could include open wounds like lacerations or closed wounds like bruises. A dressing can have multiple purposes to keep in mind, although not all of the following apply to any given dressing. These purposes include: • The maintenance of high humidity where the dressing meets the wound. A dry environment can cause dehydration and cell death at the wound site. A moist environment causes wounds to heal three to five times more quickly, and also less painfully • The removal of excess fluids coming from the wound, including blood • The movement of air around the wound • The provision of thermal insulation • Impermeability to bacteria. Infection, local or systemic, can delay or impede healing. The most common complication to would healing is infection, and hemorrhage is the most serious. • Freedom from particles and toxic wound contaminants, so a dressing which sheds particles or fibres into the wound would not be very suitable. • Removal without causing trauma (such as by tearing) since trauma will worsen the wound and delay healing.	<urn:uuid:f5634db8-c6b0-4d5d-9360-aa1823f3932d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.78125, "fasttext_score": 0.05213719606399536, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.907282829284668, "url": "https://www.survivalworld.com/first-aid/bandages-dressing/" }
German American Living with Mohawk Indians in America in 1712…that was only one adventure in the life of Conrad Weiser In a previous posting, I briefly mentioned a German American who was the maternal grandfather of the first Speaker of the House, Frederick Muhlenberg. Now I will relate the story of how his grandfather arrived in America and some additional details which are quite interesting. In 1709…when Conrad was 13 and still lived in Germany…fever claimed the life of his mother, Anna Magdalena. Her death was one of many at that time. The land and people of southwestern Germany were ravaged by French invasions related to the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714) … and recurrent invasions led to confiscation of food and the destruction of numerous cities…especially within the Palatinate. This created hardships of all kinds, but it was exacerbated by a rash of harsh winters and poor harvests that created famine in Germany and much of northwest Europe. Conrad Weiser’s father and his children were among thousands of refugees who left German lands that year. The migrants came principally from regions comprising the modern German states of Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse, and northern areas of Baden-Württemberg. All of these people traveled up the Rhine River and then to England, which had offered some support for Protestant refugees. There were so many that the English had to make a camp for them outside London’s city walls for the winter. The following year in 1710, the English arranged for transport in ten ships of the nearly 3,000 Germans to the New York colony. The Queen supported migration of the immigrants to help settle the New York colony. The plan was that they would work off their passage in a form of indenture in camps devoted to producing ships’ stores, such as tar and other materials. Later they would be allowed to trade their work for land. Most of the Germans were first located in the East and West Camps on the Hudson River, near Livingston Manor. It was not until 13 years later in 1723 that some 100 heads of families received land grants in the central Mohawk Valley. Somehow, Conrad Weiser’s father managed to get his family to the Schoharie Valley earlier than 1723… and in 1712, only 3 years after leaving Germany, Conrad was living in a Mohawk village. His father agreed to a chief’s proposal for the 16 year old to live with the Mohawks in the upper Schoharie Valley. During his stay with the Indians in the winter and spring of 1712-1713, Weiser learned much about the Mohawk language and the customs of the Iroquois, while enduring hardships of cold, hunger, and homesickness. Weiser returned to his own people towards the end of July 1713. At the age of 24, Weiser married Anna Eve Feck and 3 years later, in 1723, the couple followed the Susquehanna River south out of New York. They settled their young family on a farm in Womelsdorf, Pennsylvania near present-day Reading. The couple had fourteen children, of which only seven reached adulthood. In 1731 Conrad, accompanied his friend Chief Shikellimy, overseer of the Six Nations…which included many major tribes and sub tribes…and travelled to Philadelphia to work on treaty negotiations with Governor Gordon. In 1732 he was officially recognized as Interpreter of Pennsylvania and Head of the Indian Bureau and remained so until his death. The Pennsylvania Archives state that Weiser’s Indian name was “Tarachawagon” which means “he who holds the reins”. Twenty three years later, during the 1755 Indian outbreaks along the frontier, Conrad Weiser was appointed Colonel of a regiment of volunteers from Berks County, PA. A number of forts were constructed under his direction, with the aid of Benjamin Franklin, along the frontiers of Lancaster and Berks counties. During the “French and Indian War”, he commanded the Second Battalion of the Pennsylvania Regiment. Conrad was also a business man and acquired quite a bit of property in the Pennsylvania area. At the time of his death, Conrad’s estate included some 900 acres of land in Heidelberg Township, Berks County; some Blue Mountain lands; and a lot in the town of Reading. In 1751 he erected a large stone home, which was also the first store in Reading. After the original building burned down in 1907, a new facsimile was built and is now a museum to honor this unassuming national hero. At the age of 63, he died at his home on July 11, 1760. The image shown here is from a vintage cigar box and portrays an older Conrad Weiser, along with his home in Reading, an old Pennsylvania crest, a scene with Indians and the coat of arms of the Duchy of Württemberg in Germany where he was born and raised. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. 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Psych and Soc CH 2 Sensation and Perception The flashcards below were created by user andrewlee22087 on FreezingBlue Flashcards. 1. transduction conversion of information from internal and external environment to electrical signals in the nervous system 2. perception processing of information to make sense of its significance 3. psychophysics relationship between physical nature of stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they evoke 4. photoreceptors 5. hair cells hearing, rotational and linear acceleration 6. nociceptors pain, somatosensation 7. thermoreceptors 8. osmoreceptors osmolarity of the blood 9. olfactory receptors 10. taste receptors 11. threshold minimum amount of a stimulus that renders a difference in perception 12. absolute threshold minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system 13. signal detection theory changes in our perception of the same stimuli depending on bout psychological and environmental context 14. response bias tendency of subjects to systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way 15. catch trials trials in which signal is presented 16. noise trials trials in which signal is not presented 17. hits signal present, positive response 18. miss signal present, negative response 19. false alarm signal absent, positive response 20. correct negative signal absent, negative response 21. retina contains photoreceptors to transduce light into electrical information 22. cones color vision and fine details 23. rods sensation of light and dark 24. bipolar cells highlights gradients between adjacent rods or cones 25. amacrine/horizontal cells receive input from multiple retinal cells before being passed on to ganglion cells 26. parvocellular cells shape detection 27. magnocellular cells motion detection 28. order of ossicles • malleus • incus • stapes 29. Eustachian tube equalize pressure between middle ear and the environment 30. bony labyrinth