text
stringlengths 208
322k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
History of Castroreale
See Castroreale guide for highlights and historic monuments
Then, towards the middle of the 14th century, it appears in a document prepared by the Chancellery of King Frederick II of Aragon (1272-1337). In this document, dating back to May 1324, the hamlet of Castroreale (called "Criccina" or "Christina") was "rewarded" with the construction of a castle for its loyalty to the king during the War of the Vespers and recognized as the most important hamlet of the surrounding area:
“[...] We, considering the loyalty and sincere devotion of the inhabitants of the "Cristina” land on the plain of Milazzo, provided that a fortress was built" [1].
So the "castrum" ["citadel"] of Castroreale was built on the Plain of Milazzo, which already had a fundamental importance because of the fertility of the soil (hence why it was spread with hamlets) and was also considered a strategic point of primary importance for these food supplies. In fact, already with Frederick II and:
“with the advent of the Swabian dynasty in the island, the territories located in the plain of Milazzo continued to have considerable importance in the local market, thanks to the clever invention of Frederick II, who (...) by a decree of May 6, 1240 required that in eastern Sicily the only harbours enabled to sell or export the food supplies were Milazzo and Augusta " [2].
Medieval Castroreale
In medieval (and more recent) times Castroreale played an important administrative and political role in the local and strategic territorial links, especially in the control of the plain of Milazzo, so it had a very active economic life, although not without internal strifes among the various political factions.
In the 15th century, for example, the city was torn by violent political clashes that forced the Viceroys Ruggero Paruta and Battista Platamonte to request a very urgent peacemaking gesture to curb the "Delinquentes" ("criminals") with just “puniciones” ("punishments") because the “habitatores possunt in pace vivere et sub quiete” ["because the people could live in peace"].
A "Capitaneo" ("Captain") was therefore left in the city, who:
“forced the main representatives of the factions and their followers to establish a truce, swearing an oath of loyalty to it" [7].
16th century Castroreale
In the 16th century some privileges were supplemented by a grant of Charles V (1500-1558), who in 1525 assigned to Castroreale a territory separate from Milazzo, giving it the title of "city", with two letters (dated Nov. 16, 1525 and May 21, 1527), where he began with the words "To all our faithfuls and to the City Council of Castroreale" [8].
The relations between Emperor Charles V and Castroreale were very close, not only from a political, but also a cultural and artistic point of view. During the 16th century the city grew larger and new walls were built, which included the village and other houses built along the sides of the hill.
In the second half of the 16th century and into the next century new buildings, especially religious, were built inside the walled city. Unfortunately, many of them were destroyed by the earthquakes that followed during the 17th and 18th centuries, thereby depriving the city of outstanding architectural and artistic heritage, although fortunately we still have ample evidence of this.
Recent centuries
Some of the buildings were rebuilt after the earthquake in the 17th century, but a new earthquake in the second half of the 18th century had new and devastating destructive effects. Major planning work was begun in the 19th century, giving the city more space to roads and large squares.
Even after the Unification (1861) the city continued to be an important administrative center and a market that is highly related to the products of agriculture; today the economic life of Castroreale knows a further impetus from tourism and the promotion of a noteworthy heritage.
Origins of the name Castroreale
Castroreale is one of the few place-names that kept its original name "Castrum" unchanged, (normally "castrum" was replaced with "castellum"). Meaning "the fortress" the persistence of the name "Castrum" gives us a clue to the importance of the town and its surrounding area.
Frequently, the "castrum" became synonymous with "city". This particular linguistic phenomenon was nicely explained by G. Rohlfs, when he illustrated the meaning of "Castro" in the place-names of southern Italy:
"[...] Instead of thinking about the Latin 'Castrum' ['fortress’'], we must consider that there is also in Greek 'Kastron'. In Italy almost all place-names compounded with 'Castro' belong to Southern Italy, such as ‘Nicastro’, ‘Pagliòcastro’ , ‘Palecastro’, ‘Catocàstro’ , ‘Genicòcastro’, all located in Calabria, and then (others in Sicily)... On the other hand, the Greek word 'Kastron' appears 16 times in Greece, with ‘Palaiòkastron’ (11 times), ‘Sideròkastron’, (4 times) and ‘Neokastron’ ...
... In the Medieval Diplomas of Southern Italy (X-XI century) 'Kastron' is the term used instead of 'Polis' ['city']. See for example the Greek expression "En Tò Kàstro Tàrantos" (' In the ‘city’ of Taranto')[...]" [3].
Among other things, there is also a Sicilian dialectal expression in which ‘Castro’ must be interpreted as ‘city’:
“Sciamu a Ccasciuor,” or “let's go to Castro”, to indicate precisely the city. [4].
"Castro" is therefore "the city". As explained in the "Treccani" Vocabulary:
"[Castro is] a naturalization of the Latin 'castrum', properly 'castle, fortress', used as a historical term (alternative to the Latin form) in the sense that the word had in the Middle Ages, that is to denote a 'legal and territorial center'.”
With regard to the second part of the name, “reale” ["royal"], the term refers to the fact, historically established, that Frederick II of Aragon granted to the city many “royal” privileges, namely that they came directly from the King, which thus became a state property. As V. D'Amico wrote, Frederick II granted 'Castro' “Royal insignia and privileges" [5].
With regard to the ancient names ('Criccine', 'Criccina', 'Christina') the names probably referred to a gate and a special area of the city:
“Castroreale was decorated with various and unique privileges by King Frederick II (...) Surrounded by walls, it had two gates to the East, called “Legni” and “Rocca” and a third gate to the West that was called 'Cintino' or 'Cristino' (...) I firmly believe that originally there was an area on the hill called 'Crizina' or 'Cristina', from which the western gate is named." [6].
According to V. D'Amico, Frederick II built:
“the castle, and then the place was inhabited by the ancient inhabitants of 'Cristina', from which comes the name of Castroreale”, a "city" which raised itself to a greater administrative importance than other hamlets that were under its authority".
See the guide for Castroreale if planning a visit.
1. See F. Imbesi, “Terre, Casali e Feudi nel comprensorio barcellonese” ["Lands, Hamlets and Feuds in the Barcelona area"], Trento, Uniservice, 2009: 277 note 776; 283 note 789
2. ref 1, see p. 276
3. G. Rohlfs, “Nuovi scavi linguistici nella antica Magna Grecia”, Istituto Siciliano di studi Bizantini e Neoellenici, 1972: 45-46 note 84
4. See Gianni Lazzari, “Da Castro a Ferrandina”, in Terze Giornate di studi elimi”: 160
5. “Topographical Dictionary of Sicily”, Vol. I, 1858: 275
6. V. D'Amico: 275
7. See “Chancellery, f. 73 r. 10 9” in “Actas Volum III”, F. Titone in “El mon urbà a la Corona d'Aragò del 1137 als decrets de nova planta”, Barcelona-Leida 7-12 setembre 2000, Edicions Universitat Barcelona, 2003: 968 footnote 28
8. see S. Di Bella, “Caino Barocco. Messina e la Spagna (1672-1678)” , Cosenza, Pellegrini, 2005: 45 footnote 21
|
<urn:uuid:734b7c27-7fe6-44ea-84fb-42442c56044d>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.07010072469711304,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9348843097686768,
"url": "http://www.italythisway.com/places/articles/castroreale-history.php"
}
|
Study your flashcards anywhere!
Download the official Cram app for free >
• Shuffle
Toggle On
Toggle Off
• Alphabetize
Toggle On
Toggle Off
• Front First
Toggle On
Toggle Off
• Both Sides
Toggle On
Toggle Off
• Read
Toggle On
Toggle Off
How to study your flashcards.
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
A key: Read text to speech.a key
Play button
Play button
Click to flip
21 Cards in this Set
• Front
• Back
Roman Architecture & Society
History (periods)
-Three phases: king, republic, and empire
-Four historic periods associated with ancient Rome:
-Early Kings: before 508 BC; descendants of Etruscans
-Republic/ Republican period: 508-46 BC; time of Vitruvius; representative government with senators (originally patricians and the wealthy, then added the lower class)
-Empire/ Empirical period: 46 BC to 400 AD; began with Julius Caesar; Trajan- 98-117 AD; Hadrian 117-138 AD; most buildings were built under these two rulers during the peace and expansive economical development during the reing of Augustus, Flavians, and the Five good Emperors ( Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus_
-Decline and Fall: 400-488 AD; reasons for decline
..Number One reason: dangerously high unemployment rate in Rome
-Government took farmland from farmers and gave it to veteran soldiers, but the soldiers didn’t know how to farm
Roman Economy
-Slave based.. major concern was feeding everyone in the empire
-Agriculture and trade
-Aqueducts- clean water to the people (14 aqueducts and 200 million gallons a day)
Roman Religion
-Centered in the home; gifts rendered to spirits that governed every aspect of nature.
-Etruscans introduced pantheon of gods and construction of temples.
-Copied the Greek gods.
-Temple similar to the Greek temple and was embellished with Greek orders and architectural details. Only difference as which the sacred precinct around the temple was dedicated to the gods: through actions that set up an axis that dominated the orientation of the temple and the space in front of it, and how the temple was placed in relation to that space.
-Greek temple set in an open area; Roman temple was placed at the end of a defined open space, aligned on the axis of the space. Set on a podium, unlike Greek. Approached only from the front
-Contained cellas which had many rooms to house the image of the god: only priests could enter them,
Roman Politics
Politics: Roman colonies fell under Roman law
Roman Geography
basically took over everywhere around the Mediterranean Sea, parts of Africa, and what is now the Middle East. Incessant warfare which the geography made inevitable. Control first over the Italian peninsula.
-Endeavored to achieve universality and a clearly perceivable order in all of life, and their unique achievement was to visualize this civic order in the urban spaces they shaped.
Roman Character
liked war, loyal; used Greek language for philosophy, the arts, and scholarship; used Latin for law and business
-Discipline and responsibility. Rigid mortality.
-Religion: used Greek gods, but changed the names; made rituals as part of the state government; many emperors were deified after their death; took in Christianity that led to their fall
What are the architectural types?
1. At the urban scale?
2. Building scale?
3. engineering structures?
1. Urban scale- Forum (open space in Roman town used as a marketplace/public gatherings..held legal and economical discussions; .similar to the agora)
2-. buildings scale?
- amphitheater (mock battles and gladiator fights), baths of Carcalla (exercise, social gathering) etc
3. engineering structures?
-arcade (aqueducts and viaducts)
What technologies (material and systems) were used? and why?
Romans used the arcuated system with superimposed orders (columns or pilasters)
-Borrowed their aesthetics from the Greeks
-used orthogonal planning from the Greeks. Based army campus in this grid.
-Used concrete (volcanic ash mixed with water) for the walls and vaults. had to use brick forms on top because it took the concrete 5 years to set. Exposed concrete didn’t weather well so they used stones/brick on the outer facing.
Why use concrete (Romans)?
-Why use concrete: so that they can build massive structures to show their dominance (and fit a lot of people) Concrete is strong and can be made “lightweight” if using coffering
Theatre of Marcellus, Rome
-Seats inclined on a system of radiating and tilted concrete barrel vaults supported by radiating stone piers
-Exactly semi circle (unlike Greek) 11,000 spectators. Seats faced wall (scaenae frons)
-Plays and entertainment but didn’t have a religion function like the Greeks.
-Seating on tilted vaults raised on stone vaults.
-Located near the middle of the city, away from temples
Baths of Caracalla:
-Roman baths: thermae were used for much more than simply washing. Combined aspects of a health club with a library and school.
-Contained shops, libraries, restaurants, exercise yards, swimming pools, middle was a garden with sculpture
Circus Maximus
-Used for chariot races
-Shaped like a football stadium
Colosseum: (flavian amphitheater)
-Principal innovation in theater design: amphitheater.
-Gladiatorial contests and mock battles
-Seating rose in tiers
-Bottom covered with wood: underneath were chambers
-Curved outerwall of four superimposed arcades.
-Stone arcades incorporated engaged columns.
Forum of Pompeii
civic open space. Same as the Greek agora.
Forum Romanum
Each added by an emperor commemorating a significant military achievement.
-Clear architectural definition and its rectangular shape dominated by a temple of Jupiter at one end of the axis of the forum.
-Giving it shape would be buildings, housing, offices, and a basilica that surrounded it
-apartment houses.
-Three/four stories
-Built with brick and concrete
-Poor work
Villa [house of Pansa]
-In Pompeii- typifies the arrangement of a single story Roman town house.
-Relative closure to the street and inward focus
-Symmetrical floor plans
-Entrance connected with a large public room (the atrium), open to the sky through an opening in the roof and ringed with cubicles
-Roof of the atrium pitched inward, so that rain water would drop down
-Axis behind the atrium was principal public room…beyond was peristyle, then reception room.
-Around the house were small residences on the east side, six small shops opening to the street on the south etc. provided income for the owner
- Cities were the building blocks of the Empire: center of trade and commerce
best symbolizes the Roman enclosure of space
o Temple to all gods
o Dome symbolized the universe of earth and the realm of the gods. (earth as disk with dome as heavens)
o Built with concrete
-The hemisphere rests on a drum of equal height, so the distance from top to bottom is the same as the width of the dome (perfect sphere)
-Only source of light is the oculus or eye.
-Concrete exerts downward thrust, diverted by 8 barrel vaults in the drum wall to eight piers.
-Between piers are nitches were statues were placed
-Hidden from the front by a large colonnaded rectangular forum in front that prevented view of the dome
-Exterior plain; interior with colored marble..marble floors/walls
-Sums up the roman achievement. Exploits concrete to its fullest…vast scale
Basilica of Maxentius
-Covered by three groin vaults, with three chambers on each side.
-Each side chamber covered by a barrel vault could accommodate additional court proceedings.
Basilica Ulpia
large roofed building where legal cases were heard by judges, and the public could listen. (contained 2 concentric internal colonnades.
-Long rectangular building placed adjacent to a forum, it had an internal encircling colonnade, with an apse at one end where judges could sit.
- Center of the apse would be an altar acknowledging the spiritual presence of the emperor
Maison Carree
temple: dominated the Roman forum. One of the most preserved Roman temples. (Nimes, France), “square house.”
-Clear rectangular geometry
-Imperial building
|
<urn:uuid:cf393d41-4278-4425-bad7-300edebc6249>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.10234147310256958,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9308895468711853,
"url": "http://www.cram.com/flashcards/arch-2-rome-509982"
}
|
JOIN Details
[<<<] [>>>]
This function can be used to join several strings together. The first argument of the function is the string used to join the rest of the arguments. The rest of the argument are joined together, but also elements on an array can be joined together. See the example:
for i=1 to 8
q[i] = I
print join("|",q)
print join("/",1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)
print join(" j-s ",q,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)
print join("/",1)
will print
1 j-s 2 j-s 3 j-s 4 j-s 5 j-s 6 j-s 7 j-s 8
The first join joins the elements of the array. The second join joins the arguments of the function. The third example also joins the arguments although the second argument is an array. Because there are more arguments each of them is treated as single value and are joined. Whenever an array is used in place of a single value, the first element of the array is taken. In this example this is 1. The last join is a special one. In this case the join string is not used, because there is only one argument after the join string. Because this argument is not an array there are no elements of it to join.
[<<<] [>>>]
|
<urn:uuid:c0452a80-514a-44f5-aad0-da24f14bf84b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.3125,
"fasttext_score": 0.5107711553573608,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8624759912490845,
"url": "http://www.scriptbasic.com/texi/ug_25.99.1.htm"
}
|
HSC Paper 1 Area of Study Imaginative Writing Task
Student activities
Task no. 1
Download resource (28.55 KB)
Responding to visual sources
Write down ideas for how each of the following visuals could be used for an imaginative response on the concept of discovery. Then select one and compose an imaginative response that uses the image as a central focus for a piece about discovering something new or rediscovering something forgotten.
Refer to the marking guidelines (available as a downloadable resource) as you complete the task.
Task no. 2
Download resource (28.55 KB)
Responding to discoveries
The following visuals from the State Library focus on new and provocative discoveries. Examine the following visual sources and read the notes provided before you record some possible ideas for an imaginative response.
Return to Coopers Creek - Burke and Wills expedition
On August 20 1860 Robert O’Hara Burke and William Wills who had no experience in exploration, led a planned return expedition from the south of Australia to the north and back again. The ill-fated expedition was plagued by poor decisions.
The tree in the sketch above was where supplies had been left at Cooper’s Creek for the expedition by William Brahe. When they arrived at the tree they found the camp site deserted - the ashes of the campfire were still warm. Brahe's party had left only seven hours earlier with most of the food.
Unfortunately, Burke and Wills then headed out in the wrong direction and Burke perished. Imagine discovering the supplies at the ‘Dig Tree’ but not knowing where to go to next. You could focus on being an early pioneer and reflect on the new discoveries made in a very harsh, foreign landscape. You might flash back to your days in Ireland or England or times with your family and contrast this with the vast Australian landscape.
The Endurance
The Endurance departed from South Georgia for the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, on 5 December 1914, despite warnings of dangerous pack ice en route. During January and February of 1915, the ship became trapped in the ice. By October 1915, the ship was leaking badly and the men worked the pumps in shifts around the clock. The roar of pressure from the ice outside was almost constant. The pressure reached its height on 27 October 1915. The ship was pushed up and a floe moved across it destroying the rudder and the stern post. The decks began to break upwards, and as the keel was ripped out, the water poured in. Shackleton gave the order to abandon ship.
Imagine travelling to the Antarctica and the provocative discovery of the treacherous conditions. Hurley’s photograph captures the dire circumstances and the extreme cold.
Macquarie Collector's Chest
The Macquarie chest (sometimes known as the Strathallan Chest) was created in 1818. It was intended for Governor Macquarie (Governor of New South Wales between 1810 and 1822). It returned to Scotland with Macquarie in 1822 where it remained in Strathallan Castle before being sold to a private collector.
The reasons for creating the chest, as well as the identities of the artists and craftsmen responsible, remain elusive. The chest was almost certainly intended as a special presentation piece to celebrate the colony of New South Wales. The chest is constructed of a combination of Australian rosewood found from the Hunter River to the Port Macquarie region of NSW, and red cedar found in NSW coastal regions from the Illawarra to the north. It opens to present a wonderful array of artefacts, specimens, painted panels, and compartments. The artwork on the chest depicts colonial Newcastle and the surrounding areas. It is thought to be the work of Joseph Lycett - a noted convict artist of the period who was sent to Newcastle because of being convicted of forgery. Lycett was patronised by both Macquarie and Captain James Wallis, Commandant of the secondary penal settlement at Newcastle, north of Sydney.
This chest could inspire so many imaginative responses! Imagine someone in Scotland being shown the chest and its incredible contents that were so foreign to what he or she would be familiar with in Scotland. Maybe, you could compose a reflection by the Lycett who is thought to be the artist for the panels. Ask why he chose the images that he did to celebrate NSW and how he viewed this new landscape so different to his home in Staffordshire, England.
Task no. 3
Download resource (28.55 KB)
Responding to quotes
Compose a piece of imaginative writing that is centred on ONE of the following quotes from the texts in the practice Reading Task. You can create an original imaginative response that does not have to be connected to one of the texts.
a. “In one of the trees these carved steps appeared so fresh and green as if it had not been four days since the same had been cut” (The Huijdecoper Journal).
b. “The soil is black and soft as bread” (Translation of the second of the Queirós’ Presentation memorials).
|
<urn:uuid:82c8f47b-485d-481a-9ca5-1b7824faccc8>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.07203042507171631,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9581987261772156,
"url": "http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/learning/hsc-paper-1-area-study-imaginative-writing-task"
}
|
Do you believe the concept of time value money is important in ordinary business relationships? Explain.
December 14, 2017
What is the role of the people in the Texas political system?
December 14, 2017
Aerobic Versus Anaerobic: What is the Difference?
Select one of the following: a triathlete, a football player, a gymnast, and one phase of their sport. For example, if you choose the triathlete you can choose the cycling phase of their activity, or if you choose the football player, you could choose the sprint phase of their activity, or if you choose the gymnast, you may choose the backflip phase of their activity.
As your athlete performs the chosen activity, discuss whether rapid or slow glycolysis is the most effective means of energy transfer?
What physiological factors contributed to your analysis (e.g. hydrogen release, lactate formation, glucose catabolism, etc.)?
How did these factors influence your choice?
Explain the benefits of lactate for optimal performance of the chosen activity.
Your research and claims must be supported by your course text and a minimum of two additional scholarly sources. Use proper APA formatting for in-text citations and references as outlined
|
<urn:uuid:619fa7a2-b81a-4d6b-afc7-a4769d260fff>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.6257850527763367,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9149978160858154,
"url": "https://nursingessayswriters.com/aerobic-versus-anaerobic-what-is-the-difference/"
}
|
background preloader
Faultline: Earthquake History and Science
Faultline: Earthquake History and Science
Related: Waves and Their Applications for Energy TransferGeologyEarthquakes
Why do seismic waves travel a curving path through the Earth? Refraction For background on this animation series, download Background from the Resources box.Animations are available for preview in embedded YouTube. To download, right click the 'Quicktime Animation' link and choose 'Save Target As' (PC) or 'Download Linked File' (Mac).Send us feedback. Travel times through different media This animation shows what happens to seismic waves as they encounter a boundary between a slower and faster layer in the Earth with introduction to Snell’s Law. Quicktime Animation (4 MB) Seismic Sprint—race to the seismometer The animation on the left describes the relative speeds of the direct, critically refracted and head waves. Quicktime Animation (1 MB) Seismic Sprint—graphing the seismograms Using the same seismic ray paths, the animation below adds a graph to see how data recorded show the distance transition of first arrival wave paths. Quicktime Animation (3 MB) Direct ray races 5 different refracted rays Quicktime Animation (2 MB) Quicktime Animation (3 MB)
QuakeFeed iPhone App Teaching_strategies Natural Hazards• ELI Natural Hazards category Plate tectonicsPlate tectonics - whole concept:-• Partial melting - simple process, huge global impact (ELI+)• Partial melting model and real rock (ELI+)• Plate riding (ELI+)• Plate tectonics through the window (ELI+)• Plate margins and movement by hand Evidence and explanation for the theory:-• Continental jigsaw puzzle (ELI+)• Earth time jigsaw puzzle• Geobattleships (ELI+)• Wegener’s ‘Continental drift’ meets Wilson’s ‘Plate tectonics’ (ELI+)• Did the continents move for you? (ELI+) Mechanism:-• Bouncing, bending, breaking• Mantle plume in a beaker (ELI+)• What drives the plates? Constructive or divergent plate margins:-• Mantle plume in a beaker (ELI+)• Magnetic stripes (ELI+)• Model a spreading ocean offset by transform faults (ELI+)• Continental split - the opening of the Atlantic Ocean Resources• Fracking: Recipe for the perfect fracking fluid• Make your own oil and gas reservoir• Trapped! Volcanoes• Blow up your own volcano!
Earthquakes - Q-files Encyclopedia Many earthquakes take place where one tectonic plate slides down beneath in another in what is called a subduction zone. Shock waves are sent out in all directions when, deep under the ground, the locked plates suddenly "give". A subduction zone How an earthquake happens The outer layer of the Earth is made up of a number of giant slabs, called tectonic plates. P- and S-waves travelling through the Earth's interior Shock waves The sudden jolt of a quake usually lasts no more than a few minutes and may be over in just a few seconds. P-waves (1) squeeze and stretch the rocks. P-waves (1) and S-waves (2) Shock waves radiate from the epicentre like ripples on a pond. There are different types of shock waves. Customers in a cafe experience an earthquake. Effects of a quake The shock waves hurtling through the crust cause the ground to shake. A road cracks open along a fault line, with one side slipping down a few centimetres. A road cracks open along a fault line. Unstable ground After an earthquake
How do P & S waves give evidence for a liquid outer core? Shadow Zones For background on this animation series, download Background from the Resources box.Animations are available for preview in embedded YouTube. To download, right click the 'Quicktime Animation' link and choose 'Save Target As' (PC) or 'Download Linked File' (Mac).Send us feedback. Intro to Shadow Zones The seismic shadows are the effect of seismic waves striking the core-mantle boundary. Quicktime (5.73 MB) Seismic Shadow Zones vs Light Shadows The wave properties of light are used as an analogy to help us understand seismic-wave behavior. Quicktime (9.36 MB) Shadow Zone Rollover Flash interactive rollover shows the different P and S phases and their respective shadow zones. Flash (154 kB) P Phases and the Shadow Zone Animation addresses 5 common variations of P-type seismic body waves. Quicktime (6.31 MB) S Phases and the Shadow Zone Animation addresses 3 common variations of S-type seismic body waves. Quicktime (4.49 MB) Please send feedback to Jenda Johnson.
Plate Tectonics Activities | JOIDES Resolution - Ocean Drilling Research Vessel The first three activitie s below are variations on the theme of ages of the basement rock spreading outward from the mid-Atlantic Ridge as determined by Deep Sea Drilling Project scientists with samples of microfossils taken by RV Glomar Challenger in 1968. 1. The Race Is On… with Seafloor Spreading! As always, you are invited to follow the adventures of the JOIDES Resolution drill ship, where you can join the expeditions, interact with the scientists and search for more about topics like plate tectonics! To search for more resources related to this topic, go to our Educator Resources page.
Earthquakes may reveal new layer of the Earth: the inner inner core Though you may be familiar with the phrase “molten core,” the reality is that Earth’s inner core is actually solid, and it’s the outer core that surrounds this enormous ball of heavy metals which remains liquid. A new study from American and Chinese researchers now posits the existence of an all-new region of the Earth, a distinct core within the inner core — an inner inner core. By studying the propagation of shockwaves from earthquakes around the world, they think they can prove that the iron crystals there are aligned differently than the outer inner core, and that has big implications for our understanding of how the Earth first formed. The solid metal core at the center of the planet formed and cooled to a solid state very (very) slowly. Here’s a simplified look at how researchers interpret seismic wave information. Why would something as small as this matter?
Earthquakes And Tsunamis Almost every year, a large earthquake occurs somewhere in the world and captures the public's attention. Meanwhile, every day thousands of smaller tremors often go unnoticed by most people. Although we usually consider the ground to be solid and stable, the earth is, in fact, constantly shifting under our feet. What causes earthquakes? Earth's crust ranges from 3 to 45 miles deep (5 to 70 kilometers). As they slide past one another, the tectonic plates snag on rough patches of rock. An earthquake occurs when the pressure built up along a fault becomes stronger than the pressure holding the rocks together. Even though the tectonic plates slide at a regular rate over time, the way that faults release stored energy is different with each earthquake, said Shimon Wdowinski, a geophysicist at the University of Miami's Rosentiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Sciences. Tsunamis If the earthquake occurs in the ocean, it can push up powerful waves, known as tsunamis. Measuring earthquakes
|
<urn:uuid:f6ac36ea-654a-4df0-80b7-acf1a88e2a18>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.84375,
"fasttext_score": 0.13018673658370972,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8612859845161438,
"url": "http://www.pearltrees.com/u/15813342-faultline-earthquake-history"
}
|
Draw Marge Simpson
Use the video and step-by-step drawing instructions below to learn how to draw The Simpsons character Marge Simpson. A new cartoon drawing tutorial is uploaded every week, so stay tooned!
Intro: When learning how to draw The Simpsons character Marge Simpson, start off with a pencil sketch. In the beginning stages, don't press down too hard. Use light, smooth strokes for sketching.
Draw Marge Simpson Step 1
Step 1: To draw Marge Simpson, start with a small circle near the bottom right of the page to leave room for Marge's hair, which you will draw later. You don't have to draw the circle perfectly; it’s just the basic shape for Marge Simpson’s head.
Draw Marge Simpson Step 2
Step 2: Next, draw two more circles the same size as the first stacked on top of each other and slightly angled to the left. These are guides for when you're learning how to draw this The Simpsons character's hair later on. These guides will help you draw Marge Simpson's hair at the correct height it doesn't turn out looking odd.
Draw Marge Simpson Step 3
Step 3: Complete Marge Simpson's hair guide by drawing an angled vertical line on each side that connects the three circles.
Draw Marge Simpson Step 4
Step 4: On the lowest circle, draw two intersecting lines, one vertical and one horizontal. When drawing the lines, bend them so that they contour to the shape of the sphere. These are construction lines that will help when you're learning how to draw the facial features of this The Simpson's character later on.
Draw Marge Simpson Step 5
Step 5: To the left of where the two construction lines intersect, draw an oval on its side as a guide for Marge Simpson's nose.
Joomla templates by a4joomla
|
<urn:uuid:fb39ae70-b78b-40f1-8b9c-3950c223d08b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.02180403470993042,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8866032361984253,
"url": "https://www.easydrawingtutorials.com/index.php/80-the-simpsons/144-draw-marge-simpson"
}
|
Earthquake Machine: Graphing Time vs. Strain
28s Novice Chinese
How can we model elastic rebound in the classroom?
This animation shows the "Earthquake Machine" using two blocks with different grit sandpaper, thus different friction. Animation illustrates the build up and release of strain in locked and slow slip zones. The first block, in red, has fine sandpaper on its bottom and simulates the slow slip zone between tectonic plates. The second block with coarse sandpaper on its bottom side, simulates the locked zone of two plates. As the first rubber band is slowly pulled, strain builds up. Once enough energy is stored in the rubber band to overcome the friction of the sandpaper under the red block, the red block slips slightly. (Note: This is similar to the slow earthquakes or episodic tremor and slip events in the Pacific Northwest.) Once the red block slips, the rubber band between the red and blue wood block stretches slightly. As this rubber band continues to stretch, the strain between the blocks builds until the blue block finally moves. The movement of the blue block would be equivalent to a major earthquake.
Model graphs time vs strain to illustrate:
• Build up and release of strain in the earth.
• The first block simulates small earthquakes between tectonic plates.
• The second block simulates the locked zone of two plates.
• During small earthquakes strain is transferred to block #2
• Strain between the blocks builds until #2 finally moves, equivalent to a major earthquake.
Related Videos
This demonstration shows that rocks are elastic by squeezing a slit core of rock.
Video Novice
Related Animations
Animation of the single-block "Earthquake Machine", a mechanical model of the earthquake process using a wood block, sandpaper, and rubber bands. This model shows how "Forces, Faults, and Friction" interact as elastic energy is slowly stored when the rubber back stretches and then is rapidly released as the block jerks during an "earthquake".
Animation Novice
Graphing time vs. distance using the classic block-and-sandpaper "earthquake machine"
Animation Novice
Related Lessons
Using a block-and-sandpaper model, students collaborate in small groups to investigate how energy is stored elastically in rocks and released suddenly as an earthquake (the earthquake cycle). This activity emphasizes the role of mechanical models in understanding and testing ideas in science.
Lesson Novice
|
<urn:uuid:6a11f561-58bd-4b3a-8b71-df91a51fba35>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.032953619956970215,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9222996234893799,
"url": "https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/animation/earthquake_machine_graphing_time_vs_strain"
}
|
Water, sanitation and poverty
Clean water is a right
But it also needs to have a price
InternationalNov 9th 2006 edition
GROWING up on the shores of Lake Victoria in the 1950s, Anna Tibaijuka would earn a couple of cents by sorting coffee beans for her father. With one of these coins she would buy a sweet from an Indian shopkeeper. With the other, she would buy potable water from a kiosk.
But when she returned to her hometown in early 1960s, the kiosk was no more. Julius Nyerere, Tanzania's first president, had declared water free. When it cost a cent, not a drop was wasted, Mrs Tibaijuka recalls. But when the tap ran freely, water was squandered, and—inevitably—stopped.
Mrs Tibaijuka now heads UN-Habitat, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, one of 23 UN agencies with some stake in helping the 1.1 billion people around the world who do not get enough safe water, and the 2.6 billion who live in unsanitary squalor. This week another of those agencies, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), published its annual report on human development. It denounces the world's complacent disregard for such unglamorous subjects as standpipes, latrines and the 1.8m children who die each year from diarrhoea because the authorities cannot keep their drinking water separate from their faeces.
The study is both coldly analytical and angry. Its lead author, Kevin Watkins, recalls a visit to Kibera, a Nairobi slum where people defecate into plastic bags, which they toss onto dumps or by the road. These “flying toilets”, as they are called, often land on fractured water-pipes. When the pressure drops, the pipes suck in the matter piled on top. In such conditions, drains and sewers are not just nice to have; they are vital tools of preventative medicine, needed to combat diarrhoea (see chart).
The report calls for access to water to be recognised as a human right by governments around the world, as it is by South Africa's. But for all its idealism, the study does not repeat Nyerere's mistake. It acknowledges a hard reality that some people find as unsavoury as the technical details of building latrines: whatever they put in their constitution, governments should also make better use of the most reliable guarantor of supply—price.
Whether or not water is a right, it is also a commodity which, unlike liberty of expression or freedom from torture, is costly to provide. If those costs are not covered, water will not be supplied. Moreover, unlike most human rights, a litre of H2O enjoyed by one person cannot be consumed by anyone else. If some people underpay and overconsume the stuff, there will be less of it for others. As the human development report puts it: “Underpricing (or zero pricing in some cases) has sustained overuse: if markets delivered Porsche cars at give-away prices, they too would be in short supply.”
But can the poor afford to pay the costs of supplying water? Not without help, the report argues. As a rule of thumb, it takes about $10 a month to supply a household in a poor country with the water it needs to subsist , according to Vivien Foster and Tito Yepes of the World Bank. They calculate that about 90% of Latin American households could afford a water bill that size, without spending more than 5% of their income. But in the continent's poorer countries, such as Honduras, Nicaragua and Bolivia, 30-50% of urban households could not stretch that far. And in India and sub-Saharan Africa, more than half of households would struggle to pay.
If the poor cannot pay, someone else must. Taxpayers already bear some of the costs of water, shovelling money into loss-making public utilities. Ms Foster and Mr Yepes reckon that almost 90% of water utilities in low-income countries do not charge their retail customers enough to cover the costs of operating and maintaining their pipes, let alone investing in them.
Utilities, then, are thirsty for taxpayer handouts. But as with blocked plumbing, these subsidies flow largely in the wrong direction. It is mostly the better-off who enjoy connections to the water grid, and so it is they who mostly benefit from its underpriced water (see chart).
In Chile subsidies are better aimed. Poor households must prove their straitened means to the government, which then picks up between 25% and 85% of the monthly tab for up to 15 cubic metres (3,960 American gallons) of water. The UN report praises Chile's model—but it cautions that such an approach requires a government that can identify the poor, and a firm that can meter their consumption.
The upshot is that asking utilities to cover more of their costs is not as callous as the left-wing “water-warriors” claim. It may benefit the poor if the money the exchequer saves can then be handed to them through cash transfers, or spent on connecting them to the mains, rather than on filling the baths and basins of the rich.
Nonetheless, “cost-recovery” is taboo in some circles, because of two other unmentionables that are assumed to follow from it: profit and privatisation. The report is sceptical about privatisations of the past, several of which ended badly.
But now, the report suggests, arguments over the principle of privatisation are merely a distraction. The same sentiment was expressed earlier this year at a World Water Forum in Mexico, where many delegates were eager to get past the old dichotomy of “public versus private” forms of water supply. Left-wing NGOs, such as the World Development Movement, say this change of tone means the private sector is now on the defensive.
The poor would be puzzled to hear that the profit motive is in retreat. As the report points out, many of them rely on water freelancers—laying pipes, drilling wells, or trucking water—who sell water to people unserved by public utilities. In Latin America this “other private sector”—as Tova Maria Solo, a World Bank analyst, calls it—shows business acumen and sets surprisingly keen prices.
For all the passion of their utopian defenders, the poor know better than to count on help from their own governments or even on foreign donors for water. Unless Mr Watkins's case for rationally administered aid is heard, poor, thirsty people will continue to turn to the “other private sector”, which is often the only provider they can rely on.
This article appeared in the International section of the print edition under the headline "Clean water is a right"
Reuse this contentThe Trust Project
|
<urn:uuid:685efee0-4ec0-4fae-9728-b2298621e6cb>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.06540405750274658,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9646453261375427,
"url": "https://www.economist.com/international/2006/11/09/clean-water-is-a-right"
}
|
A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Lew Chew (Loochoo)
Lew Chew (sometimes referred to as Loochoo, more commonly known as Ryukyu) is a series of islands in the Pacific Ocean off of the Asian coast. Today it is known as Okinawa, and is one of the island chains that constitute modern-day Japan. In the mid-nineteenth century, however, Lew Chew was an independent kingdom that specialized in trade between Japan and mainland Asia.
U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry signed a treaty with Lew Chew on July 11, 1854. Other European powers followed with similar trade agreements, which led to increased unease from Lew Chew’s northern neighbor, Japan. In late 1874, Japan started to more closely incorporate the Lew Chew islands into the Meiji Empire. In 1875 Japan posted a military garrison in Lew Chew. The Japanese Government annexed Lew Chew in 1879, abolished the Lew Chew monarchy, and made it the southern frontier of the Japanese islands. By 1882 China recognized Japan’s hold over the Lew Chew islands as de facto. .
Mutual Recognition, 1854.
The first formal act of recognition between the United States and Lew Chew occurred on July 11, 1854, when U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry signed a treaty.
Diplomatic Relations
Establishment of Diplomatic Relations.
The United States and the Kingdom of Lew Chew never established diplomatic relations.
Treaties and Agreements
1854 Compact.
This treaty allowed for courtesy and friendship to be shown to all U.S. citizens who visited Lew Chew, as well as for hospitality provided to shipwrecked U.S. vessels off of the Lew Chew coast. The compact also stipulated that U.S. vessels could hire a Lew Chew pilot to guide them safely past the reefs and not (or out of) the harbor for $5.00.
Issues Relevant to U.S. Foreign Diplomacy
Potential Conflict of Interests with Japan.
One of the issues raised by the U.S. treaty with Lew Chew was that, as the Government of Japan aggregated greater control over the islands, they began to insist that all business by foreign governments pertaining to Lew Chew be conducted through the Japanese Department of Foreign Affairs. The position of the United States on these orders was that the independence of the islands “was a disputed matter in which the United States could not interfere unless its rights under treaty stipulations with any of the powers concerned in the controversy be endangered.” This question was negated when Japan directly took over the Lew Chew islands in 1879, making them a part of Japan.
• Payson J. Treat, Japan and the United States, 1853-1921 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1929).
|
<urn:uuid:b03955bc-142e-4bbf-a495-0bb905a45a21>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.828125,
"fasttext_score": 0.08122169971466064,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.951903223991394,
"url": "https://history.state.gov/countries/lew-chew"
}
|
Caesura nedir? Caesura örnekleri. Caesura türleri nelerdir. Caesura tanımı. Edebiyatta ve şiirde caesura kullanımının önemi nedir?
Caesura nedir?
Caesura (okunuşu: sizura:) bir dörtlüğün içindeki duraksama ya da kısa aralara verilen bir addır. Ancak bu, o dörtlüğün adı değil yalnızca bir özelliğidir. Caesura kullanımı, yalnızca şiirle kısıtla değil edebiyatta da özellikle drama gibi sık sık yer bulmaktadır.
Caesura, is a break in a verse where one phrase ends and the following phrase begins. It may be a comma, a tick, or two lines, either slashed (//) or upright (||).
This break may vary between the slightest perception of silence all the way up to a full pause. Considered a breath, a caesura in music represents a similar break or pause. The length of a caesura where notated is at the discretion of the conductor. In choral works a brief caesura may be notated where singers are to catch their breath.
The plural of “caesura” is “caesurae” and it means “cut” in Latin.
Caesura refers to a break or pause in the middle of a line of verse.
Caesura is a feature of verse, not prose, but that doesn’t mean it’s exclusively restricted to poetry. In drama, notably the plays of William Shakespeare, there are often characters who speak in verse, and these characters may have caesurae in their lines.
Caesura örnekleri
Example 1
In the first line of Emily Dickinson’s “I’m Nobody! Who Are You?“: I’m no | body! || Who are | you?
Example 2
The lyrics to “The Star-Spangled Banner” contain many caesurae, including the opening line: “Oh, say can you see || by the dawn’s early light…”
Example 3
Children’s rhymes often have caesurae as well, for example in the rhyme “Song of Sixpence,” which contains the line “Four and twenty blackbirds, || baked in a pie.”
Example 4
To be or not to be, || that is the question (William Shakespeare, “Hamlet”)
Nearly every performance of this line includes a caesura after the comma. Some actors might choose to read the line straight through with no pause, but it might sound a bit odd – try it out loud and see what the line sounds like without a caesura.
Caesura çeşitleri
Caesurae are categorized based on where they appear in the line. Thus, there are three types:
• Initial Caesura: this is when the pause appears at or near the beginning of the line.
• Medial Caesura: the most common type of caesura, this is a pause in the middle of the line. Most of the examples in this article are medial caesura.
• Terminal Caesura: a pause appearing at or near the end of the line.
All comments.
|
<urn:uuid:49036c8f-3cb3-4868-b3f1-792bfbbd4a9b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.78125,
"fasttext_score": 0.08183813095092773,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.6784401535987854,
"url": "https://ingilizedebiyatindan.com/terimler/caesura-nedir/"
}
|
Children's, Intermediate and Advanced Online English Dictionary & Thesaurus
Word Explorer
Children's Dictionary
rum [or] rUm
parts of speech:
noun, verb
Word History, Word Builder, Word Explorer
part of speech: noun
definition 1: space that is used or available for use.
The school gym has plenty of room for dancing.
place, space
similar words:
definition 2: an area of a building separated from similar areas by walls or doors.
Our house has ten rooms.
similar words:
definition 3: the people present in a room of a building.
The eyes of the whole room were on me when I sang my song.
definition 4: place; possibility.
There is no room for lazy workers in this business.
part of speech: verb
inflections: rooms, rooming, roomed
definition: to live in a room or living quarters; stay.
I roomed with my best friend at camp last summer.
bunk, lodge, stay
similar words:
abide, dwell, live, reside
Word History
In Old English, the word rum meant "space" or "enough space."
Word Builder: kinds of rooms
• bathroom:
a room where people wash and use the toilet.
• bedroom:
a room where people sleep and keep their clothing.
• dining room:
a room where people sit and eat a meal at a table.
• laundry room:
a room where people do laundry.
• living room:
a room where people sit and relax.
• store room:
a room where people store things.
Word Explorer
broader category that includes rooms
some examples of rooms
some parts of rooms
some things found in rooms
some things used in making rooms
|
<urn:uuid:22172054-af0f-440d-9f18-0841e6379228>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.061319708824157715,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8724195957183838,
"url": "https://kids.wordsmyth.net/we/?level=2&restore=1&rid=35751"
}
|
An Angel leading a soul into heaven
Why the Christian Idea of Hell no Longer Persuades People to Care for the Poor
Although many of us now associate hell with Christianity, the idea of an afterlife existed much earlier. Greeks and Romans, for example, used the concept of Hades, an underworld where the dead lived, both as a way of understanding death and as a moral tool.
However, in the present times, the use of this rhetoric has radically changed.
Rhetoric in ancient Greece and Rome
The earliest Greek and Roman depictions of Hades in the epics did not focus on punishment, but described a dark shadowy place of dead people.
In Book 11 of the Greek epic the “Odyssey,” Odysseus travels to the realm of the dead, encountering countless familiar faces, including his own mother.
Near the end of Odysseus’ tour, he encounters a few souls being punished for their misdeeds, including Tantalus, who was sentenced eternally to have food and drink just out of reach. It is this punishment from which the word “tantalize” originated.
Tantalus was sentenced eternally to have food out of reach (public domain)
Hundreds of years later, the Roman poet Virgil, in his epic poem “Aeneid,” describes a similar journey of a Trojan, Aeneas , to an underworld, where many individuals receive rewards and punishments.
This ancient curriculum was used for teaching everything from politics to economics to virtue, to students across the Roman empire, for hundreds of years.
In later literature, these early traditions around punishment persuaded readers to behave ethically in life so that they could avoid punishment after death. For example, Plato describes the journey of a man named Er , who watches as souls ascend to a place of reward, and descend to a place of punishment. Lucian, an ancient second century AD satirist takes this one step further in depicting Hades as a place where the rich turned into donkeys and had to bear the burdens of the poor on their backs for 250 years.
For Lucian this comedic depiction of the rich in hell was a way to critique excess and economic inequality in his own world.
Early Christians
By the time the New Testament gospels were written in the first century AD, Jews and early Christians were moving away from the idea that all of the dead go to the same place.
Early Christians portrayed hell through different terms. paukrus/
Early Christians portrayed hell through different terms. paukrus/
In the Gospel of Matthew, the story of Jesus is told with frequent mentions of “the outer darkness where there is weeping and gnashing of teeth.” As I describe in my book, many of the images of judgment and punishment that Matthew uses represent the early development of a Christian notion of hell.
The Gospel of Luke does not discuss final judgment as frequently, but it does contain a memorable representation of hell. The Gospel describes Lazarus , a poor man who had lived his life hungry and covered with sores, at the gate of a rich man, who disregards his pleas. After death, however, the poor man is taken to heaven. Meanwhile, it is the turn of the rich man to be in agony as he suffers in the flames of hell and cries out for Lazarus to give him some water.
The Rich Man and the Poor Lazarus (public domain)
The Rich Man and the Poor Lazarus ( public domain )
For the marginalized other
Matthew and Luke are not simply offering audiences a fright fest. Like Plato and later Lucian, these New Testament authors recognized that images of damnation would capture the attention of their audience and persuade them to behave according to the ethical norms of each gospel.
Later Christian reflections on hell picked up and expanded this emphasis. Examples can be seen in the later apocalypses of Peter and Paul – stories that use strange imagery to depict future times and otherworldly spaces. These apocalypses included punishments for those who did not prepare meals for others, care for the poor or care for the widows in their midst.
Although these stories about hell were not ultimately included in the Bible, they were extremely popular in the ancient church, and were used regularly in worship.
A major idea in Matthew was that love for one’s neighbor was central to following Jesus. Later depictions of hell built upon this emphasis , inspiring people to care for the “least of these” in their community.
Damnation then and now
In the United States, as religion scholar Katherine Gin Lum has argued , the threat of hell was a powerful tool in the age of nation-building. In the early Republic, as she explains , “fear of the sovereign could be replaced by fear of God.”
As the ideology of republicanism developed, with its emphasis on individual rights and political choice, the way that the rhetoric of hell worked also shifted. Instead of motivating people to choose behaviors that promoted social cohesion, hell was used by evangelical preachers to get individuals to repent for their sins.
Even though people still read Matthew and Luke, it is this individualistic emphasis, I argue, that continues to inform our modern understanding of hell.
The fears around hell, in the current times, play only on the ancient rhetoric of eternal punishment.
Top image: An Angel leading a soul into heaven ( public domain )
The article ‘ Why the Christian idea of hell no longer persuades people to care for the poor ’ by Meghan Henning was originally published on The Conversation and has been republished under a Creative Commons license.
My understanding has always been that Gehenna was merely a place where the dead went, a holding place if you will. Could you tell me where you found that it is a fiery place of torment. Thank you
"Although many of us now associate hell with Christianity, the idea of an afterlife existed much earlier."
This is factually incorrect. Christianity is, to Christians, and the first believers who were Jewish of course, the outcome of the Jewish belief in a Messiah. Many Jews believed and converted non-Jews but other Jews did not believe Jesus was the Messiah.
In the Old Testament, Gehenna is a fiery place of torment. There are references to this in the OT that are chronologically earlier than Enoch. I mean, c'mon. Jewish culture did have a belief in Hell during the post-exilic period when Enoch was written.
Next article
|
<urn:uuid:60a0435a-b898-4611-8885-60b3298f564f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.048985302448272705,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9661155939102173,
"url": "https://www.ancient-origins.net/comment/32387"
}
|
True Lithuania
Lithuanian exiles and deportations (1940-1953)
In 1940, the Soviet Union has occupied Lithuania, launching the Soviet Genocide.
While tens of thousands of people were killed outright by the Soviets, it was the Exiles that became the face of the tragedy. In the Exiles, entire families would be put into cattle carriages and moved to prisons and villages in the least hospitable parts of the Soviet Union. Some half died there because of executions, cold weather, or malnutrition.
Hundreds of thousands of Lithuanians were exiled this way. In just a single week of June 1941, for example, the Soviet Union has exiled 2% of entire Lithuania’s population, while the total number stood at nearly 14%.
A family goes to their fate in a cattle carriage
A family goes to their fate in a cattle carriage
These exiles are deeply etched into the Lithuanian psyche and nearly every Lithuanian has at least a single relative who was exiled.
This article explains what it was to be a Soviet exile, and also provides information on other similar contemporary experiences such as the Nazi German persecutions, Soviet evacuations and fleeing Lithuania as refugees.
Why were people exiled from Lithuania?
Soviets undertook a genocide aimed at certain groups in the Lithuanian population: the religious Christians, the Lutherans, the rich, the intellectuals, the patriots. Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin viewed these groups as the "vilest" ones and wanted to eradicate them in order to make the occupation of Lithuania eternal.
At one time, an idea was floated to murder or exile the entire Lithuanian nation, as Soviets did to some other ethnic groups, such as Chechens (Lithuanian affairs commissioner Mikhail Suslov: "There will be Lithuania - but without Lithuanians"). However, eventually, this idea was dropped in favor of targetting narrower parts of the Lithuanian nation based on their love for Lithuanian culture, religion, and social class.
Exiled Lithuanians at a transhipment camp en-route
Exiled Lithuanians at a transhipment camp en-route
As this was a part of genocide rather than a form of political persecution, the targetted groups would be expelled as a whole: if the person was from a family of the persecuted group, his/her own beliefs did not matter. In fact, a third of those expelled were children and newborns who happened to be born to parents of the persecuted groups. Even where beliefs did matter, little evidence was needed to prove them: ownership of a Lithuanian flag or a membership of the boy scouts may have been enough of a proof of patriotism/religiosity for deportation or murder. In other cases, some people would be either tortured to give away others or rewarded for such collaboration; in these cases, the interrogated person would often lie to end tortures or get a reward, that way condemning another person for deportation.
