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What Is a State Fish?
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• Written By: Misty Amber Brighton
• Edited By: Allegra J. Lingo
• Images By: n/a, Witold Krasowski
• Last Modified Date: 08 January 2017
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Many states within the U.S. choose official symbols such as birds, mammals, flowers, and state fish. This species is normally selected by asking the citizens of that state to vote, and then passing an act through the legislature. The one that is chosen is normally reflective of the type of aquatic life commonly found there. Some states that border the ocean have chosen both a freshwater and a saltwater variety to be the official state symbol.
Naming a state fish is not mandated by the U.S. Constitution, but many states choose to do this because it represents the type of aquatic life native to the area. The practice of doing so is very common, and 45 out of the 50 states have this state symbol. Arkansas, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, and Ohio do not recognize a state animal in this category. Many states that border the ocean name both a freshwater and saltwater fish in addition to a state shell. Tennessee recognizes both a sport and commercial fish, while Vermont names both a cold and warm water variety.
The process of naming a state fish may vary, but this symbol is normally chosen by that state's citizens. This might begin by a group of people asking their state representative to sponsor a bill to do this. Once a senator has agreed, residents may be allowed to vote on several different species, and the winner is then added to the final draft of the bill before it is voted on by the legislature. If the governor of that state signs the bill, the fish will become the official state symbol in this category.
Once a species is named as the official state fish, this fact may be advertised on the Internet or official state tourism documents. It is often highlighted along with state birds and animals to promote outdoor activity and recreation. Some states choose a representative that may be threatened or endangered, in which case they might devote special efforts toward the conservation of this species. This may include educating the public about the significance of the fish to that state's waters.
Trout and bass are two common examples of a state fish. Eleven states, including California and New York, have named a variety of trout, and the brook trout is the most common one. Ten states, including South Carolina, Oklahoma, and Florida, have named a species of bass, and the largemouth variety is the most popular. Some state fish represent only one state. For example, Connecticut has named the American shad, Wisconsin the muskellunge, and Alaska the salmon.
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Post 4
@kentuckycat - I agree with you to an extent, but keep in mind these are just fun little things to add to the state to give it a bit of identity.
The reason why there is a state fish in so many states is because fish thrive nearly everywhere there is water and because of this, most states feel that they need to have a state fish in order to fairly address and recognize aquatic life, just as they do the state land animals.
To be hinest, these types of things do not bother me very much, as they really do not take up a lot of time and at least do contribute to the creation of the identity for the
state to compare it with other states.
It is also fun to think of why they chose such a thing in the first place and wonder what could be picked as a state sponsored thing, if there is not already one to fill that spot in the state.
Post 3
@Emilski - Those are very strong words, but to be honest most of the time it is the residents of the state and in many cases school children that come up with these things and end up proposing them to the state legislatures.
Yes it may seem like it is time consuming, but these measures almost always pass when they are brought up in front of the legislatures for a vote and do not really waste a whole lot of time or money.
I will say though one thing that does annoy me is how states will usually pick the same animals. Like for example the cardinal is the state bird in nearly a dozen states and I really do not
understand why this is so, because it is not as common as other birds.
I really feel like states more or less do these things because other states have done them and they have gotten a bit bland and lost their symbolism as of late.
Post 2
@JimmyT - I absolutely agree and feel like there are way too many things that become state sponsored that have no business being so.
In the state I live in, Illinois, we have a state dance, a state fossil, and a state snack. In all honesty what is the point of having these when the dance is the square dance and the snack is popcorn which are relatively common things?
I feel like there is always some type of movement going on to add a state something and that the politicians feel that it is a good story in the press, but in reality wastes time and gets little done.
SOmething that is state sponsored needs to have a tie to
the state either in its history or livelihood, so that makes sense why states on the east or west coasts would have a state fish, but what is the point of a state like Kansas having a state fish?
I really do not like things like this and kind of wish they would get rid of them.
Post 1
I have to be totally and completely hoenst. I feel that it is a complete waste of time on the effort of politicians as well as tax payer dollars to name something as simple as a state fish.
I fully understand why it is necessary for a state to pick things to represent thei state like a state flag or seal or what not but to be honest what use is there for a state fish?
I understand that some states economies rely heavily on commercial fishing, but as this article state 45 of the 50 states in the Union have a state fish and I really do not feel that something like this is necessary.
The worst part about
it legislation has to be passed to make these types of things official and because there are so many petty state sponsored things like this that get proposed all the time, I just feel that it is a waste of taxpayers money and time that could be spent by politicians doing something more productive with their time.
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A sailboat is traveling due north at 2.40 m/s on a calm lake with no noticeable water currents. From the crow’s nest at the top of its 10.0-m-high mast, one of the passengers drops her digital camera.
(a) Make a sketch of the camera’s trajectory from the point of view of the passengers on the deck below and from the point of view of passengers on a nearby boat at rest relative to the lake.
(b) Determine the camera’s initial velocity relative to the ship and relative to the lake surface.
(c) How long does the camera take to hit the deck?
(d) What is its total travel distance as determined by the boat passengers?
(e) Compare this to the magnitude of the net displacement, as determined by the passengers on the nearby boat and comment on why they are different.
• CreatedAugust 29, 2015
• Files Included
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How-To Geek
How Do Astronauts Cast Their Votes From Space?
Morse Code
Answer: Email
In 1997 the legislature of the State of Texas passed a bill specifically intended to ensure the many astronauts that call Texas home would be able to vote wherever they might be–even if that wherever was 220 miles above the surface of the Earth, whizzing over Texas in a space station.
That very year astronaut David Wolf, aboard the Mir space station, cast his vote by encrypted email. His ballot was prepared by his county clerk’s office, sent to Mission Control, beamed to the space station, and then returned via the same route. Although Wolf was the first person to vote from space, it was a local election. It wasn’t until 2004 that the flight schedules aligned with a national election. In October of 2004, aboard the International Space Station, astronaut Leroy Chiao cast his vote via encrypted email and became the first American to vote for the President from space.
Enter Your Email Here to Get Access for Free:
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"the yellowing daguerreotypes swinging by their clothespegs"
The daguerreotype is an early type of photograph. Unlike modern photographs, the daguerreotype had no negative. Instead, the image was exposed directly onto a mirror-polished surface of silver, which had previously been exposed to idonine vapour. In the later use of the process, bromine vapour was employed. The finished daguerreotype was usually housed in a velvet-lined folding case.
Faded by the passage of time, many of these daguerreotypes possess a ghostly, haunting quality, perfectly in keeping with McCarthy's themes of transience and mortality.
Nathaniel Hawthorne (c. 1850–1855)
Public DomainNathaniel Hawthorne (c. 1850–1855) - Credit: Whipple & Black
Harriet Beecher Stowe (c. 1850)
Public DomainHarriet Beecher Stowe (c. 1850) - Credit: Southworth & Hawes
Edgar Allan Poe (1848)
Public DomainEdgar Allan Poe (1848) - Credit: W.S. Hartshorn
Margaret Fuller (1846)
Public DomainMargaret Fuller (1846) - Credit: John Plumbe
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How to Draw a Greenhouse Model
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When drawing a greenhouse model the first thing you'll need to do is draw the Earth. Learn how to draw a greenhouse model with help from an artist in this free video clip.
Part of the Video Series: Drawing Basics & More
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Video Transcript
Hi, I'm Jessica, and I'm an artist. And today, we're going to draw a greenhouse model. So, the first thing we're going to do is, we're going to draw the earth. So, there's the curve of the earth. And, you know, there's some countries and whatnot. So, that's the earth. Next, we have the layer of atmosphere above the earth, like so. Then, we're going to go up, and we're going to draw the sun. So, here's the sun. And, the sun is shining up there. Now, what happens is, the sun rays come down into the atmosphere. Normally, they just go right down, and they go onto the planet. There we go. But, sometimes they come down, and then they get trapped in the atmosphere, and they sort of bounce back, and then they get stuck in this layer here. So, that creates a little bit of a what is known as the greenhouse effect. So, we've got our continents here, like so. The atmosphere, you can draw a line above it just to show. And, the rays can be described just with an arrow that comes down and goes back up. And, of course, you can get as elaborate as you would like to with your sun, with the different rays and what have you. And, there you go. That is how you draw a greenhouse model.
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When the State Department released its environmental impact statement for the proposed Keystone XL pipeline expansion, which would carry oil from the tar sands of Canada to refineries in Texas, its general conclusion was that the project would have “no significant impact” on most surrounding resources.
The pipeline’s proposed path across sensitive ecosystems and the Ogallala aquifer has sparked concern and debate over its potential impact on drinking water, fisheries, wildlife, air quality and other resources. But the probable impact on one six-legged U.S. denizen is not in question.
(Related: White House Protests Conclude, but Keystone XL Fight Isn’t Over)
Of the 23 threatened or endangered species that lie within the vicinity of the proposed pipeline, only one would be “likely adversely” affected, according to the government’s analysis: the American burying beetle.
While a large red-and-black beetle found mainly in Nebraska may not be the poster species that environmentalists would hope for in arguing against the pipeline for conservation’s sake, the American burying beetle does have the undeniably appealing function of controlling fly populations, among other potential benefits, which also include soil aeration and fertilization and the possibility of its secretions becoming a source for medical and scientific innovation.
(Related: Will Tar Sands Pipeline Threaten Groundwater?)
The burying beetle is part of a small and unique group of beetles that search out small dead vertebrates, such as prairie dogs, and birds, such as meadowlarks. They then bury and preserve the carcasses in the ground for use as food and as a reproduction site.
While not pretty and certainly unappetizing, the beetle is worth saving, and Wyatt Hoback is leading that effort. Hoback, a University of Nebraska biology professor, was hired by pipeline backer TransCanada to mitigate the pipeline’s impact on the species. He says that the project will make about 1,300 acres temporarily unavailable to the beetles.
(Related: Is Canadian Oil Bound for China via Pipeline to Texas?)
By removing carrion from the ground surface, the beetle reduces the number of disease-carrying flies. In addition, because the beetle’s secretions destroy a wide variety of bacteria that would otherwise cause a carcass to decompose, they may eventually lead to the development of new antibiotics or even new preservatives for meat at room temperature.
“After the pipeline is buried 48 inches beneath the surface, the soil will be replaced and native vegetation mixes will be used to restore the habitat to as close to original conditions as possible,” Hoback wrote in an email. “It is anticipated that the habitat will be less attractive to American burying beetles for three years, which is the projected period for vegetation re-establishment.”
To avoid beetle deaths during construction of the pipeline, Hoback and a team of more than 20 people collected and moved more than 2,000 American burying beetles to other suitable habitat areas at least five miles from the proposed pipeline route this past August. The effort “was intense,” Hoback wrote, “involving gaining access to private property, using all-terrain vehicles, replacing bait frequently, and collecting data on all beetles captured. All attracted beetles were marked with paint prior to relocation to ensure that none returned to the pipeline right of way.” Afterward, the pipeline area was mowed and any dead animals removed, ensuring that the beetles would not return.
The goal, Hoback says, is to keep beetles out of the construction zone until work is complete and vegetation can be restored. He is confident that the pipeline will not pose a direct threat to the beetle, unless “vegetation cannot be restored or if heating from the flow of oil affects the soil.”
Should the pipeline route be approved, the soil where the American burying beetles have been trapped out will be disturbed prior to them becoming active in the spring. If construction is delayed, Hoback and his team will be back in June to relocate more American burying beetles prior to construction.
— Written with Wyatt Hoback
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The Frontier HouseProjectFrontier LifeThe FamiliesResources
overview prep for teachers steps: class one class two extensions
Learning Activity
(Beginning of Class One)
Step 1. Pass out a copy of the "Sweet Betsy from Pike" song lyrics (click here to download) to each student. As a class, read Verse 1 of "Sweet Betsy from Pike" aloud. Ask your students if there are any terms or names in the verse that they do not understand. (Most likely, your students will be a bit mystified by the references to "Pike," a "yoke of oxen," and a "Shanghai" rooster.) Ask your students how they could determine the meanings of these terms or place names. (By using the dictionary, atlas, or the Internet.)
Step 2. As a class, define the difficult terms in Verse 1 of the song. (Pike is the name of the place from which Betsy and Ike leave. There are several Pike Counties in the United States, including ones in Alabama, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Missouri, and Illinois. Most likely, Sweet Betsy and Ike are from Illinois or Missouri. A "yoke" is a wooden bar that is used to join cattle, horses, or oxen together at the neck for the purposes of working together. A "Shanghai" is a type of rooster that originated in the Far East.)
Step 3. Ask your class if it would be possible to write a one-sentence summary of Verse 1 of the song. What is happening? Who are the characters? As class, write a one-sentence summary of Verse 1. (A one-sentence summary of Verse 1 could be: "A woman named Betsy and a man named Ike went across the plains with several animals.")
Step 4. Divide your students into groups of 4 or 5. Assign each group one or two verses of the song. Instruct your students that for each verse their group has been assigned, they must complete the following tasks:
a. READ the verse and discuss what is happening in the song.
b. FIND the definitions of any terms or place names they are unfamiliar with using their dictionary or atlas.
c. WRITE a one-sentence summary of each assigned verse.
Allow your students 10-15 minutes to analyze their verses of the song.
(Some of the terms and place names your students may be unfamiliar with include:
Verse 2. The Platte: a river which the Oregon and California Trails followed. Repose: rest or sleep.
Verse 3. Tight: tipsy or drunk. O'er: over
Verse 4. Horde: a wild gang. Adored: lover. Musket: a type of gun. Ball: the type of ammunition fired by a musket.
Verse 7. Salt Lake: Salt Lake City, in the modern-day state of Utah. Inquire: ask. Brigham: Brigham Young, the leader of the Mormon Church in the 1840s. Steer: a type of bull.
Verse 8. Alkali: an irritating, salty mineral found in the deserts of the American West. Lurked: to lie hidden.
Verse 10. Peaks: mountains. Slaughter: killing. H-or high water: "hell or high water," difficult circumstances.
Verse 12. Placerville: a city in northern California, near the end of the California trail. Hangtown: a nickname for Placerville.
Verse 15. Lummox: a large, clumsy, and often stupid person.)
Step 5. Ask each group to 1) read aloud the verses that were assigned to their group, 2) explain any of the difficult terms or place names in the verses, and 3) share their one-sentence summaries of the verses.
Step 6. Ask your students if they think "Sweet Betsy from Pike" is a ballad, or a song that tells a story. Why do they think so?
Step 7. Log on to the Popular Music in American History: "Sweet Betsy from Pike" Web site at, and play the MIDI file of the song again. Ask for volunteers to try and sing the song, or sing the song as a class. It's a pretty catchy tune!
(End of Class One)
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David By: David
"Kilroy Was Here" on the WW2 Memorial
Kilroy was here is an American popular culture expression, often seen in graffiti. Its origins are open to speculation, but recognition of it and the distinctive doodle of "Kilroy" peeking over a wall is almost ubiquitous among U.S. residents who lived during World War II through the Korean War.
The same doodle also appears in other cultures, but the character peeping over the wall is not named Kilroy but Foo, i.e. Foo was here. In the United Kingdom, such graffiti are known as "chads". In Chile, the graphic is known as a "sapo" [toad]; this may refer to the character's peeping, an activity associated with frogs because of their protruding eyes.
The phrase appears to have originated through United States servicemen, who would draw the doodle and the text "Kilroy Was Here" on the walls or elsewhere they were stationed, encamped, or visited. Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable notes that it was particularly associated with the Air Transport Command, at least when observed in the United Kingdom.
One theory identifies James J. Kilroy, an American shipyard inspector, as the man behind the signature. During World War II he worked at the Bethlehem Steel Shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts, where he claimed to have used the phrase to mark rivets he had checked. The builders, whose rivets J. J. Kilroy was counting, were paid depending on the number of rivets they put in. A riveter would make a chalk mark at the end of his or her shift to show where they had left off and the next riveter had started. Unscrupulous riveters discovered that, if they started work before the inspector arrived, they could receive extra pay by erasing the previous worker's chalk mark and chalking a mark farther back on the same seam, giving themselves credit for some of the previous riveter's work. J.J. Kilroy stopped this practice by writing "Kilroy was here" at the site of each chalk mark. At the time, ships were being sent out before they had been painted, so when sealed areas were opened for maintenance, soldiers found an unexplained name scrawled. Thousands of servicemen may have potentially seen his slogan on the outgoing ships and Kilroy's omnipresence and inscrutability sparked the legend. Afterwards, servicemen could have begun placing the slogan on different places and especially in new captured areas or landings. At some later point, the graffiti and slogan (Kilroy was here) must have merged.
The New York Times reported this as the origin in 1946, with the addition that Kilroy had marked the ships themselves as they were being built—so, at a later date, the phrase would be found chalked in places that no graffiti-artist could have reached (inside sealed hull spaces, for example), which then fed the mythical significance of the phrase—after all, if Kilroy could leave his mark there, who knew what else he could do?
Author Charles Panati says, “The mischievous face and the phrase became a national joke.” He continued to say, "The outrageousness of the graffiti was not so much what it said, but where it turned up."
Kilroy is still known and used today by US Servicemen. He has been seen scribbled on barriers on Main Supply Routes (MSRs) in Iraq and on warehouses in Taji, Iraq.
There are many legends attached to the Kilroy graffiti. One states that Adolf Hitler believed that Kilroy was some kind of American super spy because the graffiti kept turning up in secure Nazi installations, presumably having been actually brought on captured Allied military equipment. Another states that Stalin was the first to enter an outhouse especially built for the leaders at the Potsdam conference. Upon exiting, Stalin asked an aide, "Who is this Kilroy?" Another legend states that a German officer, having seen frequent "Kilroys" posted in different cities, told all of his men that if they happened to come across a "Kilroy" he wanted to question him personally. Another one states the entire gag was started by a soldier in the Army who was sick of the Air Force bragging that they were always the first on the scene; the little man and phrase then began appearing in ludicrous places to indicate that someone had, in fact, arrived prior to the Air Force.
The graffiti is supposedly located on various significant and/or difficult-to-reach places such as on the torch of the Statue of Liberty, on the Marco Polo Bridge in China, in huts in Polynesia, on a high girder on the George Washington Bridge in New York, at the peak of Mt. Everest, on the underside of the Arc de Triomphe, scribbled in the dust on the moon, in WWII pillboxes scattered around Germany, around the sewers of Paris, and, in tribute to its origin, engraved in the WWII Memorial in Washington D.C.
The Transit Company of America held a competition in 1946 offering a real trolley car to the man who could verify he was the "real Kilroy". J. J. Kilroy brought his co-workers with him to prove that he was undeniably the true Kilroy. The other forty or so men who showed up were not able to establish they were the "real" Kilroy. Kilroy gave his prize to his nine children to play with in their front yard.
• Andy Muniz 3y
WOW! I have always wondered what this phrase was in reference to? I now have my answer! I recall seeing the Kilroy slogan all over tNew York City, in some unbelievable places. Anyway, thanks for the information.
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Historical kingdom, China
Alternative title: Nanchao
Nanzhao, ( Chinese: “Southern Princedom”) , Wade-Giles romanization NanchaoTai kingdom that arose in the 8th century in what is now western Yunnan province in southern China, a region to which the Tai peoples trace their origin. Many fragmented Tai kingdoms had occupied this region, centred at Lake Er between the Mekong, the Yangtze, and the sources of the Red River, under varying degrees of Chinese control, since the 1st century ad.
Nanzhao was formed by the unification of six Tai kingdoms in 729. Piluoge, the leader of one small tribal state, extended his control over the five neighbouring kingdoms while acting in alliance with China, which needed an ally against the aggressive Tibetans. Once unification was complete, Piluoge established Nanzhao’s centre of power near Lake Er. Geographic factors rendered the capital impregnable, and two Chinese attacks were repulsed in 751 and 754. Nanzhao was also able to dominate the East-West trade routes from China and Tongking through Myanmar (Burma) to India. By the 9th century Nanzhao had become an imperialistic state waging war deep into Myanmar in 832 and into Tongking in 862.
Nanzhao attained a high level of culture. Skilled artisans taught the weaving of cotton and silk gauze. Salt and gold were mined in many parts of the kingdom, and a complex system of government and administration was developed.
Nanzhao declined during the late 9th century and fell in 902, when a rebel official killed its last emperor and set up a new state. The Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan conquered the area in 1253. During the preceding two centuries, however, the Tai had been moving southward in large numbers, eventually forming the bulk of the population in what is present-day Thailand.
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From power walking to walking for power: Chapman harnesses human motion to power electronics
ECE News
Susan Kantor, ECE ILLINOIS
Story Highlights
• ECE Associate Professor Patrick Chapman received grant to study human motion as a power source.
• Chapman found that bobbing up and down and kicking a knee forward when walking used excess energy.
• Anywhere from a half watt to two watts of power could be generated from walking.
Patrick Chapman Chapman
Patrick Chapman Chapman
If your cell phone or iPod battery runs out of juice and a free electric outlet is nowhere to be found, you would not be alone in experiencing some deep frustration. Someday, though, such problems could be a thing of the past due to research begun by ECE Associate Professor Patrick Chapman Chapman .
Nearly five years ago, Chapman noticed that batteries on portable electronic devices, like cell phones and MP3 players, seemed to be the first components of the device to fail.
“The battery was becoming a bigger part of the phone than the phone itself, or whatever the portable item was,” Chapman said. “We also noticed overall that, despite all the increased functions, the average power needed to power those functions was getting smaller.”
Chapman set out to see if the human body wasted energy when moving, and if so, if that energy could be harvested to power electronics. He received a grant from the Office of Naval Research to investigate whether human motion could serve as a power source for soldiers.
Chapman began assessing which bodily motions would be good candidates for harvesting wasted energy. He found that humans walk inefficiently, using a lot of energy to stay balanced. For example, walking to the top of the Grand Canyon would be very tiring. Gravity would help the walk to the bottom be less strenuous, but it would still be tiring. This suggests that humans unnecessarily spend muscle energy.
A couple motions were found to exert excess energy. One was bobbing up and down while walking. The head and shoulders move sideways, creating constant wasted motion to stay balanced. The other motion was a forward knee kick when walking. Muscle energy must be exerted to move the leg forward, and exerted again to slow the leg.
“The idea was to do regenerative braking for your body,” Chapman said. “It’s the same thing a hybrid car does, actually. When you brake, energy is going back into your battery that you can use later. In a normal car, it’s just burned up as heat.”
After the motions were discovered, Chapman began building small electric machines that could use that motion. The machines could be carried in a backpack, on a belt clip, or in a knee brace.
“We mostly investigated the optimal design of the machine to take advantage of the erratic and unpredictable motion of the human body,” Chapman said.
An electronic circuit was then needed to convert the power generated by the body to power that the electronic device could use. They found that from walking, anywhere from a half watt to two watts of power could be generated. A cell phone at that time would need one watt to function.
“If you assume a battery has about 10 watt-hours of storage, and that the human walking could produce 1 watt of electricity while walking, it would take a minimum 10 hours of walking,” Chapman said. “Therefore, if you typically recharge once every few days now, the human energy harvesting method is borderline for being able to replace recharging.”
“The idea would be that if you were continuously walking around throughout a day, could you produce enough energy to offset the amount of talking you did,” Chapman said. “It turns out that sometimes you can, and sometimes you can’t. Either way, it reduced the number of times you would have to plug in.”
Chapman worked on the project for three years, and there are still questions about converting human motion to usable energy. Carrying a machine means carrying more weight. Different studies have shown that the weight is offset when walking quickly, but walking around in an office would not be efficient. This might mean that it would be easier to carry more batteries.
But this technology does have an advantage over batteries.
“You must always recharge a battery with electricity,” Chapman said. “For the soldier in the field application, you actually don’t have a place to plug in. You can always walk around more and recharge. As long as the soldier has food, he or she has a source of energy for their equipment.”
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Flood Plains
Many old, dead cottonwoods line the Belle Fourche River near the entrance to Devils Tower National Monument, and no young cottonwoods or willows are replacing older trees. Other native vegetation along the river corridor (called the riparian zone), is being replaced by non-native species.
Long ago, the Belle Fourche River flooded in the spring, inundating the river banks with water and allowing regeneration of the cottonwood seeds. But the river no longer floods in the spring, and the cottonwoods cannot regenerate. Because the Belle Fourche River often washed out the bridge, in 1937, the Park Service changed the course of the river. Concrete tetrahedrons (which can still be seen from the bridge) were placed along the bank, forcing the river out of its original meandering streambed and into a straight course. In 1952, the Keyhole Dam was constructed, eliminating flooding altogether. Today, without seasonal flood water, it is difficult for cottonwoods to produce new seedlings, and the old trees are dying off.
Did You Know?
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Patheos Watermark
Pentecostal activity has a history as old as Christianity. Groups claiming the same supernatural activity as described in the Bible exist from the early Church through the development of Protestantism.
Methodist, Pietist, and Holiness influences were chiefly responsible for giving Pentecostalism its distinct emphasis on the Holy Spirit as an agent for spiritual regeneration.
Pentecostalism's founders, specifically William J. Seymour and Charles F. Parham, contributed theological innovations to the movement. Parham taught "initial evidence doctrine," and Seymour began a radical experiment with racial and gender egalitarianism.
Sacred Texts
Pentecostals elevate the Book of Acts and parts of Paul's first Letter to the Corinthians; they interpret the Old Testament as part of a continuum of supernatural activity that occurs today.
Pentecostal Historical Perspectives
Pentecostal history has until recently suffered from reliance on the accepted providential narrative of its history. With mainstream acceptance, current scholarship has matured to be more critical and analytical.
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Psychology Wiki
Terrestrial ecozones
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this wiki
Ecozones delineate large areas of the Earth's surface within which organisms have been evolving in relative isolation over long periods of time, separated from one another by geographic features, such as oceans, broad deserts, or high mountain ranges, that constitute barriers to migration. As such, ecozone designations are used to indicate general groupings of organisms based on their shared biogeography. Ecozones correspond to the zoogeographic regions of zoology.
Ecozones are characterized by the evolutionary history of the organisms they contain. They are distinct from biomes, also known as major habitat types, which are divisions of the Earth's surface based on life form, or the adaptation of plants and animals to climatic, soil, and other conditions. Biomes are characterized by similar climax vegetation. Each ecozone may include a number of different biomes. A tropical moist broadleaf forest in Central America, for example, may be similar to one in New Guinea in its vegetation type and structure, climate, soils, etc., but these forests are inhabited by plants and animals with very different evolutionary histories.
The patterns of plant and animal distribution in the world's ecozones were shaped by the process of plate tectonics, which has redistributed the world's land masses over geological history.
Ecozone Area Notes
million square kilometres million square miles
Palearctic Template:Convert/km2Template:Convert/test/A including the bulk of Eurasia and North Africa
Nearctic Template:Convert/km2Template:Convert/test/A including most of North America
Afrotropic Template:Convert/km2Template:Convert/test/A including Sub-Saharan Africa
Neotropic Template:Convert/km2Template:Convert/test/A including South America and the Caribbean
Australasia Template:Convert/km2Template:Convert/test/A including Australia, New Guinea, and neighbouring islands. The northern boundary of this zone is known as the Wallace line.
Indo-Malaya Template:Convert/km2Template:Convert/test/A including the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia
Oceania Template:Convert/km2Template:Convert/test/A including Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, New Zealand and some parts of Australia
Antarctic Template:Convert/km2Template:Convert/test/A including Antarctica.
The WWF scheme is broadly similar to Udvardy's system, the chief difference being the delineation of the Australasian ecozone relative to the Antarctic, Oceanic, and Indomalayan ecozones. In the WWF system, The Australasia ecozone includes Australia, Tasmania, the islands of Wallacea, New Guinea, the East Melanesian islands, New Caledonia, and New Zealand. Udvardy's Australian realm includes only Australia and Tasmania; he places Wallacea in the Indomalayan Realm, New Guinea, New Caledonia, and East Melanesia in the Oceanian Realm, and New Zealand in the Antarctic Realm.
The WWF scheme further subdivides the ecozones into bioregions, defined as "geographic clusters of ecoregions that may span several habitat types, but have strong biogeographic affinities, particularly at taxonomic levels higher than the species level (genus, family)." The WWF bioregions are as follows:
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Grappling With Change: London and the River Thames
Posted on 3 August 2010 by doug_bostrom
Samuel PepysIn 1666 Samuel Pepys watched from “a little ale-house on the Bankside” as much of London burned to the ground. Pepys was no stranger to nature and mankind colluding to produce drama, indeed his diary seems peppered with calamities. The year before London went up in smoke Pepys chronicled the Great Plague of 1665. On 20 May of 1663 the prolific diarist noted a combination of rain, wind and tide leaving important portions of the city navigable only by boat:
Without the River Thames there would be no London but like many great cities living with a river the relationship of the two can as tempestuous as it is intimate. This is London so unsurprisingly the “little ale-house” from which Pepys viewed London's incineration is still in business today, operating as “The Anchor.” One may purchase a pint of “London Pride” ale in The Anchor, saunter out to the Embankment and not 75 feet from the door get a direct view and appreciation of London's fruitful but perilous marriage with the River Thames and the estuary and ocean it feeds. Depending on time, tide and winds, looking over the embankment directly in front of The Anchor water is visible directly below at a vertical distance ranging from perhaps 2 to 10 meters. Across the river, the seat of the United Kingdom government and a substantial fraction of the world's economic brain is situated in similar proximity to copious amounts of water, benign or destructive depending on whether the flow remains inside or outside of the Embankment.
The “Embankment” creeping into this narrative needs explanation. Pepys' ale-house viewpoint is located in a neighborhood of London's Southwark Borough known as “Bankside”; the Embankment is an engineered physical feature of London with roots extending back to Roman times and is a crucial part of London's infrastructure. When this region first attracted settlement, leading to the nurturing of a city of some 7.5 millions, nobody knew of the long term behavior of the conveniently located plain next to the river. London as it turns out is largely situated in a floodplain steadily sinking in relation to sea level yet substantial human investment preceded familiarity with the local environment. The result has been a never-ending battle to keep the River Thames contained within its channel, a ceaseless tightening of the grip of water on London and London's constraints on that water itself even as London thrived on the benefits such a river can bring.
Thames Embankment Improvements 1879-1953
Thames Embankment Improvements, 1879 (1) to 1953 (4) (After Defra/Environment Agency Joint R&D FCERM Programme R&D Technical Report FD2319/TR )
Conurbations such as Greater London expose and grow risks even as they sprout and nurture population and architecture. Ideally newly emerging risks will be tackled by public cooperation to the extent they are intellectually, physically and economically tractable. Thanks to efficiently applied public policy in the form of better construction and city planning standards, London's risk of burning from unchecked fire is reduced, just as public policy informed by science has essentially eliminated the chance of contracting plague, or cholera from a drink of London tap water.
Government acting in the public interest has also addressed the risk of flooding on the scale witnessed by Pepys yet the optimal solution to this threat is in a continual state of evolution as our understanding of influences on the behavior of the Thames improves. The flood control and emergency response schemes created during the latter part of the 20th century and now protecting London couldn't account for impacts on sea level and storm intensity from climate change, an oversight borne of circumstantial ignorance, now being dealt with in planning revisions and upgrades to London flood management policy and technical solutions.
There is a possibly apocryphal story of King Cnut (aka “Canute”) setting up his throne on a beach of what was in the 11th century Thorney Island and commanding the river tide to stop, which order it failed to obey. Cnut is said to have done this as an example to his courtiers of the limits of temporal power. Real or not, Cnut's demonstration resonates thanks to its simple lesson of the limits of human power against natural forces. Today Cnut's Thorney Island is no longer an island and is the location of London's Westminster Palace, the location of the House of Commons and House of Lords and the functional seat of the United Kingdom government. Despite sinking land and a rising river, Westminster remains high and dry; engineers, money and sheer stubborn human nature have accomplished what Cnut's command could not. Our power to resist the forces of the River Thames and its relationship with wind and ocean tides has prevailed, occasional events such as what Pepys described notwithstanding. What in fact are our limits here, and what for that matter do we do when it turns out we are not only battling Nature but ourselves, when we learn that defeat may come by our own hand?
London has so far existed in a delicate balance with the River Thames, locked in a pas de deux between man and nature. This performance is made possible only by having enough money to spend over a sufficiently long period of time so as to accommodate the river's inexorable rise in relation to the city. When Pepys saw Westminster surrounded and filled with water, the Thames with the aid of the wind and tide was tipping the scales beyond London's engineered capacity to maintain its desired relationship with the river; the investment in keeping the river at bay was insufficient for the variations of river behavior envisioned by Westminster's planners.
London has steadily invested in and grown not only its capacity to coexist with the River Thames but has also simultaneously vastly increased the stakes at play in this game of push and shove, which is in part a matter of probability, of chance. Leaving aside the civil mind of the United Kingdom as it is embodied at Westminster Palace, a brief lateral distance and no vertical distance at all from Pepys' Anchor and the Embankment lies the entrance to the London Bridge tube station. This Underground station is accessed through multiple grade-level entrances followed by very long escalators leading deep below the surface to the transportation system that allows London to function. It does not require a vivid imagination to picture what would happen in the event of water overtopping the Embankment and making the short trip to London Bridge Station, just one of many facilities and assets similarly situated and equally accessible to uncontrolled water. These include 85,000 properties, 400 schools, 16 hospitals, 8 power stations, 30 mainline railway stations and 38 Underground and light rail stations. Last but not least, 1.25 million Londoners live within the floodplain.
GLA Flood RiskFlood Risk in Greater London Area (from UK Environment Agency )
Probability of water supplanting commuters in the London Underground neatly encapsulates the core property of flood control measures for London. London's flood management system is first and foremost all about probability of occurrence of certain natural events. What are the chances that the river will rise beyond its constrained position within the Embankment and other barriers and what processes control those odds? Every physical embodiment of the flood control scheme springs from probabilities and their underlying drivers and all of the London flood control works are dedicated to improving the odds against river containment failure.
A series of floods culminating in 1953's great North Sea Flood increasingly concentrated the attention of several successive British Governments on the task of quantifying and thus for the first time being able to engineer the risk of London's flooding. Proper statistics as well as obsessive measurement capabilities and (some will want to avert their eyes at this point) powerful modeling techniques were employed to aid in decisions controlling construction of and operational plans for state-of-the-art, fully rationalized flood control measures for the River Thames.
After all the numbers were crunched, it turned out that ordinarily mundane tides combine with weather systems to produce the most likely cause of a catastrophic flood in London. Upstream precipitation may make a bad situation worse but most of the trouble with the Thames is more probably going to arrive from downstream in the form of a storm surge coinciding with a high tide. The worst possible scenario consists of the combination of heavy precipitation upstream with a spring tide and an unusually powerful storm system pushing water up into the Thames Estuary and it's that circumstance that might see Westminster Palace deluged again. Predictions of climate science indicate this worst-case drama will be more likely in the future.
Thames Tide and Surge 1953 Tide and Storm Surge (from Lundbak 1955 )
Enjoy some hours at The Anchor on Bankside drinking too much ale or imagine yourself as Samuel Pepys as he frequently embarked on small craft to cross or travel along the River Thames and it becomes transparently obvious that ordinary tides are a huge factor for engineers seeking to protect London. Broad swathes of beaches along the Embankment vanish as the tide balks the river running through London, the water rises along with what's floating on it and in a few hours time waves lap close to the top of the wall protecting London from the Thames. Where Pepys may have stepped directly into a boat from the Embankment, hours later he might face a long climb down and a trip across the strand. Looking across the river from The Anchor at high tide one sees buildings apparently squatting almost at water level where previously they stood far above the surface.
Thames Tidal Range (photos courtesy of Dr. Amanda Bauer )
The infrastructure of the Embankment is arranged to cope with the ebb and flow of tides leaving a relatively small amount of freeboard to account for unusual excursions of the river level such as spring tides combined with high precipitation. Looking up and down the river it is not hard to understand why the Embankment is built to such a low level above mean high tide; there are miles and miles of riverbank to protect and building the Embankment to handle by itself all flooding scenarios is simply not practical or affordable.
The Thames Estuary is a classic shape for enhancing the effect of a storm surge, comprising as it does an enormous funnel with an increasingly shallow bottom in its upper, narrower reaches leading to London. Even if the estuary emptied into deep water it would be of concern, but the outer reaches of the estuary connect to an unfortunately shallow arrangement of bottom topography and shape of the North Sea, English Channel and Strait of Dover. Proximity to the North Atlantic dooms the whole arrangement to frequent, powerful low pressure weather systems generating huge winds in this collection of shallow waters, potentially forcing an enormous surge up into the Thames Estuary to be concentrated at the top, just below London. Depending on the conjunction of tides and weather the Thames may swiftly bound upward far above spring tide levels regardless of the phase of the moon, producing the sort of destructive excursion noted by Pepys in 1663 with its easterly wind, or the 1953 event which took 300 lives in the estuary.
Unlike gravitational tides, occurrences of storm surges are not deterministic, are not perfectly predictable with regard to arrival time and magnitude for centuries to come yet they interact with tides to pose a potentially lethal threat to London. While the exact timings and spacings of the arrival of storm surges are not predictable these features are nonetheless still amenable to statistical treatment and as well the effects of storms on water level can be bounded given valid observations about typical intensities and approach paths of storms to the Thames Estuary. Thus it's possible to produce reasonably useful numbers for engineering purposes when it comes to planning for robust defenses against storm surges.
All of the numerical underpinnings generated by scientists and engineers studying the behavior of the Thames, regional weather and tides are manifested in the physical world with a flood control system having as its centerpiece a remarkable feat of engineering known as “The Thames Barrier.” This enormous equipment can at least temporarily accomplish what King Cnut could not, arresting by main force the rise of the tide or a storm surge in the River Thames as it passes London. In conjunction with a number of lesser yet still absurdly large locks and gates leading to tributary channels this arrangement avoids the vast and essentially impossible amount of effort that would otherwise be required to fully constrain the River Thames during high water events using only embankments.
Thames Barrier
Thames Barrier (from UK Environment Agency )
Our conditions may turn out to be dynamic though that discovery may well unfold over the course of time. Like many of us Samuel Pepys was fond of stability, didn't like to be swerved from his habits and was perhaps a little too phlegmatic, but he remained sensitive to changing circumstances, rightly so. On the evening in 1666 when London began to burn, Pepys rose from bed briefly to view the glow on the horizon from his home but promptly went back to sleep. The next morning found him bustling between the King of England and the Mayor of London, transmitting instructions to the Mayor to hasten the pulling down of houses to check the fire, a strategy that was initially futile in part due to resistance from property owners. After Pepys' visit to The Anchor, recognition dawned that this inferno showed no sign of stopping and fairly shortly he found the fire arriving practically at his doorstep, a circumstance that seemed outside the range of possibility just hours before. Never one to give up, Pepys responded to changing conditions, sending his gold as well as his wife to a suburb and pondering what else what could be saved from his house. Having a garden and seeing the streets choked with goods, chattel and people late in leaving because of hesitation in the face of a constantly growing threat, Pepys swiftly arrived on a stratagem for preservation as well as an order of priorities for what must be saved. In his yard he buried his papers, his wine and his Parmesan cheese, neatly consistent with his reputation as a man with a rich intellectual life as well as a fondness for worldly pleasures.
Since the design and construction of the Thames Barrier, anthropogenic global warming has moved from a state of hypothesis to that of established, accepted theory, has become a factual challenge. As with Pepys' evolving problem with the Great Fire of London, probabilities of events leading to flooding of London are swiftly changing and the anticipated magnitudes of future floods are increasing even as our ability to recognize and anticipate what we may expect for London's future anniversaries with the River Thames improves.
Here's how the London Regional Flood Risk Appraisal of 2009 describes London's anticipation of changes due to climate change:
• 46. Climate Change will have a major impact on the tidal flooding threat. The rising sea level will steadily reduce the level of protection that defences offer. The predictions for how quickly sea level will rise vary considerably depending on the assumptions used about emissions and climate modelling. The TE2100 project has considered a range of climate change derived sea level rises from 0.9m (Defra 2006 Climate Change Scenario) to 4m (High++ Level where all conceivable sea level rise contributions up to 2100 occur).
• 47. Up to 2030, i.e. to the end of the timeframe of the replacement London Plan, there are limited differences between predictions and existing flood risk management options can continue to provide appropriate risk management for tidal flooding. Beyond 2030 there is more variation in the projections. However it is clear that by starting to plan for these changes now, the ability to cope with more extreme situations will be improved. This is the aim of the London Plan policies.