contains • cochlea • vestibule • semicircular canals 31. endolymph potassium rich fluid that bathes the membranous labyrinth 32. perilymph fluid that suspends the membranous labyrinth 33. vestibule (utricle, saccule) linear acceleration 34. semcircular canals rotational acceleration 35. lateral geniculate nucleus 36. medial geniculate nucleus 37. superior olive localizes sound 38. tonotopical vibrations indicate pitch of sound 39. Pacinian corpuscles depp pressure and sensation 40. Meissner corpuscles light touch 41. Merkel cells deep pressure and texture 42. Ruffini endings 43. free nerve endings pain and temperature 44. normal temperature of skin 45. law of proximity elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit 46. law of similarity objects that are similar tend to be grouped together 47. law of good continuation elements that appear to follow in the same pathway tend to be grouped together 48. law of pragnanz perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible Card Set Psych and Soc CH 2 Sensation and Perception Show Answers	<urn:uuid:f382408d-a299-492d-872e-882d35a9780a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.859375, "fasttext_score": 0.6486700177192688, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7719987034797668, "url": "https://freezingblue.com/flashcards/319995/preview/psych-and-soc-ch-2-sensation-and-perception" }
Types of Architecture Diagram Create Your Architecture Diagram Now What Is an Architecture Diagram? The architecture diagram is a schematic representation of a collection of ideas that are part of an architecture including its principles, elements and materials. Architecture diagram will support designers and engineers in visualizing a system or application's high-level, overarching layout to ensure the framework addresses the needs of their customers. You may also use architecture diagrams to explain patterns which are used in the design. It's a bit like a blueprint that can be used as a guide for convenience among your team to discuss, improve and follow. The architectural diagram layout online is a broad illustration of a house, or group of buildings; as well as different kinds of interior views. More accurate diagrams (engineering drawings) include the blueprints used by design engineers to render parts lists, schedule assembly phases, and generally work from basing, constructing the structure, running electrical wires & plumbing, etc. The Value of Architecture Diagrams • Architectural diagrams will primarily strive to encourage teamwork, improve cooperation, and provide direction and guidance. • Specifically the architecture diagram and the documents, in general, can be used specifically for coordination, correspondence, vision and feedback within the team and through departments. • Architectural diagrams should help us understand the significance and the environment. • It lets the team have a shared understanding and promote cooperation among the stakeholders. Symbols of Architecture Diagram Illustrated below are the symbols of architecture diagrams. It includes key symbols like database, program, business flow, organisation unit, role association to simpler symbols like goal, impact, component, form, system, etc. architectural diagram symbols Application Scenarios of Architecture Diagrams 1. System Architecture Diagram 2. system rchitecture diagram Architecture diagram systems need a system developer to understand, explain and express ideas about the nature of the system and the user needs that the system will meet. To display the interaction between various components a system architecture diagram should be used. They are usually designed for structures that require hardware and software and these are illustrated in the diagram to display the relationship between them. Furthermore, web applications can also be developed. It is a basic tool that can be used in the design process of the program, helping stakeholders understand the architecture, proposing improvements, and expressing expectations. 3. Website Architecture Diagram 4. website architecture diagram Website architecture is an approach to website design and planning, including technological, artistic, and practical considerations. Website architecture diagram uses a hierarchy structure to represent the overarching layout of a website, from where you can see website directory structure and website content management. Website system architecture breaks down functions and demonstrates the hierarchical relationships between functions and sub-functions. The network architecture specification for a software application will include elements such as database, application server, web server, website, browser, etc. A sitemap is a graphic representation of a website's specific context. 5. CRM Architecture Diagram 6. CRM architecture diagram A CRM architecture outlines the policy, framework, and procedures necessary to effectively handle customer interactions. When applying this architecture CRM programs play a key role. • Plan: Your CRM priorities will set your CRM strategy and lead the selection process for your apps. • System: The CRM system should give priority to data collection and organisation. • Processes: CRM processes will describe workflows to perform on CRM priorities. To explain elaborately, the customer relationship management (CRM) strategy of a company will be the backbone for adopting CRM software. Its functional application should be the framework for system procedures. 7. Software Architecture Diagram 8. software architecture diagram Software architecture diagram refers to the basic structures of a software system and the discipline of creating structures and systems like these. This arrangement comprises elements of the program, relationships between them, and property of all elements and relationships. The software architecture diagram is a critical step for creators of apps and applications to explain the fundamental layout of the computer by dividing functional areas into strata. It shows how a typical system of software could interact with its users, external systems, data sources, and services. Software architecture should not be regarded simply as a collection of templates or configurations but should include the decisions that contribute to, and the reasoning behind, certain specific structures. 9. Enterprise Architecture Diagram 10. enterprise architecture diagram Enterprise architecture is a framework for the study, preparation and execution of corporate business operations. Each provides a number of standards and procedures across the business process to drive enterprise. It is a methodology for proactively and holistically directing client reactions to transformative forces by defining and evaluating transition implementation to optimal market strategy and outcomes. Enterprise architecture has four key levels: business, application, data, and infrastructure. Why EdrawMax to Draw Your Diagrams? EdrawMax is extremely user friendly and compatible with architecture diagrams. There are also hosts to various templates of 100+ different types of diagrams and graphical representations. • Compatibility across platforms - EdrawMax is available on the web and mobile so that you can create and share ideas anytime you hit. EdrawMax supports all types of operating systems like Windows, Mac and Linux as well as all common browsers like Chrome, Firefox, IE, and Safari as a web-based program. • 100% security of privacy - With the highest degree of SSL encryption, all communication and file transfers are secured. Without your consent, nobody will be able to access your files. • Template Options and User Interface - There are many templates and design options available to ease the process of making these graphical diagrams. And the software has an easy to adapt to user interface.	<urn:uuid:235f90d9-b696-4517-bd8c-a89fa44b8e87>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.65625, "fasttext_score": 0.06083559989929199, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9010019898414612, "url": "https://www.edrawmax.com/article/architecture-diagram-types.html" }