Special case: Nazi Germany Nazi Germany that has occupied Lithuania in 1941-1944 perpetrated its own genocide, targetting the Jews. Nazi Germany has also expelled significant numbers of people to concentration camps or forced labor. However, due to the end of World War 2, this experience was short and people were either killed or liberated by ~1944. Nazi German genocide is thus typically not treated as Exile but rather as outright murders (even if a person was moved to some death camp abroad to be murdered) or as temporary imprisonment/persecution (for those who were freed). "Exiles" in Lithuania are thus synonymous with Soviet policies.
Special case: Evacuations As Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union in 1940, the Soviet Union has evacuated some of its most loyal collaborators so they would not be punished. This was a mirror image of the exiles: the evacuees were saved from punishment this way rather than persecuted.
Special case: Fleeing Knowing what the Soviet occupation had in store of them, hundreds of thousands have fled Lithuania beforehand in 1944. They are considered a separate group known as DPs or the Second Wave of Lithuanian emigration, however, to themselves, they were as much "the exiled ones" as those in Siberia as they would have never left Lithuania otherwise.
How many people were exiled from Lithuania?
Soviets have exiled some 350 000 to the inhospitable parts of the Soviet Union and the labor camps, many of them to perish.
This number does not include the "Special cases" that are not considered parts of exiles but are closely related (their numbers are written below).
Special case: Nazi Germany Nazi Germany expelled some 20 000 ethnic Lithuanians to concentration camps and 30 000 for forced labor. Between the census years 1923 and 1959, the number of Jews in Lithuania declined by 200 000 during that time but this includes not only those expelled to concentration camps but also those killed locally, those who died resisting Nazi Germany, those who successfully fled Lithuania before/during/after WW2 or were exiled/evacuated by the Soviet regime.
Special case: Evacuations Soviet Union has evacuated some 30 000 collaborators in 1940.
Special case: Fleeing Some 200 000 - 300 000 people fled to the west from Lithuania (including Klaipėda region).
Where were the people from Lithuania expelled to?
Soviet Union mostly exiled people to the far-away parts of Russia (Siberia, Far East and north) - 80% of those exiled.
A typical 'house' in a cold village of Siberia where the exiled people lived at
The remaining 20% were exiled to Kazakhstan.
Several thousand were exiled to Tajikistan.
What was the life like for exiled Lithuanians?
Many have died en-route, unable to withstand the crowded transportation in cattle carriages. Children, a third of deportees, suffered the most.
If they survived the journey, depending on the place of the exile, they had two fates:
(1)Those who were expelled to Gulags (mostly men): prison camps were forced to work endlessly: e.g. dig coal or build railways through inhospitable tundra. Hard work, lack of food, regular executions and murders of the prisoners, and other reasons meant the majority of these victims died while in Gulag.
Entrenched Gulag near Vorkuta
Entrenched Gulag near Vorkuta
(2)Those who were expelled to inhospitable cold Soviet villages of Siberia, northern Russia, or the Russian Far East (mostly entire families) simply had to live there starting from scratch: building their own shack, trying to find food. Many of the local Russians despised them as the Soviet Union claimed them to be “fascists”, yet some locals have helped them to survive. In these villages too, many have died unable to survive the cold or hard work, but the majority did survive as the conditions were still better than in Gulags.
If they have survived until 1953, when Stalin died and Khrushchev became the leader of the Soviet Union, most of them were suddenly declared “rehabilitated”: even the Soviet regime recognized they were expelled for no reason.
So, they were slowly getting permission to leave the places of exile. Whoever could, returned to Lithuania, typically having to start from scratch again as the homes that were taken from them were not returned. Those who wasted their youths in exile typically spent their lives underemployed, as they still remained undesirables in many Soviet workplaces. Some 17 000 were allowed to return to Lithuania by 1956 and 80 000 returned by 1970.
Some of the exiles, however, were still not allowed to return to Lithuania but could move to other parts of the Soviet Union. Many of them settled in Latvia or Kaliningrad Oblast to be close to Lithuania.
And yet a few decided to remain in their places of exile: mainly because of frail health, family reasons (e.g. they married someone there). Such “remainers” were too few in numbers, however, to actually continue as a Lithuanian community of any form; besides, any formal Lithuanian organization was banned by the Soviets outside Lithuania.
Special case: Nazi Germany. Those who survived Nazi German concentration camps and forced labor had two choices in 1945 after they were liberated: to go back to the Soviet-occupied Lithuania (where they were likely to be persecuted again) or to try to move to the Western World, thus joining the Second Wave of Lithuanian migration. Whoever could often chose this option, although that possibility also depended on their location (if, for example, their camp/labor site was located in West Germany, East Germany, or Poland).
Special case: Evacuations. The Soviet collaborators who were evacuated by the Soviet Union in 1940, on the other hand, lived good lives while in evacuation and were typically sent back to Lithuania after Lithuania was reoccupied in 1944 and were given important positions there. By that time, they were even more detached from Lithuanians and influenced by the Soviet Union. Many evacuees "of lesser importance" did not return, however, mostly staying in the other parts of the Soviet Union and integrating there.
How did the children and grandchildren of exiled Lithuanians live?
The children born in the places of exile had the Exile experience imprinted on them even if they came back to Lithuania after 1953. They continued to be discriminated against by the Soviet regime and, as a 1990 independence approached, they, still quite young, were generally instrumental in vocalizing the plight of their parents and themselves in the Siberia of 1940s.
Those who did not move back to Lithuania after 1953 often integrated into the local communities, speaking Russian to their own children. Some of them did eventually return to Lithuania after 1990 when Lithuania made it a priority to invite the remaining exiles back, even building them free apartments. In a few places descendants of the exiled ones managed to form Lithuanian organizations after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
What heritage the exiled Lithuanians left?
They could leave only crumbling graves after them.
In the case of Gulags, the prisoners would be buried in secret common graves without any markings. In the case of those exiled to villages, they would sometimes establish improvised humble Lithuanian cemeteries. As their families died out or moved away though, the cemeteries became uncared for.
A group grave of Lithuanians who remained in Kazakhstan (village of Rudnyk) after surviving Gulag.
After the independence of Lithuania, the exiles became a symbol of the Lithuanian tragedy under the Soviet occupation. At first, the descendants of those exiled or their relatives would search for their relative graves, repatriating them to Lithuania if possible or otherwise marking them with improvised memorials. As even that generation became frail and began dying out the “Misija Sibiras” program began where Lithuanian youths would visit the cemeteries.
While Russia, still in Soviet-Genocide-denial, has curbed any memorialization of the Lithuanian exiles, numerous monuments were constructed in Kazakhstan by the Lithuanians and Lithuanian-Kazakhstanis. The story of Lithuanians (among other exiles) is also told in museums there, such as that of Dolinka.
Kingyr Gulag Lithuanian memorial
Kingyr Gulag Lithuanian memorial. A Vyšniūnas, M. Kurtinaitis, 2004.
The heritage of the exiled Lithuanians is also commemorated in many Museums of occupation and resistance that dot the Lithuanian cities and towns.
Click to learn more about Lithuania: Diaspora 1 Comment
Comments (1) Trackbacks (0)
1. Thank you for sharing. I had at least one Stravinskas relative die in a Gulag. The ‘official’ Soviet reason was because of a heart attack, which probably meant he was shot in the heart.
Leave a comment
No trackbacks yet.
|
<urn:uuid:84cc9496-e796-4ca9-af26-7a990a0abd90>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.765625,
"fasttext_score": 0.5900841355323792,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9827758073806763,
"url": "http://www.truelithuania.com/tag/soviet-deportations"
}
|
History of the Cossacks
The Cossacks are descendant from Russian farmers and steppe dwellers, who fled to the south east of the empire in the early middle ages, to live there in freedom. Among those who fled were peasants, serfs, impoverished nobles, and many other groups of people that clung to the fringes of society. The name Cossack comes from the Turkish word “quzzaq”, which means adventurer or free man. The Cossacks living in the Don delta formed the single largest group.
Cossacks as free and independent people
Being free was unusual in a country where serfdom was the norm. This independent community of Russian men and women lived outside the control of Russian rulers, especially those who lived on the banks of the river Don and its tributaries. In the early days, nobody seems to have farmed for themselves. Instead, they sustained themselves by hunting, fishing and gathering whatever the woods offered. Theirs was a wild life, in which settling down and raising a family, or even having a normal social life, was rare. With their light ships they sailed the Kaspian Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea, all the way to Constantinople (now Istanbul). They acquired clothes and weapons by plundering Turkish or Tartar villages on the coast of the Sea of Azov, or by raiding the trade routes up and down the Don and the Wolga.
Over time, Cossack society developed into a very patriarchal one and daily life became simple and steeped in tradition. Many of these traditions, such as obedience to the law, discipline, a will to work, bravery, respect for the elderly and a strong familial bond, were maintained and strengthened through the ages
To Battle
In peacetime, Cossacks farmed, fished, hunted and conducted military exercises in which they focused on increasing their knowledge of weapons, especially ranged ones. And when the Cossacks went into battle they always rode on horseback.
That’s why there are still Russian sayings such as these:
• A Cossack will starve, but his horse is fed;
• To a Cossack his horse is worth more than himself;
• A Cossack without a horse is like a soldier without a rifle.
A campaigning Cossack could navigate by the stars, he could camouflage himself expertly and he was a great tracker. He’d keep a ration of biscuits, bacon, millet and dried meat and fish. He would ford small streams, but in order to cross a larger river he would first build a small wooden raft for his saddle and gear. Then, he’d fasten the raft to his horse’s tail and hold onto its mane as it swam across.
A man’s life consisted of work and military service. Men also had to ensure their sons were raised for the same purpose, namely the defense of their fatherland. Every new generation of Cossacks inherited this sense of duty and unquestioning loyalty from their fathers.
Their community was founded on ideals like togetherness, fraternity and mutual assistance - a Cossack was allowed to die, but he had to save his comrades. Both officers and regular soldiers fulfilled these duties with an inner sense of conviction. They were less afraid of being punished for negligence than they were of being despised and ridiculed by other inhabitants of the stanitsa (a Cossack settlement).
Women and Children
All men between the ages of 20 and 45 could be drafted into military service. That meant women bore responsibility for most household tasks. The well known historian F. Sjtsjerbina describes these “kazatsjka” as ideal people, who never let anything get them down, no matter how hard their lives were.
Cossack women were every bit as brave and good at riding as their husbands and sons. They were proficient with guns and sabers and they regularly stood shoulder to shoulder with their men while defending their possessions.
Children as young as ten were taught how to ride, while weapons training started at fourteen. Once they had learned to ride they would guard the cattle and horses. If necessary they helped the adults to defend their strongholds and villages. According to the historian Potto, the entire Cossack population showed great bravery in the defense of the stronghold of Mozdok, which was founded in 1763 as an outpost on the Northern Caucasian border. This was during the first Russo-Turkish war (1768-1774) when Mozdok was surrounded by an army of eight thousand Tartars, Kabardins and Turks.
The Mozdok Cossacks were on campaign and only the women, children and elderly remained along with a few magistrates. The enemy army was confident it would run the defenseless inhabitants into the ground. Especially, because the city didn’t even have a defensive wall. Yet, the Turkish army was faced with rugged resistance from a unique kind of army with a wondrous array of weapons. The Cossack women remained calm and didn’t allow themselves to be fazed by howling bullets, artillery barrages and the wild cries of their attackers. And the battle for Mozdok was by no means an exception. Cossack history is littered with similar events.
Mother Russia
The Cossacks never lost sight of their blood ties to the Russian people. Cossack units came to the aid of Russian troops when Tsar Ivan the Terrible conquered the city of Kazan. They also battled on the Baltic coast in service of the Duchy of Moscow. They were the ones who fought bravely, fanatically even, against invading the Swedes and who drove them off of Russian soil. Liberation from the yoke of Tartar rule and the repulsion of Napoleon’s armies can also be attributed, in large part, to the Cossacks. None of the Russian Empire’s wars of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries would have been possible without the Cossacks.
They fought in the Caucasus , in the Crimea, during the Russo-Turkish war, they fought for the liberation of Bulgaria and against the German Imperial armies during the First World War (1914-1918). Through the ages, Russian rulers were well aware of the Cossacks’ military role. The Russian Tsars did their utmost to bind the Cossacks to them. Weapons, munitions, money, goods and food were regularly sent their way.
It was the only way to maintain some influence over the unruly and sometimes rebellious Cossacks. With such a well trained and well armed force in their own back yard the Tsars had no other option. Just imagine if the Cossacks turned against them. After all, the Cossacks only obeyed their own elected leader, the Ataman.
The Cossack’s fame, especially that of the Don Cossacks, reached it zenith around 1800. The river Don is the cradle of all Don Cossacks. Though, at the start of the nineteenth century they were scattered over eleven armies on the Don, the Kuban, the Terek, the Ussuri, the Amur, the trans-Baikal, in Astrakhan, in Uralsk, in Orenburg, in Semiretsjensk and in Siberia. All of these armies consisted of so called “sotjen” (hundreds) and regiments of the Don army. It was possible to mobilize “70,000 sabers” (experienced riders), just on the Don.
The communist revolution of 1917 caused something of a rift in the Cossack community. Many of the poorest amongst them followed the Bolsheviks, while others took a neutral or waiting stance. Loyalty to the country appeared to be greater than loyalty to the Tsar, who had been deposed. Even so, the communists reserved attitude towards the Cossacks didn’t last long. The free and independent Cossacks, and generally all those who voiced their opinions, soon got into trouble with the communist rulers. From 1919 onwards, a kind of “de-Cossacking” got underway, in which the Cossacks faced bloody persecution and were eliminated as a military force. They were made to chose to either flee or betray their ancestry. It meant, that as a community, the Cossacks in Russia went underground and stayed there for 70 years.
After the fall of communism descendants of the Cossacks immediately emerged. They’ve since established new Cossack settlements, the so called stanitsa’s, on the banks of the river Don. The Cossacks have well and truly returned to the Russian firmament.
|
<urn:uuid:0bfb7fc3-dca7-4065-8949-e3cb1ecd7ebb>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.90625,
"fasttext_score": 0.1241452693939209,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9805092811584473,
"url": "https://www.donkosak.com/en/pages/history-cossacks"
}
|
Scientists hope weather data from 18th century ships' logbooks will shed light on how the climate has changed in the past 200 years, according to this BBC report.
Researchers in the UK are digitizing (or, in their world, digitising) almost 300 Royal Navy captains' logs from voyages dating back to the 18th century, including Darwin (HMS Beagle), Captain Cook (HMS Discovery) and Captain Bligh (The Bounty). The books will be publicly available on the UK's National Archives site next year, but scientists are using some of the early data to build up a picture of weather patterns in the world at the beginning of the industrial era.
"What happens in the oceans controls what happens in the atmosphere. So we absolutely need to comprehend the oceans to understand future weather patterns," one climatologist said. The researchers are "cross-referencing the data with historical records for crop failures, droughts and storms and will compare it with data for the modern era in order to predict similar events in the future."
Thanks to kdawson at Slashdot.
|
<urn:uuid:cb4d697e-899d-483a-a07d-f669433c9947>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.023253560066223145,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9288074374198914,
"url": "https://www.science20.com/truth_universally_acknowledged/blog/climate_change_18th_century_style"
}
|
Communal Land
Customary and Communal Land Practices
Customary practices of land use are established patterns of behavior that are locally recognized in rules and customs, either oral or written 1. Unlike national laws and policies, customary practices (sometimes called “customary law”) are developed and adapted over time by a collective social body such as a community, ethnic group or religious group upon communal land.
Terraced rice paddies near a Red Zao village; outside of Sapa, Lao Cai province, northern Vietnam. Photo: Tran Thi Hoa / World Bank. Licensed under CC-NC-ND-2.0.
Both Kinh majority and ethnic minority communities in Vietnam have customary land practices. For the Kinh, traditional village charters (hương ước or quy ước) enable limited self-government and autonomy, regulating social relations within the norms of the state.2 Among ethnic minorities, various systems of customary law (luật tục) delineate communities’ relationships with the natural environment, including land and forest use that ensures both daily livelihoods and spiritual needs.3 That is, while Kinh village codes have a predominantly social function, minority customary practices have additional environmental and cultural identity elements, reflecting the relatively greater reliance of ethnic communities on sustainable use of land and forests.4
Comparative research in Dien Bien, Thua Thien-Hue, and Dak Lak provinces shows that 85% of ethnic minority villages have their own regulations to protect forests, and 60% have community forests which are protected by customary law for different purposes.5 These systems provide for the rotation of access and use of common resources between social groups within the community, e.g. which groups or individuals can harvest non-timber forest products in a certain season; or when and how timber cutting is permitted. Customary practices enable interconnections among social units ranging from individuals, households, families, clans, villages, and among villages. Customary tenure can thus provide secure tenure of land, forest, and water rights to individuals and communities.6 However, customary practices have also been criticized for a lack of sensitivity to gender issues, for instance in inheritance and marriage/divorce practices7
Customary land use practices can be complementary or in conflict with formal laws and regulations. Many Kinh village codes are recognized by state authorities and have been integrated to an extent into social life.8 This reflects the fact that Kinh also make up the majority of state officials. Ethnic minorities’ customary codes, however, have been undervalued in Vietnamese law and policy to date, even though customary law continues to be a strong force in ethnic minority communities.9.
The Civil Code allows for application of customary practices only if it is consistent with formal law10 though laws do . The 2013 Land Law includes a specific policy for ethnic minorities land use, to be carried out “in accordance with the customs, traditions, cultural identity and the actual conditions of each region”;11 what those conditions are is not further elaborated.
Customary practices comprise both individual and collective land use, an important difference from state laws which primarily refer to individual/household use. Particularly for ethnic minorities, community rights over forest land form an important part of customary practices. Thus, there is substantial overlap between the concepts of customary law and communal land tenure in ethnic minority communities. For instance, if collective forest tenure is not recognized, there is a risk of losing customary practices because local governance over resource use has been disregarded by authorities.12
Forest lands, which had traditionally been managed by ethnic minority communities in accordance with customary law, was allocated to state forest enterprises beginning in the late 1960s (see sub-page on state forest land). Minority access to and control over customary land and associated natural resources has come under increasing pressure as a result of in-migration, infrastructure development, large-scale resource extraction, agribusiness expansion and sequestration for military use all of which have led to large-scale appropriation of land and resources.13 Because it often lacks official recognition, communally-managed land is often vulnerable to seizure by state and private sector investors, particularly in sectors such as mining and hydropower. Dam construction on hundreds of rivers has led to a severe shortage of land for resettled ethnic minority communities.14
Since the 1990s, civil society organizations and research institutes have led calls for the recognition, inclusion, strengthening of provisions and improved application of customary practices in the management of land, including forests.15 This has led, among other results, to the inclusion of provisions for community forest management in the Law on Forest Protection and Development.16 Civil society groups have also called for Vietnam to follow internationally-recognized good practices of Free Prior and Informed Consent17.
Ethnic minority communities have demonstrated that they are good custodians of forests, contrary to a common view among some state officials that only increased government control can prevent deforestation.18. As of 2015, however, only 2% of forest land has been allocated to communities, compared with 26% to individuals; the remainder is held either by state enterprises, management boards, or local authorities.19 Although the amount of forest land managed by villages is low, this communal land plays a crucial role in the livelihoods of farmers, especially in ethnic minority communities.
Contact us
Contact us
Tell us how we're doing.
File was deleted
Thank you for taking the time to get in contact!
|
<urn:uuid:74075b0f-36ce-4de8-89a3-70a14a968e86>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.765625,
"fasttext_score": 0.06174439191818237,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9397525191307068,
"url": "https://vietnam.opendevelopmentmekong.net/topics/communal-land/"
}
|
index | Index
Collation - A set of rules that determine how strings of characters compare with one another. Every character set has a default collation. In the default collation of the ASCII character set, for example, * comes before 1, 1 comes before 2, A comes before and B comes before C etc.
Source: Northwest Database Services, 06 November 2009 09:01:01, http://www.nwdatabase.com/database-glossary-t.htm#tablechild External
|
<urn:uuid:7f0caf7a-3ea6-4bcd-a91b-623762fe839b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.32725733518600464,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7298380136489868,
"url": "http://www.grcdi.nl/dqglossary/collation.html"
}
|
Demonstration of Hauksbee's electrostatic machine, c 1960s.
Demonstration of Hauksbee's electrostatic machine, c 1960s.
4 0 c m
actual image size: 29cm x 32cm
A demonstration using a reconstruction made in 1927 of Hauksbee's electrostatic machine. In about 1705 Francis Hauksbee (1666-1713) built a machine for producing an electrostatic charge. It consisted of a glas globe and a mechanism for rotating the globe. When the demonstrator put their hand against the globe, friction between the hand and the globe caused electric charge to be transferred to the demonstrator. If they were standing on something that insulated them from the ground the charge would build up, and make the demonstrator's hair stand on end, or cause sparks to pas to another person.
Image Details
Image Ref.
© Science Museum / Science & Society Picture Library
buy a print
Select size
Select finish
How many prints?
buy a framed print
buy a canvas
buy a framed canvas
|
<urn:uuid:48bf769e-8a34-414e-b108-d7b48b6bc0c3>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.75,
"fasttext_score": 0.03657174110412598,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8668137192726135,
"url": "https://www.ssplprints.com/image/90087/demonstration-of-hauksbees-electrostatic-machine-c-1960s"
}
|
Dr. Ahmed G. Abo-Khalil
Electrical Engineering Department
Sawtooth wave
The sawtooth wave (or saw wave) is a kind of non-sinusoidal waveform. It is named a sawtooth based on its resemblance to the teeth on the blade of a saw.
The convention is that a sawtooth wave ramps upward and then sharply drops. However, there are also sawtooth waves in which the wave ramps downward and then sharply rises. The latter type sawtooth wave is called a "reverse sawtooth wave" or "inverse sawtooth wave".
The piecewise linear function
x(t) = t - lfloor t
floor = t - operatorname{floor}(t)
based on the floor function of time t is an example of a sawtooth wave with period 1.
A more general form, in the range −1 to 1, and with period a, is
x(t) = 2 left( {t over a} - leftlfloor {t over a} - {1 over 2}
= 2 left( {t over a} - operatorname{floor} left( {t over a} - {1 over 2}
This sawtooth function has the same phase as the sine function.
A sawtooth wave's sound is harsh and clear and its spectrum contains both even and odd harmonics of the fundamental frequency. Because it contains all the integer harmonics, it is one of the best waveforms to use for synthesizing musical sounds, particularly bowed string instruments like violins and cellos, using subtractive synthesis.
A sawtooth can be constructed using additive synthesis. The infinite Fourier series
x_mathrm{sawtooth}(t) = frac {2}{pi}sum_{k=1}^{infin} {(-1)}^{k} frac {sin (2pi kft)}{k}
converges to an inverse sawtooth wave. A conventional sawtooth can be constructed using
x_mathrm{sawtooth}(t) = frac {2}{pi}sum_{k=1}^{infin} {(-1)}^{k+1} frac {sin (2pi kft)}{k}
In digital synthesis, these series are only summed over k such that the highest harmonic, Nmax, is less than the Nyquist frequency (half the sampling frequency). This summation can generally be more efficiently calculated with a fast Fourier transform. If the waveform is digitally created directly in the time domain using a non-bandlimited form, such as y = x - floor(x), infinite harmonics are sampled and the resulting tone contains aliasing distortion.
Animation of the additive synthesis of a sawtooth wave with an increasing number of harmonics
An audio demonstration of a sawtooth played at 440 Hz (A4) and 880 Hz (A5) and 1760 Hz (A6) is available below. Both bandlimited (non-aliased) and aliased tones are presented.
Office Hours
No office hours
My Timetable
email: [email protected]
[email protected]
Phone: 2570
Welcome To Faculty of Engineering
Almajmaah University
Links of Interest
Travel Web Sites
ستقام اختبارات الميدتيرم يوم الثلاثاء 26-6-1440
حسب الجدول المعلن بلوحات الاعلان
Summer training
The registration for summer training will start from 5th week of second semester
Academic advising
Class registration week 1
برنامج التجسير
إحصائية الموقع
عدد الصفحات: 2879
البحوث والمحاضرات: 1280
الزيارات: 70792
|
<urn:uuid:5bd13321-af0d-4e6d-9e25-c31d7636e29e>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.953125,
"fasttext_score": 0.05494391918182373,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7870012521743774,
"url": "https://faculty.mu.edu.sa/aabokhalil/Sawtooth%20wave"
}
|
Use "descriptive words" a lot? You can jump
Things pigs often describes (“pigs ________”)
case, poultry, period, grunt, era, matter, reef, time, speech
How pigs often is described (“________ pigs”)
wild, young, little, guinea, few, domestic, male, normal, infected, black, more, fat, female, live, newborn, feral, white, healthy, deficient, dead, adult, blind, pregnant, scorbutic, fed, domesticated, miniature, older, neonatal, transgenic, fetal, tuberculous, weaned, susceptible, chauvinist, inbred, slaughtered, bred, pink, dirty, affected, experimental, treated, lean, born, stuck, finishing, pickled, roasted, inoculated, gnotobiotic, hungry, grown, filthy, sick, anesthetized, conscious, younger, suckling, rear, fewer, conventional, fattening, mature, enough, giant, fascist
Click on a word above to view its definition.
See pigs used in context: 40 rhymes, 1 Mother Goose rhyme, several books and articles.
Help Advanced Feedback Android iPhone/iPad API Blog Privacy
Copyright © 2020 Datamuse
|
<urn:uuid:b6b4d1ce-494f-4158-abd6-b92e56e5e0d8>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.023649871349334717,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7813952565193176,
"url": "http://rhymezone.com/r/rhyme.cgi?Word=pigs&org1=syl&org2=l&org3=y&typeofrhyme=jjb"
}
|
write a discussion
September 16, 2020
Is Buddhism A Religion Or A Philosophy?
September 16, 2020
Principles of Finance
• Bob and Lisa are both married, working adults. They both plan for retirement and consider the $2,000 annual contribution a must.
First, consider Lisa’s savings. She began working at age 20 and began making an annual contribution of $2,000 at the first of the year beginning with her first year. She makes 13 contributions. She worked until she was 32 and then left full time work to have children and be a stay at home mom. She left her IRA invested and plans to begin drawing from her IRA when she is 65.
Bob started his IRA at age 32. The first 12 years of his working career, he used his discretionary income to buy a home, upgrade the family cars, take vacations, and pursue his golfing hobby. At age 32, he made his first $2,000 contribution to an IRA, and contributed $2,000 every year up until age 65, a total of 33 years / contributions. He plans to retire at age 65 and make withdrawals from his IRA.
Both IRA accounts grow at a 7% annual rate. Do not consider any tax effect.
• Write a two to three (2-3) paragraph summary in which you:
• Create a chart summarizing the details of the investment for both Bob and Lisa.
• Explain the results in terms of time value of money.
|
<urn:uuid:a69a597c-2fb0-457d-8730-df8261f2b8f3>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.15884381532669067,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9788626432418823,
"url": "https://classroomessays.com/principles-of-finance-4/"
}
|
Blackline Blenny (Meiacanthus nigrolineatus)
This species has a blue-teal head that blends into a yellow tail. Black spots are located along the anterior (near the head) dorsal fins, confined only to the soft tissues that inter-digit the fin rays. The common name is derived from a prominent black stripe which originates from the eye and runs longitudinally about half or two-thirds the length of the body, where it becomes a broken line before terminating. Some geographic variants exist.
Natural Ecology:
Meiacanthus nigrolineatus is a carnivore of zooplankton and other bite-size invertebrates. Like most members of this genus, they have evolved a stinging bite for protection against predators. They have also evolved bright colors as an effective reminder to predators, who distinctly associate this species with a stinging experience. Interestingly, other non-venomous species have evolved to look like some Meiacanthus species in color and shape, so that predators also avoid them. The Meiacanthus nigrolineatus is mimicked by Ecsenius gravieri who is a harmless herbivore.
Indigenous To:
This species occurs in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.
This species ignores other species. They are often present in mid-water, hovering near its favorite rock crevice.
Usually ignores corals and most invertebrates.
|
<urn:uuid:220fa4d1-71b8-447b-86e9-919e029dc9ff>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.8125,
"fasttext_score": 0.3237870931625366,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9127879738807678,
"url": "https://www.proaquatix.com/portfolio/smithii-fangblenny/"
}
|
Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers
Anchovies are schooling fish of the family Engraulidae (order Clupeiformes). They are related to the herring. Most of the more than 100 species of anchovies live in shallow tropical or warm temperate seas, where they often enter brackish water around river mouths. A few tropical anchovies inhabit freshwater.
Adult anchovies are about 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters) in length. These fish are distinguished by a large mouth, which almost always extends behind the eye, and by a pointed snout. Anchovies lay large numbers of long, transparent, floating eggs in spring and summer. The eggs hatch in about two days, and the larvae sink to the bottom. Young and adult anchovies feed on floating plankton, and their growth is rapid. It is possible that anchovies live as long as seven years.
Temperate-water types such as the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) and the European anchovy (E. encrasicholus) are important food fish; tropical ones such as the tropical anchovy or anchoveta (Cetengraulis mysticetus) are important bait, especially for attracting tuna. Large numbers of anchovies of the genus Coilia, which have long anal fins and tapered bodies, are dried and eaten in China. Many species of anchovies are easily injured and are killed by contact with a net or other solid object.
|
<urn:uuid:1b11773c-1640-42a6-82a1-c33c5cfea67d>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.0211031436920166,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9429530501365662,
"url": "https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/anchovy/600633"
}
|
The Significance of the Hill-Fort: Social
The hill-fort of ancient Britain gave the chieftain military and economic advantages, as has been seen. The third advantage was social.
The physicality of the hill-fort reinforced the idea that the chieftain was in charge. Traders with questions or (more likely and importantly) village inhabitants with questions or disputes or concerns would have to trudge up to the top of the hill in order to have their concerns addressed.
Alternately, the chieftain could come down into the village; but this act still reinforced that the chieftain was coming down from on high to hear what his people had to say.
That the chieftain was up on the hill was also helpful when he wanted to keep out of disputes. The disputing parties might be reluctant to trudge all the way to the top of the hill to have their grievances aired in front of the chieftain, so they might patch up their differences without his intervention.
Lastly, the hill-fort reinforced the idea that the chieftain was important and wealthy. Who else could afford the fortifications that a hill-fort required? Who else could achieve the loyalty of the soldiers that defended him (and, by extension, the village)?
Sitting atop his hill-fort, the chieftain was master of all he surveyed: military, economic, and social.
|
<urn:uuid:26268a97-1c63-47a4-9e03-bea51b4461ae>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.125,
"fasttext_score": 0.5510453581809998,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9818731546401978,
"url": "https://worldhistory.us/european-history/the-significance-of-the-hill-fort-social.php"
}
|
Infant Cadavers Were Prized by Victorian Anatomists
University of Cambridge
Source -
InfantbodiesDissected fetal skull dating from the 1800s, originally held in the University of Cambridge Anatomy Museum. Credit: Jenna Dittmar
A new study of the University of Cambridge anatomy collection suggests that the bodies of foetuses and babies were a "prized source of knowledge" by British scientists of the 18th and 19th centuries, and were dissected more commonly than previously thought and quite differently to adult cadavers.
Historical research combined with the archaeological assessment of collection specimens shows that foetus and infant cadavers were valued for the study of growth and development, and were often kept in anatomical museums.
Researchers say that socio-cultural factors and changes in the law, as well as the spread of infectious disease during the industrial revolution, dictated the availability of these small bodies for dissection.
The study, conducted by Jenna Dittmar and Piers Mitchell from Cambridge's Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, is the first to look specifically at how British scientists investigated the changing anatomy of childhood during the 1800s. The findings are published today in the Journal of Anatomy.
The researchers undertook studies of the skeletal collection retained from the former dissecting room of Cambridge's department of anatomy, with specimen dates ranging from 1768 to 1913.
While the bodies of adults typically underwent a craniotomy - opening of the top of the skull using a saw - the researchers found that anatomists generally kept the skulls of foetuses and young children in one piece. From a total of 54 foetal and infant specimens in the collection, just one had undergone a craniotomy.
Careful study of the bone surface revealed that soft tissues had been gently removed using knives and brushes in order to preserve as much of the bones of the head as possible, although surgical instruments would have been similar to those used on the fully-grown. Tools for other purposes in adults, such as 'bone nipper' forceps, were likely used for dividing diminutive ribcages.
1 infantbodiesDissected fetal skull dating from the 1800s, originally held in the University of Cambridge Anatomy Museum. Credit: Nick Saffell
The research suggests that anatomists kept the skeletal remains of foetuses and infants for further study and use as teaching aids, whereas adults were frequently reburied after dissection.
"Foetal and infant bodies were clearly valued by anatomists, illustrated by the measures taken to preserve the remains intact and undamaged," says Dittmar.
"The skulls appear to have been intentionally spared to preserve them for teaching or display. This may explain why so few children with signs of dissection on their bones have been recovered from the burial grounds of hospitals or parish churches, compared with adults."
Literature from the late 18th century shows that the size of infant bodies made them preferable for certain 'anatomical preparations' in teaching, particularly for illuminating the anatomy of the nervous and circulatory systems, which required an entire body to be injected with coloured wax and displayed.
"The valuable and unique knowledge that could only be obtained from the examination of these developing bodies made them essential to the study of anatomy," says Dittmar.
"During much of the 18th and 19th century, executed criminals provided the main legal access to cadavers, and it was previously thought that dissection of young children was relatively rare. However, changes in the law may have resulted in infant dissections becoming more common."
The Murder Act in 1752 gave the judiciary power to allow executed murderers - almost entirely men - to be used for medical dissection. These felons hardly made a dent in the growing demand for bodies, and a black market flourished.
2 infantbodiesTransverse craniotomy was performed on a fetus, the only example in the Cambridge collection. Duckworth Collection c.1911 Credit: Journal of Anatomy
Bodies acquired (often grave robbed) by gangs of 'resurrectionists', or body-snatchers, were usually sold by the inch, so those of infants were not very profitable, although there are records of 'smalls' being traded.
The Anatomy Act of 1832 allowed workhouses and hospitals to donate the bodies of the poor if unclaimed by family, in an attempt to abate the resurrectionists. Infectious diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis were common killers during the industrial revolution, and a major cause of infant death in hospitals and beyond. Workhouses were desperate places, and nearly always lethal to infants.
Until 1838, a legal loophole did not require a stillborn baby to be registered, and a body could be easily sold to an anatomist through an intermediary. But the New Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 may have had the most significant repercussions of any law for infant material in anatomy collections, say the researchers.
The Act ended parish relief for unmarried women and the availability of assistance from the father of an illegitimate child. Part of Victorian society's attempt to curtail the illegitimate birth rate, the law succeeded only in contributing to dire situations for poor unwed women, mainly in service positions, who fell pregnant.
"This left very few options for these women: the workhouse, prostitution, abortion and infanticide - all of which were life-threatening," says Mitchell. By the 1860s, infanticide in England had reached epidemic proportions.
"Our research shows that the major sources of the bodies of very young children were from stillborn babies of destitute mothers, babies who died from infectious diseases, those dying in charitable hospitals, and unmarried mothers who secretly murdered their new-born to avoid the social stigma of single parenthood," says Mitchell.
"Poor and desperate women at the time of the industrial revolution could not only save the cost of a funeral by passing their child's body to an anatomist, but also be paid as well. This money would help feed poor families, so the misfortune of one life lost could help their siblings to survive tough times."
More information: Journal of AnatomyDOI: 10.1111/joa.12515
|
<urn:uuid:2c7ce75a-e7c0-4186-b6f8-720682146cac>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.050672829151153564,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.971059262752533,
"url": "http://www.archeolog-home.com/pages/content/infant-cadavers-were-prized-by-victorian-anatomists.html"
}
|
CPM Homework Banner
Home > CCA > Chapter 9 > Lesson 9.1.4 > Problem 9-38
Write and solve a system of equations for the situation described below. Define your variables and write your solution as a sentence.
Daria has all nickels and quarters. The number of nickels is more than twice the number of quarters. If she has in all, how many nickels does Daria have?
number of nickels
number of quarters
so: and
|
<urn:uuid:346bec7c-e988-47bf-8740-cbc6d35bfbc7>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.02155393362045288,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9368566870689392,
"url": "https://homework.cpm.org/category/CC/textbook/cca/chapter/9/lesson/9.1.4/problem/9-38"
}
|
The healing power of art and music has been known throughout history. In fact the first healing was music and dance in hunter gatherer cultures. The first artists and healers were one figure in society, one person, the shaman. This figure went inward to the place of creativity and healing. She embodied the original rituals that previously were spontaneous and made them intentional. All tribal peoples believed that there was a healing spirit that could be freed from within a person by going into the space of music or art and fully participating in the experience.
Christian and Buddhist art also works on the principle that meditating on images or listening to certain sounds puts a person in a Sacred state and heals. In Navajo sandpainting the patient was put on the ground and the sand painting was made by a medicine man around them. The sand painting imagery told a traditional Navajo healing story and the healer told the story of the painting to the tribe as it was made. It is believed that the story, and the shapes and colors directly call the spirits to heal the patient.
Traditional cultures believed that art healed the world, not just the individual. It was believed that art and music changed the hunt, fertility, the crops, the weather, the life of the tribe, and the earth. Today many healing artists also believe that their art helps heal the individual, community and the Earth. The film highlighted here is about the source and power of art to heal.
|
<urn:uuid:a607feab-9705-4c1f-b5c6-59ccae9f6fbd>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.609375,
"fasttext_score": 0.24461424350738525,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9799979329109192,
"url": "http://twospiritfilms.com/"
}
|
Justice on Display
In the 1800s and 1900s, lynching were public demonstrations. It was not uncommon for people to travel by foot, by wagon or by train to view a lynching. Photographers were there to take photos. Some viewers brought picnic baskets. Others collected mementos in the form of body parts of the lynched victims.
Much like today, Americans viewed black men and women be killed in front of their very eyes. The media heralded the stories, but little was done about it. Many of the witnesses considered the lynchings, often conducted by vigilantes, to be acts of justice. My poem “Justice on Display” ponders this notion.
You can listen the poem here.
I invite you to listen to the poem a couple of times, reflect on its content and then answer the questions linked below. You can journal your answers privately or use them as conversation starters with your family and friends. Answer as few or as many of the questions as you would like.
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s
|
<urn:uuid:7e8772b9-5825-4f30-93a7-9c11e4d59fb3>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.6875,
"fasttext_score": 0.08735096454620361,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9543167352676392,
"url": "https://chasitywrites.com/2020/05/28/justice-on-display/"
}
|
Crater Formation
Third graders simulate crater formation by dropping different sized balls into sand. They measure the craters that have formed, record the data and analyze.
3 Views 4 Downloads
Additional Tags
Classroom Considerations
|
<urn:uuid:e3fd3229-2f9e-47cf-bb5a-c61a39e8fc71>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.734375,
"fasttext_score": 0.36450594663619995,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8742628693580627,
"url": "https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/crater-formation"
}
|
Ethnic traditions
The First Nations
Great Lakes Tribes
Notable tribes around the Great Lakes at the time of European immigration included the Ojibwa (Chippewa), Fox, Huron, Iroquois, Ottawa, Pottawatomie, Sioux and over 100 additional smaller bands of native peoples over the course of history.
Food traditions included fishing, hunting, and farming. Fish included sturgeon, whitefish, and lake trout. Game included deer, elk, bear, rabbit, beaver and fox. Crops included corn, squash, pumpkins, beans, and Jerusalem artichokes. Maple sugar and wild berries also were diet staples of the tribes. Wild rice is a uniquely Great Lakes grain that was also a common part of the Ojibwa (Chippewa) diet.
German Immigrants
German population in 1872
The largest flow of German immigration to America occurred between 1820 and World War I, during which time nearly six million Germans immigrated to the United States. A large majority settled in the “German Triangle” between Milwaukee, Cleveland, and St. Louis.
Ethno-culinary contributions include a robust brewing tradition as exemplified by brewers like Jacob Best, Bernhard Stroh, Frederick Pabst, Frederick Miller, and Adolphus Busch. The sausage making tradition continues with major brands such as Klements and Usingers, and countless, smaller sausage making operations. Uniquely German dishes include rollbraten and sauerbraten often accompanied with spätzle and sauerkraut. Limburger and brick cheese and a host of other German-style cheeses permeate the Great Lakes region. Dark rye breads are often characteristically German, as are many types of mustard. Hamburgers and frankfurters are also German in origination.
2000 U.S. Census – German Ancestry
German ancestry is one of the largest self-identified groups in the United States, with the greatest concentration occurring in the Great Lakes region. According to the 2000 U.S. census, the concentration of those that identify themselves as German ancestry can be seen on the map at right.
Significant Oktoberfest traditions exist in cities throughout the Great lakes region (though by no means exclusively). The largest in the US is largely recognized to be the one held in Cincinnati, Ohio. The festival held in Frankenmuth, Michigan was the first to be recognized by the German parliament. A common tradition in these festivals, along with the enjoyment of the Oktoberfest-style beer, is the spanferkel, a slow-roast suckling pig.
Polish Immigrants
2000 U.S. Census – Polish Ancestry
Over a million Polish immigrants came to the US, primarily in the late 19th and early 20th century. Approximately 10 million people today self identify as being of Polish ancestry and many reside in the Great Lakes region. Strong ethnic traditions continue in Chicago and historically Polish neighborhoods can still be explored in Milwaukee, Detroit, and Cleveland.
The kielbasa sausage is part of Polish culinary tradition. Pierogis are the national dish of Poland and have provided a wonderful new canvas for innovation. Michael Symon includes them on the menu of his restaurant in Cleveland and Detroit. Paczkis are a donut-style pastry that are served on the Catholic feast the Thursday before Lent that often generate lines down the block on that particular day.
2000 U.S. Census – Swedish Ancestry
Scandanavian Immigrants
The largest push of Swedish immigration to the US occurred in the later decades of the 19th century. Approximately one million immigrants settled in and around the Great Lakes region, primarily pursuing the farming traditions they had left behind. Many immigrants settled in the Chicago area, though today many of those of Swedish ancestry live in Minnesota. Similar trends were seen in smaller numbers from Denmark, Finland, and Norway.
Culinary traditions from Sweden have included meatballs in a cream sauce, often with a lingonberry jam accompaniment, preserved fish, dumplings, and a variety of pastries. Preserved fish include gravlax, fermented herring, and lutfisk. Root vegetables are also a prominent part of the ethno-culinary heritage.
2000 U.S. Census – Irish Ancestry
Irish Immigrants
The Irish immigration to the US was extensive and those who self identify as having Irish ancestry today represent a population 6 times larger than the population in Ireland. Many immigrants fled during the Great Potato Famine from 1845-1852. Many settled in larger cities around the Great Lakes and provided much of the manual labor needed to build those modern cities.
The national dish of Ireland, corned beef and cabbage with potatoes, exemplifies many of the elements seen in Great Lakes cuisine; preserved meats, slow roasted meats, cabbage, and root vegetables. Add a stout beer to the mix and you have a nicely representative Irish meal.
Other Immigrant Groups not Included
Italian immigrants also comprise a significant ancestral base for the Great Lakes region. Newer immigration trends have lead to a significant Latino population in the region as well. From a definition of Great Lakes Cuisine, however, these ethno-culinary traditions have remained largely homogeneous. Italian-American cuisine and Latino cuisine are ethno-culinary traditions that also exist prevalently outside of the Great Lakes region and reflect their countries of origin more than the Great Lakes region.
There are many great restaurants and wonderful culinary traditions that are part of the Italian-American tradition and the Latino tradition throughout the Great Lakes area. One representative example would be the Chicago deep-dish pizza. That dish is unique to Chicago (though it has clearly been transplanted throughout the US) and is deeply ingrained in the Italian-American tradition. It is not authentically Italian cuisine, but is clearly more akin to the cuisine of Italy than to any other tradition.
Our effort here is to identify and codify a culinary tradition that stretches back across the ethnic history of the Great Lakes region, is a unique outgrowth of this geographic region, and cannot be identified as belonging to another defined culinary tradition.
2 thoughts on “Ethnic traditions
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s
|
<urn:uuid:eb93de72-923a-4873-8bf7-91a6971ae801>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.06557714939117432,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9369755983352661,
"url": "https://greatlakescuisine.com/ethnic-traditions/"
}
|
Man Gave Names to All the Animals
Written by
Illustrated by
Ages: Ages 3-4
Last Sent to Families: October 2019
Adam has been given a very important task: He has to name all the animals in the Garden of Eden. How will he figure out what the best names are for each creature? By paying close attention to the things that make each of them unique!
Big Question
Why are names important?
|
<urn:uuid:e88e0e41-3763-4f0e-910e-31d77d48655d>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.609375,
"fasttext_score": 0.3081050515174866,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.929199755191803,
"url": "https://pjlibrary.org.za/Books-and-Music/Books/Man-Gave-Names-to-All-the-Animals"
}
|
Why Were There Money Changers in the Temple?
All Jewish men over the age of 20 were required to pat a half-shekel tax to the Temple by the 25th of Adar. “If one chose to pay the tax in the Temple, there were 13 shofar-chests in the Temple court which were used to collect different offerings (m. Shekalim 6: 5). One was inscribed ‘New shekel dues’ which was for that year” (Franz, 82; cf., Köstenberger, John, 105).
m.Seqal 1.3 On the fifteenth of that same month [Adar] they set up money changers’ tables in the provinces. On the twenty-fifth [of Adar] they set them up in the Temple. Once they were set up in the Temple, they began to exact pledges [from those who had not paid the tax in specie]. (Tr. Neusner, The Mishnah, 252).
Moneychangers were required because the half-shekel Temple Tax had to be paid with a Tyrian tetradrachma. Many popular preachers will explain this money exchange by observing that the Tyrian coin did not have the image of a Roman emperor who claimed to be God on it, making it more acceptable for the Jewish Temple tax (virtually every commentary says this!).
Temple Tax
But Jerome Murphy-O’Connor has disputed this majority opinion by pointing out that the Tyrian coin used an image of the god Melkart (Herakles). Melkart (“King of the city”) was more or less equivalent to Baal of the Hebrew Bible. The coin was replaced during the revolt against Rome by the Judean shekel, indicating the rebels thought the coin was offensive.
Perhaps there was a more practical reason coins were exchanged for Tyrian tetradrachma: this coin had a higher silver content than other coins (Carson, John, 178). According to Franz, “These coins average 14.2 gm in weight and were minted with good silver” (82).
Why then does Jesus attack these sellers and money-changers? As I observed in a previous post, most people assume the vendors were making an outrageous profit by selling in the Temple. Popular preachers often use the analogy of vendors at an airport or sports arena. Since they had a captive market, they were free to price-gouge on sacrifice prices. But as Carson says with reference to the Temple Incident in John’s Gospel, “there is no evidence that the animal merchants and money-changers or the priestly authorities who allowed them to use the outer court were corrupt companions in graft” (John, 179).
Since this exchange of coins was restricted to the outer courts, Köstenberger suggests the main point of Jesus’ attack is that the sellers are taking up the area of the Temple where the Gentiles are permitted to worship (John, 106). I am not sure how many Gentiles actually came to Passover to worship and it is not certain the money changers and animal vendors took up the entire area.
But it is true the coin exchange (in order to obtain the best silver) and any profit on the animals sold was not the purpose of the Temple in the first place. Even if the vendors were providing a useful service for worshipers, they distracted from the real point of the Temple. “These activities would have detracted. . . from the proper function of the temple as a house of prayer for all nations” (Smith, 267).
How does this historical background help shed some light on Jesus’ intentions in the Temple Action? What is his symbolic action saying about the worship in the Temple?
Bibliography: Gordon Franz, “‘Does Your Teacher Not Pay The [Temple] Tax?’ (Mt 17:24-27),” Bible and Spade (1997) 10 (1997): 81-89. Barry D. Smith, “Objections to the Authenticity of Mark 11:17 Reconsidered,” WTJ 54 (1992): 267-71.
21 thoughts on “Why Were There Money Changers in the Temple?
1. There is a lot that can be taken from Jesus’ righteous zeal and the events at the Temple. There could be many different reasons why Jesus attacked these sellers and money-changers. But I think the core reason why Jesus attacked these sellers is because of the misuse of the Temple where they should have been worshiping God, not money. There are so many passages that talk about the dangers of money, and for it to be misused so much in the Temple, it was disgraceful. An example of this can be seen in Matthew 6:25: “No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and money” (NIV). After learning about the historical background of the money-changers, it does add a different aspect to Jesus’ intentions. It changes the context if the coins had other pictures of their gods on them. “Tyrian coin used an image of the god Melkart (Herakles). Melkart (“King of the city”) was more or less equivalent to Baal of the Hebrew Bible” (P.Long). If this is true, Jesus’ intentions were to show the people that they should worship God, and God only. I think this event was much more intensified because it took place in the Temple of God where worship was meant to be happening
2. Matthew 6:24 says, “No one can serve two masters. Either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve BOTH God and money.” I think this is exactly why Jesus attacked the money changers and sellers. Jesus noticed that they were misusing their money and where not using the temple for the right reasons. Also, the images used on the face of the coins were images of other Gods. As P. Long said, “Tyrian coin used an image of the god Melkart (Herakles). Melkart (“King of the city”) was more or less equivalent to Baal of the Hebrew Bible.” Seeing these coins traded in the temple did not make Jesus happy and made sure to make people know that the temple was for worshiping and not for money and greed.