Changes in probabilities and projected flood magnitudes necessarily lead to physical changes in protective infrastructure. As understanding of climate change has improved, so have the expectations of necessary changes to the Thames Barrier. Earlier estimated chances of overtopping of the current protection scheme have been superseded and even as designers have worked to take changes into account our prognostications become more clear and more challenging. Depending on how climate change unfolds, flood management schemes formerly estimated to offer 1:100 protection may drop in performance to 1:8 by 2050, with many becoming essentially worthless at 1:1 by 2080 (McRobie et al, 2005) . Faced with numbers like those, intermediate scenarios are not a great source of comfort.
While there's a lag between the publication of scientific research results and their uptake by planners and engineers, the recent pace of enlightenment has been swift, leading to frequent reformulations of planning responses. In 2005 a Royal Society paper described how modifications to the barrier could help it to surmount an additional 1.2m of sea level rise on top of the amount anticipated to the original design, the additional amount allowing for the predictions of the then most recent IPCC synthesis with some overhead. These changes were described as allowing the barrier to afford protection for another 100 years past 2030. In 2007 concern about IPCC underestimation of sea level rise in part led to a revision of these plans, calling for total replacement of the structure in 2075 and beginning to acknowledge that uncertainties and undershoot in IPCC estimates of sea level rise were to be taken more seriously. 2010 finds plans centering on upgrading the London flood control system and the Thames Barrier to a level sufficient to handle increases of 2.7m because yet more recent signs coming from research point in that direction, making the aging and initially cautious IPCC assessment quite obsolete.
Sea level changes dominate much of the prognostication on London flood management but there's another outcome of climate change that must be dealt with in the circumstance of coastal areas proximate to the North Sea and that's storm frequency and intensity. These numbers of course help to control probabilities of overtopping. Research suggests that whatever improvements are made to the Thames Barrier and associated systems will be tested with increasing frequency and harshness ( Lowe 2001, Woth 2005 ).
Hints of climate change becoming visible have further increased activity on the part of planners. 2007's historically unprecedented rainfall deluge and subsequent flooding caused enormous damage over a large region southern England, affecting a sizable fraction of the population and unleashing a civil emergency response on a scale unseen since World War II. The flood prompted national-level reassessment of flood hazards for all of the United Kingdom. The result was the governmental Pitt Review, a comprehensive assessment of flood hazards and response strategies. The Pitt Review in turn found that 2004's governmental Foresight Future Flooding Report had already been superseded by fresh information with regard to climate change. In particular, possible five-fold losses of statistical protection are noteworthy:
• There is a greater risk of extreme sea-level rise. Coastal flood risk remains one of the biggest risks the UK faces and, although the mean estimates of sea-level rise have not changed since 2004, larger rises of up to 1.6m, due to melting of large ice-sheets in Greenland and West Antarctica, are now a small, but real possibility by 2080. Communities living behind good coastal defences currently protecting them against a flood with a chance of occurrence of 1 in 100 each year could experience a drop in standard of protection by the end of the century to as low as 1 in 5 each year if we were to follow a business-as-usual flood management policy.
In sum, dawning recognition of threats arising from climate change as well as what seems to be steadily increasing potential scope of those effects is forcing continuing rearrangement of London's anticipated schedule of delivery and physical requirements for flood protection. Experience so far suggests that planned changes are lagging behind the developing climate problem, and may be in a state of flux for years to come.
London is responding in this way because regardless of discussions of motivation or broader geopolitical or commercial concerns they're confronted with an emerging set of facts pertaining to their specific mission. The planners in charge of protecting London cannot afford to mistake noise versus information, can't let themselves be swayed by peripheral chatter, cannot dismiss climate change as a threat by taking the wrong approach to uncertainties. These people correctly are incorporating changing information into their plans and their experience with changing requirements increasingly suggests that they take a pessimistic view of what portends for the future.
As with Samuel Pepys' political bent for stability, planners are taking a conservative approach, are ensuring that London is a rationally predictable place worthy of investment and that it may continue providing long term stability of the kind a nation's capital demands. It's hard to overstate the imperative to get the answer right in this case, “right” meaning to correctly make the best call against odds. Planners working on revising London's flood control have got the fate of an enormous city, their country's physical government and by extension the fundamental health of their entire country in play. The conservative approach to dealing with climate change from London's perspective is to pay close heed to things we today imagine are unlikely.
School Flood RiskSchools At Risk of Flooding (from London Region Flood Risk Appraisal )
In the final analysis, the price of failure in the case of planning London's flood control is astronomical while the price of improving odds for success positively pales in comparison. The cost of overdoing the response is essentially some extra shovel work, as with Pepys' protection of his valuables, nothing in comparison to making a mistake. That's why the wise course chosen by planners is to aim at overdoing the flood control scheme taking into account and going significantly beyond the already less-than-rosy predictions of the IPCC and other expert resources. They are not taking the expedient course of listening to naively optimistic stories about uncertainties making decisions impossible, or being encouraged to focus on the low side of uncertainty. The potential open-ended penalty for incorrectly listening to optimists far outweighs the better quantified, known price of the conservative approach to London flood control.
Instincts of these planners seem to be correct; as time goes by predictions and evidence concerning climate change are producing an increasingly alarming picture for London and similarly situated cities. Sea level change estimates by the IPCC are widely acknowledged to be on the low side. Multiple indicators of this ( Rahmstorf 2007, Rohling 2008 ) are leading designs to shift past 2007 IPCC sea level scenarios.
London flood management planning discussion has also taken note of increasing frequency of Thames Barrier operation, consistent with expectations from climate change. Planners note that while no direct causal connection to climate change is possible this is indeed the general sort of statistical signal we'd expect to see as storm surges increase in frequency and size in keeping with predictions of storm response to climate change. Planners note that taken together with 2007's historically unprecedented summer flooding and other recent extreme precipitation events such as UK flooding in 2002 we have hints that weather events are following climate predictions.
Thames Barrier Closure History Thames Barrier Closings (from UK Environment Agency )
It's intriguing to note that the Thames Barrier activation record is the subject of a familiar campaign of doubt. In keeping with so many other observations, some interests would have us believe that determining the motivating factors in any single actuation is impossible but that's wrong; Thames Barrier actuation is a significant event triggered for specific reasons and generating attribution records ( London Flood Strategic Response Plan).
The issue of spinning data raises the matter of politics colliding with the requirements of people responsible for protecting lives and property. At the end of the day ideology and other motivations must comport with facts; engineers and technicians operating cities only have so much latitude to accommodate political abstractions before their job becomes impossible. People in charge of dealing with facts related to life safety and the preservation of investments must ignore talk that does not coincide with the best efforts of researchers.
The necessity to integrate emerging scientific knowledge with our lives and economies has produced a struggle for dominance in the political sphere. Enormous effort and money is being expended on shaping public policy response to climate change and as facts become more clear and the urgency of action increases, so does the frenetic pace of political influence on policymakers, as can be seen in the following illustration.
US LobbyistsU.S. Political Lobbyists Influencing Climate Change Legislation, 2003 vs. 2008 ( from Center for Public Integrity )
This frantic effort to shape the outcome of policy is played out not only in such places as Westminster and Capitol Hill but also in the popular press and other venues where public opinion may be swayed. In accountable democracies public opinion after all has a significant effect on policy so it's not hard to understand why the battle for policy responses to climate change should spill out of the halls of government and into the public eye. Opinion sampling by social scientists using formal research methods can give us some hints as to the effects on public thinking on climate change as the fortunes of the policy war swing back and forth, as may be surmised from examples of scientifically conducted sampling. The following graphic shows how various centers of public thought seem durable even as their exact proportions shift over time.
From Global Warming’s Six Americas, June 2010
There are arguably three groups competing for dominance of public policy response to climate change and hence dictating the abilities of technicians to deal with facts. One group emphasizes scientific limitations to the point of complete disbelief or even imagines much of science bent to the purpose of a conspiracy and insists that essentially no changes are needed in our behavior or expectations of our environment, another highlights adaptation and believes we can do "business as usual" while largely weathering or innovating our way around or even enjoying whatever may come of climate change, while yet another believes the present course we're headed on is definitely untenable and will cost us dear in the fairly near future. The former two groups as they manifest themselves in political discourse seem related in some ways; both may fairly be said to harbor suspicions of "big government," increased taxation and the like. The two groups' proclivities coincide with the needs of some major commercial interests. Yet the second group can't rationalize its outlook with that of the first.
People arguing for adaptation as opposed to mitigation implicitly agree with those in favor of mitigation that climate change is a reality so there we find agreement but no common cause. Both groups will however find some concord with those responsible for dealing with disruption caused by climate change.
Arguments as to attribution may remain but for engineers and planners responsible for London attribution is not really relevant, water must be kept out of human space regardless. It's notable that of the thousands of pages of assessment and planning documents associated with future London flood management there is essentially no mention of anthropogenic causes for climate change, naturally so because cause has nothing to do with response when cause is outside of the control of planners. London turns out to have burned because the King's own baker was careless with fire but that did not figure into Pepys' attempts to bring the conflagration under control.
Adaptation may seem like the softer, easier way to deal with climate change but adaptation should not be mistaken as a free pass to ignore climate change, as this example of London shows. Large amounts of money are being spent on adaptation, long-laid plans are being dislocated and London is going to continue expending significant resources on a forced adaptation process for decades to come. The city may well still be at greater risk in 100 years' time than it is today, still distracted with keeping its head above water. Adaptation is after all a gamble depending on optimism; as we can see from London's requirements and plans it is arguable that optimism in the face of tremendous risk is not a truly, usefully conservative characteristic.
There are also limits to adaptation of the style most of us probably imagine. All of the major investigations for planning of future flood control in the Greater London Area speak of a fall-back strategy envisioning making buildings and infrastructures more "resilient" against flooding, describing ways to minimize damage. They do this because it may not be financially or even physically feasible to provide effective flood control in the traditional style. Instead, residents of flood-affected areas may have to tolerate more frequent incursions of water. This is not an optimal outcome.
As described in Tidal Flood Risk in London Under Stabilisation Scenarios, here's how adaptation might play out, leaving us with the concerning word "viability" hanging in the air:
• If the Thames Barrier can be operated, say, 10 times more frequently than it is at present it will be able to resist approximately 0.5m of relative sea level rise (roughly a century of sea level rise) before further modification of the upstream flood defences is required. Beyond that point the upstream walls throughout central London and westwards will have to be raised at roughly the same rate as sea level rise. This represents a significant commitment in the 22nd Century and beyond. Engineers suggest that feasible raising of the walls through central London may be limited to about 2m, in which case under more extreme sea level rise scenarios the limits to protecting London are reached in the 23rd Century. More sophisticated control of the Thames Barrier or a replacement could be used to extend the viability of the capital, and these options will need to be studied in the future.
Considering RiskConsidering Risk for Flood Management (from Pitt Review )
As a final note on adaptation's attractions and the uncertainties lumped in with adaptation, "business as usual" going forward isn't an option regardless of one's attitude to climate change, presuming one's metrics for success include medium to long term political and economic stability. Putting aside quibbles about what swiftly approaching decade will mark the onset of more serious and obvious logistical and geopolitical struggles over fossil fuels, increasing uncertainties over fuel supplies are already on the queue of challenges faced by governments and those responsible for the public welfare, steadily gaining urgency. This is particularly true in the case of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons which under "BAU" face skyrocketing demand in the face of diminishing sources. Constraining energy costs and risks while promoting stability and prosperity are priorities those in favor of adaptation can't rationalize with procrastination over modernizing energy sources. While it's highly probable that substitution for the remarkable endowment of hydrocarbons we've relied on will be more expensive for some period of time to come, we can place more reliable boundaries on the prices of those substitutes than we can for diminishing supplies of fossil fuels. Creating known boundaries on uncertainty and risk is better than courting open-ended uncertainty and risk.
A better strategy would be to avoid knowingly driving up uncertainty and risk at all or at least sharply constrain them by making and following firm, useful plans for C02 emissions mitigation, the so-far failed cause of the third group of contenders for public policy dominance. Assuming they agree with the basics of radiative physics and at least to some extent with the concept of greenhouse gases as well as some fairly basic rules of economics, those keen on adaptation would do well to committing their lot with this last group, if keeping adaptation costs and risks lower is an important objective. As an example, if London planners were able to count on a future sea-level rise of just 1.3 meters, the current Thames Barrier could have been made to work for another perhaps another 150 years. Instead it will be replaced in a little over 60 years and data suggests the resulting protection level may be inferior to today. Examples of this kind will abound as the climate change scenario unfolds. As the late U.S. Republican Senator Dirksen said, "A billion here, a billion there and pretty soon you're talking real money." Lose a few coastal cities and the quote might be paraphrased substituting trillions for billions.
Thames barrier upgrade probability
Probable year of next upgrade of the Thames tidal defences (from Tidal Flood Risk in London Under Stabilisation Scenarios
Returning once more to the late hero of our story, Samuel Pepys was not only a Member of Parliament and politician, he was also an early member and President of the Royal Society. As well, Pepys was a primordial technocrat, charged with shaping the development of the Royal Navy into what became known as "the scientific Navy," a rational response to a public policy challenge both complex and crucial, intricate but with the future of a nation hinging on the outcome. In light of concerns over models, it's amusing to note that while Pepys had no practical experience of the sea, he educated himself on the construction and operation of ships by the use of models and gained a useful theoretical basis for improving the Royal Navy's fleet. Pepys was a fellow interested in integrating scientific facts into policy and technical solutions to problems confronting government and was in the position to execute his ambitions, he was a one-man example of the continuum emerging in his time between scientific research and technical outcomes of government and public policy.
The world has become too complex for a single person such as Pepys to wear so many important hats. For better of worse, our governments and political systems are not so coherent as they were in Pepys' day. Today it's worth asking, what if the political influence of those in the "it's not happening camp" who unlike Pepys are unprepared to remain in the world of emerging facts should invade and control the world of those those charged with protecting the public from London's flooding? Should unfounded opinions of a political class divorced from science dictate the options of engineers and technicians responsible for dealing with factual reality? Can we afford to let that happen? It's intriguing to note a general pattern with regard to this possibility, a feature that might confuse Pepys. As we move upward through the hierarchy of government, vacillation and hesitation seem to increase. Greater London is responding crisply to emerging facts. In the United States at the national level debate rages about whether the Environmental Protection Agency's decision to treat C02 as an emerging threat despite factual suggestions that it should do so. Globally, at the transnational level of government, paralysis rules the day. Why this is so is a matter of debate but upper governmental echelons might look to their underlings as well as historical figures such as Samuel Pepys for cues to sensible behavior.
Concisely conveying the story of such a long, rich yet bumpy and increasingly fractious relationship as London has had with the Thames is difficult but at least London's is a story with the possibility of a happy ending. Though London's issue with storm surges is notably bad, in many ways the city is far better off than many other major cities situated so near and low to the ocean as to be almost in it. London is a geographically defensible city, London can afford to defend itself, London is armed with a competent civil service rich with technical and administrative talent, and finally motivation to defend London is very strong because London is both the capital of a country and is the home of a stellar array of influential people and businesses, a constellation of Pepys-like influentials. Leaving aside the unfortunate matter of the estuarine funnel attached to the ocean-weather dynamic duo just offshore, London is one of the rosier scenarios for the saving of low-lying cities attached to tidal waters, leaving the question of what we're prepared to accept in worse situations, Does anybody who has driven through the city and witnessed ocean-going ships passing far overhead seriously believe New Orleans is not a lost cause if sea level has increased by 2 meters, or that it can be made as safe as it is today when the ocean has risen by 1 meter?
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Comments 1 to 50 out of 79:
1. I realise this is a right wing think tank but they raise a good point, it was the first thing I thought when you graphed the historical record for the London Thames Barrier. What if the rules have changed for closing the barrier? It appears they may have.
It looks like they lifted the second quote (and much of the info) from here.
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2. It will take me some time for me to read all your post Doug.
London is the iconic city in the UK that will be troubled by sea levels in the future, but it won't be the only place.
There are many UK cities that will be struggling. Portsmouth for instance is on an island and will probably be impossible to defend, whilst Southampton is on an estuary and could be defended, at least to some extent like London.
How many billions will it cost?
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3. Hi, HR. I did run across that, and thank you. The pace of formulation and publication of planning documents is pretty swift. Those issues also did not escape the notice of the folks managing floods; subsequent to the analysis from the CSPP language in some of the governmental planning documents was amended to reflect the changing nature of closure events. If you follow the link at the bottom of the graph you'll see what appears to be the latest deconvolution of the reasons for closure, leaving tides as an increasing factor; the graph seems an accurate summary. Helps to note that CSPP's writeup is missing the latest 6 years of data.
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4. The "London Regional Flood Risk Appraisal" link doesn't work, because it contains the Skeptical Science address.
It is showing this as the address :
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5. Britain's tides have a noble history - Julius Caesar's first invasion of Britain in 55 BCE was majorly disrupted because his navy could not cope with North Sea tides.
Following up from HR's post, I note the link suggests subsidence may also be a problem as is often the case with 'reclaimed' lands. Reclaimed lands are especially vulnerable especially if there's extraction of artesian waters - eg, Venice or Mexico City (which is built on what was once a lake).
Meanwhile, major parts of Scandinavia (eg, Norway) are still uplifting following the melting of the ice (while other areas such as Denmark conform more to the estuarine floodplain model).
I guess it's all complicated and needs to be looked at on a case by case basis (which is not the same as complacency). However the whole AWG business plays itself out, our concern should be above all for the losers as opposed to a casual winners and losers shrug of the shoulders.
I enjoyed this article which highlights in a concrete and immediate way important philosophical questions facing a city we take for granted. The historical backdrop makes it all the more fascinating. Hardly anyone today would think of burying their stock of cheese in the face of catastrophe - we take so much for granted these days in our relative prosperity. Pepys, what's more, was a wealthy man in an influential position.
A bit off topic but Pepys' decision to bury his cheese brings to mind a story from my father's life. He managed to get away from what was then Soviet occupied Poland in 1940 to spend his adolescence in Greece under German occupation in a time of famine. His first suit cost three loaves of bread. He was lucky but he does look very skinny in photographs from that time.
Similarly, my father in law spent his adolescence in Shanghai (having also managed to get away from Poland in 1939 ahead of the German army). His whole family (four adults plus an adolescent boy) occupied a single room in the Jewish ghetto in rather straitened circumstances. They still employed a Chinese maid. One can only imagine her poverty.
It's a calculus difficult to imagine yet it formed part of the lives of real people who right up till 1939 also took their prosperity very much for granted.
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6. Doug,
Excellent post with lots of good references.
Has the planning in New Orleans considered sea level rise seriously yet? Is Miami starting to plan for sea level rise (how could you start to defend Miami?)? How much difference is there between the planning from different countries? Can anyone suggest links to planning documents? I have seen reports that Holland is already seriously planning for sea level rise, of course they have more experience than most countries.
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7. Doug, with great respect, you talk to much! How about posting twice as often with shorter posts?! I got about halfway through when I hit overwhelm. I will try to finish later.
I note you have a technical article about sea level/storm surge/spring storms, and later on I find your consistency of public opinion graph, which suggest (I admit I haven't yet read the whole thing) a way to break the article into the technical problem and the political problem.
Offered for your consideration, and not as a snipe.
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8. The whole south of England is offcourse sinking and much of it vaulrable to to flooding due to its flatness. By chance a couple of weeks ago I had a cycle excursion to Dunwich which is the most famous lost town in the region, coastal errosion and sinking land has seen what was once a prosperous town now the better part of a mile out too sea, only a vilage remains with the name. I am not sure of the rate of sinking but I dont think it is significant over just one century.
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9. doug_bostrom,
Thanks for a terrific account. It was of special interest to me as I used to work in Greenwich where the S.S. Mackay (a venerable cable ship) was moored. The roads inside our factory were far below high tide so the Mackay seemed to float above us.
While I had nothing to with flood control on the Thames I worked hard to clean up the river so that fish could return. By 1979 I was raising rainbow trout in commercial quantities using Thames water. This was only possible because the water quality was steadily improving thanks to a collaboration between industry and volunteers coordinated by government (the Thames Water Authority).
In Pepys' day, the Thames was a commercial salmon river but the water quality deteriorated as the city grew. The last Thames salmon was caught in 1815 but now the salmon are back, showing that even catastrophic levels of pollution can be reversed.
Like Mexico City, much of London is sitting on hundreds of feet of mud. There is also an excellent aquifer and my company had a 500 gallon/minute well. After a little arm twisting by the TWA we stopped pumping. We were told that the depletion of the aquifer was causing London to sink. Is that effect measurable?
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10. Thank you JMurphy, I'll take care of that.
Chris, glad you enjoyed it; part of my thinking in doing this was that we talk a lot of abstractions but there is a continuum between the concepts and concrete. Indeed London is sitting on a bed of slowly-compacting clay, present iteration of the Thames Barrier included this as a factor. More information on the general situation coming up in my response to GC. With the price of real Reggiano parmesan what it is these days, I think I may keep a shovel handy near the refrigerator, just in case.
Believe it or not actually thoughtfull I ended up slicing away several hundred words from this thing, it reminded me of the apocryphal Chinese Boeing 707 copy that was too heavy to take off. Yet I found that like an airplane it needed wings, fuselage, tail and engines to work the way I planned. It definitely won't be to everybody's taste, heh!
Indeed the whole southern coast of England is sinking dorlomin. The rate varies by location; near London it's dropping at a pretty good clip of 0.5mm/yr.
Thank you for the complement, GC. This was fun to write because it was less about direct hectoring with scientific facts, more a casserole. That's really interesting what you say about pumping the aquifer. If you dig into the raft of documents concerning the general hydrological background of London it turns out that they're now doing a bit of a balancing act. Removing -too little- groundwater means they begin to have groundwater flooding problems, -too much- and the subsidence becomes a bigger issue. Reminds me of when I lived in Atlanta Georgia and ignorantly placed a dehumidifier in the basement of my home which was sitting on a shallow foundation on red clay. I think you can picture the result! I had to establish a compromise between mildew and throwing of doors, floors etc.
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11. Oops, forgot Michael Sweet!
I don't know specifically about New Orleans or Miami. While digging for material for this piece I did run into planning materials for other places and I'll say my impression is that the British are exceedingly competent at pulling together vast amounts of information and synthesizing it into documentation suggesting coherent plans of action, probably close the best-case example. Their competence in this regard is actually rather staggering. Cameron should think twice about blowing up such a structure, shouldn't carelessly carve into the civil service there.
What I can say regarding such places as Miami and New Orleans is that here in the U.S. the curious asymmetry between local and national governmental units is also visible. Where I live the department of transportation is taking into account sea level change when planning major roadway improvements, for instance, while meanwhile the farther up we go in government the more vague and amorphous the response. But I don't see the same scope of coherence and involvement visible in the U.K.
My intuition suggests that Miami and New Orleans will suffer "death by a thousand cuts" if sea level goes the way it seems to be headed. The process already seems to have started in New Orleans though of course Katrina was not necessarily an outcome of climate change-- a city partially below sea level in an area affected by hurricanes is a dubious proposition at best. New Orleans has suffered what appears to be a permanent population loss, another storm will of course inevitably mess with New Orleans and it's not hard to picture more people giving up. Rinse and repeat. Enough population loss and eventually it'll lose the political clout to attract federal dollars for protection.
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12. Doug, Thanks for the reply. I live in Tampa, Flrida (my house = 20 meters). I saw a newspaper article two years ago where people who live in the Florida Keys (elevation about 1-2 meters) were discussing how to cope with 18 inches (the minimum IPCC estimate) and saying it was too much. I have seen little else in the newspaper. Most of Florida south of my house is near sea level. If they start requiring major projects to be able to withstand sea level rise it will be very difficult to plan for. Maybe I will write the planning department for Tampa and see what they say.
Your thousand cuts sounds reasonable to me. How many will it take to wake people up?
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13. Michael here's a reasonably informative document from the Nature Conservancy: Initial Estimates of the Ecological and Economic Consequences of Sea Level Rise on the Florida Keys through the Year 2100
Of course some folks have problems with NGO reports but the Nature Conservancy document includes many physical facts suggesting blithe talk of "adaptation" excludes the Florida Keys, meaning they're not "viable."
It's a whole other interesting topic that the Nature Conservancy should be producing detailed economic impact materials leaving silence from other quarters.
I did a google search on "tampa sea level planning" and found this: Sea Level Rise in the Tampa Bay Region
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14. Fascinating article, and not too long in my opinion. Inevitably when you're reading something like this, thoughts and questions arise, and in a short article they can't all be addressed, so you're left wanting more. This was very good.
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15. Michael Sweet @12 "Your thousand cuts sounds reasonable to me. How many will it take to wake people up?"
Two thousand.
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16. Now here's a pretty rigorous writeup on Florida, w/sea level increases derived strictly from 2007 IPCC estimates: Climate Change in Coastal Areas in Florida: Sea Level Rise Estimation and Economic Analysis to Year 2080 ( from the Center for Economic Forecasting and Analysis at FSU, pdf).
Same deal as London, basically. Big money swamped in greater or lesser quantities depending on whether people pay attention and try to manage the situation.
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17. michael sweet (#12),
In 1981 I was living in Schiedam (the gin capital of the world) on reclaimed land and had a chance to watch the Dutch in action. They were dredging channels for ocean going vessels and then the dredgers dumped the solids into places where large pumps were set up to transfer the materials inside the dikes.
Where I was living was 7 meters below mean sea level and much of the exposed soil was still too salty for most kinds of vegetation. I sometimes wonder what that area looks like 30 years later.
This Dutch approach should be much easier to apply in the Florida keys.
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18. That was an absolutely fascinating read, thanks, Doug.
I hope to see more articles appearing on here about the solutions to the problems brought by climate change.
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19. GC, it's pretty much an open-and-shut case that geology, geographical problems and general environmental conditions particularly of the outer Florida Keys make the Dutch approach quite implausible. Take a look at maps and you'll see what I mean.
I'm not saying that adaptation is not possible anywhere, mind you, just that some places can and should be written off forthwith; we can put certain locations on the very top of the "dump" list and should not bother further with them. The Florida Keys seem to be on the wrong end of that list. Encouraging residents into imagining their younger children will be enjoying their middle years where Ma and Pa lived would be something less than right.
It's an old problem, really. There are places on the mainland here in the U.S. that have become increasingly indefensible due to coastal erosion yet the Fed responds to local boosters by assisting with insurance on parcels regularly inundated by storm surges. Cnute, but minus the humility, heh!
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20. I've a feeling London flood management plans are not done, if this brand new information is any indication.
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21. doug_bostrom,
The Dutch approach does indeed seem "quite implausible" but they are strongly determined to continue living where they do, regardless of rising sea levels.
In my view, such adaptation is admirable but at some point it will be necessary to move to higher ground, whether one lives in Galveston, New Orleans, London, the Florida keys, Holland or Bangladesh.
There is archaeological evidence of human habitation where the Black Sea is today leading some to speculate that this may be related to the story of Noah in the Bible and the Koran.
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22. Perth Western Australia is also sinking, due to our reliance on the Gnangara mound aquifer for our water supply.
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23. GC I was thinking of the Florida Keys residents as opposed to the Dutch. Speaking of the Dutch, I wonder what sort of pumps will be necessary to move the entire Rhine river up and into the ocean? Also, where do they apply for passports once all the money spent trying to save the country has been squandered on building a national snorkel and no more credit is extended? "Hi, we are the bankrupt Dutch, please take us in, all 16,500,000 of us! We can do your laundry!"
Maybe it would be better to spend all the money on something else and minimize the hassles.
Some people are gonna be -really- mad when they crack their history books and see we knew the fundamentals of this scenario in 1980 and essentially were bamboozled into creating the final, largest fossil fuel subsidy of all, rearranging vast swathes of human culture in the interest of shareholder value. "But we were not quite sure!" will sound very lame.
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24. Oops, pardon me, I exaggerated. Only about half the Dutch will need to be relocated, a mere 8,000,000 or so, they can be packed into the rest of the country. Nothing to worry about, leaving aside the possible bankruptcy problem.
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25. GC inspired me to go hunting for some numbers on adaptation costs. The short answer is "It's going to be a lot but we don't have much of a clue exactly how much."
Chapter 2 of this book provides the most recent completely comprehensive approach to summarizing "we don't know."
"We don't know" is not information useful for formulating plans. This really is a heck of a mess.
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26. This reminds me of a science fiction story by Stanislav Lem (quite an old story, dating from communist Poland). The story is about Master Oh, a universal benefactor and philantropist (Oh being an uttering of admiration at his genius). Master Oh arrived at a planet that was completely inundated. By the way, climate change had nothing to do with it. It was just an irrigation project from the government gone terribly wrong. Rather than doing something against the cause, Master Oh advised people to adapt to the circumstances. More specifically he advised them to evolve into fish. So the people lived in the water, they developed the most terrible rheumatism, tried unsuccessfully to breathe underwater, hoping they would one day reach the sainted fish state.
Moral of the story: you can better do something about the actual cause of the problem, especially if YOU are causing the problem, than to adapt.
I am also wondering: what costs are necessary to protect the Netherlands (and other low-lying regions worldwide) against a sea level rise of 1-2 (up till 6 ?) meters. And this is just one of the many costs the society – e.g. the tax payers - will have to bear as a consequence of global warming. And how does this cost compare to the cost that is necessary to stop global warming ?
Another way of dealing with this problem is of course: giving up these regions. But that actually means that the people with the bad fortune of living in low-lying regions will ‘pay the price’. They will lose their property as a result of this human-caused disaster, and probably receive no compensation whatsoever.
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27. Adaptation is costly but the costs are borne by the local residents. Up to now the Dutch have not just maintained their perimeter; they have created significant new inhabitable areas (e.g. within the Zuider Zee). They seem to think the effort is worth it but for how much longer?
The alternative to adaptation is relocation. Relocation or migration brings all kinds of strife, sometimes involving neighboring countries.
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28. GC I've a feeling a lot of folks are thinking something to the effect that adaptation costs will indeed be confined to those gulping for air**. Although the book I cited cannot offer anything in the way of numerical predictions, it's absolutely chock-a-block with plausible and often apparently inevitable wealth transfer mechanisms to subsidize adaptation. Naturally these come with opportunity costs.
The whole "concentrate on adaptation thing" strikes me as wishful thinking, a way of procrastinating, dealing with a problem in a comforting way. To use the tired medical analogy method, "Golly, I'm up to 400 pounds. No problem, I'll just buy some larger pants. Pass me another double bacon cheeseburger, please."
(thanks Ann, that's a marvelous story and I've been trying to remember where in Lem's bibliography I could find it)
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29. Doug I'm still curious why you think the Thames Barrier closures have doubled in a decade (30 in 1990's, 74 in 2000's)?
Doubled is a lot!
From what I have read there was an increase in storms from 1950-1990 followed by a decrease in recent decades, i.e. the years covered by this graph.Which maybe fits well with the link between NAO and UK storminess.
Closing the barrier is based on a complex model with multiple data sourses. How this model has changed over the years is unclear but it certainly has changed. A curious aspect of the decision to close the barriers comes after the model spits out its result. There is ultimately a subjective call made by the barrier controller, she/he makes a final decision about whether to close in cases of marginal forecasts. Which suggests a model cutoff for closure isn't quite a cut off.
There is a list of closure events which include data for each event. I graphed the High Water Level and surge numbers. Both have a downward trend. When it comes to tidal events it seems that the decision to close is being made for less and less severe events rather than severe events becoming more common. This seems to make sense in our more risk averse, precautionary principle kind of world.
It looks difficult to believe that the Thames barrier is being closed more often because of real climate events. It looks more likely that the methods used to make the decision and/or the more risk averse world we live in leads to more closures.
I'd like to read a justification for doubling based on climate change over the past 2 decades.
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30. I'm not assessing the reasons for closure of the barriers, HR, I found the latest source I could and reported that. Experts (which group does not include either of us) take the closure trend to be consistent with climate change projections and something to be taken into consideration when looking for confirmatory evidence.
Research tells us it's very important for some of us to find paralytic uncertainty and thus some kind of psychological comfort in any and all sources of information on the matter of climate change. If you have to construct a world of doubt to feel happy, that's your personal choice and of course I cannot and will not stop you.
If truncating the record and producing a graph makes you feel better that's also a matter of personal choice. Publicly reporting that result and disagreeing with people who are notably more informed on this topic than either of us is sort of like assertively evangelizing your religion to people who are not interested in conversion, arguably rude. Your need for doubt should remain largely a private matter.
As to the strawman of "a justification for doubling based on the past 2 decsdes," that figurine exists in your own mind. Cherish it if you must.
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31. doug_bostrom,
You wrote a really interesting paper and then defended it superbly. While I have some minor reservations it would be churlish to spoil a really good exchange of views.
I await your next guest post with bated breath!
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32. You're very kind, GC, thanks.
All the same I'd like to hear your reservations. For my part I'm unsatisfied with our picture of adaptation costs. They're certainly visible and significant at the level of Greater London but there are enormous gaps as we move up the food chain leading to impressive leaps of what economists would not want to call imagination at the national level. Adaptation costs may actually be an intractable problem without waiting for real data, which I suppose could be an argument for creating a devil we know in the form of mitigation costs.
Along the lines of mitigation, the Stern Review had some valid criticisms leveled at it from people who actually know what they're talking about as opposed to newspaper columnists but still does have the marvelous virtue of existence. As well nobody has so far done better in terms of producing a substitute.
I'm pretty sure a post exclusively focusing on mitigation versus adaptation costs would generate heat if no light, heh!
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33. @doug_bostrom
" Engineers suggest that feasible raising of the walls through central London may be limited to about 2m,"
Would it not be true to note that East London and especially the Isle of the Dogs is more vaulnrable than central London? And what of the fate of the city east of the barrier? Can the barrier be by passed by flooding in Greenwhich (which is very hilly) and Silvertown (up to Stratford that side of the city is quite flat)?
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34. doug_bostrom,
My reservations have to do with the various statements made about the rate of sea level rise. For example those made by the IPCC, Rahmsdorf, Rohling et al.
This was not the central theme of your presentation and we are already discussing it elsewhere:
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35. Dorlomin going east indeed problems become larger, avenues for flood management system failure become more numerous as you suggest.
We also run into an interesting case where even the British with their keen and fanatical thinking and planning skills are challenged by their human nature. There's enormous pressure to intensify development outside of the GLA, toward the estuary and into land that's been ignored 'til now. Many "brownfield" sites with heavy pollution can be developed if they're cleaned up, or developers can move into other land that while cleaner and cheaper to build on is at distinctly higher risk from flooding. A large public policy dilemma, once which I couldn't tackle in the already-bloated writeup on the GLA. I ran into many references to this officially sanctioned grand scheme (which of course has a grand name too, can't remember it now). Suffice to say, if folks decide to purchase properties in the envisioned new development east of London they should also consider hip waders; the government clearly is leaning toward the euphemistic "resiliency" in that area.
By the way, I was needless personal about HR in a remark upthread about nurturing doubt. This is probably because of lingering frustration on my part over the failure of any useful climate change output on the part of our legislators in the U.S., where experts in the political realm have managed to paralyze our ability to deal with facts, exactly the sort of infection I speak of in the post above.
Our House passed an imperfect package of legislation that would nonetheless have offered some utility in dealing with C02. Most importantly, if this legislation had survived the increasingly bizarre filibuster hurdle in our Senate we would finally have provided the kind of clear signal the rest of the world seems to be waiting for.
Edge-effects count more and more here in the U.S. and the filibuster proved remarkably useful to a minority unable or unwilling to confront facts. Though research shows relatively few people can't believe science, these few are stopping progress. Hence my frustration with what is a psychological problem. HR has a thick skin but all the same I'm sorry I personalized my remarks.
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36. doug_bostrom (#35),
You introduced a new topic when you started criticising the US government for entirely the wrong reasons.
From my perspective the greatest problem with the US government is its assault on freedom in general and economic freedom in particular.
Only seven economies out of ~180 worldwide are ranked as "FREE" by the Wall Street Journal and the Heritage Foundation in 2010. Sadly the USA is now ranked "MOSTLY FREE".
Which countries achieved the top ranking? See The list below:
1. Hong Kong
2. Singapore
3. Australia
4. New Zealand
5. Ireland
6. Switzerland
7. Canada
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37. Strange perspective. I'm from NZ in that list. We have ETS (though I would judge it as pretty useless) so, nope that doesnt restrict freedom. Both left and right are anti-subsidy so no fossil subsidies in sight. Now would ditching your subsidies be a great start in your road to "freedom" (whatever that is)? I would have thought the greatest problem the US government had would be lack of any commitment by either side (but especially post-war Republicans) to balance a budget.
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38. GC ignoring for a moment that I don't really buy into the Heritage Foundation and Wall Street Journal editorial pages I don't think we'll find agreement between ourselves on that particular issue. For one thing it's solidly in the realm of economics and political science which together have never come up with a generally reliable answer to their equivalents of "what's 2+2?"
At least with climate science we can agree on the boiling and freezing point of water, etc.
This country (the one I'm in) is facing a really serious challenge right now concerning how our system is being exposed as running on good faith, vulnerable to things such as exponentially increasing invocation of the filibuster rules. Under the present day behavior we'd have never gone to the Moon, never ended segregation, never joined in beating back Hitler, on and on. Regardless of where folks fall on particular issues, they should realize there's no way forward by filibuster. Getting back to good faith is bigger than any particular piece of legislation, more important. Seriously.
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39. GC we might nonetheless be able to entertain a fine argument on freedoms as they pertain to physical things, come to think of it, but this is probably not the place.
However I think I can provide an example that is related to my article in the sense of abstractions invading physical reality.
I have a problem w/the North American Free Trade Act for because it has features that force signatories to ignore certain physical things and live in the world of economic abstractions which are prone to arbitrary synthetic alterations.
NAFTA allows corporations to autonomously reach past national governments and attack environmental protections, watering down local environmental regulations that may produce effects deemed "protectionist" by economists not concerned with actual physical realities. Not only is this undemocratic in a pretty fundamental way but it's also strikingly divorced from factual realities. Allowing economists to decide whether or not particular sets of physical facts should be addressed or acknowledged is arguably quite bizarre, actually seems like something lifted from anachronisms like Soviet Russia. "We don't care if you only have 20 lathes, you must produce as though you have 40," that sort of thing.
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40. #39 doug_bostrom at 16:05 PM on 6 August, 2010
There used to be a joke about a mythic soviet paper clip factory that was required to produce 100 tons of paper clip in a month. They have solved the problem by producing just ten pieces, 10 tons each.
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41. I am just thinking and I realised that sea level rise may hit esturine cities much harder than either sea level or up river cities. Basically when a river gets to the sea is slows down and spreads out, this is the estuary. However as sea level rises the estuary will move back but it will have no where to spread out as it starts getting to the city parts that have been built on, so the total volume of water in those segments of the river will increase much quicker than sea level. It will be effectively squeezing the wide estury into a narrow river channel, probibly with build up river walls to try prevent flooding.
Looks like some major engineering to keep the water flowing past the cities built up limits.....
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42. Dorlomin, I think you hit the nail on the head quite nicely.
A non-tidal example. At the bottom of my yard there is a creek that has been heavily channelized over the decades. Along this creek we've had some flooding events recently having to do with unusually intense rainfall. The channeled river has very little capacity to handful large excursions in flow and meanwhile the channelization itself was done so that development could cover what used to be the floodplain. When the channel capacity is exceeded the result is nearly instantaneous arrival of water in homes, practically no advance warning in the face of rapid swings due to paving having reduced permeability so much.
There's no way to wish the water away so another solution is needed.
The upshot is that a number of local structures have been condemned, the flood plain where those buildings stood is being connected to the creek again along a portion of the banks. This will somewhat improve the probability of the remaining homes along the channel remaining dry. A statistical improvement.
Oddly enough my particular problem is with groundwater, not the creek itself.
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43. Doug,
Thanks for the references. The Nature Consorvatory piece was interesting, although I expect that in the US people will say don't listen to the greenies. It is hard to see how they can keep the road above water after 40 or 50 cm sea level rise.
The Tampa planning document uses a 1995 (!!) EPA publication that says there is a 50% chance of 10 cm rise in sea level by 2100 (the Antarctic is not expected to contribute to sea level rise until after 2100). Since current sea level rise is measured at 2.2 mm/yr here that seems a bit conservative to me. It is good to see that city planners are keeping up with the science. --> They have not even obtained the latest EPA documents.