Indiana has a long history of coal mining by both underground and surface methods, and the state is still a major producer of coal (34.5 million tons in 2005, Indiana Coal Council). Since the late 1920s, many coal operators in the state have found it necessary to prepare their coal for market by using increasingly sophisticated equipment to size and clean their product. Reject from these preparation facilities can be broadly characterized as "coarse-grained refuse" (also known as "gob") and "fine-grained refuse" ("tailings" or "slurry"). Deposits of the latter type are referred to here as "coal-slurry deposits" or "CSDs." In addition to mineral matter and water, CSDs contain significant quantities of fine-grained coal. Since the 1930s, as energy prices have fluctuated and coal-preparation technology has advanced, attempts have been made intermittently to recover the coal in CSDs in an economically feasible manner. Although such recovery has been successfully achieved at a few sites, many CSDs--including some very large individual deposits--remain scattered across southwestern Indiana. Because CSDs also contain significant quantities of pyrite, they are a source of acidic mine drainage. Since 1977, coal operators have been required to reclaim their CSDs by establishing vegetation, and most CSDs that were created before that date have been reclaimed by the Indiana Division of Reclamation with funding from the Abandoned Mine Lands Program. CSDs were emplaced in a variety of settings, including impoundments behind berms and in dammed valleys, and in final-cut pits, haul roads, and spoil deposits of surface mines. Emplacement typically occurred over a period of years or decades and significant internal variations in mineralogical, chemical, and textural characteristics exist within the deposits. Knowledge of such variations is important in any attempt to recovery slurry from a CSD in an economic and environmentally responsible manner. The primary purpose of this reconnaissance investigation was to identify and map CSDs and estimate the volumes of slurry in each deposit. The approximate locations of preparation plants and associated CSDs in Indiana were determined from an extensive review of the mining and geological literature. Using techniques of geographic information systems (GIS), exact locations of preparation plants and changes in the configuration of CSDs through time were then mapped from georeferenced historical aerial photographs and other aerial imagery. These efforts resulted in the production of Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI) ArcMap shapefiles showing the locations of coal-preparation plants and extents of coal-slurry deposits. GIS techniques were then used to determine the area of each deposit. Assumptions were made regarding the thicknesses of CSDs that were emplaced in various types of settings, and estimates of thickness were made using information from the National Coal Resource Data System (NCRDS), the Coal Mine Information System (CMIS), and digital line graphs (DLGs) of the U.S. Geological Survey. The volumes of CSDs were then calculated using GIS. A secondary purpose of the investigation was to collect, compile, and analyze records of chemical analyses of slurry performed in the 1970s and 1980s that are contained in the archives of the Indiana Geological Survey. These efforts resulted in the production of a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that contains chemical analyses for 473 individual samples, as well as average values calculated for various mine sites. Statistical analyses were performed to identify vertical trends among individual samples within drill holes, as well as lateral trends for average values from drill holes within various CSDs. This investigation was a cooperative project of the Indiana Geological Survey, R.E. Mourdock and Associates, LLC., and Purdue University Calumet. Funding was provided by the Center for Coal Technology Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Historical Development After 1924, in response to a variety of competitive market conditions, coal production from Indiana began a rapid decline that lasted through the 1930s. Coal operators attempted to reverse this decline by adopting labor-saving technologies, including the introduction of mechanical loading machines in underground mines and increased use of surface mining. However, both these developments further degraded the quality of the raw coal that was being produced, the reputation of which had long suffered in comparison with coals from the Appalachian Basin. The operators addressed these quality problems by adopting coal-preparation technology in the late 1920s, a trend which accelerated in the 1930s. Prior to the 1920s, coal preparation consisted primarily of crushing and screening the raw coal into several different size fractions, referred to by descriptive terms such as "lump," "egg," "nut," and "screenings" (in decreasing order of size). The largest sizes were in greatest demand and commanded the highest prices. At some coal-preparation facilities, employees (referred to as "pickers") removed visible impurities from the larger fractions by hand. After the late 1920s, increased reliance was placed on mechanical preparation of the coal--utilizing both dry and wet techniques--through the use of air tables and vibrating screens, jigs, washing tables and hydroseparators, and dryers to remove impurities and increase the number of marketable size-fractions (Coal Age, 1936a, p. 192; 1936c, p. 501; 1938b, p. 96, 99, 101). By 1937, about 1.6 million tons of Indiana coal was "washed" (out of a total production of 16.4 million tons), and an article in Coal Age (1938a, p. 42) noted: "To market an otherwise unmerchantable coal, particularly in the industrial sizes--namely, 2 in. or less--the coal-mining industry in Indiana has installed a number of washing plants. During the NRA [1933 to 1935], there were two mines in the State equipped to wash coal. Today there is a total of eleven plants washing coals from fifteen mines." Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, the increasingly widespread adoption of coal stokers by all types of coal consumers was another powerful market force that accelerated the adoption of advanced preparation technology (Coal Age, 1948, January, p. 58-63). Coal preparation became ever more elaborate and resulted in the need to dispose of ever larger quantities of rejected material. Because coal-preparation methods are imperfect, the reject invariably contains some coal, and by 1936, a combustion engineer with a coal company was making the following observations at a meeting of the Indiana Coal Mining Institute (Coal Age, 1936b, p. 303): "...a progressive operator must have twelve to fifteen individual sizes, not counting combinations, to meet the market demands. Loss of slurry or fines in washeries... is a step in the march of progress and eventually some method of utilization will be found." Whenever possible, coal operators attempted to utilize the finest sizes (referred to as "slack," "dust," or "carbon"), either by mixing it with coarser saleable material, by burning it at the mine site to fuel steam plants or electrical generators, or by selling it to other industries. As noted in an article about the Talleydale Mine (Coal Age, 1936c, p. 501): "Dust, when marketable, constitutes a sixth size (minus 48-mesh); otherwise, it is run to the refuse." At the Sunspot Mine, the finest material was mixed with coarser sizes and sold (Coal Age, 1955a): "…minus 1/4-in carbon, is transported…for loading with 1 1/4 x 1/4, as desired." Reject from preparation plants was the primary fuel for the Antioch power plant, which served the Friar Tuck and other nearby mines (Coal Age, 1937a), as well as for on-site power plants at the Dresser Mine, the Kings Station Mine, and the Saxton Mine (Coal Age, 1926, 1934, and 1944, respectively). Depending upon the configuration of the preparation plant, the