3. Jesus’ intentions in the temple incident were clearly out of righteous manners. It is interesting to see that it was not uncommon nor shocking to have vendors in the temple. It shows how important temple rules were for all of them. They couldn’t even tithe with the money they were paid with, which was the main reason for the vendors. I think that Travis is right on point about the reason Jesus was so frustrated with the vendors was not for the profit that they were making but the fact that it could easily enhance the idea of money being a god. The fact that there was to be only one god was so prevalent to the Jews at this time which is more of the reason Jesus was upset. “You shall have no other gods before Me” (Exodus 20:3).
4. I wonder if the whole system of paying for an animal made it overtly too easy to fulfil the letter of the law. And instead of the temple being a place filled with prayerful and heartful worship; the system created a more casual attitude towards the tradition?
5. I think what the action symbolizes is that the heart was not for worshipping God at all, but for making more money. It is interesting to know that the intention of the Temple in the first place was not to be a coin exchange and the profits were not either, I think we can all realize that.
6. I agree that by selling animals in the temple it was taking away from the purpose of the temple, using it for worship. The temple was made to worship God, and using it for other things, especially as a market place may have seemed wrong in this day. I agree with Cody saying that the people were making money their master over the one true God. It is not necessarily the fact that they were selling anything but the idea that they were not doing it for Godly purposes and were letting money dictate them. It is obvious that selling things in general would not be wrong, even doing it in the temple, but the people’s hearts seemed to be selfish and their priorities were not straight. Luke 19:46 says. “He said to them, ‘The Scriptures declare, ‘My Temple will be a house of prayer,’ but you have turned it into a den of thieves.”’ The temple was not being used as it was intended and it was being used by dishonorable people.
7. I think the Smith quote that says selling anywhere in the Temple would be distracting to the purpose of worship is Jesus’ main point. The same could basically be said about a church today. It’s not necessarily a sin to sell something inside a church, but it is a distraction to the purpose of the church-worship, fellowship, prayer, etc. These sellers may not have been “sinning”, but they were being distracting, if nothing else. I think it was Jesus’ intention to point this out, and I think it is a simple one.
8. This is really interesting. If the money changers were in fact taking the space reserved for Gentiles to worship, then would that mean that Jesus’ actions were actually symbolically proclaiming that he came to bring salvation to both the Jews and the Gentiles? He could be making a point that it is just as important that Gentiles worship God since Jesus came to bring salvation to both. I know that, according to Strauss, it was one of Jesus’ messianic aims to bring salvation to both Jew and Gentile (Strauss 489). Although in that chapter of Strauss, he talks about Jesus cleansing the temple and bringing salvation to both Jew and Gentile, yet does not make the connection that these could be related.
9. I was very intrigued when you presented a different argument behind why there were money changers in the first place. I had always heard the argument that the Roman coins couldn’t be used due to the image of the godlike emperor. Yet this argument doesn’t make much sense if, like you said, the new coins also had a false godlike image. The argument of the silver content seems much more compelling to me, and also makes more sense given the severity of Jesus’ actions. In this context, the money changers would be converting the currency, likely making a profit off the top, however small, and the Temple (which was already quite wealthy) would be receiving coins that were inherently more valuable. The benefit was not to the worshippers themselves but to the money changers and the Temple. All this was at the expense of the worshippers, who were not only being charged extra for no reason, but also had to deal with the physical and spiritual disruption of having commerce take place in the Temple courts. Jesus was likely not too keen on the Temple having this tax at all (Matthew 17:24-27 demonstrates His attitude toward this), but was more upset at the completely unnecessary distraction from worship – the very purpose of the Temple.
10. I think that probably the most significant point of Jesus clearing out the temple is the fact that it is a distraction. The point of the temple was entirely to worship God, and the fact that there were money changers and vendors crowding around the entrance was completely distracting from this. While the money changing and the selling may have been convenient, and may not have been a sinful thing, it was getting in the way of the Temple in a couple of ways. First, it was simply a visual distraction. When a person walked into the temple, it seems that they would have had to walk through all of these people crowded around the vendors and money changers, which would obviously have been incredibly frustrating. Second, it created a distracting environment, emotionally for people. The temple was supposed to be a place specifically set aside for worshiping. The problem here is that, i assume, the people around the money changers, as well as the animals, were not trying with all their might to be quiet, and as such it was a very noisy entrance into the temple, which creates tension for a person to quiet their heart, and mind; in order to focus on God.
11. Phillip, you seem to be insisting on Jesus’ Temple action as symbolic. I realize that may fit best with traditional views based on the agenda (care to distance Jesus-followers from the Jewish rebels – Zealots, mainly – who had caused the horrendous war and destruction of the city and Temple) of the Evangelists. But, a turn was taking place by the time of Schweitzer’s first (1906, Eng.) book on the historical Jesus, and growing since, especially since the Dead Sea Scrolls. In the last 50 (+/-) years a growing number of scholars (only a few of whom I’ve read extensively) is seeing “behind” the major historical re-writes of the Gospels, in terms of Jesus’ mission and the beliefs and practices of his immediate disciples after his death (as you know… background for other readers).
More deeply understood, Kingdom of God activism and the widespread hatred of Roman occupation (like Seleucid before it), lets us see Jesus in that line quite solidly, and his arrest and execution as clearly for sedition against Rome, whatever exact form his resistance and agitation took…. To me, even the Gospel record preserves the reality that it did involve force and included armed, resisting supporters (Luke, and 1 or more of the other gospels report this). So, even if symbolic in nature, the “cleansing” was intended to lead ultimately to God’s intervention to bring in the Kingdom (a spiritual one only as accompanied by the earthly freedom of Israel).
We can and should draw spiritual lessons, including the value of loving one’s enemies, etc., from the Gospels, but not at the expense of looking open-eyed and clearly at the actual history…. Evangelicals are especially concerned with the historicity of the Bible, so that must include critical issues like this.
• I think Jesus really did some kind of protest against the Temple, and the action was laced with religious and political overtones – hence symbolic. This is similar to my (not very uncommon) view of the feeding of the 5000, Jesus is evoking wilderness images in order to create a new Israel around himself. The temple action is like Jeremiah 7, a prophetic condemnation of the Temple as empty worship by corrupted priests, etc. Equally radical (IMHO) is Jesus eating with sinners and tax collectors, sharing food with the unclean. That open attitude toward the sinner challenged the pharisees and created the atmosphere that would eventually result in his execution.
12. I have sat under many different preachers who demand money and tell people they are going to hell because they can’t pay their tithes. The tithe was an animal sacrifice, not money, and I believe the Pharisees had set up these tables to tell the people their sacrifices were not without blemishes and they would have to purchase an animal from them instead, thus making the Pharisees rich so they could enlarge the borders of their garments to show how rich they had become. They were scamming the poor people like the widow with only 2 mites to give. She was not aware that she was giving to the Pharisees who had gained control of the Temple. I believe this is why Jesus destroyed the Temple. If I had not become poor because of my husbands bad health I may have never noticed that some preachers today are also becoming rich off the people and even demanding the widow’s mite as well to go on fancy trips and live the high life!
• Actually in Exodus 30:13-16 God actually did tell them to give a money offering. There are many other scriptures that tell us to give to God. I am a pastor and know many others that work a secular job just to make ends meet. I don’t know any that are are even close to be considered rich.
• There are far more pastors working hard at several jobs in order to shepherd small congregations than pastors in massive (profitable) churches. Unfortunately, it is the mega-church rock star pastor that gets all the headlines! You are pastoring the church the way Paul and the other early church leaders did!
Leave a Reply
WordPress.com Logo
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s
|
<urn:uuid:5cec0bc6-c897-4cca-a4a3-cca281b8c759>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.15517133474349976,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9802588820457458,
"url": "https://readingacts.com/2014/11/02/why-were-there-money-changers-in-the-temple/"
}
|
Factsheet: Calculating water state
Why are we recording the current state of our freshwaters?
We measure the current state of our rivers, streams and lakes to get an idea about whether our water is suitable for use for various purposes, and the effect of different pressures (e.g. urbanisation, farming, etc.) on the condition of our freshwater resources.
Some influence from people on our waterways is necessary to support our communities and agriculture, and it is not possible to return most water bodies in New Zealand to their pre-human state. Even where this is almost achievable, such as within national parks, introduced aquatic species such as trout, as well as native and exotic birds, insects and pest mammals, and natural processes such as erosion and atmospheric pollution, impact our waterways to some extent.
How is State calculated for our freshwater sites?
State in LAWA is described using two independent methods: state quartiles (rivers only), and NOF band scores (for rivers and lakes, described below). The state quartiles are a relative measure, comparing sites against each other, while the NOF band scores are an absolute measure, evaluating each site against expectations of water quality values in the National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management.
LAWA State Quartiles
The state quartile value presented for the river water quality sites on LAWA is based on the median of monitoring results from the last five years (2014-2018). A state median is calculated when there is at least 50% of the data available over this time-period, (i.e. at least 2.5 years' worth of data over a five-year period), and the quartile ranking is derived by comparison of each site’s median with others. The quartile ranking describes how each site ranks relative to the others – the 1st quartile being the best quarter, the 4th quartile being the worst quarter.
The results are then presented in four groups from those that are within the best 25% (Quartile 1), to those in the worst 25% (Quartile 4):
Q1: Best 0-25% of sites
Q2: Best 25-50% of sites
Q3: Worst 25-50% of sites
Q4: Worst 0-25% of sites
For river water quality indicators, quartiles can be derived for each site by comparing its median values with all other sites around the country, or compared to sites with similar land use and/or altitude. Thus a single site may have various quartile scores, depending on the group it’s being compared against.
The land use classification for a reach is determined by the predominant upstream land use, which may be forest (indigenous and exotic), urban or rural. For example, if the catchment of a reach is 50% or more covered in ‘forest’, the reach’s land use is classified as forest, however, if the catchment of a reach is 15% or more covered by urban land use, the reach’s land use is classified as urban. These land use definitions are based on the New Zealand River Environment Classification (REC). At some sites, the REC classification does not reflect current land use, and in these cases councils have provided LAWA with an updated land use classification.
NOF Band Scores
The National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management (NPS-FM) 2014 (amended 2017) includes a table in the National Objectives Framework (NOF) of ‘attribute states’ or ‘bands’, which range from A to D and in the case of E. coli from A to E. The current state of lake and some river water quality indicators are evaluated against these attribute state bands, and the scores displayed on the LAWA website. The NPS-FM is the Government’s direction to regional councils about how to manage freshwater.
‘Attributes’ in the NPS are characteristics of the water that need to be managed by regional councils, the equivalent of LAWA's 'indicators'.
LAWA shows the current state for freshwater quality indicators as the A, B, C D or E NOF-bands (along with descriptions for context) so you can see which attribute state the water is currently in. Attribute states for most indicators are defined by the annual median result for the site, the 95th percentile result or the annual maximum result. For example if the ammoniacal nitrogen annual median result was an A NOF-band and the annual maximum result was a B NOF-band, then LAWA shows this as a B NOF-band.
An example of the descriptions for the attribute states (e.g. total phosphorus for Lakes) is given below:
NOF band legend for Phosphorus
Councils need to set ‘freshwater objectives’ for these attributes, describing the band their communities want for each attribute. For each attribute (except E. coli) there is a national bottom line (between the C and D band). That means councils need to aim for a C or better, unless it is considered appropriate to set the freshwater objective below the national bottom line (e.g. the existing freshwater quality is caused by naturally occurring processes). If they are not already achieving these freshwater objectives they need to work towards achieving them over time.
The difference between State Quartiles and NOF Band Scores
State quartiles are a useful comparative ranking. They show us how a site compares against other sites. The NOF-band provides an absolute ‘score’ for some water quality indicators.
For some sites the water quality may be good (and score “A” under NOF), yet still be in the 4th quartile. This happens when all the sites are good (and meet the NOF “A” definition); some will still be better, leaving others in the 4th quartile. On LAWA that looks like this:
State quartile and NOF view
River ecological health monitoring sites
LAWA shows three indicators (Macroinvertebrate Community Index (MCI), taxonomic richness and %EPT) which are used to measure the ecological health of river sites.
The state presented for these sites uses the median calculated from data over the last five years (2014-2018). A minimum of three data points over the last five years are required for a median value to be calculated for sites that are sampled once a year. Sites that are sampled twice per year need a minimum of six samples over the last five years.
|
<urn:uuid:461efb2c-a51b-48b9-9884-2d562dc2dd1e>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.921875,
"fasttext_score": 0.04993891716003418,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9172642230987549,
"url": "https://www.lawa.org.nz/learn/factsheets/calculating-water-state/"
}
|
Friday, July 28, 2017
What is CountDownLatch in Java - Concurrency Example Tutorial
What is CountDownLatch in Java
CountDownLatch in Java is a kind of synchronizer which allows one Thread to wait for one or more Threads before starts processing. This is a very crucial requirement and often needed in server-side core Java application and having this functionality built-in as CountDownLatch greatly simplifies the development. CountDownLatch in Java is introduced on Java 5 along with other concurrent utilities like CyclicBarrier, Semaphore, ConcurrentHashMap and BlockingQueue in java.util.concurrent package. In this Java concurrency tutorial we will what is CountDownLatch in Java, How CountDownLatch works in Java, an example of CountDownLatch in Java, and finally some worth noting points about this concurrent utility.
You can also implement the same functionality using wait and notify mechanism in Java but it requires a lot of code and getting it to write in the first attempt is tricky, With CountDownLatch it can be done in just a few lines. CountDownLatch also allows flexibility on a number of threads for which the main thread should wait, It can wait for one thread or n number of threads, there is not much change on code.
The key point is that you need to figure out where to use CountDownLatch in Java application which is not difficult if you understand What is CountDownLatch in Java, What does CountDownLatch do, and How CountDownLatch works in Java.
How CountDownLatch works in Java
CountDownLatch Example in Java 5 6 7Now we know What is CountDownLatch in Java, its time to find out How CountDownLatch works in Java. CountDownLatch works in latch principle, the main thread will wait until Gate is open. One thread waits for n number of threads specified while creating CountDownLatch in Java.
Any thread, usually the main thread of application, which calls CountDownLatch.await() will wait until count reaches zero or its interrupted by another Thread. All other threads are required to do a count down by calling CountDownLatch.countDown() once they are completed or ready to the job. as soon as count reaches zero, Thread awaiting starts running.
One of the disadvantages of CountDownLatch is that it's not reusable once count reaches zero you can not use CountDownLatch any more, but don't worry Java concurrency API has another concurrent utility called CyclicBarrier for such requirements.
CountDownLatch Example in Java
In this section, we will see a full-featured real-world example of using CountDownLatch in Java. In following CountDownLatch example, Java program requires 3 services namely CacheService, AlertService, and ValidationService to be started and ready before the application can handle any request and this is achieved by using CountDownLatch in Java.
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
* as illustrated in this CountDownLatch Example
* @author Javin Paul
public class CountDownLatchDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(3);
cacheService.start(); //separate thread will initialize CacheService
alertService.start(); //another thread for AlertService initialization
// and ready to do there job.
// until all services is up.
}catch(InterruptedException ie){
class Service implements Runnable{
private final String name;
private final int timeToStart;
private final CountDownLatch latch;
this.timeToStart = timeToStart;
this.latch = latch;
public void run() {
try {
} catch (InterruptedException ex) {
System.out.println( name + " is Up");
latch.countDown(); //reduce count of CountDownLatch by 1
ValidationService is Up
AlertService is Up
CacheService is Up
All services are up, Application is starting now
By looking at the output of this CountDownLatch example in Java, you can see that the Application is not started until all services started by individual Threads are completed.
When should we use CountDownLatch in Java :
Use CountDownLatch when one of Thread like main thread, require to wait for one or more thread to complete before its start doing the processing. A classical example of using CountDownLatch in Java is any server-side core Java application which uses services architecture, where multiple services are provided by multiple threads and application can not start processing until all services have started successfully as shown in our CountDownLatch example.
CountDownLatch in Java – Things to remember
Few points about Java CountDownLatch which is worth remembering:
1) You can not reuse CountDownLatch once count is reaches zero, this is the main difference between CountDownLatch and CyclicBarrier, which is frequently asked in core Java interviews and multi-threading interviews.
That’s all on What is CountDownLatch in Java, What does CountDownLatch do in Java, How CountDownLatch works in Java along with a real-life CountDownLatch example in Java. This is a very useful concurrency utility and if you master when to use CountDownLatch and how to use CountDownLatch you will be able to reduce a good amount of complex concurrency control code written using wait and notify in Java.
Further Learning
Multithreading and Parallel Computing in Java
Java Concurrency in Practice - The Book
Applying Concurrency and Multi-threading to Common Java Patterns
Java Concurrency in Practice Course by Heinz Kabutz
Other Java concurrency examples from Javarevisited.
Praduman said...
Anonymous said...
To make explanation of CountDownLatch more clear :
Shravan said...
Can you please explain me that if i comment
Is there any way to proceed through this situation???
Javin @ Cause of NullPointerException in Java said...
Unknown said...
Unknown said...
Sudip Nayak said...
Hi, Javin
parasnath said...
Hi Sudip,
As per my understanding, in this case the execution of main thread will depend on latch value(till it becomes 0), After value is '0' , now the further processing of main thread will depend on scheduler.
Please correct me anyone , anywhere I am wrong.
Anonymous said...
Question why not to use Thead.join()
In terms of readability, I would choose the CountdownLatch approach over joining on each thread. This also allows you to change the implementation of Item to maybe submit to an Executor service instead of using Threads directly.
Unknown said...
Of course Service class should be made static in above example.
Unknown said...
Superb , Simple , sweet explanation ,,hats off Javin
javin paul said...
@Prem, thanks, good to hear that you find this tutorial helpful.
Unknown said...
Jarvin , why the Validation Service starts first while the Cache Service should start first
Unknown said...
Please let me know how we can use latch.await() on any other thread apart from main thread.
Unknown said...
@Unknown: Just pass the latch instance to that thread and call latch.await() from run() method in that thread.
Ashad said...
Well explained.
javin paul said...
Thank you @Ashad, glad that you find my explanation of CountDownLatch in Java useful.
Unknown said...
Good work, its easy and refined. Keep up the good work
javin paul said...
Thank you @Unknown.
Anonymous said...
Thanks this is useful
Unknown said...
Thank Javin Paul for article about CountDownLatch, it very helpful for me.
Btw, i suggest you should compare with Thread join, WorkManager and Executor. These working same CountDownLatch.
Post a Comment
|
<urn:uuid:98141b4b-da36-4ec6-a74d-86f3adbb5a0f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.019665062427520752,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.88902747631073,
"url": "https://javarevisited.blogspot.com/2012/07/countdownlatch-example-in-java.html?showComment=1498301946222"
}
|
EUROPE IN A SOUNBITE, Catholic sisters in Europe
Nuns experienced unprecedented growth in nineteenth century Europe, driven as much by spiritual awakening as by increased social demand for instruction and care. During the ensuing century, they successfully met the challenges of professionalization (nurses, social workers) and became involved in new areas of popular education and unionism. They were neither cloistered nor married, and enjoyed considerable capacity for action, imposing themselves in both Europe and colonial lands/missions as strong-minded women capable of negotiating with masculine authorities. All the same, they were sensitive to the political situation, which underwent a reversal in the 1860s, while the internal evolutions of the Catholic Church (aggiornamento), along with the evolution of European societies during the 1960s, jeopardized a unique way of life which was symbolized by their “cornettes.”
Capsule réalisée par Anne Jusseaume à partir de la notice EHNE Catholic sisters in Europe de Matthieu Brejon de Lavergnée.
Conception, enregistrement et traduction: Euradionantes
Documents similaires
|
<urn:uuid:2e5883f4-bfa4-4273-9ec2-c789b7d83719>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.21128875017166138,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9225160479545593,
"url": "http://www.lipe-europe.eu/document/europe-in-a-sounbite-catholic-sisters-in-europe/"
}
|
How To Write a Secret Message Using The PigPen Cipher
Kids love secret messages and secret codes! One of the easiest ciphers to start with is the secret code called the Pig Pen Code or Pigpen Cipher. So here’s how to write a secret message using Pig Pen:
If your child is into secret codes or if they’ve never tried one then the Pig Pen cipher is a fun one to try.
Here’s How To Make a Secret Code Using Pig Pen
All you need to make your master code sheet is a piece of paper and a pen.
1. Draw two grids of 3×3 = 9 squares and two sets of diagonals crossed over.
2. In the first 9 box grid you put the letters A to I
3. In the second 9 box grid you put the letters J to R, and in the inner corner or middle of the inner line of each box you put a dot.
4. In the first diagonal grid you put the letters S, T, U and V
5. In the second diagonal grid you put the letters W, X, Y and Z. You put a dot in the four corners of the grid spaces.
6. Your master code sheet should look like this:
Pigpen cipher
Now have a go at writing some secret code! For each letter of your word you draw out the shape of the box it sits in. So for example, H would be Π, V would be > and so on.
Can you decipher this Pig Pen message?
example of pigpen message
Scroll down to the end to find the answer!
Variations of Pig Pen
You can do variations on the cipher as well. Instead of grid, grid, X, X, you could try grid, X, grid, X.
Or another is grid, grid, grid, with each cell having a letter of the alphabet and the last one having an “&” character. In this variation letters from the first grid have no dot, the second each have one dot and the third grid have two dots.
Another system has a single grid of nine cells with 1 to 3 dots in each box. So ABC would be in the top left pen, followed by DEF and GHI on the first line, then groups of JKL MNO PQR on the second, and STU VWX YZ on the third line. The location of the dot in each symbol (left, center, or right) is used to indicate which letter in that box is represented.
Watch our video for a demonstration of a version with a grid and an x, with double letters in each box:
You May Also Enjoy How To Make a Time Capsule and How To Make a Marble Run
example of pigpen message answer
Over to you now. Have you tried the Pigpen cipher out? Did you decipher our secret message?! Tell us in the comments below!
How To Write a Secret Message Using The PigPen Cipher
Leave a Reply
|
<urn:uuid:b4830590-5d87-4544-8fcb-05d7f59c9735>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.8899233341217041,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8967938423156738,
"url": "https://www.mykidstime.com/things-to-do/how-to-write-a-secret-message-using-the-pigpen-cipher/"
}
|
Barnacle Lab
barnacles 15k
You will investigate an invertebrate animal called an acorn barnacle.
You will change environmental conditions to see if that affects the barnacle's responses.
This will require careful observation of your barnacles. Use the lab format to report your findings.
Your specific question will depend on what environmental factor
you choose to vary. (Example: How will changing the ________ affect the barnacle's response?)
Barnacles are crustaceans well adapted to a sessile life in
marine intertidal environments. A mobile larval stage attaches itself to a surface and
starts forming 8 to 12 calcareous plates. Two pairs of these plates are movable.
As the tide goes out, barnacles hold a small amount of water in their shells, close the moveable plates and
rest through severe environmental stress until the cool salt water returns.
They can endure changes in salinity, temperature and dryness.
Barnacles also have appendages called cirripodia (cirri) which they extend when under water.
Barnacles vary how quickly they move these cirri. You will be reporting on the effect of varying
environmental conditions on how often the cirri "beat" per minute.
In the 19th century, zoologist Louis Agassiz, said a barnacle is,
"... a little shrimp-like animal, standing on its head in a limestone house kicking food into its mouth."
This is the expected answer to your question.
Example: The rate the barnacle beats its cirri will __________ when the ________ is changed.
Your prediction must be testable with the equipment in our lab.
Make a complete numbered list of the equipment you will need.
Write a step-by-step description of how you will perform the experiment.
Use a list of numbered, short, concise sentences.
Someone else should be able to duplicate your experiment using these instructions.
The data section has three parts:
1. Data tables with your data.
2. A graph of your data with the independent variable
(your environmental factor) on the x-axis
and the dependent variable on the y-axis (cirri beats).
3. A diagram (drawing) of one barnacle and the position of its cirri.
Write a short summary of what the data means and attempt to explain it.
Include your question and prediction and discuss how the data supports or
does not support your prediction. Give suggestions for improving your experiment and
areas of further experimentation.
|
<urn:uuid:82141d08-756d-46c1-95f3-437d23a72713>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.9916983246803284,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.877470850944519,
"url": "http://ricksci.com/inv/invl_barnacle.htm"
}
|
Skip to main content
Expert Voices
Painting Our Way to the Moon (Op-Ed)
orbital mathematics, art, science
This pastel artwork by Ed Belbruno was painted while he was attempting to find an efficient trajectory for a lunar spacecraft. The solution ultimately emerged from the brushstrokes.
(Image: © © Edward Belbruno)
Edward Belbruno is a mathematician and an artist. His paintings are in major collections and exhibited throughout the United States, and he regularly consults with NASA from his position as a cosmology researcher at Princeton University. He is also author of "Fly Me to the Moon" (Princeton University Press, 2007). Belbruno contributed this article to's Expert Voices: Op-Ed & Insights.
Science often inspires artists to create new works of art. For example, the discovery of new worlds by the Kepler space telescope conjures up images in the mind of exotic unearthly landscapes. An artist can then paint possible landscapes that may exist and let his or her imagination run wild. One can think of many such examples — though inspiration from the other direction is not as obvious. When does art inspire science? Can a painting reveal a significant new scientific discovery?
"Diophantine Flow" (2010) is one of scientist Edward Belbruno's works that reflects back to a pastel work he did in 1986 that helped him come up with a new way for spacecraft to slow down in space without using fuel. (Image credit: Edward Belbruno)
I am both a scientist and an artist. The paintings that I create have given rise to interesting scientific discoveries. The paintings don't just inspire me to pursue a particular avenue of study — they literally have the key within them to help me figure out how to solve complex scientific problems. The process of how this occurs is somewhat mysterious and has happened to me many times, and recently gave rise to a revolutionary new route to the Moon.
To lunar orbit, without engines
In 1986 I first started working for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) as a trajectory designer. My training was in mathematics, where I obtained a Ph.D. from New York University in 1981, a major that was ideal for designing trajectories for spacecraft. JPL asked me to participate in the development of a special kind of trajectory that would bring a small spacecraft from Earth orbit to the moon, and then into lunar orbit. The spacecraft was to be released from a space shuttle, and using very small engines slowly spiral away from the Earth and to the moon. However, there was one catch: the engines were too small to slow the craft enough upon arrival at the Moon to go into lunar orbit.
Instead, it was necessary to find a way to have the spacecraft go into lunar orbit without using its engines! This is called ballistic lunar capture and had never been done before. The usual approach is to move quickly and directly to the Moon on a Hohmann transfer — using engines to give a lot of thrust that slows the craft and places it into orbit. In the scenario I was studying, the spacecraft's engines were just too small. The thrust was essentially zero.
This pastel artwork by Ed Belbruno was painted while he was attempting to find an efficient trajectory for a lunar spacecraft. The solution ultimately emerged from the brushstrokes. (Image credit: © Edward Belbruno)
I knew from my mathematical experience that if ballistic capture is possible, it is very complex, requiring the use of chaos theory to find special pathways within the chaotic transitions of the gravitational fields between the Earth and moon. Such a problem would require many months or even years to solve.
I was given only three months. This deadline was short since the entire design of the spacecraft depended on the trajectories it would use. This put the spacecraft design on hold — and all the people involved, who numbered about 20.If the trajectories were not on hand within a few months, then the mission study would have had to be substantially altered. I needed a miracle of sorts. What I did was paint.
Edward Belbruno, pictured in his studio, draws on science and mathematics to create his art -- and vice versa. (Image credit: Edward Belbruno)
Art as the answer
The process I used was to let my subconscious try and find the route. I painted the Earth-moon system so fast that I couldn't think, and my hands were guided from a subconscious level. I thought that this may reveal a new type of route to the moon within the brush strokes.
This idea is somewhat analogous to the deeper sense of reality one notices when looking at a Van Gogh painting. He painted so fast that his subconscious helped him reveal things the conscious mind would not notice.
When I finished the painting, which was in pastel, the brush strokes of the pastel revealed a special path from the Earth to lunar orbit. In the pastel, one sees slightly darker pastel marks making their way from a region around the Earth to a region around the Moon. The regions reveal a somewhat circular pattern that gradually tapers off. The boundary of those regions is where the trajectory starts and ends.
The boundary locations, called "weak stability boundaries," are where a spacecraft can easily leave the Earth or be captured about the moon with very little fuel. The boundaries represent transition regions between the two gravitational fields of the Earth and moon, regions that the spacecraft must pass through for ballistic capture to occur. The motion is delicate (chaotic) in these transition regions.
When the coordinates of the start of this path were estimated from the pastel and put in a sophisticated NASA computer program simulating space trajectories, the trajectory went into lunar orbit, with no rocket engines required. Within the simulation, ballistic capture had been achieved for the first time — ever.
This outcome would have been impossible in the time required by traditional scientific methods.
Four years later, in 1991, a route like this was found by myself and a colleague, James Miller, also of JPL, to rescue a Japanese lunar mission and get their spacecraft, Hiten, to the moon — the first operational demonstration for the theory.
Until the demonstration of the ballistic capture transfer by Hiten, there was little confidence in the theory at JPL, even though the first transfer was found in 1986. It was not understood and not felt to be useful due to the fact it took two years for thespacecraft to get to the Moon. The successful use of ballistic capture by Hiten gave the proof that the theory was valid. However, because the methods were so different from the usual approach, it took a decade for the theory to gradually become accepted. Now, ballistic capture transfers are an integral part of the tools NASA and ESA use to design transfers to the moon and other locations.
The use of art to reveal scientific discoveries in my work has occurred several times, and each time it is reveals an exciting and mysterious process.
Note: Meet Belbruno on Oct. 22 in New York at a gallery showing highlighting his work. Belbruno's art is available exclusively in the store.
A feature documentary on Ed Belbruno, will premiere in New York City on Friday Jan. 16th, 2015 at the Philip K. Dick Film Festival.Follow all of the Expert Voices issues and debates — and become part of the discussion — on Facebook, Twitter and Google+. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. This version of the article was originally published on
|
<urn:uuid:8b58a15e-1e8f-4b07-b4f4-1a7a60b197ca>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.04881846904754639,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9669404029846191,
"url": "https://www.space.com/28268-painting-inspires-lunar-trajectory.html"
}
|
This lesson is being piloted (Beta version)
Variables explained
Teaching: 10 min
Exercises: 10 min
• How do variables work?
• Know how to use variables
For this exercise, we will just directly run a CMake Script, instead of running CMakeLists.txt. The command to do so is:
# Assuming you have a file called example.cmake:
cmake -P example.cmake
This way, we don’t have so many little builds sitting around.
Local variables
Let’s start with a local variable.
# local.cmake
set(MY_VARIABLE "I am a variable")
message(STATUS "${MY_VARIABLE}")
Here we see the set command, which sets a variable, and the message command, which prints out a string. We are printing a STATUS message - there are other types (many other types in CMake 3.15+).
More about variables
Try the following:
• Remove the quotes in set. What happens?
• Remove the quotes in message. What happens? Why?
• Try setting a cached variable using -DMY_VARIABLE=something before the -P. Which variable is shown?
Cached variables
Now, let’s look at cached variables; a key ingredient in all CMake builds. In a build, cached variables are set in the command line or in a graphical tool (such as ccmake, cmake-gui), and then written to a file called CMakeCache.txt. When you rerun, the cache is read in before starting, so that CMake “remembers” what you ran it with. For our example, we will use CMake in script mode, and that will not write out a cache, which makes it easier to play with. Feel free to look back at the example you built in the last lesson and investigate the CMakeCache.txt file in your build directory there. Things like the compiler location, as discovered or set on the first run, are cached.
Here’s what a cached variable looks like:
# cache.cmake
set(MY_CACHE_VAR "I am a cached variable" CACHE STRING "Description")
message(STATUS "${MY_CACHE_VAR}")
We have to include the variable type here, which we didn’t have to do before (but we could have) - it helps graphical CMake tools show the correct options. The main difference is the CACHE keyword and the description. If you were to run cmake -L or cmake -LH, you would see all the cached variables and descriptions.
The normal set command only sets the cached variable if it is not already set - this allows you to override cached variables with -D. Try:
cmake -DMY_CACHE_VAR="command line" -P cache.cmake
You can use FORCE to set a cached variable even if it already set; this should not be very common. Since cached variables are global, sometimes they get used as a makeshift global variable - the keyword INTERNAL is identical to STRING FORCE, and hides the variable from listings/GUIs.
Since bool cached variables are so common for builds, there is a shortcut syntax for making one:
option(MY_OPTION "On or off" OFF)
Other variables
You can get environment variables with $ENV{name}. Properties are a form of variable that is attached to a target; you can use get_property and set_property, or get_target_properties and set_target_properties (stylistic preference) to access and set these.
Handy tip:
Use include(CMakePrintHelpers) to add the useful commands cmake_print_properties and cmake_print_variables to save yourself some typing when debugging variables and properties.
Target properties and variables
You have seen targets; they have properties attached that control their behavior. Many of these properties, such as CXX_EXTENSIONS, have a matching variable that starts with CMAKE_, such as CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS, that will be used to initialize them. So you can using set property on each target by setting a variable before making the targets.
There are several commands that help with strings, files, lists, and the like. Let’s take a quick look at one of the most interesting: glob.
file(GLOB OUTPUT_VAR *.cxx)
This will make a list of all files that match the pattern and put it into OUTPUT_VAR. You can also use GLOB_RECURSE, which will recurse subdirectories. There are several useful options, which you can look at in the documentation, but one is particularly important: CONFIGURE_DEPENDS (CMake 3.12+).
When you rerun the build step (not the configure step), then unless you setCONFIGURE_DEPENDS, your build tool will not check to see if you have added any new files that now pass the glob. This is the reason poorly written CMake projects often have issues when you are trying to add files; some people are in the habit of rerunning cmake before every build because of this. You shouldn’t ever have to manually reconfigure; the build tool will rerun CMake as needed with this one exception. If you add CONFIGURE_DEPENDS, then most build tools will actually start checking glob too. The classic rule of CMake was “never glob”; the new rule is “never glob, but if you have to, add CONFIGURE_DEPENDS”.
More reading
Key Points
• Work with variables in CMake
|
<urn:uuid:4114db60-d4c6-463b-9641-a4d0b4d384ea>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.028857767581939697,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8894372582435608,
"url": "https://henryiii.github.io/cmake_workshop/05-variables/index.html"
}
|
Fortin Du Petit-Sault – Edmundston
Edmundston is a major hub for regional business and services. It is the most densely populated city in the area. When the land was first being settled, Edmundston was called Petit-Sault. At one time, the P’tit-Sault blockhouse, located at the junction of the Saint John and Madawaska rivers, protected the territory from its enemies.
Fortin Du Petit-Sault, Edmundston
The area was at the centre of the Aroostook War, a skirmish over boundary lines between the U.S.A. and what was then British North America. Originally confined to a disagreement between the State of Maine and the Colony of New Brunswick, the dispute eventually spread to involve the Government of the United States in Washington, D.C. and the British Colonial Administration in Quebec City, seat of the Governor General of Canada, who had supreme authority over all of British North America, including New Brunswick.
Fortin Du Petit-Sault, Edmundston
In the wake of this international conflict, a small fortification (Fortin du Petit-Sault) was built in anticipation of a possible attack by the Americans, to complement the much larger fortification located at Fort Ingall (now Cabano) in nearby Canada (now Quebec).
Fortin Du Petit-Sault, Edmundston
One of the central figures at the origin of the conflict was American-born industrialist “Colonel” John Baker, who had established sawmills and other lumber-related industries on the eastern shores of the Saint John river, an area claimed by the British that Baker wanted to be declared part of Maine as he was a fiercely nationalist American.
Fortin Du Petit-Sault
When the terms of the treaty that was signed following the conflict left Baker’s properties firmly planted on British soil, and with the lack of support from the US Government to oppose the decision, Baker was facing the dilemma of either moving his facilities across the river on the American side, or to accept British sovereignty. Unwilling to do either, he declared the area an independent state called the “Republic of Madawaska,” declaring himself head of state with the overwhelming support of the local, mostly French-speaking but independent-minded population. The “Republic” was never recognized and never had legal existence, but nevertheless the concept has remained so popular with the francophone Brayon residents on both the Canadian and American sides of the border that they refer to the region as the Republic of Madawaska to this day, and each mayor of Edmundston still receives the title of “President of the Republic of Madawaska.”
Fortin Du Petit-Sault, Edmundston
Resource: City of Edmundston
This post has already been read 567 times!
Follow Us on Social Media
Leave a Reply
|
<urn:uuid:16010f40-0994-4ce5-96db-466d9721c02b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.028981328010559082,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9599583148956299,
"url": "https://mynewbrunswick.ca/fortin-du-petit-sault-edmundston/"
}
|
Galant music
In music, galant refers to the style which was fashionable from the 1720s to the 1770s. This movement featured a return to simplicity and immediacy of appeal after the complexity of the late Baroque era. This meant simpler, more song-like melodies, decreased use of polyphony, short, periodic phrases, a reduced harmonic vocabulary emphasizing tonic and dominant, and a clear distinction between soloist and accompaniment. C. P. E. Bach and Daniel Gottlob Türk, who were among the most significant theorists of the late 18th century, contrasted the galant with the "learned" or "strict" styles (; ). The German empfindsamer Stil, which seeks to express personal emotions and sensitivity, can be seen either as a closely related North-German dialect of the international galant style (; ; ; ), or as contrasted with it, as between the music of Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach, a founder of both styles, and that of Johann Christian Bach, who carried the galant style further and was closer to classical.
This musical style was part of the wider galant movement in art at the time.The word "galant" derives from French, where it was in use from at least the 16th century. In the early 18th century, a galant homme described a person of fashion; elegant, cultured and virtuous. The German theorist Johann Mattheson appears to have been fond of the term. It features in the title of his first publication of 1713, Das neu-eröffnete Orchestre, oder Universelle und gründliche Anleitung wie ein Galant Homme einen vollkommenen Begriff von der Hoheit und Würde der edlen Music erlangen. (Instead of the Gothic type rendered here in italics, Mattheson used Roman to emphasize the many non-German expressions (; ). Mattheson was apparently the first to refer to a "galant style" in music, in his Das forschende Orchestre of 1721. He recognized a lighter, modern style, einem galanten Stylo and named among its leading practitioners Giovanni Bononcini, Antonio Caldara, Georg Philipp Telemann, Alessandro Scarlatti, Antonio Vivaldi and George Frideric Handel . All were composing Italian opera seria, a voice-driven musical style, and opera remained the central form of galant music. The new music was not as essentially a court music as it was a city music: the cities emphasized by Daniel Heartz, a recent historian of the style, were first of all Naples, then Venice, Dresden, Berlin, Stuttgart and Mannheim, and Paris. Many galant composers spent their careers in less central cities, ones that may be considered consumers rather than producers of the style galant: Johann Christian Bach and Carl Friedrich Abel in London, Baldassare Galuppi in St Petersburg, Georg Philipp Telemann in Hamburg.
The rejection of so much accumulated learning and formula in music is paralleled only by the rejection in the early 20th century of the entire structure of key relationships. Not every contemporary was delighted with this revolutionary simplification: Johann Samuel Petri, in his Anleitung zur praktischen Musik (1782) spoke of the "great catastrophe in music" .
The change was as much at the birth of Romanticism as it was of Classicism. The folk-song element in poetry, like the singable cantabile melody in galant music, was brought to public notice in Thomas Percy's Reliques of Ancient Poetry (1765) and James Macpherson's "Ossian" inventions during the 1760s.Some of Telemann's later music and of Bach's sons, Johann Quantz, Hasse, Giovanni Battista Sammartini, Giuseppe Tartini, Baldassare Galuppi, Johann Stamitz, Domenico Alberti, and early Mozart are exemplars of galant style. Some of the works of the Portuguese composer Carlos Seixas are firmly in the galant style.
This simplified style was melody-driven, not constructed, as so much classical music was to be, on rhythmic or melodic motifs: "It is indicative that Haydn, even in his old age, is reported to have said, 'If you want to know whether a melody is really beautiful, sing it without accompaniment'" . This simplification also extended to harmonic rhythm, which is generally slower in galant music than is the case in the earlier baroque style, thus making lavish melodic ornamentation and nuances of secondary harmonic colorings more important .
The affinities of galant style with Rococo in the visual arts are easily overplayed, but characteristics that were valued in both genres were freshness, accessibility and charm. Watteau's fêtes galantes were rococo not merely in subject matter, but also in the lighter, cleaner tonality of his palette, and the glazes that supplied a galant translucency to his finished pictures often compared to the orchestrations of galant music .
• Further reading
• Gjerdingen, Robert O. 2007. Music in the Galant Style. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. .Category:Baroque music Category:Classical period (music) Category:Age of Enlightenment
|
<urn:uuid:11b96115-c1f0-4205-8964-034a45c7e622>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.06261765956878662,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9341616630554199,
"url": "https://www.wikiamp.com/wiki/Galant_music"
}
|
Go to content Go to navigation Go to search
Eudoxus · 2520 dagen geleden by Ad van den Ende
Excerpts from The Growth of physical Science written by James Jeans
(…) the first astronomer οf note that we meet is another Pythagorean, Eudοxus οf Cnidus (408 – 353 B.C.). He was a good observer, and made very accurate observations οn the motions οf the planets.
We have seen how Platο had propounded the problem οf finding what set οf uniform and ordered circular movement would account for the observed planetary motions. Eudοxus’s efforts to solve this problem led him tο propound a cοsmοlοgy which was in many ways retrograde. His Pythagorean pre- decessοrs had already set the earth moving through space lik the other planets; Eudοxus not only put it back at the centre οf things, but made it stand still there. Round this fixed centre he supposed that a number οf spheres revolved. The outer most οf these was simply that sphere οf Aristotle’s which had the fixed stars attached tο it; tο the inner spheres nο stars or planets were directly attached, but other spheres, tο which were attached yet other spheres, and sο οn. Tο the final spheres οf this series were attached the sun, moon and the five planets, which thus revolved round the central earth in a highly complicated way. Tο fit his observations, Eudοxus found he needed three spheres each for the sun and moon, and four for each οf the planets, making a total οf twenty-seven spheres.
Cosmic system of Eudoxus
Then the more exact observations οf his pupil Callippus showed that twenty-seven spheres were inadequate; thirty-four were now needed. Here we have the germ οf the complicated system οf cycles and epicycles which, under the leadership οf Ptolemy, was tο dominate and harass the astrοnοmy οf the next 2000 years.
During all this time, explorers cοntίnued tο explore the surface οf the earth and notice how the length οf day varied from place tο place, being dependent οn the latitude but not on the longitude. This was supposed tο indicate that the earth was spherical in shape. Finally, Ecphantus, one οf the last οf Pythagoreans, asserted that this sphere turned οn its own axis.
About 350 B.C., Heraclides οf Pοntus (388 – 315 B.C.) taught similar doctrines, and added that while the sun and major planets revolved round a fixed earth, Venus and Mercury revolved round the moving sun — an anticipation of the scheme Tycho Brahe was to put forward 1900 years later.
Thanks to Ecphantus and Heraclides, astronomy had now acquired the idea of an earth which was sο little fixed that it could rotate under a canopy of fixed stars, and οf planets that could revolve round the sun.
|
<urn:uuid:53f966fa-3d47-4ad5-a35d-b68cba5e0989>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.028039515018463135,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9545636773109436,
"url": "http://geschiedenisenkunst.com/hist06/"
}
|
Cayley graph
Cayley graph
In mathematics, the Cayley graph, also known as the Cayley colour graph, is the graph that encodes the structure of a discrete group. Its definition is suggested by Cayley's theorem (named after Arthur Cayley) and uses a particular, usually finite, set of generators for the group. It is a central tool in combinatorial and geometric group theory.
Suppose that G is a group and S is a generating set. The Cayley graph Gamma=Gamma(G,S) is a colored directed graph constructed as follows.
* Each element g of G is assigned a vertex: the vertex set V(Gamma) of Gamma is identified with G.
* Each generator s of S is assigned a color c_s.
* For any gin G, sin S, the vertices corresponding to the elements g and gs are joined by a directed edge of colour c_s. Thus the edge set E(Gamma) consists of pairs of the form (g, gs), with sin S providing the color.
In geometric group theory, the set S is usually assumed to be finite, "symmetric", i.e. S=S^{-1}, and not containing the identity element of the group. In this case, the Cayley graph is an ordinary graph: its edges are not oriented and it does not contain loops.
* Suppose that "G" = Z is the infinite cyclic group and the set "S" consists of the standard generator 1 and its inverse (−1 in the additive notation) then the Cayley graph is an infinite chain.
* Similarly, if "G" = Z"n" is the finite cyclic group of order "n" and the set "S" consists of two elements, the standard generator of "G" and its inverse, then the Cayley graph is the cycle "C""n".
* The Cayley graph of the direct product of groups is the cartesian product of the corresponding Cayley graphs. Thus the Cayley graph of the abelian group Z2 with the set of generators consisting of four elements (±1, ±1) is the infinite grid on the plane R2, while for the direct product Z"n" × Z"m" with similar generators the Cayley graph is the "n" by "m" finite grid on a torus.
* The Cayley graph of the dihedral group "D"4 on two generators α and β is depicted to the right. Red arrows represent left-multiplication by element α. Since element β is self-inverse, the blue lines which represent left-multiplication by element β are undirected. Therefore the graph is mixed: it has eight vertices, eight arrows, and four edges. The Cayley table of the group "D"4 can be derived from the group presentation
: langle alpha, eta | alpha^4 = eta^2 = e, alpha eta = eta alpha^3 angle.
* The Cayley graph of the free group on two generators "a", "b" corresponding to the set "S" = {"a", "b", "a"−1, "b"−1} is depicted at the top of the article, and "e" represents the identity element. Travelling along an edge to the right represents right multiplication by "a", while travelling along an edge upward corresponds to the multiplication by "b". Since the free group has no relations, the Cayley graph has no cycles. This Cayley graph is a key ingredient in the proof of the Banach–Tarski paradox.
The group G acts on itself by the left multiplication (see Cayley's theorem). This action may be viewed as the action of G on its Cayley graph. Explicitly, an element hin G maps a vertex gin V(Gamma) to the vertex hgin V(Gamma). The set of edges of the Cayley graph is preserved by this action: the edge (g,gs) is transformed into the edge (hg,hgs). The left multiplication action of any group on itself is simply transitive, in particular, the Cayley graph is vertex transitive. This leads to the following characterization of Cayley graphs:
: "A graph Gamma is a Cayley graph of a group G if and only if it admits a simply transitive action of G by graph automorphisms (i.e. preserving the set of edges)".
To recover the group G and the generating set S from the Cayley graph Gamma=Gamma(G,S), select a vertex v_1in V(Gamma) and label it by the identity element of the group. Then label each vertex v of Gamma by the unique element of G that trasforms v_1 into v. The set S of generators of G that yields Gamma as the Cayley graph is the set of labels of the vertices adjacent to the selected vertex. The generating set is finite (this is a common assumption for Cayley graphs) if and only if the graph is locally finite (i.e. each vertex is adjacent to finitely many edges).
Elementary properties
* If a member s of the generating set is its own inverse, s=s^{-1}, then it is generally represented by an undirected edge.
* The Cayley graph Gamma(G,S) depends in an essential way on the choice of the set S of generators. For example, if the generating set S has k elements then each vertex of the Cayley graph has k incoming and k outgoing directed edges. In the case of a symmetric generating set S with r elements, the Cayley graph is a regular graph of degree r.
* Cycles (or "closed walks") in the Cayley graph indicate relations between the elements of S. In the more elaborate construction of the Cayley complex of a group, closed paths corresponding to relations are "filled in" by polygons.
* If f: G' o G is a surjective group homomorphism and the images of the elements of the generating set S' for G' are distinct, then it induces a covering of graphs
:: ar{f}: Gamma(G',S') o Gamma(G,S),quad where S=f(S').
: In particular, if a group G has k generators, all of order different from 2, and the set S consists of these generators together with their inverses, then the Cayley graph Gamma(G,S) is covered by the infinite regular tree of degree 2k corresponding to the free group on the same set of generators.
* A graph Gamma(G,S) can be constructed even if the set S does not generate the group G. However, it is disconnected and is not considered to be a Cayley graph. In this case, each connected component of the graph represents a coset of the subgroup generated by S.
* For any Cayley graph, considered as undirected, the vertex connectivity is equal to the degree of the graph. [cite book|title=Technical Report TR-94-10|author=Babai, L.|year=1996|publisher=University of Chicago [] ]
Schreier coset graph
If one, instead, takes the vertices to be right cosets of a fixed subgroup H, one obtains a related construction, the Schreier coset graph, which is at the basis of coset enumeration or the Todd-Coxeter process.
Connection to group theory
Insights into the structure of the group can be obtained by studying the adjacency matrix of the graph and in particular applying the theorems of spectral graph theory.