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44. Galloping Camel,
One problem in Florida, compared to Holland, is Holland only has to defend one side from the sea. In Florida we have the sea on two sides. In addition hurricanes, which occur frequently, have high storm surges which overtop levies. We all know what happens once levies are overtopped. It is a question of how long before we have to start moving everyone out of Miami- it cannot be defended from 2 meters of sea level rise. Hopefully sea level rise will be at the lower end of estimates, although those estimates keep rising. Tampa is higher.
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45. Michael the functional difference between the British approach to informed policy and ours in the U.S. is visible. We like things to be a little more like Mogadishu, the British less so. It costs money to be less like Mogadishu and lack of funds for doing things that can't produce a profit on a private balance sheet shows up in details such as knowing whether your air tube should be 10cm or 1m.
In my humble opinion, heh!
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46. Doug,
I posted a little fast before. The report was from 2006 and estimated a 25 cm rise in sea level by 2100. Still too low in my book. They suggest defending all developed areas. They do not estimate protection costs. Will it be economic to defend? For how long?
It will be interesting to see what is done when the next IPCC report comes out much higher than the last one. I hope that action is taken before the rise is so fast we have no choice but to move.
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47. Michael you might also look at the item linked from here which integrates the 2007 IPCC stuff.
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48. doug_bostrom,
Please accept my apologies for encouraging the discussion of something totally irrelevant (individual and economic freedoms). In the past you have often directed me to a more appropriate thread when I stray from the theme.
Even though we are clearly from opposite sides when it comes to politics, you may find that we often agree when it comes to actions for protecting the environment.
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49. Michael Sweet (#44),
One has to look at the artificial dunes along the Dutch coast to get a feel for the huge scale of what the Dutch have been working on for centuries. Dunes over 25 meters high and running as far as the eye can see. Where rivers emerge into the sea, vast gates are in place to prevent water flowing in the wrong direction. You really have to see it to understand what has been achieved.
You are probably right to suggest that creating similar structures to protect Florida may not be an attractive proposition. The perimeter may be too great in relation to the land area to be protected.
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50. doug_bostrom, (#39)
The filibuster only exists in the US senate. A simple majority gets the job done in the House of Representatives. Some people think that a super majority should be needed there too.
Sorry, I won't do it again (stray "Off Topic").
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The Consensus Project Website
(free to republish)
The Scientific Guide to
Global Warming Skepticism
Smartphone Apps
© Copyright 2015 John Cook
Home | Links | Translations | About Us | Contact Us
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Mission Statement
Family Resources Summer Resouces Web Resources
James Denman Middle School Library
Michael Fox Locker
PPT, Word, Excel Viewers [Go]
Acrobat Reader [Go]
This Locker is Empty
Michael Fox
James Denman Environmental Club at the Bonita Point Light House
Mass vs. Volume graph generated from the 8th grade science lab: "Finding Density".
We measured the mass and volume of several substances and compared their relative densities graphically. The slope of each line represents the density of each material. Each line is straight because the ratio between the mass and volume (density) remains the same no matter how much material there is. This shows that different materials each have a unique density and that density is a characteristic property.
Mr. Fox Educating Liberians in the Peace Corps
Mr. Fox Educating Liberians in the Peace Corps
Fox's Foxes Advisory Norms
Fox's Foxes Classroom Norms
1. Everyone is an individual.
2. No question is stupid.
3. Everyone is entitled to his/her opinion.
4. What we say stays in the room.
5. Don't use names.
6. Don't assume, make stereotypes or judge people.
7. Be respectful, listen.
8. One mic.
9. Don't laugh at someone's comment.
10. Right to pass.
Questions from the Nova "Surviving Ebola" Video
Ebola Questions
1. What causes Ebola? How did it start?
2. What are the symptoms?
3. How does it spread?
4. What is an incubation period? How long is it for Ebola? How does this help it spread?
5. Explain some of the strategies health professionals are using to help stop Ebola.
Secret Message from 2nd Period (view through red light filter!)
Flag Afterimage
Stare at one spot on this picture 30 seconds then look at the blank spot next to itÃÆââââ¬Å¡Ã¬Ãâæ..Surprise! Can you explain what this tells us about the cone cells in the retina?
Lab: Does Air Have Mass?
Does Air Have Mass?
Question: Is air made of matter? Does it have mass? If so what is the approximate mass of air in this room?
• balloon
• balance
• cup
• marble
• meter stick
Sentence Frames Used in Finding Density Lab Groups
My strategy for finding ______________________ is ___________________________.
I think we should measure _______________ in order to find _______________.
We need to use the _______________ for figuring out the ________________.
Before we can do _______________, first we need to ___________________.
How can we ____________________ if we don't know the ____________________?
Why don't we try _________________ to figure out _____________________?
I disagree with that method because ______________________.
I don't understand, can you explain how you ________________?
Expert Group Presentation Scoring Rubric
Expert Group Presentation Scoring Rubric Name: ________________________
Group Name: ___________________________ Period: ___________________
Individual Part
Written Notes
No notes
At least 3 good bullet notes
At least 5 good bullet notes
At least 8 good bullet notes
At least 10 good bullet notes
Amount of Material
[This score determines highest possible score for all sections except process and written]
Did not present
Only presented one thing
Presented only half of fair share of material
Presented a little less than the others
Presented full share of material
Did not present
Spoke only in a low voice, did not look at audience, used difficult language
Had to be reminded to speak up, only looked at the audience some of the time, used some difficult language
Spoke audibly, mostly looked at the audience, mostly used clear language
Spoke loudly, looked at the audience, used clear language
Did not present
Had to read all of material, could not answer question
Had to read most of material, answered the question poorly
Knew some material by heart, answered questions fairly well
Knew material by heart completely, answered all questions well
Group Presentation Part
Only about a quarter of the material was presented
Less than half the material was presented
At least half the material was presented
Almost all the material was presented
All the material was presented
More than one member did not participate
Everyone except one member participated
All group members participated in presentation
Very disorganized, no one had a clear role, illogical order, transitions were rough
Most members had no clear role, illogical order, most transitions were rough
At least half members had a clear role, order was a little confusing and some transitions were not smooth
Almost all members had a clear role, logical order, almost all transitions smooth
All members had a clear role, logical order, smooth transitions
Overall Effectiveness
Did not teach clearly at all
Did not teach most of the concepts clearly to the class
Clearly taught at least half the concepts clearly to the class
Clearly taught almost all concepts to the class
Clearly taught concepts to the class
Not all members engaged most of preparation
Not all members engaged three times during preparation
Not all members engaged twice during preparation
Not all members engaged once during preparation
All members engaged throughout preparation
Pick a Better Brownie Homework
Pick a Better Brownie Homework
"Supersize Me!" Video Notes
Supersize Me Notes:
- US – most obese nation in the world – 60% of US adults are overweight or obese
-obesity rising rapidly in the last 25 years
-people eat out much more today, they don’t cook at home as much (40% of meals are eaten out at restaurants)
-obesity is the second leading cause of preventable death
-McDonald’s is the largest fast food corporation in the world
- the average American takes less than 5000 steps / day
-McDonald’s lures in kids: play places, birthday parties, Ronald McDonald character, toys, “happy meals”, cartoons
- “supersizing” causes people to consume massive amounts of fat and sugar
- brand imprinting = marketing products to children so that they buy the products when they are older
- huge rise in type II diabetes – (1 out of 3 children today will get type II diabetes) rise in liver problems
-FF is extremely processed to make it overly salty, sweet or oily; and to preserve it so it can be heated and served quickly-
-the average American child sees 10,000 food commercials per year for mostly sugar and snack foods
- it is more minutes than parents talk to kids
-billions of dollars spent advertising fast foods
- 7 hundred times more money spent on McDonalds advertising than money spent on advertising for fresh vegetables
-sugar is the main ingredient of ketchup…
-30 minutes of exercise is recommended per day
-when kids have healthy food their behavior is better
-cost is the same to make food or to buy unhealthy food
- FF is so popular because it tastes good and is so convenient
- big companies just want to make money, don't care about health
- Morgan is getting ½ of needed vitamins from McDonalds food
- FF lacks the fruit and vegetable food group
-fat and sugar addiction- feel depressed without it
- nutritionists: 45 out of 100 say you should never eat fast food, 98% say you should not eat fast food more than 2 times per week
Nutrition Jeopardy
Nutrition Jeopardy
"Sugar Shocker" Concept Map
Nutrient Reading Expert Groups Instructions
Nutrient Reading Expert Groups
You and your team members will become experts on the type of nutrient described below. You will do this using the following steps:
1. Individually read this paper silently and carefully. [5 min.]
2. Individually take good bullet notes (at least 10). [10 min.]
3. In your group, go around sharing bullet notes one by one. If you missed any, add them to your paper. [15 min.]
4. Have a discussion with your team making sure all members completely understand the nutrient, it’s functions in the body and it’s sources. [5 min.]
5. Prepare a presentation for the class about your nutrient. Make sure all members have an equitable role. Feel free to be creative. [20 min.]
6. Decide on the 4 most important concepts the class should write down as notes about your nutrient. One should be general information about it, the second two should be about the nutrient’s functions in the body and the last note should be about what foods we get your nutrient from. [10 min.]
"Is Your Soda Killing You?" Concept Map Part I
"Is Your Soda Killing You?" Concept Map Part II
Examples of Science Vocabulary
Examples of Science Vocabulary
Using the pHet Seeing Color App on the iPads
Using the pHet Seeing Color App on the iPads
No news posted
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History of German POWs in Canada
German War Graves in Canada
Why Woodland?
In 1969 a plan was set in motion by the German War Graves Commission that would amalgamate - as much as possible - the German war dead who were buried in a large number of cemeteries scattered across Canada. Consolidating war graves wasn't a new idea: the practice had already been implemented in other countries where Germen war dead were buried. Aside from displaying the characteristic German need for efficiency, having your war dead in one location is from a caretaking perspective an easier and more cost effective way to ensure that the graves are being properly looked after.
Parkway Planning Associates Limited, the Canadian company that the German War Graves Commission had assigned the task to, placed Helmut Schmitz in charge of the project. Schmitz began to identify and locate all of the German prisoners of war who had been buried in Canada and then notified the respective cemeteries they were buried in of the German War Grave Commission’s intent to relocate the remains.
Schmitz also had to finalize the details concerning the relocation process, which included the legalities governing exhumations, how the remains would be transported, and how the costs incurred by the cemeteries would be covered.
Finding a suitable location for what would become the permanent home for close to 200 former prisoners of war presented another challenge.
The choice of Woodland Cemetery in Kitchener, Ontario, arguably satisfied the German War Graves Commission’s requirement for a centrally located cemetery in Canada, but a greater influence on the decision had to be Kitchener’s large ethnic German population who were less likely to complain about having German war dead buried in their backyard. Worthy of note is that the city of Kitchener was originally called Berlin until anti-German sentiment in Canada during the First World War forced its renaming on September 1, 1916.
In July 1970, Schmitz provided each cemetery with a copy of a letter from the Department of National Defense dated April 23, 1970. The letter was proof of the officially required permission for the remains to be relocated, and the following month Schmitz requested that each cemetery begin the exhumation process. Within two weeks the work of relocating the German war dead had begun.
In most cases the exhumations proceeded without any problems. At the Hillside Cemetery, which is located between Medicine Hat and Lethbridge, Alberta, the work unfolded according to Schmitz’s instructions. The graves there had been marked by large white headstones carved by fellow prisoners in the Medicine Hat camp. The bodies were dug up, the bones washed on a sunscreen, and the remains then placed in plastic bags along with any personal items found in the coffins, which sometimes included uniform insignia, crucifixes, and even German money.
The graves of the twenty POWs buried at Hillside had been well looked after, in part because on Al Baker, the cemetery's superintendant. In recognition of this Hillside was officially commended in 1954 by the German government for the exemplary care the POW graves had received.
Down the road from Hillside things didn't go exactly to plan. The five German prisoners of war who had been found guilty of murder and later executed at the Lethbridge Jail by the Canadian government proved to be as difficult in death as they had been in life.
Their graves, along with those of eleven other prisoners who had been executed at the jail, were unmarked, but they were known to be located somewhere within the prison’s exercise yard. Twenty-three holes were dug before those hired to exhume the bodies determined they had been looking in the wrong place. Finally found, the coffins, which were just rough boxes, appeared to be in good condition. However, when opened the boxes were full of black water, some with hair floating on the surface.
There was another problem with the Lethbridge Jail exhumations. It couldn't be guaranteed that the correct bodies were being removed. The funeral home hired to perform the work of locating and digging up the dead had to rely on physical descriptions of the men they were asked to find. As a result, nothing more than details of each German's height, weight, and bone structure was used as a means of identifying each set of remains.
The official exhumation instructions provided by Schmitz specified that each set of remains be placed in a plastic pouch clearly labeled with the exhumation number and a copy of the order attached to it. Up to six of these pouches were to be placed in a rough box, a solid wood box normally used to house a coffin, and then shipped COD via Canadian Pacific Railway to Kitchener.
By May 1971 all of the POWs had been relocated and buried in the new German War Graves Section of Woodland Cemetery. A special ceremony was held to commemorate the completion of the project and to pay respect to the men whose eternal slumber had been so rudely interrupted.
Relatives of the POWs - over two hundred of them - had been flown to Canada from Germany by the German government for the service. Along with local guests, including Al Baker from the Hillside Cemetery, the Germans gathered at Kitchener’s City Hall on the day of the ceremony before proceeding to Woodland. It was near the large granite monument that stands on its own at the north end of the War Graves Section that a religious service was held in the hope of providing closure for those who still mourned the loss of those who had never returned home.
Undoubtedly, those involved in the unenviable undertaking of relocating these graves did their best given the circumstances surrounding the job at hand; however, finding and identifying the remains of those who died so long ago while in Canadian captivity was not an easy task, not when you consider that the camps that imprisoned them were scattered across the country, and in some cases, were located in remote areas and had untended cemeteries.
Not every German prisoner who died in Canada found a final home at Woodland. The bodies of some were never found, and consequently they were never buried to begin with. It also appears that a few have slipped between the cracks, fallout of questionable record keeping during the time of their imprisonment. These men form the ranks of missing dead in Canada, and like many of their comrades who perished on the field of battle and who were never found, they have been forever lost in the terrible ether of war.
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intestine-diagramThe stevia plant is indigenous to South America and originates from the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The sweet components within stevia leaves come from a group of compounds called steviol glycosides, which share a common steviol backbone. Carbohydrate residues (mainly glucose) are attached to the steviol backbone in various configurations to form the wide variety of sweet compounds found naturally in the stevia leaf. Steviol glycosides are poorly absorbed in the body and pass through the upper gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach and small intestines, fully intact. Once steviol glycosides reach the colon, gut bacteria hydrolyze steviol glycosides into steviol by snipping off their glucose units. Steviol is then absorbed via the portal vein and primarily metabolized by the liver forming steviol glucoronide, and then excreted in the urine.1 Research has shown that there is no accumulation of stevia (or any by-product of stevia) in the body during metabolism.2,3 It is a result of this essentially poor absorption in the digestive tract which ultimately contributes to the fact that stevia has zero calories and does not raise blood glucose or insulin levels when digested.
The chemical structure of steviol glycosides.
Trivial name Formula MW (g/mol) Conversion factor X
Steviol C20H30O3 318.45 1.00
Stevioside C38H60O18 804.87 0.40
Rebaudioside A C44H70O23 967.01 0.33
Rebaudioside C C44H70O22 951.01 0.34
Dulcoside A C38H60O 17 788.17 0.40
Rubusoside C32H50O 13 642.73 0.50
Steviolbioside C32H50O13 642.73 0.50
Rebaudioside D C50H80O28 804.87 0.40
Rebaudioside E C44H70O23 967.01 0.33
Rebaudioside F C43H68O22 936.99 0.34
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Magnet for Pectus Excavatum treatment
Pectus excavatum is a congenital disorder which causes the chest to have a sunken or “caved in” appearance. It is the most common congenital chest wall abnormality in children.
Image source NPR health blog (link)
In an effort to make the pectus excavatum operation better for patients and their families, surgeons at UCSF have developed a novel method to correct the pectus excavatum chest wall deformity. With the Magnetic Mini-Mover Procedure (3MP), the deformed costal cartilage is gradually reformed by a controlled gradual outward “pull” on the depressed breastbone. This is achieved with only minimal surgery and without the need for painful implanted chest wall struts.
Two magnets, one inside the chest and the other outside the chest, are used to create a magnetic force field which applies a controlled sustained force. The goal is to promote the rib cartilage to move to a more normal position. This results in a more gradual correction of the chest wall over a period of months using nominal force-this is the same principle used in moving teeth with orthodontic braces. (adapted from Pediatric surgery UCSF.. link)
Other similar posts
This entry was posted in Bones, Congenital anomaly and tagged , , , , .
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[Metroactive Features]
[ Summer Index | Metro | Metroactive Central | Archives ]
Hole Truth
The Burrowing Owl
Athene Cunicularia
By Will Harper
THEY'RE NOT CLASSIFIED as an endangered species yet, but burrowing owls make their underground homes in prime building real estate: open grasslands near the valley floor. As a result, says ecologist Lynne Trulio, an assistant professor at San Jose State University, the Bay Area's burrowing owl population has dropped by half over the past decade. Trulio estimates that about 350 remain in the region, from Gilroy in the south, up to Palo Alto and over to Hayward.
Historically, local naturalists referred to them as a common sight in the valley.
Burrowing owls are a native California bird that stands about 9 inches tall, resembling, as one Audubon spokesperson put it, a miniature owl on stilts. They are the only owls that live underground. Not equipped to dig, they are nature's adorable freeloaders, squatters in vacant burrows left by ground squirrels. Though she's been unable to prove it scientifically, Trulio suspects that ground squirrels and owls have a friendly, symbiotic relationship, possibly relying on each other's warning calls when a predator approaches.
The California Dept. of Fish and Game has designated them a "species of special concern," just a notch above being considered endangered. Despite their decline, the owls have been able to adapt reasonably well to urbanization as long as they have room to forage for insects and small rodents. Active during the day and night, the laid-back birds can often be spotted hanging out in front of their burrows checking out their surroundings, which now include passing cars and screaming schoolkids.
Local government agencies in the South Bay have just started to discuss crafting a regional habitat-conservation plan to mitigate further destruction of owl habitats by creeping urban development. State law already requires developers who find burrowing owls on their land to either set aside room for them or relocate them.
Because of high land prices in the area, developers are understandably reluctant to set aside valuable real estate.
Relocation, however, isn't easy, because for one thing the owls are valley dwellers and can't just be moved up onto the protected hillsides. Ornithologist Scott Terrill, an environmental consultant with H.T. Harvey & Associates, says trapping and transporting the birds isn't always successful, takes a long time and costs money. According to Terrill, 3Com is spending more than $100,000 for owl habitat mitigation on a project in San Jose.
As part of the regional conservation plan, Terrill says cities are talking about setting aside land for owl habitats that would be paid for by developers. That way, Terrill says, developers will at least be able to know up front how much habitat-protection is going to cost.
[ Metro | Metroactive Central | Archives ]
From the May 1-7, 1997 issue of Metro
This page was designed and created by the Boulevards team.
Copyright © 1997 Metro Publishing, Inc.
Foreclosures - Real Estate Investing
San Jose.com Real Estate
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FAO :: Locust Watch :: Archives :: Upsurges
Desert Locust upsurges
Desert Locust are always present somewhere in the deserts between Mauritania and India. If good rains fall and green vegetation develop, Desert Locust can rapidly increase in number and within a month or two, start to concentrate, gregarize which, unless checked, can lead to the formation of small groups or bands of wingless hoppers and small groups or swarms winged adults. This is called an OUTBREAK and usually occurs with an area of about 5,000 sq. km (100 km by 50 km) in one part of a country.
If an outbreak or contemporaneous outbreaks are not controlled and if widespread or unusually heavy rains fall in adjacent areas, several successive seasons of breeding can occur that causes further hopper band and adult swarm formation. This is called an UPSURGE and generally affects an entire region.
If an upsurge is not controlled and ecological conditions remain favourable for breeding, locust populations continue to increase in number and size, and the majority of the infestations occur as bands and swarms, then a PLAGUE can develop. A major plague exists when two or more regions are affected simultaneously.
Outbreaks commonly occur and only a few lead to upsurges. Similarly, few upsurges lead to plagues. The last major plague was in 1987-89 and the last major upsurge was in 2003-05. Upsurges and plagues do not occur over night; instead they take many months to develop.
Some recent outbreaks, upsurges and plagues are described in more detail on these pages. Please see the FAO Desert Locust Guidelines (in the Publications section) for more detailed information.
Upsurge maps
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National Identity
PROP 02118 Printed souvenir of first Anzac Day observance, 1916. AWM PROP 02118
The Commonwealth of Australia came into existence with none of the formal symbols by which a nation expresses its identity. British coins and currency were the legal tender, and the postal services continued to issue colonial postage stamps. At the beginning Australia had no national flag, coat of arms, colours, anthem, flower or seal.
Most religious festivals, holidays and anniversaries had arrived with the colonists. The monarch's birthday had always been celebrated, and Empire Day was introduced in 1905. The 26th of January was marked as Anniversary Day (later Australia Day), but this was observed widely only in New South Wales. St Patrick's Day was celebrated by the Catholic population. Melbourne Cup Day was Australian in character but belonged to Victoria.
Australians sought their own symbols and national day.
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Coordination of Movement
HideShow resource information
Areas of the cerebrum which recieve sensory information send impulses to association areas. Impulses then pass to motor areas, and from there to effectors. In the association area the brain integrates these sensory inputs and motor outputs to ensure that muscular movement is coordinated and appropriate.
A muscle can exert force only by contracting, not by lengthening. There must be at least a pair of muscles attached across a joint,
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Wind Vectors
indicate wind direction and speed
The black arrows plotted on this image are wind vectors. These vectors indicate direction and intensity of the wind. The vectors point in the direction to which the wind is blowing and in this image, winds are primarily blowing from west to east. Intensity of the wind is conveyed through the size of the vector. The longer the arrows, the stronger the winds.
For example, wind vectors in the vicinity of the blue arrow are longer than those near the green arrow. This means that by the blue arrow, the winds are stronger, than by the green arrow.
Terms for using data resources. CD-ROM available.
Credits and Acknowledgments for WW2010.
Department of Atmospheric Sciences (DAS) at
the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
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New Humanity Institute
Proclaiming the Healing of Humanity in Jesus
Home Ministries Resources Blog Contact Donate
This painting is called Ambrose and Theodosius, by Antony Van Dyck from 1619-1620. It depicts Ambrose, bishop of Milan in the 4th century, refusing to admit Emperor Theodosius to a service. Ambrose was demanding that the Emperor repent for ordering the Massacre of Thessalonica, where 7,000 people were killed. Eight months passed. Ambrose finally admitted Theodosius only when the Emperor made a law that death sentences would require a thirty day lag before execution so as to allow reconsideration. This event was significant in the history of church-state relations. Photo credit: Unknown, public domain, Wikimedia Commons.
Christian Restorative Justice in Politics
Conversation Stations
Whose Justice? (instructions and talk on Christian Restorative Justice)
Race What's the Problem? (and instructions)
Race What's the Problem? (brochure version)
Is Religion Just a Cultural Thing? (and instructions)
What Can We Do About Evil? (and instructions and conversation tree)
What Can We Do About Evil? (brochure version)
How Much of an Atheist Are You? (and instructions)
What Story Do You Live In? (and associated message)
Does the Good Outweigh the Bad? (and instructions)
God, Peace, and Violence (and instructions)
Is God a Liberator or an Oppressor?
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The Design and Construction History of the Kremlin Stars
The Design and Construction History of the Kremlin Stars
The Moscow Kremlin, is a huge fortified complex, which includes five palaces, four cathedrals and has been the center and official residence of the Russian Empire.
The Kremlin is surrounded by walls and 20 towers to defend the area, which built were in 1156. Until the August 1935, the spires of the Kremlin towers were decorated with heraldic double-headed eagles, but after the decision of the Central Committee of the AUCP, the symbols were replaced with five-pointed stars, as a new symbol of the new system.
kremlin-stars-8[Image Source: Livejournal]
kremlin-stars-4[Image Source: Livejournal]
The design process of the new symbol wasn’t easy at all. Ordered by Stalin, the design and production process was held by the Central Aero-Hydrodynamic Institute of professor N.E Zhukovsky in Moscow. He gave the sketching mission to E.E Lansere, but Stalin asked for a revision, and Zhukovsky gave it to the F.F.Fedorovskiy.
After designing the sketches, Fedorovskiy made the actual sized prototypes, which included imitations of gems and it shined in the dark sky, and was approved by the government.
kremlin-stars-17[Image Source: Pastvu]
The production process was ran by hundreds of people from different professions. Painters, artisans, engineers, blacksmiths have worked all together to create the unique stars for all the towers. The first stars were made by red copper and stainless steel. They even created special electroplating plants to get the gliding effect.
kremlin-stars-18[Image Source: Livejournal]
The symbols of the each star were veneered with gold and 7000 semi-precious gems like amethyst, topaz, alexandrite, rock crystal, and aquamarine which came from the Ural, sized between 20 to 200 karats. All the stars were designed to be tough to resist to the hardcore winds and hurricanes of Russia.
kremlin-stars-13[Image Source: Pastvu]
As we can guess, there were no cranes long enough to install the stars on the top of the towers. So they had to design a special crane, which was based on the tower and the console was inserted through the window. Installation day has become a holiday for Moscowians.
kremlin-stars12[Image Source: Livejournal]
The whole city met in the Red Square to watch the operation and cheered when the old symbol double eagles shot down. After the rising of the stars to the top, the climbers installed them on the exact points in half an hour for each.
kremlin-stars-15[Image Source: Livejournal]
The dream didn’t stay so long. After two hardcore winters of Moscow, the gems, and the gold leafs felled down. The proportion of the stars noticed that they were not in a harmony with the elegant roofs of the Kremlin towers. So the second period was started in 1937, this time, with different materials.
kremlin-stars-10[Image Source: Livejournal]
Fedorov decided to cover the stars with ruby glass, and re-designed the size, pattern and the shape of the stars. Ruby glass was brewed in a glass factory Konstantinovka, with a new technology ‘selenium ruby’ which is way cheaper than, by glassmaker N. Kurochkin.
kremlin-star-for-troickaya-tower-in-central-park-of-culture-and-rest-of-gorkiy[Image Source: Livejournal]
However, they faced another problem, the ruby glass was becoming black in sunlight! It caused a dilemma, but the Chief Engineer Professor Alexander Landa Fishelevich got involved in the project and found the solution, with lightning and rotation!
kremlin-stars-24[Image Source: Livejournal]
Fishelevich ordered specially designed lamps for each star from the Moscow Electrical Lamp Plant. To refuse the overheating or damage possibility, they designed the stars to be able to pass by about 600 cubic meters of air in them, per hour.
kremlin-stars-25[Image Source: Livejournal]
The power of three lamps of the Spasskaya, Nikolskaya and Troitskaya towers is 5000 watts. The Borovitskaya and Vodovzvodnaya’s are 3700. In each, two filaments connect in a parallel, so if one of the lamps burns the other continues working. There was a control panel, which shows the fault, and to change the lamps.
kremlin-stars-20[Image Source: Livejournal]
After 79 years, they are still shining on the towers like the first day, and they are just cleaned by industrial climbers every five years. If you travel to Moscow, don’t forget to view the stars with a glass of Russian tea, and remember this story.
SEE ALSO: Multi-story Bamboo Treehouse Held Together Only By Rope
Written by Tamar Melike Tegün
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How the uniform changed: puttees
During the First World War, soldiers of the Regiment wore puttees as part of their uniform. Puttees were narrow strips of khaki-colour fabric wrapped in an over-lapping spiral pattern around the lower leg, above the ankle boots up to below the knee.
“The puttee was almost like a bandage made of [knitted] wool, and it was wrapped around the leg,” explained Douglas Cordeaux, from Fox Brothers & Co Ltd, from Wellington, in Somerset.
”The beauty of it was that it didn’t need sizes - it would also stop your boot being sucked off in mud,” Mr Cordeaux added.
The firm made an estimated 12m pairs of putties, which unwrapped would have stretched for 41,000 miles (66,000 km) - enough to go around the coastline of the UK twice.
— Excerpt from the BBC (
They were good in some ways
Puttees provided the soldier’s leg support, prevented dirt and insects entering both boots and trousers and provided a measure of protection against the weather and abrasions. When wrapped properly, puttees helped to insulate the leg from cold weather and to reduce injury without restricting movement. In hot weather, the material breathed and could be removed and washed. Importantly, puttees could be used as a dressing or splint, or to provide support to a part of the body.
… and not so good in others
While puttees helped to prevent or at least reduce damage to soldiers’ legs, they could also cause harm. Once they became wet and if worn in cold weather, the puttees could cause frostbite and extreme pain. Also, “tightly wrapped puttees might have encouraged or aggravated trench foot by restricting blood flow to the feet. Trench foot was prevented by keeping boots well-oiled and generously sized, loosening the puttees, rubbing oil into feet and lower legs and wearing clean, dry socks”. (Canadian War Museum Artifact Backgrounder on Puttees)
but they’re Still relevant today
In the Second World War the Regiment’s puttees were replaced largely with canvas web anklets. Puttees are, however, still used today in sport such as hiking, climbing, cross-country skiing and backpacking. Their lightweight, breathable and multi-purpose nature make them practical gear to have to get by with less but still stay safe, healthy and comfortable on the trail.
Where is my relative buried overseas?
photo 11.jpg
There are many resources available to you to locate where a Canadian soldier is buried or commemorated. These are two very helpful sites:
• Veterans Affairs Canada’s Canadian Virtual War Memorial.
• The Commonwealth War Graves Commission can help you find the war dead and cemeteries of 1.7 million men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the First and Second World Wars among the 23,000 cemeteries, memorial and other locations worldwide where they are commemorated.
Something to think about
People travel overseas to tour the great battlefields of the First and Second World Wars and visit the gravesite of relatives. Those who have gone often describe it as a profound and moving experience. You may want to consider something like this for your next trip.
Which military unit did my relative serve in?
Many people are interested in tracing their family’s history and finding out more about their ancestors, but it can be a daunting task.
photo 7.jpg
Where to start
A good place to start is by asking your family for stories about the past. They may also be able to give you photos and records (i.e. birth, marriage, death, church, military and immigration records), which will be a big help in your research.
Military records are a fantastic source of information not only about the person who served but also their next of kin. These records, however, can be confusing. For example, in World War I, Canadian soldiers typically joined local units and while some of those units made it to the front, most soldiers were sent in small groups to reinforce other units. Sometimes units were re-designated or dissolved. It was not uncommon for a solider to have served in several units so it can be difficult to trace a soldier’s experiences.
We can help
We can tell you whether your relative served with The Royal Winnipeg Rifles Regiment but we will need some information about your relative… at the very least, one or more of the following:
• name [surname, full given name(s)];
• date of birth;
• date of death; and/or
• military service number.
Secondary information (i.e. the names of next of kin, postings, dates of service, place of enlistment) can help us identify the correct person. For example, with a common name like “John Smith” we will need more information to determine which of the many “John Smith’s” your relative was.
The Royal Winnipeg Rifles took part in many important battles since their establishment in 1883, and were awarded many battle honours in recognition. Find out about your relative’s role as a Royal Winnipeg Rifle solider in forming Canada’s history.
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What Holds a Substance Together?
Download the Activity
Science, Physical Science
Grade 3- 5
Students observe how substances are held together by bonds.
Tell students that chemicals are substances held together by bonds. Some bonds are stronger than others. Two types of bonds are covalent bonds (bonds formed by the sharing of electrons) and ionic bonds (bonds formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions). This activity provides students with the experience of observing and stretching bonds. They will actually see how substances are held together.
Student Directions:
1. Hold the sheet of newspaper so that it looks as if you are holding a rectangle. With your hands, pull (in opposite directions) both ends of the paper. Note what happens.
2. Rip the sheet of newspaper in half. Note how easily it rips and the shape formed on each piece of paper after it is ripped.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 with each type of paper.
4. Carefully and slowly stretch a marshmallow to the point where it is ready to separate into two pieces.
5. Using the standard (metric) ruler, measure to the nearest inch (centimeter) the farthest distance that the bonds in the marshmallows stretched. Record your observation.
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 with a piece of gummy candy and with a piece of candy containing chewy caramel.
7. Complete your data-capture sheet.
• For Each Group: one sheet each of newspaper, typing paper, construction paper, writing paper, and cardboard.
• gummy candy
• candy containing chewy caramel
• marshmallow
• standard (metric) ruler
• Bonds data-capture sheet (one per student)
© 2018 Teacher Created Resources. All Rights Reserved.
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Unravelling the great vision of flies
Fruit flies have a much better vision than what was previously believed in the scientific community.
Researchers from the University of Sheffield (UK), the University of Oulu (Finland), Max IV (Sweden) and University of Szeged (Hungary) are on ID16B trying to find out what happens in the photoreceptors in these insects’ eyes.
“It had always been claimed that fly’s eyesight was very basic, but I couldn’t believe that after so many centuries of evolution this was still the case”, explains Mikko Juusola, head of the Centre for Cognition in Small Brains at Sheffield University. So he started studying vision in fruit flies a decade ago and last year himself and his team debunked previous hypothesis: they proved that insects have a much better vision and can see in far greater detail than previously thought.
Insects’ compound eyes typically consist of thousands of tiny lens-capped ‘eye-units’, which together should capture a low-resolution pixelated image of the surrounding world. In contrast, the human eye has a single large lens, and the retinal photoreceptor array underneath it is densely-packed, which allows the eye to capture high-resolution images. This is why it was believed that insects did not have a good eyesight. Until Juusola came in the picture.
>Read more on the European Synchrotron website
Image: Marko Huttula (University of Oulu, Finland), Jussi-Petteri Suuronen (ESRF) and Mikko Juusola (University of Sheffield, UK) on ESRF’s ID16B beamline. Credit: ©ESRF/C.Argoud
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Tennis Skillz By Haley palmer
Skill: overhead stroke
Roger Rederer hits an overhead stroke.
a. Cognitive: Deciding where is the most strategic place on the court to hit the overhead
B. Perceptual: Seeing what type of spin the ball has
C. Motor Skills: utilizing good footwork make tiny adjustments until the overhead has been hit
1. Fine is more prevalent in this skill because tiny adjustments need to be made to ensure successful placement of and contact with the ball.
2. Discrete is more prevalent because the tennis swing has a distinct start and stop.
3. Tennis is external due to outside factors that could shift movement of the ball before contact with the racquet, such as wind.
4. Overheads are a stroke done by a single person and, thus, they are individual.
D. Perceptual Motor Skills: seeing where the ball is and then moving to be in the ideal position to hit the overhead
Created By
Haley Palmer
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When in Rome, Do as Infants do.
Peter Paul Rubens. Romulus and Remus. Pinacoteca capitolina (Rome, Italy). http://library.artstor.org/asset/LESSING_ART_10310119992. Web. 6 Dec 2017.
Peter Paul Rubens is one of the artists discussed in Art 1010. The painting we discussed exclusively was “Elevation of the Cross” that showed the religious power during the time. As Professor Simon repeatedly says: “A change in era/time/politics equals a change in the form of art. This work of art, similar to the “Elevation of the Cross” is also a piece of Baroque work, identified by its use of chiaroscuro (the contrast of light and dark in a painting to give a dramatic effect). The painting is given depth using a form of linear perspective where the two infants are in the center (center point) while everyone else takes to the background. The babies, both pale and pink are clean, protected by the she-wolf which tells the story of the twins, Romulus and Remus.
Then one, Romulus,
reveling in the tawny pelt of a wolf that nursed him,
will inherit the line and build the walls of Mars
and after his own name, call his people Romans.
Excerpts from Vergil’s Aeneid
Book 1
This image is literally the story of Romulus and Remus. Were twin brothers. Legend has it, they were the founders of Rome. Their mother, a Vestal Virgin, claimed she had been violated by Mars, the god of war. She was thrown into prison and the children were ordered to be drowned in the Tiber River for the sin her mother committed (breaking her vow not have sex). Rape was overlooked and women were thrown in jail for making such accusations. The twins survived. They were brought to a sacred fig tree and were protected by a she-wolf and a woodpecker that watched over them and brought them food.
The wolf is seen lying under a tree giving suck to an infant, while another plays nearby. The herdsman, Faustulus, who discovered them, is approaching. The god of the River Tiber reclines on his urn. Under the rule of Romulus the city of Rome grew in size and strength. Ruben highlights the survival of the twins being a great and wondrous gift. They are the center and bright part of the image so he wants them to be noticed.
The reason this image is the most important to me and for the homework is because it give a direct approach and visual to what the twins looked like when they were found by the huntsman in the woods. Romulus is reaching to the sky as if he knows that he is the kin of Mars- the Roman god of war. This supports how Rome got it’s name although it is a mere myth.
Cameron Team Jupiter
Who can do Contrapposto Better? Hamilton or David?
I really enjoy spending my time inside of parks, what I’ve had the opportunity to notice more are the statues that are scattered all over them. I have seen so many different types of statues, but the most common ones have taken influence from ancient Greek and Roman societies. From using marble to the similarity in form.
While I was in Central Park, I saw this statue of Alexander Hamilton. The first thing that I noticed was his stance, I immediately shouted “Contrapposto!!” and my friends looked at me with confusion. I was thinking about Michelangelo’s David and how striking the similarities are between the two sculptures. I read the plaque near it and saw that it was designed by Carl Conrads in 1880. It is the first ever outside sculpture of Alexander Hamilton, and it is larger than life. I wish that I could see Michelangelo’s David in person and next to this statue of Alexander Hamilton because even with images, the similarities are striking. One of the main differences is the fact that Hamilton is clothed, which shows a difference in cultural ideals.
David is shown as a hero, and Alexander Hamilton is definitely an American hero for all that he has accomplished. They both symbolize the importance of the person and you can see it in their stance, their posture and the size of the statues. Everything about it just feels powerful. They use the same material of marble and the detail in each are great, especially in the faces. I loved seeing how the clothes was created, as opposed to David’s bare skin. Both have a hand bent but Alezander’s posture with his hands feels more powerful and poetic.
-Mckensi Pascall, Aphrodite.
The Perspective of Linear Perspective
Linear Perspective is the creation of a three dimensional scene on a two dimensional plane. This was seen throughout Art1010 Unit 3, as seen specifically in Masaccio’s Holy Trinity.
The Illusion of depth is shown by the religious observers in the foreground, as they appear closer than the rest of Christ. Another example of this is found in my Guide to Drawing sketchbook, as it teaches the artist how to correctly form the linear perspective.
Image result for linear perspective
This shows the linear perspective, as the rails of the railroads are individual and parallel to each other. However, the lines appear to be getting closer to each other as the tracks progress. This is the effect of linear perspective, which causes the parallel lines to appear closer on the horizon.
John J. – Team Diana
Linear Perspective Montenegro River
Linear perspective is recreating the three dimensional world on a two dimensional surface. Brunelleschi discovered/rediscovered linear perspective when he was in Rome studying the ancient ruins and architecture. He wanted to be able capture the essence of the buildings in his sketches. Later on Albertis write a book On Painting going in debt about the technique behind linear perspective. Leonardo DaVinci’s The Last Supper is an example of an painting with linear perspective. The image I added is one I took this in Montenegro of a River, which also is in linear perspective.
There are many similarities between The Last Summer and the picture I took of a River in Montenegro. Both images have linear perspective both are two dimensions depicting a three dimensional thing. Both images draw you to focus on the focal point and feel very realistic. Both images giving you a feeling as if you are there and experiencing the view first hand. In both images you have the illusion of the image getting narrower as the distances gets farther away. There are also many differences between The Last Supper and my photo a a River in Montenegro. One difference is that The Last Supper is a painting and the river is a photograph. Another difference is what the painting makes us focus on in the Last Supper we are focusing in the center on Jesus in the river photo the it brings your attention to the sun setting. The Last Supper is indoors in a room where the illusion of distance is a lot more intensified then in the photo of river. These images are both example of linear perspective with certain similarities and differences.