material that was rejected as waste in the form of slurry was typically characterized as being less than 3/16-inch in diameter, and, at several facilities, less than 48 mesh (0.015-inch). Published estimates of the total amount of reject (including both coarse- and fine-grained refuse) ranged from 4 to 15 percent of plant input (Coal Age, 1936a and 1936c, respectively). From the 1950s to the present, engineers have continued to develop coal-preparation technology with the objectives of maximizing removal of ash, pyrite, and trace elements--as well as the recovery of fine coal--at reduced operating costs. By 2000, when total coal production from Indiana was 25.3 million tons, there were 19 preparation plants operating in Indiana and CSDs were still being actively created (Fiscor and Lyles, 2004). Because CSDs contain large quantities of pyrite, acidic soil conditions are generated in the unsaturated zone of such deposits where the slurry is exposed to the atmosphere, and unreclaimed deposits typically remain barren of vegetation for decades, until all the pyrite becomes oxidized. After passage of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) in 1977, mine operators were required to reclaim their CSDs after mining terminated, and the Abandoned Mine Lands (AML) program was instituted to reclaim abandoned CSDs. Most of the abandoned deposits have since been revegetated after being covered by a cap of soil, synthetic soil, or spoil, or following application of large quantities of agricultural limestone ("direct revegetation"). In the early 1970s, color-infrared Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) imagery (scale, 1:120,000) taken in May 1971 was used to map CSDs, and the total acreage of such deposits in Indiana was estimated to be 1,631 acres (Wobber and others, 1974, 1975). In the late 1970s there were two significant reconnaissance investigations that involved the mapping of CSDs in Indiana. Weismiller and Mroczynski (1978) provided maps showing areas of CSDs, as well as areas of gob deposits (namely, coarse-grained refuse from coal preparation). Using color infrared aerial photographs taken in the early summer of 1971 and techniques of remote sensing, they mapped 242 polygons, of which 29 are designated as being CSDs. Personnel of the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Reclamation, subsequently made site visits to verify the interpretations. Eggert (1979) provided a map showing the point locations of 44 CSDs and active preparation plants. He described site conditions of the CSDs and provided tabulated information about each site, including mine names, active dates, coal beds mined, total production, and so on. Slurry Emplacement Fine-grained refuse in the form of slurry was removed from coal-preparation plants through pipelines. The point at which the slurry emerged from the pipe and entered a disposal cell is referred to alternatively as the "discharge point" of the pipe or the "entry point" of the disposal cell. At underground mines, disposal cells were specially constructed, but at many surface mines, preexisting features such as final-cut pits, inclined haul roads, and spoil deposits were utilized for slurry disposal. Disposal cells sometimes consisted of impoundments ("slurry ponds") that were bounded by berms constructed of gob or spoil (disturbed and displaced overburden from surface mining) (fig. 1). A description of the construction of such a slurry pond at a mine in southern Illinois, where the slurry was subsequently re-mined and sold, is provided in an article in Coal Age (1950a, p. 85): The sludge pond is built up gradually over a period of years by continually building one levee on top of another. To start the pond [the slurry-plant superintendent] first laid down an 8- to 10-ft levee of clay on three sides of a 1,000-ft square area. The levee on the fourth side of the square-the south side-was built of gob. The discharge end of the slurry pipe was mounted at the northwest corner of the square and the slurry then was pumped in. Water draining down through the slurry could not pass through the clay levees, but did seep through the gob levee, and finally into a make-up water reservoir. From there the water was recirculated to the preparation plant. When the slurry neared the top of the original four-sided levee, another levee was built on top. The new levee was made of gob on all four sides. Slurry continued to enter the sludge pond, but the water seeping down through the slurry still could not escape through the bottom clay levee on three sides. It did filter through the original gob levee, however, and continued, as before, to flow into the reservoir. Thus adding one levee on top of another, Peabody has been able to build the sludge pond up to almost any desired depth. The pond now being mined is some 50 ft deep. At some surface-mine operations, final-cut pits were used as disposal cells (fig. 2). Within active surface mines, coal is typically trucked out of active pits on haul roads. These haul roads, or the remnants of haul roads, were sometimes subsequently used for disposal of coal slurry after active mining had ceased. Spoil deposits were also utilized as disposal cells at some surface-mine operations. Slurry flowed through the troughs between steep-sided spoil ridges; as a trough became filled, the slurry would overflow through notches in the ridges into adjacent troughs (fig. 3). Water would percolate down through the spoil, leaving a dry surface that could later be reclaimed. Internal Characteristics From the 1970s through the middle 1980s, personnel of the Indiana Geological and Water Survey (IGWS) conducted a program of mapping, sampling, and analyzing deposits of gob and slurry. A total of 519 samples was collected from CSDs and analyzed by IGWS personnel (Miller and Eggert, 1982, p. 50). Some washability tests and grain-size analyses were performed in addition to chemical analyses, such as proximate and ultimate analyses. The samples were obtained from 93 different drill holes associated with 14 coal-waste areas. Using these data, Eggert and others (1980) provided a detailed characterization of coal slurry at the Airline-Sponsler Mine, while Eggert and others (1981) described CSDs associated with the Green Valley Mine. Based upon the entire sample set, Miller and Eggert (1982) estimated that the total tonnage of CSDs in Indiana at that time was about 40 to 50 million tons distributed across 1,400 acres, which they estimated to represent about 20 million tons of recoverable coal. Some additional samples were collected and analyzed in the middle 1980s. Complex internal variations in the mineralogical, chemical, and textural characteristics of CSDs have been demonstrated to exist. At a CSD in southern Illinois where slurry was mined and sold, the mine officials made the following observations (Coal Age, 1950a, p. 85): In planning the sludge recovery, [the slurry-plant superintendent] and other Peabody officials figured this way: the high-ash slurry would settle out nearest the discharge end of the sludge pipe and ash content would fall in proportion to the distance from the discharge. Thus ash content of the coal in any area of the sludge pond could be predicted with reasonable accuracy. They also figured that the slurry farthest from the discharge would be the very smallest size and that, for that reason, it could not be dried without added cost. They were right on all counts. That's why the sludge pond is "mined" no closer than 100 ft or so to the discharge point and no closer than 200 ft or so to the…farthest corner of the pond. "Mining" thus is confined to the center area of the pond, where ash content and moisture are marketable. A more scientific approach was taken by Eggert and others (1980), who investigated a slurry deposit that had been emplaced in a long (3,000-m), narrow (80-m) final-cut pit at the Airline-Sponsler Mine, Greene County, Indiana. They described the sediments in the deposit as a "manmade prograding fan-delta system" in which there were vertical and