See also
* Bethe lattice
* Vertex-transitive graph
* Generating set of a group
* Presentation of a group
* Lovász conjecture
* Cube-connected cycles
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Look at other dictionaries:
• Cayley graph — noun A graph (collection of vertices and edges) encoding information about a group and its generators … Wiktionary
• Cayley-Baum — Bethe Gitter für z=3 Ein Bethe Gitter (nach Hans Bethe), auch Cayley Baum (nach Arthur Cayley) genannt, ist ein zusammenhängender, wirbelfreier Graph, bei dem jeder Knoten mit z anderen Knoten verbunden ist (z wird auch Koordinationszahl genannt) … Deutsch Wikipedia
• Cayley, Arthur — ▪ British mathematician born August 16, 1821, Richmond, Surrey, England died January 26, 1895, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire English mathematician and leader of the British school of pure mathematics that emerged in the 19th century. The interested… … Universalium
• Cayley's formula — 2^{2 2}=1 tree with 2 vertices,3^{3 2}=3 trees with 3 vertices and 4^{4 2}=16trees with 4 vertices.In mathematics, Cayley s formula is a result in graph theory named after Arthur Cayley. It states that if n is an integer bigger than 1, the number … Wikipedia
• Distance-regular graph — Graph families defined by their automorphisms distance transitive distance regular strongly regular … Wikipedia
• Vertex-transitive graph — In mathematics, a vertex transitive graph is a graph G such that, given any two vertices v1 and v2 of G , there is some automorphism : f : V(G) → V(G) such that : f (v1) = v2. In other words, a graph is vertex transitive if its automorphism group … Wikipedia
• Möbius–Kantor graph — Named after August Ferdinand Möbius and S. Kantor Vertices 16 … Wikipedia
• Petersen graph — Infobox graph name = Petersen graph image caption = The Petersen graph is most commonly drawn as a pentagon with a pentagram inside, with five spokes. namesake = Julius Petersen vertices = 10 edges = 15 radius = 2 diameter = 2 girth = 5 chromatic … Wikipedia
Share the article and excerpts
Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”
|
<urn:uuid:924f308d-59c9-41db-a1fd-4af7e9430d99>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.90625,
"fasttext_score": 0.23390692472457886,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8831624388694763,
"url": "https://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/208889"
}
|
6 Letters
4 Consonants
2 Vowels
3 Syllables
Types Of Speech
You can use oxygen as a noun in a sentence.
About Oxygen
A 3 syllables noun and 6 letters with the letters e, g, n, o, x, and y, 4 consonants, 2 vowels and 3 syllables with the middle letters yg. Oxygen starts with a vowel and ends in a consonant with the starting letters o, ox, oxy, oxyg, oxyge, and the ending characters are n, en, gen, ygen, xygen, ..
A nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless nonflammable diatomic gas; constitutes 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume; the most abundant element in the earth''s crust
School Grade
Oxygen is set as a grade six word that starts with o, ends with n, 3 syllables, 2 vowels and 6 letters.
Is oxygen a scrabble word? A 17 point word in scrabble. Check the word games tab below for probability, odds and more.
Pig Latin
Oxygen in Pig Latin is said as "oxygenay or oxygenway".
o | x | y | g | e | n
ox | xy | yg | ge | en
oxy | xyg | yge | gen
oxyg | xyge | ygen
Word Gram
Synonyms (Cognitive Synonyms) For "Oxygen"
There are 51 synonyms available. These are cognitive relationship words which is to say they have a similar meaning, mean the same thing, or have close definition and relationship to oxygen.
Acetylenea colorless flammable gas used chiefly in welding and in organic synthesis
Alkynea colorless flammable gas used chiefly in welding and in organic synthesis
Ammoniaa pungent gas compounded of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH3)
Ara state in south central United States
one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War
Argona colorless and odorless inert gas
one of the six inert gases
comprises approximately 1% of the earth''s atmosphere
Asphyxiating Gas
Blistering Agent
Butaneoccurs in natural gas
used in the manufacture of rubber and fuels
Carbonic Acid Gas
Carbon Dioxide
View all cognitive synonyms for Oxygen
There are 1 anagrams from oxygen.
Anagram Definition
Oxygena nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless nonflammable diatomic gas
constitutes 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume
the most abundant element in the earth''s crust
View English words with the unique letters used in oxygen. Words With The Letters Egnoxy
Oxygen derives from 4 words.
Word Definition
Aerateimpregnate, combine, or supply with oxygen
"oxygenate blood"
Oxygenateimpregnate, combine, or supply with oxygen
"oxygenate blood"
Oxygeniseimpregnate, combine, or supply with oxygen
"oxygenate blood"
Oxygenizeimpregnate, combine, or supply with oxygen
"oxygenate blood"
Oxygen has 3 hypernyms.
Word Definition
Chemical Element
Elementan artifact that is one of the individual parts of which a composite entity is made up
"spare components for cars"
"a component or constituent element of a system"
Gasa pedal that controls the throttle valve
"he stepped on the gas"
There are 2 hyponyms for oxygen
Word Definition
Liquid Oxygen
LOXbrine-cured salmon
Subset Meronyms
There are 3 subset meronyms for the word oxygen
Word Definition
Airtravel via aircraft;
"air travel involves too much waiting in airports";
Ozonea colorless gas (O3) soluble in alkalis and cold water;
a strong oxidizing agent;
Waterfacility that provides a source of water;
"the town debated the purification of the water supply";
"first you have to cut off the water"
Is oxygen a scrabble word or can you use oxygen in Words With Friends? The probability of getting this word in scrabble is 1 out of every 344923 games and in Words With Friends it's 1 out of every 486340 games. This 6 letter 17 point scrabble word can be rearranged 720 ways. What other words can be made with the letters e, g, n, o, x, and y? There's 1 with 8 letters or less with the letters e, g, n, o, x, and y. Here is a list of 1 to try to get you more points.
WordScrabbleWords With FriendsWord Chums4Pics1WordJumble
Oxygen (6 letters) 17 18 oxygen
Completed AZ word finder features completed
• Syllable counter is now available for text and documents.
• Palindromes word Lists now available by searching palindrome words.
• Negative search filters words that do not have the letter e
• Favorite words to your account
View All English Words
In Progress Finder features I'm working on.
• Printable & downloadable word lists.
• Plural and singular words with information and example sentences.
• Word games by school grade from Kindergarten to grade 12.
• Paraphrasing, pronunciation, and free grammar tools.
Did You Find Your Words?
|
<urn:uuid:38647cf6-9dfa-48b3-91c7-aa3b3f570bc1>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.035978615283966064,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8729513883590698,
"url": "http://www.yougowords.com/browse/oxygen"
}
|
Vandloppe, C. hyperboreus. Foto Kirstine Toxværd
Fewer large, fat-rich copepods off Western Greenland
Tuesday 10 Dec 19
Torkel Gissel Nielsen
DTU Aqua
+45 35 88 34 94
“It’s like eating peas instead of donuts.”
This is how Professor Torkel Gissel Nielsen, DTU Aqua, describes a significant shift at the bottom of the food chain—a shift in the composition of copepod species. In collaboration with Senior Researcher Eva Friis Møller, Aarhus University, he demonstrates this shift in a new article recently published in the scientific journal Limnology and Oceanography.
Copepods make up the food basis for fish and many sea bird species in the area, which depend on being able to build an insulating layer of fat during the short summer in order to survive the winter. Over the past 25 years, the composition of copepod species in the Disko Bay has changed dramatically. 25 years ago, two large Arctic species particularly rich in fat constituted the majority of the copepod biomass, while the smaller Atlantic species Calanus finmarchicus, which contains less fat, constituted the rest—averaging 39 per cent in the years 1992-2001. According to the new study, the opposite is now the case. In the period 2005-2018, the smaller copepod species accounted for an average of 64 per cent of the biomass.
“To cover their need for fat, the fish must now eat more and swim longer. There has been a shift at the bottom of the food chain, which can have as-yet-unknown consequences,” says Torkel Gissel Nielsen.
Less ice and warmer water
Torkel Gissel Nielsen and his research group have been working for many years to understand the consequences of climate change in Western Greenland. The new study, carried out in collaboration with Eva Friis Møller, Aarhus University, also looked at the presence of sea ice in the Disko Bay since 1992. It showed that while most years until the mid-1990s the ice layer remained solid and deep for up to six months, the layer has become more unstable in recent years—some years resulting in very little or no ice at all in the area. And this affects the composition of copepod species.
“We can see that more Atlantic water, which is slightly warmer, enters these areas, resulting in less ice. The fat-rich copepods are adapted to areas with sea ice and can live long without food deep under the ice. But those who come with Atlantic waters depend on a constant food supply. With no ice, sunlight enters the water, sustaining the phytoplankton that in turn feeds the smaller species for a longer period. The larger, fat-rich species then lose their competitive advantage in the area,” says Torkel Gissel Nilsen.
Copepods under pressure from several directions
Less ice in the Disko Bay not only makes the area more attractive to the Atlantic copepod species, it also offers better opportunities for other types of activities, such as sailing cruises and oil drilling—two activities that may further increase the pressure on the Arctic copepod species C. hyperboreus. The results of another study recently published in Aquatic Toxicology show that exposure to even very small amounts of the substance ‘pyrene’ from crude oil can have fatal consequences for the copepods and their eggs.
The researchers collected copepods (C. hyperboreus) in September, after they had eaten enough to sustain them through the winter and had travelled towards the ocean bottom to hibernate. Instead, they got to hibernate in large refrigerated containers at DTU Aqua, where researchers could expose some of them to small amounts of pyrene and examine its effects. C. hyperboreus does not eat during the winter but lives off its fat reserves, which it also uses to produce eggs in the spring. Yet it turned out that they were still affected by pyrene, which is very fat-soluble.
“We used very low pyrene concentrations compared to what may be found a few kilometres from an oil platform. The adult copepods were not affected by the pyrene. But the eggs they laid after having been exposed to the pyrene during hibernation did not develop well, and many of them did not hatch at all. And when the females started eating again in preparation for the next winter, they died. They were simply not able to eat and gain weight, while both the eggs and adult females in the control group, which had not been exposed to pyrene, were fine,” says Torkel Gissel Nielsen.
In the past, researchers have shown that the other Arctic copepod species, C. glacialis, has a similar sensitivity to long-term exposure to low concentrations of pyrene.
Shifts in the food chain may have consequences
Copepods constitute the main food basis for fish, birds, and large marine mammals, such as the bowhead whale. The vast majority of Greenland’s economy is based on the fishing of relatively few species, so a shift to smaller copepods less rich in fat can affect the composition and production of fish.
“Most fish are dependent on copepods at their earliest stages of life—and in Greenland, the very fat-rich copepods are usually the most common species in the fishing grounds. When smaller copepod species become the norm, it may affect the animals that feed on them, because they are harder to see and the animals need to swim longer distances to eat enough to cover their need for fat,” says Torkel Gissel Nilsen.
Read the scientific articles:
Limnology and Oceanography:
Borealization of Arctic Zooplankton—smaller and less fat zooplankton species in Disko Bay, Western Greenland
Aquatic Toxicology:
20 FEBRUARY 2020
|
<urn:uuid:8d2dfe98-bd38-42aa-908e-59d0120a4544>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.1700519323348999,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9567258954048157,
"url": "https://www.aqua.dtu.dk/english/news/nyhed?id=0DD96C16-05B9-41BB-8A4B-47810D11E8E8&utm_device=web&utm_source=RelatedNews&utm_campaign=Parasites-hinder-organic-trout-production"
}
|
Burnet discovers the bacterium, later named in his honour, which causes potentially fatal Q fever.
A year after returning to the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Professor Macfarlane Burnet is to enshrine his name and that of the institute in the annals of medical history with the discovery of the microbe named after him: Coxiella burnetii.
Coxiella burnetii is the agent that spreads Q fever or what was known as ‘abattoirs disease’.
Outbreak in abbatoir workers
Burnet’s work into Q fever is part of a collaboration with Dr Edward Derrick, then director of the Laboratory of Microbiology and Pathology at the Queensland Health Department. In 1935, Derrick becomes aware of an outbreak of disease among Brisbane abattoir workers, with symptoms resembling a lengthy attack of flu or a mild bout of typhoid. It can be fatal. He conducts experiments with animal models injected with the infected blood of patients and, after a year’s work, became the first person to identify Q fever as a distinct disease.
But while Derrick knows the condition is somehow contracted from animals going to slaughter, and that the infective agent of the fever is present in the spleen, he is unable to determine the micro-organism responsible or work out how it got to the abattoirs. Derrick, who had started his career as a laboratory investigator with a short stint at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute in 1922, now turns to Burnet for help.
A rare discovery
Burnet, assisted by Mavis Freeman, has his breakthrough within weeks. Peering down the microscope at a section of infected tissue he notices a ‘vague herringbone pattern’ of tiny rods that ‘could be like a rickettsia (bacteria) or a ‘big’ virus like that of psittacosis’. ‘It was one of those rare discoveries which can be dated to the day and the minute’, he wrote in his autobiography, expressing the researchers’ ‘immense pleasure’ at the sight before them.
Derrick named the disease Q (for ‘query’) fever, wanting to avoid any offence caused by using the colloquial ‘abattoirs’ fever’ and any reference to Queensland, which might have adverse connotations for tourism. He was also responsible for naming the microbe Rickettsia burneti. Taxonomists later changed it to Coxiella burnetii after it was found not to be a Rickettsia.
Q fever spread
Burnet and his team continued their research into Q fever for the next two or three years, carrying out antibody tests for Derrick and comparing their Australian organisms with American examples of rickettsia. Derrick and his colleagues showed that the microbe was a natural infection of bandicoots, whose ticks transferred it to cattle. The cattle tick conveyed it from cow to cow. Interest in Q fever waned at the Institute with the beginning of World War II in 1939.
The joint effort that results in the recognition of Q fever as a distinct disease, the isolation and characterisation of the responsible microbe and the findings of the ways the disease could be transmitted rated as what Burnet later called the most important medical find in infectious disease in Australia. He also seemed to enjoy too, the distinction of becoming the first recorded laboratory worker to acquire the disease, in January 1937.
|
<urn:uuid:364cde2e-53e2-4dc2-b14f-1d27e5cdbb45>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.07165467739105225,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.970535159111023,
"url": "https://discovery.wehi.edu.au/timeline/highlights/q-fever"
}
|
Shoah: Making of Holocaust Docu
Shoah Shoah Shoah Shoah Shoah
The landmark Holocaust documentary, "Shoah," is directed by Claude Lanzmann, a French journalist and filmmaker with a Ph.D. in Philosophy who was born in Paris in 1925. With a running time of nine-and-a-half hours (561 minutes), this oral history of the Holocaust as told by survivors is a monumental achievement. Because of its great length, the film was shown it two parts, each over four hours long, on different days.
Lanzmann was a student leader in the French Resistance during the war and worked for years as a writer and editor at "Les Temps Modernes," an intellectual quarterly founded by Jean-Paul Sartre. He calls "Shoah" a film of "corroboration: The Poles say the same thing as the Jews, and this is confirmed by the SS. The details are what matter."
Lanzmann had lost no immediate family members during the catastrophe, but he admits that the war was a dangerous adventure for him. His father was one of the heads of the French Resistance in the Auvergne, and Lanzmann became a Resistance organizer in his high school. His Jewish identity was quite dormant in those days, and he now laments the lack of a more explicit religious upbringing.
Lanzmann came from a Jewish family destroyed by migration and assimilation. He envies his French friends who were brought up in a double culture, Hebrew school as well as French education. As a child, he lived Judaism in fear, and a bit in shame. After the War, Lanzmann had little sense of his Jewish heritage, but he was stimulated by Jean-Paul Sartre's "Reflections on the Jewish Question," published in 1946.
Lanzmann made one documentary before "Shoah," "Why Israel" That film reflects his belief that Israel changed the world's perception of Jews, and that Jews have of themselves. The film began and ended with the Holocaust. Subsequently, the anti-Israel, pro-Palestinian sentiments then fashionable among many of Lanzmann's French leftist colleagues led him to think about making "Shoah." Lanzmann obsessively researched, traveled, interviewed and edited the film. His sense of urgency was compounded by the need to capture witnesses' testimony before it was too late.
Historians only know facts, and for Lanzmann, this was not enough. Lanzmann's father was not a practicing Jew. In the year before the war, the senior Lanzmann had progressively shed all signs of his ancestral heritage. Claude was raised without any religious training. Finally, Lanzmann's farther abandoned his mother in favor of a gentile woman. His family went into hiding during the war.
Lanzmann spoke through a translator for some of the interviews, which, for some inflates the film's scale. Lanzmann presents "Shoah" as art, and demands that it be considered as such. The film, which took 11 years to make, includes interviews with survivors in 14 countries, and a total of 350 hours of footage was shot.
Lanzmann uses a circular rather than a chronological way of organizing the data in the film. "Shoah" is beautifully paced, with a kind of musical feeling for repetition, meditation, and release.
The film does not contain a single frame of archival footage. The truths Lanzmann is after are not necessarily in the photographs captured by German cameras. In his interviews, the director believes that recording the truth is more important than being polite or avoiding outbursts. When it comes to the former Nazis, he quite bluntly lies to get their testimony; he also used hidden cameras to get one Nazis' testimony.
Lanzmann proves to be a superb interviewer, persistent, informed, patient, and sometimes not so patient, as well as a journalist with sharp ears and eyes. Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune regards "Shoah" as the greatest use of film in motion picture history, taking movies to their highest moral value. For him, the film is journalism of a high order.
|
<urn:uuid:adefed92-02c0-4961-acab-8e3aea403724>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.09111541509628296,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9810894727706909,
"url": "https://emanuellevy.com/comment/shoah-making-of-holocaust-docu-8/"
}
|
partner with:
Evolution & Behaviour
Reading South American history in the native Brazilian genomes
The contact with Europeans and the colonization of the New World led to the massive extermination of Native Americans, which concealed most of its pre-contact history. In this study, we uncovered ancient Brazilian native migrations, as well as aspects of the post-contact history of these populations using genomic data.
Credits: Pixabay
by Marcos A. Castro-Silva | PhD Student
Marcos A. Castro-Silva is PhD Student at Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Marcos A. Castro-Silva is also an author of the original article
, Tábita Hünemeier | Assistant Professor
Tábita Hünemeier is Assistant Professor at Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Tábita Hünemeier is also an author of the original article
Edited by
Dr. Ayala Sela
In-house Scientific Editor
Views 718
Reading time 3 min
published on Feb 12, 2021
The distribution of the present-day native Brazilian peoples considerably differs from the one found by Portuguese explorers in the 15th century. At the time, a third of the Brazilian native population (about 900,000) lived on the Atlantic coast and were part of complex societies. Most of these natives spoke a language derived from the Amazonian Tupí languages and were defined as the Tupí costal branch. Throughout the process of Brazilian colonization by the Portuguese, coastal populations went gradually extinct, leaving today only small self-declared indigenous communities that no longer speak any native language. In this work, we studied one of these populations to answer two main questions: Is this population, known as Tupiniquim, descendant of the coastal natives from the time of the European conquest? Which routes did the Amazonian Tupí take to reach the Atlantic coast and the southwest of the South American continent?
To answer these questions, we studied the genomic information of the Tupiniquim individuals to unravel some aspects of recent and ancient Brazilian history. Using genomic approaches, we retraced the main demographic and migratory events, as well as the relatedness between groups of speakers of some of the most important native Brazilian language families. We also looked for post-Columbian dates when significant portions of the Tupiniquim and European or African populations mixed. Using this data, we were also able to estimate the number of individuals that initially formed the Tupiniquim population more than 500 years ago.
We then compared the genome of the Tupiniquim population with other worldwide populations. By examining the genetic variation of the Tupiniquim genomes in comparison to those of other Native Americans, as well as Europeans and Africans, we found that Tupiniquim genomes were predominantly Native American. The main post-Columbian miscegenation events were consistent with two key historical events: indigenous enslavement (Gold Cycle; 17th century), and the abolition of slavery with a consequent increase of the African and European populations in Brazil (19th century).
We estimated the Tupiniquim population size in 1500 at circa 100,000 individuals. Our genetic estimated date regarding the population collapse - the point of lowest population size - was seven generations ago, similar to data from the historic register from 1877 when only 55 Tupiniquim were counted in Brazil. Using only the native portion of the genomes of the Tupiniquim, we were able to show that they have not generated descendants of mixed ancestrywith the other Brazilian native groups studied. However, they are more genetically similar to present-day Tupí speakers of eastern Amazonia. Therefore, we could infer that the Tupiniquim group is part of the extinct coastal Tupí branch.
Finally, we tested different models for the history of the Tupí populations, corresponding to existing hypotheses about how the Tupí expansion unfolded from western Amazonia to Atlantic and Southwestern Brazil, which are mainly based on archeological and linguistic evidence. The best-fitted model relied on the hypothesis that the Tupí-speakers were incipient agriculturalists and expanded from Amazonia in search of new lands to cultivate, moving eastwards until the mouth of the Amazon River and then followed the Brazilian Atlantic coast. Independently, a different expansion went southwards and was the origin of the Guaraní people from Southwestern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina. Our results also pointed to a new genetic wave - or population migration and mixing - from Mesoamerica that differentiated the Southern Tupí from the other Tupí groups. This migration likely occurred around 1500 years ago.
Our study recovers the history of Brazilian native populations that were virtually extinct during the European colonization. By leveraging the genomic information from these individuals, we were able to reconstruct the recent and ancient history of these endangered populations.
Original Article:
e Silva, M. A. C. et al. Genomic insight into the origins and dispersal of the Brazilian coastal natives. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 117, 2372-2377 (2020).
Edited by:
Dr. Ayala Sela , In-house Scientific Editor
We thought you might like
|
<urn:uuid:b1aa4934-6627-4d48-a68a-066334d0eee6>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.04720485210418701,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.938439130783081,
"url": "https://www.thesciencebreaker.org/breaks/evolution-behaviour/reading-south-american-history-in-the-native-brazilian-genomes"
}
|
Skip to main content
Ages 13+
Under 13
Wispy watercolor painting of a ship on a stormy sea.
The Dioskouri, Or The Fire Of The Tempest
For centuries the Dioskouri have appeared onboard ships, during storms, to predict shipwrecks or prosperous journeys to seafarers.
The Greeks called them Dioskouri. In the middle of a storm on the high seas, the tip of the masts would light up with a flare that did not burn, or burn the ship.
For the Greeks, the fire was the incarnation of the gods Castor and Pollux, who came to the rescue of mariners during storms. Castor and Pollux, also known as Dioskouri, were the sons of Leda and the brothers of Helen and Clytemnestra. The myth tells that, despite being twins, one of them was a son of Zeus and the other was not, but they loved each other so much that they refused to be separated, and the gods granted them a double life, part of which they spent among men and the other part on Olympia. Poseidon had given the twins the power to help shipwrecks and sailors during storms. In the sky, the Dioskouri were the constellation of Gemini, the twins, and in the ocean they were that light that burned during storms.
The appearance of the Dioskouri is described thus in the Homeric Hymns:
Then the shipmen call upon the sons of great Zeus with vows of white lambs, going to the forepart of the prow; but the strong wind and the waves of the sea lay the ship underwater, until suddenly these two are seen darting through the air on tawny wings. Forthwith they allay the blasts of the cruel winds and still the waves upon the surface of the white sea.
In his Naturalis Historia, Pliny said he had seen them shine in lances and ships, and also refers to the sound that the flares emit, a sound that compares to that of birds flitting from branch to branch. As the twins hated to be separated, if only one flare appeared it was considered bad luck. It was the sign of a shipwreck. But, on the other hand, if both flares appeared, it was a good omen, a sign of a prosperous journey. Pliny says there is no certain explanation for this phenomenon. He says the reasons are secret, that they are “hidden in the majesty of nature, reserved in its cabinet.”
An illustration of four men on the mast of a ship pointing to a star.
In the Christian tradition, the fire is called that of Saint Elmo (Saint Elmo is the patron saint of sailors). In Shakespeare’s The Tempest, the fire is the incarnation of Ariel, “a spirit that sometimes divides, burns in many parts, on the mast.” Robert Burton says in The Anatomy of Melancholy that the Dioskouri possibly live in a volcano, perhaps in Mount Hekla, in Iceland, in Mount Etna in Sicily, or in Vesuvius. In Moby Dick, the fire that descends the mast, and which shines like a pale phosphorescence in the eyes of the sailors, is an omen of the fall of Captain Ahab.
Science explains that the ionization of the magnetic field of storms causes the luminescent discharges onto the sharp objects of ships. Those lights, that fire that does not burn, has appeared to hundreds of sailors throughout history. Even though today we apparently have an explanation, we can still imagine the surprise and fear that they felt when they saw it and, very probably, if it appeared to us today onboard a ship in a storm our reaction would be similar. Explanations do not put an end to awe. It was seen by, among many others, Columbus during his voyages, and by Darwin aboard The Beagle.
Related Articles
|
<urn:uuid:8cfe171b-f852-43a9-8acd-b7f58a45a1bc>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.08848881721496582,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9717642664909363,
"url": "https://www.faena.com/aleph/the-dioskouri-or-the-fire-of-the-tempest"
}
|
Media Literacy for Peace
Hello everyone, I'm Alex Kim. I am an instructor about Media Literacy. I’m live in a city of Busan with a beautiful sea. Media Literacy, Is it unfamiliar words, right? First of all, media comes from the word medium and means communication tools that convey messages and information such as television, movies, YouTube, radio, podcasts, music, books, magazines, writings, news, and Social Media. The ability to read, interpret, and produce critically is called , rather than unconditionally accepting messages and information delivered through this media.
I'll tell you a story of the King of Korea. Shall we listen to the story? About 600 years ago, Korea was called Joseon, not Korea. King Sejong was one of the most respected kings of the Republic of Korea now. 14 years after the Sejong came to throne, there was an epidemic like COVID-19 in Joseon. The king ordered his servants to take special measures. It is to stop construction work that is not urgent. In addition, He ordered the treatment of the poor. And He had his servants look into the street.
However, Sejong was shocked when he heard the report of his servant who had been looking into the street situation. A blind woman almost died hugging her child because she had nothing to eat. So the king told his servant to take responsibility and distributing rice. And He'll send doctors to each region across the country, so He put up a poster on the wall telling them to get treated if they have an epidemic. And there was also a message that says to wash hands frequently, which is similar to today's prevention of COVID-19 infectious diseases, and to prevent splashing of smear when sneezing. Nevertheless, the epidemic continued. The king asked his servant.
Why there are so many people who get sick even though they have told us how to avoid getting sick and how to get sick. Then the servant replied that it was because no one could read. At that time, Joseon was using Joseon's language, but there was no writing to record it, so it brought Chinese characters from China. Only the top class could read and write Chinese characters in Joseon, so the general public did not know the writing. Therefore, no matter how many notices were posted across the country, no one could read and know, so they could not follow the epidemic prevention rules. So King Sejong created Hangul, the Korean alphabet.
At that time, the people of Joseon lacked this "Media Literacy" ability, and unfortunately, they were more easily exposed to the epidemic. Of course reading can be the beginning of Media Literacy, but not all. Media Literacy is not just about reading, it's about understanding the context of the article and discovering the real meaning behind it. This is critical media reading. Furthermore, the ability to produce one's thoughts through the media is Media Literacy.
#Media Literacy Worldwide Trends
Currently, Media Literacy is a global trend. Major foreign countries such as Finland, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, and Australia have started Media Literacy education in the 1960s and introduced it to school education. Although the concept of Media Literacy in the digital age is slightly different from country to country, overall, it is important to use it responsibly and safely. Although it varies slightly depending on the situation of each country, Media Literacy is a basic skill and virtue that citizens must have to create a healthy and peaceful world. In addition, as a digital society, it has become an important era for various subjects to make good use of digital technology, and diversity and equality are also included in the goals and values that Media Literacy should pursue. But the important thing is whether we have Media Literacy skills and how we are exercising to.
#Fake News
In addition to the COVID-19, there is one thing that spread during the Pandemic era. That is the fake news. There have been a lot of canard groundless rumors about COVID-19 and speculation about uneasy future. That's why the word info-demic came into being. As we live in the digital media era, it is much easier and faster to spread information through smart phones and Internet networks.
The Fact is delivered quickly, also fake news is delivered quickly too. But the fake news is wrong. It means that there is fact news, but it can't be 100% fact news because it's chosen and organized by man. The news is 100% not true by being chosen by the journalist because the journalist’s subject matter is involved.
There is also a view that fake news should not be used because it can dampen the freedom of expression of the media. In addition, there are many other forms of misinformation besides news, so more and more people say that it is right to admit it information comprehensively instead of news. So, the British government has officially decided to use the term misinformation instead of fake news. The European Commission, as well as the UK, is encouraged to do so. In Korea, misinformation and disinformation are used separately.
#News Features
- Is the information in the news 100% true?
In such a media environment where there is a lot of information that is difficult to discern, we need to be able to determine which information is right or wrong. To do so, Media Literacy is needed. We should be able to get useful information through the news. When you as a citizen watch the news, your' lives should go in a positive and productive direction. For example, the news should deliver information so that when a typhoon comes, it can take action to reduce the damage caused by the typhoon. During the election period, you should provide information about candidates running for election so that voters can vote according to their values.
But does all the news provide useful and exact information? Broadcasters and newspapers have the burden of filling up daily news and articles. All reports cannot be filled with coverage and personal information, so they rely on corporate or government press releases. Due to insufficient verification of facts, exaggerated reports or false reports are unintentionally made. Sometimes advertising revenue prevents us from reporting on major advertisers in a more friendly way or critical way.
Due to the recent deterioration in the management of media companies, the quality of reporting has been lowered and reliability has been reduced. As Internet new media replace the role of the media, newspaper and broadcasting companies are deteriorating.
Therefore, some newspapers write articles for money. So readers should also have the ability to distinguish themselves. The article should not be unconditionally believed but should be checked once more to see if it is true and verified if it contains exaggerated content.
- News consists of facts and opinions.
What was the process before we watched the news? I will explain the newspaper with an example. First, reporters go to the office and have an item meeting. "What are we going to cover today, highlight this issue? Let's not cover this case." And then Write the article and place it in the newspaper. Sixty to seventy percent of the newspaper's pages are filled with straight articles. Straight articles are daily news, and they should be written based on fact, and because they are written quickly, the amount of article is small.
The commentator focuses on explaining and analyzing the background of the incident and is mainly written by senior journalists. Planning articles are written by collecting and covering data in the long run. It is written in a feature form with one side dedicated. The editorial is a commentary on a problem that is difficult for readers to understand and contains opinions from newspapers. A column is written by columnist or reader and is not an article that describes subjective opinions or impressions.
The reason to identify the type of news is to distinguish between 'fact' and 'opinion'. If you confuse "opinion" with "fact," one side's argument will become true, accept "fact" as "opinion," and interpret "fact" as "opinion." You interpret it in the direction you want to hear.
When reading and watching news, it is necessary to consciously interpret 'fact' and 'opinion'. The way to distinguish fact from opinion is to read at least two articles, not just one article about an event. Then you can tell the difference between facts and opinions by finding out that the two journalists have a common facts and opinions are different.
#Role of News Consumers, Distributors
If there are people who make news, there are people who watch, consume and distribute news. Where do you belong to? Nowadays, you can easily act as a journalist through YouTube and Social Media even if you don't have to be a journalist in newspaper or broadcasting station. In other words, you can be news producers, consumers, and distributors. In fact, we are mostly consumers and sometimes distributors. Watching one news and telling people, "Did you see this news yesterday?" will be in circulation. Or sharing news links through messenger is also a distribution.
People tend to believe what people share, just as they believe in articles from authorized media outlets. "He's a trusty person, so the article he shares will be trusty." The sharing is followed by responsibility because it contains the meaning of certification that "this article contains what I acknowledge." Therefore, it is desirable to verify that the article I will read and share is true and does not have a biased view of the framed article before sharing.
There is another problem for consumers to think about. Everyone tends to believe what they want to believe. It's called self-confirmation bias, which refers to the tendency to find, see, and stay away from others. There are people who consciously look for it, but this trend comes out unconsciously, so the biased consumption of information is bound to get stronger and stronger. Therefore, anyone who has information bias and consistently consumes fake and provocative news should be considered to be involved in the spread of fake and provocative news.
#Media Literacy for Peace
What would happen without the media called the journalism? Those who do not see the weather forecast and engage in agriculture and fishing can be in danger of their lives as well as property damage. And we can't vote properly because we don't know which candidate ran during the election. You can get damaged when a forest fire breaks out in the next town. Information on national important events is not available.
Since information is not shared smoothly, there may be a lack of understanding of groups that have different characteristics from mine. It's going to be a really sad situation, right? So, we should watch the news smartly, praise the good news, criticize the bad news, and encourage the media to do it’s job and the media can play its role well.
That's the role of smart news consumers, distributors. In that case, the world we live in can develop one step further and move the day of peace forward one step forward. The media is a public good as precious as clean air and safe roads. We need your continued attention to the media, news and journalism.
Okay, Now you can know what is the Media Literacy. You can easily meet fake news in a world where new media such as Internet broadcasting, YouTube, and Social Media in daily life. It's time for you to have the ability to distinguish between themselves. I'm sure everyone has experienced accepting misinformation as a fact. Therefore, we conducted Media Literacy education. I hope to you will be a youth who has the wisdom with Media Literacy. Thank you for coming and listening! We are one!
|
<urn:uuid:f97d91ef-812e-480c-85eb-6f6a591f3e18>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.2440509796142578,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9678927063941956,
"url": "https://www.hwpl.kr/en/news/view/210629532/0/MediaLiteracy"
}
|
Australian PrehistoryHistory - AustralianAustralian CultureAustralian IdentityCultural Comparisons Between Australia and other Countries
Share |
Relations between Aborigines
and colonists
Myths in History
Fabrications for politics
Should they be defined as part of a war?
Black Woman and White Man
Rape or love?
Myall Creek Masscare
Causes and consequences of colonial violence
The Stolen Generations
It's not so black and white
Jimmy Govenor
Not a good fence builder
Mary Anne Bugg
Female Bushranger
Justice or resistance?
1967 referendum
The myths
Convicts and their legacy
Convict legacy
How the past shapes the present
Convict life
Regrets and floggings
Convict crimes
Power and morality
Convict punishments
What purpose?
Larrikin Convicts
Breaking rules
Thinking different
Convict women
Moral diversity
Can Convict Creations be relied upon?
Nancy Wake
Nancy Wake
The White Mouse
Nancy Wake is relatively unknown by most Australians. In some ways, this is surprising considering that she was one of the most decorated soldiers of World War 2 and played such a significant role in the Allied resistance to German occupation that she topped the Gestapo’s most wanted list. It might be expected that Australian war historians would be keen to raise awareness of such a positive role model.
Aside from being a decorated soldier, Wake was a pioneering feminist who spoke loudly with her words and then backed them up with her actions. She once said,
With many high school textbook writers desperate to provide gender balance to Australia's war lessons, and many feminist academics promoting an ideal of gender opportunity, it might again be expected that they would want to affirm support for a positive role model. Why they haven't reveals something about the political nature of Australian history writing.
Hitler's most wanted
Nancy Wake had a difficult childhood growing up in Sydney. Her mother was a dogmatically strict religious woman. Her father was a journalist who went to live in New Zealand to make a movie about Maoris. He sold the family home and never came back, resulting in his family being evicted. An unreliable father and an oppressively strict mother seemed to breed a rebellious streak in Nancy.
In 1928, at the age of 16, Nancy commenced work as a nurse. In 1932, she inherited some money and immediately used it to travel to London and then onto mainland Europe to train and work as a journalist. One of her early assignments was to interview Adolph Hitler. In the same year, she visited Vienna and witnessed the impact of the Nazi regime first hand. She later recounted,
In 1939, German troops invaded Poland, forcing Britain and France to declare war on Germany. At the time, Wake was in England, but she quickly returned to France where she married a wealthy French industrialist named Henri Fiocca.
Slowly but surely Nancy drew herself into the fight. In 1940, she joined the embryonic resistance movement as a courier; smuggling messages and food to underground groups in Southern France. She also bought an ambulance and used it to help refugees fleeing the German advance.
As the beautiful wife of a wealthy businessman, she had an ability to travel in a way that few others could contemplate. She obtained false papers that allowed her to stay and work in the Vichy zone in occupied France. She became deeply involved in helping to spirit a thousand or more escaped prisoners of war and downed Allied fliers out of France. Although she was judged to be unruly by the Allied authorities, her exuberant spirits and physical daring were thought "good for morale''.
By 1942, the Gestapo had become aware of an unidentified agent that was proving to be a significant thorn in their side. They code named the agent 'the white mouse' and listed her as number one on their wanted list, attracting a five million franc reward.
With the net closing in, Wake escaped to England where she joined the French Section of the British Special Operations Executive (SOE), a unit of 470 specially trained men and women set up to work with local resistance groups in the German occupied territories.
In 1944, Wake parachuted back into France to help preparations for D-day landings. She was put in charge of an army of 7,000 Maquis troops that engaged in guerrilla warfare to sabotage the Nazis. Henri Tardivat, one of her comrades, later said that:
Like a true commander, Wake always put herself in the thick of the action. On one occasion, the supply drops were threatened by the destruction of radio codes. Wake embarked on a marathon bike ride, cycling about 500 km in 72 hours (crossing several German checkpoints) in order to find an operator to radio Britain and request new codes. Wake took responsibility because she felt that, as a woman, she had more chance of passing hrough the checkpoints.
After the war, Wake received numerous international honours, including the George Medal, the Croix de Guerre, the Medaille de la Resistance, the Chevalier de Legion d'Honneur and the US Medal of Freedom. As for her home country, despite being recommended for medals by the RSL, no official recognition was ever forthcoming. In regards to being overlooked, Nancy was philosophical; once saying :
'they can stick their award and be thankful it's not a pineapple'.
In 1949, Nancy returned to Australia and stood as a Liberal Party candidate in the Sydney seat of Barton. In some ways her decision to enter politics was a shame because it inevitably divided public opinion about her and thus reduced the receptiveness of the Australian people to her story. It also made it difficult for the Labor Party to ever support the public celebration of her.
Despite a strong swing in her favour, Nancy didn't win her seat. Nor was she able to find any other suitable employment. She then returned to Britain where she was appointed as a Women's Royal Air Force (WRAF) officer in the British Air Ministry. She remained in the post until 1958.
In 1960, she returned to Australia, and wrote her autobiography. In 1966, she again stood for politics but again failed to win her seat. In 2001, she returned to England to live out her days, with the express wish that her ashes be scattered over France after she died.
As for how she would like to be remembered, she said she hoped to go down in history as the woman who turned down 7,000 sex-starved Frenchmen. She also said, 'I got away with blue murder and loved every minute of it.'
John Caesare
The first
Our Ned Kelly
A story heard and considered
Eureka Massacre
Dying for liberty
Post Convicts
Why is it not celebrated?
White Australia Policy
From Convicts to Chinese
Baptism of Fire or Well of Tears
Simpson and his Donkey
A larrikin and a hero
Nancy Wake
A larrikin and a hero
The Depression
Australia's Greek Moment
World War 2
The eastern chapters
Cold War
The expression of transnational identities
Prime Ministers
Values and policies of Australian leaders
The Europeans
Building a new Australia
The Vietnamese
No longer "New Australian", now "Multicultural"
|
<urn:uuid:e1587c15-05ce-497d-9e3b-ab73a8add1d3>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.30421561002731323,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9679089784622192,
"url": "http://convictcreations.com/history/nancywake.htm"
}
|
Coyote melon
Bonnie’s drawing for this issue of Obispoensis is based on a picture sent to me by George Butterworth. The species, Cucurbita palmata, has many common names. The ones I found on the web include coyote melon, coyote gourd, desert gourd, palmate-leafed gourd, coyote ear, buffalo gourd, stinking melon, calabazilla, or chilicote.
Coyote melon is primarily a desert species that grows best where there are summer monsoons. Since we are a little north of the summer monsoon track coyote melon is relatively rare in our area. However, a few plants can be found in the eastern edge of our Chapter area (i.e., Carrizo Plain and the upper Cuyama Valley). It’s a species that prefers sandy, disturbed soils where vegetation is scarce such as desert washes and dry, rocky slopes.
The most common name around here, coyote melon, refers to its vegetative resemblance to the pumpkin, squash cucumber, melon, or gourd, family Cucurbitaceae. The Cucurbitaceae are non-woody (herbaceous) vines with tendrils and broad, palmate-veined leaves. Flowers in coyote melon are unisexual (staminate or pistilate). In coyote melon they are large and yellow and borne solitarily in the in the axils of leaves. Fruits in the family are extremely variable and are considered unique to the family. Often it is a kind of quite large berry botanists call a pepo. Pepos have fleshy, fibrous, or watery flesh inside and usually are enclosed by a clearly defined outer skin or rind. When totally mature, they often dry out to a hollow dry spheroid.
From the list of common names for the family, I suspect it would be easy to conclude that the family produces a fair number of edible and otherwise useful cultivated species. The main economic species produce edible, fleshy fruit today. But this has not always been true and is certainly NOT true of coyote melon and most other wild members of the family today. The flesh of coyote melon is extremely bitter and if one is tempted to try to eat it, it would act as an extreme emetic. That is, it would rapidly be expelled from both ends.
So what’s the link between inedible and/or poisonous wild cucurbits of today with the edible cucurbits listed above? It is best summed up by a quote from a November 20, 2015 paper by A’ndrea Elyse Messer titled “Loss of Mastodons Aided Domestication of Pumpkins, Squash.” I actually heard (or read) about the article around Thanksgiving and decided to look it up on the Web. The quote that caught my interest was: If Pleistocene megafauna – mastodons, mammoths, giant sloths and others – had not become extinct, humans might not be eating pumpkin pie and squash for the holidays, according to an international team of anthropologists.
The article indicates that most wild cucurbits are bitter and that smaller organisms (and humans) tend to avoid trying to eat the fruit. It then notes that large mammals, such as the mastodon, have fewer bitter taste buds in their mouths so eating cucurbits shouldn’t have been a problem. The authors note that they could deduce that the mastodons were eating cucurbits because when and wherever they examined fossil mastodon dung it contained cucurbit seeds. Since the only way cucurbit seeds could get into dung is by being eaten, they concluded cucurbits were an important food source for them. Being huge animals, mastodons had to migrate over wide distances so they also concluded mastodons were major dispersers of cucurbit seeds. The researchers also found that the DNA they recovered from the seeds in the dung was more similar to wild cucurbits of today than to cultivated edible ones. Therefore it’s logical that the ancestors of the edible cucurbits were bitter.
What killed off the mastodons? A recent book titled, The Sixth Extinction, gives a possible clue. It turns out that large animals live in a very tight balance with their environment and the regular sustained loss of even a few key animals would lead to extinction in a relatively short time (a few thousand years). Early humans coexisted with the last of the mastodons. Early human hunters probably preferred to kill the biggest and healthiest animals as hunters still do today. This would mean they would have taken the breeding animals of a family or herd. When a parent is killed, often the rest of their family dies as well. So even with very modest losses of a few key animals a year, the book indicates it would lead to a slow extinction in a few thousand years.
Mastodons and the other large mammals died out over ten thousand years ago. So why do we have edible cucurbits today? The article indicates that early peoples didn’t use fresh cucurbit fruits for food, but waited until they were dry and hollow and used them for containers, noise makers (rattles) and/or fish floats. Although some species’ seeds (e.g., coyote melon) are edible when totally mature, at least some of their seeds would have ended up in their disturbed, highly nitrogenous trash heaps. So people took over from the mastodons as major seed dispersers. So cucurbits would have been become common around early human settlements. Since a bitter compound is often poisonous in large uncontrolled amounts, but medicinal in small, regulated amounts, it can be assumed that early peoples used fleshy immature fruits as medicine. It doesn’t seem to me to be a great stretch to assume enough genetic variability in early cucurbits so that some would have been less bitter. These would be selectively utilized by early people, probably the wives and mothers.
By the time the mastodons were gone, early peoples would have been planting various cucurbits around their settlements. Once there, they would have been selected to be less and less bitter until we have the edible squash and pumpkins we enjoy today. So next Thanksgiving, remember to thank the mastodons and other large extinct mammals for your pumpkin pie. One final thought, pumpkins and squash were domesticated in the new world and in all likely hood the jack-o-lantern pumpkin was one of the few major crops domesticated within the lower 48 states. Personally, I find coyote melon to be best (and safely) enjoyed as we find it, growing in nature.
|
<urn:uuid:cde8ec9b-3ec2-4c7c-a1a5-3f8b81d2fc0d>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.3212970495223999,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9653812050819397,
"url": "https://cnpsslo.org/2016/02/cucurbita-palmata/"
}
|
Stephen Kade: How Sharks Sense their Food & Environment, August 9, 2018
NOAA Teacher at Sea
Stephen Kade
Aboard NOAA Ship Oregon II
July 23 – August 10, 2018
Mission: Long Line Shark/ Red Snapper survey Leg 1
Geographic Area: 30 19’ 54’’ N, 81 39’ 20’’ W, 10 nautical miles NE of Jacksonville, Florida
Date: August 9, 2018
Weather Data from Bridge: Wind speed 11 knots, Air Temp: 30c, Visibility 10 nautical miles, Wave height 3 ft.
Science and Technology Log
Sharks have senses similar to humans that help them interact with their environment. They use them in a specific order and rely on each one to get them closer for navigational reasons, and to find any food sources in the area around them. The largest part of the shark’s brain is devoted to their strong sense of smell, so we’ll start there.
Smell– Sharks first rely on their strong sense of smell to detect potential food sources and other movement around them from a great distance. Odor travels into the nostrils on either side of the underside of the snout. As the water passes through the olfactory tissue inside the nostrils, the shark can sense or taste what the odor is, and depending which nostril it goes into, which direction it’s coming from. It is said that sharks can smell one drop of blood in a billion parts of water from up to several hundred meters away.
Ampullae of Lorenzini and nostrils
Ampullae of Lorenzini and nostrils of a sharpnose shark
Sharks can also sense electrical currents in animals from long distances in several ways. Sharks have many electro sensitive holes along the snout and jaw called the Ampullae of Lorenzini. These holes detect weak electrical fields generated by the muscles in all living things. They work to help sharks feel the slightest movement in the water and sand and direct them to it from hundreds of meters away. This system can also help them detect the magnetic field of the earth and sharks use it to navigate as well.
Ampullae of Lorenzini and nostrils
Ampullae of Lorenzini and nostrils of a sharpnose shark
Hearing– Sharks also heavily use their sense of smell to initially locate objects in the water. There are small interior holes behind their eyes that can sense vibrations up to 200 yards away. Sound waves travel much further in water than in the air allowing them to hear a great distance away in all directions. They also use their lateral lines, which are a fluid filled canal that runs down both sides of the body. It contains tiny pores with microscopic hairs inside that can detect changes in water pressure and the movement and direction of objects around them.
Sight– Once sharks get close enough to see an object, their eyes take over. Their eyes are placed on either side of their head to provide an excellent range of vision. They are adapted to low light environments, and are roughly ten times more sensitive to light than human eyes. Most sharks see in color and can dilate their pupils to adapt to hunting at different times of day. Some sharks have upper and lower eyelids that do not move. Some sharks have a third eyelid called a nictitating membrane, which is an eyelid that comes up from the bottom of the eye to protect it when the shark is feeding or in other dangerous situations. Other sharks without the membrane can roll their eyes back into their head to protect them from injury.
dilated pupil of sharpnose shark
dilated pupil of sharpnose shark
Touch– After using the previous senses, sometimes a shark will swim up and bump into an object to obtain some tactile information. They will then decide whether it is food to eat and attack, or possibly another shark of the opposite gender, so they can mate.
Taste– Sharks are most famous for their impressive teeth. Most people are not aware that sharks do not have bones, only cartilage (like our nose and ears) that make up their skeletal system, including their jaw that holds the teeth. The jaw is only connected to the skull by muscles and ligaments and it can project forward when opening to create a stronger bite force. Surface feeding sharks have sharp teeth to seize and hold prey, while bottom feeding sharks teeth are flatter to crush shellfish and other crustaceans. The teeth are embedded in the gums, not the jaw, and there are many rows of teeth behind the front teeth. It a tooth is damaged or lost, a new one comes from behind to replace it soon after. Some sharks can produce up to 30,000 teeth in their lifetime.
Personal Log
While I had a general knowledge of shark biology before coming on this trip, I’ve learned a great deal about sharks during my Teacher at Sea experience aboard the Oregon II. Seeing, observing, and holding sharks every day has given me first hand knowledge that has aided my understanding of these great creatures. The pictures you see of the sharks in this post were taken by me during our research at sea. I could now see evidence of all their features up close and I could ask questions to the fishermen and scientists onboard to add to the things I read from books. As an artist, I can now draw and paint these beautiful creatures more accurately based on my reference photos and first hand observations for the deck. It was amazing to see that sharks are many different colors and not just different shades of grey and white you see in most print photographs. I highly encourage everyone that has an interest in animals or specific areas of nature to get out there and observe the animals and places firsthand. I guarantee the experience will inspire you, and everyone you tell of the many great things to be found in the outdoors.
Animals Seen Today: Sandbar shark, Great Hammerhead shark, Sharp nose shark
Leave a Reply
|
<urn:uuid:5d77da56-6941-4eb7-a5cd-0a0232d5a155>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.875,
"fasttext_score": 0.19422519207000732,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9530023336410522,
"url": "https://noaateacheratsea.blog/2018/08/15/stephen-kade-how-sharks-sense-their-food-environment-august-9-2018/"
}
|
By Alisha Davidson
ML&SA Research and Development Coordinator
fireworks-over-donner.jpg-nggid03125-ngg0dyn-320x0x100-00f0w010c010r110f110r010t010On New Year’s Day in 2011, the Smithsonian received reports of over 5,000 dead birds in Arkansas. After deliberating as to the possible causes, researchers realized that several large flocks of birds in the area were startled by the fireworks and, unable to see in the night, ran into houses and other objects and died from the trauma. While this mass mortality is a rare event, research shows that the loud sounds of fireworks do have an adverse effect on wild animals as well as domestic animals. The noise from fireworks causes a great amount of fear, stress and anxiety in wild animals. This fear often causes them to flee into roadways which results in more vehicle damage (from large animals such as deer) and an increase in dead animals.
Other documented effects include nesting birds and other small mammal parents abandoning their nests leaving their defenseless babies behind. The panic can sometimes cause so much disorientation that wildlife parents cannot locate their nests and their babies die. Waterfowl also become entangled in remnants of large fireworks, or ingest pieces, and scavenging animals (both birds and mammals) ingest debris, usually resulting in death.