Linear Perspective of a Courtyard
CAM00688 (1).jpg
View of the courtyard on Ave J
The sculpture, which is the center point
This is a courtyard on the intersection of Avenue J and Ocean Avenue. It caught my eye as I was passing by it on my way to school. In this photo, we can see how the architects of the building employed linear perspective, a technique commonly used in Renaissance art, to draw eye to the fountain in the middle of the courtyard. The walls of the interval to the courtyard are similar to a hallway; your eyes naturally follow the passage to see what is at the end of it. the fountain itself has three “rings” to catch the water and deposit it to the bottom to be re-pumped. This architecture is common for fountains and probably wasn’t intended for the purpose of linear perspective, but upon traveling down the corridor, your eyes naturally land on the bottom-most “ring” and travel upward to the sculpture. It is interesting to also note that the center point of the linear perspective used here is a sculpture, because during the Renaissance, linear perspective was used mostly in paintings. This is another example of how modern-day artists have taken elements from past art and incorporated it in today’s art. Whereas in a painting you would have to paint the linear perspective, architects have figured out a way to use external objects to create linear perspective. Because of this, it is really easy to imagine the picture on the left as a painting which depicts a three-dimensional image on a two-dimensional surface. The statue itself is also intriguing. As there was so plaque to allude to the creature’s identity and the sculpture isn’t detailed at all, I couldn’t identify who it was. He is a child, holding what seems to be a fish over his shoulder, similar to the sculpture of a child wrangling the goose which was shown in class for Unit 3. I wondered if this sculpture depicted cupid but the boy has no wings. Then I thought maybe he was Poseidon, since he was a water god and this sculpture is on top of a fountain; however to my knowledge, Poseidon was never depicted as a child. Maybe this sculpture depicts just a boy, but I’ll have to ask Professor Yarrow to be sure.
Elene T., Team Mars
“And to the Republic for which it stands…”
I chose to take this image of the American flag, which I found in my room, because it resembles the Roman Republic. In the 15th century, Florence was a city-state with a republican form of government. During this time, when individuals were guaranteed freedom in Florence, the Florentine people engaged in a struggle with the Duke of Milan. Therefore, they were fearful of losing their freedom. After the Duke of Milan caught the plague, and the King of Naples, who came after, also died, they had to face the Duke of Milan’s son in war. After defeating him in 1425, they declared themselves heirs to the Ancient Roman Republic. The American flag is a symbol of freedom and liberty, which is embedded in the Republican government.
Glass from the Past
This is a very special glass house located right under the Brooklyn Bridge. I decided to use this glass house in my post due to it being mostly constructed of beautiful stained glass. Common across this image instantly struck my memory of the stained glass of Chartres. It’s beautiful, multicolor, complex designed glass can se spotted from many feet away. When the rays of the sun shine through these beautiful pieces of glass, the new colors that emit from the glass is a view to die for. The function of the glass from both then and not haven’t changed much from decretive design. This glass house is a beautiful piece of art that disused close to brooklyn bridge. It attracts the likes of even the youngest of art admirers. Many kids have been seen staring and taking pictures by this beautiful creation by Tom Fruin.
Ishmeal James
Team 7 Artemis
The Spiels Around Us
Gothic architecture was popularized during the late Renissance around 16th century. The purpose of this architechture was to evolk feeling , which is not to surprising since it was during a period of humanism and focusing on the individual . Today we often see gothic architecture in many churches and buildings around NYC and the world. But, hidden inside our neighbourhoods there are many houses that exhibit this form of architecture. In fact, as I walked on East 17th street right by our very own Brooklyn College I stumbled across these little gems below.
These both exhibit an important feature , the spiel. It is a common feature used to elongate gothic structures.The spiel is the cone shaped piece on the cylindrical base. This is an iconic feature due to its feeling of excess height that it illuminates.
Samantha, Team Minerva
Flatiron Building
Image result for flatiron building 2017 street view
The picture above is the Flatiron building in Manhattan from the perspective of someone standing in front of it. This depicts the idea of linear perspective; the idea of creating an illusion of depth onto a two dimensional surface, by making the Flatiron building come out of the picture along with the other buildings on either side of the Flatiron building. The picture contains two vanishing points, each at the end of the street of the picture. This creates the illusion of having the buildings appear bigger to the viewer as they look at the picture and smaller if he/she was to look at the end of the street. This is a similar example to what was brought up in class, like The Holy Trinity by Masaccio, a painting containing the idea of one point linear perspective. However, for the picture I have chosen, it contains two point linear perspective. Both are a form of linear perspective used in the past to provide depth in art.
Hoky, Team Saturn
Soviet Art
1222161451 This large piece hangs in the Ukrainian Institute of America, just a couple blocks away from the Met. Although it was painted long after Brunelleschi had rediscovered linear perspective, elements of his methods are clearly visibly in the Ukrainian piece. The most notable element of linear perspective in this piece is the the lines created by the rows of civilians seem to converge as they rescind further into the background. If you were to draw out the orthogonals, they would create a vanishing point in the lower left portion of the painting, where the lines created by the crowd are closest to meeting. Additionally, if you observe the individual members of the crowd you will see that their heads are all placed upon the same diagonal line. To create the illusion of depth the artist paints them larger the closer they are, extending their feet further down the canvass while keeping their heads along the same diagonal.
David, Team Saturn
Scene It!!!
If you are a New York and take the subway, then during your commute it is inevitable to avoid stained glass. As far as historians can go, stained glass has been around since 686 AD. It’s an ancient form of art from Europe and is commonly found in churches. One church known for its stained glass art is the Chartres in France (shown below).
stained glass
Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres
The Chartres was built before Christianity and was a devotional to the fertility Goddess. However, when Catholicism changed the art of the time period, the temple was the Virgin Mary. The art was for more than just gazing upon but told Christian stories in a colorful manner that would appear to the illiterate.
Legend has it that in the 800s the church acquired the Sancta Camisa, the tunic said to have been worn by Mary at the time of Jesus’s birth. Because of this holy relic, the church became a popular pilgrimage site. When a new and larger church was to be built in the 1100s, local trade guilds and the nobility donated large amounts of money for its decoration.
Fisher, Tom, and Jane Fisher. “ Stained Glass Windows, Chartres.” France Travel Planner, Travel Info Exchange Inc, francetravelplanner.com/go/chartres/see/windows.html.
So just in case no one remember where they saw stained art here’s a subway station I frequented as a child:
brklyn stained glass
Gothic Architecture
Screen Shot 2017-11-21 at 8.50.01 PM.png
I was biking past Brooklyn College one day and I came across this beautifully ornamented church. On the corner of Foster Ave and Ocean Ave, Our Lady of Refuge Church stands distinctly from its neighboring buildings. Many elements of gothic architecture were incorporated into the design of this building. For example the spiked pire, and pointed arches. There are also two very detailed sculptures on either side of the building. That being said, this building is lacked the iconic flying buttresses that we discussed in class. Other noteworthy elements of this church are the symmetrical stained glass windows, the latin inscription at the center, and the very large ornamented cross (reminiscent of the chartres or amiens floral design) which serves as the centerpiece of this church.
Zunaira Naveed Team Mars
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Data Analysis:
Numerical Modeling:
Numerical Modeling: Experiments
Experiment E1: No Stratification
Click on images for details
Evolution of salinity near the seabed during the experiment E1 (idealized topography and no stratification) is illustrated in animation and figures 11-14. Early stages of cascading development are very similar to those described in model experiments with constant along-slope topography (e.g. Gawarkiewitz and Chapman, 1995). During the initial time interval (~8 days) the entire salt flux through the surface is spent on increase of salinity in the forcing region. By day 10, tongues of salty water start stretching downslope from the forcing region, distorting initially circular frontal interface. In 30 days, initially round-shaped salinity anomaly is completely deformed by meanders and eddies of opposite sign. However, the shape of the leading edge of cascade mainly retains circular geometry. The leading edge reaches the shelf break while some portion of dense water forms bottom current along the shore-line. Between 40 and 50 days massive intrusion of dense water in the deep zone through submarine canyon starts. From this point and up to the end of the experiment dense water propagates along and cross slope in a shape of a solitary tongue, filled with eddies.
Fig. 11
Within ~20 days salinity in the forcing region reaches saturation.
Current speed levels up.
Fig. 13
F17 & F18:
The speed of front propagation near the bottom is ~12 times higher than that at the surface.
Fig. 12
The rate of salt accumulation in the forcing region steadily decreases.
Rates of salt accumulation on shelf and in the deep water highly and negatively correlate
Fig. 14
The shape of the cross-isobaths flux curves at different depths is very similar: rapid growth, and then oscillations around some constant value.
Experiment E2: Stratified Ocean
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
According to experiment E2 (stratified ocean), a sharp pycnocline embedded right below the surface mixed layer influences cascading in several ways. First of all, it decelerates down-slope penetration of dense water. Cascade does not reach the base of the continental slope (Figs. 15 and 16). Slower removal of dense water from the forcing region causes a larger salinity (density) increase. The mean increase of salinity in the forcing region during this experiment is equal to 0.34 PSU versus 0.23 PSU in the unstratified ocean.
Fig. 17
Cascading triggers an opposite-directed up-slope motion (upwelling) of lighter water from the deep (animation and Fig. 17). On the average, uplifted water moves above the near-bottom dense flow and eventually replenishes the upper layer in the production zone. Two oppositely-directed flows create a circulation loop with denser outflow near the bottom and lighter inflow near the surface. In stratified Arctic Ocean the water uplifted from the deep is warmer and saltier then the water on shelf.
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
We calculated cross-slope heat and salt fluxes associated with cascading for conventional water layers in the northwestern Laptev Sea from the surface to the depth of dense water penetration (Figs. 18 and 19) Down-slope motion of cold shelf water causes a considerable loss of heat from the Atlantic layer with an absolute maximum equal to 0.20x105 W/m2. This is relatively large value compared with heat transport associated with AW entering the Fram Strait (Schauer et al., 2004). Owing to cascading, AW also loses salt. Despite the fact that cascading is forced by salinification of shelf water, this water is still fresher than AW, thus causing a negative salt flux. According to our results, cold halocline layer acts as a sink for salt entering from the shelf (at depths less than 200 m), and additionally from the AW layer (at depths greater than 200 m). The latter is the result of the joint effect of upwelling and intensive eddy salt flux, The surface mixed layer receives both heat and salt, but in substantially smaller amounts than the amounts received by the deeper layers.
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Olf – definition and meaning
An olf is a unit we use to measure air pollution strength from a source. It measures the scent emission of a person, animal, or any object. The word derives from Olfactus, which means ‘smelled.’
One unit represents what a human emits at rest. Specifically, a human who takes about 0.7 baths each day and has a surface area of 1.8 meters squared. In other words, an average human. This average person also works in an office, is a non-smoker, and is generally healthy.
People and objects that have high emission levels are more likely to be sources of pollution.
A sitting non-smoker emits one olf. However, a sedentary smoker emits twenty-five units, while athletes emit thirty units. Therefore, it is likely that smokers and athletes pollute more than non-smoking couch potatoes.
Marble, linoleum, synthetic fiber, and rubber gaskets emit 0.01/m², 0.2/m², 0.4/m², 0.6/m² respectively.
We measure the subsequent air quality in decipols or dp.
Put simply; olf is what we emit, and decipol is what we sense. Specifically, what our noses sense.
According to UrbanDictionary.com, the term may also mean old or bad-ass. For example “My grandpa keeps it relaxed and awesome, he’s such an olf.”
In the world of computers, OLF refers to a kind of file. The file contains saved legal documents from Oyez forms. OyezForms is a program for Microsoft Windows that allows the user to create electronic document forms.
An olf - image explanation with examples
One olf is what a sedentary, non-smoking human emits. One deciphol is the perceived air quality that we smell in a space with a sensory load of one olf.
Prof. Fanger, olf and decipol
Danish professor Povl Ole Fanger (1934-2006) introduced the terms olf and decipol. Prof. Fanger was an expert in thermal comfort and perfection of indoor environments.
He was a senior professor at the ICIEE at the Technical University of Denmark. ICIEE stands for the International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy.
His work showed that poor air quality in our homes may cause asthma in children. He also showed that poor air quality in the workplace reduces productivity. Productivity refers to how much one unit of output produces over a given time. For example, output per worker per hour, day, week, etc.
According to BusinessDictionary.com, the term refers to:
“A unit of air pollution strength which measures the scent emission of an object. The more olfs an item emits, the more likely it is to be a source of air pollution.”
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Teacher Feature: Three Year Olds Explore Blood
It’s Teacher Feature Thursday!
This week we are featuring Katie Heimsath and Laura Muniz of the three-year-old Koala classroom. Katie and Laura noticed a common interest among the children in human bodies and what they are capable of, so a unit on the human body commenced. I joined them for a visit to the National Gallery of Art where they took a closer look at blood, and what goes into it. Blood is a complex concept and this lesson is a great example of how we at SEEC are thinking about how to make a complex topic developmentally appropriate, approachable, hands-on and engaging for young children. Below you will find images and descriptions of the lesson, and a reflection from Katie and Laura.
Here are a few images from their lesson on Blood:
SEECstories.com.pngWhen the class first sat down, Katie asked the children to look at the painting Red Dance by Kenneth Young, and share what it reminded them of. The piece reminded children of a brain, blood, and strawberries. Katie shared that the painting reminded her of blood too, and that was what they were going to learn more about that day. The class had already learned about how hearts and veins move blood around the human body, but now they were going to look at blood more in depth and see what elements make up blood.
5Katie asked, “Who has ever cut themselves and had blood come out?” Immediately the children began to roll up sleeves or pant legs to display a cut, and several told stories about how they got their boo-boos. Katie asked, “Did your cut keep bleeding forever, or did it stop? Is your cut still bleeding or has it stopped?” The children said they weren’t still bleeding anymore, and Katie explained that cuts stop bleeding because a hard scab is formed by some platelets, just one part that makes up our blood.
3To take a closer look at blood, Katie read A Drop of Blood by Paul Showers. This book is told from the perspective of a vampire and monster, and the children enjoyed the silliness of the illustrations, while the text provided information about what blood is and what it does.
4Katie asked the children what blood looks like when we cut ourselves, and the children said, “red”. She explained that when we bleed it looks red like the red dots on the painting, but if you look really close, with a microscope, you can see the different parts of blood. While the children are not as familiar with the concept of a microscope, they are very familiar with magnifying glasses, and Katie brought some out to make the connection that a microscope helps us to see small things that we can’t see with just our eyes.
SEECstories.com (8).jpgAs they went through the book, Katie paused to talk about white blood cells, red blood cells, plasma, and platelets. The children passed around pictures of each to get a closer look, while Katie explained why each part is important for our bodies.
SEECstories.com (1).pngAfter reading the book it was time to make their own blood! This activity provided a hands-on and engaging way for the children to practice what they had just learned. Katie brought out three “drops of blood”, which were three circles of contact paper. She said that the contact paper is sticky and looks wet, so it would be like the plasma, which keeps everything together. Then the children came up in turns to add red blood cells, and white blood cells (circles of red and white paper).
12To finish the blood, they added platelets, the small blood cells that come together to form a clot and stop a cut from bleeding.
113SEECstories.com (15).pngAfter making one blood cell together, the class split up into two groups and worked together to make more drops of blood. After they finished, there were some stray blood cells on the gallery floor, and the children were excited to help pick them up to leave the space clean.
SEECstories.com (16).pngBack at school in the afternoon, the class made their own blood cells that they could take home.
112Then it was time to make more blood, but this time it was an edible version for their afternoon snack! First the class helped mix red food coloring into yogurt, which was the plasma.
11Next they added sliced grapes as the red blood cells.
7For the white blood cells, they added sliced bananas.
6And finally, they topped off their blood snack with red sprinkles, acting as the many platelets found in our blood.
1The only thing left to do was enjoy eating it! By making blood in another way, the children experienced multiple exposure to the same concept, which helps to reinforce it. They were also actively involved in the process, which not only makes it more fun, but helps to strengthen their understanding of the concept.
Reflection from Katie and Laura:
For the first several weeks of school, our class explored their similarities and differences through lessons on favorite things, what their families are like and identifying and expressing their feelings. We noticed that many children in our class were experiencing some major transitions: caring for new siblings, finishing potty training, trying new foods, even adjusting to a new school! Our daily routine, including bathroom time, nap time, lunch time, play time, etc. led to discussions about how and why our bodies need all of these activities. So into the Human Body we went! We divided this unit up by the different body systems; it was a simple way to break down a complicated topic to a three-year-old level and gave us the ability to answer specific questions our class had.
We first explored how people experience the world using their five senses and learned that our brain helps us interpret it all. In the weeks following, we learned parts and functions of the digestive system and investigated our skeletal system. After that, we dove into the circulatory system. Early in the week we learned about the parts of the body that move blood around like our heart, veins and arteries. This particular lesson was all about blood. Our class had a lot of questions about the color of blood, what its job is, and why it is wet. Like a lot of children, our kids viewed Band-Aids as the fixer of all problems. As teachers we noticed a great opportunity to talk about how our bodies use blood to make scabs. Our objectives for this lesson were to address and answer those specific questions as well as practice working together as a group. Through the lesson, they learned the four different parts of blood and how those parts work together to keep our body healthy. Teamwork is a hard, but important skill to practice, so we built it into the lesson with a small group activity.
We chose to visit Red Dance by Kenneth Young at the National Gallery of Art because it is so visually stimulating and looks similar to actual drops of blood. It’s located in a gallery that is quiet and big enough to accommodate a group of curious and wiggly three-year-olds who need some extra room. We brought printed and laminated illustrations of four different parts of blood and small magnifying glasses to accompany the lesson. We passed these objects and pictures around so that the class could have something to hold and focus their attention on, as well as connect new vocabulary to.
Due to the length of time we had been spending on our bodily processes, our class had a solid foundation of ideas and lots of vocabulary to build on. They connected past knowledge (“there must be a lot of blood going around my small intestine if it’s moving all those nutrients outta there”) and asked questions to deepen their learning. They were engaged and curious since the book we read, A Drop of Blood by Paul Showers, made this very technical topic a little more exciting. By giving them objects to hold and engage with, we helped make a difficult concept more concrete. We were able to point specifically to images of parts of the blood that we can’t see with our own eyes, and explain the function of each one.
We were surprised by how well the small groups worked together in the activity to make drops of blood, and also at how they worked together to help clean up. We used some small materials, such as hole punched paper circles, that blended in with the wooden floor, and it was quite funny to hear some of our class saying, “Oh! There are more platelets over there!” and “Get that red blood cell!”
In the afternoon, we made a “blood snack”. The teachers did all of the cutting of the fruit, but the children helped by dividing, measuring and sorting all of the ingredients. It incorporated their fine motor skills, tested their one-to-one correspondence, and recalled a lot of the vocabulary we learned in our morning museum visit. The group also practiced turn-taking since there weren’t enough individual helping jobs to go around. Our class doesn’t have too many picky eaters, but for the few who are usually hesitant to try new things, this activity made it a bit more exciting to have something unfamiliar at snack.
An element we would have liked to add, but didn’t get the chance to, would have been a gross motor component. Our class was focused in the museum, but we realized after the fact that we could have played a game on the playground to extend the topic. It certainly helped their need for movement to have an activity in the museum, but playing a chasing game outside or teamwork game as a group would have been another fun experience.
While we had success with our activities, some of the materials we used to make the drops of blood made it difficult to transition out of the gallery quickly. If any other element had become more complicated, the activity would have become too complicated to do in small group, and we would have needed to make the drops of blood as a singular group.
After our exploration of the circulatory system, we continued learning about muscles, our respiratory system and discussed germs and exercise. Since our class showed continued interest in learning how their bodies worked, we kept our unit going strong for several weeks!
Katie and Laura continued to explore the human body for a few more weeks. Stay tuned for the Human Body Round Up for more ideas from their unit!
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Incredible photos of New York City when sheep roamed Central Park
Public DomainSheep Meadow, New York City, circa late 19th century.
Manhattan’s Central Park has all the features of a great public space: It’s car-free, features a range of flora and fauna, and anyone can access it.
Before Central Park became the landmark it is today, a 15-acre swath of the park had an unusual purpose in the 19th century.
Dubbed Sheep Meadow, the reserve hosted around 200 pedigree Southdown sheep for 70 years. Visitors would watch the flock of sheep while they grazed. The idea was to help Sheep Meadow further the mission of Central Park, envisioned by its architects as a refuge from the stresses of urban living.
Take a look at the meadow’s history below:
In 1858, architects Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux designed Manhattan’s Central Park, which spans 843 acres.
Source: NYC Parks
Olmsted and Vaux originally reserved 15 acres of the park for military drills and exhibitions. They later realised that a quiet park would probably not be the best place for this.
NYPLSheep Meadow, New York City, circa early 1850s.
To make way for the new public space, the city forced Irish, German, and African-American immigrants from their homes, which were bulldozed.
In 1864, the architects persuaded park commissioners to add 200 pedigree Southdown sheep there and call the area Sheep Meadow.
The Library of CongressSheep Meadow, New York City, 1864.
Source: Modern Farmer
They hoped that the wooly animals would elicit idyllic images of traditional English pastures.
The Library of CongressSheep Meadow, New York City, circa 1860s.
Most of the time, the public couldn’t visit Sheep Meadow. But people could watch the sheep from afar.
The sheep slept in a nearby barn next to a Victorian-style building. Twice per day, a shepherd would bring the animals over a crossing to the park and disrupt carriage traffic in the process.
Public DomainSheep Meadow, New York City, circa 1880.
The City of New York paid for the flock’s upkeep. But the animals also helped mow the lawn, and their wool was auctioned off.
People could visit the sheep during the day at the barn and building, where the shepherd lived with his family.
NYC Municipal ArchivesCentral Park, New York City, 1900
As part of the park’s menagerie (which later became the Central Park Zoo), camels came to Sheep Meadow periodically. One pair of camels named the Volsteads was particularly beloved by New Yorkers.
New York City Parks Photo ArchiveSheep Meadow, New York City, 1869.
For 70 years, the sheep stayed at Sheep Meadow. In 1934, Central Park commissioner Robert Moses moved them to Prospect Park in Brooklyn.
The Library of CongressSheep Meadow, New York City, circa early 1900s.
The animals were moved again to the Catskill Mountains during the Great Depression, largely due to fears that impoverished and hungry New Yorkers would capture and eat them.
Over the next few decades, Sheep Meadow took on new uses. In this 1947 photo in the park, Army officials are carrying a casket containing a soldier who died during World War II.
On most days, Sheep Meadow served as a hangout spot where visitors sunbathed.
Ken ClareSheep Meadow, New York City, 1967.
It also became the site of political protests against the Vietnam War. This 1968 photo shows folk singer Joan Baez and her husband Dave Harris surrounded by reporters at a draft resisters demonstration:
In the 1960s, New Yorkers hosted several protests, called “be-ins,” against the war and racism.
An estimated 10,065 people participated in the 1967 Easter be-in at Sheep Meadow.
Source: Village Voice
And on June 28, 1970, there was an LGBT be-in to commemorate the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots.
Crowds have also gathered in Sheep Meadow for major cultural events, including a Barbra Streisand concert in 1967 and the 1969 Apollo moon landing. Here’s a 1996 photo of visitors relaxing on its grassy turf:
Sheep Meadow hasn’t changed much since then. But the cityscape behind it certainly has.
Wikipedia Commons
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Online Encyclopedia
Online Encyclopedia
Originally appearing in Volume V08, Page 719 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
Spread the word: it!
DUTCH LANGUAGE. When the Romans reached the territory now forming the kingdom of Holland, they found a number of tribes south of the Rhine, who—though here and there mixed with Germans—belonged to a non-Germanic race, and who, closely related to the Belgian tribes, spoke a language belonging to the Celtic group. Possibly they were also situated on the more elevated grounds north of the Rhine, at least vestiges of them may still be traced. We do not know anything about their being mixed with or subdued by the intruding German tribes. We can only guess it. At that time the fertile delta of the Rhine was already occupied by German tribes who in language and national customs must have stood in some relation to the tribes living along the Rhine in Germany, later called Franks. The consonantal system of their language was in accordance with the other Low-German dialects, which is proved by the remains we have in the glosses of the Lex Salica, for the greater part handed down in a bad condition. These tribes, whom we shall take together under the name of Low-Franks—the Romans called them Batavi, Caninefates,Chamavi,&c.—were spreadover Gelderland,Overysel, part of Utrecht and South Holland, and the south-western part of North Holland. When in the sixth century allied tribes from the present north Germany, who named themselves Saxons after one of those tribes living alongside the Elbe, conquered the territory occupied by the Franks a great many retreated from the eastern parts, and then the Franks, who already in the time of the Romans had begun to invade into the territory of the Belgian tribes, continued their wars of conquest in a southward direction and subdued all the land south of the branch of the Rhine that is called the " Waal." Since that time the Frankish dialect came there, and the Celtic-speaking population of the south suffered its language to be entirely supplanted by that of the conquerors. Hence in the formerly Celtic-speaking parts of Brabant and Limburg we find but Frankish dialects, somewhat corresponding with those of part of Gelderland, Utrecht and Holland. The deviation that is perceptible concerns less the use of words than the way of laying the stress. In part of Gelderland, east of the Ysel, and in Overysel, the older Frankish dialect (of the Salian Franks) was given up and the language of the victorious Saxons was assumed, perhaps here and there strongly mixed with the older language. The language which is spoken there, and farther to the north through Drente as far as in some parts of Groningen, is called Saxon. Indeed, these dialects correspond in a great many respects with the language of the Old-Saxon poem Heliand (q.v.) and with the North-German dialects—from the latter they deviate considerably in some respects. The chief point of conformity is the formation of the plural of the verb: wi loopt, wi gat, Heliand: wi hlo pad, wi gangad, which are wei loopen, wei gaan in the Frankish dialects. In the vocal system, too, there are peculiar differences. In the north o[ Holland there lived, and still lives alongside thecoast, a tribe with which Caesar did not come in contact. The Frisians were spread over a large distance along the shore as far as the mouth of the Elbe, and in the west at least as far as the country north of Haarlem. In the time of the Romans they cannot have extended their power farther southward. Later, however, this seems to have been the case. Maerlant and Melis Stoke (13th century) tell us that time was when their power extended even over part of Flanders. About the year 339 they were repelled as far as the mouth of the Meuse, and ever after-wards the Franks, led by their counts, pushed their dominion back farther and farther to the north, as far as the country north of Alkmaar. After all, a great many Frisian peculiarities may be perceived in the language of the country people of the parts which were once in their power. To begin with the south: in Zeeland the population has quite given up the former probably non-Germanic language. Frisian influence is still perceptible in many words and expressions, but for all that the language has lost the Frisian character and assumed the nature of the neighbouring Frankish dialects in the present Belgium and Brabant. If it was then influenced by the south, later it was influenced rather by the language of Holland. Farther to the north Frisian elements may be perceived in Holland at the seashore and also in many respects still in North Holland. The real Frisian tongue has only been preserved in the province of Friesland, where intrusion of the dialect spoken in Holland is already perceptible since the 13th century. With the Frisian tongue this formed a new dialect in the towns, the " Stadfriesch," whereas the country people in the villages and the peasants have preserved the old Frisian tongue as "'Boerenfriesch." The more eastward dialects of Frisian in Groningen, the eastern part of Friesland (Stellingawerf) and West-Drente were first strongly mixed with Saxon; at the same time we find a strong mixture of Frisian and Saxo-Frankish east of the Zuider Zee. Later the Saxon dialect of the town of Groningen,once the capital of East-Drente, became prominent over the whole province. In all parts, however, the language of Holland, mixed with and changed by the living speech,is getting more and more influence, issuing from the towns and large villages. This influence over the whole country began at the opening of the 17th century, and, in connexion with the prevalent written language, gradually produced a colloquial language, deviating from the written language as well as from the native idioms of the country, though assuming elements from both. In this colloquial speech the idiom of Holland forms•the basis, whereas the written language formed itself on quite different principles. If we compare the colloquial speech and the native idiom with the written language, we find remarkable differences, which are caused by the origin of the Dutch written language. The first to write in any of the idioms of the Dutch language, if we leave apart the old version of the psalms in East Low Frankish, was an inhabitant of the neighbourhood of Maastricht, H,pnrik van Veldeke, who wrote a Servatius legend and an Aeneid; the latter we only know by a Mid High German copy. This dialect deviates from the western dialects and has likeness to the Middle-Frankish. His work had no influence whatever on the written language. In the west of Belgium, in the districts of Antwerp, East and West Flanders and Brabant, great prosperity and strong development of commerce caused a vivid intellectual life. No wonder we find there the first writings in the West-Low-Frankish native idiom. This language spread over the neighbouring districts. At least in 1254 we find the same language used in the statute (i.e. privilege) of Middelburg. In those parts a great deal was written in poetry and prose, and the writings in this language are known under the name of Middle-Dutch literature. If originally the south took the lead in all departments, later the north gradually surpasses the south, and elements from the northern native idiom begin to intrude into the written language. North of the Meuse and the Rhine little was written as yet in the 13th century. Not until about 1300 does literary life begin to develop here (Melis Stoke's Rijmcronijk) , and these writings 718 were written in the language of the south with slight' deviations here and there. Chancery and clergy had taken a written language to the north, deviating considerably from the native idiom in vogue there, which belonged to the Frisio-Frankish idioms. So this written language gradually spread over the west of the Netherlands and Belgium. The east of the Nether-lands agreed in its chancery style more with the districts of Low Germany. There was a great difference between the written language and the dialect spoken on the banks of the Y. This becomes quite conspicuous if we compare what Roemer Visscher, Coster, Bredero borrow from their native idiom with the language of Huygens or Cats, in the latter of which the southern elements predominate, mixed with the dialects of Zeeland and Holland. Vondel, too, in his first period was influenced by the idiom of Brabant. Only after 1625 does he get on more familiar terms with the Amsterdam dialect. In the various editions of his poems it may be seen how not only loan-words, but also words belonging to the southern idiom, are gradually replaced by other words, belonging to the vocabulary of North Holland, and still to be heard. The written language passed from the south to the north, and, considerably changed at Amsterdam, was also assumed in the other provinces in the 17th century, after the Union of Utrecht. In the north, in Groningen and Friesland, the official writings and laws were still noted down in a Frisian or Saxo-Frisian idiom as late as the 15th and 16th centuries. When the contact with Holland grew stronger, and the government officials ever and again came in contact with Holland, chancery, too, gradually assumed the Holland idiom. The same took place in the eastern provinces. This, however, did not yet make the written language popular, which did not happen before the population of the Dutch provinces got its Statenbybel, the well-known authorized version of the Bible, made at Dordrecht between 1626 and 1637. By the frequent use of this so-called St at envert aling the language of Holland obtained its vogue in all provinces on the point of religion, and many expressions, borrowed from that Bible, were preserved in the native idiom. By the remarkable vicissitudes of these parts from the earliest time up to the moment when Holland became an independent kingdom, during which alternately German elements under the Bavarian counts and French influences under the Burgundian princes were predominant, and also later in the 16th and 17th centuries, elements from these languages were mixed with the language in common use. Moreover, various words passed from the eastern languages into Dutch by the colonial and commercial connexions, while at the same time many words were borrowed from Latin, the language of the learned people, especially in the 16th century, and from French, under the influence of the poetic clubs of the 17th and 18th centuries. In the time of the rhetoricians, in the 16th century, and of Coornhert, as well as in the days of Bredero, Hooft and Vondel, we repeatedly find opposition against these foreign words, often successful, so that in 165o Vondel could say: " Onze spraak is sedert weinige jaren herwaart van bastaard-woorden en onduitsch allengs geschuimt."' Some people, e.g. Hooft, went even so far as to make very clumsy versions of Latin and French bastard words, handed down of old. Under the influence of the club " Nil Volentibus Arduum " and the predominant literary clubs of the 18th century, people became inclined towards expressing their thoughts as much as possible in pure Dutch. Therefore a large number of rules were given, with respect to prose as well as to poetry, in consequence of which the written language grew very stiff in choice of words and forms, and remains so till the latter half of the 19th century. The obtrusion of the French language during the reign of Napoleon had no effect. But the subsequent union of Holland and Belgium strengthened the French element, especially in the higher ranks of society. King William I. had tried to make Dutch more popular in Belgium by a general teaching of the i i.e. " Within a few years our language has been gradually skimmed of bastard words and non-Dutch elements." Dutch language. When north and south were separated, she French became predominant in the south. Only in the Flemish provinces of Belgium the people tried to preserve the native idiom and to do away with French words. These endeavours, called " De Vlaamsche beweging," begun by F. v. Willems, Heremans and others in the south, were supported in the north by Professor de Vries at Leiden. In order to get a pure Dutch language, the idea of composing a general Dutch dictionary was introduced. M. de Vries and his partner L. te Winkel, however, did not begin this task before having given a new formulation of the rules for spelling. These rules, deviating in many respects from the spelling then in vogue, introduced by Siegenbeek in 18o6, have been predominant up to the present moment. Since 1891 Dr R. A. Kollewyn and Dr F. Buitenrust Hettema have been engaged in trying to bring about a simplification in the spelling. As this simplification is not generally considered efficient, their principles are not yet generally adopted; see for instance C. H. den Hertog, Waarom onaannemelyk? (Groningen, 1893). Excepting Belgium (Flanders, Antwerp, Brabant) the Dutch language is heard outside Holland in Dutch East India and in the West Indies. In East India pure Dutch has been preserved, though some Javanese and Malay bastard words may have slipped in by the habit of speaking to the population in the Malay tongue or in the native idiom. Hence no Indo-Dutch was formed there. This is different in the West Indies, where a great number of negro words and English words as well as English syntactical constructions have slipped in. In the 17th century a number of Dutchmen, for the greater part from Holland and Zeeland, under Jan van Riebeek, had settled in South Africa, in Cape Town, where the Dutch navigation called into being a Dutch port. In course of time they were joined there by French emigrants (most of them Huguenots who left their country about 1688 and joined with other Huguenots from Holland in assuming the Dutch language), perhaps also by Portuguese and by Malay people, who, together with the English who settled there and after 182o became numerous in Cape Colony, mixed some peculiarities of their language with the Dutch idioms. Thus in the first half of the 18th century the language arose which is now called the South African Dutch. Since 188o the present Dutch language has became more frequently used in official writings, though with certain adaptations agreeably to the native idiom. In order to offer an example of the Middle-Dutch language beside the present language, we give here a single strophe from Maerlant's Wapene Martyn, with a metrical translation in modern Dutch from the pen of Nikolaas Beets (188o). God, diet at bi redene doet, God, die bet at met wijsheid doet, Gaf dat wandel ertsche goet Gaf dit verganklijk aardsche goed Der menschelt gemene, Den menschen in't gemeen, Dattere mede ware gevoet, Op dat zij zouden zijn gevoed, Ende gecleet, ende gescoet, Het Iijf gekleed, geschoeid de voet Ende leven soude rene. En leven rein van zeen. Nu es giericheit so verwoet, Maar zie no hoe de hebzucht woedt Dat elc settet sinen moet Dat iedereen in arren moed Om al te hebbene allene. 't Al hebben wit alleen' Hieromme stortmen menschenbloet, Hierom vergiet men menschenbloed Hieromme stichtmen metter spoet En bouwt met roekeloozen spoed Borge ende hoge stene Burchtsloten, zwaar van steen, Menegen te wene. Tot smart van menigeen. A Survey of the Sounds used in Dutch.—The Consonants. As regards the consonants, Dutch in the main does not differ from the other Low German languages. The explosive g and the th are wanting. Instead of the former there is a g with " fricative " pronunciation, and as in High German the th has passed over into d. The final consonants in Middle Dutch are sharpened, and the sharp sounds are graphically represented; in Modern Dutch, on the other hand, the historical development of the language being more distinctly kept in view, and the agreement observed with the inflexional forms, the soft consonant is written more frequently than it is sounded; thus we have Middle Dutch dach, Modern Dutch dag, in analogy with the plural dagen. The gutturals are g, k, ch and h. G is the soft spirant, not used in English. In Middle Dutch this letter was also indicated by gh. K was pronounced like English k. In Middle Dutch c was sometimes used instead of k; now this is no longer done. Ch (pronounced as German ch without the i-sound, not as English ch) loses its sound when combined with s to sch at the end of a syllable, for instance, vleesch, but the s-sound is not purely dental as in dans. As an initial consonant sch is nearly pronounced as sg (schip, English ship) ; only in Frisian and Saxon dialects the old consonant sk in skip, skool is retained. H has the same pronunciation as in English. The dentals are d and t. The d is formed by placing the point of the tongue against the upper teeth. At the end of a word d is sharpened into t, but written d, for instance, goed, pronounced gut. In the idiom of the east of the Netherlands final d is preserved. When between two vowels after oe (Engl. o in do), 6, or ui, d is not pronounced, though it is written. After it has been left out, a j-sound has developed between the two vowels, so, for instance, goede became first goe:e and then goeje. Thus it is pronounced, though it is still spelled goede. After ou d disappeared and ou became ouw, for instance koude > kouw. T has the same pronunciation as in English. In some dialects final t is dropped, for instance, heef for heeft, nie for niet. S has the pronunciation of English s in sound, z that of English z in hazel; only in zestig and zeventig z has the pronunciation of s. The labials are b, f, v, p. At the beginning and in the body of a word b has the same sound as in English. At the end of a word, when shortened from bb, followed by a vowel, it became p in the pronunciation, so older krabbe became krabb, krab (the present spelling), which is now pronounced krap. F has the same pronunciation as English f. In many cases older initial f passed into v, hence most words which have f in English have initial v in Dutch, for instance vader, vol, vechten. This v, initial and between vowels, has the pronunciation of English v in lover. Dutch p is the same as English p, also the liquids and nasals. The w in Dutch is mostly labiodental; in the eastern parts before vowels bilabial pronunciation is heard. . Vowels.—A has in open syllables the sound of English a in father, in closed syllables that of English a in ass, but more open; when there is a clear sound in closed syllables the spelling is as (jaar), in open syllables a (maken), pronounced as a in ask; in bad, nett, a=a. An original short a and a long a in open syllables are even in Middle Dutch pronounced alike, and may be rhymed with each other(dagen, lagen, a rhyme which was not permitted in Middle High German). In the Saxon dialects was expressed by ao, a or d in the Frisio-Saxon districts passes into e before r, as jer (jaar). Middle Dutch preserved a in several words where in Modern Dutch it passes into e before r (arg, erg; sarc, zerk; waif, werf) ; in others, as aarde, staart, zwaard, the Middle Dutch had e and a (erde, stert, swert, swart, start; Modern Dutch zwaard, staart). In foreign words, likewise, e before r has become a; parrs, perse; lantaarn, lanterne (in the dialects e is still frequently retained). E. The sound of the e derived from a does not differ from that of an original e, or of an e derived from i, as they appear in open syllables (steden, vele, pronounced as a in English name). If the e derived from a or i or the original e occurs in closed syllables, it has a short sound, as in English men, end, Modern Dutch stem. The e in closed syllables with a full sound (as English a; Sweet, ei) is spelled ee: veel, week (e from i), beek. The sharp, clear ee is indicated by the same letters in both open and closed syllables: eer, sneeuw, zee. In some dialects this ee is pronounced like English ee, not only in the present dialects, but also in the 17th century. The pronunciation of ei (from ai, or eg: ag, French ai, ei, ee) is that of English i, for instance, Dutch ei, English egg, is pronounced like English I. I is pronounced short (somewhat like i of English pit), for instance in pit, binden, sikkel; it has a clear sound in fabrikant, though it has no stress. le is pronounced like English ee in see, but somewhat shorter; so, fabriek, fabrieken, Pieter; also in bieden, stierf, &c. For original long i, Middle Dutch ii and ij, afterwards y, was used. This vowel, though still written y, is pronounced like English i in I, like; so in sysje (English siskin), lyken, &c. The letter o represents three sounds:—(i) the short sharp o and (2) the short soft o, the former like the o in English not and French soldat (Dutch bod, belofte, tocht, kolf), the latter like the English o in dori, the French o in ballon (Dutch dof, ploffen, ochtend, vol), and (3) the full, clear o as in English note, French noter (Dutch kolen, sloten, verloren). The sharp clear oo, in stroom, dood, has almost the same sound as the full o, in some dialects (among others the Saxon) it is pronounced as o with a glide o, in others (Flemish and Hollandsch) somewhat like au. In Middle Dutch, the lengthening of the vowels was frequently indicated by e (before r sometimes by i, as in air) ; hence ae for a, oe for 6. Where oe occurs in the modern language, it has the sound of u (pronounced like the u in High German, and answering to the Gothic 6), which in Middle Dutch was frequently represented by ou. oe is pronounced ou (au; Sweet, p. 6) in West Flemish and the Groningen dialects. Before labials and gutturals oe in Middle Dutch was expressed by ue and oe (bout, souken, and also guet, but usually goet, soeken, boec). The Saxon dialects still preserve an S sound which agrees with the Dutch oe (bok, m8der) ; in two words—romer (roemer, however, is also used) and spook—o has passed from these dialects into Dutch. As the u (Old German a), which in the Dutch tongue has passed into ui except before r and w, retains the it-sound in the Saxon districts, some words have come into Dutch from these dialects, being written with oe from thesimilar sound of oe (from 6) in Dutch and i in Saxon (snoet, boer, soezen), by the side of which are Frankish words snuit, suizen, &c.). In the language of the people oe before m is often pronounced as a, for instance bloem and ?dom. Eu is not a diphthong, but the modification (Umlaut) of the clear o; it has the same sound as Germano in schon; so in vleugel, leugen, keuken. U before a double consonant or before a consonant in monosyllables has about the same pronunciation as in English stuff, rug; so in kunnen, snurken, put. When used in open syllables it has the same sound as in French nature. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Middle Dutch a passed over through of into ui by the influence of the Holland dialect. In the Saxon districts it kept the old pronunciation, but only in the language of the peasants. The common language has everywhere ui, pronounced nearly as German eu, English oy; so in duizend, suit, buigen, &c. Ou and au in vrouw and blauw are nearly pronounced in the same way}' very much like English ow in crowd. (J. H. G.)