lateral sequences of sediments whose physical characteristics were predictable (Eggert and others, 1980, p. 255) (fig. 4). As the slurry emerged from its discharge pipe, its fluid velocity was suddenly reduced, resulting in the deposition of large pieces of coal, coal minerals, rock fragments, and sulfide-mineralized coal that were high in ash and sulfur and possessed low calorific value (Eggert and others, 1980, p. 259-260). As the slurry flowed across the subaerial portion of the deposit, the remaining coarse tailings were deposited. When the slurry reached the standing water of a pond, its fluid velocity dropped sharply and only clay and ultrafine coal remained in suspension, gradually settling to the bottom. Eggert and others (1980, p. 258) estimated that the particle sizes of about half the deposit were less than 140 mesh (0.0965--0.1067 mm) and noted that such small sizes absorb large amounts of moisture and cause significant material-handling problems. The slurry deposit investigated by Eggert and others (1980) had a single entry point and a simple geometry. Physical characteristics of deposits are much less predictable where the geometries of the cells are more complex or where multiple entry points may have existed. As described in a later section of this report, development of the Chinook CSD was particularly complex. Initially, slurry was disposed of in a final-cut pit. When the pit was filled, an impoundment was build across the lower end of the pit and the slurry overflowed onto undisturbed ground on one side and into an area of spoil ridges on the other. The thickness of such a CSD, as well as its chemical and textural characteristics, can vary greatly across the deposit (fig. 5). Feature Identification For this investigation, the paper maps of Eggert (1979) and Weismiller and Mroczynski (1978) were digitized to provide a GIS layer showing the approximate locations of CSDs and associated preparation plants in the late 1970s. Locations of additional preparation plants that operated after 1978 were obtained from various reports published by the IGWS (Hasenmueller, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1991; Alano and Shaffer, 1994; Blunck and Carpenter, 1997; Eaton and Gerteisen, 2000), as well as from various editions of the Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Coal Age, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 2000, 2005). Using the shapefile of approximate locations to identify areas of interest, about 160 historical aerial photographs taken in those areas between 1937 and 1980 were then obtained from the archives of the IGWS and georeferenced. Other imagery that was used included Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quads (DOQQs) of the U.S. Geological Survey from 1998, and imagery of the National Agricultural Imagery Program from 2003 and the Indiana Orthophotography Project from 2005. On aerial photographs, preparation plants are recognizable as tall structures that may cast long shadows and are sometimes associated with silos, conveyor belts, or smoke stacks (fig. 6). Preparation plants, particularly older plants and plants associated with underground mines, are often situated on rail lines (with multiple tracks adjacent to the plants), while more recent plants associated with surface mines are often connected to various pits by broad haul roads that are distinctive on aerial photographs. However, the plants (particularly those associated with surface mines) were often dismantled or moved soon after mining activity shifted to other areas. As part of this investigation, the identification of coal-slurry deposits on imagery involved the evaluation of several factors. CSDs are typically situated close to preparation plants, although in some locations slurry is pumped or flows for considerable distances through pipes or ditches before entering a disposal cell. Other factors indicating the existence of a CSD include the presence of berms, a generally dark gray or black appearance (except where the deposit is highly oxidized or where salts have formed on the surface), the existence of braided or meandering stream channels (indicating a flat-lying deposit), and an absence of shadows (indicating that the deposit has low relief). Older, unreclaimed CSDs may exhibit erosional features that typically have relatively low relief, in contrast to coarse-grained gob deposits, which were created by dumping refuse in large piles (fig. 7). Unreclaimed gob deposits are also typically dark gray to black in color, but they may also exhibit steep-sided, eroded edges that cast long shadows. Gob deposits may also show evidence of straight travel ways on their upper surfaces where dump trucks traversed the deposit. Although both CSDs and gob deposits are typically dark gray to black, the more elevated (and drier) portions of CSDs are often light-colored to white because of more pronounced weathering or the formation of salts on the surface (figs. 9 and 10). Wherever possible, preparation plants were identified on historical aerial photographs or other imagery and their locations were digitized directly from the imagery using ESRI ArcMap to create a point shapefile showing exact locations (COAL_PREPARATION_PLANTS_IN.SHP). Sixty-nine preparation plants were so identified and mapped from photographs taken between 1937 and 2005. Eleven additional plants could not be identified on any available imagery, but their approximate locations were inferred from features on imagery, together with consideration of other documentary evidence. Because the names of some mines and associated preparation facilities change through time, a unique identification number (ID_IGS) was assigned to each facility. The identification number of the historical aerial photograph or other imagery from which each feature was digitized is provided in a database field named "ID_HAP." More information regarding the shapefile is provided in its metadata (COAL_PREPARATION_PLANTS_IN.HTML). Supplementary information regarding each preparation plant is provided in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (COAL_PREPARATION_PLANT_DATA.XLS). Fields and coded values that are used in the spreadsheet are defined in COAL_PREPARATION_PLANT_DATA.HTML. Using historical aerial photographs and other imagery, features having characteristics similar to coal-slurry deposits, as well as selected features that were in proximity to preparation plants or to known CSDs, were identified and their boundaries digitized directly from the imagery to create an ESRI ArcMap polygon shapefile (COAL_SLURRY_DEPOSITS_IN.SHP). A selected subset of data extracted from the database file associated with this shapefile (COAL_SLURRY_DEPOSITS_IN.DBF) is provided in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (COAL_SLURRY_DEPOSITS_IN.XLS). The identification number of the historical aerial photograph or other imagery from which each feature was digitized is provided in an attribute field named "PHOTO." A total of 375 polygonal features were so mapped. A unique identification number (ID_IGS_PLY) was assigned to each feature. Because historical aerial photographs are typically black and white and may be of poor resolution, and because CSDs are sometimes difficult to differentiate from gob deposits or other disturbed or barren areas associated with active mining, the recognition of CSDs required subjective interpretations by the investigator. Therefore, a qualitative indicator of the investigator's confidence in his interpretation was assigned to each feature in COAL_SLURRY_DEPOSITS_IN.SHP and COAL_SLURRY_DEPOSITS_IN.XLS in an attribute field named "GRADE." An explanation of these indicators is provided in the metadata for the shapefile (COAL_SLURRY_DEPOSITS_IN.HTML). Subsequently, 97 features (representing 952 acres) that were initially considered to be possible CSDs were reevaluated, and, upon further consideration, it was decided that they probably do not contain slurry. Although these features were retained in COAL_SLURRY_DEPOSITS_IN.SHP, they are categorized as "NS" (namely, "not slurry") in an attribute field named "TYPE." Also, 80 water-f	<urn:uuid:22dd1b10-f9b9-47f7-9204-23b23aabee8d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.578125, "fasttext_score": 0.049228131771087646, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9613630175590515, "url": "https://igws.indiana.edu/Coal/SlurryDepo" }