As riparian areas support large numbers and diversity of wildlife, taking steps to reduce the negative impacts of fireworks is part of the responsibility that comes with lakefront living. First, it’s best to avoid personal fireworks at home and enjoy a local city celebration instead, as this reduces the number of large noise events around a lake. If you do choose to celebrate with your own fireworks, there are several steps that can reduce wildlife endangerment (courtesy of West Sound Wildlife Shelter):
1. Remove bird feeders and bird baths several hours before lighting fireworks. This will discourage birds from being in the area and ensure that no ash, debris or other firework residue inadvertently lands in birdseed or drinking water. If it is not possible to remove the feeders or baths, cover them prior to using the fireworks or thoroughly clean them afterwards.
2. Wait until well after dusk to ignite fireworks. Late evening and twilight is a prime feeding time for many animals, but after it gets much darker there will be far fewer animals nearby to be affected by the fireworks.
3. Do not use fireworks near trees, bird houses, nesting areas, rookeries, brush piles or other sheltered areas where wildlife may be living. Small animals may be invisible under dense cover, but the effects of fireworks used nearby can be drastic and may scare them into the open. Keeping the fireworks away from these areas also reduces the risk of fire from stray sparks or not-quite-extinguished fuses or debris.
4. Clean up all firework residue promptly and thoroughly, including trash, spent casings, bits of paper, used matches and ash. Firework debris can still contain toxic chemicals and other poisons that can harm animals that may ingest them.
Michigan Lake and Stream Associations (ML&SA) promotes conserving the riparian ecosystem while also enjoying the lakes and streams of Michigan. Next 4th of July, please consider whether fireworks are a necessary part of that enjoyment or whether the local city display or the simple display of fireflies and the moon’s reflection on the water, will do instead.
Legislation Introduced to Regulate Septic Tank Systems - A Common Sense Driven Opportunity to Reduce Water Pollution in Michigan
Kalkaska County Judge Restricts Increasingly Raucous Fourth of July Torch Lake Sandbar Parties
|
<urn:uuid:693f7d18-7539-4e40-8039-3d1e014a5d60>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.2789335250854492,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9352158904075623,
"url": "https://mymlsa.org/fireworks-may-be-legal-but-are-they-ethical-for-riparian-use/"
}
|
History Matters
Carol A. Hand
As William Blake wrote,
“What is now proved was once only imagined.”
I choose to imagine a future based on the best of the past.
“The forests have never failed the Ojibway. The trees are the glory of the Gitchi Manito. The trees, for as long as they shall stand, will give shelter to the Anishinabe and the Animal Brothers. They are a gift. As long as the Ojibway are beneath, the trees will murmur with contentment. When the Ojibway and the Animal Brothers are gone, the trees will weep and this will be reflected in the sound of the si-si-gwa-d”. My grandmother told me this is so, and her grandmother told her. When the forest weeps, the Anishinabe who listen will look back at the years. In each generation of Ojibway there will be a person who will listen and remember and pass it on to children. Remembering our past and acting accordingly will ensure that we, the Ojibway, will always people the earth. The trees have patience and so they have stood and have seen many generations of Ojibway. Yet will there be more, and yet will they see more” (Ignatia Broker, pp. 32-33).
lac du flambeau www dot distancebetween cities dot net
Photo Credit: Lac du Flambeau Photo Credits: Lac du Flambeau
This is a profoundly different future than the one Columbus envisioned.
“Christopher Columbus introduced two phenomena that revolutionized race relations and transformed the modern world: the taking of land, wealth, and labor from indigenous peoples, leading to their extermination, and the transatlantic slave trade, which created a racial underclass” (Loewen, p. 60).
Taino men and women greeted him with gifts when he landed on the shore of the Caribbean islands. His ruminations were simple.
“They would make fine servants…. With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want” (Zinn, p. 1).
Bartolomé de las Casas wrote about what he witnessed later in Cuba.
“Endless testimonies … prove the mild and pacific temperament of the natives…. But our work was to exasperate, ravage, kill, mangle and destroy; small wonder, then, if they tried to kill one of us now and then…. The admiral, it is true, was blind to those who came after him, and he was so anxious to please the King that he committed irreparable crimes against the Indians (Zinn, p. 6).
“Spaniards hunted Indians for sport and murdered them for dog food” (Loewen, p. 62).
Photo Credit: Columbus and his men hunted natives with war dogs.”
“What Columbus did to the Arawaks of the Bahamas, Cortes did to the Aztecs of Mexico, Pizarro to the Incas of Peru, and the English settlers of Virginia and Massachusetts to the Powhatans and the Pequots” (Zinn, p. 11).
As always, there are choices. We can continue to believe the manufactured myths of heroic characters, or recognize we have a responsibility to be honest about the past. Without grounding in truth, we will be unable to find the way to a future that is based on the best we can imagine, walking beneath trees that murmur with contentment because we recognize that all life is sacred.
tree of peace
Photo Credit: Tree of Peace by Artist John Fadden
Works Cited:
Ignatia Broker (1983). Night Flying Woman: An Ojiway narrative. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press.
James W. Loewen (1995). Lies my teacher told me: Everything your American history textbook got wrong. New York, NY: Touchstone.
Howard Zinn (1990). A people’s history of the United States. New York, NY: Harper Perennial.
29 thoughts on “History Matters
Add yours
1. Excellent summary.
I wonder, however, if Columbus is getting too much of the (sole) responsibility of the subsequent genocides. After all, he was working for a monarchy that at the same time was expelling all Jews and Moors from Spain (and would soon put all “Lutherans” to the auto-da-fe). And Columbus probably ought not to be blamed for the independent actions of the French and English with their own brands of genocide.
But you are right. Without historical memory our choices are necessarily limited by our uninformed imaginations.
1. Thank you, DK. I appreciate your kind words and your important reminder about the danger of the simplistic “hero worship” approach so often used in the texts we use to teach history. Columbus was not the first European to “discover” the “Americas.” The historical context in Europe at the time made his ventures noteworthy, and by framing his work as individual heroism, the US is able to create a myth that serves an imperialistic agenda.
2. I think there needs to be a great deal more of storied or shared heritage recorded in history books, as a contrast to dominant narratives which get shared. David Abram says that written history has broken the tradition of story telling, and yet at the same time, who’s story gets told? Collective memory isn’t always shared in history books, which means the stories which do get taught are biased and dominant.
In communities with an (intangible) heritage filled with story telling, poetry and dance, there lies alternate realities and approaches to being human. It’s good of you to share these stories Carol. I hope they don’t always remain on the margains, but one day take up as much space as today’s dominant conversations. May it be this way.
Liked by 1 person
3. Nicely crafted, Carol.
In my typical rant I must once again point finger to religion, for this is where fault originate. Christopher Columbus was Christian, Catholic. So as to the statement, “They would make fine servants…. With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want,” slavery is a biblical practice, encouraged. No where will one find in said holy book the condemnation of slavery, not a single word opposing the practice. There is however passages regarding the proper treatment of slaves, and numerous examples of slavery and slaves owned by God’s elite, but never is it condemned.
Liked by 1 person
4. … And the new colonialism – growth at any cost. Future generations (if our great grandchildren survive us) will speak of the present day profiteers and plunderers, like we do of Columbus, Cortez and the like. To honour and respect mother earth, the trees, and the sky, like the Ojibway, is our only hope. Thanks Carol – happy thanksgiving.
Liked by 1 person
5. I for one loved history and it was that love of history that contributed significantly to me leaving the Catholic Church. And I have to share it briefly, because I learned that the church was directly responsible for Colonialism. Carol, this was a beautiful piece, indeed showing how history should be taught with story and poetry, and art, and of course the unvarnished truth. Since here in Alaska, the state observes Native American Day on the 17th, I’ll have to write a post in celebration.
Liked by 1 person
1. I look forward to your post, Skywalker, and thank you for your kind words and thoughtful comments.
Ah yes, the church and colonialism – one of the very few angry sentiments I ever heard my mother utter was about her treatment by the Catholic church during her forced incarceration in one of their church-run Indian boarding schools as a young child.
Liked by 1 person
6. Yes, his stories and her stories matter. The way that the Ojibway viewed the trees as a part of the very fabric of their existence is stunning in it’s simplicity and wisdom. For all of our technological gains, we have lost so much ground in our understandings and connection to the living, breathing planet we all call home. Peace to you, my friend.
Liked by 1 person
1. Thank you for sharing this article, Frank. It’s an eloquently-argued ethical stance that highlights why “Native” logos and mascots are such dangerous racial slurs. It also underscores how effective divide-and-conquer strategies still are in the perpetuation of oppression and discrimination.
7. According to Paul Hawken in Blessed Unrest, when William Wilberforce first joined the movement to abolish the slave trade in 1787, three fourths of the global population were either slaves or indentured servants.
8. Empire and oppression have been part of human history for centuries…Columbus was the son of his time and culture, like many people these days who blissfully support an oppressive system and go home to watch TV: it is not the norm to be fully awake and see things as they are: I am Latino American and speak Spanish because I happened to be born there…and I am a social activist and Permaculturist because I was lucky enough to be born to a mother and aunt who taught me social justice and encouraged my critical thinking and love for Nature…
The work of those of us with compassion, justice and systems-thinking as our flag is to create the circumstances for others to wake up…the trees have seen it all and we are killing them. It’s time we rescue that partnership, that friendship, the non-oppressive ways of living in this Earth.
Thanks for all your posts and for being there…
1. Sylvia, I look forward to your thoughtful comments and am never disappointed. You are able to interweave such important insights about the importance of staying focused on practical actions we can take toward a more compassionate and inclusive future.
Liked by 1 person
9. Yes, of course history matters. It bestows a legacy, negative or positive, that has a very long tail. I commented on this on Jeff’s blog. Many Caribbeans are of mixed descent, including Arawak (Taino) and Carib (from whence the word Caribbean). It is only now that the history books are being revised to more accurately depict the history of the Caribbean from a Caribbean perspective.
1. Thank you for adding important historical details, Shery. I’m grateful to hear history books are being updated – as you point out, inaccuracies have left a legacy of ignorance that continues to affect peoples’ lives.
Leave a Reply
WordPress.com Logo
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s
Blog at WordPress.com.
Up ↑
%d bloggers like this:
|
<urn:uuid:0c9bcbe2-9a03-4689-a3b4-88e5bf9fa2f3>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.02013981342315674,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9528775215148926,
"url": "https://voices-from-the-margins.blog/2014/10/13/history-matters/?like_comment=1783&_wpnonce=5d7c7b12fb"
}
|
verb (used with object)
1. to comply with or follow the commands, restrictions, wishes, or instructions of: to obey one’s parents.
2. to comply with or follow (a command, restriction, wish, instruction, etc.).
3. (of things) to respond conformably in action to: The car obeyed the slightest touch of the steering wheel.
verb (used without object)
1. to be obedient: to agree to obey.
1. to carry out (instructions or orders); comply with (demands)
2. to behave or act in accordance with (one’s feelings, whims, etc)
v.late 13c., from Old French obeir “obey, be obedient, do one’s duty” (12c.), from Latin obedire, oboedire “obey, be subject, serve; pay attention to, give ear,” literally “listen to,” from ob “to” (see ob-) + audire “listen, hear” (see audience). Same sense development is in cognate Old English hiersumnian. Related: Obeyed; obeying.
Leave a Reply
47 queries 1.957
|
<urn:uuid:9c012e08-329d-486b-9be6-93dbe2329049>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.022410809993743896,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8705314993858337,
"url": "https://www.tekportal.net/obey/"
}
|
Agave lechuguilla
Agavaceae Family
This small agave was literally and figuratively woven into the fabric of native life in the Lower Pecos Canyonlands and presents an extraordinarily important natural resource. Native peoples used the entire lechuguilla plant, including the leaves, central stem, and flower stalk, for many different purposes.
Lechuguilla leaves and leaf fibers were used to make mats, sandals, cord, baskets and more. The raw sap is useful as a detergent, as a fish-killing poison, and as an arrow-tip poison. Its tall flower stalks were used for dart shafts and other tools, as well as for firewood. The heart, or pulpy central stem with attached leaf bases, was baked for 48 hours and then pounded and formed into sweet chewy patties that could be dried and stored for months, much like sotol. Lechuguilla, however, is a much less bulky plant than sotol and can be easily harvested and processed more efficiently, making it a more important food source.
Lechuguilla is one of the most widespread of the agaves, and grows from southeastern New Mexico to southward to the southern state of Hidalgo in Mexico. This small agave grows densely on rocky slopes and surfaces in the lower elevations of the Chihuahuan Desert. In Texas, lechuguilla grows from El Paso eastward to the West Nueces River in Edwards County in the southwestern corner of the Edwards Plateau. See Cheatum et al. (1995) for a very detailed account of the uses and distribution of lechuguilla and other members of the genus Agave in Texas and adjacent regions.
Like most agaves, sotol, and yucca, lechuguilla is an evergreen rosette: the well-armed leaves are arranged in spiral ranks around a thick, shortened stem. The plant stores most of its carbohydrates in the fleshy but fibrous central stem, which also contains saponins, a combination of steroids and sugars, that foam when water is added to the sap and agitated (Nobel 1994). One of the saponins has been identified as smilogenin, and lechuguilla contains more of it than any other agave (Gentry 1982:136). The detergent property of the saponins makes lechuguilla sap an effective soap (Pennington 1963:212), but when taken internally, the same property damages animal cells; hence the plant is considered toxic. The Tarahumara Indians of Chihuahua, Mexico, understood this property and would pound the central stems and leaves of the plants and throw them into water holes of small streams. The sap shocked the fish, bringing them to the surface over several hundred yards along the streams (Pennington 1963:105).
Archeological occurrence. The archeological deposits of the dry rockshelters in the Lower Pecos Canyonlands contain more lechuguilla plant fragments than perhaps any other single resource. For instance, countless cut leaf bases, central stem fragments, quids, flower stalks, and leaf fragments were recovered from the deposits at Hinds Cave. Lechuguilla fiber is part of many perishable artifacts from the area.
Weaving and other uses of fiber. When green lechuguilla leaves are pounded, the plants fibers can easily be separated and used for weaving and sewing. In Mexico, the fibers of lechuguilla are known as ixtle, a term also applied to the fibers of other agave and yucca species. The strong lechuguilla fibers are used to fashion rope as well as brushes, and a cottage industry that separates the fibers for rope production survives in northern Mexico to this day. This modern usage of lechuguilla fiber pales by comparison to its documented uses in the Lower Pecos Canyonlands. Lechuguilla fiber was used to make cord, rope, nets, baskets, sandals and more. Any time a strong fiber, similar in strength to what is known today as carpet thread, was needed, lechuguilla could be used. At Hinds Cave, fragments of lechuguilla (and yucca) cordage or rope were found in almost every bucket of excavation fill that archeologists screened.
Food: As a food source, lechuguilla was sought out for the carbohydrates contained in the central stem and attached lower leaf bases, sometimes referred to collectively as the heart. The heart of the plant is rich in carbohydrates, but these are very complex, long-chain sugars that must be broken down by prolonged heating (baking) before they are edible. The baking is also needed to break down the toxic sap. Native peoples baked lechuguilla in earth-covered cooking pits known as earth ovens.
Although lechuguilla can be harvested and baked any time of the year, the maximum amount of sugars are present during wet periods just prior to the time a mature plant sends up its flower stalk. The sugars are, in effect, stored energy that the plant draws on to flower. During droughts the plant is stressed and contains little sugar relative to toxic compounds and fiber. After sending up its flower stalk, the plant’s energy is spent and it usually dies. Because it can take up to 30 years for a plant to mature, lechuguilla stands can be easily over harvested, especially if smaller, less ideal plants are removed out of desperation or for non-food use. Heavily harvested stands may take several decades to recover.
To harvest the plant, a strong hardwood digging stick or modern equivalent must be used to pry up the tenacious plant or sever the central stem from the roots. Given its preferred rocky habitat, this requires expertise or lots of persistence. Once the plant is removed from the ground, the leaves are trimmed off close to the central stalk with a sharp stone or metal knife. Only the leaf bases (the part that attach to the stem) are potentially edible. Once cooked, the trimmed leaves are eaten somewhat like an artichoke leaf, albeit a very tough, chewy artichoke leaf.
Once trimmed lechuguilla stalks are amassed, they are cooked in a 5-step process in an earth oven.
1) Prepare abroad, shallow pit with sloping walls (about 20-24 inches deep by 5 to 7 feet wide). Loosely stack approximately 450 pounds of wood (branches) and place 515 pounds of large rock into the wood. (See Oven Sequence 1 and 2)
2) Let it burn until only hot coals are left. By now the heat has been transferred from the burning wood to the rocks, which act as a heating element. (Oven Sequence 3)
3) The exposed rocks are VERY HOT, about 700-900° F, and VERY DANGEROUS. Place the green packing material, consisting of prickly pear pads, on the hot rock heating element; this has to be done QUICKLY, or the prickly pear pads will burst into flame. The prickly pear pads contain lots of water and oxalic acid. When heated, the pads provide steam and a mild acid that helps to break down the toxins in the lechuguilla plants. Put the trimmed lechuguilla on the packing material (Oven Sequence 4)
4) Cover the food with prickly pear pads, leaves or a mat, then cover everything with a thick layer of dirt, making certain that the oven is completely sealed. (Oven Sequence 5)
5) Open the oven after waiting 48 hours, remove the cooked lechuguilla, (which now smells like molasses), chew wads of leaf bases, pound the stems into pulp and shape into flat cakes. Dry the cakes in the sun. (Oven Sequence 6-8).
Cheatham, Scooter, Marshall C. Johnson, and Lynn Marshall
1995 The Useful Wild Plants of Texas, the Southeastern and Southwestern United States, the Southern Plains, and Northern Mexico, Volume 1. Useful Wild Plants, Austin, Texas.
Gentry, Howard S.
1982 Agaves of Continental North America. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona.
Nobel, Park S.
1994 Remarkable Agaves and Cacti. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Pennington, Campbell W.
1963 The Tarahumara of Mexico: Their Environment and Material Culture. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Close icon
Photo of agave lechuguilla in its natural habitat
Agave lechuguilla in its natural habitat on the rocky slopes of the Lower Pecos Canyonlands.
photo of lechuguilla plant
Lechuguilla plant with a few outer leaves removed to show the white inner leaf base, the leaf part that is edible. The plant is well armed by spines at the tips of the leaves as well as along the sides, earning the nickname “shinbuster.”
photo of white lechuguilla leaf bases
The white lechuguilla leaf bases are rich in carbohydrates, but these are very complex, long-chain sugars and accompanying toxic compounds must be broken down by prolonged heating (baking) before they are edible.
photo of a lechuguilla quid
Many lechuguilla quids—chewed wads of cooked leaf bases—are found in the dry rockshelters of the Lower Pecos Canyonlands. These examples are from Hinds Cave.
photo of prickly pear pads used as a green packing layer supporting the trimmed lechuguilla hearts placed upon hot rocks for cooking
Upon the hot rocks, prickly pear pads are added as a green packing layer and the trimmed lechuguilla hearts are added. This must be done quickly, else the prickly pear pads will dry out and burst into flames – the rocks are over 500 C.
photo of cooked lechuguilla
Cooked lechuguilla. Properly done, the lower leaves and the central stalk are sugary sweet and no longer contain toxins and soapy compounds. The taste is intensely sweet and a bit smoky.
photo of baked, pounded, and dried lechuguilla cake
Yum yum! Baked, pounded, and dried, a lechuguilla cake can be stored for months if kept dry. Most likely, the dried cakes were nibbled on, pounded again and mixed in with fruit or other foods, or perhaps reconstituted with water to create a sugary gruel. Stored carbohydrates may have been important winter survival food.
|
<urn:uuid:a0baa511-f9ca-48ed-9cab-129ee88aca2c>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.8125,
"fasttext_score": 0.025100529193878174,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9306192398071289,
"url": "https://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/ethnobot/images/lechuguilla.html"
}
|
Enlarge / Chaco Canyon ruins in New Mexico.Erik Terdal / Flickr
Between 1250 and 1450, a settlement discovered at Paquimé in Mexico seems to have hosted a macaw-breeding program that must have met the demand for this culturally significant bird in the region. But what about before Paquimé? Archaeologists have debated the possibilities: that traders frequently traveled the long route to bring back macaws, that birds were haphazardly traded between settlements, or that there was an earlier breeding post.
A study led by Penn States Richard George sought to answer this question using DNA from scarlet macaw skeletons found at New Mexicos Chaco Canyon and Mimbres settlements. Techniques to recover fairly complete DNA sequences from archaeological specimens have advanced in recent years, allowing researchers to test hypotheses with much more confidence.
Scarlett macaws
Enlarge / Scarlett macawsAbul Az Abu Jamil
They also carbon dated the skeletons, finding that their specimens lived between 900 and 1200 CE—so clearly predating the breeding at Paquimé. Of the 20 macaw skeletons they analyzed, the researchers managed to collect a sufficiently complete mitochondrial genome from 14.
Because mitochrondrial DNA is inherited unaltered from the mother, it makes a great marker for comparing populations. In this case, the researchers compared the archaeological specimens to a database of modern (1800-present) scarlet macaw populations. There was very little difference between the 14 birds. They all fell into the same macaw group, which can be found in northern Guatemala and nearby southeastern Mexico.
Other genetic groups can be found in that same area, so its extremely unlikely that traders were periodically capturing birds and transporting them to New Mexicos Chaco Canyon. If that were the case, you would expect to find birds from multiple genetic groups.
Instead, the researchers believe the best explanation is that someone captured a few birds, took them somewhere much closer to Chaco Canyon, and set up an isolated breeding population. In that situation, the genetic diversity would remain very limited.
That would point to an undiscovered settlement out there somewhere, breeding scarlet macaws in the centuries before Paquimé was established. And it highlights the fact that cultural and trade interactions were common between many of the peoples living at the time.
Its a pretty detailed story to be able to tell from a few bird bones. Scarlet macaws were clearly valued and important enough that people went to great lengths to obtain them. And it seems that somewhere, someone was carefully raising birds to trade with communities across the region.
PNAS, 2018. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805856115 (About DOIs).
Original Article
[contf] [contfnew]
Ars Technica
[contfnewc] [contfnewc]
Please enter your comment!
Please enter your name here
|
<urn:uuid:7f65f81a-eada-4893-9573-f68dcb93ca8d>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.921875,
"fasttext_score": 0.2279059886932373,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9640854001045227,
"url": "https://amsterdamtimes.info/dna-reveals-ancient-parrot-breeder-supplied-us-southwest-peoples/"
}
|
Connecting History
Connecting History logo
Milestones logo
Hot off the Press
Book Reviews logo
History Talk
History Talk logo
Top Ten Origins: Housing the Poor
By Aaron Cavin
Few things are more expensive than housing. The purchase of a home is the single greatest expense in most people’s lives. For non-homeowners, rent usually takes up the largest share of the paycheck. The astronomically high real estate prices in Silicon Valley (where even people with six-figure incomes may qualify for housing subsidies) have attracted media attention, but they are only the most recent manifestation of an ancient problem. In his 1872 essay on “the housing question,” Friedrich Engels examined the wretched dwellings of the working class under capitalism, noting a troubling contradiction: shelter is a fundamental need, but in a market system there’s a cost to it. For poor people that cost is often too high. For millennia, people have wrestled with this dilemma. In economically stratified societies—that is, almost everywhere—how can the poor find shelter? How have societies solved this basic problem? Why have they adopted certain solutions, and then abandoned them almost immediately? And what has happened when the poor have taken matters into their own hands?
1. The York Almshouse
The almshouse at Woburn, Bedfordshire, England
The first home for the poor in England was established around 936 CE by King Athelstan. Its location was York, once a Roman fortress and by the Middle Ages an important commercial center. As the city grew, so did its population of poor residents—the elderly and the injured, widows and children. In medieval Christianity, it was the responsibility of the devout to help the poor in their midst by giving alms, usually in the form of food or money. But Christian charity could not keep up with the increase in poverty in York, especially as the city suffered from repeated battles between Vikings and the English. After a decisive victory over the Vikings, King Athelstan traveled through York, and, according to legend, was moved by the sight of the poor sleeping in the streets. He endowed an almshouse on royal land, a place where the poor could be housed. Nothing remains of it today, but it was the first of thousands of almshouses built throughout England.
2. Praying for Bankers’ Souls: The Fuggerei
The Fuggerei, Augsburg, Bravaria
The wealth of billionaires today pales in comparison to the fortune created by the most important pioneer of early capitalism: Jacob Fugger of Augsburg, the financier of the Habsburg Empire, banker to the Vatican, and trader known appropriately as Fugger “the Rich.” His astounding wealth clashed with a society in which most people were desperately poor, offending Christian virtues and leading Martin Luther to rail against the “verdammte Fuckerei”—the damned Fuggers. Resentment grew when the Pope, at the behest of Fugger, lifted the church’s ancient proscription of usury and legitimized the collection of interest on loans.
When the church began the sale of indulgences, largely to repay a loan to Fugger, popular outrage led to the Protestant Reformation. In this tense moment, Fugger founded a new kind of housing complex, built between 1514 and 1523, known as the Fuggerei. The Fuggerei differed sharply from previous housing for the poor. Much larger than the typical almshouse, the Fuggerei consisted of 52 separate homes, which together could house hundreds of residents. And unlike an almshouse, the Fuggerei was intended for the “deserving poor,” those who worked but in spite of their labor could not afford housing. The rent was one Rhine guilder per year (half the city’s average) and three prayers per day for the soul of Jacob Fugger. Whether created out of a sense of social obligation or to forestall criticism, the Fuggerei represents a shift in the history of housing the poor. The Fuggerei still exists, and the rent remains one Rhine guilder—roughly one U.S. dollar—a year.
3. The Victorian Workhouse
An 1834 cruciform design workhouse for 300 people
The Industrial Revolution created a housing crisis for the poor, and nowhere was this more pronounced than the Industrial Revolution’s birthplace, England. Concerned about growing numbers of paupers that accompanied industrialization, the English Parliament passed the New Poor Law of 1834. The law created a new era of workhouses. Although its creators had the best of intentions, the Victorian workhouse became a brutal, almost penal system depicted by Charles Dickens as a kind of hell. The Victorian workhouse was designed like a prison. Upon admission, families were separated. Inmates performed dangerous and sometimes pointless work (breaking rocks by hand, unwinding the fibers of old ropes, crushing bones for fertilizer).
Life was severely regimented. Inmates wore uniforms and lived by a strict clock. Meals were taken in enforced silence, and the gruel sometimes kept the inmates only barely from starvation—hence Oliver Twist being famously punished for saying, “Please, sir, I want some more.” As Dickens’ story suggests, the poorhouse was particularly hard on orphans. The punitive system allowed for no resistance. Hundreds of thousands of paupers lived in the workhouses. In their scale, discipline, and arduousness, the Victorian workhouses mark a shift in housing the poor from the earlier models based on Christian charity.
4. Huddled Masses Yearning to Breathe Free: The Manhattan Tenement
Manhattan's Lower East Side Tenements
In the United States, industrialization brought migrants from all over the world, many of whom crowded into New York. In the late 19th century, Manhattan was the most densely populated city in the world. More than 300,000 people lived in a single square mile of the Lower East Side. Such density was made possible by a new kind of housing: the tenement.
Tenements were large buildings, typically five or six stories high, that filled almost all of the available land. The only outdoor spaces were an outdoor toilet, shared by hundreds of people, the fire escapes, where residents relaxed and socialized, and the roofs, where many people slept. The buildings were packed with people, often 16 to a room, and only the outermost rooms had direct access to sunlight and fresh air. A single block of tenements might have 600 apartments, together housing more than 4,000 people. To improve living conditions, reformers in 1879 introduced the “dumbbell” tenement, a design intended to bring more fresh air through regularly placed airshafts. Yet conditions scarcely improved, and by the 1890s, three-fifths of the city’s residents lived in tenements.
Most of the residents were immigrants, a diverse mixture of Irish, Germans, Italians, and Russian Jews. Looking at the tenements, one critic saw “a seething mass of humanity, so ignorant, so vicious, so depraved that they hardly seem to belong to our species. Men and women; yet living, not like animals, but like vermin!” With such residents, he continued, “it is almost a matter of congratulation that the death rate among the inhabitants of these tenements is something over fifty-seven percent, and the mortality among the children under five years of age is… as high as seventy percent.” The poverty of the tenements was captured by one of the first muckraking photographers, Jacob Riis, in How the Other Half Lives. Riis’s pictures of crowded, bleak rooms made the tenement the icon of the urban slum.
5. Standardization and Functionalism: The Zeilenbau
Zeilenbau in Nurnberg, Germany
In the late 19th and early 20th century, a new generation of reformers aimed to address what they saw as the evils of the industrial age. They launched an era of reform that stretched across the Atlantic. In Germany, the industrial era prompted new ways of thinking about housing the poor, embodied in the Zeilenbau, a style of housing projects built in the 1920s and 1930s. Designed by the Ernst May, Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius of the Bauhaus, and other celebrated architects of European modernism, the Zeilenbau consisted of long, rectangular buildings, surrounded by expansive lawns, oriented to provide their residents with abundant sun, light, air, and open space. Each building contained dozens of identical apartments.
Reflecting the functionalist ethos of their creators, the Zeilenbau were little more than large concrete slabs with plate glass windows and no ornamentation. Inspired by American industrialists, particularly automaker Henry Ford and engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor, the Zeilenbau were monuments to efficiency, standardization, and mass production. (Rotterdam architect J.J.P. Oud even called his housing projects “dwelling Fords.”)
Ostensibly egalitarian and democratic, the Zeilenbau were hailed as the solution to the problem of workers’ housing in the industrial era, but they were roundly disliked by the people who had to live in them. For residents, the mathematical precision of the Zeilenbau was cold, their uniformity oppressive. In spite of these critiques, the form of the Zeilenbau influenced the design of housing around the world.
6. Public Housing for All: Singapore
The Tiong Bahru housing estate, Singapore
Through its patterns of industrialization and urbanization, the North Atlantic nations of England, Germany, and the United States had developed certain ways of housing the poor. They exported these housing forms to rest of the world through colonialism. In 1927, the British established a housing agency in their valuable port colony of Singapore. The Singapore Improvement Trust aimed to address the crowding, squatting, and slums that plagued the island city.
Their first project was the Tiong Bahru housing estate, 30 apartment blocks with over 900 units built on a redeveloped cemetery that was inhabited by over 2,000 squatters. As a British creation, Tiong Bahru adopted European and American Art Deco styling, yet it adapted public housing for a tropical climate, where open windows and cantilevered balconies provided shade and air flow. Unlike American and European housing projects, Tiong Bahru intertwined residences with street-level shops.
While the construction of Tiong Bahru marks a milestone in public housing, the Singapore Improvement Trust had built only 23,000 units by the time Singapore gained its independence from the United Kingdom. With more than half a million residents living in squatters settlements or shophouses, the new government launched the world’s most ambitious housing plan, constructing unprecedented levels of public housing, largely in high-rise apartment complexes. Today, eighty percent of Singapore’s residents live in public housing. Likewise, in Hong Kong, another British colony, roughly half the population of 7 million lives in public housing.
7. Pruitt-Igoe
Pruitt-Igoe, St. Louis, Missouri
The iconic example of American public housing was St. Louis’s Pruitt-Igoe. Built in 1954, Pruitt-Igoe was a testament to modernism—33 nearly identical 11-story towers arranged in rows on 57 acres of land. Designed by Minoru Yamasaki, Pruitt-Igoe embodied Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier’s vision of the “tower in the park,” with high-rise towers leaving most of the grounds an open, grassy expanse.
Pruitt-Igoe replaced a neighborhood of “ramshackle old houses jammed with people,” in the celebratory words of Architectural Forum, with “vertical neighborhoods for poor people.” Reflecting standard practice at the time of its design, the project was racially segregated, with the Pruitt Homes intended for African Americans and the Igoe Apartments for white residents. But as it was completed, the Supreme Court banned this kind of segregation. Few white families moved in, and most of the project’s 2,870 apartments were inhabited by African Americans.
While early residents marveled at the prospect of living in a “poor man’s penthouse,” Pruitt-Igoe declined quickly and it was spectacularly demolished less than 20 years after it opened. The collapse of Pruitt-Igoe became a symbol of the failure of American public housing more generally. Its downfall was blamed on several culprits, from its vapid architecture to its poor residents. But the failure of Pruitt-Igoe was due to events beyond the project itself. As St. Louis underwent deindustrialization, disinvestment, and depopulation, Pruitt-Igoe declined as well. Public housing, however monumental in scale, was never commensurate with the public policies that created an urban crisis that beset cities across America.
8. A World of Homeowners: Ciudad Kennedy
On December 17, 1961, President John F. Kennedy went to Bogotá, Colombia, to lay the cornerstone for the Techo Housing Project. Surveying the sunny swath of land on the outskirts of the city, Kennedy declared, “This is a battlefield.” The surprising statement indicated that the Cold War was fought not only with missiles and guns but also with houses. And in this war, the U.S. had a secret weapon in its arsenal: government programs that promoted homeownership.
Indeed, wherever State Department cold warriors went, housing programs soon followed. Programs aimed to broaden homeownership, which would fight communism and promote capitalism as they lifted the world’s poor into the middle class. The Techo Housing Project (later renamed Ciudad Kennedy in honor of the president) was the largest housing project under the Alliance for Progress, Kennedy’s plan for economic cooperation between the U.S. and Latin America.
Yet it could not have been more different from housing projects in the U.S. It was designed as “self-help” housing, in which the government provided legal and financial assistance while families provided the manual labor to build their own homes. In the end, few poor people were able to take advantage of the program, since they lacked the minimum income necessary for a government-backed mortgage. Although projects like Ciudad Kennedy never met the needs of most of the world’s poor, U.S. policymakers promoted the model of self-help housing wherever the Cold War was fought, from Taiwan to Rhodesia, from South Korea to Peru.
9. The Market is the Answer: Section 8
Section 8 housing in Chicago, Illinois
After the collapse of Pruitt-Igoe, Americans looked for alternatives to high-rise public housing. Embracing the free-market rhetoric that came to dominate American politics in the late 20th century, policymakers created a system of public housing that would work through the market. With Section 8 of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, Congress created a housing voucher program, a novel solution to the problem of housing for the poor.
No longer would public housing consist of modernist high-rise towers in parks. Instead, the federal government would provide rental subsidies, enabling low-income families to rent single family homes. In theory, a family could take their voucher to the community of their choice, leaving behind struggling inner cities for the American Dream in the suburbs. In practice, however, families have had limited options. Landlords and municipalities are not required to accept Section 8 vouchers. Nor has the government sufficiently funded the program, leaving the vast majority of eligible renters without housing assistance. In many areas of the country, average rental prices are far higher than the subsidy provided by Section 8.
As a result, there are vast metropolitan regions where there is no meaningful public housing. Yet, thanks to a remarkable lawsuit in Chicago, thousands of poor families have moved to the suburbs. In the case of Hills v. Gautreaux, the Supreme Court ordered the Chicago Housing Authority to stop segregating public housing in concentrated inner-city neighborhoods and instead locate public housing in the suburbs as well. As a result, thousands of low-income families received Section 8 vouchers for suburban housing.
10. Property Rights in Slums: Dar es Salaam
Slums in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
In 2005, Tanzania embarked on an ambitious project to formalize the property rights of hundreds of thousands of squatters who inhabited shacks in the sprawling shantytowns surrounding Dar es Salaam. In Dar es Salaam, the largest city in Tanzania, seventy percent of the inhabitants live in slums. Most lack access to clean water and sufficient toilets, and there is little infrastructure to deal with sewage. Most are migrants from rural Tanzania, pushed off the countryside yet with few economic opportunities in cities.
Tanzania’s effort to formalize squatter settlements was inspired by the work of Hernando de Soto, the Peruvian economist who argues that the way to reduce global poverty is to expand participation in the market economy—and the best way to do that is to formalize land titles. In slums around the world, the poor held property worth more than $9 trillion, yet their insecure tenure made it impossible for them to capitalize on such wealth. By formalizing their ownership, the poor would have access to credit, facilitating entrepreneurial activity.
In Tanzania, more than 200,000 residents formalized their ownership of slum properties, paying registration fees and property taxes. But the expected expansion of credit never materialized—banks were reluctant to make loans to slum dwellers, regardless of formal titles. The spread of slums in Dar es Salaam is part of a process that is happening around the world. For the first time in history, most people now live in cities rather than in rural areas, and perhaps a billion of these new urban residents live in slums. How to house these people will be a major question of the 21st century.
- Posted on June 9, 2016
|
<urn:uuid:0dcc48b7-c8cc-4c98-915e-33fc434eb607>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.03617900609970093,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9613989591598511,
"url": "https://origins.osu.edu/connecting-history/top-ten-origins-housing-poor"
}
|
Data structures for Beginners
Data structures let us organize data, so that we can find answers efficiently.
For example, say you had to find all legos of the color red in Figure 1. Which case would be faster?
Figure 1: Legos — unorganized v/s organized
The second case is faster because the legos are organized. Similarly, in computer science, data structures let us organize data for quick retrieval.
Let us look at some data structures and their use cases.
Let’s say you visit a grocery store to buy bread. Which store would you prefer?
Figure 2: Grocery store — unlabelled v/s labelled aisles
Walmart is a better choice because the food is categorized. You can jump to the correct aisle to find bread. All breads — sourdough, baguettes, buns and bagels — are available on the same aisle. Instead of going through the entire store, you just narrowed your search and saved time.
In computer science, this method of categorizing and labelling data is called a map. By labelling data, we can look up the labels and find answers instantaneously.
Let’s say you ask a voice assistant, “Should I go on a hike today?”
Figure 3.1: Voice assistant deciding on — Should you go on a hike?
To answer this question, a series of decisions are made on whether the weather is suitable or not.
Figure 3.2: Tree-like structure that stores questions
In Figure 3.2, let’s say the weather is sunny. If so, we don’t need to look at the right side of the tree which deals with rainy weather.
By storing data in a “tree” format, we chose one path and ignored the other path or “branch”. By ignoring some paths, we reached a decision faster.
In computer science, a tree data structure lets us to ignore certain paths so that we can answer quickly.
Let’s say you receive a friend request from Bob on Facebook. Before accepting, you want to find the mutual friend.
Figure 4.1: Friend request with an unknown mutual friend
Since billions of users exist on Facebook, how can we save friendship data so that the mutual friend can be found quickly?
There are two ways to store users and their relationships, as shown in Figure 4.2. Which would be more efficient, to find friends common between Bob and you?
Figure 4.2: Ways to store friendship data
The second option is a faster way to find that Carol is the mutual friend. We did not need to look at other people like Alice and Ted to find Carol.
This data structure is known as a Graph — it is great for visualizing relationships between users.
Let’s say you press the back button on your browser. How do we store the last visited website?
Figure 5.1: Last visited websites in a browser
Figure 5.1 shows that websites are stored in order of visit time— Amazon was the last visited website, followed by Instagram, Youtube and Facebook.
When we click the back button, these websites are navigated to in the same order.
Figure 5.2: Last visited website and last added chair are accessible
A good analogy is a set of chairs stacked on each other, as shown in Figure 5.2. Only the green chair at the top is useable. It must be removed before the chairs below it can be used. This structure lets us find the last chair added quickly — we need not hunt through all the chairs.
Similarly, Amazon is the last visited website at the top of our “stack” structure. It must be removed before we can access other websites.
In computer science, this “stack” structure finds the “last seen” data quickly.
Let’s say you try to reserve an Uber during a busy time.
Figure 6.1: Reserving an Uber car ride
Since there is high demand, many passengers are waiting for a car to be assigned. Who gets the next ride?
When you press the reserve button, you are added to the end of a queue. Customers ahead of you are served first so that the wait time remains fair. Everyone who reserved a ride before you gets a car before you do — in a first come, first served fashion.
Figure 6.2: Minions waiting in a queue for their turn
A “queue” is a data structure that processes data in the order of arrival. The data waiting for the longest duration of time is served first.
We saw examples of some famous data structures and their applications.
In a real world problem, millions of bytes of data need to be analyzed within seconds. Hence, we use data structures to juggle between space constraints (storage cost) and time constraints (find answers quickly).
A carefully chosen data structure leads to an efficient solution.
Continue learning
To learn more about data structures and other fundamentals, click here to book a free session or webinar with Agneez.
|
<urn:uuid:eeb2c54e-a99c-4196-a597-292a90a5ab1c>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.921875,
"fasttext_score": 0.023782014846801758,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.918949544429779,
"url": "https://singhalsuhani.medium.com/data-structures-for-beginners-3d92cb7db1de"
}
|
Posted in theology
Up on the Roof
By Elizabeth Prata
In the Bible times, the roof was an important ‘room’. It was constantly used for a variety of things. Why? Homes were small, dark, smelly, and the lower room held the animals. Why wouldn’t people want to be on the roof where it was bright, with fresh air wafting by, and roomy?
Houses in Jesus’ time of the poorest folks were often one square room, made of stone or whitewashed stucco brick. There might have been an upper room like a loft for sleeping and the animals held at night in the lower room, which had a trench for waste and perhaps a small brazier for cooking. Some people took advantage of the topography and built into the hillside in a hollowed out cave, which had the advantage of being sturdy, ready made, AND cooler.
If a person had means, like Lydia who sold the expensive purple, they had a larger house. Lydia’s was large enough to host guests and a home church. It was likely square with smaller rooms lining the perimeter. It would have had a courtyard in the middle for light and air and gathering, not a problem in the Mediterranean climate. Perhaps there was a pen in the back for the animals at night or one of the rooms dedicated for the purpose.
~ Dictionary of Bible Themes, Martin Manser
The flat roof would have been slightly pitched to drain rainwater and have a cistern to catch the precious liquid. Some people adorned their roof with a tent or palm leaf shade. Once the People had stopped wandering and started building permanent dwellings, Deuteronomy 22:8 commanded that all roofs have a guardrail so the homeowner would be protected from bloodshed in case someone fell off.
Maybe falling off roofs was a problem, lol. Proverbs 21:9 says it can be a great place to escape the quarrelsome wife! In fact, the Shunammite Woman made a little walled room for the Prophet Elisha on her roof and provided for him in addition to food, a bed, desk, chair, lampstand … and privacy.
Here are some of the Bible’s mention of the uses of roofs courtesy of the Dictionary of Bible Themes: The Accessible and Comprehensive Tool for Topical Studies by Martin Manser:
The roof used as a place of religious observance Ne 8:16 See also 2Ki 23:12; Jer 19:13; 32:29; Zep 1:5; Ac 10:9
In cities, some roofs were open, public places:
There are significant Bible events that happened up on the roof.
In Acts 10:9 we read that it was on the roof where Peter had the vision of the clean and unclean animals. Peter had gone up on the roof to pray. It seems like the roof would be a perfect place to privately pray, meditate on scripture, and think. I guess peaceful until a giant sheet was let down from heaven with all kinds of animals on it!
Rahab hid the spies up on her roof. She had laid her flax to dry up there, and hid the two men under the stalks. (Joshua 2:6). The roof was also used to dry laundry, store pots and tools, and for the family to gather and talk, especially in the cool of the evening. That must have been nice.
Perhaps the most famous biblical rooftop incident is the David and Bathsheba story. One day David arose and walked about on his roof. It seems that kings did this a lot (Ahaziah, Nebuchadnezzar…). Anyway it was then that David saw Bathsheba bathing on her roof. David saw that she was beautiful in appearance. So that means that her building was close enough for David to see her well. His sin came in through the eye, as Eve’s did. He should have turned away. However if I may, Bathsheba knew how close the King’s rooftop was to her own house. Why she was bathing without a privacy screen may indicate she had ulterior designs. In the late afternoon/early evening it was common for Palestinians to walk about on the roof to take in the early evening breezes. Bathsheba knew that, too.
My family’s first house was a 100-year-old Cape Cod with a high pitched roof. There was a screened-in porch attached to the back that was fairly flat. I could step on the coiled up hose hung on the side of the porch and hoist myself up. A large oak tree overhung the porch roof. I enjoyed sitting up there in the shade and looking out over the lawn and to the cemetery next door from the higher vantage point. I liked the quietude, the privacy, and the different perspective of seeing things from higher up.
The Drifters wrote a song about being peaceful up on the roof. Apparently it is an enjoyable activity from the first homes built in Deuteronomy all the way till now. I hope you have a place you enjoy going to contemplate, be alone, or just relax. I don’t have a rooftop any more but I have a comfortable chair and a good reading lamp, and that is enough for me.
|
<urn:uuid:3c15d744-3f49-452c-84c7-1e03049d5f5d>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.03214329481124878,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9804094433784485,
"url": "https://the-end-time.org/2021/04/08/up-on-the-roof/"
}
|
New evidence from the Maya city of Copan, in Honduras, reveals that ancient Mesoamericans routinely captured and traded wild animals for symbolic and ritual purposes, according to a study published September 12, 2018 in the open-access journal PLOS ONE by Nawa Sugiyama from George Mason University, Virginia, USA, and colleagues.
Ancient Mesoamerican cultures used wild animals such as puma and jaguar for many purposes, including in symbolic displays of status and power, as subjects of ritual sacrifice, and as resources for processing into venison or craft products. Evidence of wild animal use in ancient Mesoamerica dates back to the Teotihuacan culture in what is now central Mexico (AD 1-550). Archaeological findings of indigenous Mesoamerican animal management strategies have traditionally been underemphasized, due to the paucity of large domesticated game in the New World in comparison to the devastating impact of European livestock introduced in the 1500s. In this study, the research team analyzed archaeological samples of wild animals excavated from five ritual sites in the Maya city of Copan (A.D. 426-822), in Honduras.
The team performed stable isotope analyses on bone and teeth from puma, jaguar and other unidentified felids along with deer, owl, spoonbill, and crocodile, to determine the diet and geographical origin of the animals. Some of the felid specimens tested, including puma and jaguar, had high levels of C4 intake indicative of an anthropogenic diet despite the absence of indicators of captive breeding. Oxygen isotope levels in deer and felid specimens suggest that some animals and derived craft products (e.g. pelts) used in ritual practices originated in distant regions of the Copan Valley.
These findings confirm previous research showing that Mesoamerican cultures kept wild animals in captivity for ritual purposes and reveal that animal trade networks across ancient Mesoamerica were more extensive than previously thought.
Sugiyama summarizes: “Encoded into the bones of jaguars and pumas at the Maya site of Copan was evidence of both captivity and of expansive trade networks trading ritualized carnivores across the dynamic Mesoamerican landscape.”
|
<urn:uuid:19afa1ea-4cbf-4226-b39f-d7de616e2bfa>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.859375,
"fasttext_score": 0.04295849800109863,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9209766387939453,
"url": "https://www.archaeology.wiki/blog/2018/09/13/wild-animals-were-routinely-captured-and-traded-in-ancient-mesoamerica/"
}
|
Cookies on this website
Chikungunya fever is an acute febrile illness caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which is transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes. Although chikungunya fever is rarely fatal, patients can experience debilitating symptoms that last from months to years. Here we comprehensively assess the global distribution of chikungunya and produce high-resolution maps, using an established modelling framework that combines a comprehensive occurrence database with bespoke environmental correlates, including up-to-date Aedes distribution maps. This enables estimation of the current total population-at-risk of CHIKV transmission and identification of areas where the virus may spread to in the future. We identified 94 countries with good evidence for current CHIKV presence and a set of countries in the New and Old World with potential for future CHIKV establishment, demonstrated by high environmental suitability for transmission and in some cases previous sporadic reports. Aedes aegypti presence was identified as one of the major contributing factors to CHIKV transmission but significant geographical heterogeneity exists. We estimated 1.3 billion people are living in areas at-risk of CHIKV transmission. These maps provide a baseline for identifying areas where prevention and control efforts should be prioritised and can be used to guide estimation of the global burden of CHIKV.
Original publication
Journal article
Euro Surveill
Publication Date
arboviral diseases, chikungunya virus, emerging or re-emerging diseases, spatial modelling, surveillance, Aedes, Animals, Chikungunya Fever, Chikungunya virus, Geography, Global Health, Humans, Insect Vectors, Sentinel Surveillance
|
<urn:uuid:dc0810dc-3d85-4cc7-9909-259b95c7ea24>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.024878084659576416,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8573199510574341,
"url": "https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/publications/624532"
}
|
Elementary Science: Animals
This is an elementary science curriculum on animals! I made these because I was disgruntled with how most science taught today is detached from reality. These are hands-on lessons meant to immerse a child and awaken them to the beauty of the animal kingdom. See more about my elementary science program here.
For your convenience I include affiliate links below.
After some experimentation with my children, I realized definitions need to come first. Imagine you are about to buy a new high tech camera but you don’t know the first thing about cameras. Now imagine someone gives you an even-paced, clear explanation of each feature, with charts, pictures, and everything. When you go to browse cameras, you will be able to “see” those features much more easily. It won’t be a mess of numbers and letters. It will make sense.
That is what these definition lessons are like. They raise the child’s awareness to certain aspects of animals such that recognize them better as they study individual animals later. I knew this approach was powerful after I gave a lesson about vertebrates and invertebrates and my daughter, at 3 years, 9 months, started asking about everything and if they had a backbone or not. She once asked, “Does pepperoni have a backbone?” This approach allows them to ask their own questions and to learn more as they have their own experiences.
Don’t feel like you can’t move on to studying animals until you’ve done all of these first. But I do put them first as an ideal order of progression.
1. Vertebrates vs Invertebrates
A vertebrate is an animal with a backbone. An invertebrate is any other animal who does not. An invertebrate may have no bones or some bones but just not a backbone. The first major classification of animals begins with if they have a backbone or not.
Point out your child’s backbone to them. Point out that it helps them be both strong and bendy. Have them bend their spine. They’ll love this. It may lead to inquiry about how the spine is made up of vertebrates, allowing it to be strong and bendy.
Picture are great for this lesson. The pictures really need to show the skeleton of the animal. There is no way to know for instance that a snake has a spine without seeing its skeletal diagram (or cutting one open). My children loved looking at the skeletons (they are skeletons after all) of animals.