End of Article: DUTCH LANGUAGE
THE DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY (Oostindische Vereenig...
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Cherokee Medicine, Colonial Germs: An Indigenous Nation’s Fight against Smallpox, 1518–1824. By Paul Kelton. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2015. Pp. 296. $29.95 cloth)
In Cherokee Medicine, Colonial Germs, Paul Kelton challenges the “virgin soil” thesis promoted by scholars, such as Alfred Crosby, Jared Diamond, and Charles Mann. According to the “virgin soil” theoretical framework, diseases unwittingly brought by colonists infected and decimated indigenous populations in North America that lacked immunity. Kelton argues that such a framework deprives [End Page 232] both colonizers and indigenes of their human agency and instead promotes an argument for biological determinism. According to Kelton, the “virgin soil” thesis shrouds the violence of colonialism with a narrative of accidental, and unintentional, conquest by germs. In order to demonstrate this point, Kelton centers his analysis on the Cherokees’ experience with smallpox. Kelton selects the Cherokees because of the amount of documentary sources, as well as their close relationships with British, and later, American colonizers. He rightly points out that in addition to cultural considerations, a Native group’s proximity and interaction with colonizers also affected the exposure and spread of smallpox in Native communities.
Cherokee Medicine is arranged chronologically, beginning with the Spanish invasions of the sixteenth century and ending with the Cherokees’ adoption of the smallpox vaccine in 1824. Chapters one and two address the Cherokees’ initial contact with smallpox and their response. Kelton asserts that the Cherokees first suffered a smallpox outbreak in 1698, but he is clear that the exact date cannot be established from the existing evidence. Regardless of the exact date, Kelton clearly demonstrates that smallpox spread as a result of English colonial efforts, specifically the southeastern Indian slave trade. In chapter two, Kelton explains how Cherokee spiritual and medical practitioners effectively responded to smallpox by isolating infected individuals, closing off their villages to outside contact during times of outbreak, altering their cosmologies to incorporate the virus into their spirit world, and creating new rituals to protect their people from the contagion.
In chapter three, Kelton recounts an outbreak of smallpox that decimated the Cherokee population in the mid-eighteenth century. Just as he does in the first chapter, Kelton again demonstrates the frailty of biological determinism by placing the smallpox outbreak within the context of the Anglo-Cherokee War, which lasted from 1759 to 1761. The intensity of the smallpox outbreak in 1760, Kelton maintains, cannot be understood outside the violence of colonialism. In chapter four, Kelton provides evidence against a late-eighteenth-century [End Page 233] outbreak of smallpox among the Cherokees. Through his deft use of sources, Kelton argues that the story of a smallpox epidemic, accepted by many historians, exists only in Tennessee settler folklore and cannot be corroborated in other documentary records of the time. Through this example, Kelton illustrates how the employment of germ colonization by American settlers cloaked the violence of their successive invasions into Cherokee communities. In the final chapter, Kelton argues for the continued importance of Cherokee rituals concerning smallpox despite the nation’s adoption of the smallpox vaccine. According to Kelton, Cherokees developed a pluralistic methodology that allowed them to adopt aspects of Euro-American culture that suited their purposes, such as vaccination, while maintaining their culturally specific medicines and rituals.
Kelton effectively dispels the biological determinism embedded within the “virgin soil” thesis and replaces it with a story of human agency: the violent human agency of Euro-American colonialism and the resilient human agency of Cherokee communities and spiritual leaders. Kelton’s exhaustive research, heavily weighted in archival materials, demonstrates that the true explanation for indigenous depopulation and death is the violence inherent in colonialism. For proof of this argument, Kelton suggests we look to the Cherokees themselves, who at the end of the American Revolution accredited their decline to “war, and succeeding invasions of our Country” (p. 215). Glaringly absent was any mention of disease.
Jamie Myers Mize
JAMIE MYERS MIZE is a PhD candidate at the University of North Carolina–Greensboro. Her research focus is Cherokee masculinity in the Revolutionary and early-republic periods.
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The People
The north coast of Nayarit, Mexico, cradles a small town by the name of Boca de Camichin. Once a small-scale fishing village, the community of Camichin has taken a turn towards sustainability via oyster farming. In the 1970’s, the local community began farming in the San Jose estuary: they organized themselves into cooperatives and established environmentally responsible rules and goals. That thread strings on today, as Boca de Camichin has gone out of their way to renovate fishing gear and refine farming techniques for the betterment of the environment. But the community feel that they have the duty to protect their environment in other ways as well: recently, Boca de Camichin joined other indigenous communities to formally request that the Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources not authorize any project that would impact Mexico’s mangroves. This statement came after the proposal of building a hydropowered dam along the San Jose River, which feeds into Boca de Camichin’s estuary, resulting in a drastic and irreversible impact to the community’s ecosystems and economy.
The Resource
Adopted in 1976, the technique of oyster farming actually originated in Japan and arrived as an initiative named Project Pider Pesca. This technique strings together old oyster shells, separated by plastic tubes, to a raft and lays immersed in the water. During off-season, the San Jose River is chock full of oyster larvae, which then settle on these old shells and grow for 8 months. When it comes time to harvest, a single raft can weigh up to 6 tons! Tourists often stop by this town for a taste of these oysters, but that isn’t all. The mangrove jungle of the estuary, part of the National Wetlands Biosphere, also provides habitat for wild animals like the jaguar. Within Mexico, the large cat has lost over 40% of its territory and the remaining habitat is largely fragmented. Thus, these sightings of jaguars are quite the attraction for wildlife excursionists and supports Boca de Camichin’s economy.
The Future
Unfortunately, the future can be widely unpredictable. In 2015, Hurricane Patricia ripped through Boca de Camichin, destroying their oyster rafts and their core livelihood. While hurricane warnings spared the lives of the community, destruction to the farms nonetheless greatly impacted Boca de Camichin. To aid in rebuilding the community, the Mexican government is giving funds largely targeted at reconstructing the oyster farms. On the other hand, camera traps have recently captured photographs of the resident jaguars, and this had made monitoring the population more feasible. Not only has there been a conservation victory, but it has favorably affected the local economy as well: the photographs have been widely publicized, and this further fuels the tourist industry of Boca de Camichin. As such, Camichin will need to prepare for this influx of tourism and continual defense of the jaguar’s habitat in the coming years. Regardless of the good or bad circumstances that comes their way, Boca de Camicin will continue their sustainable living, ever vocal and active about conserving their resources and region.
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Edwin Armstrong - Inventor, Engineer - Biography
Edwin Armstrong Biography
Inventor, Engineer (1890–1954)
In 1933, electrical engineer Edwin Armstrong invented the circuits that made FM radio possible.
Edwin Armstrong was studying at Columbia University in 1912 when he devised a feedback circuit that brought in signals with a thousandfold amplification. This circuit was the heart of all radio and television broadcasting. It earned him the Franklin Medal, the highest U.S. scientific honor. His 1933 invention of circuits that produced the carrier waves for frequency modulation made FM radio possible.
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The Siege of Fort Ticonderoga
The Siege of Fort TiconderogaIt was in the year 1777 when a new siege of Fort Ticonderoga would take place once again. This time it was between the 2nd and 6th of July, which was of course a very significant date for the United States, whose citizens and armies formed by untrained men were still fighting to acquire autonomy and total independence from Great Britain. It was at the south band of Lake Champlain, in New York that Lieutenant General John Burgoyne, together with an army of eight thousand men took to the hills and invaded Fort Ticonderoga and proclaimed a siege.
General Arthur St. Clair and his much smaller garrison, with under three thousand men, saw inevitable that they would need to surrender and decided to withdraw their troops from Fort Ticonderoga and the rest of the defences nearby. These actions led to the immediate retreat and surrender of the Continental Army.
There was a lot of gunfire and attack and response from both fronts, which resulted in a few casualties. However, there was no unnecessary spill of blood and it turned out to be quite a pacific siege with virtually no actual battle. Lieutenant General John Burgoyne immediately overtook not only Fort Ticonderoga but Mount Independence as well, together with the many fortifications on the other side of the lake, the one nearest Vermont.
By July the 6th, the whole process was completed. A few platoons, however, were sent to follow the retreating Continental troops. The quick surrender of Fort Ticonderoga caused much outrage among the public and the military alike, given that Ticonderoga was thought to be impenetrable.
Early in the 20th century, the private owners of Fort Ticonderoga had it restored. These days, a foundation is in charge of caring for the fort and promoting it as a tourist attraction, research center and museum.
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2 Following
The Giving Tree
The Giving Tree - Shel Silverstein
This story is about a young boy and a tree that is willing to give the boy everything it (she) has. As the boy was young he would play with the tree, swing from branches, climb her trunk, and eat the apples. As the boy matures and grows older he spends less time with the tree, usually only visiting when he needs materialist items. The tree continues to give the boy whatever she has, such as: her apples for money, her branches for a house, and her trunk for a boat. Even giving away everything that made her a tree, she was still happy. The boy later returns as an elder man to meet the tree once more and states he wants "a quiet place to sit and rest", this made the tree happy. I would level this as 1st-3rd grade. This book could be used in the classroom to explain children the importance of love and giving. Students could learn how children come from different economic levels and may not have as much as a higher income student. This might even motivate the class to bring in items they no longer use or play with and could "give" such items to a lower income student who is in need. of course the student would remain anonymous.
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Arapaho - Reservations
The Northern Arapaho Fight for a Reservation in Wyoming
Black Coal found a way to negotiate for his demands by having nearly every Northern Arapaho warrior serve as scouts for the United States Army in 1876 and 1877, helping with the army’s efforts to fight the Sioux and Northern Cheyenne who refused to live on reservations. The Scouts wore army uniforms as a symbol of loyalty and trustworthiness to the United States, but to the tribe it symbolized generosity and courage. In 1877 the Northern Cheyenne sent a delegation to Washington, D. C., to meet with President Rutherford B. Hayes. With assistance from the army, the Northern Arapaho gained permission to settle on the Shoshone reservation in Wyoming. Black Coal and his people arrived on the reservation in 1878. Although the Arapaho strategy of aligning with the United States did result in an Arapaho reservation in Wyoming, it was a less than an ideal or mutually respectful partnership. The United States supported the arrangement for the same reason they allied with the Shoshone to attacked the Northern Arapaho. Using one ethnic population to attack the other was a common tactic used by the United States to expand its grip on the west.
The Northern Arapaho on the Shoshone Reservation
When the Northern Arapaho arrived at the reservation in Wyoming in 1878, there was little game to hunt and insufficient rations from the United States government. The Shoshone, who were not eager to see the Northern Arapaho become permanent settlers, were the only legally recognized owners of the reservation. The United States threatened the Northern Arapaho with withholding of rations and removal to Oklahoma if they refused to assimilate and abandon their culture. Arapaho children were forced into the government-established boarding schools or the Catholic mission on the reservation. Children’s traditional tribal clothing was confiscated, they were punished for speaking Arapaho, and their long hair was cut as part of the government’s goal of “civilizing” the tribe.
The government banned the Arapaho from practicing polygyny, and any tribe member who married in an Arapaho wedding ceremony could be denied rations or put in prison. Eventually marriages were no longer arranged by families. The government forced the Arapaho to farm, but due to limited land that was poorly suited for agriculture to begin with and lack of equipment, the farms failed to feed the tribe or provide them with sufficient income. The tribe was also unable to meet its needs through raising livestock. The tribe’s livestock were frequently stolen from the reservation without any consequences from the government.
Rations decreased drastically from four pounds of beef per individual a week in 1883 to only one pound by 1889. Only the elderly were provided any rations from the government by the turn of the century. As the rations decreased, the people began to starve. Many were left in crippling debt to the agency trader to get enough food for their family to survive. There were 972 Northern Arapaho in 1885 but only 823 by 1893.
Cessions and Change on the Wyoming Reservation
The Northern Arapaho ceded parts of the reservation in 1896 and again in 1904 to non-Indian ranchers in exchange for recognition from the United States as having legal rights to the reservation. Congress passed the General Allotment Act, also known as the Dawes Act, in 1887. The act divided the reservation into small plots for the individual tribe members. Once each member had an assigned plot, the rest of the land was sold to non-Indians. The Northern Arapaho and Shoshone ceded roughly two-thirds of the reservation in 1904, but the agreement was not ratified by Congress until 1905.
The Northern Arapaho leaders stopped trying to use military connections to sway the United States to their requests and began showing their support of the government’s policy of trying to make tribes support themselves between 1906 and 1936. Starting in the 1930s, the two tribes managed a few key victories in their attempts to improve life on the reservations. The Shoshone won a suit against the United States for violating the Shoshone treaty by relocating the Northern Arapaho on the Shoshone reservation. Both tribes benefited when the money from the lawsuit was used to purchase more land. Parts of the reservation that were ceded in 1905 were restored in 1940. There were roughly 1,128 Northern Arapaho in 1936, more than twice the population at the end of the 1890s, but the majority of them were living in poverty. A delegation of Arapaho and Shoshone argued before Congress for tribal income, which was not under their own control, to be distributed with two-thirds going to individual tribe members regularly. The standard of living on the reservation began to increase after 85 percent of the tribe’s income was paid to individuals by 1956.
Early Years on the Southern Arapaho Reservation
There were approximately 1,650 Southern Arapaho in 1871, when they settled on the reservation with the Cheyenne. For the first few years in present-day Oklahoma, the tribe was able to hunt some bison that still ranged near the reservation, and the Quaker agency on the reservation did not force farming or ranching on the tribe but taught by example. As a result of these two factors, the Southern Arapaho did not face starvation immediately after settling to a reservation as the Northern Arapaho had. Southern Arapaho culture changed very little during the first two decades on the reservation, but the tribe still adopted a policy of cooperation with the United States to maintain peaceful relations. Consequently, Southern Arapaho culture started to change as the United States pressured them to abandon their customs and beliefs. Marriage is one of the practices that changed over time after the Arapaho settled on the reservation. Marriages were still approved or arranged by the families near the beginning of the 20th century, but the practice of polygyny slowly ended though pressure from Indian agents and the decrease in a wife’s traditional domestic duties, such as tanning hides.
Quakers, Mennonites, and Schooling
The Quaker boarding school had little success because parents did not send their children. The school had a high death rate due to a poor sewage system that caused outbreaks of malaria and other illnesses. Mennonite missionaries also opened schools, but they did not attract many students. The Arapaho did not want their children’s traditional clothing confiscated or hair to be cut. After Little Raven and other leaders sent their children to the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania in 1879 to prove the tribe’s loyalty to the United States, other members of the tribe began sending their children to schools. Each year the Mennonites sent 20 Southern Arapaho children to live with Mennonite host families in Halstead, Kansas, to learn farming and English. Most of the tribe’s children had some understanding of English by 1890.
Broken Promises and Suffering
Chief Yellow Bear of the Arapaho photographed between 1870 and 1875. Yellow Bear attended the signing of the Medicine Lodge Treaty in 1867.Situations toward the end of the 19th century were becoming increasingly difficult on the reservation. Southern Arapaho leaders and the Secretary of the Interior made an agreement in 1873 to establish separate reservations for the Southern Arapaho and Southern Cheyenne, but Congress never approved the agreement. Some tribal leaders kept pushing for the agreement to no effect. Malaria and other illnesses reduced the population of the tribe to roughly 1,137 in 1889. The bison that had been available to hunt near the reservation were nearly extinct at this point, which ended the traditional hunts on which the tribe depended. The land was not suitable for enough agriculture to feed the tribe, and their livestock were being stolen by non-Indian intruders.
The General Allotment Act of 1887 divided reservations among individual members of the tribes and sold the remaining plots to non-Indians. The Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho were forced to negotiate for the allotment and sale of the rest of their land in October of 1890. The tribes knew this would harm their people who had no choice but to raise cattle to thrive, which required more land. The leaders resisted, but the United States coerced some to sign and forged other signatures, and the cession was approved by Congress on March 3, 1891. Reservation lands were opened to homesteaders on April 19, 1892, and nearly 30,000 non-Indians blitzed into former tribal lands. Non-Indians now formed 90 percent of the population in former tribal lands.
Find more information about the Arapaho people
Entry: Arapaho - Reservations
Author: Kansas Historical Society
Date Created: September 2015
Date Modified: December 2017
The author of this article is solely responsible for its content.
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Anne of Brittany’s influence on French literature during the early Renaissance
Anne of Brittany continues to be a romantic figure in French history, and part of that romantic image is her cultivation of poets and artists at the royal court. Her son in law, Francis I may receive more credit of the literary growth of Renaissance France, but Anne deserves her share of recognition as a literary patron.
Neither of her husbands, Charles VIII and Louis XII were great literary patrons, but they did make their own “contribution” to French literature by plundering the libraries of the King of Naples and the Duc of Milan on their way back from the Italian wars. Those books quickly made their way to the library at the Chateau de Blois.
Anne wrote reams of letters during her lifetime, and she used her position to explore her own curiosity. She once commissioned her own herald to write an account of his travels to Hungary and across Europe. For a woman who spent her life in Brittany and France, travel accounts were a way to learn about places beyond her husband’s domains. Since she spent much of her life in unsuccessful attempts to give birth to a healthy male heir who could survive past early childhood, she would never have the opportunity to venture past French lands on her own.
Her personal library contained works about several subjects, and most of them were religious tracts. Writers competed to dedicate works to her, thereby securing a paid position at court. Another large part of her library was dedicated to political works, including one by Andre de la Vigne’s The Novel of John From Paris. La Vigne had to work to gain Anne’s favor since one of his first works was anti-Breton. Anne decided to have mercy on him, making him her secretary.
Cultivating royal patronage through the Queen of France
After her second marriage to Louis XII, writers began to dedicate their works to her, reflecting her elevated status and influence at court. Eventually, even works that were not even dedicated to Anne found their way into the royal collection, with publishers competing to offer her luxury editions of their work.
Eventually, a group known as the grands rhetoriqueurs coalesced at court, dedicating a large number of works to the queen. The group would continue for the next two generations, evolving into court poets. Over the centuries, literary critics have accused the group of writing hollow and inept work, but this is the beginning of literary effort during the French renaissance. The most famous of the early rhetoriqueurs was Jean Lemaire de Belges, who first worked for Margaret of Austria, the Duchesse of Savoy. Once Belges accepted a commission from Anne, she promptly dismissed him from her court. To flatter Anne, Belges put forth the idea that the ancient Gauls were the ancestors of the Trojans and the Franks, placing the French even higher than some of the Greeks in the development of civilization.
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Bones show prehistoric women’s intensive manual labor during advent of agriculture
Comparisons of bone strength between prehistoric women and living female athletes demonstrate that prehistoric women performed rigorous manual labor for thousands of years in central Europe at levels exceeding those of modern women. Additionally, in contrast to men, manual labor was a more important component of prehistoric women's behavior than terrestrial mobility through the first 5,500 years of European farming, suggesting women's labor was crucial to the development of agriculture. Past studies of the rigidity of male shinbones (tibia bones) during the same period demonstrate how male terrestrial mobility likely increased over time. Meanwhile, women's activity in prehistory has been difficult to interpret, due in part to a wide variability in their bone changes, potential for sex-specific skeletal responses and a lack of modern comparative data. To address these issues, Alison Macintosh and colleagues investigated trends in female upper and lower limb bones and inter-limb strength. They compared the bones of prehistoric women spanning the first ~6,150 years of agriculture in central Europe to living female semi-elite athletes – endurance runners, rowers and soccer players – and sedentary women. Inter-limb strength proportions between the humerus and tibia were used to characterize the relative importance of manual labor (indicated by more force on the arms) versus terrestrial mobility (indicated by more force on the legs) among agricultural women. Results showed much higher levels of loading on the arm bones than leg bones among prehistoric women, more so than among all living women, including semi-elite rowers. On the other hand, prehistoric female tibial rigidity differed little on average from modern sedentary women. The study also highlights the importance of using female comparative data to interpret female behavior in the past, as it more accurately depicts behavior than comparisons using male data.
"Prehistoric women's manual labor exceeded that of athletes through the first 5500 years of farming in Central Europe," by A.A. Macintosh; J.T. Stock at University of Cambridge in Cambridge, UK; R. Pinhasi at University of Vienna in Vienna, Austria; J.T. Stock at Western University in London, ON, Canada.
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Media Contact
Alison A. Macintosh
[email protected]
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(d. c. 810)
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(d. c.810),
king of Northumbria (796–c. 810). Before his accession Eardwulf was an ealdorman. He became king at a disturbed period in Northumbrian politics and within four years had defeated an attempted coup. He attacked Cenwulf of Mercia in 801 for harbouring his enemies. In 806 or 808 he was forced into exile, but returned with help provided by the Frankish king Charles the Great; not long afterwards he was succeeded by his son Eanred.
Subjects: British History.
Reference entries
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Chemotherapy is a relatively recent development with its historical origins in observations of the toxic effects on humans exposed to chemical warfare agents, mainly mustard gas, during WWI and WWII, and to experimental studies of these agents used systemically in animals and humans preceding and during WWII.
Mustard gas is the common name for 1,1-thiobis(2-chloroethane), a vesicant chemical warfare agent synthesized by Frederick Guthrie in 1860 and first used near Ypres (Belgium) during WWI. Thus, its alternate name, Yperite.
frederick_guthrieBecause it could penetrate masks and other protective materials available during WWI, and given its widespread use by both sides of the conflict, its effects were particularly horrific and deadly. Out of 1,205,655 individuals exposed to Mustard gas during WWI, 91,198 died [1].
wwi-chemical-agentIt was at this time that mustard gas victims were first noted to develop low white blood cell counts and bone marrow aplasia. In a landmark study [2], a group of researchers at the University of Pennsylvania conducted autopsies on 75 soldiers who died of exposure to mustard gas during WWI, and reported decreased white blood cell counts and depletion of the bone marrow and lymphoid tissues. Shortly thereafter, military researchers from the US Chemical Warfare Service reported the same effects in rabbits injected intravenously with dichloroethylsulfide contaminated with mustard gas [3]. Fifteen years later the anti-cancer activity of mustard gas in experimental animal models was reported for the first time [4].
During WWII, the US’s Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) funded Yale University to conduct, in secrecy, chemical welfare research [5]. These studies lead to the confirmation of the anti-tumor activity of mustard gas in murine lymphoma, and to the first human trials of nitrogen mustard reported at a Chicago meeting in early 1943 [6]. However, what brought the medical community’s attention to the Yale’s group studies and launched the era of cancer chemotherapy was a WWII incident when humans were accidentally exposed to mustard gas released during the bombardment of the Italian town of Bari by the German Luftwaffe, on December 2, 1943.
Bari was a usually sleepy town of approximately 65,000 people located on the Adriatic shore of the Italian “boot”. Old Bari, perched on a promontory around its medieval fortified Castello Normanno Svevo and the Basilica San Nicolo, and new Bari, were transformed in late 1943 by the arrival of approximately 30 allied ships in its small harbor. Under British jurisdiction, Bari was the main supply center for British General Montgomery’s Army, and had just been designated headquarters of the American Fifteenth Air Force division.
bari-03-jpgOn the afternoon of December 2, 1943, 1st Lt. Werner Hahn piloted his Messerschmitt Me-210 reconnaissance plane over the port of Bari, in southeastern Italy. Cruising at 23,000 feet, his aircraft made a telltale contrail as he streaked across the sky, but Allied anti-aircraft crews took little notice. Still unmolested, the German pilot made a second pass over the city before turning north toward home. If Hahn’s report was promising, the Luftwaffe would launch a major airstrike against the port. Hahn reported to his superiors the suitability of Bari as a target for an air strike.
messerschmitt-me210As 1943 drew to a close, Bari’s medieval torpor and somnolent grace were shaken off by the influx of Allied shipping into its harbor. Tons of supplies were offloaded almost around the clock, transforming the once quiet town into a hive of activity. On December 2, at least 30 Allied ships were crowded into the harbor, packed so tightly they almost touched.
The port was under the jurisdiction of the British, in part because Bari was the main supply base for General Bernard Law Montgomery’s Eighth Army. But the city was also the newly designated headquarters of the American Fifteenth Air Force, which had been activated in November of that year. The Fifteenth’s primary mission was to bomb targets in the Balkans, Italy and especially Germany. Fifteenth Air Force commander Maj. Gen. James H. ‘Jimmy’ Doolittle had arrived in Bari on December 1.
The Americans had championed daylight precision bombing, but the Eighth Air Force in England was suffering terrible casualties in order to prove the theory valid. Luftwaffe strength was increasing, not decreasing, over Germany. The Fifteenth Air Force was intended to take some of the pressure off the beleaguered Eighth.
In addition to the usual war materiel, ships moored at Bari carried aviation fuel for Doolittle’s bombers and other much-needed supplies. Selection of Bari as the Fifteenth Air Force headquarters–about 75 miles from the Fifteenth’s primary airfields at Foggia–meant a large infusion of staff personnel. About 200 officers, 52 civilian technicians and several hundred enlisted men were being brought into the city.
Totally absorbed by the task of getting the Fifteenth Air Force off the ground, the Allies gave little thought to the possibility of a German air raid on Bari. The Luftwaffe in Italy was relatively weak and stretched so thin it could hardly mount a major effort. Or so Allied leaders believed.
German reconnaissance flights over Bari were seen as a nuisance. At first, British anti-aircraft batteries fired a half-hearted round or two, but eventually they ignored the German flights altogether. Why waste ammunition?
Responding to rumblings about lax security measures, British Air Vice Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham held a press conference on the afternoon of December 2 and assured reporters that the Luftwaffe was defeated in Italy. He was confident the Germans would never attack Bari. “I would regard it as a personal affront and insult,” the air marshal haughtily declared, “if the Luftwaffe would attempt any significant action in this area.” he would also “consider it a personal insult if the enemy should send so much as one plane over the city”.
Not everyone was so sure that the German air force was a broken reed. British army Captain A.B. Jenks, who was responsible for the port’s defense, knew that preparations for an attack were woefully inadequate. But his voice, as well as those of one or two others, was drowned out by a chorus of complacent officers. When darkness came, Bari’s docks were brilliantly lit so unloading of cargo could continue. Little thought was given to the need for a blackout.
In the harbor, cargo ships and tankers waited their turn to be unloaded. Captain Otto Heitmann, skipper of the Liberty ship SS John Bascom, went ashore to see if the process could be speeded up. He was disappointed in his quest, but he might have been even more concerned had he known what was aboard SS John Harvey.
ss-john-herveyJohn Harvey, commanded by Captain Elwin F. Knowles, was a typical Liberty ship, scarcely different from the others moored in the harbor. Much of her cargo was also conventional: munitions, food and equipment. But the ship had a deadly secret cargo. Approximately 100 tons of mustard gas bombs were on board. The bombs were meant as a precaution, to be used only if the Germans resorted to chemical warfare.
In 1943 there was a possibility that the Germans just might use poison gas. By that point in the war, the strategic initiative had passed to the Allies, and Germany was on the defensive on all fronts. Adolf Hitler’s forces had sustained a major defeat at Stalingrad, and they had lost North Africa as well. The Allies were now on the Continent, slowly inching their way up the Italian peninsula.
Hitler, it was said, was not a great advocate of chemical warfare, perhaps because the Führer himself had been gassed during World War I. He was, however, ruthless and might be persuaded to use gas if he believed it would redress the strategic balance in his favor. Intelligence reports suggested that the Germans were stocking chemical weapons, including a new chemical agent called Tabun.
American President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued a policy statement condemning the use of gas by any civilized nation, but he pledged that the United States would reply in kind if the enemy dared to use such weapons first. John Harvey was selected to convey a shipment of poison gas to Italy to be held in reserve should such a situation occur.
When the mustard gas bombs were loaded aboard John Harvey, they looked deceptively conventional. Each bomb was 4 feet long, 8 inches in diameter and contained from 60 to 70 pounds of the chemical. Mustard is a blister gas that irritates the respiratory system and produces burns and raw ulcers on the skin. Victims exposed to the gas often suffer an agonizing death.
The poison gas shipment was shrouded in official secrecy. Even Knowles was not formally informed about the lethal cargo. Perceptive members of the crew, however, must have guessed the voyage was out of the ordinary. For one thing, 1st Lt. Howard D. Beckstrom of the 701st Chemical Maintenance Company was on board, along with a detachment of six men. All were expert in handling toxic materials and were obviously there for a purpose.
John Harvey crossed the Atlantic without incident, successfully running the gantlet of German submarines that still infested the ocean. After a stop at Oran, Algeria, the ship sailed to Augusta, Sicily, before proceeding to Bari. Lieutenant Thomas H. Richardson, the ship’s cargo security officer, was one of the few people on board who officially knew about the mustard gas. His manifest clearly listed 2,000 M47A1 mustard gas bombs in the hold.
m47Richardson naturally wanted to unload the deadly cargo as soon as possible, but when the ship reached Bari on November 26, his hopes were dashed. The harbor was crammed with shipping, and another convoy was due shortly. Dozens of vessels were stacked up along the piers and jetties, each waiting its turn to be unloaded. Since the lethal gas was not officially on board, John Harvey was not about to be given special priority.
For the next five nerve-racking days, John Harvey rode peacefully at anchor at Pier 29 while Captain Knowles tried vainly to get British port officials to speed things up. This was difficult, because he was gagged by the secrecy that surrounded the gas shipment. How could he get officials to act when he was not even supposed to know that he was carrying the mustard gas in the first place?
While Knowles fretted, German reconnaissance pilot Hahn had returned to base. His positive report about conditions at Bari set in motion a raid that had been discussed and planned some time before. The Bari attack was the product of a planning session between Luftwaffe Field Marshal Albert Kesselring and his subordinates. The Allied airfields at Foggia were discussed as possible targets, but Luftwaffe resources were stretched too thin to permit the effective bombing of such a large complex of targets.
It was Field Marshal Wolfram von Richthofen, commander of Luftflotte 2, who suggested Bari as an alternative. A cousin of famed World War I ace Manfred von Richthofen, the field marshal was an experienced officer who had served in Poland and the Soviet Union as well as in the Battle of Britain. His advice, Kesselring knew, was sound. Richthofen believed that if the port was crippled, the British Eighth Army’s advance might be slowed and the nascent Fifteenth Air Force’s bomber offensive delayed. Richthofen told Kesselring that the only planes available for such a task were his Junkers Ju-88 A-4 bombers. With luck, he might scrape together 150 such planes for the raid.
When the strike force was mustered, there were only 105 Ju-88s available for the mission. But the element of surprise, coupled with an attack at dusk, might shift the odds in the Germans’ favor. Most of the planes would come from Italy, but Richthofen purposely wanted to obfuscate matters by using a few Ju-88s from Yugoslavia. If the Allies thought the entire mission originated from there, they just might misdirect retaliatory strikes to the Balkans.
flightgermanju88sThe Ju-88 pilots were ordered to fly their twin-engine bombers east to the Adriatic, then swing south and west. British anti-aircraft would probably expect an attack–if any–to come from the north, not from the west. The Ju-88s were also supplied with Duppel, thin strips of tinfoil cut to various lengths. The tinfoil registered like aircraft on radar screens, producing scores of phantom targets.
The aim of the German pilots was to arrive over Bari around 7:30 p.m. Parachute flares would be released first to light the way for the attacking aircraft, and the Ju-88s would come in low, trying to get under Allied radar that was already confused by the Duppel.
The Germans arrived at Bari on schedule. First Lieutenant Gustav Teuber, leading the first wave, could hardly believe his eyes. The docks were brilliantly lit; cranes stood out in sharp relief as they unloaded cargo from the ships’ gaping holds, and the east jetty was packed with ships.
Scores of Ju-88s descended on Bari like gigantic birds of prey, their attack illuminated by the city’s lights and German flares. The first bombs hit the city proper, great geysers of smoke and flame marking each detonation, but soon it was the harbor’s turn. Some 30 vessels were riding at anchor that night, and each ship’s crew had to respond to the emergency as best they could. Surprise was total, and some ships had to function without a full complement, since many sailors were on shore leave.
The German flares gave sailors the first inkling of the impending attack. Aboard John Bascom, the second officer, William Rudolf, saw the flashes and alerted Captain Heitmann. John Bascom‘s gun crew sprang into action, joining the barrage that shore batteries were now hurling into the sky. Tracer bullets laced the air, but the anti-aircraft fire was largely ineffective.
There was no time to cut anchor cables and get underway; crews along the east jetty watched helplessly while a creeping barrage of German bombs came ever closer to their vulnerable vessels. Joseph Wheeler took a direct hit and exploded into flames; John Motley took a bomb in its No. 5 hold. John Bascom, anchored next to John Motley, was next in line for punishment.
highflight-disaster-at-bari4John Bascom shuddered under a rain of bombs that hit her from stem to stern. One of the explosions lifted Captain Heitmann off his feet and slammed him against the wheelhouse door. Momentarily stunned, his hands and face bloody, Heitmann saw the body of Nicholas Elgin sprawled nearby, blood pumping from a head wound, his clothes torn off by the force of the blast.
The ship’s bridge was partly destroyed, the decks were buckled and debris was everywhere. There was nothing left to do but abandon ship. Ignoring his own wounds, Heitmann ordered the crew into the single undamaged lifeboat. By now, the entire harbor was a hell on earth, where yellow-orange flames leaped into the air, producing dense columns of acrid smoke. Ships were in various stages of burning or sinking. When flames reached munitions-laden holds, some exploded. The surface of the water was covered by a viscous scum of oil and fuel, blinding and choking those unlucky enough to be in the water.
Meanwhile, the crew of John Harvey was engaged in a heroic battle to save their ship. The vessel still was intact and had sustained no direct bomb damage. Nevertheless, she had caught fire, and the situation was doubly dangerous with the mustard gas bombs aboard. Captain Knowles, Lieutenant Beckstrom and others on board refused to leave their posts, but their heroism was ultimately in vain.
Without warning, John Harvey blew up, disappearing in a huge, mushroom-shaped fireball that hurled pieces of the ship and her cargo hundreds of feet into the air. Everyone on board was killed instantly, and all over the harbor the force of the concussion knocked men off their feet. The blast sent out multihued fingers of smoke like a Fourth of July fireworks celebration and made the harbor as bright as day.
robert-rowan_archeoclub-gela-it_01The men aboard USS Pumper, a tanker carrying aviation fuel, were witnesses to John Harvey‘s last moments. Air initially rushed into the vortex of the blast, then the concussion radiated out to knock the tanker 35 degrees to port. Pieces of the chemical bombs were thrown hundreds of feet in all directions, and tons of mustard oil were vaporized.
Meanwhile, Heitmann and his surviving crew managed to reach the tip of the east jetty, around a lighthouse that was located at its north end. He had about 50 men. Many were badly wounded, and some were so badly burned that the slightest touch brought agony. At first the lighthouse area seemed a refuge, but it soon became apparent it was more of a deathtrap. A sea of flames cut Heitmann and his men off from following the jetty’s long spine into the city, where they might have been relatively safe.
While the sailors waited to be rescued, Ensign K.K. Vesole, commander of John Bascom‘s armed guard detachment, was having difficulty breathing. Many of the other men were gasping, but it was Vesole who noted something strange about the smoke. ‘I smell garlic,’ he said, without realizing the implications of his remark. A garlic odor was a telltale sign of mustard gas. The gas had become liberally intermixed with the oil that floated in the harbor and lurked in the smoke that permeated the area.
Mustard gas-laced oil now coated the bodies of Allied seamen as they struggled in the water, and many swallowed the noxious mixture. Even those not in the water inhaled liberal doses of gas, as did hundreds, perhaps thousands, of Italian civilians. A launch dispatched from Pumper rescued Captain Heitmann and the other John Bascom survivors from the east jetty, but their troubles were just beginning.
The German raid began at 7:30 p.m. and ended 20 minutes later. German losses were very light, and they had succeeded beyond their most sanguine expectations. Seventeen Allied ships were sunk and another eight were damaged, causing Bari to be dubbed the ’second Pearl Harbor.’ The Americans sustained the highest losses, losing the Liberty ships John Bascom, John L. Motley, Joseph Wheeler, Samuel J. Tilden and John Harvey. The British lost four ships, the Italians three, the Norwegians three and the Poles two.
2guerr3867The next morning survivors woke to a scene of utter devastation. Large parts of Bari had been reduced to rubble, particularly the medieval old town. Portions of the city and the harbor were still burning, and a thick pall of black smoke hung in the sky. There were more than 1,000 military and merchant marine casualties; about 800 were admitted to local hospitals. The full extent of civilian casualties may never be known. Conservative estimates hover around 1,000, though there were probably more.
bari-harbour-attackFortunately, Bari was the site of several Allied military hospitals and related support facilities. Some were housed at the Bari Polyclinic, built by Mussolini as a showcase of Fascist health care. The Polyclinic was home to the 98th British General Hospital and the 3rd New Zealand Hospital, among others. Those facilities received many of the mustard gas victims that began to appear.
Casualties from the raid began pouring in until the hospitals were filled to overflowing. Almost immediately some of the wounded began to complain of ‘gritty’ eyes, and their condition worsened in spite of conventional treatment. Their eyes were swollen, and skin lesions began to appear. Swamped with wounded of all descriptions and still not realizing they were dealing with poison gas, hospital staffers allowed victims to remain in their oil-and-gas-soaked clothes for long periods.
bari-casualtyNot only were the victims severely burned and blistered from prolonged exposure, but their respiratory systems were also badly irritated. The mustard gas casualties were wracked with coughs and had real difficulty breathing, but the hospital staff seemed helpless in the face of this unknown ailment. Men started to die, and even those who did recover faced a long and painful convalescence. Temporary blindness, the agony of burns and a terrible swelling of the genitals produced both physical and mental anguish.
As the victims began to die, the doctors started to suspect that some kind of chemical agent was involved. Some physicians pointed fingers at the Germans, speculating that they had resorted to chemical warfare after all. A message was sent to Allied headquarters in Algiers informing Deputy Surgeon General Fred Blesse that patients were dying of a ‘mysterious malady.’ To solve the mystery, Blesse dispatched Lt. Col. Stewart Francis Alexander, an expert on chemical warfare medicine, to Bari.
Alexander examined the patients and interviewed them when appropriate. It was beginning to look like mustard gas exposure, but the doctor was not sure. His suspicions were confirmed when a bomb-casing fragment was recovered from the bottom of the harbor. The fragment was identified as an American M47A1 bomb, which was designated for possible delivery of mustard gas. The Germans could be eliminated as suspects; in this case, the Allies were to blame.
Alexander still did not know where the mustard bombs had originated. The doctor tallied the number of mustard deaths in each ship, then plotted the position of the ships in the harbor. Most of the victims came from ships anchored near John Harvey. British port authorities finally admitted off the record that they knew John Harvey was carrying poison gas. Alexander drew up a report detailing his findings, which was approved by Allied Supreme Commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower. [7] This would be the only episode of exposure to a chemical warfare agent during WWII. By the end of the month, 83 of the 628 hospitalized military mustard gas victims had died.
gravesSecrecy still dogged the whole affair, however. Eventually, the British and American people were told of the devastating Bari raid, but the part played by mustard gas was kept from them. British Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill was particularly adamant that this aspect of the tragedy remain a secret. It was embarrassing enough that the raid occurred at a port under British jurisdiction. Churchill believed that publicizing the fiasco would hand the Germans a propaganda coup.