Supporting Students Scripture: 1 and 2 Peter Learning Objectives: • Students will learn that some Apostles wrote letters to churches and other missionaries to help them grow in their faith and stay close to God. • Students will learn that some of the books in the New Testament are actually some of these letters. • Students will learn that there are always others to help in their own city. • Students will create school supplies bags for children in need. Guiding Question: How does God want us to serve the needy? Materials: Paper grocery bags, school supplies to pack bags (school supplies and amount will depend on the need Procedure: Read Titus 2:7 and Matthew 25:36 to the students. Discuss with them why Jesus wants us to clothe the “naked”. Who are people in our city that may need clothes or other necessities? Why would they need them? Discuss poverty in your city and how various organizations are helping. Have students pack school supplies donation bags for children in need of school supplies within the city. Prior to lesson, contact local organizations or schools in need of school supplies to determine what school supplies will be needed. Additional Questions: • How can basic needs be provided for those who are homeless within our city? Supplemental Activity: Have students plan and implement a clothing drive for those in need of clothing within the city. Contact homeless shelters and other organizations to determine what clothing they are in need of.	<urn:uuid:dd5feb3d-56d6-4d6b-be00-920934ba1478>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.05830913782119751, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9585657119750977, "url": "http://teachonereachone.org/peters-letters/supporting-students/" }
The Tale of a Journeyman German Journeymen Posing with tools and beer In medieval times, the apprentice was bound to his master for a number of years. He lived with the master as a member of the household, receiving most or all of his compensation in the form of food and lodging. An apprentice could not charge a fee for his day’s work; in Germany, it was normal that the apprentice had to pay a fee for his apprenticeship. After the years of apprenticeship, the apprentice was absolved from his obligations. The guilds, however, would not allow a young craftsman without experience to be promoted to master and thus qualify to set up his own business. To gain experience, the craftsman could choose to work for someone else or to independently roam about looking for work as a “journeyman”. Journeyman Hitching a Ride Journeymen can be easily recognised on the street by their clothing. The carpenter’s black hat has a broad brim; some professions use a black stovepipe hat or a cocked hat. The carpenters wear black bell-bottoms and a waistcoat and carry the Stenz, which is a traditional curled hiking pole. Because many professions have converted to the uniform of the carpenters, many people in Germany believe that only carpenters go journeying, which is untrue–since the carpenter’s uniform is best known and well received, it simply eases the journey. The journeyman carries his belongings in a leather backpack called the Felleisen. Some medieval towns banned the Felleisen (due to the fleas in them) so that many journeymen used a coarse cloth to wrap their belongings in. The uniform is completed with a golden earring and golden bracelets, which could be sold in hard times and in the Middle Ages could be used to pay the gravedigger if the journeyman should die on his journey. Only after the journeyman had completed half of the required journeyman years could he register with a guild for the right to be an apprentice master. After fully completing the journeyman years, the craftsman would settle in a workshop of the guild, and after some more years he would be allowed to make his masterpiece and present it to the guild. With their consent, he would be promoted to guild master and be allowed to open his own guild workshop in town. Leave a Reply	<urn:uuid:ed626336-3d29-422b-bf1f-e4a1647ae03e>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.022486567497253418, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.977990984916687, "url": "https://www.steetz.com/the-tale-of-a-journeyman/" }
Asked by: Brihaspati Gafeira technology and computing digital audio What is aliasing in video? Last Updated: 29th March, 2020 Aliasing is characterized by the alteringofoutput compared to the original signal because resamplingorinterpolation resulted in a lower resolution in images, aslowerframe rate in terms of video or a lower waveresolution inaudio. Anti-aliasing filters can be used tocorrect thisproblem. Click to see full answer. Consequently, what causes aliasing? Aliasing occurs whenever the use ofdiscreteelements to capture or produce a continuous signalcausesfrequency ambiguity. Spatial aliasing,particular of angularfrequency, can occur when reproducing a lightfield or sound fieldwith discrete elements, as in 3D displays orwave field synthesisof sound. Also, what is aliasing and how can it be avoided? Anti-Aliasing[edit] Any part of the signal or noise that is higher thanahalf of the sampling rate will cause aliasing.Inorder to avoid this problem, the analog signal isusuallyfiltered by a low pass filter prior to being sampled, andthisfilter is called ananti-aliasingfilter. Also know, what do you mean by aliasing effect? Aliasing refers to the effect producedwhena signal is imperfectly reconstructed from the originalsignal.Aliasing occurs when a signal is not sampled at ahigh enoughfrequency to create an accurate representation. In thisexample, thedots represent the sampled data and the curverepresents theoriginal signal. What is the difference between aliasing and antialiasing? Aliasing is the visual stair-stepping ofedgesthat occurs in an image when the resolution is toolow.Anti-aliasing is the smoothing of jagged edges indigitalimages by averaging the colors of the pixels ataboundary. Related Question Answers Husam Mizperaza How do you reduce aliasing? Analog filtering to reduce aliasing To reduce the effects of aliasingwhensampling analog signals, analog filtering must first be usedtoreduce the higher frequencies. Data sampled forprocesscontrol use will typically have a first order analogRC(resistor-capacitor) filter. Darifa Venezualano How do you avoid aliasing? Re: avoiding aliasing To avoid aliasing with a low-pass filter,twoprocesses actually must occur: As dictated by the Nyquisttheory(see opposite page), the input signal must be sampled at arate ofat least twice the highest frequency component of interestwithinthe input signal. Trinity Gorchs Why does aliasing happen? Aliasing occurs when a system is measured ataninsufficient sampling rate. This is aliasing. The samethinghappens when a digital measurement device doesnotsample a signal often enough. Gilson Zschorsch What are the effects of aliasing? Aliasing is an effect that causesdifferentsignals to become indistinguishable from each otherduringsampling. Dunja Ambacher What is Nyquist formula? The Nyquist Theorem, also known as thesamplingtheorem, is a principle that engineers follow in thedigitizationof analog signals. For analog-to-digital conversion(ADC) to resultin a faithful reproduction of the signal, slices,called samples,of the analog waveform must be takenfrequently. Nela Bruinings What does Nyquist mean? The Nyquist frequency, named afterelectronicengineer Harry Nyquist, is half of the samplingrate of adiscrete signal processing system. It is sometimes knownas thefolding frequency of a sampling system. Candelario Manhardt Why does aliasing occur in images? Aliasing and image enhancement.Aliasingoccurs when a signal is sampled