A skeletal diagram of the major types is shown below: mammals, amphibians, fish, reptiles and birds. Print this here, Skeletal Diagrams of Animals
A Visual Guide to Understanding Dog Anatomy With Labeled ...amphibians Images - FrompoFishes - Facts, Characteristics, Anatomy and PicturesThe o'jays, The facts and Facts on PinterestAnatomy and Physiology of Animals/The Skeleton - Wikibooks ...
It’s possible you will come across these bones in everyday life, such as if you catch or eat a fish. You might point out the skeletal structure.
And then of invertebrates. These are available in the printout linked above.
European wasp white bg02.jpgHobo-spider.jpgGrapevinesnail 01.jpgFFS Table bottom.jpgVelvet worm.jpg
The only intent of this lesson is to show the difference in backbone/no backbone. To see if they retained the information, ask them if the animals you just taught them about are vertebrate or invertebrate. Do not ask them about any other animal they have not been exposed to in this way yet. As you do individual animals studies later, this will be something to take note of.
Extra resources
2. Exoskeleton, Endoskeletons, no Skeleton
Simply explaining that some animals have their skeleton on the outside of their body is enough for this lesson. To explain that the skeleton is on the outside, I love this lesson in which you put cardboard on a stuffed animal to give it an “exoskeleton.”
I was in perpetual confusion for a while over the relationship between something having an exoskeleton and vertebrate/invertebrate status. For instance, a turtle has a shell but it also has a vertebrate. I learned that a turtle technically does not have an exoskeleton. Its shell is more like the horns of a goat. To my understanding, and the way I explain it, is that if an animal is a “vertebrate,” it cannot then have an exoskeleton. More classic exoskeletons are crabs and lobsters. Nearly all insects have an exoskeleton, even a spider though it’s not hard. (This information seems hotly contested and debated. Drop me a note if you think it is wrong or I need to add more information. I am happy however to raise awareness, even if the awareness is that “scientists don’t always agree.”)
Children 5 and older are probably already familiar with the fact that they have bones on the inside. Simply emphasize that and say we have an endoskeleton. Point out that without a skeleton, we would be very limp. Point out that some animals have no skeleton at all, such as octopus and jellyfish. As you study more animals later, this will be something for them to take further note of. (Does a coral reef have a skeleton? Does an ant? Truthfully, I don’t know all of the answers! And that’s OK!)
Videos on Exoskeletons:
3. Teeth of Carnivores and Herbivores
Teeth designed to chew plants have a broad surface area to grind plants, called molars. Teeth designed to eat meat are jagged in the back (no need to grind plants) and look like fangs in the front. Printing something like this probably will come in handy:
Related image
It’s so wonderful that you can buy models of animals skulls inexpensively. I bought a TOOB toy of animal skulls. I got several for about $11. Show the teeth of the herbivore versus carnivore to the child with the tiny plastic models. If you don’t want to buy this, you can print off pictures.
(Affiliate Link)
To make more of an impression, take a skull with fangs and ask the child if they would be scared if they saw those teeth. I bring emotions into my teaching. The answer is a resounding yes. Ask if they would be scared of a cow. The answer is likely no. This makes a much deeper impression on what the teeth of a predator are like.
4. Ratio of Carnivores to Herbivores
With figurines, you might set up that one predator needs to eat 10 herbivores and 1 herbivore needs to eat 10 plants. The natural ratio in nature therefore is 1:10:100 carnivore:herbivore:plants. If you don’t have figurines, you could use different types of pasta to represent each type of animals.
You might point out when reading books that there is typically only one wolf for a flock of sheep. If you see it in nature, you might see that one snake in a pond eats around 10 frogs.
Point out that plants get energy from the sun. All energy when traced back goes to the sun.
5. Adaption
Hands-down, the best way to teach about how animals adapt is with plays. This is more than “just” fun, it’s beginning science. You can start this as young as 3 years old if not younger. My 3 year olds love to pretend we were leopards about to POUNCE or hummingbirds HUMMING. It’s a great activity that can involve younger and older children. Bring the emotions into it! Pretend you are animals doing what you have to to survive. There are so many books about this. You probably have some hand-me-downs that you can use. Any kind of book like “The World’s Most Dangerous … ” or anything weird and whacky. Here are some of the plays we have put on:
• Pretended we were a shy octopus who threw ink (a blanket) around us when threatened
• Waited in hiding to pounce on passer bys like a predatory cat
• Hopped like a frog
• Put blanket after blanket on top of us to feel the pressure that a deep sea creature would feel
• Hummmmmed like a Hummingbird
In addition, ask simple questions like “Can a dolphin live on land?” Or “Who has an easier time to get across a river, a squirrel or a duck?” Opportunities arise all the time.
We also had a GeoPuzzle of animals which showed where they lived. We did this puzzle and talked about how the animals were adapted to live in the regions of the world that they lived in.
We love SciShow Kids to explore many types of animals and how they survive.
Some time after doing lessons like this, when my son was 6, he made up stories about how his invented animals could adapt to their environment. He invented a fish once whose nose could split atoms and would survive the collapse of the universe. When your child is actively using information to solve problems, you know the information stuck! What great engineering skills that are budding!
6. Not All Animals Have Eyes
The best way to do this is to read a book about how animals have adapted. Animals in a cave often don’t have eyes. Worms also don’t have eyes. Here are two book recommendations:
7. Warm-Blooded Animals versus Ectotherms
Simply explain that some animals can maintain their temperature despite their surroundings by generating their own heat. Birds and mammal do this.
Ectotherms do not need to do this or have other means of heating themselves and generate very little heat for their bodies. You might point out that reptiles like to bask in the sun.
8. Genetics
A very fun activity is to print out picture of your whole family and then point out a few things. First, each child looks different: there is genetic variety. Then point out in a very straight forward way that a certain child got a certain trait from one of their parents. They inherited it. I like to point out that they did not inherit other things, like a knowledge base or skill set.
Explain that a human and another animal could not reproduce. You might ask questions like, “Could we have a baby with a dog?” They will likely think this is hilarious. That we can mate makes humans part of the same species.
9. Live Young or Eggs
A really fantastic way to explain this is to talk about which animals “take care” of their young. A child is probably already familiar with this. They might melt at the idea of a mommy dog taking care of her puppies. Say that mommy doggies and human mommies take care of their young and we are both mammals. I like to ask the question, “Does a sunflower take care of the seeds it drops?” The answer of course is no. Explain that that is why a sunflower produces many seeds, because they cannot take care of them and most will get eaten. Opportunities are certain to arise, in books if not in nature itself, to explain that reptiles and birds lay eggs.
10. Life Cycles
Show a life cycle of two different animals for comparison and contrast. I diagrammed them on a white board. A frog lays an egg, which turns into a tadpole, which turns into a frog, repeat. Then do one of humans. Explain the idea of the next “generation.” Show many sets of humans creating many more sets of humans.
Individual Animal Study
With these definitions learned, as they study individual animals, they will have more to look for. Animals can be studied with books or live.
11. Study Animals with Books
Take heart that many answers can be found simply by reading books! My favorite books for this are ones from National Geographic Kids and Scholastic.
Ask simple questions about each animal after learning about them to best classify where the animal stands in relation to other animals. Having learned the above and if the book gives the information, ask questions like:
• Does it have eyes?
• Does it have a backbone?
• Does it have an exoskeleton?
• Is it a carnivore, herbivore, or omnivore?
• Does it produce live young or eggs?
Children as young as 3 love this and children around aged 5 especially love this. My 6 year old still loves it.
This is a recommended list of animals to study to cover a wide variety of animals. I’ll add links to recommended books as I find them. You can likely easily find a book at your library. In the juvenile section, there is an “Animal” section and it’s grouped by type of animal.
• Bird
• Alligator
• Frog
• Any fish
• Any mammal
• Snail or Octopus
• Crab or lobster
• Insect
• Spider
• Worm
• Coral
12. Study Animals in Nature
How much more exciting is learning about animals when you have come face to face with some, maybe in your own backyard. These are ideas to increase awareness of animals.
1. Put up a bird feeder and get a local field guide on birds to identify the birds that come.
2. Hunt for frogs at night with flashlights during their mating season. Try to find their eggs later
3. Set up an earthworm farm by filling up a bin with dirt, leaving them vegetables to eat and leaving it mostly covered but open just a crack
4. Visit an aquarium
This was our bird feeder. A metal stake in the ground, which we got from a hardware store, and the birdhouse. It’s served us well for years.
Categorization of Animal Kingdom
Now that they have an understanding of some animal characteristics, children can sort them and ponder them. I strongly favor sorting activities to do this, using cards with animal pictures on them. What better way to learn about animals than to be immersed in (often if not always beautiful) animals!
I went out of my way to put together animal cards that included a wide variety of animals using beautiful pictures and which would be ideal for sorting activities for a comprehensive understanding of the animal kingdom. They are all public domain or properly accredited so I could share them.
Please print, use, and share! Please respect my hard work by not posting these elsewhere. Direct people here so they can find these. The category headings are already also included in the printouts. I recommend printing them on card stock. Click the link or the picture, which shows a sampling of the cards.
Animals Plants and Technology Objects Cards
Here is a a list of sorting activities in rough order to be executed. I include one on technology here only because you have it available and it’s so easy to do. I did not include more sorting activities on plants because that might be simply too much for one lesson.
Pre-Sorting: But first, Let Them Play!
At first, children will likely be excited by all of these pictures. Let them play at first! My son for instance became very interested in the idea of what animals had eyes or not. He zoomed right in on the worm. He wasn’t sure. We got the book out which told us. I loved that he was getting practice on researching it. I was thrilled that he wanted to see it. He similarly asked to see a picture of a butterfly, asking to zoom in real close to see if it had eyes.
From here, go on to formal sorting:
1. Living versus Non Living
In the printout, there are animals, plants, natural resources, and technological achievements. Sort them into living or not living.
2. Natural versus Man-Made
You’re already here so you may as well do this lesson. Of the non-living items, sort them into natural and man-made. Explain directly that sand is natural but a sand castle (both included) is man-made. It is made up of sand but humans arranged it for a purpose.
3. Animals versus Plants
Now focus on the living items. Of the living items, which ones are animals or plants. I ask the question, “Can plants walk?” Explain also that living items all need energy otherwise they die.
4. Vertebrates versus Invertebrates
Now focus on just the animals. Of the animals, which ones have a vertebrate and which ones don’t. Have the printout from the previous lesson about this available to help. I found this was hard for my 6 year old. It is better to ask which ones have a backbone and which won’t done and then put them into the vertebrate/invertebrate columns. The purpose is to do a hands-on activity to help them remember the information, not to test them or see how good their memory is.
This creates such a pretty sorting. It is also the first classification of the animal kingdom. Tell them that most animals in the world are invertebrates. I did a google search while doing the sorting activity and found that there are 100 trillion ants and only about 8 or 9 billion humans.
Note we ended our sorting for the day here and did the rest on the second day. I do however recommend executing all of the following on the same day.
5. Mammal, Bird, Amphibian, Reptile, Fish
Among vertebrates, the next classification is into class.
I was stunned that my 6 year old sorted them as shown below. I laid it out into bird/reptile/fish/amphibian/mammal but he took the other category heads and placed them correctly. Birds have beaks, wings, and feathers. Then he made the columns such that reptiles and fish both had scales. He put the hair/fur label under mammal. He thought hard about where to put “No Legs” and finally told me, “Birds DO have legs, you just can’t see them all the time!”
I include this story to show just how effective these sorting lessons can be. Look through the work of scientists and you will see just how important sorting is to their clarity of thought. If your child is the one doing the classification, you are rest assured they understand it! This is fertile ground for quality thinking.
Otherwise, I had planned on showing this by doing just that: asking to find the animals with hair/fur and putting them under mammal, ones with feathers under bird, and so on. Fish are easy. Reptiles are different from amphibians because amphibians have smooth skin and live partially in water or land.
6. Endoskeleton, Exoskeleton, No Skeleton
Every single animal in the vertebrate column has an endoskeleton. The invertebrates may be sorted into exoskeleton, endoskeleton, and no skeleton. From their studies, they might know that jellyfish (included) do not have a skeleton. In my research, I found out that spiders technically have an exoskeleton. For this purpose, if they get it wrong or don’t know, it’s OK. You might look it up with them.
7. Have Fun with these Classifications with Probing Questions
At this point, you have beautiful pictures laid out in a logical way that your child just spent a lot time doing a lot of thinking about. Their mind is ripe for lots of discussion! Take advantage of it! I made up questions while looking at them and they were all fun. Questions like:
• Can an alligator build a bridge?
• Can a fish and a sheep have a baby?
• Do all animals have beaks?
• Do all animals have legs?
• Would we humans do well living in the dirt?
• Can humans spin a web?
• If you squash a bug, do you feel a skeleton crunch or does it just squash?
• Would you rather be a bunny or a duck?
• Who could cross the ocean: a whale or a lion?
7. Mouth or No Mouth
Make sure to do this categorization and you can do it verbally. I would be very straight forward about it. “I am going to see if every animal has a mouth.” Then go through one from each group. Every single animal has a mouth! That’s because it needs energy. Ask your child to put their hand over their mouth and feel what it would be like to not be able to eat. We’ll hit some energy lessons hard in future curriculum!
8. Don’t Leave Yet: The Classification of Animals
Again, after doing all this work, be sure to take advantage of it with what seems to be a most fun lesson for children by showing them the classification of the animal kingdom. I printed out an image I found online here. It fascinated my son. Then I also printed out a picture of human classification here. This also fascinated him. I followed along with our sorted pictures as far as I could to show how we would be classified.
Further Study
Of course you can study this much further. I found my son at 6 had much more specialized knowledge than I did and it was from watching shows like SciShow Kids and Dr. Binocs. I insisted on doing these hands-on lessons to give structure to his thinking. After this, however, for an elementary aged student, I turned the keys over to him by letting him watch videos and read books. His mind is ripe to learn. I occasionally ask questions like, “Why does that walrus have those huge tusks?” The opportunities are usually endless.
I look for further ideas for study, and I am especially interested in the child doing self-directed study. If you have ideas for this, I’d love to hear them.
Leave a Reply
|
<urn:uuid:ee368af9-b577-43c7-8dc7-85b435c4b7f1>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.765625,
"fasttext_score": 0.06130248308181763,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9560406804084778,
"url": "https://theobservantmom.com/elementary-science-animals/"
}
|
kriva | srpsko - engleski prevod
ženski rod
Linija u geometriji.
1. curve
Sinonimi: curve ball | breaking ball | bender | curved shape
In geometry, the locus of a point moving according to specified conditions. The circle is the locus of all points equidistant from a given point (the center). Other common geometrical curves are the ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola, which are also produced when a cone is cut by a plane at different angles.
Many curves have been invented for the solution of special problems in geometry and mechanics—for example, the cissoid (the inverse of a parabola) and the cycloid.
1. A baseball thrown with spin so that its path curves as it approach the batter; SYN. curve ball, breaking ball, bender.
2. A line on a graph representing data.
3. The trace of a point whose direction of motion changes; SYN. curved shape.
Da li ste možda tražili neku od sledećih reči?
korav | korov | korovi | krava | krave | krv | kriv | krivo | krov | Krf | kurva
Naši partneri
Škole stranih jezika | Sudski tumači/prevodioci
|
<urn:uuid:165da633-3c53-48f8-a595-a6ce5114032c>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.8955381512641907,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.732921838760376,
"url": "https://onlinerecnik.com/recnik/srpski/engleski/kriva"
}
|
Torture in the Tower of London
by Ellen Castelow
It is well known that the Tower of London has been a place of imprisonment, torture and execution over the centuries.
It is surprising to learn that actually, torture was only employed in the Tower during the 16th and 17th centuries, and only a fraction of the Tower’s prisoners were tortured.
This period was one of religious upheaval in England and the need to obtain information, by any available means, was paramount. Torture was not used as a punishment but as a means to an end, to learn about co-conspirators, safe houses, etc. During the reign of King James I, Sir Francis Bacon wrote: “…in the highest cases of treasons, torture is used for discovery and not for evidence.”
Torture has never been officially permitted under English law. Those who carried out this brutal practice in the Tower acted under the direct orders and authority of the Privy Council and the monarch.
The three main instruments of torture employed at the Tower were the rack, the Scavenger’s Daughter and the manacles.
The Rack
A torture rack, photographed in the Tower of London, England. Author: David Bjorgen
The rack was the most widely used instrument of torture, designed to stretch the victim’s body, eventually dislocating the limbs and ripping them from their sockets. At the Tower it was also known as the Duke of Exeter’s Daughter, as it was claimed to be the invention of the Duke, a Constable of the Tower in the 15th century. The prisoner was shown the rack first and then questioned; only if the prisoner refused to answer was the rack used. It is known that the sheer sight of the rack was often enough for people to surrender!
During the religious turmoil of the 16th century, the rack was employed freely by the Catholic Queen Mary and the Protestant monarchs Henry VIII, Edward VI and Elizabeth I.
The Scavenger’s Daughter (also known as Skeffington’s Irons) was designed by Sir Leonard Skeffington who was Lieutenant of the Tower during the reign of Henry VIII. It was conceived as the perfect complement to the rack as it worked on the opposite principle; the body was compressed rather than stretched.
The Scavenger’s Daughter is only mentioned briefly in the documents at the Tower, and so was probably rarely used.
Manacles are iron handcuffs worn around the wrists. In the Tower a prisoner would be suspended by the manacles with his feet off the floor, often for long periods of time, causing great pain and discomfort. Afterwards the victim would find it very painful and difficult to use his hands.
A Yeoman Warder in Tudor State Dress
The Warders of the Tower (the Beefeaters), under command of the Lieutenant of the Tower, were responsible for carrying out the physical part of the torture. The questioning was carried out by Commissioners, among whom there was usually at least one law officer, such as the Royal Attorney.
The Gunpowder Plotter Guy Fawkes is probably the most famous prisoner known to have been tortured in the Tower of London. It is not known whether he was subjected to the rack, however it is thought that he may have been tortured by being suspended from the manacles. The use of the manacles or the rack, or both, could certainly have brought about the change in his handwriting before and after his confession:
Guy Fawkes signatures
The top image is Guy Fawkes’ signature after torture: the lower one is before torture
Anne Askew, a preacher and supporter of Martin Luther, was imprisoned for distributing Protestant books in 1546. Torture was used to try and force her to divulge names of other Protestants. This is the only reported instance of a women being tortured in the Tower. Her body was so damaged by the rack that she had to be carried to her trial where she was found guilty of being a Protestant and condemned to death. She was burned at the stake at Smithfield. Despite her suffering on the rack, she never gave up any names nor did she recant her faith.
Following criticism that torture was not only cruel but ineffective, as a prisoner on the rack would say anything in order to be freed, torture in the Tower of London was abandoned from the mid 17th century onward.
Next article
|
<urn:uuid:9ec5bebc-56fa-455f-ad89-4a57cb978589>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.14472442865371704,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9871689677238464,
"url": "https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Torture-in-the-Tower-of-London/"
}
|
Tech Machines
Heavy Load!
The objective of this lesson is for children to explore weight, compare objects and use comparative language
0-30 мин.
Начальный уровень
Дошкольное образование
Pick two objects from around the classroom, one heavy and one light, to illustrate a difference in weight.
Ask the children to compare the two objects.
Ask questions like:
• Which of these is heavier?
• Explain that the heavier object weighs more than the lighter object.
• Which is lighter?
Explain that the lighter object weighs less than the heavier object.
Tell the children that lifting heavy objects is a common challenge that people face.
Explain that one way people transport heavy objects is by using special heavy-duty trucks.
Ask the children to build their very own heavy-duty truck to haul a heavy load.
Explain that they may use the building cards for inspiration or design their own truck.
Remind the children that their truck should include a place to load heavy objects.
Once the children have finished building, ask them to test their heavy-duty trucks using objects from around the classroom.
Encourage the children to load up their trucks and haul the load across the room!
Facilitate a discussion about the children’s trucks.
Ask questions like:
• Why was your truck able (or not) to move the heavy load?
• What other machines might have been able to move the same load?
Talk about how lifting heavy objects can be dangerous. Discuss how workers should always use their trucks in a safe manner.
Explain that other types of vehicles and machines can transport heavy items.
Give a few examples, like cranes which use pulleys to lift heavy objects.
Ask the children to design and build another machine or vehicle to transport their heavy load.
Encourage them to test their new designs and demonstrate how to safely load and unload their new machine or vehicle.
Did you notice?
• Technology - Asking questions about science-related concepts, specifically weight
• Engineering - Understanding and demonstrating how machines help people to solve problems and accomplish tasks
• Math - Comparing two or more objects or attributes
В помощь преподавателю
Children will:
• Explore the components of the Tech Machines set
• Explore weight and compare objects
• Use comparative language
• Design a vehicle to help with a task, and demonstrate how it works
For up to 4 children
LEGO® Education Tech Machines set (45002)
Printable model card
Learning grid
Teacher Introduction
TECH machines teacher guide
A heavy object and a light object from around the classroom
Additional objects that fit into the truck models
|
<urn:uuid:3c32888d-0c07-42f7-8f4b-d3ccfad7cb49>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 5,
"edu_score": 4.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.029888391494750977,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9125722050666809,
"url": "https://education.lego.com/ru-ru/lessons/preschool-tech-machines1/heavy-load"
}
|
Johann Sebastian Bach Was An Anti-Semite
In a new docudrama titled And After The Fire Lauren Belfer gives her readers historical insight into bigotry perpetrated against Jews. The author uses a fictitious and controversial cantata written by Johann Sebastian Bach in a superlative effort to dramatize the racial bias that has dogged her people for centuries.
The protagonist is a Jewish woman in her mid-thirties who works as a director of an eleemosynary organization, a family foundation in New York City. She inherits a manuscript from a recently deceased uncle that appears to have been written by JS Bach. Her uncle came into possession of the document under very questionable circumstances at the end of World War II.
The story focuses on the many things experts do to prove the authenticity of ancient documents and their provenance, the chain of ownership.
But the most interesting issue is the one that faces the woman after it is determined that the document is an original, because the cantata contains offensive lyrics about Jews.
JS Bach (1685-1750) was German. He was a Lutheran and his music was very much inspired by the teachings of Martin Luther, who was a very outspoken anti-Semite.
The protagonist must decide what to do with the document. Her choices are to sell it for profit, sell it and donate the proceeds to charity (her current occupation), or destroy it because the cantata denigrates her people. You will have to read the book to find out what decision she makes.
The book is historically significant because it vividly portrays Jewish bigotry in Germany beginning in the late 1700s through the 20th Century. Belfer flashes back and forth in time from the present day to the years after the cantata was written to chronicle several people that were affected by the cantata.
She describes the opulent lives of wealthy Jews in the years after Bach passed away. The most fortunate of which were those that were bankers serving the royalty of the time. This however didn’t protect them from explicit and implicit racial denunciation.
Over the years the original owners of the Bach cantata were systematically stripped of their wealth by the French, German and Nazi regimes leading up to the end of WWII, by which time Adolph Hitler had murdered millions of Jews.
The book is wonderful in many ways. Aside from the trials and tribulations of Jews during an extended period of history, the book delves deeply into the works of Bach and his protégés. Even a neophyte should be thrilled to learn more about the classical music of the 1700s.
Leave a Comment
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s
|
<urn:uuid:84f4ac96-eadf-45c0-9a30-f60d5e9a259f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.055183470249176025,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9650379419326782,
"url": "https://softballpolitics.com/2017/03/08/johann-sebastian-bach-was-an-anti-semite/"
}
|
Assign this text to deeply engage your students!
Teaching Continental drift
Continental drift
Alfred Wegener made an observation. Africa and South America appeared to fit together like puzzle pieces. Wegener then asked an important question and set about to answer it. Were the continents once joined and then they drifted apart?
CK-12 (Middle School)
What evidence exists to support the theory of continental drift?
Assign this text to your students for free!
|
<urn:uuid:cfd80d16-a9ed-4a4d-b426-0df91463c4d9>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.9679628014564514,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8724702596664429,
"url": "https://www.activelylearn.com/catalog-text/teaching-continental-drift-2"
}
|
Acequia Culture
Juan Rivera
notes on presentation, August 31, 2007
SouthWest Water: An Artistic Approach to Preserving Water Quality and Quantity in the American South West.
The first Spanish acequia irrigation ditches go back to 1598, one month after Don Juan de Oñate’s initial conquest of New Mexico. They are based on gravity and dug and built with precision so that gravity flow can carry the water for miles in bermed earthen trenches. Every acequia is unique, because the topography that each one crosses and contributes to, and the river that each one draws from, are all individual. The Spanish brought acequia culture with them from Spain, where they had inherited it from the centuries-long Moorish settlements in Andalusia, but they learned a lot from existing Native American irrigation methods practiced by the Anasazi and Puebloan cultures.
The first Spanish acequia in New Mexico diverted water at the confluence of the Chama and Rio Grande rivers. They were dug to water fields at Chacon, and that acequia still carries the water from the Rio Grande, over a mountain range and down an 800-foot drop (the resulting waterfall is part of the acequia, not previously present in the landscape) into the Chacon valley. Pre-colonization, that water joined the Rio Grande; having been diverted over the mountain, it now joins the Mora River, and thence the Canadian River, and thence the Arkansas River and ultimately the Mississippi River.
The word “acequia” is Spanish for irrigation canal or ditch that diverts water off a river. The word is of Arabic origin, like the practice and culture it names. Diversion dams, source of acequias madres, (the point at which the acequia diverts water from the river) are called “presas.” Irrigation ponds or oasis are called “tanques.” During the Moorish (Arabic) settlement period in Spain, which lasted over 400 years (as long as Rome was in Britain, for comparison) they developed the acequia and flood irrigation systems and methodology. When the Christians reconquered southern Spain and evicted (or forced the cultural assimilation of) the Moors, royal edict declared that the acequia system would not be damaged and would remain in use. It was then expanded on and exported to other parts of Spain and became deeply entrenched (so to speak) in Andalusian culture.
In the American South West, water control systems had been developed long ago by the Anasazi and Pueblo peoples. They used the material at hand in any given bioregion to create their irrigation ditches, rather than importing materials. Local materials included tree trunks and sticks, clay and mud, and basalt rock in what is now northern New Mexico. These irrigation systems moved water through deep trenches long distances to water fields of corn, squash, chiles, tomatoes, potatoes and beans, as well as other native plants. When the Spanish colonized the area, they learned from the Pueblo’s ability to use the material at hand, since importation of specific materials was very difficult, and they worked with whatever was available in much the same way the Pueblos did.
Acequia irrigation was and remains common in areas where the average annual rainfall is less than 13 inches/year, which includes all but the highest elevations in New Mexico and Arizona. In most of this region, the monsoon season, when it comes, provides the heaviest rains of the year in July-September and sometimes into October, but leaves the agriculturally-significant months of May and June scorching hot and dry. This period is the highest use period for acequia irrigation, which uses water from the spring high-altitude snowmelt that is flowing into the rivers. Mayordomos begin to clear out acequias as early as February to prepare for the spring runoff from the sierra watersheds.
The basic principle of the acequia is to raise the riverbed enough to create a diversion channel—not a lake or reservoir. Traditionally, stone and logs were piled into the river to raise the river’s height a couple of feet in a small area, and create a small dam (the diversion dam, or presa), which creates a waterfall. By the side of the waterfall, the diversion water would flow out from the pool this created and into the acequia madre, the source-point of the acequia. From there, the acequia may go on for miles, including many diversion points (“partidoras”) to go many directions, and may include “canoas,” elevated canals of hollowed logs to move the water above the land, such as over a gully or other low spot. “The physics of water served as the principal tool of landscape modification.” Gradual but pervasive landscape change spread out from the acequias, because of the movement of water, lifeblood of the land. This is referred to as “el paisaje de los acequias,” the landscape of the acequias.
The building and maintenance of acequias was and remains communal, but the water rights from acequia water apply to the individual rather than the community. The acequia collects, transports and distributes water for both communal and collective use. Some acequias fed small water-wheel grain mills, “molinas,” for grinding wheat. One of these remains in use in Algodones on special occasions.
In addition, acequia culture includes intangible aspects, such as the knowledge that is passed down concerning skills such as how you move water through the field once it arrives on your land, and how to efficiently and effectively clean the acequia ditches of accumulated debris each spring.
Acequia culture also demonstrates a great rootedness to place—like water, culture extends deep into the earth. It also includes water blessing rituals both Catholic and pagan in nature, including annual blessings of springs, rivers and ditches. San Ysidro is the patron saint of farming.
Ecology and Acequias:
Ecological benefits of acequia watering include:
• Expanding the riparian area and biodiversity by increasing the surface water
• Expanding wildlife habitat
• Preserving native plants as well as cultivars, and feeding taller trees in addition to scrub, allowing further plant diversity in the shade and moister areas thus created
• Aquifer recharge: because almost all acequias are earthen ditches, a great deal of water seeps back into the earth and recharges the aquifer, the same way it does from a naturally-flowing river or stream (this is called return flow). Also, the ultimate destination for the water is a field, where most of the water will seep into the soil to feed plants (except for that lost to evaporation, which is significantly less than in water-spraying irrigation methods that propel the water through the air) and thus return to the aquifer.
• Studies have shown that most of the water rejoins the river in four weeks to three months, not very far from the site of final use, thereby extending the surface-level flow life of the river, which in turn protects and expands wildlife habitat and biodiversity.
Water Claims and Priorities:
• native rights: primary water rights (held in common)
• acequia irritators, pre-1903 (held by individual/family)
• municipalities—formerly only used aquifer water, now also claiming surface water diversion rights on rivers, purchasing acequia rights, to use for drinking water, development, and household use
• industry, which claims “higher economic use”
• recreation & tourism (boating, fishing—State Parks, etc)
• the environment itself: wildlife, riparian area, river flow, species diversity, plant life.
The only place in New Mexico where mayordomos still control the acequia access is in Velarde, where the largest orchards in NM still are. In all other parts of NM, governmental agencies such as the Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District control the water access.
Both acequia irrigators and environmentalists are interested in the preservation of mountain forests and watersheds, as the source of almost all southwest water.
There is an old Spanish farmer’s saying: “When I plant my fields, I throw in four seeds for each plant I want to grow. The first seed is for me, the second seed is for us (our community), the third seed is for god’s creatures, and the fourth is in case the other three fail.”
|
<urn:uuid:c497380f-0b57-481d-aebc-6c323cd182b3>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.05026966333389282,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.94868403673172,
"url": "https://www.sunflowerriver.org/acequia-culture/"
}
|
In this atelier we will travel together with Darwin to discover the various species of birds, what differentiates them and what they have in common; we will look at their different beaks and we will understand what they are used for, what tools they look like. Starting from the scientific observation of some birds, we will understand together what their main characteristics are and we will create a catalogue of bird-icons to share. Let's play with the Gathering Sky app to fly like birds, with Merlin Birds ID to recognize them and with Fabricabrac to create fantastic and imaginary ones. We will observe the birds designed by Charley Harper and let ourselves be inspired by art and nature.
Would we be able to invent new beaks for new features? How many types of birds do we know? How large can their eggs be? And what colour are they? Can we design a bird so well that it is recognized by an app? We will answer together with these and other questions in a path that combines biology and art, design and digital.
The clouds have always exerted an irresistible fascination on us. The classification of clouds was created by Luke Howard in the 19th century, subdividing them into four broad categories, to which are added intermediate categories. Their shapes, composition and distribution in the sky (i.e. the altitude above sea level, the position in relation to the mountains) vary and these changes offer the possibility of studying the phenomenon with scientific methods to verify their classification. Can we measure the perimeter of a cloud? In this atelier we will try to do it, learning a scientific method that we can manage in the classroom. We will understand how far the clouds are from us and how we can represent them. We will create a catalogue of clouds, and we will look at Luigi Ghirri's photographs. Lightness and mathematical calculations will accompany us on this journey... naturally always with our heads in the clouds!
From the butterfly of Queen Alessandra to the mysterious Black Witch the world of Lepidoptera opens up numerous discoveries and wonders. Their wonderful wings are beautiful examples of geometry present in nature, with the most disparate colours and shapes, which obey the laws of symmetry. In this atelier we will know some species of butterflies, compare them and try to schematize and understand the complex designs of their wings; we will simplify geometric shapes to create a shared dictionary to communicate through symbols. We will observe Raku Inoue's vegetable butterflies to create a small class collection, and with the art of origami we will create a small swarm of butterflies. Then we'll play with the Floris app in order to create beautiful butterflies and search them in a digital mountain field.
Experimenting with water can be very stimulating at secondary school because it allows doing scientific and artistic research that enhance school curricula. Water, in its countless forms, offers the possibility to talk about many themes: from the environment to biodiversity, from the water cycle to the distribution of resources.
Starting from the experiences and knowledge of students, we will answer simple and complex questions: what does water do when it enters the mouth? How does it get to the tap in my house? How does it get to the sea? Different experiments will allow us to draw water in different ways and create visual catalogues. An app will allow us to experience water integrating the digital: with In una goccia we will introduce some themes, such as hydraulic systems and snowflakes. Leonardo da Vinci and Mori Yuzan will tell us a lot about water and waves. Science and art will guide us to discover water and its beauty.
The stars and constellations arouse an irresistible charm on each of us: who has never entertained to observe a starry night? Beyond the aesthetic and mysterious aspect, the observation of the sky can open up many reflections and insights. First of all, there is the discourse of the cultural and historical heritage linked to the stars: each star, each constellation has a story to tell, which in some cases begins thousands of years ago, in very distant and fascinating lands. There are many myths and stories, coming from various cultures, interesting to read and tell. Then there is the more scientific aspect, related to physics: every time we look at a constellation we are seeing celestial bodies, often gigantic, that burn hundreds or thousands of light-years away from us, of which we can - sometimes - know composition, distance and other characteristics, just like our Sun!
In this atelier, we will let ourselves be guided through the stars by very interesting software, Stellarium, and we will go in search of the constellations and myths that most fascinate us. We will then discover how the stars are made and how to make "portraits" of our stars with painting.
|
<urn:uuid:7c867eac-50ce-4e62-9195-f15ada9b6e0d>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.3717964291572571,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9393091797828674,
"url": "https://www.steamulateyourschool.eu/italy-zaffiria"
}
|
How is seaweed produced?
Seaweed production starts with the seedlings. Many concepts used in seaweed cultivation are borrowed and adapted from agriculture and horticulture. Instead of seeds we have spores, but they are often referred to as "seed", and is collected from fertile specimens in the wild. It's possible to keep mother plants in tanks on land, and induce them to produce spores when needed, just like with plants. The first time, however, there's no other way than to go out and find good stock to collect spores from.
Lofoten Blue Harvest has two suppliers of spores, Hortimare in the Netherlands, and Eukaryo at Sandhornoya south of Bodoe (in Norway). The spores from Hortimare are seeded directly on the rope at our land base here in Lofoten. We use a special double braided (braid on braid) 12-strand rope, with 50% polyester and a very loose braid. This rope is like a sponge in that it can hold a lot of water. This is a very important feature, and the seeding method depends on the rope's ability to absorb a lot of water quickly. The spores are mixed in a tub of seawater and a special glue, the ropes are then submerged in the tub, one by one.
The rope quickly absorbs the mixture of seawater, seed and glue, and we then run the rope through a pressing tool, which is basically just two rollers that press excess mixture out of the rope. The glue keeps the seed inside the rope for a while after it has been deployed at sea, and gives the spores time to attach themselves to fibers. In contrast, the Eukaryo spores are delivered pre-seeded on the ropes. The ropes are only 6 mm, which is about as small a diameter as you can get with direct seeding. They're much thinner than the ropes we use with Hortimare's seed, which are 17-23 mm (though 12 mm would be sufficient). Eukaryo spores are sprayed on the ropes in the lab, and then kept under artificial light in special containers with circulating filtered seawater. This gives the spores time to attach to the rope without the use of glue, but it's expensive and time consuming. Handling is much easier though, a shipment of 5 or 6 km can easily fit in a compact van. The ropes are shipped in styrofoam containers each with 600 meters of rope, ready to be deployed directly. In the mean time it is extremely important that the ropes aren't allowed to dry out or be exposed to frost.
På havet
Positioning the boat on the frame before harvesting
I produskjonen
Quality control and loading drying racks
The seaweed farm is a very basic construction, it's just a floating frame, 75x75 meters. The seaweed ropes are placed in parallel across the frame in 3 meter intervals. The mooring system is simple as well, and very similar to the cage mooring systems used in fish farming. The frame is placed as close to the surface as possible and tensioned with a 2.5 ton windlass. This is considered a low tension, but we do it so that we can get to the frame with a boat hook and lift it up by hand from a small motorboat. This is necessary both for deployment, maintenance and harvesting. With only 2.5 tons of tension on the frame it's important to keep a close eye on it and maintain tension throughout the season, especially if the ropes are new. They have a tendency to slacken over time, and with strong currents pulling the frame in every direction, the effect is even more pronounced. If the frame gets too deformed the seaweed ropes will come in contact with each other, which will quickly lead to rope tangling and loss of crop yield. The seaweed ropes should be as close to the surface as possible, at least at the start of the season, to get as much of what little sunlight there is as possible. The current helps push the ropes up, but usually we attach one or two floats per rope to keep them relatively high in the water, even when there is no current.
Experts in the field will tell you that it is crucial that ropes be kept as close to the surface as possible, but in our experience, here in Lofoten seaweed seems to prefer relatively deep water. It's almost impossible to find good Sugar Kelp less than 15 meters deep, and most of it is at 20 meters or deeper. Winged Kelp seems to be doing better and will grow in shallow water 5 meters deep, or even less, as long as the conditions are rough and the currents strong. These factors correlate because when the tide goes in or out, the current is much stronger where the water is shallow, and that's often where you'll find Winged Kelp. The rough conditons are made even worse with the radical change in temperature and light throughout the season. At 69 degress north Lofoten is north of the arctic circle, we have very little sun in the winter, and for a whole month it stays below the horizon. During summer the sun is up 24 hours a day, never setting for 6 weeks. Too little is known about the parameters for optimal growth, but given how the environment changes so much we think that we need to keep the ropes deeper the further into the season we get. For the 2018/2019 season we've set a number of vertical trial ropes so that we can monitor growth at different depths throughout the season.
Ropes are deployed from October through January, which is a very large window of time, but we are continuously conducting trials, varying both location and depth, using both species of kelp to find optimal seeding and deployment times. The seedlings are safe and sound, nestled in the rope fibers all through winter, but there is virtually no growth during this time. Growth doesn't start until the sun returns in January, but it's impossible to see anything with the naked eye until late February or early March. Once it gets going, however, it quickly gains momentum and becomes explosive during spring. In only 3 months the seaweed goes from being invisible to 4-6 feet long.
Preferably the seaweed would stay at sea for as long as possible, but we have to start harvesting early enough to get the entire crop harvested, transported and processed before summer. Sugar Kelp can stay longer at sea than Winged Kelp, which becomes fertile around September, but the blades starts transforming already in June, so we have to get it up before that. Sugar Kelp isn't fertile until winter, but we still have to be done harvesting by the end of June when bryozoa starts to show up. Bryozoa are small animals that establish colonies on the seaweed and during summer will completely cover the blades. This is a seasonal event, and it marks the definitive end of the season. Bryozoa usually shows up in late June, but it can vary from season to season.
When the ropes are harvested we use the windlass to pull the ropes in from the back of the boat through a custom built harvesting rig. The first step of this process is rinsing, after that the seaweed is cut from the rope and falls into a chute. The chute leads down and out through the side of the boat into a frame with a net attached. We can also lead the chute onto the deck and into a fish tub or crate. During the main harvesting period we use two boats, one with the harvesting rig that does the actual harvesting, and the other is a fishing boat with a large hold. The hold is filled with seaweed nets until full, and then flooded with seawater. The seaweed is then transported to land where the nets are emptied into crates with sealable lids and then put in cold storage until the next morning. The next step is drying or freezing.
Tare som tørker
Racks of drying seaweed
Ferdig tørket tare.
Dried seaweed in bulk
The drying process starts by spreading the seaweed out on a table and then laying it on stackable mesh frames. The seaweed is checked for foreign material as part of a quality control measure, before the racks of mesh frames are placed in the drying chamber. Drying is a huge subject, and there are a number of different ways to achieve it through different technlogies, but we only have experience with this one method. It works by circulating air using powerful fans and an industrial dehumidifier, after about 30 hours everything is completely dry. It's costly but there are few better ways to do it at this point in time, and the quality is excellent. After drying the seaweed is removed from the mesh frames and crushed into pieces of 5-10 cm, and sealed in large airtight bags. Once a bag has been sealed the seaweed is ready for temporary storage, or it can be sold as a bulk product. The crushed seaweed is the starting point for all of our dried seaweed products. Dried seaweed has a very long shelf life, but our goal is to sell the entire crop before next season's harvest comes in.
Some of the seaweed that is brought ashore at the drying facility in Svolvaer is tranported to our facility in Kabelvåg, about 10 minutes down the road. There the seaweed is vacuum packaged in 2 kg packages and flash frozen. We can freeze around 2-2.5 tons of seaweed a day, but the frozen product is less practical and is more expensive to store and transport. However, if one wants fresh seaweed, this is the closest you can get except for going out to sea and getting it yourself. Quality does suffer a little, but frozen seaweed is surprisingly close to fresh seaweed once it's been thawed. Freezing might also work as a temporary storage if the capacity of the drying chamber isn't large enough to process the entire crop during harvesting. The seaweed can be thawed out and dried at a later time when the pressure is off, which provides much greater flexibility in production, albeit at a higher cost.
Seaweed production is still very much in it's infancy, but the first steps have been taken, and we're starting to see the shape of a new industry. In the few years since we started in 2015 we've increased both production and efficiency. Seaweed prices are gradually coming down while at the same time quality is improving, which are good signs that we're on the right path. The future of seaweed cultivation looks bright, and it should have no problems finding it's place among the rest of the excellent seafood exports from Norway.
|
<urn:uuid:55a1d8fd-ca4c-4642-8d3d-4669ce184b49>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.18307852745056152,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9699843525886536,
"url": "https://lofotenblueharvest.com/en/production"
}
|
Daily Tip - Creation: 01. In the beginning...
Everyday tip for your Sunday school lesson or children’s ministry
# Object lesson on creation
Bible verse:
In the beginning...
How do you explain to the children in your Sunday school, children's service, children's work or in the classroom what 'in the beginning' means?
You could start by asking about their earliest memories. What is the first thing they can remember? That is the beginning for them.
Then take a ball of wool and roll it off slowly. Place the children's memories on the first five centimetres of the ball of wool.
Ask the children what they know about history. As you roll off the ball of wool, you slowly talk through the history of mankind. At the end you come to the beginning. The beginning of the ball of wool, but also at the beginning of creation.
Tell the children that the Bible starts at the very beginning.
Scripture reference: Genesis 1:1
|
<urn:uuid:7ba4bd25-bc01-4730-b029-91d676673aef>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.4041892886161804,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9304450154304504,
"url": "https://www.creativekidswork.com/all-ideas/982-daily-tips-creation-1-formless-and-empty"
}
|
The History of Palm Springs
history of palm springs, palm springs historyThe historic journey that transformed Palm Springs from a Native American oasis to Hollywood’s Playground of the Stars began over two thousand years ago with the arrival of the Cahuilla people. They lived here in virtual isolation and spoke Ivilyuat, a dialect of the Uto-Aztecan language family. In a 1990 census there were only 35 people who could still speak the language and tribal enrollment as of 2010 was 410 people. While Palm Canyon was occupied during winter months (the current site of the Spa Resort Casino was often used due to its natural hot springs), the Cahuilla trekked to much higher elevation in cooler Chino Canyon during the summer months, today easily accessible by the Palm Springs Aerial TRAM.
The Cahuilla name for Palm Springs was Se-Khi (boiling water). Streets and areas in Palm Springs using common Cahuilla surnames include Andreas, Arenas, Amado, Belardo, Lugu, Patencio, Saturnino and Chino. Native American petroglyphs, irrigation ditches, dams and house pits can be seen in Tahquitz, Chino and Indian Canyons. Petroglyphs, pictographs and mortar holes can also be seen in Andreas Canyon. The mortar holes were used to grind acorns into flour.
It is generally accepted that the first white men to visit Palm Springs were José María Estudillo and Brevet Captain José Romero who were sent by the newly formed Mexican government in December 1823 to find an overland route from Sonora to Alta California. On their expedition they first recorded the existence of Agua Caliente (hot water).
don juan bautista de anzaHowever, Spanish explorers were in the vicinity much earlier and called the Palm Springs area, La Palma de la Mano de Dios (The Palm of God’s Hand). It is highly probable that the Cahuilla made contact with them or, at the very least, were aware of their presence. In the early 1770’s, the Wandering Franciscan, Fray Francisco Garces, explored the foot of the San Jacinto Mountains. Shortly thereafter, Don Juan Bautista de Anza made a solo journey across the desert from present-day Tubac, Arizona to an area just south of Palm Springs. Garces accompanied Anza on both his 1774 expedition from Tubac to Mission San Gabriel (near present-day Los Angeles) and 1775-76 expedition from Tubac to San Francisco Bay. Anza assumed there was an overland route because the Native Americans in Tubac, Arizona were continuously well informed about the huge ships sailing along the California coast from word-of-mouth passed from tribe-to-tribe.
In 1876, the United States government established the Agua Caliente Reservation over 31,128 acres in a checkerboard format of alternating sections of 640 acres. The alternating non-reservation sections were granted to the Southern Pacific Railroad as an incentive to bring rail lines through the Sonoran desert. This checkerboard format includes downtown Palm Springs, making the Agua Caliente one of the wealthiest tribes in the United States. Those interested in buying Palm Springs real estate may be shocked to discover that the land underneath some of the homes or condos they wish to purchase is leased. The Agua Caliente secured the right for its members to lease land for 99 years at a time in 1959.
mccallum adobe palm springsJohn Guthrie McCallum is considered by many to be the first non-Indian settler in Palm Springs in 1884. While a prominent family (the McCallum Theater is named after them), the first non-Indian settler was Jack Summers, who ran the stagecoach station out on the Bradshaw Trail in 1862 (the year of the great small pox epidemic that felled many Cahuilla). In 1876, the Southern Pacific railroad was laid six miles to the north, isolating the stagecoach station out of business. Today, the McCallum’s original home, the McCallum Adobe, is a museum on downtown Palm Canyon Drive.
It was in the early 1900s that Palm Springs began to establish itself as the world-class destination it is today. Many of its first residents came here because the dry, hot climate was beneficial to their health, particularly if the person was infected with tuberculosis (John McCallum relocated his family here for that reason). In the 1930s, Palm Springs became the #1 desert getaway for Hollywood stars (Las Vegas didn’t become a Hollywood destination until the late 1940s). Palm Springs is known today as the Golf Capital of the World, but the initial sport associated with the area was tennis, exemplified by the Palm Springs Racquet Club and the Palm Springs Tennis Club.
palm springs racquet clubThere was another reason why Hollywood stars flocked to Palm Springs and it may have been the most important of all. A star’s life in the 1930s could easily be destroyed by gossip or scandal. America was much more puritanical in those days and every star lived under a constant veil of surveillance and paranoia. An extramarital affair or revelation that a star was Gay could take you from riches to rags – literally overnight. Gossip columnists like Louella Parsons and Hedda Hopper wielded immense power with an insatiable readership of millions who devoured every one of their salacious stories. But word soon spread that there was a beautiful desert sanctuary where one could be relatively safe from their prying eyes.
The 1930s was in the economic throes of the Great Depression while Parsons, Hopper and numerous publications had their spies feverishly trailing every Hollywood star for the next juicy scandal. These gossip reporters worked for pennies, but survived because they would be reimbursed for their travel expenses, but only up to a range of 100 miles.
Palm Springs is 107 miles from Los Angeles.
It wasn’t foolproof, but it quickly gained Palm Springs an enduring reputation as a safe haven beyond the reach of the gossip columnists. Many stars visited or bought homes here including Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, Lillian Gish, John and Lionel Barrymore, Leslie Howard, Bing Crosby, Jimmy Durante, Spencer Tracy, John Wayne, Errol Flynn, Robert Wagner, Frank Sinatra and Bob Hope. In 1934, Ralph Bellamy and Charlie Farrell bought a large parcel of land and created the Palm Springs Racquet Club, inviting their fellow Hollywood stars to join them. They did. Today, their names and hundreds of other celebrities are enshrined forever on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars.
palm springs walk of stars
PalmSprings.com: The Official Guide to Palm Springs, California!
|
<urn:uuid:ef815b1d-e9a1-40aa-ba6e-2f0f8417bd97>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.6875,
"fasttext_score": 0.03810948133468628,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9534875154495239,
"url": "https://www.palmsprings.com/history/"
}
|
Llibre Vermell de Montserrat
The Llibre Vermell de Montserrat
(Catalan for “Red Book of Montserrat”) is a collection of late medieval songs and liturgical texts. The manuscript from the 14th century is still kept today in the Montserrat monastery near Barcelona in Catalonia.
The manuscript was written around 1399 and originally contained 172 leaves (folia), 36 of which were lost or destroyed over the centuries. Of the 137 preserved folias, 12 contain songs and notes (fol. 21v to 27r). The current title of the manuscript refers to the red binding in which the pages were bound in the 19th century.
The Benedictine monastery on Montserrat was an important place of pilgrimage for the veneration of the Virgin Mary at the time when the manuscript was written. The Llibre Vermell contains songs and poems that served the devotion to the Virgin Mary. For instance, it contains the first example of the goigs (popular poems about the Seven Joys of Mary), Los set gotxs recomptarem, which have been handed down to the present day.