Although the gas was mentioned in official American records, Churchill insisted British medical records be purged and mustard gas deaths listed as the result of ‘burns due to enemy action.’ Churchill’s attempts at secrecy may have caused more deaths, because had the word gone out, more victims, especially Italian civilians, might have sought proper treatment. Axis Sally, the infamous propaganda broadcaster, learned the truth and taunted the Allies. ‘I see you boys are getting gassed by your own poison gas,’ she sneered.
There were 628 mustard gas casualties among Allied military and merchant marine personnel. Of these, 69 died within two weeks. Most victims, however, like Captain Heitmann of John Bascom, fully recovered. But the figures do not include the uncounted Italian civilians who must have been exposed to the deadly chemical. There was a mass exodus of civilians out of the city after the raid. Some were probably gas victims who died for want of proper treatment.
[1]. Encyclopedia of the First World War: Deaths from gas attacks,
[2]. Kumbhaar EB, Kumbhaar HD. The blood and bone marrow in Yellow Cross Gas (Mustard Gas) poisoning: Changes produced in the bone marrow of fatal cases. J Med Res 40:497-507,1919.
[3]. Pappenheimer AM, Vance M. The effects of intravenous injections of Di-Chloroethylsulfide in rabbits, with special reference to its leukotoxic action. J Exp Med 31:71-95,1920.
[4]. Berenblum I. Experimental inhibition of tumor induction by mustard gas and other compounds. J Path Bact 40:549-558,1935.
[5]. Einhorn J. Nitrogen mustard: The origin oc chemotherapy for cancer. Int J Radiation Oncologt Biol Phys 11:1375-1378,1985.
[6]. Goodman LS, Wintrobe MM, Dameshek W, et al. Use of methyl-bis- (β-chloroethyl) amine hydrochloride and tris-(β-chloroethyl) amine hydrochloride for Hodgkin’s disease, lymphosarcoma, leukemia, and certain allied and miscellaneous disorders. JAMA 132:126-132,1946.
[7]. Alexander SF. Medical report of the Bari Harbor Mustard casualties. The Military Surgeon 10:2-17,1947.
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Dawn Nagel, January 2017
Posted: 1/30/2017
Originally filmed January 2016.
Standard: 5.5.3 List healthy options to health-related issues or problems. Dawn makes sure her cattle get all the right nutrients, and explained how they feed the cows in the winter to make sure they are healthy.
1. What are things that you should eat to stay healthy?
Teacher Resource: Games videos and activity sheets about staying healthy. http://www.choosemyplate.gov/kids/
1. If 2 bales weigh 1,500 pounds, how much does one bale weigh? How much do all 4 bales weigh?
Teacher Resource: Dawn had a slide at the end that included a few household products that are made from the by-products of cattle. Here’s a diagram that explains more about products that include something from a beef cow. https://ranchersreserve.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/img_15421.jpg
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Copper in the andean iconography
One of the most characteristic features of pre-Columbian art in the Andes is that it often depicts real life objects. Hundreds of artifacts that appear on Moche (Perú), Tiwanaku (Bolivia) or Aguada (Argentina) ceramics and textiles are found in the cemeteries as part of burial offerings for the socially prominent deceased. This relationship between objects represented in art and concrete objects also extends also to the metal artifacts.
The half moon headdress of certain mythical individuals drawn on Moche pottery or the molded mask of the deceased in the Burial Theme on this culture’s pottery refer to specific copper artifacts found in the tombs. The “T” shaped artifact that appears on the chest of some decapitated individuals on Tiwanaku pottery, has its exact equivalent in the bronze breastplates found in cemeteries at Moquegua, San Pedro de Atacama and the Tiwanaku site itself. The axes and knives held by the individuals portrayed on Aguada vessels and plaques have their equals in bronze axes and knives. Metallurgists, goldsmiths and silversmiths provided the governing classes with many powerful and prestigious objects, which were the material manifestations of the ideology that perpetuated their dominant place in society.
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In contrast, to find the founding father of audiology, we need go back only 70 years, to 1945 when Raymond Carhart popularized the term. But who was Raymond Carhart, and how did he come to establish a distinctive scientific discipline so recently? The narrative starts with World War II.
World War II and Hearing Loss
One of history’s most reliable lessons tells us that necessity is the mother of invention, signifying that challenging scenarios prompt inventions focused on minimizing the difficulty. Such was the story for audiology, as hearing loss was increasingly becoming a bigger public health concern both during and after World War II.
Indeed, the principal driving force behind the evolution of audiology was World War II, which lead to military personnel returning from battle with severe hearing problems caused by direct exposure to loud sounds. While several speech pathologists had been calling for better hearing assessment and therapy all along, the multitude of people dealing with hearing loss from World War II made the request impossible to ignore.
Raymond Carhart Establishes the New Science of Hearing
Immediately after graduation, Carhart became an instructor in Speech Re-education from 1936 to 1940. Then, in 1940 he was promoted to Assistant Professor and in 1943 to Associate Professor. It was what occurred next, however, that may have altered the course of history for audiology.
In 1944, Carhart was commissioned a captain in the Army to head the Deshon General Hospital aural rehab program for war-deafened military personnel in Butler, Pennsylvania. It was here that Carhart, in the setting of assisting more than 16,000 hearing-impaired military personnel, made popular the term audiology, designating it as the science of hearing. From that point forward, audiology would separate from speech pathology as its own distinct research specialization.
At the end of the war, Carhart would return to Northwestern University to develop the country’s first academic program in audiology. As a skilled professor, he guided 45 doctoral students to the completion of their work, students who would themselves become prominent teachers, researchers, and clinical specialists across the country. And as a researcher, among countless contributions, Carhart developed and enhanced speech audiometry, especially as it applied to determining the effectiveness of hearing aid performance. He even identified a particular pattern on the audiogram that indicates otosclerosis (hardening of the middle ear bones), eponymously named the “Carhart notch.”
Raymond Carhart’s Place in History
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Monday, 29 August 2016
Star triangulation
we have 200 years of photographic, and now digital pictures of the night sky. The solar system moves 828,000 km/h(230 km/s) this is an incredible speed.
So we have photographic images of the night sky, which are millions of miles apart. Which allows us to triangulate stars, and work out their speeds. See
Red shift is caused by interstellar antimatter, giving light a slight red shift. The further we look the more red shift there is.
It so obviously has nothing to do with relative speed. Triangulate the stars, and get their real relative velocities.
No comments:
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Make your own free website on
During the Han dynasty, every man was expected to serve China for at least one year at age twenty three. Although, a man’s adulthood began at twenty, the government wanted to allow the citizen three additional years to store away money so he could serve as a soldier without being paid. In a situation where a man twenty three years of age did not want to serve in the army, he could instead pay a certain amount of money, which was used to hiring willing soldiers for a longer time period. The ideal goal of the Han Dynasty was to have citizen soldiers, like in Rome. A citizen soldier would have been a regular citizen living his own life, but was expected to be loyal to his country if he need be called upon to serve as a soldier. Annually after the harvest, each man was responsible for serving one month of reserve military duty. This specific time was chosen so that each man could help his respective family with the harvest, instead of losing valuable labor if the man was not present.
han soldier
Model figure of Han Dynasty Soldier
Cassar, George H. and Goff, Richard D. and Holoka, James P. and Terry, Janice J. and Upshur, Jiu-Hwa L."Han Government."World History Before1600:The Developoment of Early Civilization. Volume I. Fourth Edition. Wadsworth Group, USA. 2002. p. 161
"Chinese Han Dynasty Soldier." Alpha Image Inc. Model Workshop.
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For seven years, researchers used NASA's GRACE satellites, which measure Earth's gravitational pull from space, to monitor rising and falling water levels in the Middle East along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This in turn, provided a picture of water storage changes over time.
A compilation of satellite images reveals that Turkey, Iraq, Syria and Iran lost 117 million acre feet of stored freshwater between 2003 and 2010, which is roughly equal to the amount of water in the Dead Sea, according to a press release.
In the visualization below, red represents drier conditions and blue represents wetter conditions.
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AS PE Flashcards
HideShow resource information
Define systole and diastole
Systole - when the heart contracts. Diastole - when the heart relaxes to fill with blood
1 of 36
Define ejection fraction
The percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat
2 of 36
What is the role of the Atrioventricular Node (AVN)?
To relay the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart
3 of 36
Give the five steps of Starling's Law
Increased venous return, Greater diastolic filling, Cardiac muscle stretched, More contraction force, Imcreased ejection fraction
4 of 36
What is the Vascular Shunt Mechanism?
The redistribution of cardiac output
5 of 36
What is the correct passage of air?
Nose, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli
6 of 36
Give the two factors that affect spatial summation
The number and the size of the muscle's motor units
7 of 36
What is autogenic inhibition?
A sudden relaxation of the muscle in response to high tension.
8 of 36
Give the articulating bones at the shoulder joint
Scapula, Clavicle and Humerus
9 of 36
What is the definition of skill?
The learned ability to bring about predetermined results with the minimum outlay of energy, time or both
10 of 36
What mnemonic can skills characteristics be linked to?
ACEFACE, name them
11 of 36
What is chaining?
Linking of sub-routines together in order when practicing
12 of 36
What is the difference between knowledge of performance and knowledge of results?
KR concerns the outcome, KP concerns the technique
13 of 36
What factors can cause a plateau?
Motivation, Boredom, Coach, Limit of ability, Targets too low, Fatigue
14 of 36
Name the three possible types of guidance
Visual, Verbal and Manual
15 of 36
Give the four stages of Bandura's Social Learning Theory
Attention, Retention, Motor Production, Motivation. Give a sentence about each
16 of 36
Define the 5 R's of rational recreation
Rules/codification, Regular, Regional, Referees/officials, Respectable
17 of 36
Give the three aspects of the "Golden Triangle"
Sport, Business and Media
18 of 36
Define "Socialisation"
A lifelong process where members of society learn its norms, value, ideas and practices and roles in order to take their place in that society
19 of 36
Name the main barriers to raising participation in sport
Time, Income, Motivation, Education
20 of 36
Give 5 fitness benefits of raising participation in sport
Improved posture, improved cardiovascular fitness, improved muscular strength, improved flexibility, improved reactions
21 of 36
Define tapering and peaking
Tapering = reducing the volume and or intensity of training prior to competition Peaking = planning training so a performer is at their peak, both physically and mentally, for a major competition
22 of 36
Give 5 different types of training methods and explain them
Continuous, Fartlek, Interval, Circuit, Weight
23 of 36
Give Newton's First Law of Motion
"Every body continues in its state of rest or motion in a straight line, unless compelled to change that state by external forces exerted upon it"
24 of 36
Give 3 factors affecting stability
Height of centre of mass, area of the support base and mass of the performer
25 of 36
In mechanical disadvantage, is the force or resistance arm longer?
The resistance arm is longer than the force arm
26 of 36
Give Lewin's formula
B=f(P x E) - behaviour is a function of personality and environment
27 of 36
Cognitive dissonance is: ' new _ given to the performer to cause _ and motivate change
Information, unease
28 of 36
If cognitive anxiety is psychological, what is somatic anxiety?
29 of 36
What is catharsis?
A cleansing of the emotions in sport
30 of 36
Name the four theories of aggression
Aggressive Cue, Social Learning, Instinct, Frustration Aggression
31 of 36
What is social cohesion?
Individuals relating to each other to interact in the group
32 of 36
Give the definition of sports analytics
The analysis of sports data using analytical tools and methods for data to be subjected to analytical procedures in order to try and improve results
33 of 36
If reliability refers to the consistency of data collection, what does validity refer to?
The degree to which the data collected actually measures what it claims to measure
34 of 36
Give the two disciplines of motion analysis
Notational match analysis and biomechanics
35 of 36
Give two ways in which data integrity can be compromised
Human error, software bugs or viruses
36 of 36
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Define ejection fraction
The percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat
Card 3
What is the role of the Atrioventricular Node (AVN)?
Preview of the front of card 3
Card 4
Give the five steps of Starling's Law
Preview of the front of card 4
Card 5
What is the Vascular Shunt Mechanism?
Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards
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Straight Plowing
Straight Plowing
Harry was a farm boy. A boy on the farm does not have much opportunity to get lonesome. There are always so many things to do, and if he likes animals he has a whole farm full of pets. There were cows, horses, sheep, goats, turkeys, chickens, cats and dogs on Harry's farm.
A farm boy feels very proud of himself when his father allows him to drive a team of horses. So it was with Harry. He was now big enough to drive four heavy horses hitched to a plow. Day after day he sat on a plow pulled by the strong horses. Of course the horses were well trained, for had they really wanted to run away, Harry could not have held them.
In a garden we use a spade to prepare the ground for planting but on the farm where fields are large we use a plow which is usually drawn by horses. The new field that Harry was to plow that day was very large. When one starts to plow such a large field it is important that he begins right. When you mow the lawn the first cut through the grass should be straight. When you come to the other end of the lawn and look back the first cut should not be full of curves like a cork screw. It should be as straight as a string. So if you begin right the rest of the mowing will be easier.
Right in the center of the field which Harry was to plow there was a hill so he was unable to see the other end of the field. In such a field it is very important that the first furrow is straight. If the first furrow extends evenly without curves, the rest of the plowing is much easier. Therefore, Harry's father went with him that morning, so that the first furrow would be Plowed straight.
No, the father did not intend to plow the first furrow for Harry. Harry had to do this himself. But the father could help him.
This is the way it was done. Harry with his plow ,and horses stood ready at one end of the field. His father walked ahead until he was on top of the hill and could see both ends of the field. On the hill the father took a position so that if Harry plowed directly toward him, the first furrow would be straight and square with the rest of the field.
Now it was up to Harry. Could he drive his four horses directly toward his father so that the first furrow would be straight? How would you do it if you were in Harry's place? If he looked back after starting he would certainly put a crook in his furrow. If he looked down and kept his eyes on the ground, he would lose sight of his father and the furrow would resemble a large snake crawling over the ground. Therefore, Harry did exactly as his father had instructed, "Keep your eye on me and plow straight toward me and the furrow will be straight." Harry followed these directions and when he reached the place where his father stood, he stopped and looked back. He was surprised and happy that he had plowed such a straight furrow.
The father did not plow the furrow for Harry. Harry did it himself. All that the father asked of him was that he plow directly toward him.
The straight furrow reminds us of living a straight life. We have to live our life just like Harry had to plow his furrow. By a straight life we mean a life that is true, honest and godly. God is asking us to keep our eyes on Him and live directly toward Him. We must not swerve to the right nor to the left, then our life will be straight. Harry did not look back nor down. He looked ahead toward his father. Jesus said, "No man having put his hand to the plow and looking back is fit for the Kingdom of God." As Harry kept his eyes on his father so we must always keep our eyes on God. If we do that our living will be straight.
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What did NASA find in Typhoon Ompong's eye?
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Typhoon Ompong satellite image as of 10:50 A.M., September 14.
Metro Manila (CNN Philippines, September 14) — Images from the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) revealed that Typhoon Ompong is packing "powerful storms" surrounding its eye.
Ompong, with international name Mangkhut, was analyzed by NASA's MODIS instrument aboard its Aqua satellite.
"NASA's Aqua satellite provided an infrared look at powerful Super Typhoon Mangkhut early on Sept. 13 that revealed a large eye surrounded by a large area of powerful storms," Rob Gutro of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center said.
NASA-Rainbands-Ompong_CNNPH.jpg On September 13, the MODIS instrument aboard NASA’s Aqua satellite looked at Super Typhoon Mangkhut in infrared light as it was approaching the Philippines.
He added convection, or the rising air forming thunderstorms in a tropical cyclone, has deepened near the eye.
Colder cloud tops have also formed near its eye, Gutro said. This indicates the presence of strong storms.
"The higher and colder the cloud top, the stronger the storm and the greater potential for heavier rainfall," he explained.
The U.S. astronomical body also found that Ompong's eye was 27 nautical miles (50 kilometers) wide, which can cover the entirety of Metro Manila.
How strong is Ompong?
With its swath of storms barreling towards the country, Dr. Mahar Lagmay of the University of the Philippines believes Ompong can only been trumped by Typhoon Yolanda, if the comparison was based on sustained winds.
"Yes. It's quite strong, because based on the data of PAG-ASA on sustained winds comparing it to Milenyo, Glenda which we experienced, and comparing it to Yolanda, only Yolanda beats it in terms of sustained winds," Lagmay said in CNN Philippines' The Source.
Yolanda hit the country in 2013, packing winds as strong as 315 kilometers per hour (kph) - and it was the strongest typhoon to ever hit the country to date. Ompong, on the other hand, has 205 kph sustained winds.
In terms of size, however, Lagman believes Ompong is much larger than Yolanda, with a radius of almost 500 kilometers based on measurements by Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards).
But Lagmay reminded it is not the typhoon itself which poses a threat, but the associated hazards: the strong winds which can topple trees and tear off roofs, and the heavy rainfall which can lead to floods.
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Township (Canada)
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search
The term township generally means the district or area associated with a town. However, in some systems no town needs to be involved. The specific use of the term to describe political subdivisions has varied by country, usually to describe a local rural or semi-rural government within the country itself.
In eastern Canada a township is one form of the subdivision of a county. In Canadian French, it is called a canton.
Atlantic Canada
Historical township boundaries are of interest in Atlantic Canada especially by those conducting genealogical research.
The historic colony of Nova Scotia (present-day Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island) used the term township as a subdivision of counties. In Prince Edward Island's case, the colonial survey of 1764 established 67 townships, known as lots, and 3 royalties, which were grouped into parishes, and hence into counties; the townships were geographically and politically the same. In New Brunswick, parishes have taken over as the present-day subdivision of counties, whereas present-day Nova Scotia uses districts where appropriate.
In Ontario, there are both geographic and political townships. Most of Ontario, except for the sparsely populated far north, is subdivided into geographic townships. These are used primarily for geographic purposes, such as land surveying, natural resource exploration and tracking of phenomena such as forest fires or tornados.
A political or municipal township is an incorporated municipality consisting of one or more geographic townships united as a single entity with a single municipal administration, usually consisting of one or more communities that are not incorporated for various reasons. Often rural counties are subdivided into townships. In some places, usually if the township is in a county rather than in a regional municipality, the head of a political township is called a reeve, not a mayor. However, this distinction is changing as many rural townships are replacing the title reeve with mayor to reduce confusion. A few townships keep both titles and designate mayor as the head of the municipal council and use the title reeve to denote the representative to the upper tier (usually county) council.
The term "geographic township" is also used in reference to former political townships which were abolished or superseded as part of municipal government restructuring.
In Quebec, townships are called cantons in French and can also be political and geographic, similar to Ontario, although the geographic use is now very limited or not used at all. They were introduced after the British conquest primarily as a surveying unit. They were designated and cover most of the unattributed territory in Eastern Quebec and what is now known as the Eastern Townships, and later used in surveying the Outaouais and Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean regions. Townships often served as territorial basis for new municipalities, but township municipalities are no different from other types such as parish or village municipalities.
Western Canada
In the Prairie provinces and parts of British Columbia, a township is a division of the Dominion Land Survey. Townships are (mostly) 6-by-6-mile (9.7 by 9.7 km) squares – about 36 square miles (93 km2) in area. These townships are not political units (although political boundaries often follow township boundaries), but exist only to define parcels of land in a relatively simple way. Townships are divided into 36 equal 1-by-1-mile (1.6 by 1.6 km) square parcels known as sections. In Saskatchewan, a political unit called a rural municipality in general is 3 townships by 3 townships in size, or 18 miles squared – about 324 square miles (840 km2).
Three municipalities in British Columbia, Langley, Esquimalt and Spallumcheen, have "township" in their official names, but legally hold the status of district municipalities.
See also
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Definitions of From
1. Out of the neighborhood of; lessening or losing proximity to; leaving behind; by reason of; out of; by aid of; -- used whenever departure, setting out, commencement of action, being, state, occurrence, etc., or procedure, emanation, absence, separation, etc., are to be expressed. It is construed with, and indicates, the point of space or time at which the action, state, etc., are regarded as setting out or beginning; also, less frequently, the source, the cause, the occasion, out of which anything proceeds; -- the aritithesis and correlative of to; as, it, is one hundred miles from Boston to Springfield; he took his sword from his side; light proceeds from the sun; separate the coarse wool from the fine; men have all sprung from Adam, and often go from good to bad, and from bad to worse; the merit of an action depends on the principle from which it proceeds; men judge of facts from personal knowledge, or from testimony.
2. Out of; away; since; noting source or beginning, distance, absence, and departure.
3. Out of; away; by reason of.
4. Out of; starting at; beginning with; after.
5. In a relation of contrast with; as from grave to gay.
6. Having as a cause or origin; by means of; due to.
7. Away; out of; by reason of. From above; Gay; full of levity; dancing, playing, or frisking about; boneath, from a place or region below; from below, from a lower place; from behind, from a place or position in the rear; from far, from a distant place; from high, from on high, from a high place, from an upper region, or from heaven; from where, from which place; from within, from the interior or inside; from without, from the outside, from abroad.
8. Away; out of; denoting distance in space or time; generally denoting separation, removal, or departure: in the following phrases- from above; from afar; from beneath; from behind; from hence, thence, or whence,- the construction may be frequently considered as a preposition and its case: the following phrases - from amidst; from among; from beneath; from beyond; from forth; from off; from out; from out of; from under; from within,- are simply prepositional phrases, and as such followed by an objective case.
Usage examples for From
1. Do you mean, away from up there? – The Two Vanrevels by Booth Tarkington
2. " It's from them all," she said. – Half a Dozen Girls by Anna Chapin Ray
3. From that day Sandy knew that Treadwell must go away. – A Son of the Hills by Harriet T. Comstock
4. You can't get away from me, so you might as well. – Prairie Flowers by James B. Hendryx
5. Have you heard from Bolivick? – "The Pomp of Yesterday" by Joseph Hocking
6. I shut the thought from my mind. – The Plotters by Alexander Blade
7. Would yuh mind hangin' on to him till I come back from where I'm goin'? – Paradise Bend by William Patterson White
8. You will hear from me. – The Castle Inn by Stanley John Weyman
9. From what you say we should very much like to know him. – Tom Brown at Oxford by Thomas Hughes
10. But how are we to get away from here? – Isle o' Dreams by Frederick F. Moore
11. And where's it going to come from?" – The Prairie Mother by Arthur Stringer
12. And what is it that you know from Haneemar? – The Garden of Eden by Max Brand
13. From here we could see a long way. – When Buffalo Ran by George Bird Grinnell
14. From time to time I would ask her, " Can you see them?" – Romance by Joseph Conrad and F.M. Hueffer
15. They could work out from that. – The Lost Art of Reading by Gerald Stanley Lee
16. You are sure this is from Miss Van Allen? – Vicky Van by Carolyn Wells
17. She could not get away from him. – Mary, Mary by James Stephens Commentator: Padraic Colum
18. Of course it was from Roland. – A Singer from the Sea by Amelia Edith Huddleston Barr
19. But he turned from me to the men. – Montlivet by Alice Prescott Smith
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Historical Tales: Japanese and Chinese by Charles Morris
[202] WHEN the great dynasty of the Hans, which had held supreme rule in China for more than four hundred years, came to an end, it left that country divided up into three independent kingdoms. The emperors who had once ruled over all China found themselves now lords of its smallest division, while the kingdom of Wei included the largest and most populous districts in the realm. A war for supremacy arose between these three kingdoms, which ended in the kings of Wei becoming supreme over the whole empire and establishing a new dynasty, which they named the dynasty of Tsin. Of this war we have only one event to relate, an interesting example of Chinese fortitude and valor.
Shortly after 250 A.D. an army of the Han emperor, led by a general named Chukwoko, settled down to the siege of a small walled town named Sinching, held by three thousand men under the command of a leader named Changte, whose fortitude and energy alone saved this place for the king of Wei.
For ninety days the siege went on, the catapults of the besieging force playing incessantly upon the walls, which, despite the activity of the garrison, were in time pierced in many places, while several gaping breaches lay open to the foe. Changte had [203] defended the place vigorously, no commander could have done more, and, as no sign of a relieving force appeared, he could with all honor have capitulated, thrown open the gates, and marched out with such dignity as the victorious enemy would permit.
But this was not the view of his duty held by the valorous soldier. He was one of the kind who die but do not surrender, and in his extremity had recourse to the following ruse. He sent word to Chukwoko that, as the place was clearly untenable, he was willing to surrender if he were granted ten days more of grace.
"It is a law among the princes of Wei," he said, "that the governor of a place which has held out for a hundred days, and then, seeing no prospect of relief, surrenders, shall not be held guilty of dereliction of duty."
Chukwoko gladly accepted this offer, being weary of his long delay before this small post, and quite willing to save his men from the perils of an assault. But, to his astonishment, a few days later he saw fresh bulwarks rising above those which had been ruined by his engines, while the breaches were rapidly repaired, new gates replaced those that had been destroyed, and Sinching seemed suddenly to regain the appearance it had presented three months before. Inside the walls a new spirit prevailed, the courage of the bold commander reanimating his troops, while the sentinels on the ramparts shouted messages of disdain to the besieging force.
Indignant at this violation of the terms of the agreement, Chukwoko sent a flag of truce to the [204] gate, demanding angrily what these proceedings meant, and if this was Changte's way of keeping his word.
"I am preparing my tomb," replied the bold commander. "I propose to bury myself under the ruins of Sinching."
The tomb remained untenanted by the daring commandant. The long-delayed relief appeared, and Chukwoko was obliged to make a hasty retreat, with the loss of half his army. It is safe to say that in the pursuit Changte and his faithful three thousand played a leading part.
Learn More
Table of Contents | Index | Previous: The Conquest of Central Asia | Next: From the Shoemaker's Bench to the Throne
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Tolerances in Plastic Extrusions Lesson 101 | Preferred Plastics
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• Tolerances in Plastic Extrusions Lesson 101
Tolerances in Plastic Extrusions Lesson 101
What is a tolerance? Simply speaking, it is the amount or measure of room given from the dimensional ideal. Often, the dimensions of a product will fluctuate, which allows for tolerances to be determined at +/- measurements. Tolerances are essential in manufacturing processes because they allow room for variability in the part’s dimensions (thickness, length, and width of parts can all be affected). Why do we bring this up? As a master in plastic extrusions, we frequently find that tolerances are not properly understood throughout industries. Let us provide you with a quick overview of tolerances, specifically in plastic extrusions.
First, it is important to determine the manufacturing process being used. For example, the plastic industry has a wide variety of fabrication processes, which each carry different tolerances. It is also essential to know that tolerances for plastic extrusions differ widely from those of metal extrusions. Since metals harden quickly, they typically hold tighter tolerances than extrusions made of plastic materials. When it comes to plastic extrusions, tolerances are usually based upon the raw materials used, the complexity of the part, and the tooling that is made to produce the part. Generally, tolerances are held the tightest when they are cooled—some materials cool more efficiently, so these materials, such as PVC, hold tolerances much better. Others, however, hold onto heat, so it is more difficult to have tighter tolerances (one such example is polypropylene). Another important factor to pull heat out of the part and hold our shapes during the cooling process is the calibration. Less sophisticated calibrators do not hold the shape of the extrusions well. It is recommended to use well-designed tooling, then, so that the extrusions are calibrated and streamlined at the highest level (and the tolerances will be tighter, too!). In terms of part complexity, think of it this way: if a part has many inside pockets and hollows, the tolerances will be larger than those that do not. The reason for this is simple—it is more difficult to then cool the inner dimensions of the part, which results then in bigger tolerances. In clearer terms, tolerances are directly related to how efficiently manufacturers can take heat out of the part.
Hopefully, we have made sense out of tolerances in plastic extrusions. See the below chart for our standard tolerances, and visit our website for more plastic extrusion information.
Custom Plastic Extrusion Capabilities
We offer:
Plainwell, MI
800 E Bridge St
Plainwell, MI 49080
(269) 685-5873
Louisville, KY
8301 Cane Run Rd
Louisville, KY 40258
(502) 935-3070
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earthquakes chpt 10 study guide
True false 44 removal of large thicknesses of
True False 44. Removal of large thicknesses of overburden material causes expansion of earth materials, which can lead to decreases in strength. True False 45. The orientation of rock layering within a hill can either enhance or hinder the chances of slope failure. True False 46. The geological condition known as daylighted bedding exists where the ends of shallow-dipping rock layers are exposed to daylight on a steeper slope. This condition produces a strengthened condition of the rock layers that is not favorable for failure. True False 47. The main types of mass movement are downward, as in falling or subsiding, or downward and outward, as in sliding and flowing. True False 48. A translational slide may move as long as it sits on the downward-inclined surface and its driving mass still exists whereas rotational slides move only short distances. True False 49. The amount of water in pore spaces has no effect on mass movements of earth materials. True False 50. The floor of the Pacific Ocean around the Hawaiian Islands is covered with submarine slumps and debris avalanches over an area that is several times the area of the islands themselves. True False
Image of page 6
51. Basal failure surfaces for landslides typically are either curved in a concave-upward sense or nearly planar. True False 52. Flank collapses on volcanic islands can cause tsunami. True False 53. Land subsidence is worsened by the cessation of groundwater pumping, because the additional water that is retained underground weakens the rock, making it subside more easily. True False 54. Carbonic acid is produced by the chemical precipitation of limestone. True False
Image of page 7
Chapter 10 Mass Movements Key 1. A 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. E 11. A 12. A 13. D 14. E 15. C 16. E 17. E 18. A 19. D 20. D 21. E 22. B 23. E 24. D 25. E 26. A 27. A 28. C 29. A 30. TRUE 31. FALSE 32. TRUE 33. TRUE 34. TRUE 35. FALSE 36. TRUE 37. TRUE 38. FALSE 39. FALSE 40. FALSE 41. FALSE 42. TRUE 43. TRUE 44. TRUE 45. TRUE 46. FALSE 47. TRUE 48. TRUE 49. FALSE 50. TRUE 51. TRUE 52. TRUE 53. FALSE 54. FALSE
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• Summer '13
• link
• Geology, d., coherent, mass movements
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"url": "https://www.coursehero.com/file/p4i8q/True-False-44-Removal-of-large-thicknesses-of-overburden-material-causes/"
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How birds are opening up windows into the lives of the Neanderthals
Photo Credit Gibmetal77 Wikimedia
Entrance to Gorham’s Cave Gibraltar where many fossils have been found
WHILST Gibraltar likes to refer to itself as the ‘cradle of history’, recent papers published in the Quaternary International journal and complied by the Gibraltar Museum and collaborating scientists do suggest that Gibraltar has played a very important part in mankind’s development and the proof may be found in its range of caves.
It has long been recognised that with no less than 151 species of birds identified in fossil material found in the caves, Gibraltar is probably the site with the largest number of bird species in the world dating back between 100,000 and 125,000 years.
Recent publications have shown how Neanderthals exploited birds for food but also for their feathers. Now, the new papers add to this wealth of ground-breaking information.
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The first paper uses the rich avifauna in Gibraltar to test the environmental quality of the site. It compares Gibraltar with another Neanderthal site – Zafarraya in Malaga. Despite the relative proximity of the two sites they differed dramatically in environmental quality as judged by the species of birds in each site.
When compared to the 151 species from Gibraltar, Zafarraya had only 35 but the difference according to the scientists is not just in numbers but also in species found. The birds in Zafarraya were mainly cliff nesting species whilst, Gibraltar had the same cliff nesters but also species from wetlands, woodland, open plains and the coast.
The authors take this to mean that the ecological options available to the Neanderthals in Gibraltar were far greater than in Zafarraya and that this would have undoubtedly contributed to the long-term presence and survival in Gibraltar and Zafarraya, on the other hand, was probably a short-term hunting station.
The paper highlights the importance of geographical location to site quality. Zafarraya at over 1000 metres in altitude suffered the ravages of the glaciations much more than Gibraltar which was at sea level and surrounded by the tempering influence of the sea.
The second paper builds on previously published data on the exploitation of birds of prey and corvids by Neanderthals for the use of the feathers. A detailed analysis revealed that the main species involved were those that were regularly attracted to animal carcasses.
Stewart Finlayson of the Gibraltar Museum, who is a co-author of the first paper and the lead author of this second paper said “Our data analysis confirmed our hunch. Here we had the smoking gun: the Neanderthals would have been lying in wait at animal carcasses in the knowledge that eagles and vultures would find the food too tempting.”
The conclusion therefore is that the Neanderthals ambushed the large birds. The authors suggest that, as the practice was present in Eurasia before the arrival of modern humans it must have been invented independently by modern humans and Neanderthals, been present in the common ancestor or, provokingly, learnt by modern humans from the Neanderthals.
“I love the irony of this last option” said Finlayson, “after years of having had the Neanderthals put down as brutes who learnt what little they knew from modern humans, now we are turning the table 180 degrees. We know now that Neanderthals and our ancestors exchanged genes; now it seems that they learnt from each other as well and it wasn’t always in one direction.”
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<urn:uuid:965abaf3-1e38-4767-a4fc-93d35fc98fb9>
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"url": "https://www.euroweeklynews.com/2016/02/25/how-birds-are-opening-up-windows-into-the-lives-of-the-neanderthals/"
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The settlement of Malá Strana, also known as the Lesser Town, was a natural consequence of the fact that the princely mansion was located in a strategic place of today’s Prague Castle. Logically, the place below the hill was soon filled with markets and later with settlements. The significant impulse to the development of the Lesser Town bank of the river came during the reign of King Vladislav II. under whose reign the important Judith Bridge was built. The Czech king, Přemysl Otakar II., also contributed to the history of the Lesser Town when he gave the Lesser Town the City status in 1257. It was then that the ground plan of Lesser Town was changed into what you see today with the Lesser Town Square in the middle. Přemysl Otakar II. also significantly affected the structure of the population. By the favourable tax conditions, he attracted colonists, merchants and craftsmen from northern Germany. These new incomers slightly pushed out the original citizens into the surrounding villages. Nevertheless, the Lesser Town remained a rather poor agglomeration. King Charles IV made the area of Lesser Town bigger and he also had the walls built. The real tragedy in the history of the Lesser Town was the devastating fire in 1541, which even damaged the Prague Castle. The Lesser Town was rescued by the arrival of Emperor Rudolf II. to Prague in 1583 because courtiers and court aristocracy moved to Prague with him. It was a time when famous Italian architects (Ulrico Aostali, Giuseppe Filippi, Anselmo Lurago, and Domenico Orsi) came to design both the spiritual and the secular in Prague. The Lesser Town became a representative district where the richest nobles had their, mostly Baroque, palaces built. That is why today’s Lesser Town is a diplomatic district with foreign embassies and important state institutions such as, the Czech House of Deputies and the Senate.
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"url": "http://www.praguesagetells.com/en/mista-v-praze/the-lesser-town"
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Questo appunto contiene un allegato
American Renaissance scaricato 17 volte
American Renaissance
•American cultural life in the 19° century had its center in New England.
•In New England Puritanism was still a major influence.
•The group of intellectuals and writers who developed the New England Renaissance reacted against the Puritan doctrine
•Anyway, Puritan symbology and allegory were widely employed by the most important writers of this period (Melville and Hawthorne).
•The term “Renaissance” is somehow misleading, because it does not indicate a “renaissance” but the beginning of a truly autonomous American literature, with its own themes and style.
Emerson and Thoureau
•Ralph Waldo Emerson developed the philosophy of Trascendentalism.
•Transcendentalism focused on human ability to transcend the mortal world through reflection and intuition in order to discover eternal truths.
•Contact with nature was the best means to reach these truths.
•Thoreau published Walden,or Life in the Woods, where he described how he had lived for two years in a hut in the woods of Massachusetts.
•His aim was to show that an individual could lead a happy life in rural solitude.
•In his essay Civil Disobedience he supported the idea that any individual had the right to oppose peacefully the law of the State, in they were in conflict with his conscience.
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"url": "https://www.skuola.net/letteratura-inglese-1800-1900/american-renaissance.html"
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Chicken Bouillon Cubes
Level 2: July 7th
This week students learned about when to correctly use the words MUCH and MANY. This can be tough when you don't have an academic background in English.
Students were talking about what they cooked this week and talked about the ingredients. Evelyn said "cubito" and the class wasn't sure how to say it in English. We came to the conclusion that she used a "chicken bouillon cube" which led to a discussion about how chicken stock is noncount ("How much stock"), but you can count the cubes ("How many cubes") —great teachable moment.
He is looking for parking
...had no known leadership skills
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"fasttext_score": 0.05909925699234009,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.970659613609314,
"url": "https://www.eslworksnyc.com/english-class-blog-citarella-grocery/2017/7/12/chicken-bouillon-cubes"
}
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The reasons for the decline
The decline of the cultivation of capped pumpkins, once widely grown in northern Italy, has to be related to the revolution of farmland practices recorded since the 1950s, which strongly reduced the number of crop varieties. Moreover consumers’ tastes and marketing strategies have changed as a result of the large scale retail trade. Another factor affecting capped pumpkin decline was the diffusion of glass houses and refrigeration, which made less attractive those crops, like Berretta di Lungavilla, which can maintain their properties when preserved at room temperature. Anyway, the evolution of consumers’ behaviour has recently led to re-discover forgotten tastes of old landrace and to recover the idea that fruit and vegetables taste best when eaten in season. Those changes can help support the production chain of old landraces.
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<urn:uuid:1d6c41d5-cddc-40d5-8dcd-d59f3fa7aa80>
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9557558298110962,
"url": "http://www.zuccaberrettina.it/?page_id=1250"
}
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This Unit
This Course
Popular Articles
Grammar Exercises
Write the comparative form of the adjectives given.
Example: An elephant is bigger than a lion. (big)
1. The Nile river is then the Amazon. (long)
2. I'm than Yuri but than Miko. (tall, short)
3. They're than us, but we're than them. (handsome, smart)
4. This book bag is than that bag. (expensive)
5. This newspaper is than that newspaper. (good)
6. Soda juice tastes than fruit juice. (bad)
7. Today is than yesterday. (warm)
8. This TV program is . (interesting)
Score =
Correct answers:
>> - Next Page - Grammar Exercises 2 - >>
Back to our Online English Course Index Page
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"language_score": 0.9090614914894104,
"url": "http://www.1-language.com/englishcourse/unit25_grammar_exs.htm"
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The Battle of Quiberon Bay (French: Bataille des Cardinaux) was a naval engagement between the French and British Royal navies, on 20 November 1759, during the Seven Years' War.
The French planned in using their navy to directly strike at mainland Britain, which they would first invade Scotland. The French flagship, Formidable, led the French assault on the British Navy.
Shay and his vessel, the Morrigan, and two British brigs confronted the French fleet that was sent against them. But before they could exchange shots, they were ambushed by several fireships, forcing Shay to use the Morrigan's firepower from almost all directions. After sinking the French ships, the Formidable herself appeared to confront the Morrigan. While British reinforcements will not arrive, Shay fought the Formidable alone. When the French flagship was severely damaged, more fireships arrived to reinforce the Formidable, but despite the assistance, the Formidable was sunk by the Morrigan and the rest of the English fleet fought off the remains of the French fleet, forcing them to abandon their plans in invading the United Kingdom.
The battle was a decisive victory for the British, due in part to the efforts of the Colonial Templar Shay Cormac, and his vessel the Morrigan.
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"fasttext_score": 0.539377748966217,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9581690430641174,
"url": "http://zh.assassinscreed.wikia.com/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E4%BC%AF%E9%BE%99%E6%B9%BE%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98"
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Saint John, New Brunswick
Black Loyalists and later Black Refugees lived outside of Saint John proper in settlements reserved for them. While close to Saint John for certain work purposes, they had to create their own churches, schools and livelihoods in Loch Lomond, the Westfield area, and Kingston Peninsula.
The level of assistance available for them was much less than in Nova Scotia, and the laws, such as the1785 Charter of Saint John, prevented them from full participation in society; the laws ensured that they were poor. African-Canadians who had fought for the freedoms that all were enjoying were not allowed to be freemen of the city, could not practice a trade or sell goods in Saint John, could not fish in the harbour nor live in the city except for servants. These restrictions were lifted by the 1870s but the social and economic damage affected generations.
Black History in Saint John
A brief history of the Black community in the Saint John region. From the City of Saint John website.