at a less thantwice the highestfrequency present in the signal. Signals atfrequencies above halfthe sampling rate must be filtered out toavoid the creation ofsignals at frequencies not present in theoriginalsound. Egidia Harnest What does an anti aliasing filter do? This filter is an anti-aliasfilterbecause by attenuating the higher frequencies (greaterthan theNyquist frequency), it prevents the aliasingcomponents frombeing sampled. Because at this stage (before thesampler and theADC) you are still in the analog world, theanti-aliasingfilter is an analogfilter. Armine Haselhoff What does oversampling mean? In signal processing, oversampling is theprocessof sampling a signal at a sampling frequency significantlyhigherthan the Nyquist rate. The Nyquist rate is defined as twicethehighest frequency component in the signal. Gennady Jouhanneau What is aperture effect? What is the aperture effect in digitalsignalprocessing? Well, this aperture effect takes place inFlatTop Sampling. Aperture error is the difference betweentheactual value of the input signal, and the flat-toppedsamplevalue. Cristofor Bagaryakoff What causes moire in video? Moiré occurs when a scene or anobjectbeing photographed presents repetitive details. Theseinclude, butare not limited to, lines and dots. This effect iscreated by thepattern if it exceeds the sensor's resolution. Whenthis happens,the camera creates a strange lookingimage. Fernand Ser What is aliasing how do you compensate the aliasing explain in detail? Antialiasing is a technique used incomputergraphics to remove the aliasing effect. Thealiasingeffect is the appearance of jagged edges or“jaggies”in a rasterized image (an image rendered usingpixels). Cause ofanti-aliasing is Undersampling.Undersampling results inloss of information of thepicture. Sanja Hibbeln What is aliasing effect in communication? Aliasing is the effect whichcausesdifferent signals to become in-distinguishable from eachother.Commonly observed like, In a digital image,aliasingmanifests itself as a moiré pattern or aripplingeffect. Glenys Hudecek What is Nyquist frequency and aliasing? Aliasing. When a signal is sampled too slowly(itcontains frequency components above theNyquistfrequency), the digitized waveform is distorted.Thisdistortion is called aliasing. It is the result ofmixing orbeating between the signal frequencies and thesamplingfrequency. Abundio Porfeta What do you mean by modulation? Modulation is a process through whichaudio,video, image or text information is added to an electricaloroptical carrier signal to be transmitted over atelecommunicationor electronic medium. Bernardi Wague What is bandwidth of a signal? Bandwidth of Signals. The bandwidth ofasignal is defined as the difference between the upper andlowerfrequencies of a signal generated. As seen from theaboverepresentation, Bandwidth (B) of the signal isequalto the difference between the higher or upper-frequency (fH)and thelower frequency (fL). Antimo Bruzdewicz What is spatial aliasing? Spatial aliasing means insufficient samplingofthe data along the space axis. This difficulty is souniversal,that all migration methods must consider it. Data shouldbe sampledat more than two points per wavelength. Otherwise thewave arrivaldirection becomes ambiguous. Edina Schirrmacher What is sample rate? Sample rate is literally how fastsamplesare taken. It's measured in “samples persecond”and is usually expressed in kiloHertz (kHz), a unitmeaning 1,000times per second. Audio CDs, for example, have asample rateof 44.1kHz, which means that the analog signal issampled 44,100times per second. Hrant Benninghofen What is aliasing in camera? In photography aliasing is a form ofdistortionthat occurs when two elements of the signal beingprocessed to forma digital image become indistinguishable from oneanother.Aliasing often appears in an image in the formofmoiré or false colouring. The image can then besharpenedduring post-processing.	<urn:uuid:a4a6d2fb-db16-4fe7-bf56-e3e21f2fe91c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.9924222826957703, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8711326718330383, "url": "https://everythingwhat.com/what-is-aliasing-in-video" }
Home Page Wednesday 27th January 2021 Phonics - /a-e/ Hi everybody! Today we are looking at the split digraph a-e, where there is a consonant grapheme in the middle of the digraph, for example in the words came, take and fake. Reading decodable story - Jig and Jog Reading - LC: I can make predictions. Look at the front cover of this story that we are going to be reading. Answer the following questions: Who might the main character be? What might happen to them? Where might the story be set? LC: I can make predictions. Maths - Counting forwards and backwards within 50 GPS: I can punctuate a sentence. Add capital letters and full stops to the sentences below. Then write 2 of your own sentences about animals, ensuring your capital letter in each sentence is formed correctly. the cheeky brown monkeys swung though the tall trees the colourful parrot screeched the huge elephant stomped through the dense jungle Enquiry - I know why Matthew Henson is famous.	<urn:uuid:aef4ae27-a3d6-4421-a2a0-984757c169b3>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.5379425883293152, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9047389626502991, "url": "https://www.beestonfields.notts.sch.uk/wednesday-27th-january-2021/" }
Skip to content What are tikanga? Tikanga are appropriate customary practices or ‘layers of the culture’ developed by Māori communities and individuals and informed by common cultural values and concepts. Guiding behaviour and relationships Tikanga are more than just ‘rules’. They are best described as a form of social control and can guide the way relationships are formed, provide ways for groups to interact, and even guide the way people identify themselves. Tikanga inform frameworks that address ethical issues. They guide good behaviour and practice when engaging with Māori and the things that matter to them. Practical applications of tikanga In Aotearoa New Zealand, tikanga are already present in many domains and have become widely known and accepted for some time. They exist in many corners of our society, are heard on television and radio, and are seen in almost all daily interactions, from social media and classrooms to the sports fields. References to tikanga and their definitions appear in some of our legislation, education policies, government services, court processes, and political systems. Tikanga principles reflected in areas beyond the marae context is not new, neither is it unheard of in Aotearoa New Zealand. Contact us If you’d like more information, have a question, or want to provide feedback, email Content last reviewed 23 November 2020. Related content	<urn:uuid:a75d2f62-591f-4257-b0d5-7eba3a679a06>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.734375, "fasttext_score": 0.04122287034988403, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9510588645935059, "url": "https://data.govt.nz/manage-data/data-ethics/nga-tikanga-paihere/what-are-tikanga/" }
kidzsearch.com > wiki Explore:web images videos games KidzSearch Safe Wikipedia for Kids. Jump to: navigation, search Neptunium was discovered in the year of 1940 by two men named Edwin McMillan and Phillip H. Abelson at Berkeley Radiation Center of the University of California. Neptunium is a silvery- metallic element and is radioactive. Its melting point is 637 degrees Celsius and it's boiling point is 4000 degrees Celsius. Its atomic mass is 237 u.	<urn:uuid:7eb980d9-8c4e-4879-8b15-d519f0ef3872>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.875, "fasttext_score": 0.18632179498672485, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9048972129821777, "url": "https://wiki.kidzsearch.com/wiki/Neptunium" }