Since Montserrat had no overnight accommodation, the pilgrims had to spend the night in the church. They transformed the liturgical space into a pilgrims’ hostel. The songs of Llibre Vermell were meant to replace the traditional secular songs and dances of the celebrating pilgrims during the devotion. To achieve this, some of these songs have a folk sound. Probably the melodies of traditional songs were used, while the secular texts were replaced by religious ones.
Although the texts themselves were not written until the end of the 14th century, it can be assumed from the style that the songs themselves are older. The motet Imperayritz by ciutat joyosa contains two different texts which can be sung simultaneously. This style was no longer in use when the collection of songs was put together.
Source: de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibre_Vermell_de_Montserrat
error: Content is protected !!
Skip to toolbar
|
<urn:uuid:bf72ccf6-a546-41ec-a380-8372083b27ed>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.08178800344467163,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9514359831809998,
"url": "https://binauralhdtracks.com/llibre-vermell-de-montserrat/"
}
|
Pronunciation of vowels in English. Diphthong and flat sounds.
Learners find a lot of trouble to pronounce new words in English. There are few consistent rules and a lot of exception. However, there are certain patterns that can help you get your pronunciation right in most cases. The following rule will help you to figure out how to read vowels in new words you still don't know.
Reading vowels: Diphthong and flat sounds.
Vowels are often read like diphthongs, the same way they are spelt in the alphabet, like for instance these words: make for A, these for E, like for I, phone for O, music for U.
Otherwise, they are read like flat sounds, the same way they are read in man for A, get for E, did for I, not for O, but for U.
Below there is a list of words split by syllables. You will see how vowels at the end of syllables are read like diphthongs, whereas the rest are read like flat sounds.
Dipthong A: pla-ce, ca-se, ma-ke, ta-ke, sa-me, la-ter, pa-per, pla-te, ta-ble, Sta-tes
Flat A: and, back, can, had, that, man, hand, fact, ask, last, af-ter, mat-ter, as-sist, at-tach, ban-ner, man-ner, af-ford, ad-dress, ad-dittion
Dipthong E: re-ceive, be-fore, le-gal, the-se, re-port, se-rious, de-pend, re-pair, be-cause
Flat E: get, her, tell, then, well, when, yes, next, less, yet, get-ting, hel-lo, bel-ly, let-ter, mes-sage, bet-ter, ef-fect, sel-ler, yel-low
Dipthong I: li-ke, ti-me, li-fe, ni-ce, fi-ne, qui-te, kni-fe, I-reland, Chi-na, ti-ger
Flat I: did, him, his, think, this, will, with, thing, big, still, lit-tle, dif-ferent, sin-ce, kil-ler, win-ner, mir-ror, big-ger, bit-ter, vil-lage, din-ner
Dipthong O: o-ver, tho-se, ho-tel, ho-me, pho-ne, so-cial, no-tice, Ro-me, jo-ke, ho-pe
Flat O: from, got, not, long, front, wrong, lot, job, boss, shop, on-ly, of-fice, bot-tle, cof-fee, col-lege, hos-tel, poc-ket, hot-ter, Tom-my, com-pany
Dipthong U: u-se, stu-dent, mu-sic, U-nited, ru-les, hu-man, mu-te, cu-te, ru-de, U-niversity
Flat U: but, just, cup, much, must, stuff, lunch, cut, luck, duck, un-der, Dub-lin, bub-ble, but-ter, cur-ry, sum-mer, sub-ject, num-ber, Rus-sia
Although there are exceptions to this pattern, it is still very consistent. It's the best way to figure out how to read vowels a word you don't know, therefore I would recommend that you practice until you master it.
|
<urn:uuid:420a5796-2a07-44ce-8232-c727a31ddcb0>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.15625,
"fasttext_score": 0.6612313389778137,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8955066800117493,
"url": "https://www.internetenglishclasses.co.uk/2013/07/pronunciation-of-vowels-in-english-flat-diphthong.html"
}
|
Self-defense>Mental aspects>Victim selection
↩ Back
Victim selection
What makes a person a victim? Human predators select their prey based on signals given off by their potential victims. They have learned to sense who is or is not a suitable target.
What human predators seek
Like a wild animal, the human predator wants an easy conquest and will seek out those perceived as weak, submissive, and unlikely to fight back. Predators do not want resistance and certainly do not want to be injured. A sign of strength or defiance, whether blatant or implied, is often sufficient to cause a predator to abandon the predatory process and look for a more "cooperative" victim.
Predators do not select people who they think will confront and challenge them. Rapists, muggers, abusers, and bullies look for someone they can dominate and control. However, what may dissuade one assailant may infuriate another. A defiant response may create a situation where the assailant feels obligated to carry out his or her threat or "lose face."
How victims are selected
In 1984, Betty Grayson and Morris Stein conducted a study to determine the criteria used by predators to select their victims. They videotaped pedestrians on a busy New York City sidewalk and showed the tape to convicts who were incarcerated for violent offenses (rape, murder, robbery, etc.)
They had the convicts identify people on the tape who would make desirable victims. Within seven seconds, the convicts made their selections. There was significant consistency of the people that were selected as victims although the criteria were not readily apparent.
Some small, slightly built women were passed over, while some large men were selected. The selection was not dependent on race, age, size, or gender. Even the convicts did not know exactly why they selected as they did. It appears that much of the predator/prey selection process is unconscious from the perspective of both predator and the potential victim.
An analysis of the movement and body language of the people on the videotape had the following results:
• Stride. People selected as victims had an exaggerated stride: either abnormally short or long. They dragged, shuffled, or lifted their feet unnaturally as they walked. Non-victims, on the other hand, tended to have a smooth, natural, heel-to-toe stride.
• Fluidity. Victims had an awkward body movement. Jerkiness, raising and lowering one's center of gravity, or wavering from side to side. This was contrasted with a smoother, more coordinated movement of the non-victims.
• Wholeness. Victims lacked "wholeness" in their body movement. They swung their arms as if they were detached and independent from the rest of their body. Non-victims moved their body from their "center" as a coordinated whole implying strength, balance, and confidence
• Posture and gaze. A slumped posture is indicative of weakness or submissiveness. A downward gaze implies preoccupation and being unaware of one's surroundings. Also, someone reluctant to establish eye contact can be perceived as submissive.
These traits reflect a person's perceived vigilance and potential to fight. The researchers concluded that, when people understand how to move confidently, they can reduce their risk of assault.
Martial arts study and training develop the qualities of movement that discourage victim selection and help people project a "don't mess with me" demeanor. You cannot simply "pretend" or "fake" confidence and expect to ward off predatory selection. However, each of these qualities may be developed through the study of martial arts and may dramatically reduce the risk of assault.
Benefits of martial arts training
Much of the predator/prey selection process is subconscious. It is unlikely that you can consciously and consistently control non-verbal signals that you project. However, you can learn skills that will change your non-verbal signals. Some benefits gained from martial arts training include:
• Awareness. Predators seek victims who are unaware, preoccupied, and easy to ambush. By becoming more aware of your surroundings, you not only increase the odds of detecting a potential predator, but you project an image of vigilance.
• Fitness. Your level of fitness impacts your ability to defend yourself:
• If you are attacked, your ability to successfully escape or fight off the attacker is dramatically impacted by your physical condition.
• A strong, well-toned body will manifest the quality of movement of a non-victim.
• Fitness positively impacts your personality. The increased self-esteem, confidence, and emotional resilience that result from being in good physical condition are non-victim qualities that predators want to avoid.
• Reduced chance of attack. Martial arts training reduces the likelihood of having to defend yourself. It teaches you about confrontational situations and helps you develop tools to deal with them.
• Knowledge. Knowledge reduces fear and builds confidence. Confidence is a non-victim quality. Read books and articles about martial arts and self-defense. Do what you can to clarify your "mental maps" of how confrontations happen, how to avoid them, and how to respond if you cannot avoid them.
↩ Back
No comments:
|
<urn:uuid:bb0b9dfe-a4b2-4c8d-b795-07a53d5fb5ca>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.17774927616119385,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9640355706214905,
"url": "https://tkdtutor.blogspot.com/p/self-defense-victim-selection.html"
}
|
[ verb awg-ment; noun awg-ment ]
/ verb ɔgˈmɛnt; noun ˈɔg mɛnt /
Save This Word!
See synonyms for: augment / augmented / augmenting on Thesaurus.com
verb (used with object)
2. to double the note values of (a theme): In the fugue's development the subject is augmented.
Grammar. to add an augment to.
verb (used without object)
to become larger.
Question 1 of 8
What does JEDI stand for?
Meet Grammar CoachImprove Your Writing
Origin of augment
First recorded in 1375–1475; late Middle English au(g)menten, from Anglo-French, Middle French au(g)menter, from Late Latin augmentāre “to increase,” derivative of augmentum “an increase,” from aug(ēre) “to increase” (akin to eke1) + -mentum -ment)
aug·ment·a·ble, adjectiveun·aug·ment·a·ble, adjectiveun·aug·ment·ed, adjective
What are other ways to say augment?
To augment something is to make it larger in size, number, strength, or extent. How is augment different from enlarge and increase? Find out on Thesaurus.com.
What does augment mean?
To augment something is to add to it in a way that makes it bigger or better.
The general sense of augment is used in a variety of contexts where something is literally or figuratively increased in size, number, shape, value, or in some other way.
A person might augment their salary with an additional source of income. A material like metal might be augmented to make it stronger. A teacher might augment a course’s textbook with additional learning materials.
The noun augmentation refers to the process of augmenting something or the thing that augments. Things that augment or things that are intended to augment can be described as augmentative.
A machine or device can be described as augmentable when other parts can be added to it to improve it in some way or give it additional functionality.
Augment is also used in much more specific ways in the context of music and grammar, but its general sense is much more commonly used.
Example: We recently augmented our nonfiction collection with many new titles by authors from marginalized communities.
Where does augment come from?
The first records of the word augment come from around 1400. It comes from the Late Latin augmentum, meaning “an increase,” from the verb aug(ēre), “to increase.”
Augment is often used in the context of an increase in size or amount, but it can refer to other kinds of changes, such as in quality. Augment is typically used in a neutral or positive way—it usually implies that whatever is being added to something will make the thing better.
One modern use of augment is in the phrase augmented reality (often abbreviated AR). AR involves technology that allows you to augment your view of your environment through the use of a smartphone or headset that will display images or text as if they were part of your actual surroundings.
Did you know … ?
What are some other forms related to augment?
What are some synonyms for augment?
What are some words that share a root or word element with augment
What are some words that often get used in discussing augment?
How is augment used in real life?
Augment is a common word that can be used in all kinds of contexts. It’s a bit more formal than synonyms like increase, add to, and strengthen.
Try using augment!
Which of the following words is NOT a synonym of augment?
A. enhance
B. lessen
C. strengthen
D. enlarge
How to use augment in a sentence
British Dictionary definitions for augment
verb (ɔːɡˈmɛnt)
(tr) music to increase (a major or perfect interval) by a semitoneCompare diminish (def. 3)
noun (ˈɔːɡmɛnt)
Derived forms of augment
augmentable, adjectiveaugmentor or augmenter, noun
Word Origin for augment
|
<urn:uuid:a01d3486-c2a6-4f11-8c6b-1ebe44312f72>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.9894610047340393,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8807566165924072,
"url": "https://www.dictionary.com/browse/augment"
}
|
Write your own
A complete reconciliation poem addresses these five challenges:
1. What is going on?
2. What bad advice do people offer up to justify staying stuck?
3. What interruption occurs?
4. What can happen as a result of this interruption?
5. What advice do you have for people now?
Not all poems have to be complete reconciliation poems. Some can focus on just one part of the process (explaining the problem, lamenting the problem, examining what hope look like).
Here’s one of the best reconciliation poems:
Sophocles, 496-405 BCE trans. Seamus Heaney
Human beings suffer,
they torture one another,
they get hurt and get hard.
History says, Don’t hope
on this side of the grave.
But then, once in a lifetime
the longed for tidal wave
of justice can rise up,
and hope and history rhyme.
So hope for a great sea-change
on the far side of revenge.
Believe that a further shore
is reachable from here.
Believe in miracles
and cures and healing wells.
|
<urn:uuid:f7134c68-bb48-41ac-9fc2-04528ceaa823>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.845395565032959,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8741164207458496,
"url": "https://reconciliationpoetry.com/write-your-own/"
}
|
Due to the generosity of Patrons Ann Marie and Chris Scibelli, the California Patrons have funded the restoration of an Etruscan Caldron, called a “lebete,” and its accompaning tripod. The large hemispherical caldron was discovered in 1836 during archeological excavations at the Necropolis of Sorbe in Cerveteri, north of Rome. Archpriest Negolini and General Galassi uncovered a remarkable tomb partly carved into the native tufa rock and partly built with blocks of stone. The tomb is covered with a mound of dirt to create a monumental appearance called a tombolo. Built around 675 BC, the tomb remained in continual use until the 5th century BC by the same Etruscan noble family. The interior of the tomb consists of a large reception area flanked by two elliptical cells, and a large chamber where the body of a noble woman lay on an ornate bed. The tomb contained a treasure trove of jewelry, bronze shields, sumptuous furniture, vases, a monumental burial bed, and even a chariot.
The lebete and tripod played an important role in the Etruscan banquet ritual. The copper and tin vessel has a flat rim adorned with five lion heads and originally rested on an iron tripod. The 2500 year old caldron proved very fragile and the restorers employed particularly delicate cleaning techniques involving special vacuums and lasers. The restoration of the lebete produced a breakthrough in knowledge of the Etruscans. Historians previously believed that “lamia” was the only metal working technique utilized by the Etruscans. It consisted of hammering metal repeatedly to reduce its thickness. The experts in the Vatican Scientific Research Laboratory identified a different technique employed by the creator of the lebete. The five lion heads decorating the caldron’s rim came from a wholly different process called “indirect fusion.” Rather than hammering the copper, the craftsmen melted the copper and poured it into a form. Indirect fusion originated in countries to the east of Italy. The fact that the lebete manifested use of the oriental metal working technique indicates that eastern influences had much greater impact on Etruscan society than had previously been thought. The extensive study of the lebete is having a major effect on scholarly and historical understanding of the Etruscans.
© 2021 Patrons of the Arts in the Vatican Museums
23679 Calabasas Road Suite 1047, Calabasas,
California 91302
+213 458 0170
|
<urn:uuid:ecd7a7ff-003d-4eda-a8d2-c8ef0f8ca533>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.06503969430923462,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.943879246711731,
"url": "https://www.californiapatrons.org/etruscan-burial-caldron-restored/"
}
|
Thursday, July 16, 2020
Blackface and depictions of indigenous people in South Korea in the 1960s, 1970s, and today
Update, July 22:
I've inserted some more examples below of festivals from 1974.
Original Post:
Eight years ago I wrote "Three decades of blackface in Korea," an examination of blackface in South Korea between 1978 and 2012, which has turned out to be my most-viewed post. During the past few years I've been researching youth culture in Korea from 1967-1976 by reading the weekly magazines from that time, and occasionally I've come across photos of Koreans in blackface. I decided to write a "prequel" post examining the use of blackface and depictions of Africans and indigenous people from that time.
Considering the role of the US in Korea after 1945, it is clear that American racial attitudes have influenced Koreans' attitudes toward black people, but since Koreans were wrenched into modernity by the Japanese Empire, one wonders what influence the Japanese had on Koreans in this regard. I really don't have an answer to that question, but I did discover David Wright's article, "The Use Of Race And Racial Perceptions Among Asians And Blacks: The Case Of The Japanese And African Americans," which reveals that Japanese people were exposed to American racial attitudes during some of their earliest official interactions with them. From pages 136-137:
In 1853, Commodore Matthew C. Perry arrived in Japan on a mission to force open the doors of trade and to propose a trade and commerce treaty thinly disguised as the U.S.-Japan Treaty of Friendship (Kanagawa 1854 Treaty). Among his crew were "tall jet black Negroes, completely armed to the teeth" whose job it was to escort the men who on July 14, 1853, delivered Commodore Perry's credentials and a letter from President Fillmore to the Japanese shogunate. Perry reportedly chose to have himself surrounded by the black men because they appeared to be the most intimidating. The use of black guards was an obvious attempt to impress the might of the United States on the Japanese officials and to intimidate them into signing an agreement as quickly as possible.
Apparently this tactic was helpful because on March 23, 1854 the treaty was concluded and a celebration commemorating the fact soon followed. Commodore Perry and the white American sailors aboard the flagship Powhatan, choose to express their blissfulness by treating the Japanese delegates to a good old-fashioned minstrel show performed in blackface. According to diaries the Japanese "were entertained by an exhibition of negro minstrelsy, up by some of the sailors, who, blacking their faces and dressing themselves in character" sang 'Mistah Tambo' and 'Mistah Bones' to an apparently delighted Japanese audience. Not content with displaying their talents in front of a limited audience, some of the 'performers' later toured other parts of Japan with their successful 'act.'
What effect this had on the Japanese, and whether this might have eventually influenced Korean attitudes during the colonial period is not clear, but American racial attitudes most certainly had an influence on Koreans after 1945. Beyond the fact that there was a market for Confederate battle flags outside US bases in 1952, the incident that illustrates this influence best would be the Anjeong-ri race riots outside Camp Humphreys in July 1971, which I've written about before here and here. I've been doing more research on this topic and discovered that the situation was even worse than what I briefly described here. Incidents occurred at Camp Humphreys several times that year, mostly in response to the "color line" in the off-base clubs, which were often very unwelcoming to black soldiers, and whose Korean owners colluded to close down the only club that did serve them. As relations worsened, they exploded the evening of July 10, when black soldiers trashed the clubs that wouldn't serve them. In response, hundreds of Koreans gathered and attacked any black soldiers they found. The next day they held protests outside the gates of Camp Humphreys. Whatever traditional preferences might have existed in Korea for those with lighter-coloured skin, only the influence of American racial attitudes can explain a banner that reads "We don't need any ni--ers - Go back to cotton field."
(Photo from the Kyunghyang Sinmun.)
To what degree these attitudes - most likely learned from direct contact with white American soldiers - filtered into the population outside of the camp towns near US bases is not clear. What can be learned from the weekly magazines from the late 1960s and early 1970s, however, is that the use of blackface to depict black or indigenous people was not uncommon, and, in fact, the practice continues today.
One use of blackface - or wearing full-body black paint - in the late 1960s and 1970s was in costume parades at school or university festivals. Even today having students dress up in costumes for "international day" or such activities is common, and at a kindergarten / hagwon I worked at in 2001, one kindergarten class was dressed up in "primitive tribal" clothes and carried shields and spears and was said to be from "Africa."
Thinking of this, I couldn't help but be reminded of a term used in a 1984 Kyonghyang Shinmun article about Itaewon that described it as a place of "ethnic exhibition within Korea." The term "place of racial/ethnic exhibition"(인종전시장) was used to describe places around the world such as Geneva, New York, Bangkok, or, within Korea, a 1970 Asian Development Bank meeting, or the second World Taekwondo Competition in 1975. It highlighted the racial diversity of the outside world and stood in contrast to, and reinforced, the idea that Korea was a racially homogeneous nation.
Perhaps the most memorable use of the phrase, due to the accompanying illustration, might be from cartoonist Kobau's visit to Hong Kong in 1962, where he noted that the shower room at Repulse Bay Beach was a place of racial exhibition.
Interestingly, a 1973 Kyonghyang Shinmun article about Toronto contrasted it with large cities in the Great Lakes area like Detroit and Buffalo by saying that "Toronto gives off the feeling of a racial exhibition place, but it doesn't have anything like American ghettos and the accompanying scorn towards black people."
Despite such understanding of racism in the US, this "Miss Bokjori" cartoon from the February 18, 1970 issue of the Weekly Kyonghyang is hardly enlightened (start at top right):
Note the blackface-style caricature of a black person:
The June 10, 1970 issue of Sunday Seoul also featured a similar design (complete with a bone through the nose) of a spear-holding 'savage' who says to the white woman, "I ate my wife and decided you will be my wife." In this case, unlike the Miss Bokjori cartoon above, the cartoon is almost certainly reprinted from an American (or Western) publication. Sunday Seoul and Weekly Kyonghyang regularly reprinted single-panel American cartoons featuring adult humour. (Most obvious in the cartoons was the blatant sexism of the time. Who knew breasts were so funny?)
On the topic of "primitive natives," the Korea Times featured this ad in October 1956 (thanks to Rob York for sharing this):
Why they chose to depict a "native" (with every possible accoutrement from leopard head to mask to tooth necklace to a skull, and, of course, a bone through the nose) really is not clear at all.
As well, a caricature of black person can be found on the wrapper of Haitai Black Chocolate (or "해태 부랙 쵸코렡") in this ad from the November 17, 1971 Weekly Kyonghyang:
A more detailed expression of attitudes towards Africa can be found in the December 17, 1969 issue of Weekly Kyonghyang, which featured a "camera report" titled "Invitation to Africa: The black continent where the primitive and modern coexist." The article, By Son Chung-mu, clearly focused on topless women, both sexualizing them and depicting them as primitive. (Both Sunday Seoul and Weekly Kyonghyang regularly featured photos of nude women from 1968 to 1970).
The introduction both highlighted the contrast of the primitive and the modern in Africa by describing men with four or five wives and buildings with 20 or 30 floors, but also described Africans as people with black skin due to god baking them for too long, a "racial origin myth" told throughout East Asia (mentioned here in Taiwan).
Though Koreans may have felt their society to be inferior to the West (feelings no doubt reinforced by the cultural influence of the US military presence), the article places Korea above Africa in various ways. For example, we are shown this photo, accompanied by the following caption: "For black-skinned Africans, Korean-made radios are the most popular. Five years ago Goldstar entered the African market and this year is selling around 7,000 radios to the black continent (Sierra Leone)."
Compare the above caption to this photo and caption: "Engineers of the black continent, who are building houses, primitive as they are, to escape the heat. Weaving kudzu vines together is their best technique/technology. (Niger)"
The article also features a second photo of a topless woman ("with Hausa women in the Sahara milling grain") but this time with the author posing next to her. The juxtaposition of the Korean man, in crisp pants, shirt, tie, and sunglasses with the Hausa women, particularly the topless women, makes manifest the implied racial and gender hierarchy.
While it could, I suppose, be argued that these photos were chosen because the article was being published by a tabloid weekly that devoted many of its pages to photos of scantily-clad women, the same can't be said for an article the same author published a month or so later in the academic monthly Sedae, which featured this photo:
Titled "Mondo Cane: Africa," it was the first in a series called "Sights and sounds of the world's back alleys." (Mondo Cane was a 1962 Italian "exploitation documentary" about strange cultural practices from around the world.) A link to the article can be found here (click on the '원문보기' button; requires download of National Assembly Library document viewer).
Unlike the photo-oriented Weekly Kyonghyang article, the Sedae article is text-oriented, and some of that text is not at all what you would call enlightened (though it makes Korea look so in comparison). In one section, titled "The Ecology of Black Sex," he wrote that "Africans, who do not wear clothes properly, have a very narrow concept of sex" and then argued that sexual mores in Africa were being affected by the "current wave of free sex in the West" as it "penetrates the black continent." He then described how in one tribe, men and women would just meet and have sex, while in another, girls from the age of ten become the communal property of the men in the village. After the age of 12 or more, they had to comfort the men protecting the village and comfort those leaving to go fight. Highlighting the "lack of civilization" from a Korean point of view, he wrote that "Africans don’t know their own names. And they don’t know their ages. So for Africans there is no such thing as a family tree." Yes. He actually wrote that. Considering the importance of family trees in Korea, it's difficult not to conclude that he was trying to depict Africans as backward and inferior to Koreans, and was doing so in part by either outright lying about, or willfully misunderstanding, what he was seeing around him. Part and parcel of this process, then, is the confluence of ignorance or misinformation and portrayals of Africans or other indigenous people as inferior to Koreans.
Returning to the topic of blackface in Korea, having students paint their faces or other parts of their body black in order to dress up as "primitive" people was not uncommon at school festivals. Below is a costume parade for a girls' middle school's sports day at Hyochang Stadium in 1969 (from a book commemorating the 60th anniversary of the school's founding).
Note that there isn't any specificity in who they're depicting. Much like how the kindergarten children I saw dressed up in "tribal wear" were meant to represent "Africa," there seems to be an amorphous blend of various indigenous peoples, in this case with Native American headdresses and dark skin.
These pages from a May 25, 1969 Weekly Kyonghyang article showcase student festivals at universities in Seoul (and include cross-dressing):
A full page was dedicated to depicting an "Indian festival" costume parade at Konkuk University featuring "Indians" "who had grown up with their skin blackened by the sun holding axes and spears," a "group with bare feet in the jungle" who were seeking the "blessings of the sun god."
Once again, this seems to mix concepts of primitiveness, indigenous peoples, "Indians," and dark skin all at once.
As to where these ideas might have come from, a Donga Ilbo report on a May 1976 children's festival held, once again, at Hyochang Stadium (and attended by 20,000 children and first lady Park Geun-hye) describes one of the highlights of the festival: "In particular, the pinnacle of enjoyment for the children was an Indian dance demonstration by five American Boy Scout troop members with their faces painted black." I couldn't find any photos of the Americans, but these photos set the scene:
Another festival in 1972 provided the occasion for one of the few sets of color photos I found of such festivals. As the Kyunghyang Sinmun reported, in April 1972, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies held the second World Folk and Art Festival at Citizens Hall to celebrate the 18th anniversary of the university’s founding. Taking part were 330 HUFS students studying foreign languages, 30 foreign professors, and 100 foreigners living in Korea. The show was to include dances from 16 countries including those associated with an Indian marriage ceremony, Chinese dance, Spanish "flamingo" dance, and an Arab camel dance.
(Photo from the Kyonghyang Sinmun).
As it was described in a photo spread in the April 30, 1972 issue of Weekly Kyonghyang, the festival was held "in order to understand the indigenous lifestyles and folk culture of other countries in today's rapidly changing international society."
You have to wonder how the foreigners involved in the show felt about the whole thing (the Dutch girls at bottom right look a bit shell-shocked).
The dancer below is said to represent Portugal, though the caption makes it seem like someone mixed up "Iberian" and "Liberia" (and Seoul is closer to the equator than Lisbon): "The clothing of the Liberian Peninsula, which is close to the equator, is very practical. Do they enjoy wearing red and yellow because it is the expression of a sea power's personality?"
Is this actually representative of something from Portugal? It looks quite similar to the depictions of indigenous people above, and one wonders why there are skull and crossbones included as well. (That style of color pinwheel umbrella is still used in elementary school student festivals.)
Two years later, on April 20, 1974, the 20th anniversary of the founding of Hankuk University of Foreign Studies was celebrated in a similar way (from Sunday Seoul, May 5, 1974).
Once again, Portuguese are depicted in this way, with the exact same patterns on his shins, which suggests the same source as that pictured above two years earlier.
Students studying Portuguese at HUFS dancing together:
Oddly, the May 5, 1971 issue of Weekly Kyonghyang shows that the HUFS festival that year featured students in similar make-up but described it as being representative of Thailand (and mentions the participation of Thai UN soldiers). I suspect that may be an error by the magazine, since photos of Thai dancers are clearly visible in another photo.
The May 19, 1974 issue of Sunday Seoul also features photos of a sports competition sponsored by the magazine:
The person in full-body blackface with a grass skirt and a spear is not singled out for mention in the photo captions, but may be a TV celebrity.
[End of update]
The kinds of exhibitions seen at the HUFS party still occur today, and not just at school festivals. When Korea hosted the G-20 in 2010, a display of dolls depicting world leaders in their "traditional costumes" caused embarrassment when in was discovered Australia's Prime Minister was dressed up in Austrian clothes. Though this was fixed, nothing was said about the Canadian Prime Minister wearing a kilt.
Returning to the topic at hand, blackface was also used in other kinds of performances, particularly in the theater. In 2011 the Joongang Daily wrote about the return of a play to the stage in Korea:
American writer William Faulkner’s book “Requiem for a Nun,” which was dramatized for the theater by French author Albert Camus, is returning to the Korean theater scene for the first time in more than 30 years. The work by two Nobel Prize laureates in literature comes back with the same shocking title it had when it premiered in Korea in 1969: “Confession of a Black Prostitute.”
While the 2011 version didn't appear to use blackface, the 1969 version certainly did. Here is a photo from Sunday Seoul, September 14, 1969:
Weekly Kyonghyang, September 17, 1969:
Sunday Seoul, September 21, 1969:
The September 14, 1975 issue of Sunday Seoul also captured the use of blackface at a "morale-boosting concert" that was common for both Korean and American troops. (These were rarely reported on by the weekly magazines prior to 1975; one assumes the increasingly dictatorial and militaristic Yushin authorities began to require such coverage that year). A month-long "Korea Thank you Festival" was then being performed for US troops and locals, and Sunday Seoul reported on a September 4 concert near Camp Stanley in Uijeongbu attended by 1000 US soldiers, including USFK Commanding General Stillwell, pictured below shaking hands with a performer:
Novelty folk duo Two Koreans were among the performers, and a headline reads, "[When they] saw Two Koreans’ impression of Ray Charles and Louis Armstrong they convulsed with laughter":
The caption reads, "With black paint on their face and doing impressions of Ray Charles and Louis Armstrong, Two Koreans were the most popular act." (To be fair, one of the duo really could do a serviceable Louis Armstrong impression, as can be heard in their version of the Lee Jang-hee song, "한잔의 추억.") One wonders what the black soldiers in the audience would have thought of this. Like the children's festival with the American Boy Scouts in blackface that was presided over by first lady Park Geun-hye, this festival was attended by the commander of USFK.
Reusing some material from my previous post, performances of the South African, Apartheid-era play "The Island" in Seoul in 1978 were said to feature two actors made up to look like black convicts (one may be pictured in black face at that link, but it's a rather dark photo). Actors most certainly used blackface in a 1982 musical version of "Roots" (based on Alex Haley's novel and the TV series), which featured African music and jazz. An article about it included these photos:
In this February 1981 Joongang Ilbo article, titled "Fraudulent black makeup - hands were white," which collected readers' opinions of recent TV shows, there was a complaint that a KBS detective show with an episode titled 'Nigerian dream' was done with too little effort, because the actor only had black on his face but not on his hands, which were white. I think that may give some insight into the way in which blackface was considered a legitimate, and even proper, way for actors to portray black people, and that in order to appear authentic, the actor had to be in full black makeup of the sort seen at the cultural festivals pictured above.
This brings us up to where my post on blackface in Korea between 1978 and 2012 began. Despite the complaints from foreigners about the 2012 incident of comedians appearing in blackface on Korean television, such incidents involving celebrities, including K-pop stars like Mamamoo (is it just me or do most of the photos in that post look familiar?) and others continue to occur, and each time they do, the performers and the media company respond with shock and surprise at the angry response.
One question to ask in regard to why this persists might be this: Do these kind of black face (or black body) festivals and costume parades detailed above still continue today?
The answer to that question is yes. In fact, these festivals have local government funding. One that began in 1996 is the Gangdong Prehistoric Culture Festival which celebrates the prehistoric village site in Amsa-dong in Seoul. Below is a photo of the site during the festival:
It might not be clear in the photo above, but as can be seen in this photo of the parade during the Gangdong Prehistoric Culture Festival in May 2019, some of the participants are wearing full-body brown-face and carrying bones and clubs.
The two photos above are from this video, which also features a song to promote the festival's 20th anniversary in 2015.
In addition to this festival is the Yeoncheon Paleolithic Festival, which started in 1993.
An Arirang TV clip about the festival from last year can be seen here (the video description provides background on the festival), while the photo below is from here.
In a clip posted here, MBC covered the event in 2017, in which the reporter used split screen to interview himself as he dressed as a cave man and grunted like a monkey, and then walked up to children cooking meat on sticks and got the children to shout with him "Ooga! Ooga!"
Needless to say, seeing people today depict what they believe to be their prehistoric selves in brownface rather strongly suggests that at least some of the ideas about indigenous people that were present in the 1960s continue up to the present. In fact, just days ago when I showed a grade 5 class this video, the scene of him dancing with indigenous people from Papua New Guinea led one student to say "Ooga ooga," while others wondered if the scene was shot in Africa. All of this suggests the connections students perceive between "Africa," and indigenous or black people.
These connections have been reinforced in children's animation like Dooly (voted Korea's favorite animation in 2014), which has depicted "Africans" in the following manner.
It should be noted that this episode ('내 친구들,' viewable here) did not first air in the late 1980s during the first Dooly series, but in April 2009.
Many years ago, Michael Hurt examined how black people, indigenous people, and Africa were presented to students a generation ago when he posted images from a middle-school English dictionary published in the early 1990s. It's well worth your time to go and look at all of them, but here are two that are pertinent to the perpetuation of the attitudes described above; note the bones in the nose in both illustrations:
School textbooks have improved a great deal over the past decade, getting rid of blackface-like cartoon depictions of black characters in elementary school English books such as this one:
Even without these overt representations, however, textbooks can still convey ideas about a certain colour of skin:
To put this video in context, there were earlier scenes on the textbook cd in which students were shown that mixing three primary colours together resulted in the color black, but someone making this Grade 3 English textbook at YBM decided to take that idea in a peculiar direction, one that reminded me of mixed-race rapper Yoon Mi-rae singing about her personal experiences growing up in her song "Black Happiness": "I washed my face dozens of times a day... I resented my black skin." Though there have been positive changes made to textbooks over the past decade, there’s clearly still room for improvement.
Though it is influenced by the legacy of the US presence and role in Korea, blackface in Korea exists in a context quite different from that of the US. One aspect of this, seen in the articles about Africa from the late 1960s, reflected a need to position Korea’s level of civilization, which had been depicted by Japanese and Americans as being "backward," as being higher than that of less-developed countries. Another aspect was the perceived need to highlight, in contrast to the "racial exhibition" of other countries, Korea’s racial homogeneity as a positive attribute (the legacy of which still lingers; a survey last year found that "46 percent of Koreans said the country should be proud of maintaining a 'homogeneous bloodline,' and 35 percent said accepting people of different races undermined national unity"). This has often involved the deployment of stereotyped caricatures of people of other races. As well, essentialized depictions of people from foreign countries and cultures has likely been seen as acceptable because Koreans depict themselves in similar ways in textbooks and elsewhere. Having lost so many traditional ways of life during the forced march of modernization, things like hanbok, kimchi, and samulnori are used as shorthand for being "Korean," and these depictions are part and parcel of "international day" or other "global" activities.
While it’s not entirely clear when the use of blackface began in Korea, it seems likely that it was after 1945, at a time when the practice was considered acceptable by many Americans (as we can see with US soldiers laughing along with the Two Koreans’ blackface performance in 1975, or American Boy Scouts presenting an "Indian dance" in blackface a year later). Its use in Korea, however, was not connected to a long history of denigrating black people the way it was in the US. The above articles from 1969 make it clear that it was considered a perfectly acceptable way to depict black people on stage, to the point that, as the articles from the early 1980s make clear, not doing full-body blackface was considered inauthentic. Also problematic was (and is) its use in cultural festivals and in the media to depict indigenous people whose level of civilization is depicted as being below Korea’s. Still, it is worth remembering that these attitudes are the result of a complex interaction between South Korea's experience of colonization, its relationship with the US, including its exposure to American racial attitudes, and its attempts to both overcome its perceived subordinate position and to come to grips with the changes wrought by modernity and globalization.
Only in the past two decades has blackface and other demeaning depictions of black and indigenous people really been criticized in Korea, often (but not always) by foreigners. This has often been met with responses portraying it as a "misunderstanding" of Korean intentions, or as an "attack" by foreigners. While the use of blackface and negative depictions of black or indigenous people, complete with bones in their noses, deserve to be criticized, and cultural producers and educators in Korea should better understand that something can be offensive regardless of an lack of intent to offend, it might be worth reflecting on the very different context in which these appear in Korea, as well as the fact that the likely source for many of these concepts is the US, a country which has long been in a superior position in its relationship with Korea and which has a long history of depicting Korea and Koreans in negative ways. Some criticisms of blackface by foreigners, many of whom are likely perceived by Koreans to be white and American, have crossed the line from criticizing the practice to portraying it as an example of Korean "backwardness." In cases like these, I find it hard to blame some Koreans for feeling that the criticism of Korean culture or society for being racist due to the use of blackface – while overlooking the fact of Korean blackface’s American origins and America's international position vis-à-vis Korea – might just be another way of asserting Western superiority over Korean culture. While carefully-applied pressure from the outside can have some effect (though "carefully-applied" is not the way I would describe discourse in the West at the moment, particularly that taking place on social media), blanket criticism is more likely to cause offense or to simply be ignored. That being the case, I don't really think the practice of depicting black and indigenous people in these ways is going to change until Koreans themselves decide to continue the conversation about discrimination stimulated by Hines Ward's visit to Korea in 2006 (though note the depiction of the racially mixed Korean in the cartoon). The passing of this anti-discrimination bill could also provide a tool to help facilitate change when that time comes.
1 comment:
Will said...
That chocolate bar reminds me of a product Lotte later put out, 블랙죠. It was recently revived, but with a penguin in a tuxedo instead of the offensive caricature. There was a commercial for it with Shim Hyung-rae briefly donning blackface:
|
<urn:uuid:472b639b-3663-441c-880a-d5a4d7398b99>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.02681201696395874,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9727270603179932,
"url": "https://populargusts.blogspot.com/2020/07/blackface-and-depictions-of-indigenous.html"
}
|
In some countries, bean size is measured by sifting raw beans through a perforated container called a Sieve. Grade 18 beans will pass through a screen with 18/64″ diameter holes, but are stopped by the next smaller sieve with 16/64″ diameter holes. By this process, grade size is determined. The terms Excelso (smallest) and Supremo (largest) are used as the general coffee grading terms in Colombia. Excelso coffee beans can pass through grade 16 sieve perforations but will not make it through a grade 14 screen. Excelso beans are large, but yet smaller than Supremo coffee beans and even though they may come from the same tree, they are still sorted by size and grown with different characteristics. Supremo coffee beans can pass through screens Grade 17 and up (17/64″ diameter holes). Coffee grown at higher elevations tends to have a larger, denser, more flavorful body.
Coffee in Colombia
Colombian coffee is diverse, and crops are grown in both Northern and Southern regions. Colombian coffee is very balanced, has good body, brightness and flavor. Historically, Colombian beans were sold based on bean size (Excelso, Supremo), as opposed to Central American and South American coffees graded on altitude.
The first coffee crops were planted in the eastern part of Colombia, and the first commercial production occurred in 1835 with 2,560 green coffee bags. A priest named Francisco Romero was a very influential figure to the spread of the coffee crop in Northeast Colombia. The cultivation of coffee was even required as penance by Father Romero. Colombian coffee became an export in the second half of the 19th century, and the United States, Germany, and France became consumers of Colombian coffee. At the turn of the 20th century, international prices dropped, and so did profits of large coffee estates in Colombia. In the beginning of the 20th century, several small coffee producers adopted a new model of coffee exports, based on rural economy and supported by internal migration and colonization of new territories. The western regions of Colombia took the lead in the development of the Colombian coffee industry. Between 1905 and 1935, the Colombian coffee industry grew significantly due to the politics of the National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia (FNC) in 1927. The Federation created a union of local farmers and small producers, and confronted logistical and commercial difficulties. Cultivation systems improved, and spatial patterns permitted differentiation of the product, and supported its quality. Today, Colombia has 38 cooperatives independent of the FNC, and of those, nineteen are certified fair trade. The majority of Colombian coffee is shade grown with 1.4 million hectares (10,000 square meters) under canopy, and only 717,000 hectares grown in full sun.
Additional Resources:
|
<urn:uuid:d0ab888e-c728-4e3c-9d4b-660f45f22104>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.1834912896156311,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9628849029541016,
"url": "https://www.grandrapidscoffee.com/portfolio-item/coffee-grading-in-colombia/"
}
|
Term: 2 Year: 2008
Spirals 5
Spirals 4
Spirals 3
Spirals 2
Spirals 1
Spirals 6
Do lots of sketching using a spiral as the base for your drawings.
Choose the sketch you most like.
Tape and staple a square of netting onto a thick cardboard base.
Using a needle and thread, stitch a spiral.
Glue felt around the spiral to create your picture.
Add sequins, feathers, buttons etc. to add interest.
Make a frame using cartridge paper.
Check that it fits snug around your picture.
Stitch a running stitch or a pattern around your frame.
Glue the frame onto your picture.
Arts Teacher: Sarah Pilgrim
Somers Primary School
Suitable for Grades 4/5/6
|
<urn:uuid:695c5e7a-540c-465e-9909-f5ebfaaec980>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.609375,
"fasttext_score": 0.02523750066757202,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7816278338432312,
"url": "https://www.zartart.com.au/zartstatic/page/spirals"
}
|
School Logo
Plot Point 2 - The Mighty Dragon
Lenses, vocabulary and picture resources can be found on the powerpoint below.
Learning Chunk 1 - Create a powerful simile comparing the colour of the dragon to fire or blood.
Model: The dragon was as red as thick, oozy blood dripping from a carnivore's jaw.
Learning Chunk 2 - Choose a dragon adjective and add a 'how' adverb.
Model: The dragon paced. The dragon paced angrily.
Learning Chunk 3 - Use adjectives and extra information to describe the bones and skulls.
Model: Around his cave, there were hollow skulls of his past victims and old bones that had been gnawed.
|
<urn:uuid:d50533db-c35a-4cf8-b4df-c72de85ccb1a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.25,
"fasttext_score": 0.569788932800293,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8778773546218872,
"url": "https://www.cookleysebright.co.uk/english-426/"
}
|
If there is a sphere made up of one hemisphere of Copper and another of iron, On heating what would be its effect and where would its centre of gravity be?
1 Answer
Sep 17, 2017
Heating effect : TBC
Centre of gravity : 0.024R from centre on copper side
Determine the location of the centre of gravity.
Define the volume of the sphere as #2V# and therefore the volumes of the hemispheres are both #V#. The centre of gravity of a hemisphere lies #3/8# of the radius away from the flat surface along its central axis. When joined together as one sphere with the join between the two hemispheres vertical the weight of each half caused a moment about the centre. The two weights are unequal so there is a resultant moment.
enter image source here
Take moments about the central vertical axis. The resultant moment is equal to the total weight of the sphere multiplied by the perpendicular distance of centre of gravity to the central axis. We know that #ρ_(Cu) > ρ_(Fe)# so resultant moment will act on the copper side of the sphere.
Expression for moments about central axis:
#m_(Cu) g × 3/8R - m_(Fe) g × 3/8R = Mgx #
Where #x# is distance to centre of gravity from central axis (on copper side) and #M# is the total mass of the sphere.
Total mass of sphere is sum of masses of hemispheres:
#M = m_(Cu) + m_(Fe)#
#3/8R (m_(Cu) - m_(Fe)) = Mx#
#⇒ x= 3/8R(m_(Cu) - m_(Fe))/(m_(Cu) + m_(Fe))#
Masses of hemispheres in terms of their densities (remember that the volumes of the hemispheres are equal and we denoted that #V#):
Copper: #m_(Cu) = ρ_(Cu)V#
Iron: #m_(Fe) = ρ_(Fe)V#
# ⇒ x = 3/8 R (ρ_(Cu) - ρ_(Fe))/(ρ_(Cu) + ρ_(Fe)) #
#⇒ x = 3/8R(8940 - 7850)/(8940 + 7850)#
#⇒ x = 0.02436 R #
The effect upon the sphere during heating.
Copper has a heat capacity of 385 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹
Iron has a heat capacity of 449 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹
If the sphere was heated we could assume that the two hemispheres were heated equally; equal transfer of energy to each hemisphere. In that case the temperature of copper would increase further than that of iron (the specific heat capacity tells us that copper requires less energy to increase its temperature by the same amount).
However the above assumes that the masses of the hemispheres are equal, but they are not. As we saw in the solution for the centre of mass copper has a larger density. So the mass of the copper hemisphere is larger than that of the iron one by a factor of 1.14. Its specific heat capacity is smaller by a factor of 1.17. So the overall effect is going to be that the copper half increases its temperature only very slightly more than the iron half.
Equations to illustrate the above conclusion:
#∆Q = mc∆θ#
#m_(Cu)/m_(Fe) = 1.14# and #c_(Cu)/c_(Fe) = 1/1.17 = 0.855#
#∆Q# is the same for both halves.
So now we can write:
#∆Q = m_(Cu) c_(Cu) ∆θ_(Cu) = m_(Fe) c_(Fe) ∆θ_(Fe)#
#⇒ ∆θ_(Fe) = ∆θ_(Cu) × (m_(Cu)c_(Cu))/(m_(Fe)c_(Fe))#
Substitute the ratios from above into that equation:
#⇒ ∆θ_(Fe) = ∆θ_(Cu) × 1.14 × 0.855 = 0.97#
That tells us that the temperature rise of the iron half will be 97% of the temperature rise of the copper half.
The temperature difference between the hemispheres would lead to a thermal imbalance. This means that there will be a net heat energy transfer from the copper half to the iron half until they reach thermal equilibrium (when heat transfer between the hemispheres is equal).
|
<urn:uuid:bd9e38b6-07ef-4759-9b7f-4c81d435e1d0>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.9375,
"fasttext_score": 0.9567623138427734,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9092893004417419,
"url": "https://socratic.org/questions/if-there-is-a-sphere-made-up-of-one-hemisphere-of-copper-and-another-of-iron-on-#476524"
}
|
The World Health Organization estimates that lack of access to clean drinking water causes 1.6 million deaths each year, mostly from diarrheal and parasitic diseases. Because of this, importing disinfecting chemicals is a priority for many developing nations. But what if instead they could rely on inexpensive, local means to turn contaminated water into potable, purified water?
A team of researchers led by Stephanie Butler Velegol, an environmental engineering instructor at Penn State, are looking to the past for water-purifying techniques they might be able to adapt for today. One possibility: the Moringa oleifera tree, a common food source in tropical and subtropical regions. But in addition to the edible seedpods, seeds, leaves, roots and flowers, locals in the areas where it grows also make use of the Moringa oleifera for its bacteria-killing properties. As far back as ancient Egypt, crushed Moringa seeds were rubbed on clay pots to purify the water inside; for many years dried powder from the crushed seeds has been used as a handwash.
The process works via a positively-charged protein called the Moringa Oleifera Cationic Protein (MOCP), which kills dangerous water-borne bacteria by causing their cell membranes to fuse. However, because the organic matter remains in the water, the protein continues to provide a food source to any bacteria not destroyed, allowing the water to become re-infected again in a matter of days. A 2012 paper proposed a solution to this by a suggesting a process during which the MOCP was attached to grains of sand, which could be easily removed from the purified water, washed and then used again.
More recent studies have examined when seeds should be harvested for the most bacteria-fighting potency. Researchers teamed with Bashir Abubakar, a botanist from Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria, Nigeria to study the effectiveness of seeds in different seasons, and found that the extracted protein of mature dried seeds collected in the rainy season is most effective, followed by mature dried seeds collected in the dry season.
If the seeds prove viable on a large scale, Moringa oleifera tree plantations could also help boost local economies. What's more, the less money spent on importing chemical purifiers, the more funds will be available for infrastructure and other social needs.
[h/t Penn State]
|
<urn:uuid:89819b18-fda9-4069-8a4a-1a0660a4fa23>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.03125,
"fasttext_score": 0.04494357109069824,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9507386684417725,
"url": "https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/65465/local-inexpensive-way-purify-water-developing-countries"
}
|
Did you know that George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were both marijuana farmers? Or that the Declaration of Independence was written on paper made from hemp, a fiber made of marijuana? In fact, the first American flag was woven with marijuana fibers. Before its recreational use, many people do not know that marijuana was a commercial cash crop right next to cotton in the early 17th century. The English brought it into Jamestown in 1611, using it for rope, cloth and paper. However, issues did not arise until the 1900s. Why? Immigration.
During 1910, the Mexican revolution brought an influx of immigrants to the United States, who then brought marijuana with them; making it prevalent around the Texas border. Anti-immigrationists spoke out against marijuana because they tied marijuana use to the prejudice they held against immigrants, mainly Mexicans, and also African Americans, the “subsequently with black and poor communities “ (Brent 1). Consequently, California was the first state to make marijuana illegal in 1913 (History of Marijuana in 4:20).
Despite this, recreational marijuana use became popular in the 1920’s and 1930s. Along with anti-immigrationists, the white establishment believed that smoking marijuana caused white girls to sleep with black men. Harry Jacob Anslinger, the architect of national prohibition and the commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics at this time, stated that, “marijuana smoking by white women makes them want to seek sexual relations with Negroes, entertainers and others” (Brent 3).
This belief was widely spread with the use of propaganda. “Reefer Madness,” a movie financed by a church group in 1936, even claimed smoking leads to rape, insanity, manslaughter and suicide. These extreme and unsubstantiated beliefs were “justified” by a prominent doctor in New Orleans, who blamed pot smokers for an outbreak of robberies in the 1930’s. Newspapers sensationalized articles, stating that, “pushers hovered by schoolhouses turning children into ‘addicts’” (Brent 4). These notions became popularized and lingered for decades to come. Even law enforcement officials, “trafficked in the ‘assassin’ theory, under in which killers were said to have smoked cannabis to ready themselves for murder and mayhem” (Brent 5).
Legal scholars at the time, such as Richard Bonnie and Charles Whitebread foresaw the growing popularity of the drug, specifically among minorities “ensured that it would be classified as a ‘narcotic,’ attributed with addictive qualities it did not have, and set alongside far more worse dangerous drugs like heroin and morphine” (Brent 6). And they were right.
Soon after, Congress consulted with Harry Anslinger who convinced the government that marijuana caused insanity and pushed people to commit criminal acts, while others also claimed that marijuana was “fiercely addictive.” He testified that, “even a single marijuana cigarette could induce a ‘homicidal mania,’ prompting people to want to kill those they loved’ (Brent 7). This case brought about The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, which attempted to eradicate the sale and use of marijuana through heavy taxation (Brent 8). President Franklin Roosevelt then passed the bill.