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"fasttext_score": 0.0455164909362793,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9793904423713684,
"url": "http://blackhistorycanada.ca/topic.php?id=117&themeid=2"
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Skip to main content.
Press Release: Archimedes Manuscript Yields Secrets Under X-Ray Gaze
Date Issued: June 18, 2005
Relevant Web URLs:
For five days in May, the ancient collided with the ultra-modern at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), bringing brilliant, long-hidden ideas to light with brilliant X-ray light. A synchrotron X-ray beam at the Department of Energy facility illuminated an obscured work—erased, written over and even painted over—of ancient mathematical genius Archimedes, born 287 B.C. in Sicily.
Archimedes' amazingly advanced ideas have been lost and found several times throughout the ages. Now scientists are employing modern technology—including X-ray fluorescence at SLAC's Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL)—to completely read the Archimedes Palimpsest, the only source for at least two previously unknown treatises thought out by Archimedes in the third century B.C.
"Synchrotron light has revolutionized our view into the sub-microscopic world and has contributed to major innovations in fields including solid-state physics, materials science, environmental sciences, structural biology and chemistry," explained Keith Hodgson, director of SSRL. "Synchrotron light is created when electrons traveling the speed of light take a curved path around a storage ring—emitting electromagnetic light in X-ray through infrared wavelengths. The resulting light beam has characteristics that make it ideal for revealing the intricate architecture and utility of many kinds of matter—in this case, the previously hidden work of one of the founding fathers of all science."
Legend has it that Archimedes, upon displacing water in his tub and realizing he had found a way to measure volumes, leapt out of the bath and ran naked through the streets shouting 'Eureka!' (I have found it!). He also conceived a way to calculate pi, the mathematical equivalent of inventing the wheel. Archimedes did not just take steps toward calculus, as formerly believed; he actually created and used calculus methods, the basis for modern engineering and science. He is also credited with designing fearsome war weapons, such as claws that pulled attacking boats from the water.
The palimpsest is a 1,000-year-old parchment made of goatskin containing Archimedes' work as laboriously copied down by a 10th century scribe. Two centuries later, with parchment harder to come by, the ink was erased with a weak acid (like lemon juice) and scraped off with a pumice stone, and the parchment was written on again to make a prayer book.
One of the most intractable problems was seeing the original ink on four pages that had been painted over with Byzantine religious images, which turned out to be 20th century forgeries intended to increase the value of the prayer book.
An X-ray system recently showed it was possible to penetrate the paintings. At SSRL, the assembled team practically jumped with excitement as the original writing beneath one painting was unveiled on the computer screens. Archimedes' hidden text deals with floating bodies and the equilibrium of planes.
Three pages of the palimpsest recently traveled to Menlo Park because SSRL staff scientist Uwe Bergmann had his own Eureka moment in 2003. From a magazine article, he learned the inks used for both the Archimedes and religious texts contained iron pigment.
"I read that and I immediately thought we should be able to read the parchment with X-rays," Bergmann said. "That's what we do at SSRL—we measure iron in proteins—extremely small concentrations of iron."
The intense synchrotron X-ray beam induces X-ray fluorescence—X-ray light tuned to a specific energy causes the remaining traces of iron ink to fluoresce. A detector catches the fluorescence and renders the 2,000-year-old thoughts of the mathematical genius readable. Like an old dot-matrix printer, the detector builds an image dot by dot, mapping out each speck of iron-containing ink. Where the two texts overlap (they are written perpendicular to each other) the iron signal is stronger , which may allow researchers to separate the two texts.
"The Archimedes ink is only one to two microns thick—there's hardly anything there," said Abigail Quandt, head of book and paper conservation at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, which is leading a broad public and private effort involving experts from diverse fields to study and conserve the manuscript.
"This is for broad public interest, to reveal the mind of the greatest mathematician of antiquity," said Will Noel, curator of manuscripts and rare books at the Walters Art Museum. "There's nothing more important and more romantic in the history of ancient science and currently in the history of medieval manuscripts. We're discovering new readings of Archimedes."
Much of the manuscript has been read by visible or ultraviolet light during six years of painstaking analysis and restoration. For the rest, the main tools are X-ray fluorescence, optical character recognition (teaching a computer to recognize fragments of ancient Greek symbols) and multi-spectral imaging (using light of different wavelengths). Ametek-Edax of New Jersey makes an X-ray fluorescence system—which first revealed hints of text under the forged paintings—that could be installed at the museum to analyze pages that are too fragile to travel.
Another page studied at SSRL contains an introduction to the only copy of Archimedes' Method of Mechanical Theorems, where the genius showed how he arrived at his theorems. As ancient Greek cursive—mingled with the religious text—appeared on a screen, Stanford Classics and Philosophy Professor Reviel Netz began decoding the Archimedes text. He uses the four layers of text from the synchrotron images, which simultaneously register the scientific and religious texts from both sides of the parchment page, and multi-spectral images to build a picture of the 10th century pen strokes and rule out the curves and lines made two centuries later.
"I don't think X-rays will make invisible material simply visible," Netz said. "It will add a layer of information combined with others that will enable me to read the text."
An anonymous private collector who bought the palimpsest for $2 million at auction in 1998 has loaned the manuscript to the Walters Art Museum and is funding the studies. Researchers also come from RB Toth Associates, Rochester Institute of Technology, Johns Hopkins University, ConocoPhillips and Rutgers University.
The team plans to decipher the entire text, catalog and transcribe it digitally, and create an interactive DVD. They will then exhibit a few pages in 2008 before returning the irreplaceable parchment to its owner.
by Heather Rock Woods
Last update:
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Secretin stimulation test
The secretin stimulation test measures the ability of the pancreas to respond to a hormone called secretin. The small intestine produces secretin when partially digested food from the stomach moves into the area.
Alternative Names
Pancreatic function test
How the Test is Performed
The health care provider inserts a tube through your nose and into your stomach. The tube is then moved into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). You are given secretin through a vein (intravenously). The fluids released from the pancreas into the duodenum are removed through the tube over the next 1 to 2 hours.
Sometimes, the fluid can be collected during an endoscopy.
How to Prepare for the Test
How the Test will Feel
You may have a gagging feeling as the tube is inserted.
Why the Test is Performed
Secretin causes the pancreas to release a fluid that contains digestive enzymes. These enzymes break down food and help the body absorb nutrients.
Normal Results
What Abnormal Results Mean
Abnormal values may mean that the pancreas is not working properly.
Secretin stimulation test
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"url": "https://www.mclaren.org/porthuron/health-information/4218.aspx?iid=1_003892"
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The Baffling Mystery of the Oak Island Money Pit
Ancient History | December 13, 2016
For the last 200 hundred years, Oak Island, on the south shore of Nova Scotia, Canada, has been a quite popular among treasure hunters.
Investigators are particularly interested in an area of the island called the Money Pit, which has repeatedly been excavated since the middle of the 19th century. It is believed that a huge treasure pile is hidden on this location.
Since the earliest settlement in 1761, and all through the 19th century, there have been a lot of stories about the treasure of Oak Island. Many of the accounts are confusing and unreliable, but here's the history of Oak Island and the infamous Money Pit:
The first official info about Oak Island appeared in a newspaper in 1857, which reported that a group of people is seeking for the treasure of Captain Kidd. A few years later, J.B. McCully, a treasure hunter from Truro, Nova Scotia, wrote that the first inhabitants of the Island heard the story about Captain Kidd’s treasure from an old sailor. The sailor had confessed before he died that he was part of Kidd’s crew and that around 2 million pounds of treasure were buried on an Island somewhere.
According to McCully, a certain Mr. McGinnis, one of the first settlers on Oak Island, was searching for a suitable location for his farm when he stumbled upon a depression in the ground which reminded him of the story of Captain Kidd’s treasure. McGinnis, with the help of two other settlers, started digging at the location and found a layer of paved stones just two feet below.
Deeper in the ground, they found layers of logs at almost every 10 feet (3.om). All of the material looked like its artificially placed there. Allegedly they stopped digging after 30 feet (9.1 m) because the locals refused to go further in fear of a curse. According to this version of events, McGinnis made the first excavations on the Money Pit location in 1799.
Some other articles from the 1850s claimed that eight years after McGinnis, another group called the Onslow Company came to the island looking for treasure and dig in the same place. They managed to dig down to 90 feet (27 m). Layers of logs continued to appear on every 10 feet. They also noticed layers of charcoal, putty, and coconut fiber. The Onslow Company’s biggest discovery was a large stone with carved symbols. There were several interpretation of the symbols. In 1951, Explorer and historian Edward Rowe Snow translated them to mean: “Forty feet below, two million pounds lie buried.”
The Onslow Company stopped their excavations after the pit was flooded up to the 33-foot (10 m) level, but this didn’t stop other people from trying to dig all the way down.
Another group of treasure hunters, “the Truro Company,” came to the island in 1849. They managed to drain the pit but soon it was filled with water again. They decided to take a different approach. A drilling rig was placed to drill below the flooded shaft. On the 98 feet (30 m) mark, they discovered a spruce platform and then what was described as “metal in pieces,” some oak, then metal again, ok, and another spruce layer followed by clay 7 feet (2.1 m) down.
In 1861, a company called the Oak Island Association came to try their luck. While digging, the bottom of the shaft collapsed. The cavity that formed was either naturally formed or, as some people believe, a booby trap created intentionally to protect the hidden treasure. A person died during this excavation when the boiler of a pumping engine burst. Soon the Oak Island Association gave up trying.
More attempts were made in 1866, 1893, 1909, 1931, 1935, 1936, and 1959. The excavation didn’t reveal anything new except one thing; after pouring red paint into the pit, they discovered three different exit channels (or flood channels) around Oak Island.
It is interesting to mention that Franklin Roosevelt was part of the Old Gold Salvage group that excavated in 1909. He even visited the island, and made sure to stay constantly up to date with Money pit investigations.
Probably the most tragic attempt was the one in 1965, when Robert Restall and his 18-year-old son came on the island in search of the treasure. One day they tried to seal one of the alleged flood tunnels (in Smith’s Cove). Unfortunately, on August 17, 1965, Restall was intoxicated by carbon monoxide fumes from a gasoline engine.
His son went down in the shaft to save him and lost consciousness too. Three more people were there at the moment, and all went down to save the Restalls: Kal Graesser, Restall’s partner, and workers Cyril Hiltz and Andy DeMont then went down as well. Edward White, a visitor to the site at that time, managed to save only Andy DeMont. Four people lost their lives.
This event didn’t stop people trying. In 1971 the Triton Alliance group managed to lower cameras in a 235-foot shaft they made. The claimed that chests, human remains, and tools could be seen on the blurry photos, however, this was never confirmed. This shaft also collapsed, and excavations stopped again.
As of 2006, a group called Oak Island Tours own 78% of the island. Private parties own the remaining 22% of the isle. The team assured people that they would continue digging on the island, hoping to solve the mystery once and for all.
In the meantime, theories about what lay beneath the ground on Oak Island keep popping up. Here are some of the wildest ideas people have about what hides in the Money Pit: Spanish naval Treasure, Marie Antoinette’s jewels, Shakespearean manuscripts, Knights Templar treasure, the Ark of the Covenant, Freemasonry artifacts, and many other.
On the other hand, skeptics and scientist have an entirely different opinion about the pit. According to some of them, the Money Pit is a naturally occurring sinkhole. The mainland near Oak Island has many sinkholes and underground caves. Sinkholes are known to accumulate all kinds of debris.
H/T TheVintageNews
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Bed of Nails
Meta Description
Discover the science behind a famous magic trick: lying on a bed of nails! Is it a trick after all?
Learning Objectives
Understanding the concept of pressure, particularly the relationship between pressure, area and force.
Key Terms
Bed of nails
A piece of wood with nails driven through it such that the sharp end of the nail protrudes upwards.
Pressure (P) is defined as the force per unit area, mathematically calculated by the equation:
P=F/A [eq. 1]
where F is the force applied and A is the area.
Step 1
Take one of the wooden boards and drill 98 holes for the nails to be pushed through later on.
Step 2
Drill two larger holes on opposite sides of the wooden board, close to the edges, and glue the wooden dowels in the holes.
Step 3
On the other wooden board drill two holes matching the positions of the dowels attached to the first board such that the board can slide along the dowels.
Step 4
Insert the nails through the 98 holes in the board at the bottom and make sure they are all level.
Step 5
Place a balloon between the bed of nails and the upper wooden board and apply some pressure to the top board.
Step 6
Demonstrate that a large force needs to be applied in order to pop the balloon.
1. The nails are very sharp and must be handled with great care.
2. When pressing down on the board, increase the force applied on the upper board slowly. Be careful that the boards do not slip to avoid your hands getting cut on the nails.
3. Leave the nails uncovered only when they are in immediate use.
Once the bed of nails set-up has been prepared, blow up a clear balloon and show that the nails are sharp by popping the balloon with the leftover nail. Next, blow up another balloon and place it on the bed of nails. Slide the top board down the dowels and start pressing on the balloon. Show that the balloon does not pop easily, but keep pressing until it pops to show the audience there are no tricks involved, and that with enough force the balloon will still pop. Highlight that more effort was needed to pop the balloon when using the bed of nails than when a single nail was used.
Pressure depends on force and area. By increasing the number of nails, what is changing?
The area.
Pressure depends on force and area. By pressing harder on the balloon, what is changing?
The force.
Does increasing the force on the balloon increase or decrease the pressure?
Are the nails sharp enough to burst the balloon?
Yes, this can be demonstrated by easily popping a balloon using one nail.
Why is it hard to pop the balloon on the bed of nails?
The force applied is distributed over a larger surface area, thus reducing the pressure on the balloon.
Will the balloon eventually pop on the bed of nails?
Of course, but significant pressure is required. Pressure is increased by increasing the applied force.
The balloon can be easily popped using a single nail. This is because all the force applied to the balloon is effected on a very small area, thus resulting in a very large pressure being exerted on the balloon. By using more nails, the pressure points are spread over a larger surface of the balloon and thus the force exerted on the balloon is spread out over a larger area. This drastically reduces the pressure produced by each individual nail and makes the balloon much harder to pop.
The pressure exerted can be described by the equation:
P=FA [eq. 1]
where P is the pressure, F is the force applied and A is the area.
Equation [1] implies that for a constant area, pressure is directly proportional to the force applied meaning that the harder the balloon is pushed down, the higher the pressure exerted on the balloon from the nails.
Equation [1] also suggests that if the force applied is constant, the pressure is inversely proportional to the area. This is precisely what is happening in this demonstration. Since it is the pressure which makes the balloon pop, by increasing the number of nails, the force is distributed over a larger area which reduces the pressure exerted on the balloon. This reduced pressure is not large enough to pop the balloon, and the pressure is increased by increasing the force exerted on the balloon. Eventually, the pressure is large enough to pop the balloon.
The relationship between pressure, force and area is used in many different applications. For example, needles used to inject drugs into the human body have a very small area so that they can puncture the skin with ease. Conversely, a snowshoe is designed to increase the surface area in contact with the ground. This reduces the pressure and makes it easier to walk on soft snow.
The concept of pressure is fundamental in architecture and civil engineering. The foundations of a building experience intense pressure for prolonged periods of time, but must remain safe and structurally sound in order to support a building throughout its lifetime. There is ongoing research to optimise and improve building foundations and thus avoid faults developing over the years.
Altering the number of nails used varies the effective area over which the force is exerted on the balloon. An investigation could be carried out by applying a constant weight on the balloon and finding out the minimum number of nails required to make the balloon pop. This can be done by placing a fixed weight on the wooden board, say two heavy books or a known weight, and removing nails one at a time from the bed. In each test a nail would be systematically removed from the board, and the weight then placed on the board.
In this investigation more than one balloon is needed and so it is important to use the same type of balloons. The balloons should also be inflated with the same amount of air.
Besides varying the number of nails, the experiment could be performed using nails of different sizes.
Download as PDF
Time Required
• ~45 minutes
• Preparation: 30 minutes
• Conducting: 5 minutes
• Clean Up: 10 minutes
Recommended Age
Number of People
Clear balloons
Drill bits: one which has a similar size to the nails used and one which has a similar size to the diameter of the wooden dowels.
99 nails
2 wooden boards
2 wooden dowels
Bed of Nails: Table Top Variation
Pressure: Bed of Nails
Additional Content
Bed of Nails – Table-Top Variation (Beginners)
Pressure (Beginners)
Pressure (Intermediate)
Pressure Calculations (Intermediate)
The use of ultrasonic measurements under modest pressure to estimate compression at high pressure (Advanced)
The succulent science of pressure cooking (Advanced)
Cite this Experiment
Vella, R., & Padfield, N. (2018, May 04). Bed of Nails. Retrieved from
First published: May 4, 2018
Last modified: May 4, 2018
Was this experiment helpful?
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Galileo and the Elephant
The Blind Men and the Elephant
Galileo's clash with the church over Copernicism is a drama that is often replayed in the media and history books. The actions taken in the chambers of the Vatican and in the Jesuit Collegio Romano have become a vivid symbol of the clash between church and science. What is little known is that there was another scientific drama unfolding at the same time and in the same chambers. This drama, the search for and discovery of a remedy for malaria, would have more far reaching effects on the common citizen. The remedy, Jesuit's bark, would also work its influence on commerce, warfare and geopolitics around the world over the coming centuries.
Two of the key players in the Galileo Affair were Pope Urban VIII and the Jesuit scientists from the Collegio Romano. Pope Urban VIII had been a friend of Galileo's through much of his career but also played a major role in his trial and sentencing. The Jesuits are often positioned as foils for Galileo. Pope Urban VIII and the Jesuits had many other issues on their minds. The Jesuits in the Galileo Affair were involved in many of the important early developments in telescope technology ( see Telescope timeline ). But the telescope, like speculations on the motion of far off planets, did not affect the day to day lives of the European citizen. One issue that did affect the lives of citizens in different areas of Europe was mal'aria (Italian for bad air). It was the scourge of Rome and had become a serious problem in other parts of Europe and the American colonies. The same players from the Galileo Affair, Pope Urban VIII and the Jesuits, were major players in the search for and eventual discovery of a remedy for malaria, known then as Jesuit's Bark.
Pope Urban was the man who made the search for a cure for mal'aria a priority. He had personal reasons for wanting a cure for mal'aria. In 1623, just as he was being selected as Pope, he was stricken by malaria. For months he was too weak to manage the full duties expected of a pope. He was one of the lucky ones. Eight cardinals from the conclave that selected him as Pope had died from the dreaded disease. It is hardly surprising that Pope Urban would seek a cure and instruct the Jesuit missionaries to learn all they could about the medicines in the new territories. The search bore fruit very quickly, in part because the careful observations of the Jesuit naturalists in the Americas, and partly from pure luck. Augustino Salumbrino, a Jesuit apothecary in Lima, had noticed the Quecha natives in the foothills of the Andes using the bark of the cinchona tree to fight off chills. The center of the period map below is the area where Augusto observed the Quechas. Thinking that the bark might be used to fight off the chills that accompany malaria, he arranged for samples to be sent to Rome. The doctors in Rome discovered that the bark did more than fight off chills, it was actually a remedy for the disease. The active ingredient of cinchona was quinine, which is still used to fight off the disease.
Antique Map of Peru circa 1635
The use of Jesuit's bark would spread through Europe and around the world. Only a few decades after its introduction to Europe, Ramazzini was publicly comparing its importance to medicine with the importance of gunpowder to warfare. Jesuit's bark and its derivatives (quinine sulphate) would help shape the modern world, including enabling the European colonization of Africa and the completion of the Panama canal [_1_] .
In the Galileo Affair, Pope Urban and the Jesuits are often caricatured as blind defenders of the status quo. But the proven effectiveness of Jesuit's Bark was a serious challenge to the status quo. At the time, Galen was to medicine what Aristotle was to physics. Galen believed that all fevers could be treated the same way, that they were the result of an imbalance of humours, and that correcting this imbalance took several months. Jesuit's Bark only acted on specific fevers. The Bark also acted much more quickly than Galenic remedies.
The story behind the discovery of Jesuit's bark should warn us against drawing too many conclusions from single events or discoveries. A popular parable in several eastern traditions is the story of the blind men and the elephant. Six blind men are asked to determine what an elephant looked like. Depending on what part the blind men felt an elephant was like a wall (from the belly), a fan (from the ear), a branch (from the trunk), a spear (from the tusk), a pillar (from the leg) or a rope (from the tail). The parable highlights the danger of losing perspective from focusing too narrowly on parts and ignoring the whole. The image below is from a Japanese print on the parable.
Blind Men and Elephant
This parable applies to many discussions on church and science but especially to those that focus on Galileo. The laser-like focus on one period of Galileo's life ignores many other scientists and events over the two thousand year history of the church. This includes actual support by the church of Galileo's research during other periods of his life. With these treatments, the problem goes beyond missing the big picture, as warned by the parable. They even miss the small picture. The Galileo Affair is a drama that is supposed to symbolize the clash between church and science. But the same players in the Galileo Affair who are presented as symbols of the church's resistance to science were involved in other scientific dramas; dramas that would have much greater consequences for the average citizen of Europe and the world.
The blind men in the parable had little hope of getting a true picture of the elephant. It is no more reasonable to think that one set of events in Galileo's life would give us a true picture of the complex relationships between church and science.
Copyright Joseph Sant (2018).
Cite this page.
1. Fiammetta Rocco, Harper Collins, The Miraculous Fever-Tree, , 25-83
This book by Fiammetta Rocco, relates her personal family history with malaria, then traces the history of the discovery and application of the cure for malaria, quinine. The original cure was a quinine-rich bark which became known as Jesuit's Bark. The book also relates some important battles which were largely decided by the disease and not by generals.
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sharing our knowledge.
Photographic gallery. Thousands of particles under the microscope.
Pyrolyzed Phytoliths Under the Microscope
Pyrolyzed Phytolith
This is from an environmental tapelift in a home impacted by smoke from a forest fire. These pyrolized phytoliths are still within the ashed cell walls of the plant that created them.
Transmitted Circular Polarized Light
Significance in the Environment:
These particles are left behind when plant materials degrade or are burned. The siliceous phytoliths typically become amorphous, transparent particles of distinctive shape. When burned they often become coated with a layer of carbon and appear black or gray. Calcareous phytoliths may remain intact as the plant degrades. When the plant containing calcium oxalate phytoliths is burned the phytoliths go through a series of chemical reactions. First they begin to loose the waters of hydration. That begins at about 120 degrees Celsius. Next, carbon monoxide is released and calcium carbonate begins to form on the surface of the crystal. That begins at a temperature of about 420 degrees Celsius. At this point the crystal generally still maintains its original shape. The crystal shows the effect of the exposure to heat but the shape is still consistent with that characteristic of the original plant. Continued heating ultimately result in the formation of a calcium oxide, begining at about 620 Celsius. Cubical calcium oxide and hydroxide particles are common in the plume from the combustion of wood, often showing surface modification to the carbonate. The surface modification is evident as a birefringent film over part of the particle.
Characteristic Features:
Associated Particles:
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Wire bonding is an umbrella term for several different processes which attach wires from the bond pads of an IC die to the package leadframe.
During reverse engineering activities, it is often necessary to remove unwanted bonds and/or re-bond depackaged devices.
Several different bonding processes are in common use. These are:
Bond wire materials
Wire main page
Wedge bonds are typically gold or aluminum.
Ball bonds were almost always made of gold until fairly recently, but c. 2010 increases in the price of gold caused many companies to begin exploring copper wire bonding due to its lower cost (and electrical resistance). Copper is much more reactive than gold, however, so the process is somewhat more complex since the ball must be formed inside an inert or reducing atmosphere. Typically forming gas (90% N2 / 10% H2) is released from a nozzle near the tip of the capillary and held in place by a cup-shaped shield while the arc is struck.
As a result, copper ball bonders can be used with gold wire (by turning off the supply of shielding gas) but copper wire cannot be used with a bonder originally designed for gold unless a gas shield system is retrofit.
Wedge bond
Ball bond
Above: source: SI report
Leadframe bond
Above: a low power device with direct leadframe bonding
IIRC sometimes used on memory devices
bonding/start.txt · Last modified: 2018/05/01 12:09 by mcmaster
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What is Dichroic?
What is dichroic? The word Dichroic comes from the two Greek roots “di” meaning two and “chroma” meaning color. Therefore it means “two colors” – two primary colors. One color is reflected and one is transmitted. However, each piece of this specialty glass has many secondary colors. As the piece of art glass is turned, the light will begin to bring out a rainbow of colors. Because of its beauty, it is very popular in fused glass projects and in jewelry making.
In order to truly give the meaning of "dichroic" in today's world, we know that it means far more than just "two colors". It includes the unique process of depositing the metallic coating on thin sheets of glass. In order to explain that process, it helps to know some of the history.
History of Dichroic
There are people who date dichroic glass to the years before Christ. That depends on what you think "dichroic" means. We have had beautiful fused and blown glass for many centuries. However the technique that gives us the dichroic glass of today is very complex and has only been used in the past few decades. We have heard two stories about the recent history of “dichroic glass”. Some say that NASA was conducting experiments to find the “perfect” materials for the space helmet reflector, and others say the experiments were for the satellite mirrors. People do agree that it all began with NASA experiments. From what we understand, NASA placed various materials in a vacuum chamber and injected a fine mist of metal oxides inside. This deposited very thin layers of the metal onto the objects. I have simplified the actual steps involved in the process, but the results were incredible.
These experiments have resulted in many applications for the metallic coating. It is used in film producing equipment, sunglasses, infrared lasers, and fiber optics. When the glass companies saw the results of these experiments, they began to use similar techniques to make this new kind of art glass. They make this unique glass by depositing several layers of metal oxides, such as magnesium, titanium, and silicon, onto the glass through a very highly technical process in a vacuum furnace set at a very high temperature.
Multitude of Selections
The glass companies continue to answer this question "What is dichroic?" They constantly continue to experiment and improve on the dichroic glass selections. Because of this, we can choose from a huge variety of colors, dichroic patterns, and textures such as plain, ripple, etc. With each new product, we gain a wealth of creative avenues. We hope that you will decide to fuse glass -- it is a lot of fun. No matter what type of jewelry you have in mind, pendants, angel pin faces, etc, you will be able to incorporate all of these types of glass in the finished work of art.
So, what is dichroic glass with patterns?
Dichroic glass with ripples?
Dichroic glass - plain?
Visit our Angel Pin Store.
Visit our Jewelry Store.
Examples of our art glass projects
Back to Home Page
If you have any questions or comments please contact us.
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Now 50,000+ K-12 Lesson Plans & Worksheets
2,000+ Science Worksheets & Helpers
The Incredible, Edible Cell!
Problem: What are organelles? What organelles are found in a cell (plant/animal)? What are the functions of those organelles?
Hypothesis: _____________________________________________________________
Materials: * 2 blue or green pieces of fruit roll up .. Golgi Bodies * 2 red or yellow pieces of fruit roll up .. Endoplasmic Reticulum * 1 teaspoon of round cake sprinkles .. Ribosomes * 4 hot tamales .. Mitochondria * 4 chocolate covered raisins .. Vacuoles * 1Jello/Knox mixture in plastic cup * 1 paper plate * 1 small Dixie cup full of cell parts (organelle) materials * 1 plastic knife * 1 plastic spoon
1. Getting the Jello Ready (Bill Cosby Impressions are encouraged!) Follow the package directions to mix up batches of Jello gelatin mix. Pick a light colored flavor. Every 6 oz package will make up 4 or 5 cells. Add some unflavored Knox gelatin to the Jello to make it set up a little stiffer (just regular Jello fell apart during our first test). Pour the Jello/Knox mixture into individual 9 oz Solo brand plastic cups until they are about two-thirds full. Put them into a refrigerator to set. This is the end of today's work. Make sure to label your cups! You are going make 2 cells (one animal cell and one plant cell.)
2. Day Two time to eat! Remove the Jello from the plastic cup onto the paper plate. We had some problem with this. The students may need to run the knife around the very outside edge of the Jello to loosen it. There are some suggestions that you might spray the cup with Pam or some other non-stick material. We did not get a chance to try this yet. Running warm water over the cup may also loosen the Jello.
3. Cut the Jello/Knox in half and remove the top half. Turn over the top and set it on the plate beside the bottom half
4. Use the spoon to dig out a hole in the bottom half of the Jello/Knox cytoplasm . Just pushing the food pieces into the Jello causes it to crack and come apart, making for a very messy cell. Place the gumball in this hole to represent the nucleus of the cell.
5. Using the spoon to make spaces and your diagram as a guide, place the other cell parts into the cell. Parts can be put into both the top and bottom half of the Jello/Knox cell
6. Take the top part of the cell and carefully place it on the top. If the cell feels soft, you can put the parts back into the plastic cup, then turn it over onto the paper plate. Then carefully remove the plastic cup.
7. After reviewing the parts one final time, those students who wish to can feast on their cell. Please use clean spoons in case the spoon you were working with fell on the floor or the table.
Powered by: The Online Teacher Resource (www.teach-nology.com)
© Teachnology, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Reference > Brewer’s Dictionary > Kin, Kind.
Kin, Kind.
King. But now, my cousin Hamlet, and my son—
Ham. A little more than kin, and less than kind.”
Shakespeare: Hamlet, i. 2.
Kin or kinsman is a relative by marriage or blood more distant than father and son. 1
Kind means of the same sort of genus, as man-kind or man-genus. 2
Hamlet says he is more than kin to Claudius (as he was step-son), but still he is not of the same kind, the same class. He is not a bird of the same feather as the king. 3
Click here to shop the Bartleby Bookstore.
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African Americans in the White House Neighborhood
Students examine the history and evolution of Lafayette Square through perspectives of the African American community, free and enslaved, and the interactions of the communities—white and black—in the President's Neighborhood. During the program, students have an opportunity to explore the Decatur House slave quarters, the only lasting physical evidence that African Americans were held in bondage in sight of the White House. Additionally, students design and create an exhibit using primary source documents that trace the story of real residents of the neighborhood in different historical eras.
Reserve Now
Standards & Correlations
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Enlarge Zoom in
Gift of Leon Levy
Etruscan, Caere, 510 - 500 B.C.
Terracotta and slip
H: 13 19/32 in.; W: 11 in.; D: 10 9/32 in.
Add to Getty Bookmarks
Originally surrounded by a large scalloped shell, a woman's head decorates this broken antefix or architectural decoration. The woman wears a diadem, earrings, a necklace, and a patterned dress. An artisan added bright paint to the molded terracotta head to emphasize the antefix's effect and visibility.
Although this antefix is unusual because it is a bust of a figure, not just a head, the Getty Museum owns another antefix made from the same mold. Antefixes very similar to this example were found at Caere.
The roof tiles running along the eaves of ancient Greek and Etruscan buildings often ended in upright members called antefixes. These mold-made terracottas often took the form of heads, either of humans or mythological creatures. As well as being decorative, architectural terracottas served to cover and protect exposed wooden parts of the architecture from the elements.
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Go to: Indigenous Peoples' Literature Index
Indigenous Peoples' Literature
Buffalo, the Life and Spirit of the American Indian
The buffalo meant a lot of different things to most of America's Native People's. They were food and clothing, tools and utinsels, and most of all a Spirit Being blessing the peoples with everything they needed to survive. Here on this page I will try to give you understanding on just how important the buffalo were to our Native Americans, first with my dilog and then with links to other pages on buffalo inculding place's to buy meat, robes, and other things of the buffalo.
If God was the creator and overseer of life, if the morning star, the moon, and Mother Earth combined their talents to give birth and hope to the Indians, if the sun was dispatcher of wisdom and warmth, then the buffalo was the tangible and immediate proof of them all, for out of the buffalo came almost everything necessary to daily life, including his religious use as an intermediary through which the Great Spirit could be addressed, and by which the Spirit often spoke to them. In short, the buffalo was life to the Plains Indians until the white man's goods and ways first eliminated and then replaced the animal.
Understandably, then a major part of Indian life was oriented in and around the buffalo herds. They moved with them during all but the winter months. The buffalo's habits and kinds were studied intensely, and in time the Indians put virtually every part of the beast to some utiliarian use. In fact, it is almost astounding to see a graphic breakdown of the uses made of him, of his hide, of his organs, of his muscles, of his bones, and of his horns and hoofs. It is slight wonder that the Indians reverenced the buffalo, related him directly to the Great Creator, and be a natural symbol for the universe, and no doubt the other tribes accorded him a like honor.
There are several matters of magnitude to be considered about the Indians and the buffalo:
First, there is the matter of the buffalo's place in the sphere of Indian religion. Unfortunately, since this function is connected to so many aspects of the Indians life-way, mention of it must be made in many places, and to cover the entire subject here might cause a vital connection to be missed in another chapter. Therefore, the remarks made at this point will include only what is necessary to round out the total picture.
Second, a visual display of the infinite uses made of the buffalo is essential, for it shows the true importance of the buffalo, and also helps to draw a sharper impression of the creative talents of the Plains Indians.
Third, as one ponders the uses made of the bison, he inevitably wants to know how the Indians themselves were able to make so much of it. The answer is found in ferreting out what the Indians learned over the years about the intriguing types and habits of the buffalo. Ultimately it becomes clear that the buffalo's sex, age, seasons, and varieties offered advantages to the Indian which were so profuse as to be amazing, to say the least.
Fourth, the buffalo hunting and procurement methods used by the Indians need to be set forth.
And finally, a summary of hide preparation methods will complete the vital picture of Indians and buffalo living in what can only be called an "interdependent" state. After all, the Indians trimmed the excess from the herds season by season, and thus made it easier for their vast remaining numbers to exist. The Indians also provided fresh and succulent grass for the herds by burning off areas of prairie at regular intervals to promote new growth. New grass was always an inducement to the herds, and it was common for some of the tribes in the north to burn off certain sections of the plains each spring.
If a child's name included the word "buffalo" in it, the Indians believed that the child would be especially strong and would mature quickly. And though a name in itself is not the guarantee of automatic transformation, a "buffalo" child usually fulfilled the expectations of others by striving to accomplish what his name implied. If a warrior was renamed after a vision or great hunting or war accomplishment, and his new name included the word "buffalo," it meant that the buffalo was his supernatural helper, or that he exhibited the strength of a buffalo, or that he was an extraordinary hunter. In other words, the name desribed the powers of the man.
Societies named after the buffalo had the animal as their patron. The founder's vision would have featured the buffalo in a prominent way, and quite probably, all or most of the society members would also have seen buffalo in their dreams or visions.
Holy men who saw buffalo in the vision during which they were called to the practice of medicine would seek thereafter to commune with the Great Spirit through the buffalo. This might be done by prayers spoken to living buffalo, and thus sent through them to God. or by the ritualistic use of buffalo parts such as the skull. Then too, their medicine bundles would always feature parts of the buffalo and or stones associated in the mind of the holy man with the buffalo.
Buffalo calling was a constant and essential practice on the Plains. Since the Indians belived that the buffalo existed for their particular use, it followed that the migrations of the herds were according to a divinely controlled pattern. Whenever, then, the season came for the great herds to approach their area, the Indians of each band sought to assist the process by "calling" the buffalo. Any delay in their appearance would, of course, intensify the calling procedures and amplify the medicine rites.
Buffalo often licked themselves, and in the process swallowed some of the hair. Over the years the years the hair sometimes formed itself into a perfectly round ball two inches or more in diameter. Such a ball was a great find, and it immediately became a buffalo calling item for ritual use.
The Blackfeet had special mystic rites for calling buffalo herds into their area. The medicine person employing the rites had the good fortune to own one or more of the unusual stones called "buffalo stones." These were small reddish-brown rocks from two to four inches long, and naturally shaped something like a buffalo. At least, to an Indian, they looked more like a buffalo than they did anything else. The stones were very rare, and the few that exsited were only discovered now and then in the stream beds by searchers.
All that is known about the rites themselves is that the owner of a stone would invite a group of renowned hunters to his tipi to participate in the calling ceremony. There was no dancing in the preliminary rite, but the group did dance in thanksgiving at the conclusion of a successful hunt.
All the Plains tribes had special songs which they believed would make the buffalo approach their camp areas. And all the tribes had Dreamers and Holymen who would conduct secret rites and then prophesy where the buffalo were most plentiful. The Mandans. after completing a meal, would present a bowl of food to a mounted buffalo head in belief that it would send out messages to living animals, telling them of the Indians' generosity, and thus inducing them to come closer. They also prayed constantly to the Great Spirit to send them meat, and sometimes pleaded with a mystic "Spiritual Great Bull of the Prairie" to come to them with his cow, and with the herd close behind, naturally!
The Holymen of the Sioux, Assiniboines, and Pawnees used buffalo skulls in rituals designed to entice the herds, and the carcass of the first animal slain in a large hunt was always sacrificed to God. On occasion, Comanche hunters would find a horned toad and ask it where the buffalo were. They believed the toad would scamper off in the direction of the nearest herd. Or the same hunters would watch a raven flying in a circle over their camp and caw to it, thinking it would answer by flying off toward the animals cloaest to them. They also held a nighttime hunting dance before the men left the main camp to look for buffalo. After the hunt there was a buffalo-tongue ritual and feast which they celebrated as a thanksgiving ceremony. Some of the tribes had a unique hoop game which "called" the buffalo as it was played.
In a time of great scarcity, the Mandan White Buffalo Cow Woman Society held a special dance to draw the herds near the village.
George Catlin gives a vivid description of the buffalo calling dance of the Mandan men. The dance lasted three days, with new dancers constantly taking the places of those who became exhusted. About fifteen men danced at a time, each wearing a huge mask made of an entire buffalo's head, the only change being the insertion of wooden eyes and nosepieces with slits in them to admit air to the dancer. Painted bodies and a buffalo tail tied at the back to a belt completed the costume. Each dancer imitated a buffalo, and when exhausted, sank to the ground. In moments another dancer took his place while he was dragged from the circle of dancers by the bystanders, and ceremonially skinned and butchered.
The Hidatsa tribe had a calling dance in which six elderly men played the parts of buffalo bulls. After dancing for a time in imitation of the bulls, they tasted dishes of boiled corn and beans. Following this, empty bowls were given to them, and each man acted as though he was eating the wonderful buffalo meat which would shortly fill the bowls when the buffalo responded to the rite and came into hunting range.
Speaking generally, when considering the energy put into buffalo calling, it should be recognized that there were many reasons to want the buffalo herds to come close to the camps. First, the transportation problems was a monumental one, since the enormous quantities of meat and heavy hides were not easy to carry from the hunting areas to the camp sites. Second, it was much safer to hunt in one's own domain. In particular, the penetration of enemy territory or even of contested areas was extremely hazardous. A Ponca spokesman, in describing the plight of his tribe to George Catlin, tearfully stated that the Ponca warriors, who were few in number, were being cut to pieces by the more numerous Sioux because they had to go into Sioux territory to obtain buffalo. And third, without the ever present buffalo all the Indians could not have survived, at least on the Great Plains.
No one knows how many buffalo there were in North America before the White men came. Most estimates for peak period of Plains Indian occupation range from sixty to seventy-five million head. As late as 1830, White hunters guessed that forty million were left.
Although the larger herds lived on the Plains, smaller ones also ranged from northern Georgia to Hudson Bay and from the Appalachians to the Rockies and beyond.
The buffalo of North America were not all the same color or size. The Plains type, with which everyone is familiar, was not the largest. The wood buffalo, found in small herds in the eastern parts of the United States and Canada, which some called the Pennsyvania buffalo, was slightly larger. Although it grazed on the open prairies in the summer, it generally sought the protection of the woods in the winter. Another type was the less common mountain buffalo of the Rockies and Pacific coast region. It was smaller, but more fleet than the Plains bison. Unfortunately, both the wood and the mountain buffalo became extinct before scientists could learn much about them.
The need for grass and water kept the buffalo on the move most of the time. After a herd had consumed the grass on one part of the range, it was forced to move on to fresh forage. With luck, about every third day the animals would come to water, and did their drinking mostly at night. hunters said that when a herd left a river and started up a canyon, the sound was like distant thunder and often could be heard for miles.
Some eary explorers believed that the herds made long seasonal migrations, moving from south to north in the spring and returning in the fall. Others maintaned that the herd movements were more local. George Catlin, who went west in 1832 to study and paint the indains, decided that the buffalo seemed to enjoy travel, but were not truely migratory. "They graze in immence herds and almost incredible numbers at times," he wrote. "They roam over vast tracts of country, from east to west and from west to east as often as from north to south."