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 was enacted to strengthen existing anti-trust laws and further limit business practices thought to be anticompetitive. Named after its principle author, Henry De Lamar Clayton Jr., the act would attempt to close some of the loopholes businesses found in the years following the Sherman Act of 1890 as well as curtail monopolistic activity. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, along with the Clayton Act of 1914 and the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914, were groundbreaking statutes geared towards limiting monopolies and cartels. In the years following the Sherman Act, courts applied the law to trade unions, which found it impossible to organize so they could bargain with their employers. There were also a number of mergers, which reestablished the market power of the cartels outlawed by the Sherman Act. Adding further strength to the Sherman Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 would specifically outlaw the following conduct: • Price Discrimination: a strategy where similar or identical merchandise or services are sold by the same producer for different prices in different markets or geographies. • Tying Arrangements / Exclusive Dealing: arrangements whereby one party is only willing to do business with another party if they agree to deal with them exclusively, or they agree to purchase a large share of their total requirements from the first party. • Mergers and Acquisitions: applies to those transactions that would substantially lessen competition. Provides the Federal Trade Commission and Department of Justice with the authority to regulate mergers and acquisitions. • Board of Directors: persons were prohibited from being a director of two or more corporations that could be considered competitors. Related Terms anti-competitive practice, confidentiality agreement, conflict of interest, dividing markets, price fixingbid rigging, group boycott, disparagement, dumping, exclusive dealing, Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, limit pricing, Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914, resale price maintenance	<urn:uuid:534d0ff3-6c05-4206-ae6a-417529409f95>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.875, "fasttext_score": 0.16597795486450195, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9478464722633362, "url": "https://money-zine.com/definitions/career-dictionary/clayton-antitrust-act-of-1914/" }
CPM Homework Banner Describe how the slope of the graph changes. Start at the beginning (x = 0) and end at the end (x = 10). Include where the slope is positive, where it is negative, where it is steep, where it is smooth, where it is increasing,where it is decreasing and where it is constant. Use the eTool below to explore.	<urn:uuid:86bfedb2-3754-4e1f-a02d-495875c84754>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.9685134291648865, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8674684166908264, "url": "https://homework.cpm.org/category/CCI_CT/textbook/calc/chapter/1/lesson/1.5.1/problem/1-195" }
The First World War was an unprecedented moment in letter writing. The upheaval of war made letter writing a necessity. In this conflict, millions of letters, postcards, and telegrams were sent across the globe, to keep in touch with friends and families, informing each other about events at the front and life at home. Letters written during the war attempted mostly to capture the routine of everyday life but also the extraordinary experiences of being on military service at the front or in a foreign land, or chance encounters between soldiers and civilians. Similarly, letters by civilians not only described the challenges of domestic life during war time but included insightful observations of the Home Front, life under occupation, or encountering enemy soldiers, especially prisoners of war. Even in non-belligerent countries, the war was an unavoidable topic in letters between intellectuals, politicians, and ordinary people. Although the mundane dominated the content of letters shared between family and friends, the form offered a unique opportunity for those involved in the war to reflect on bigger and more abstract ideas. Through writing and reading letters, people reflected on the nature of this global conflict and concepts such as nationality, religion, and humankind. By their very nature, letters were constructions of events and experiences, as certain upsetting or unpalatable details were omitted or as writers tried to avoid the rigours of official censorship. Despite the vast number of letters sent during the war and the huge infrastructure established to ensure that military personnel and civilians could stay in touch, not all of those touched by war necessarily wrote or received letters. In particular, an uneven spread of literacy led to different forms of writing. Letters could be dictated or created collectively before sending, and they might be read aloud and shared among home communities once received. During and after the war, letters became important tools for propaganda, and were published in newspapers or edited collections. On the whole then, war letters were not, and would not remain, a solely private medium of communication. Although letters were and remained cherished mementos for families, many have been collected in public archives, in a systematic practice beginning during the war. Many more, however, were destroyed, have disappeared, or merely disintegrated. Anna Maguire & Daniel Steinbach	<urn:uuid:6c817a94-83a6-4f63-bd41-4329fa62a27a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.765625, "fasttext_score": 0.06944900751113892, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.972481369972229, "url": "https://sourcebook.cegcproject.eu/multi-collections/multi-collections/show/id/16" }
The Ancient History of Soap making Since antiquity the Sumerians had documented the use of soap solutions, and by 3000 BC the babylonians first used a slurry of ashes and water to remove grease from raw wool so that it could be dyed. Babylonian priests purified themselves before sacred ceremonies in this slippery alkali slurry of ashes, that reacted with grease and oils to dissolve it to form a latherous creamy soap. The Babylonians, realising this, proceeded to make soap solutions directly by boiling fats and oils in the alkali before using it for cleaning. Specific directions for making different kinds of soap solution have been found on cuneiform tablets all over the alluvial plains of Mesopatamia. In the Old testament soap is mentioned twice " thou wash thee with nitre, and take thee much soap, yet thine iniquity is marked.." says the book of Jeremiah, and the book of Malachi states "He is like a refiner's fire, like a fuller's soap" H. W. Salzberg, From Caveman to Chemist, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1991	<urn:uuid:97f06368-4553-4c14-aebf-728867ec8849>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.84375, "fasttext_score": 0.02175724506378174, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9037024974822998, "url": "https://www.royaljardinsoapsuk.com/soap-making" }
Jigsaw Puzzle Game • The students will be able to assemble jigsaw puzzles of the United States. • With practice, the students will improve their speed in assembling the jigsaw puzzles. • The student will memorize the locations and names of the states. • Jigsaw puzzle of the United States (the pieces are the individual states) • Stopwatch. 1. Divide the class into partner groups. 2. Explain to students that they will be assembling jigsaw puzzles with a partner and that each team will be timed. 3. Each time they assemble the puzzle they will time themselves and record their time a the time sheet. 4. The team with the fastest time will receive a prize. Assembling a United States jigsaw puzzle will test the students' knowledge of geography. 3 \| 4 \| loading gif	<urn:uuid:3bbda755-42ce-466f-9b33-01128546c031>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.71875, "fasttext_score": 0.719975471496582, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9129617214202881, "url": "https://www.teachervision.com/geography/jigsaw-puzzle-game" }

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