The marijuana issue was not brought up again until the 1950s, thanks to a researcher Dr. Harris Isbell, director of research at the Public Health Service Hospital in Kentucky. He disputed all accusations to the drug, telling Congress that, “smoking marijuana has no unpleasant aftereffects, no dependence is developed on the drug, and the practice can easily be stopped at any time” (Brent 9). Even still, Congress proceeded to heighten penalties on users and holders. This is because though the argument that marijuana itself was not addictive relinquished, Congress stated that pot was a “steppingstone” to stronger, addictive drugs such as heroine. Punishments were severe. For example, according to Brent, Louisiana “created sentences ranging from five to 99 years, without parole or probation, for sale, possession or administration of narcotic drugs” (Brent 10). This was passed without backlash or opposition, and the only explanation is because of the enduring prejudice against minorities, who were still the primary targets and those who paid the price. But soon, a revolution arose.
In the 1960s, white middle and upper class students started to more commonly use marijuana. This is partially due to the acknowledgement that respected writers at the time, such as Beat writers Jack Kerouac and William Burroughs smoked pot. The 1960’s also brought about a new cultural revolution in which marijuana took a large part of. It was the time of the hippies, the Beatles and young adults including students and dropouts, all who participated and enjoyed smoking marijuana at a time that both pacifism and rebellion had arisen. Only now did society have a change of heart in regard to punishment and penalties, because marijuana had started to affect white lives.
In 1972, the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse released a report challenging the approach to decreeing penalty on users and those in possession of the drug. The commission concluded that, “criminalization was ‘too harsh a tool to apply to personal possession even in the effort to discourage use [and that] the actual and potential harm of use of the drug is not great enough to justify intrusion by the criminal law into private behavior, a step which our society takes only with the greatest reluctance,’” (Brent 11) Though the Nixon administration dismissed these ideas, all states softened penalties for marijuana possession during the mid-1970s. This is also because it was only in the 70s that marijuana started to be recognized as a medicinal and therapeutic drug. Thirty-five states made medical use of marijuana legal. Then, the 1990s brought about more public opinion and studies regarding its therapeutic use and unfair arrests and penalties. It also started to appear in the lives of government authority.
Attitudes towards marijuana really started to change in the 1990s. The United States’ past three presidents, dating back to Clinton in 1993 have all admitted to smoking marijuana. In 1996, California became the first state to legalize marijuana (not recreationally, though). Alaska and Oregon followed suit in 1998, then Maine in 1999. Hawaii, Nevada and Colorado followed in 2000. The 21st century brought about studies regarding the positive effects of marijuana, especially in comparison to alcohol and tobacco which has been legal but is arguably much more detrimental. Consequently, marijuana became somewhat mainstream. Celebrities, politicians, entertainers publicly admit to smoking. At this time, also, Rhode Island, Michigan, New Mexico, Montana and Vermont all legalized medical marijuana, followed by Arizona, New Hampshire, Minnesota, Illinois, New Jersey, Massachusetts, New York and Washington DC. Then, just recently in 2012, Colorado and Washington legalized its recreational use. The revolution of legal marijuana has come a long way. Now, in New York City, one can only get a ticket and fined for possessing less than 25 grams of marijuana (Taylor 1). Now, my generation is left hoping that recreational use will become legal nation-wide in our lifetime. Hopefully, soon.
History of Marijuana in 4:20. Dir. Eric March. 4TT. Youtube, 18 Aug. 2014. Web. 11 Nov. 2014.
Staples, Brent. “The Federal Marijuana Ban Is Rooted in Myth and Xenophobia.”The New York Times. The New York Times, 29 July 2014. Web. 01 Dec. 2014.
Taylor, Matt. “New York City Is Finally Softening Its Stance on Pot | VICE | United States.” VICE. N.p., 11 Nov. 2014. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.
Leave a Reply
|
<urn:uuid:501dc985-e605-4355-81e5-ebce18d83c47>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.04200786352157593,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9602751731872559,
"url": "http://paintingbohemia.org/culturalstudies/race-ethnicity/illegal-for-the-wrong-reasons/"
}
|
kids encyclopedia robot
Electroluminescence facts for kids
Kids Encyclopedia Facts
Electroluminescence (EL) is an optical and electrical event in which a material emits light in response to an electric current passed through it, or to a strong electric field.
Images for kids
The electric energy is absorbed by electron in the ground state and is excited to the higher state of energy called the excited state.The excited state is not the stable state and the electron jumps back to the ground state and emits the photon related to the bandgap of the material.
kids search engine
Electroluminescence Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.
|
<urn:uuid:93521979-ee9b-422b-aa91-5c3aa9b09b59>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.765625,
"fasttext_score": 0.8919263482093811,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8838806748390198,
"url": "https://kids.kiddle.co/Electroluminescence"
}
|
Reconstructing the Lost Hercules
In 1493, Michelangelo carved an eight foot tall marble statue of the mythological hero Hercules. Unfortunately, this sculpture was lost after sometime in France at the Palace of Fontainebleau. Due to its lost nature, this exhibit centers around the movement of the piece from Florence to France and the numerous hands it passed through on this journey. The mapping portion of the exhibit showcases the most probable trajectory of the piece from its conception to its last known location. By showing the movement of Hercules with a map and timeline, one is able to get a different perspective of how a work of art can be so removed from its origin and what that means for the interpretation of this work in history. The written portion of the exhibit explores the political significance of the Hercules as it changes hands through history. The exhibit aims to answer the question regarding Michelangelo's intentent for his Hercules statue and how the interputaion of his work changed as its location changed.
Sabrina White
|
<urn:uuid:7828fd20-2dca-479b-ac87-10cf62ff9544>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.09846657514572144,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9562744498252869,
"url": "https://michelangelo.ace.fordham.edu/exhibits/show/hercules"
}
|
The story of the turs
In ancient times, two-meter giants could have been walking around Transcarpathia, but there are no written evidences on them
Turyi Remety, Turya Bystra, Turya Pasika, Turya Polyana, Turytsya, Turychky … They say that the names of all these villages in Perechyn district are derived from the name of an ancestor of cattle – the mighty giant tur, or the wild ox. "Strayj Zamok" decided to find out if it is true that herds of turs once walked in Transcarpathia, or is it just a legend.
The wild tur ox once inhabited a vast territory from North Africa to Northern Europe and from the Middle East to the Pacific. Now we can only guess how they looked like through the bones, which archaeologists find around the world, and through ancient frescoes, including Egyptian.
Turs were very large animals. They weighed approximately 1200 kg and were 2 meters high. These animals were distinguished by huge horns that resembled the shape of a lyre, and black or brown shade of short hair. According to legends, the turs were very wild tempered (in this they were similar to rhinos), they were quite aggressive, turbulent, strong and fast. That is why hunting this animal was considered a military feat, and strong and mighty men were compared with turs.
These bulls remained in remote forests of Poland and Lithuania for the longest period. In XVI-XVII centuries they remained in only one area – in the woods near the modern city of Jaktorow, near Warsaw. Now no one can say when tours disappeared from the territory of modern Ukraine, but the image of a mighty animal was preserved in numerous tales, legends, songs.
Ph.D. in Biological Sciences of UzhNU Ludwig Potish says, that there is no reliable evidences that herds of turs lived in the territory of modern Transcarpathia.
The local historian Vasyl Korol, who has been studying the history of the so-called Turya Valley for meny years, agrees with this view. "The maps of 1775-1778 years show villages with names just as Remete, Bystra, Pasika, Polyana, and only in 1850 the Hungarian government began to add "Turya" to the names of these villages – says Mr. Vasyl. – Perhaps this was done in order to distinguish these villages from other ones of the same name, because in our region there were several Pasikas, Polyanas, Bystras, Remetes. In addition, there were settlements with similar or even the same names on the territory of Romania, Slovakia." So where did the prefix "Turya" come from? It turns out that it is derived from the river of the same name.
Today scientists are actively working to return extinct animals. By the method of the so-called return derivation they already managed to breed turs, very similar to the original. But biologists want to go even further, taking DNA from tur’s bone and literally resurrect them.
What then the scientists will do with enormous and very dangerous animals is not yet known. However, it is possible that in a few decades turs again will be walking in their original habitats, say, in Ukrainian steppe or in special nurseries somewhere in the Carpathians.
Будьте першим, додайте коментар!
Залишити відгук
|
<urn:uuid:8a3445ae-416b-494c-87c3-1428cd09df81>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.0486796498298645,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9567156434059143,
"url": "http://uzhgorod.in/en/the-story-of-the-turs/"
}
|
Definition: Cyber crimes, in the broadest sense, can range anywhere from phishing, spoofing, DDoS attack, or illegally downloading any type of copyrighted software, or media. Usually cyber crimes are done over the Internet, or a local computer network which oftentimes have access to the Internet ("What is cybercrime," 2011).
Context 1:
One of the reasons cyber crimes developed was out of the perceived notion that software companies were charging too much money for their software that was unwarranted. Individuals would take it upon themselves to copy software that they were able to come across, and then be able to distribute the software themselves at a greatly reduced price to their customer, but at a 100% profit to the hacker. These habits aren't solely confined to software, now that music has gone completely digital, people have taken it upon themselves to copy the artist's music as well (Dvorak, 2011).
Context 2:
Another reason why cyber crimes have developed was because of the increased speeds of home based broadband services. This has made it very easy for people to do a lot more with their Internet connection, like banking online for instance. The Internet has become the new frontier for criminals who can now access people's banking accounts without leaving the comfort of their home. With using phishing techniques, and spoofing e-mail accounts, hackers can emulate your bank or online credit card company to ask for your personal information ("Superfast broadband will," 2011).
On the next page, we will talk about the impacts of cyber crimes on your everyday life.
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxPrevious_-_B.png Home_-_B.png Next_-_B.png
|
<urn:uuid:7b925917-a4a1-4656-8457-3abe06b31975>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.75,
"fasttext_score": 0.2858930230140686,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9575783610343933,
"url": "http://humn432teamg-jun11.wikispaces.com/Background+B?responseToken=0bb880b43e04712687434c417b5b2df15"
}
|
Famous Black People
Famous Black People
The Etymology and Dictionary Definition
A Black person can be loosely defined as someone with dark skin who comes from the continent of Africa, or whose antecedents came from Africa. The term “Black people” has been applied in a racial classification system for human beings who possess a dark-skinned phenotype rich in melanin pigments, as compared to other racial groups.
Black People and the World’s History
World history has brought forth many people who have been noted as geniuses, but only a handful of them have ever been noted as “multi-genius”. Notable historians have applied the term “multi-genius” to describe such people as Socrates and Plato. However, at the same time, hardly any historian has ever noted a Black person as a multi-genius, even though there has been an equal number of Black multi-geniuses as there are White.
As a matter of fact, the world’s earliest and one of the most influential multi-genius in recorded history was a Black Egyptian named Imhotep. Others include Benjamin Banneker and Cheikh Anta Diop.
Famous Black People and their Contributions
Before the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, Black people who aimed to pursue a career in science, technology, or various other fields, faced a number of obstructions. These obstructions included very limited access to educational programs, the media and the political scene, and research positions that would have allowed them to blossom in their respective fields.
Nevertheless, many famous Black people, men and women, have made a number of significant contributions to society, influencing the people around them, as well as to nearly every branch of science. There have been countless influential black musicians, actors, historians, politicians, inventors, authors, artists, activists and other people in every field of work that have revolutionized the history of the world.
Famous Black People In History
Subscribe For Free
Book of the Month
Famous Black Quote
|
<urn:uuid:d9a9a287-99e7-4821-8ef4-e56bc75fff1b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.05992478132247925,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9694294333457947,
"url": "http://www.famousblackpeople.org/"
}
|
Click here to skip to content
An intermediate Pyatthat on the City Wall, [Mandalay]
An intermediate Pyatthat on the City Wall, [Mandalay]
Photographer: Archaeological Survey of India
Medium: Photographic print
Date: 1903
Shelfmark: Photo 1004/1(6)
Item number: 100416
Length: 20.3
Width: 15
Scale: Centimetres
Genre: Photograph
Photograph of a pyatthat on the city wall of Mandalay in Burma, from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections: Burma Circle, 1903-07. The photograph was taken in 1903 by an unknown photographer under the direction of Taw Sein Ko, the Superintendent of the Archaeological Survey of Burma at that time. Mandalay was Burma’s last great royal capital and was founded in 1857 by Mindon Min (reigned 1853-78), Burma’s penultimate king, in fulfilment of a Buddhist prophecy that a religious centre would be built at the foot of Mandalay Hill. In 1861 the court was transferred there from the previous capital of Amarapura. The city's glory was shortlived however as in 1886 it was annexed by the British Empire after the Third Anglo-Burmese war, renamed Fort Dufferin, and a military cantonment was built inside the walls. The original city was built as a fortress in the shape of a perfect square with the Nandaw or Royal Palace at the centre. Its battlemented walls faced the cardinal directions and were each nearly two kilometres (1.2 miles) long, surrounded by a 70 metre-wide moat on all four sides. There were twelve city gates, the main gate being the central gate in the east wall which led to the Great Hall of Audience in the Royal Palace, and five bridges spanning the moat. The gateways and multitude of bastions were crowned with tiered wooden spires or pavilions known as pyatthats, a characteristic symbolic feature of Burmese royal and religious architecture which demarcate sacred space. All the pyatthats had five tiers, with the exception of the pyatthats over the central gateway in each wall which had seven tiers because they were used by royalty. This view shows a pyatthat over one of the bastions, its eaves decorated with elaborate ornamental wood carving. Burma has an ancient tradition of woodcarving. The artform was used in many contexts but the most beautifully carved and intricate examples were generally found as applied decoration on palaces, monasteries, pagodas and associated structures. The walls and the moat were all that remained of the royal fortress following the complete destruction of the palace and other buildings by Allied bombing raids in 1945 during the Second World War.
Search within this collection
Elsewhere on our websites
Latest events - register free online
Mobile app
For iPhone, iPad and Android
Report a Concern
What is the nature of your concern?
Report a Concern
What is the nature of your concern?
Email link to a friend
Write a brief note to accompany the email
Your friend's email address:
|
<urn:uuid:6e626c59-cc2c-4c86-9cb5-99ec47e8615f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.02228647470474243,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9610713124275208,
"url": "http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/a/019pho0001004s1u00006000.html"
}
|
Image of Whale under water
The term “etymology” refers to the study of the origin of words and how they have changed and evolved over the course of history. This reveals important information about the object to which the word refers, since the original names used usually refer to a common trait of the object or subject or to an experience.
Whales have been known to humankind for centuries and have, therefore, been known by a number of terms for a number of reasons. They have continued to astound and impress onlookers by their sheer size and beauty.
Old English (between the years of about 450 and 1100 of our Common Era, or CE) is a West Germanic language, and holds the secrets to the origins of many modern words. The Old English version of “whale” was “hwæl”. In Middle Dutch (around 1100 to 1500 CE), this was represented as wal or walvisc. The Latin origin of this word was “squalus”, which meant “a large fish of the sea”. While a whale is not actually a fish, this may not have been apparent in early times.
Whales have become renowned for their incredible size (although not all whales boast such enormous proportions). Therefore, the word “whale” has also come to be used in phrases that refer to something large. For example, having a whale of a time means that one had an enormously good time.
There are many species of whales that also demonstrate a fascinating origin in terms of the linguistic roots of their names. These include:
The Orca (also known as the Killer Whale)
Orca is a Latin word from the French word “orque”, which loosely refers to sea monsters. In 1846, J. Richardson & J.E. Gray wrote a book called The Zoology of the Voyage of HHS ‘Erebus’ and ‘Terror’, in which they referred to the Orca as a Killer Whale for the first recorded time.
The Narwhal
This term hails from the mid-17th century, when the Danish and Norwegian word “narvhal” was used, literally meaning “corpse whale”. This was in reference to the very white colour of the Narwhal, which resembles the colour of a corpse in which the blood no longer gives the body its healthy glow.
The Sperm Whale
This whale is so named for the waxy substance in its head that was originally mistaken to be its sperm. Its full name was the Spermaceti Whale. In Medieval Latin, sperma ceti literally means “sperm of large sea animal”.
The Minke Whale
These whales remain one of the most hunted of all these marine mammals. This name is believed to have come from the surname of one of the Norwegian crew members of Svend Foyn’s voyage. Meincke apparently thought that a pod of these whales were Blue Whales. This was extremely humorous for other experienced whalers, and Meincke became synonymous with this incident and these particular whales.
The Beluga Whale
The Russion word “beluga” goes back to the late 16th century and literally means “great white” (since the suffix -uga implies augmentation). This name refers to their ethereal white colouring that makes these whales extra beautiful.
For more information, please go: HERE
|
<urn:uuid:fd72caed-fac3-48d5-8619-fbb4017b0c46>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.859375,
"fasttext_score": 0.06741750240325928,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9720761179924011,
"url": "https://www.whalesforever.com/whales-etymology.html"
}
|
From the 16th century to the early 20th century, 'frock' was applied to a woman's dress or gown, in the fashion of the day, often indicating an unfitted, comfortable garment for wear in the house, or (later) a light overdress worn with a slip or under-dress.
In British English and in Commonwealth countries the word may be used as an alternative term for a girl's or woman's dress. In Australia it is frequently used this way, with the phrase "to frock up" meaning to wear a formal dress or gown for a special occasion. This term was often used in Old English & early American literature.
The word frock may not be as common today as it was in the past, though it's a great way to refer to a dress. You can also call a monk's loose, long-sleeved garment a frock. The word's origin is Germanic, and it comes directly from the French word 'froc', "a monk's habit."
In contemporary times, a 'frock' may still designate a woman's, girl's, or child's dress or light overdress. Typically, girls and women wear frocks to formal events like weddings and fancy parties.
More Info:
|
<urn:uuid:926c5a18-1696-459d-bdca-d29b6be6e9e8>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.2285493016242981,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9650940895080566,
"url": "https://quizzclub.com/games/welcome/what-is-a-frock/answer/1003637/"
}
|
Elise Chalcraft
7 kilos of Happiness
The ins and outs of weighing our fish
Every 6 months, we weigh our 128 African catfish. This is done to get a snapshot into the growth rate of the catfish and check on their general wellbeing. The Aquaponics Greenhouse currently has five tanks splitting the fish by size from smallest (approximately 550g) in Tank 1 to the largest in Tank 5.
Our biggest fish is similar size to a small dog, weighing just over 7 kilos!
Two catfish being weighed - These two African catfish have been caught using the net and have just been weighed. They are being transferred into the weighing buckets until the rest of the tank has been weighed . Elise Chalcraft
With: Abhay Villa
But how do you weigh a fish?
Firstly, the water from the tanks is pumped out into the large buckets that will hold the fish. Weighing a fish is done using a method of water displacement (explained below) where fish are placed in a see-through bucket with a set scale written on the side. After weighing, they are transferred into a larger bucket whilst we weigh the rest of the fish in that tank. A tally of how many fish enter each bucket is kept outside each bucket to ensure we don’t double count any fish. The weight of each fish is recorded along with any other anomalies we might spot.
Aquaponics fish weighing buckets - These are the buckets used to hold the fish after they have been weighed in the see-through square container. Each bucket has a tally sheet stuck onto its side to mark how many fish are in each bucket. Elise Chalcraft
Bathtub mechanisms
There is a set amount of water in the bucket, and when you place a fish in the water, the water level rises due to the increase in biomass in the bucket. Think of when you sit in a bath how the water level rises when you sink in.
We measure how much the water has risen using the scale on the outside of the box and convert it to kilograms (see image below.
For example: if the water level is at 0 and we add a fish that raises the water level to 2, that fish weighs 2kg because 1L = 1kg.
Sometimes the difference is not high enough to get an accurate reading; therefore, we put multiple fish into the bucket and divide the water displacement by the number of fish.
Fish Weighing Scale - Scale on the outside of the bucket for weighing the fish This scale was made by adding water litre by litre and marking where the new water level rose to. This helps us have an accurate scale to measure and weigh the fish through the water displacement method. Elise Chalcraft
Thick-skulled or smartest catfish on the block?
Pro Tip: Ensure that there is a lid for the bucket since African Catfish can jump out!
This is because in the wild, catfish are known to leave the water and move across land to the next water body when the previous one was too crowded or no longer contained the nutrients needed to sustain them. Therefore, they are not afraid of jumping out onto land!
To prevent and injuries or unnecessary stress, we ensure that the greenhouse is catfish-proof by putting a tarpaulin along the tanks' edge to ensure that they don’t find themselves a new home under the tanks instead of in them...
Catfish-proof containers - Tarp covering any possible escape routes for cheeky catfish This tarp is very important to ensure that if any catfish escape during the weighing process , they do not get stuck underneath any of the tanks. The tarp also helps with protecting their skin if they jump out so that they don't injure themselves on the metal floor. Elise Chalcraft
Pro Tip: Have a damp towel on hand to place over the catfish's eyes and protect their skin from our nails when we pick them up. Even if you do so carefully, it is better to use a towel to make sure you don’t drop them before reaching the bucket.
We also have to make sure to have weighted lids for the buckets since the catfish are thick-skulled fish, meaning they will try and jump out even if there is a lid! Sometimes they can knock the lid off a bit then jump out the gap, so it is important to have something weighing the lids down, especially when weighing the larger fish!
Relax, sit back, and chill fishy friends!
Weighing can be a stressful situation for fish as they are taken out of the water; therefore, we try and do this as quickly and as stress-free as possible to limit the amount of time in the nets.
We turn the water heaters off at least 24 hours before weighing the fish to ensure that the water temperature drops below 17°C. African catfish can adapt well to temperature changes, and by lowering the temperature, they go into a sort of hibernation to not waste energy on excess movements. They can now chill!
Side note: it is important to not feed them the day before since with the temperature change, their metabolism slows down, and when being weighed, they may throw up their food and pollute the water, shocking the fish more than necessary.
Before the fish are put back into their respective tank, we make sure to divide any significantly larger/ smaller fish into separate buckets to be placed either in a higher or lower tank to equalize the sizes within each tank. This helps reduce bullying among the fish, where the larger ones eat more food and outgrow the other fish in the tank.
|
<urn:uuid:0bc9f5f3-d956-42aa-a05b-fd7a39040224>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.36961179971694946,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.949855387210846,
"url": "https://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/381313/7-kilos-of-happiness"
}
|
The tesseract package provides R bindings Tesseract: a powerful optical character recognition (OCR) engine that supports over 100 languages. The engine is highly configurable in order to tune the detection algorithms and obtain the best possible results.
Keep in mind that OCR (pattern recognition in general) is a very difficult problem for computers. Results will rarely be perfect and the accuracy rapidly decreases with the quality of the input image. But if you can get your input images to reasonable quality, Tesseract can often help to extract most of the text from the image.
Extract Text from Images
OCR is the process of finding and recognizing text inside images, for example from a screenshot, scanned paper. The image below has some example text:
eng <- tesseract("eng")
text <- tesseract::ocr("", engine = eng)
This is a lot of 12 point text to test the
ocr code and see if it works on all types
of file format.
The quick brown dog jumped over the
lazy fox. The quick brown dog jumped
over the lazy fox. The quick brown dog
jumped over the lazy fox. The quick
brown dog jumped over the lazy fox.
Not bad! The ocr_data() function returns all words in the image along with a bounding box and confidence rate.
results <- tesseract::ocr_data("", engine = eng)
# A tibble: 60 × 3
word confidence bbox
<chr> <dbl> <chr>
1 This 96.6 36,92,96,116
2 is 96.9 109,92,129,116
3 a 96.3 141,98,156,116
4 lot 96.3 169,92,201,116
5 of 96.5 212,92,240,116
6 12 96.5 251,92,282,116
7 point 96.5 296,92,364,122
8 text 96.5 374,93,427,116
9 to 96.9 437,93,463,116
10 test 97.0 474,93,526,116
# … with 50 more rows
Language Data
The tesseract OCR engine uses language-specific training data in the recognize words. The OCR algorithms bias towards words and sentences that frequently appear together in a given language, just like the human brain does. Therefore the most accurate results will be obtained when using training data in the correct language.
Use tesseract_info() to list the languages that y
|
<urn:uuid:dfd9be00-da73-455f-805c-bead1b87d954>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.6875,
"fasttext_score": 0.14058196544647217,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.847329318523407,
"url": "https://mirror.rcg.sfu.ca/mirror/CRAN/web/packages/tesseract/vignettes/intro.html"
}
|
Using Calendars to Expand Concepts
Benefits of Adding Expansion to Calendars
• Increases opportunities for social interaction by introducing the “with-who”, “do-what”, “go-where”. In calendar conversations we are learning other people’s names and the characteristics associated with that person.
• Introduces sentence building and word combining through action words, and attributes. Again – “do what”, “with-who” and, “go-where”… “Go to gym class, with coach, and play basket ball”.
This is an example of the calendar being used as a framework on which to hang larger concepts, add detail to conversation, and expand on interaction.
Strip calendar with text and photos
This student is using pictures and has events expanded into “who, what, and where” categories. This “wh-expansion” adds detail to conversation and helps to teach sentence building.
Video Examples: Using the Calendar to Expand Concepts: Expansion Calendar Example
Here you see a video of Jarvis (a few years after the daily calendar example was filmed) and his teacher using an expanded calendar. They are having a discussion about their upcoming trip to the drum store. Notice how each activity for the day has been expanded to include “With who”, “Do what, and “Go where”. In this instance, going with “Matt”, in the “van” to “explore” the “drum store”. This helps to create new topics for conversation, increase vocabulary, and provide additional information.
Jarvis Goes to the Drum Store
A daily calendar example leads to a trip to the drum store with TVI Matt Schultz and others.
|
<urn:uuid:1dc42b8f-f235-4ea3-b0b2-d56423ae3f01>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.96875,
"fasttext_score": 0.06690120697021484,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9400089979171753,
"url": "https://txdeafblindproject.org/communication/calendars/using-calendars-to-expand-concepts/"
}
|
Disgust in cultural
Disgust is the name given to the sensation of a strong aversion in connection with aversion. Unlike other less severe forms of rejection, disgust expressed sometimes by strong physical reactions such as nausea and vomiting, sweating, falling blood pressure up to fainting. Scientifically, disgust is not just an affect, but also an instinct. The instinctive response is innate with regard to certain smells, tastes and visions. Additional feelings of disgust will also be during socializationacquired. Disgust serves the prevention of illnesses. Nutritional taboos are also respected because taboo potential foods cause nauseated feelings of disgust.
According to the former view of Lothar Penning, who had dealt with socio-scientific and cultural-historical aspects of disgust, disgust was defined as a social mechanism “that culturally conditioned and pedagogically conveys, makes use of the primitive break and gag reflex, the pre-rational acquired to protect basic social identity. ”
Disgust also plays a role in some phobias, but the essential feature of a phobia is fear, not disgust. Extreme nausea is referred to in psychology as idiosyncrasy. In the case of the disease Huntington’s disease, on the other hand, those affected do not feel any disgust at all and can no longer interpret the corresponding facial expression in others.
Cultural History
Disgust is not a cultural-historical constant, even within a cultural space. The sociologist Norbert Elias, in his work On the Process of Civilization, has shown that today’s European notions of “decent behavior” have evolved over the centuries through the Middle Ages, and that their manifestation is part of a social process in the process of control physical needs became more important. This process started from the nobility and gradually became the overall social standard. Elias uses sources, especially table-toppers, to show a sense of shame and embarrassment increase significantly over the centuries, which corresponds to an increase in disgust sensitivity.
Handkerchiefs were used by the nobility only in modern times, before it was common practice to blow their hands and then wipe them on their clothes. Often the tablecloth, which was only available to the nobility, was used, but in the 15th century this was already considered unfaithful. When eating, you should blow your left hand because you ate with your right hand (the fork was introduced gradually in the 16th century).
In a medieval table breed it says “do not spit over or on the table” and “do not spit in the basin if you wash your hands”. The spitting itself is not objected to, even in the presence of others or while eating. It was considered decent to spit under the table or behind. Regular spitting out of saliva was considered necessary. In the seventeenth century it was not proper to spit on the earth in the presence of superior people; in the eighteenth century the use of a handkerchief and a certain discretion were demanded. In the house were in the upper layers spittoonscommon. In the 19th century, it is said in an English quote: “Spitting is at all times a disgusting habit” (spitting is a disgusting habit at all times).
According to Elias, hygiene concepts have nothing to do with the increasing taboo of spitting, as this is hardly cited as justification. “So too the feelings of embarrassment and disgust increase the secretion of sputum long before one has any clear idea of the transmission of certain pathogens through the sputum. The motivation from a societal point of view exists long before the motivation by scientific insights. ” The sensitivity to body exudates of others had obviously increased over the centuries. In many Asian countries, however, spitting in public is still common and does not arouse disgust.
Other body excretions were not considered disgusting for a long time. It was quite common at all stalls to make the public need, as evidenced by sources. In a writing by Erasmus of Rotterdam it says “Incivile est eum salutare, qui reddit urinam aut alvum exonerat ” (it is rude to greet someone who is just urinating or relieved). At that time in the 16th century emerging rules to suppress Flatulenzen, he described as inappropriate, since that is not healthy. Beginning of the 17th century is expected that the defecationwithout witnesses takes place in secret. However, this does not apply to the emperors and kings, who regularly seated themselves in the so-called ” Leibstuhl” and granted audiences as a special favor.
Then, in 1729, a French author declares: “Il est très incivil de laisser sortir des vents de son corps, soit par haut, soit par bas, quan mesme ce seroit sans faire aucun bruit, lorsqu’on est en compagnie.” (It is very uncivilized to let your body escape in the presence of other air, be it up or down, even if it happens silently). Elias notes an increasing sensitivity in dealing with all utterances of instinct, whereby the newly introduced rules of behavior first of all had the function of social differentiation, the distinction of the socially superior from the “people”.
In general, odor tolerance in Europe used to be much greater than it is today, and odors have long been given no particular attention. Alain Corbin describes the situation in Paris at the time of Rousseau: ” the droppings accumulate everywhere, in the avenues, at the foot of the turnpikes, in the cabs. The Kloakenentleerer pollute the streets; In order to save their way to the Schindanger, they simply dump the barrels into the gutter. The mills and tanneries also play their part in increasing the amount of urine. The facades of the Parisian houses are decomposed by urine. ”
Smell and stench were only publicly discussed in the 18th century. “From the mid-18th to the end of the 19th century, a process reinforced by the French historian Alain Corbin as the ‘olfactory revolution’, as a fundamental change in the perception, evaluation and interpretation of the odors. Characteristic is the growing collective sensitivity to all kinds of odors. Although the intensity and penetrance of the odors had not changed in previous epochs, the tolerance threshold dropped almost abruptly, and everything that was considered normal so far – the odors of the Body, the living spaces and the city, the smell of faeces and manure, stinking waste mountains, etc. – was now considered unbearable. ”
Background of the new odor reaction and the associated disgusting reactions were the scientific miasma theory emerging at that time and the assumption that strong odors are carriers of pathogens, meaning that the smell alone could cause disease. This led to a fundamental change in the concepts of cleanliness and hygiene and to strive for the “cleansing” of the air. At the same time, there was an aversion to the perception of body odors, both one’s own and those of others. In the following years, unlike the “common people”, the upper classes succeeded in largely eliminating their own odor or by using fragrancesdrowning, body odor became a social differentiator.
The slaughter of livestock and their processing into meat and sausage products was basically public for centuries, both in the countryside and in the cities. Hardly anyone took offense at the sight. It was not until the 19th century that slaughterhouses were relocated to the outskirts of cities, which, according to sociologists, was associated with a heightened sense of disgust. Around the same time it is also unusual to serve prepared animals in the whole and only at on the board carve. A French cookbook from 1894 states: “By virtue of skillful decoration or refined cooking methods hiding the cruel appearance of pieces of meat, cooking certainly contributes to a refinement of customs. Compare what I have called the “nations of the bloody courts” with the “nations of the sauces” and then see whether the latter is not the more civilized. ”
Cultural differences
Because disgust is partially a result of social conditioning, there are differences among different cultures in the objects of disgust. Americans “are more likely to link feelings of disgust to actions that limit a person’s rights or degrade a person’s dignity” while Japanese people “are more likely to link feelings of disgust to actions that frustrate their integration into the social world”.
Practices construed as socially acceptable, may also be met with reactions of aversion by other cultures. For example, instead of kissing, mothers from the Manchu minority ethnic group, as only researched in the 1900s in Aigun of Northern Manchuria where the researcher S. M. Shirokogoroff personally believed the Manchu element were “purer” than those of Southern Manchuria and Peking, used to show affection for their children by performing fellatio on their male babies, placing the penis in their mouths and stimulating it, while the Manchu regarded public kissing with revulsion. Also, Chinese and Vietnamese culture directly advocate consuming human placenta. Chinese nursing mothers were suggested to boil the placenta and drink the broth to improve the quality of their milk. Similiarly, Chinese also consume the bull penis soup for health purpose.
Disgust in literature
The Latin poetry of antiquity contains a whole series of disgusting descriptions, often in the context of military conflicts, even if there is no Latin term that corresponds exactly to this emotion. There is the term fastidium with the meaning of weariness, taedium with the connotation of extreme boredom and nausea for physical nausea.
While Vergil largely dispenses with drastic effects, they occur in Ovid, but almost exclusively in his work Metamorphoses. In a battle of Centaurs he describes in great detail various wounds and mutilations. “With Seneca, the portrayal of the horrible in Roman poetry reaches its first peak.” Seneca is a Stoic; the descriptions have with him the task of making clear the imperturbability of his heroes, which can not be defeated by disgust. That in his tragediesrecurrent motive is the injury and destruction of the human body. The most dramatic scenes can be found in his work Thyestes. The highlight is the sacrificial slaughter of the sons of Atreus and the description of how they are prepared as a meal.
“No work of Roman literature is as rich in grisly and disgusting games as the Pharsalia Lukans. Lukan’s historical epic almost appears as a reservoir of Roman tradition of horror. ” The battle of Pharsalos and the downfall of the Roman Republic are portrayed. Two sections are devoted to the decay of corpses, as well as a detailed account of cruel death scenarios as a result of snake bites, and more. a. the gradual dissolution of a body. The works of Statius and Silius Italicus indulge a little less in gruesome motives and tie in so far more to Ovid.
Modern Literature
Motives of the disgusting can be found later in the pre-modern literature, but more in the form of the grotesque. An example is Gargantua and Pantagruel by François Rabelais, where urine, feces and bodily secretions play a role. However, the author does not want to provoke disgust, but strives for the “effect of liberating laughter”. The literary treatment of these motifs changes from Voltaire, who consciously portrays in Candide the ugly and the repulsive as an antithesis to the idea of theodicy, in which even evil always makes sense. A quotation: “When he went for a walk the following day, he met a beggar covered with pus-covered beggars with extinguished eyes, gnawed-up nose, crooked mouth, and black tooth stumps, who had to growl every word hoarse; horrible coughing fits tormented him, spitting out a tooth every time. ”
The break with the tradition of the “fine arts” can also be found in Heinrich von Kleist. ” Penthesilea (1808) is the first great literary work of literary extremism. The drama does not want to cause more fear and pity, but provokes catharsis by disgust. Later authors of the 19th century, think of the Romantics above all, were careful not to be extreme. ”
The literary direction of naturalism treated social problems and also represented illness, alcoholism and physical degeneration, disgusting motives were accepted as a means of provocation and criticism. The leading figure was Émile Zola, the most important German representative was Gerhart Hauptmann.
In France, Georges Bataille, Charles Baudelaire, the Comte de Lautréamont, Paul Verlaine and Arthur Rimbaud were among the modern writers who in their works were partially taboo dramatically. Repellent is treated by them for its own sake, to describe life in its “brutality and animality”. Baudelaires Les Fleurs du Mal caused a scandal and led to a criminal case.
Targeted at disgust effects are also representatives of Expressionism, such as Gottfried Benn, Georg Trakl and Hans Henny Jahnn. “In aesthetic terms, the extremist specializes in the destruction of literary norms and linguistic rules. Paired with his eccentric language is the preference for taboo or popular “. Trakl theme in his poems decay, decay and death, as well as the medical Benn. Jahnn’s drama Pastor Ephraim Magnus (1919) “is a peculiar repository of atrocities and horrors that are unparalleled in view of the extreme accumulation of topics such as necrophilia, cannibalism, castration,Blasphemy, incest and decay. Jahnn’s drama is based on the anti-aesthetic effect of disgust as explicitly as nowhere else after Penthesilea. ”
Related Post
Disgust is also a key concept in Friedrich Nietzsche’s work Thus sprach Zarathustra. Zarathustra is here a forerunner of the expected superman and as such a man without disgust, it is said. In a scene, however, he sets his “abysmal thought” and breaks it out in the exclamation: “Disgust, disgust, disgust – woe to me!” Again and again in this piece is disgusting themed and it will “the entire metaphor of spitting, choking out “Vomiting, including all the fecal juries – a whole world of fie – endeavors.” The overcoming of any disgust is portrayed by Nietzsche as an aspired goal. Numerous statements show that the philosopher himself was very disgusting, which he euphemistically reinterpreted as “hypersensitivity”. Nietzsche’s disgust with the common, ordinary lowlands of humanity can already be found in the early work, as does the transference of disgust from the physiological to the moral world. ” He writes at one point:” I am perfectly irritable of the cleanliness instinct so that I smell the innermost, the ‘guts’ of every soul physiologically If I have been right to observe, those of my cleanliness and indifferent natures also feel the caution of my disgust on their part The disgust at the people, the ‘rabble’ was always my greatest danger. ”
The writer Franz Kafka has expressed himself in private letters and records of personal feelings of disgust. As a motif, this emotion plays a role in his story The Transfiguration, in which the protagonist transforms overnight into an insect (“pest”), whereupon the family reacts with horror and increasing disgust.
In German-language literature of the 20th century disgust is often discussed, especially among Austrian authors. “The staging of the ugly and repulsive, which has become a central theme of literary modernism since the poetry of Charles Baudelaire, is represented in almost unprecedented fashion in twentieth-century Austrian literature.” Typical representatives are Thomas Bernhard, Josef Winkler, Werner Schwab and Elfriede Jelinek. In her works there are numerous taboos, represented by the means of a “violent rhetoric” (excitable speech), which also wants to attack the body of the reader.
The French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre has written a novel called The Disgust (La nausée), which is considered the literary masterpiece of existentialism. The protagonist’s disgust is fundamentally directed against the supposed futility and uncertainty of any existence. Names for this as it were purely spiritual disgust are Daseinsekel or Weltekel. The described feelings of the main character Antoine Roquentin are assigned in psychology, however, the melancholy and occur among others in depressiveson. “Melancholy can be described from an existential analytical point of view as follows: on the one hand as alienation of man from oneself, the other and things, on the other hand as inhibition of existence, that is, as a modification of the relation to time, of temporality.” This alienation is an essential feature of Roquentin’s condition. Sartre originally wanted to call the novel Melancholia.
Staged disgust
Not only beauty, but also terrifying and grotesque has always been portrayed in literature and art, although not necessarily with the aim of arousing disgust. “In Naturalism and Expressionism, the representations of the disgusting are directed against the beautiful appearance of classical art. The aesthetic of beauty was juxtaposed with that of the ugly in a provocative way. ” In the emerging theory of aesthetics in the eighteenth century, the ugly and disgusting was at first completely ignored.
Freud’s psychology regards disgust as an ambivalent emotion, based on the baby’s original interest in fecal matter, which he is only weaned off with the help of socialization. Thus, the former “object of desire” is transformed into an object of displeasure and disgust. In the layers of the unconscious, however, the repressed fascination is retained and repeatedly appears in masked form, according to this theory. ” MasochisticPersonalities do something similar to the reader or viewer of artistic representations of the terrible or disgusting. They can be magically attracted by unlucky-moving objects. The hidden source of pleasure lies in the satisfaction of a more or less conscious need for punishment over forbidden desires and impulses. ” The gusting of staged disgust in the field of art is socially accepted. Public indignation about taboo violations is generally directed only against the respective artists, not against the recipients. In doing so, the audience voluntarily sets itself aside from the disgusting and temporary, so that a certain inner distance can be built up, especially in the field of film, theater or painting.
According to Thomas Anz, “disgusting” also fulfills other (unconscious) needs. “Fantasies about collective catastrophes of apocalyptic proportions, which in the history of art and literature are always associated with disgusting fantasies, correspond at the same time to moral and aggressive needs in the tradition of religious apocalypse.”
Modern Art
The conscious provocation of feelings of disgust is a means of different directions of modern art and is mainly used in performances. The disgust is often triggered by the use of body fluids and products, which are declared “art material”. In doing so, social taboos are violated. Known for this was the so-called Viennese Actionism. Also body art as a form of action art and eat art use partially disgusting effects. By their own admission, the artists want to express a protest against social constraints and values.
Among other things, the Viennese actionists declared that they wanted a special intensity of expression and the overpowering of the spectators, which could only be achieved by direct physical intervention. The best-known appearance of the group in an auditorium of the University of Vienna in 1968 was to publicly urinate, defecate and vomit and in between to sing the Austrian national anthem. It was about to show “that the people are more upset with a load of shit, than in all reports on the then-fought Vietnam War.” The greatest popularity of the Viennese actionists in the following period Hermann Nitschwho, in his performances, let a lot of animal blood flow. He had animals slaughtered publicly and then smeared blood and offal canvases and persons. In addition, he created “Schüttbilder” by running blood over canvas. At the beginning of the 1970s, Nitsch turned to the theater and since then regularly performs so-called “orgies-mystery games”. He has written a comprehensive theoretical essay on his art and refers to theories of Sigmund Freud. The goal of his performances was the dissolution of neuroses and a catharsis.
Influenced by Viennese actionism are the performances of Paul McCarthy, which deliberately focus on disgusting effects. In 1975, for example, he produced his video Sailor’s Meat, in which McCarthy acted with a blond women’s wig and panties and smeared for 28 minutes with the help of ketchup, mayonnaise and raw meat, which he first chewed and then spit out again. He also handled a dildo, which he dipped into the mayonnaise. Self-staining is a stylistic device of body art. “If McCarthy own excrements with typical American products like ketchup, mayonnaise, body cream or hot dogsmixed into a hideous sauce, it attacks the concept of cleanliness in society. ”
Often excrement is used in the “disgusting art”. Particularly well-known is the Merda d’artista (“artist’s shit “) by Piero Manzoni. In May 1961, he allegedly filled 90 tin cans with his own feces, numbered and signed them and offered them for the equivalent of 30 grams of gold. The cans today have a high collector value, and it is unclear what the content actually consists of. The disgust is based solely on the idea. Wim Delvoye constructed a mechanical object called CloacaIt simulates the digestive process deceptively real with the help of bio-reactors and eliminates artificial feces after feeding with food, which corresponds and smells like chemically genuine fecal matter. These excretions are now purchased by collectors.
Even dead animals are used in modern art to provoke and cause disgust. Damien Hirst lays animal carcasses in formaldehyde and exhibits them. The most famous object is an inlaid tiger shark from the 1990s, which now begins to decay, because it can not be preserved permanently. Austrian action artist Wolfgang Flatzmade in 2001 with an action called “meat” quite a stir in the media, as he dropped a dead ox from a helicopter in Berlin. After the impact, several firecrackers exploded. Flatz hung on a construction crane during the action in Christ pose. According to him, he wanted to point out the disturbed relationship of society to the topic of meat. The influence of Viennese Actionism is clearly recognizable.
Decay, putrefaction and putrefaction are also themes of modern art. Dieter Roth deliberately made objects of food moldy, as did Briton Sam Taylor-Wood in a video in fast motion. Photographers who deliberately use disgusting effects include Joel-Peter Witkin and Cindy Sherman.
In his treatise on the theory of aesthetics, Theodor W. Adorno has established a general preference of modern art for the disgusting and physically repulsive. He sees this as an indication of the tendency to “sue” society and “denounce the world” by demonstratively presenting the denied and repressed.
Modern Theater
Hermann Nitsch has meanwhile mainly shifted his art of action to the theater. He regularly performs in his own castle in Austria the so-called orgies-mystery games, in which u. a. Slaughtered animals are gutted, accompanied by orchestral sounds. Nitsch integrates religious sacrificial rituals and elements of the Christian liturgy. In 2005, he was allowed to perform this spectacle for the first time in the renowned Vienna Burgtheater.
The modern German director’s theater now also often uses blood and other body fluids, which has led to theatrical critics to form the keyword disgusting theater and in the recent past to a controversial discussion of German theater, in which all national print media have participated. “At the moment it is being discussed whether actors on Germany’s stages often puke, piss and masturbate, or do even more terrible things. ‘Disgusting theater’ is that. ” The director Christoph Schlingensief is considered one of the” pioneers “of this direction. 2006 smeared the actors of the Macbeth production of Jürgen Goschin Dusseldorf with excrement and fake blood, on the big stages in Berlin and Hamburg there were also performances in which blood and urine played an important role.
Striking is that there are staging in this style so far only in German-speaking countries. Director Nicolas Stemann explains this with the self-image of German theater, which sees itself as political: “For us, since Brecht, it has been about winning society for political discourse and using the theater for it. Or since Schiller. ” Stephan Kimmig points out that in each crime scene more blood and violence can be seen than on the theater stages.
In 1965, Roman Polański’s Film Repulsion (Rejection / Defense) came out in Germany under the title Disgust, but the English title better characterizes the content. The protagonist Carol can not stand closeness and touch by men, her defenses have phobic and neurotic features and increase to hate; her feelings of disgust are part of her mental disorder. Disgust at the audience excite a chopped rabbit head, which Carol puts in her handbag, and then in the apartment slowly rotting rabbit roast.
Horror films often rely on disgusting effects, but they are less common outside of this genre. In the 1960s, a special category was the so-called Splatter, which is characterized by a particularly excessive display of violence and banned in many countries. In movies too, disgust usually occurs when taboos are violated, although this need not always be explicitly demonstrated. Cannibalism is very much taboo, and films with scenes of eating human flesh have long been considered scandalous per se. Examples are The Pigsty by Pier Paolo Pasolini (1968) and Weekend by Jean-Luc Godard (1967). InThe cook, the thief, his wife, and her lover of Peter Greenaway (1989) cannibalism is just one of numerous taboo phrases; Here, a man is finally prepared as a roast with vegetables and herbs.
In the black comedy The Rose War, a wife takes revenge on her husband, who has run over her cat by having him eat a pate, which she tells him after the meal that she has processed his dog in it. The preparation is not visible. The director Fruit Chan from Hong Kong, who shot a film entitled Public Toilet in 2002 and Dumplings in 2004, has repeatedly dealt with “disgusting issues”. Dumplingsare Chinese dumplings. In Chan’s film, a Chinese promises to help women to eternal beauty and youth through her very special dumplings. In the course of the film, it becomes clear that the filling consists essentially of aborted embryos. In China, the film was not shown. Chan hinted in an interview that the theme of the film has a real background.
The director Luis Buñuel has violated the taboos in society in many of his films with the repulsive and disgusting. An ironic head he offers in his late work The specter of freedom: Here a dinner party is shown, which, sitting together around a table, emptied into toilets. In between, individuals apologize to steal a bite in a cabinet.
Disgust is also used deliberately in television programs. In the 12th episode of the series A Heart and a Soul broadcast in 1973, the main character “Disgust Alfred” caused a stir with a footbath in the potato bowl. Later, the disgust caused by the viewer played a role, especially in so-called reality shows. Already in 1996, the show Glücksritter made headlines. In Germany, the 2004 RTL broadcast I am a star – Get me out of here! for fierce public discussions. The media spoke of “disgusting television”; At the time, the word creation was the word of the year in the electionranked 5th In this reality show, more or less prominent participants lived for some time in a camp in the Australian jungle, where they were filmed daily around the clock. For high ratings and fierce criticism provided the regular “test of courage”. For example, Daniel Küblböck had to take a “bath” in several thousand cockroaches for several minutes. The show reached several million viewers and a market share of over 30 percent. Michael Konken, chairman of the German Journalists Association, spoke of a “low point in television entertainment” and “voyeuristic perversion”, in which the Ekelgrenze’ll exceeded.
Despite the criticism of the jungle camp RTL sent some time later a format in which disgust also plays an important role: the show Fear Factor, which has been broadcast very successfully since 2001 at the US station NBC. Among other things, the American candidates had to eat worms and cow’s eyes, were put in a container with snakes or covered with 400 rats. Similar broadcasts are also broadcast in other countries, mostly with high ratings.
A continuation of the “disgusting television” is the series entitled Autopsy – Mysterious Deaths on RTL 2. “Disguised as a series of documentation on the work of criminologists and forensic scientists, bodies of all kinds are presented in every imaginable stage of decay and dissolution. And all real. ” There are also autopsies. In the main target group of 14 to 29-year-olds, the show reaches an audience rating of 13 percent. “Such an aggressive and public-serial presentation of death, mortality and decomposition may not have been on television yet.” According to the journalist Oliver Pfohlmann, the interest of the audience consists both of the desire for tension and of ” voyeurism with sadistic proportions”. The program is something of a “virtual test of courage”.
Media researchers explain the overall success of reality shows similar. According to studies, these formats are mainly favored by “persons with voyeuristic inclinations”, whereby the level of education plays no role. “For non-fearful audiences, voyeurism leads to an intense entertainment experience. By contrast, anxious recipients try to overcome their own fears by looking at the relevant content. ”
Source from Wikipedia
|
<urn:uuid:0a5422fb-3c7d-467d-b1a2-a95421facd80>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.037259459495544434,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.960828423500061,
"url": "https://www.hisour.com/disgust-in-cultural-35974/amp/"
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.