A early writer named J.A.Allen supported Catlin's view. He noted that, while most of the buffalo abandoned the hot Texas plains in the summer for those farther north, "it is improbable that the buffalos of Saskatchewan ever wintered in Texas. Doubtless the same individuals never moved more than a few hundred miles in a north and south direction, the annual migration being merely a moderate swaying northward and southward of the whole mass with the changes of the season."
Apparently, there were at least two, and probably three, herds moving in smaller circles within their own areas, north, south, and central. This took some of them in and out of each tribal area more than once during the year, whereas if the single herd idea applied they would have passed through many tribal domains but once.
Ordinarily the herd moved at a leisurely pace, with each animal nibbling at tufts of grass as it went along. Yet the buffalo was easily frightened, and sudden movement, sound, or unusual oder could cause a terrifying and crushing stampede. A wind-blown leaf, the bark of a praire dog, or the passing shadow of a cloud could put the entire herd into a headlong flight. Even a small grass fire could send them running for many miles. The smell or sight of man would do the same, and for this reason the Indians evolved some careful and strict regulations to govern the great annual hunts.
The size, apperance, and grazing habits of the buffalo help us to understand why early explorers referred to it as a cow. To them, its ony difference from cattle lay in its having a hump on its back, a larger head and front legs, and a mat of purple shaggy hair over its foreparts.
The color of the buffalo's coat varied with its age, and from one geographical area to another. Some southern buffalo were tawny, and others were almost black. Farther north, one might find an occasional blue or mouse colored buffalo, or even a pied or spotted one. Rarest of all was the albino, of which few existed, and even they varied from dirty gray to pale cream.
The Indian warriors set a high value on a white buffalo robe and were reluctant to part with one. A certain Cheyenne war chief wore a white robe when he led his warriors into battle, and believed that it would shield him from all harm. Some of the holy men used white robes in their medical curing rituals.
To a unschooled person, all buffalo in a herd looked alike. But there were many kinds and sizes, and their hide qualities varied considerably with the seasons. In fact, one had to know a great deal about them to utilize their fullest capabilities.
Mating time was in July. Throughout the winter the bachelor breeding bulls, grouped in small and large herds, roamed peacefully by themselvess. But about mid-july, when the running season began, they joined the cows. During this period the bull buffalo became exceedingly vicious toward one another, and toward any Indians foolish enough to approach them. Any cow in breeding condition would be closely followed by a pugnacious bull, and "tending" pairs would be a common sight on the outskirts of every band until late August.
Whenever bulls contend with each other for the right to a cow, the rest of the herd circled restlessly around the two antagonists. Other bulls would be pawing dirt and bellowing deep down in their throats, while the cows looked on as avid spectators. Battles were often to the death, and the larger and stronger animals were usally the victors. Bulls fought forehead to forehead, roaring, heaving, and seeking to push each other backward. Much of the fighting was ritual, but the moment one gave up the jousting and turned away he was promptly gored. A swift move and quick turn of the head, left a long, deep gash in his side. The intestines immediately came out, and the loser died. The victor paid no attention to the victim after the fatal hook was made, and the cow in question was calmly escorted away. Such battles were so intence while they were going, though, that bulls would ignore human beings. Even though the main herd fled at the approach of a mounted Indian, the titanic gladiators fought on. So Indian onlookers freequently saw these herculean contest at close range, and were able to tell about them later on.
Strangely enough, old bulls mated with young cows, and young bulls with the matured cows. In the early part of the mating season, perhaps to advoid fighting, a bull with one or more cows would stay in deep coulees which were some distance from the large part of the herd.
From late summer to early fall, the buffalo grouped together in small and large herds. Bull fights at this time were rare. With grass at its plentiful best, the buffalo became fat and robust. Long lines made their leisurely way to water and back again to the feeding grounds. Usually they traveled single file, and the primary buffalo trails became three or more feet deep in places.
In late summer the animals were at ease. As the heat of the day increased they would lie down a great deal. The hunting days of the Indians tribe had not yet come, and the warriors only disturbed them on rare occasions for a supply of fresh meat.
When a herd crossed a large river, such as the Missouri, they swam in small groups, one group after the other. Because of the vast size of the herds, the leaders were already across and on their way to new feeding grounds before the last of the groups had moved up to the river. Often several hours had passed before the last group was across. When buffalo were swimming they occasionally blew water through their nostrils. This made a peculiar noise which could be heard underwater for amazing distances. The bellowing of the bulls was itself a sound which could be heard for as much as ten miles!
By October of a good year, all the buffalo were fat and the bulls were still moving with the herds, and it was the best time for tribal hunting. The first days of the hunt were devoted to obtaining all the meat needed for the winter. The chase for robes came later.
In August the bulls left the herds. They gathered in small groups and remained away from the cows until breeding time. During this period the hides from four year old cows were taken. The hair was not prime, but the hides were just right for new lodges.
Buffalo calves, weighing from twenty five to forty pounds at birth, started to drop about April, and continued to appear till May. As far as is known there were no twins, but a Assiniboine named Crazy Bull claimed he saw a two headed unborn calf while butchering a cow which he killed in March. In a chase, calves never ran close to their mothers. All of them fell to the rear, so even if there were twins, they were not discernible as such by the Indians.
The hair of the calves was of a yellowish or reddish color, and remained so until they were from three months to a year old, when they shed this wool and assumed the darker color of the adult buffalo. Calves were called Little Yellow Buffalo. Robes for children were made from these beautiful skins, and they were always tanned with the hair intact.
After an early fall hunt, a large number of motherless and deserted calves were left on the hunting ground. Cows always abandoned their calves as soon as hunters gave chase, and usually they were in the lead of a stampeding herd. The bulls ran just behind the cows and the yearlings and calves brought up the rear. Some hunters claimed that the cows could run faster than any of the other buffalo in the herd, and for this reason were always in the lead. Others said the bulls ran just behind the cows to protect them, and so were behind by choice.They always were right at the heels of the cows.
If a chase took place near a camp and calves were left, boys mounted on yearling ponies and using their small bows and arrows staged exciting miniature chases, to the delight of the warriors who looked on. Very young calves left motherless or deserted after a chase were even known to follow the hunters back to camp.
By fall a healthy buffalo youngster would have increased in size to four hundred pounds, and its coat was long, shaggy, and thickened with heavy wool against the rigors of the cold season soon to come.
The coat of a year old calf turned from its yellowish color to a dark shade. By now he was so fuffy that he looked big for his age. The Assinboines called them "Little Black-haired Ones", or "Fluffed-haired Ones."
Two year old buffalo were called "Two Teeth," having two full teeth at that age. Just before they reached the second year, Their horns emerged beyond their thick hair and commenced to curve. At that age the tips of the horns were blunt, so they were also called "Blunt Horns."
As they passed the second year, their horns continued to curve, and three year olds were known as "Curved Horns," because of the short, small, curved horns.
"Small-built Buffalo" was the usual name applied to the four year olds, but they were also called "Four Teeth." Robes taken from these in January and February were considered the best of all hides. They were not too thick, and the hair was fluffed out, silky, and thick.
Boys were taught that when the robe hunters rode into a herd, they were to look in particular for the "Small-built Ones," both males and females, with trim and neat bodies, whose coats of hair were like fine fur.
At the age of six, cows were known as "Big Females," which meant they were mature animals. The bulls of this vintage were called "Horns Not Cracked" because of their fine polished horns, which resulted from hours spent in polishing them by rubbing against low cut banks or trees. Sometimes the bulls pawed down the upper sides of washouts and used the newly exposed and harder surface as a polishing material.
Bull hides were skinned only to the shoulders and cut off, leaving behind the parts that covered the humps. To skin a mature bull, the Assiniboine boy learned how to lay the animal in a prone position and then make an incision along the back, starting a little above and between the tips of the shoulder blades and ending at the tail. When this method of skinning was completed, the hide was in two pieces.
In the more usual way of removing the buffalo hide, and a task ordinarily carried out by the women, the cow buffalo was placed on its side. Shoshone women sliced them along the back from the head to tail. Then they ripped them down the belly and took off the top half of the hide, cutting away all the meat on that side from the bones. After this they would tie ropes to the feet of the carcass and turned it over with their ponies, proceeding then to strip off the skin and flesh from the other side in the same way.
The heavier bull, being more difficult to move, was sometimes heaved onto his belly, with his legs spread. The women would slash him across the brisket and the neck and then fold the hide back so they could cut out the forequarters at the joints. To complete the removal they would split the hide down the middle.
Fat from matured animals, when rendered, was soft and yellowish in color. The tallow from young buffalo was always hard and white.
When buffalo became old, some living beyond the age of thirty years, they shrank in size. The horns, especially those of the bulls, were cracked, craggy, and homely. Old bulls congregated in lonely groups. They remained away from the main herds and usually died of natural causes because no one cared for their meat or hides.
There were some unusual buffalo, and the strange kinds which were noticed during the hunt were the source of animated discussions at gatherings afterward.
As stated previously, the color of the hair on all calves was yellowish, and by the end of the first year had turned almost black. However, a few retained their original color through their lifetime. They were called "yellow ones," and most of them were females. They were natural size buffalo with an odd color. Robes made from the yellow ones were rare, and a hunter was proud to be able to present one to a prominent person.
White or albino buffalo were rare, and the number taken by different bands was so few it became a matter of historical record to be handed down from generation to generation. Only three were known by the Assinibonie tribe. The hide of one was brought back by a war party, but the heirs did not know whether the party killed the animal or took it from an enemy tribe in a raid. Another was owned by a northern band, who, whenever a momentous occasion arose, used a piece of it to fashion a sacred buffalo horn headdress for a new headman. The third, a heifer, was only seen by several hunters who were returning to camp after a chase. Their horses were tired and no attempt was made to chase it. However, one of their number, whose name was Growing Thunder, followed the herd for some time but finally returned to the group and told how the herd seemed to guard the white one. He tried to get within shooting range of the animal but was unsuccessful. It remained at all times in the middle of the large herd.
Another kind, known as "spotted ones," had white spots on the underside and on the flanks. Some had small white spots on one or both hind legs, usually near the hoofs. Only females were marked in this way.
The "small-heads" were also females. They were of ordinary size, but had small heads and very short horns.
"Curved-horns" were both male and female. The bulls of this variety had short horns with accentuated curves, while the cow horns were thin, long and curved. The tips, which curved out of sight into the hair, made curved-horn cows look as if they wore earrings.
A certain old buffalo group was called "narrow-cows," because of the narrow-built bodies. From the side they looked like the rest of the females, but in a chase one was easily detected. In spite of their shape they were usually healthy and the meat was good.
Some females had forelocks, and sometimes hair around the horns, which were short and looked shorn. Since they resembled Indian women who had their hair short in mourning, they were known as "mourning-cows." These cows were more vicious than other kinds for some reason, and would charge mounted hunters if they came too close. Their meat was good, but it was seldom eaten because of a belief that if anyone who knew the facts ate the meat from a mourning-cow, there would be a death in the family.
This text comes from "The Mystic Warriors of the Plains"
by Thomas E. Mails ISBN 0-7924-5663-7
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Background Image
Case Study
In this Section
Case Study: How many GHGs are emitted to travel to Hawaii?
Imagine a family vacation in Hawaii as we leave the cold northern New York winter for some sun, palm trees, black sand beaches and tours of active volcanoes. But for a family of four, that is a lot of air miles that result in the combustion of jet fuel and the release of GHGs into the atmosphere. How “bad” would such a trip be for a family that otherwise is quite efficient in our energy and material use?
Carbon Footprint
A greenhouse gas calculator for an adult in a conservative household in Potsdam, NY, with no air travel, shows an annual greenhouse gas footprint of 6.4 metric tons CO2 equivalents per year, which is substantially less than the ~20 metric tons for the average U.S. resident.
The itinerary for a dream trip to Hawaii requires the following travel:
1. Drive from Potsdam, NY to Montreal, Canada
2. Fly to Honolulu, HI (assume that even with one stop, each leg of the trip is >700 miles)
3. Drive around the island of Oahu
4. Fly to Hilo, HI
5. Drive around the island of Hawaii
6. Fly to Oahu
7. Fly to Montreal, Canada
8. Drive to Potsdam, NY
Hawaii Satellite Image
The distances traveled were determined with internet resources and are included in the MS Excel worksheet.
Wow! Travel attributed to each of the four members of the family was 2.03 metric tons (mt) CO2 eq. This is almost a third more than the personal annual GHG emissions associated with daily life and standard travel. Over 90% of the total is associated with the long distance flight (4,900 miles) from Montreal to Honolulu. Personal travel really can make a big (and negative) impact on a personal greenhouse gas footprint.
Because the air travel was the most significant impact, consider going to another location that has similar attributes, but not as far away. How about Freeport (Grand Bahama Island), which is only 1,330 miles from Montreal? The island is smaller, so we can also anticipate less driving on the island. The new total is 0.53 mt CO2 eq. per person. This is now only about 25% of the per person contribution for the trip to Hawaii, yet the destination offers a lot of the same attributes as a trip to Hawaii would. Table 1 summarizes the results of the analysis. It is clear that the long distance travel is still the most important component of the GHG emissions for transportation for both trips (95% for the trip to the Grand Bahama Island). In all cases, the CO2 emissions predominated, with minimal extra contributions from the methane or nitrous oxides.
As you consider your own trip, think about where you want to go and how you might get there. Changes either in your destination or mode of travel can have a profound impact on your GHG emissions.
Table 1: GHG emissions for components of the dream trip.
Component of the trip
GHG emissions for Hawaii itinerary
(mt CO2 eq./person)
GHG emissions for Grand Bahama Island itinerary
(mt CO2 eq./person)
Automobile Travel
Short plane travel
Long plane flights
Earth Satellite Image
Earth Satellite Image
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Theme Project: You are a geographer who wants to explain different geographic features to students. You can show what those features look like by making a three-dimensional geographic dictionary.
1. Create a List As you work through the unit, make a list of the geographic features you learn about. Write a definition for each feature. This list will be the basis for your Geographic Dictionary.
• List Completed
• Definition Completed
2. Gather Pictures Find a picture or draw a picture of each feature on your list.
check Pictures Completed
3. Create the Dictionary Paste the pictures of the features from your list on pieces of paper, using only one or two features per page. Leave room next to each picture to neatly write the name of the feature and its definition.
4. Add Information about Regions Review the information about U.S. regions in Chapter 3. Make a list of the regions and some geographic features of each one. Add this information to your dictionary.
check Regions Information Added
5. Complete the Dictionary Make a cover for your dictionary and staple the pages together with the cover.
check Dictionary Completed
6. Make the Models Now, choose at least three features from your list, and write their names in the blanks below. In each large box, make a sketch of what your model will look like. Then, build a model of each feature out of clay, papier mache, or some other material. Put a checkmark in the small box beside the feature to show you have finished the model.
[thumbnail box] [thumbnail box]
[thumbnail box] [thumbnail box]
When the models are done, use a 3” x 5” card or other small piece of sturdy paper to make a label for each model.
7. Share Your Work Display your dictionary and models to share them with your classmates.
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Riphath was Gomer’s second son. And Gomer was the eldest son of Japheth.
The Paphlagonians
Early cosmographers felt that the Riphaean mountains constituted the then northernmost boundary of the earth. Pliny, Melo, and Solinus record the name of Riphath as that of the Riphaci, Riphaces, and Piphlataci who were later known to history as the Paphlagonians, the descent and identification of which is confirmed by Josephus. —Bill Cooper
Note the localisation of Riphath (modern-day northern Turkey) in the image below:
Map based on geographic localisations of Flavius Josephus (ca. 100 AD) (Japheth in red). By User: RicHard-59 [Wikimedia Commons]
Another understanding traces the lineage further still, in that the Riphaeans were, ultimately, the Celts (Brittons and Gaelic peoples) who originated from the Scythians en-route through the Urals. Their respective nations, according to language variant, would then be:
The Six Celtic Nations [Image: Wikimedia Commons]
As such, these nations militarily fall under the purview of the United Kingdom, ranked 5th most powerful nation in the world, but also France.
Featured Image: Riphath was said by Josephus to have been ancestor of the Paphlagonians [Image: as per User:Cplakidas, Wikimedia Commons]
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"language_score": 0.87766033411026,
"url": "https://pilgrimbobby.wordpress.com/from-armenian-petroglyphs/flood-to-abraham/the-west-a-battle-of-power-and-wills/urals-or-possibly-swiss-alps/"
}
|
Quiz: Summarizing
Test Your Own Summarizing Skills
Here is another passage from Christian and Campbell's Political Parties and Ideologies in Canada. It's your turn to write a summary of this paragraph on a piece of blank paper. For the purposes of this particular exercise, do not repeat any of the words from the original text within quotation marks. The original passage is 137 words in length. Try to write your summary in no more than 70 words. When you are finished, compare your summary with the original, looking for repeated words and phrases: if you have not plagiarized, you will not find any repeated words or phrases. Good luck.
Another important difference between Canada and the United States was the existence of French Canada. Many of the immigrants to New France had left France at a time when liberal ideas were virtually non-existent, and hence they brought with them to the new land an attitude to the state and to society that was more tory-feudal than liberal. When liberal ideas were introduced, they were brought through the medium of the English-speaking protestants who came to settle after the Conquest and who were commercial as well as religious rivals of the French. It was such a situation that Lord Durham reported. He sought to impose on Quebec an authoritarian form of government, fearing that if Quebecers were given democratic rights in the mid-nineteenth century, they would use their power to prevent the development of a liberal society (Christian and Campbell, 1990, p. 282).
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<urn:uuid:4b0b18d9-0539-426f-87ea-7a00b5ff4021>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
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"fasttext_score": 0.13995176553726196,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9671508073806763,
"url": "http://academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/plagiarism/quiz-summarizing"
}
|
Translating English to Algebra
Students learn to translate English to Algebra. For example, the statement "a job pays $10 per hour" can be translated to the expression 10h, where h represents the number of hours. And the question "If a bean stalk was 3 inches tall when it was planted, and it grows 2 inches per month, after how many months will the bean stalk be 25 inches tall?" can be translated to the equation 3 + 2m = 25, where m represents the number of months.
Try a demo lesson!Translating English to Algebra is one of thousands of math lessons at
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<urn:uuid:1be8a567-543a-4480-a778-f0b7241e9b6a>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.9372197389602661,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8882221579551697,
"url": "http://www.mathhelp.com/how_to/algebraic_concepts/translating_english_to_algebra/"
}
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In 1073, the Sultan of the Seljuk Empire Malik Shah asked Omar Khayyam to become the court mathematician and astronomer. The Sultan gave him the assignment of building an observatory and recalculating the calendar for accuracy.
For the next 6 years, Omar Khayyam and his team would observe the stars and plot the cosmos. In 1079 in an amazing feat of computation, Omar Khayyam calculated the length of the year to be 365.24219858156 days. In the modern day with atomic clocks and super computers, scientists have calculated the length of the year to be 365.242190 days. Omar Khayyam’s calculation is off by fractions of a second. The length of the year calculated by Omar Khayyam is only 0.741312 seconds longer than the actual year.
Omar Khayyam’s calendar was adapted as the official calendar by the Empire and referred it as the Jalili calendar which is still in use today in Iran and Afghanistan.
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<urn:uuid:ad8bad0a-6050-409b-9023-0bce88e196c1>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.84375,
"fasttext_score": 0.4478468894958496,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9401477575302124,
"url": "https://letameenspeak.wordpress.com/2016/12/31/islamic-mathematician-omar-khayyam/"
}
|
a graboid
30 ft.
10 tons.
Graboids are depicted as subterranean animals, superficially resembling gigantic worms or Larva, with long, serpentine bodies. When fully grown, a mature graboid will measure up to 30 feet long, and 6 feet across at their widest point, and weigh 10-20 tons, from the information gained through the knowledge presented in Tremors 4 it takes them about 3 months to attain this size. Anatomically speaking, the Graboid is a tube wrapped with thick skin-muscle, which is necessary to manipulate its external spines. Presumably, it must also possess a semi-rigid internal structure (though not a true endoskeleton) since it can burst through concrete (though such an impact kills it). Less dramatically, the Graboid's ability to lift its upper body into the air, as well as bear the weight of the soil through which it moves, also suggests a semi-rigid internal structure. The internal cuttle-bone structure is probably coupled with a strong musculature. It is logical to assume that a Graboid propels itself underground partly with its surface spines, and partly with an overall motion of its body. A strong internal musculature would enable the Graboid to flex its entire body, undulating in a curling, corkscrew motion through the ground. Graboids completely lack eyes; they don't need them, due to living underground. Their heads consist of a massive, black, armored beak, which is used to push aside the dirt whilst digging. The beak opens up like a grotesque flower; it consists of a wide upper jaw, a thinner lower jaw, and a pair of hooked mandibles on either side, they measure three feet long. Whether they possess a skeleton or not is unknown, though a faux scientific document written by the Sci-Fi channel hypotheses they have a semi-rigid internal structure, similar to the internal cuttle-bones of certain cephalopods, such as cuttlefish.
A graboid extends its three, prehensile tongues
Graboids have a trio of long, powerful, serpent-like tentacles, which are prehensile and have a reach of at least ten feet. Normally kept retracted in the graboid's throat, these tentacles were initially mistaken for the actual creatures, causing the characters in the first Tremors film to underestimate their underground opponents. The graboid's common name is derived from these prehensile tentacles, which "grab" prey and suck it back down the graboid's hungry gullet. The three "tongues" each have a mouth, teeth and two horn like projections on the upper jaw and lower jaw. The tentacles (which can go from 8 to 10 feet long) are used in other ways besides grasping. Other purposes of these erstwhile appendages include sensing very subtle vibrations and feeling around basically acting as the creatures arms and hands. However, unlike human hands the tentacles have taste sensors inside the mouth-like jaws. So when a tentacle's jaws close on something, the Graboid can quickly tell if the something is worth reeling in to eat. While at times, these tentacles appear to have minds of their own, hissing and writhing like snakes, they like an octopuses tentacles are simply extensions of the creature. Food is typically swallowed whole, though early in the original Tremors film, they are shown to dismember and decapitate their prey, this was shown again with the old Fred of Tremors 4 this likely points to necessity if it senses other pray approaching and needs to start after them. They apparently have a slow metabolism at least for the sterile ones (i.e, El Blanco) as it was only hinted at to defaecate in the last episode of the series.
A graboid's hide is thick and leathery, with a rough, pebbly texture, giving them a reptilian appearance, (though they are not reptiles). This makes them very hard to kill with anything short of saturation bombing or large-bore rounds, usually from guns designed for large animals such as elephants and buffalo. Graboids possess immense physical strength, able to topple over mobile homes, tow along an object heavy as a pickup truck without slowing down, smash through brick walls and pull an entire station wagon underground. Encircling their bodies are short spikes, which all move in unison to push the graboid through the dirt (more specifically Pleistocene alluvial Soil), similar to the setae on an earthworm. Their top speed is around 15-20 mph in good loose soil. Therefore they are able to burrow faster than a human can run; a Graboid cannot not catch motorized vehicles like cars or dirt bikes, as shown in Tremors 3: Back to Perfection when Jack's truck was able to out run a graboid. Also it was been shown throughout the series and Tremors 4 the galloping horses can out pace graboids. With armored head and mobile spikes working together in unison, a graboid can "swim" through the loose soil at high speed like a shark in the water, though they are incapable of tunneling through solid rock. Graboids (and their Nymph and imago forms, the shrieker and ass-blaster respectively) have distinctive orange blood. Graboids also have a powerful stench, which is made evident on several occasions throughout the first film. Though underplayed in the 2nd and 3rd films, the graboid's stench becomes a critical plot point in Tremors 4; Juan is able to identify the graboids as being the unseen killers in the silver mines they are at this point called dirt dragons they are small and jump from the ground extremely fast with a hard shell on their back, hunting by sound, shedding their shells and growing to become matured graboids later in the film due to them sharing the same vile odor. The graboids' greatest weakness is that it is unable to tell the terrain of the environment it is in before it's too late, which is demonstrated when Earl and Val trick one into running into a concrete wall, and when Val tricks Stumpy into running off of a cliff.
The Graboid appears to respirate the same nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere as other terrestrial animals. Witnesses have heard Graboids sometimes expel blasts of air. This implies that Graboid's possess lungs. Whether these lungs resemble vertebrate lungs is unknown. On a related topic, the Graboid, Shrieker and AssBlaster all have closed circulatory systems; their reddish-orange blood has been well-documented. This suggests that they possess a cardiopulmonary system, a heart pump and an oxygen-based blood-transport system.
Ad blocker interference detected!
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<urn:uuid:5a0db798-9e5a-4d65-b406-1c0bafd63dbe>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.890625,
"fasttext_score": 0.5728231072425842,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9589661955833435,
"url": "http://sifsbestiary.wikia.com/wiki/Graboid"
}
|
Explore BrainMass
Sand Transportation & Social Response
How has society responded to coastal changes initiated by sand transportation, and have these responses been wise environmentally and economically?
Solution Preview
Hi There,
In this particular task, you are being asked to discuss the implications of sand transportation to the coast. I suggest using this simple outline to answer this task:
1. On Sand Transportation - 100 words
2. Impact (environment, society, coast) - 100 words
3. Government position and economic implications - 100 words
AE 105878/Xenia Jones
Sand Transportation
Sand transportation, conceptually also referred to as sediment transportation is the movement of sand (and other solid particles - i.e. gravel, boulders, mud or clay) due to a combination of the forces of gravity, water erosion (fluid movement) and in the modern world, due to the ...
Solution Summary
The solution provides information, assistance and advise in tackling the task (see above) on the topic of how society responded to coastal changes initiated by sand transportation. A simple outline is suggested together with key information to get the student started. Resources are also included for further exploration of the topic.
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<urn:uuid:96a24023-340a-4657-bab5-4e20e7f5ba7f>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.6120454668998718,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8944447636604309,
"url": "https://brainmass.com/earth-sciences/geography/sand-transportation-social-response-528527"
}
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small text medium text large text
Super Science @ Your Library
image of gears
Machine Mania
Jacques Cousteau & Submarines
Children will learn all about Jacques Cousteau and the machines he invented.
Grade Level: K-2
Yaccarino, Dan
The Fantastic Undersea Life of Jacques Cousteau
A picture book biography of Jacques Cousteau
Berne, Jennifer
Manfish: A Story of Jacques Cousteau
Jenkins, Steve
Provides a top-to-bottom look at the ocean, from birds and waves to thermal vents and ooze.
Lock, Deborah
Submarines and Submersibles
Follows a team of scientists down to the ocean's depths in a vivid introduction to the world of underwater craft.
My Deep Sea Story
Materials: Crayola Gel FX markers, glue sticks, pencils, black construction paper, cardstock
Share images from the book: Down, Down, Down: A Journey to the Bottom of the Sea by Steve Jenkins. (Share section: "Glowing in the Dark", which shows how some deep sea animals use bioluminescent to make themselves glow.)
Give each student one piece of cardstock and have them write a short story describing the types of creatures they might see in the deep sea.
Give each student a piece of black construction paper. Have them draw a scene using the Crayola Gel FX markers. Glue ocean scene to the cardstock.
See the Crayola's Glow Fish Under the Sea lesson plan for a similar idea.
Aqua Lung: The first machine that would let a diver breathe underwater for long periods of time.
Bioluminescence: Emission of visible light by living organisms such as the firefly and various fish, fungi, and bacteria.
Invention: A new device, method, or process developed from study and experimentation
Submarine: A vehicle that can travel underwater
Submersible: A vehicle that can travel underwater, deeper than a submarine
Additional Resources:
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<urn:uuid:f2773ded-e5aa-4fe4-b771-09cd642bb883>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.07267308235168457,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8406102061271667,
"url": "http://clpgh.org/research/parentseducators/educators/superscience/cousteau.html"
}
|
NATURE NARRATIVES: Flickers a sign of spring
By Melissa Walker
I remember the first time I heard the wild call of a northern flicker. The sound was so loud and raucous, I thought an exotic bird had escaped from the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo. Upon seeing the bird and studying it with my binoculars, I observed a large woodpecker with a dalmatian-like pattern of black spots on its white breast, a black crescent under its neck and bright orange tail feathers. With such distinct colors and markings, it was easy to identify the bird as a northern red-shafted flicker.
A flicker is a type of woodpecker.
Les Goss photo
Even though the flicker's call - "wicka-wicka-wicka" - is its spring territorial call, I almost always hear a flicker sing a few "wicka" notes during late January and February. This year on Feb. 22, I also heard the flicker drumming (pecking rapidly) in preparation for spring. Usually in April, the male and female flickers begin their courtship communication in earnest, drumming to each other to establish their relationship and nesting territory.
A flicker often discovers that its drumming will be even louder if it pecks on metal house chimneys and gutters. This habit definitely increases the range of the flicker's communication, but is not always appreciated by the homeowner! A loud handclap will usually frighten the noisy bird away.
A flicker spends a lot of time on the ground in search of insects, as almost 50 percent of its diet is ants. It uses its long beak to dig and probe for ants, sometimes digging such a deep hole that its entire head "disappears" into the ground.
A walk through almost any Westside park or neighborhood will also be through a flicker's territory. In spring and early summer, listen for its spirited call; and year-round, watch for the flash of its red-orange feathers.
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<urn:uuid:65348b14-d077-4fc4-ba4e-23abad18affe>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.02911144495010376,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9566735029220581,
"url": "http://www.westsidepioneer.com/Articles/040711/NatureNarratives.html"
}
|
Problem 5: A rock m = 120 g is attached to a massless string L = 0.52 m. The string can handle a tension of T = 5.2 N before breaking. The rock undergoes uniform circular motion, being spun around by the string horizontally. Randomized Variables m = 120 g L = 0.52 m T = 5.2 N What is the maximum velocity v the mass can have before the string breaks? Give your answer in units of m/s.
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<urn:uuid:87f1163c-5003-41b6-91b6-d56f1a74e59b>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.875,
"fasttext_score": 0.9985916614532471,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8857958316802979,
"url": "http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/problem-5-rock-m-120-g-attached-massless-string-l-052-m-string-handle-tension-t-52-n-break-q3680064"
}
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Allocation dilemmas in plants
Jan Kozlowski (September 30, 2010)
Please install the Flash Plugin
There are annual and perennial plants; perennials may reproduce once in life (semelparity, monocarpic perennials) or repeatedly (iteroparity). Perennial herbs lose virtually all vegetative parts but storage organs before winter, whereas shrubs and trees retain large part or even most of vegetative mass. Theory of optimal resource allocation helps to predict important features of the two strategies. Annuals must chose the best time during a year for the switch from vegetative to generative growth and "decide" about the proportion of seeds germinating in the next season and amounting to a seed bank. Semelparous perrenials must choose the year for flowering. Iteroporous perennials must choose when to allocate assimilated resources to growth and when to reproduction, and they must optimize investments to storage. If perennials reproduce vegetatively, they must also optimize division between generative and vegetative reproduction. Grazers are everywhere, but defense is costly: plants must optimize the intensity of protection. Understanding these complex problems an
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<urn:uuid:308b960d-4494-4132-afc8-51fff4446fa3>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.024612784385681152,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.903505802154541,
"url": "http://mbi.osu.edu/video/player/?id=313&title=Allocation+dilemmas+in+plants%20title="
}
|
Search for 3DCG and Blender related articles of interest:
Feb 20, 2013
Where does the German ä, ö, ü, and ß come from?
German has four unique characters, Ä/äÖ/öÜ/ü, and ß (called long s, or sz) which doesn't have an uppercase. None of these are considered part of the alphabet (unlike the Danish Ø), so if you're in school in Germany you say the alphabet from A to Z, then you say these at the end "äöü und ß". In a library you'll find book titles starting with Ä mixed in with book titles starting with A.
The umlaut characters (äöü) indicate a change in sound, and shouldn't be confused with the diaeresis which indicate a break in a syllable (usually in French and Spanish). In German, these characters began in the 16th century began using using the vowel paired with an E (ae, oe, ue, like seen in some old German last names), but over the centuries the e shifted above the letter, then slowly faded into the two dots we see today.
The ß is a symbols formed by mixing the old s, ſ, (as seen in the word Congreſs), and a cursive z. This pair of symbols were mixed together until it became a symbol of it's own.
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<urn:uuid:f51b92ef-6dfe-409b-90a9-81a918e48086>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.147258460521698,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9504261016845703,
"url": "http://dgun.blogspot.com/2013/02/where-does-german-o-u-and-come-from.html"
}
|
uploaded imageA 5.00kg chunk of ice is sliding at 12.0 m/s on the floor of an ice-covered valley when it collides with and sticks to another 5.00kg chunk of ice that is initially at rest. (See the figure below .) Since the valley is icy, there is no friction.
After the collision, how high above the valley floor will the combined chunks go? (Hint: Break this problem into two parts-the collision and the behavior after the collision-and apply the appropriate conservation law to each part.)
Show and explain each step of solving this problem please
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<urn:uuid:a0f168e4-8127-450e-bbf4-6ca83a0d4360>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.90625,
"fasttext_score": 0.053133606910705566,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9247607588768005,
"url": "http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/500kg-chunk-ice-sliding-120-m-s-floor-ice-covered-valley-collides-sticks-another-500kg-chu-q1749211"
}
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Subversion, as the term is commonly used, the working from within a nation to overthrow the established government, particularly by weakening it through secret means. Subversion may be promoted by either revolutionaries or agents of an outside power. Often it is used by a nation to help conquer or gain control of another nation. An example of successful subversion was the takeover of Czechoslovakia in 1948 by that country's Communists, a minority party directed from the Soviet Union.
To turn the people against their government, a subversive group will typically try to advance a seemingly attractive ideology such as Communism, anarchism, or syndicalism. In another kind of subversion, sabotage and other terrorist acts are used to promote the breakdown of order as well as to discredit the government's ability to maintain it. Sedition, the advocacy of resistance to lawful authority, is also a kind of subversion. Espionage that aids an enemy country is a subversive activity, as is treason, the betrayal of one's country to the enemy. During wartime, a subversive group allied to the enemy is often called a “fifth column.”
In the United States, the Internal Security Act (McCarran Act) of 1950 is the principal antisubversion law. The Internal Security Division of the Department of Justice is in charge of enforcing antisubversion laws and prosecuting subversives. The Federal Bureau of Investigation is responsible for most investigative work involving subversion. In addition, state and local police departments investigate subversion.
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<urn:uuid:928a4df4-6778-4b82-ba8d-c3eae224358f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.45223480463027954,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9620375633239746,
"url": "http://people.howstuffworks.com/subversion-info.htm"
}
|
Top Definition
In ancient times, Australian Aboriginals would only keep one baby when twins were born in a tribe. The weaker looking baby was left to die in the hot sun. This was done to be more efficient as they didn't want a mother to support and feed 2 babies. The baby that was left to die was called the 'Pidna Twin'.
"Hello, I see you're twins. Which one of you is the surviving Pidna Twin?"
"My friend just gave birth to twins! I wonder which one she'll choose to be the Pidna? It's a very hot day so it will pass away quickly."
"I have a twin sister. I was the Pidna Twin, but I managed to survive the hot sun and make a life for myself."
by oztrayleah September 26, 2012
Free Daily Email
Emails are sent from We'll never spam you.
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<urn:uuid:a4f14125-2794-4204-9ec5-483045a2477c>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.02108633518218994,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9821043610572815,
"url": "http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Pidna%20Twin"
}
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A hockey puck is acted on by one or more forces, as shown in Figure5-19. Rank the four cases, A, B, C, and D, in order of themagnitude of the puck's acceleration, starting with the smallest.Indicate ties with an equal sign. (Use only the symbols < and =,for example A < B=C.)
Get this answer with Chegg Study
|
<urn:uuid:86e09b08-def8-4faf-adfa-69aa847b3590>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.703125,
"fasttext_score": 0.5605353713035583,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9002075791358948,
"url": "http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/hockey-puck-acted-one-forces-shown-figure5-19-rank-four-cases-b-c-d-order-themagnitude-puc-q113771"
}
|
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Robot Monsters
Stage: 1 Challenge Level: Challenge Level:1
Robot Monsters
You are going to make three Robot Monsters. They are all $5$ cm wide.
Here are their heads which all have blue backgrounds:
first head
second head
third head
Here are their bodies which all have yellow backgrounds:
first body
second body
third body
Here are their legs which all have green backgrounds:
first legs
second legs
third legs
What is the tallest Robot Monster that you can make using one head, one body and one set of legs?
What is the shortest one you can make using one head, one body and one set of legs?
How tall would the Robot Monster be that was made from the three bits left over after you had made the tallest and the shortest?
How many Robot Monsters which are all different heights can you make with the nine pieces (all with one head, one body and one set of legs)?
Why do this problem?
This problem involves measurement that really focuses on number work - addition, ordering numbers and combinations. Manipulating the pictures can also help pupils to explore the different combinations systematically.
Possible approach
You could start by showing the whole group the pictures in the problem on a computer. Young children will probably want to discuss these. Explain that each Robot Monster needs a head, a body and a pair of legs. You could ask how tall a picture of a robot would be using a certain combination of head, body and legs.
Then you could set the task in the problem. If the children can have pictures from this sheet (docpdf they will find the activity more enriching. The doc version has the exact measures, while the pdf does not. [If these pictures are printed onto card and laminated they will make a lasting resource.] It is helpful if the children can work in pairs so that they are able to talk through their ideas with a partner.
At the end of the lesson the group could discuss the tallest and shortest robots, and all the different combinations they have found. If you have made pieces printed onto card, these could be fixed onto the board so that this discussion can be illustrated.
Key questions
If a Robot Monster is going to be as tall/short as possible, which head will you choose?
If a Robot Monster is going to be as tall/short as possible, which body and set of legs will you choose?
Can you think of a good way to find all the different heights you can make?
Why not start with one head and look at all the different ways you could add body and legs to it?
How are you going to record what you have found out?
Possible extension
Learners could make their own robot monsters in different sizes or try Find the Difference or The Tall Tower.
Possible support
Suggest using the pieces from this sheet and trying it out practically.
Handouts for teachers are available here (pdf document), with the problem on one side and the notes on the other.
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<urn:uuid:8e5f9b23-6e68-42c0-bb6f-67d6e8346166>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.21875,
"fasttext_score": 0.8757768273353577,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9507148861885071,
"url": "http://nrich.maths.org/2404/note"
}
|
viernes, 1 de abril de 2011
The Battle of Vincennes
Well al the battle began when in October 7, 1778, a group of 175 settlers and 60 indians left for Vincennes. They arrived on December 17, 1778, but they actually didn't fight because the fort was only protected by Captain Lord Helm and other three Virginians. Frenchmen surrounded them, and they surrender with firing any shot.
Soldiers walking toward Vincennes
Lt. Colonel Hamilton made a big mistake by believing that no one would attempt to attack the fort so he let the Indians and the militiamen go back to their homes. He lost Vincennes again to the British.
On February 5, 1779 Lt. Colonel Clark gave the order to do an expedition, with the objective of recapturing Vincennes. The trip to Vincennes was very harsh because of the rain that fall down during the Winter. Lt. Clark developed the plan of attacking during the night of the 23rd. Something interesting is that Lt. Hamilton didn't realize they were under attack until he was informed that a Colonel was wounded. During all that night they continued to fire. Hamilton was forced to surrender because reinforcements were 500 miles away. Also because he thoght that they were surrounded by 500 men when they were actually surrounded by 172 men. Lt. Hamilton surrendered on February 25, 1779.
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Potato Counter
Contributed by Autism and More
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This activity works on pincer grasp and hand strengthening by placing and counting toothpicks on fruits and vegetables.
Cardboard, Fruit, Knife, Pen, Toothpicks
Crossing Midline, Eye-Hand Coordination, Fine Motor Control, Finger Strength, Grasp, Pincer Grasp, Tripod Grasp, and Visual Perception
For this activity you could use different types of fruit and vegetables. If the child has difficulty completing the activity with potatoes, you can use a softer fruit like bananas.
Cover a strip of thick cardboard or card, and draw boxes like those shown in the picture.
Cut small potatoes into halves and quarters so that they can stand without rocking or tipping.
Place one potato wedge on every box and number each box.
Now your child can stick in the right number of toothpicks into each potato.
For grading: Use random numbers instead of numbers in a sequence.
Images (click on an image to enlarge)
Potato Counter OT activityPotato Counter OT activityPotato Counter OT activityPotato Counter OT activity
Please Note:
The information and advice provided or made available through is not intended nor is it implied to be a substitute for professional medical or clinician advice nor does it constitute a therapist-patient relationship.
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