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The Heisenberg Principle of Observation 1. Every event is changed by the observation of that event. 2. The momentum of an event is changed by observation. According to the scientific principles of physics, as awareness is raised about the facts of starvation in nursing homes, the practice of starvation will change. Other methods will undoubtedly be devised to end life, however, no method is more barbaric or inhumane than withholding food and water. The Principles of Non Locality 1. Related objects affect each other regardless of their locality and regardless of the distance between them. 2. Particles influence each others' momentum (or action) even when separated by vast distance. 3. One particle's momentum affects the momentum (or action) of other particles. (Once particles come into contact, they continue to affect each another, regardless of the space or time between them). Spatial and Temporal Non Locality Temporal non locality relates to the time factor between particles or events. Spatial non locality applies to distance. Events, particles or momentum in the past can not be changed. However, events particles or momtum in the future can be changed. The Heisenberg Principle inspires endless possiblities in society.	<urn:uuid:f8fb7e96-1572-43ae-85c6-911f2cf10a3d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.8125, "fasttext_score": 0.2832099199295044, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7489320635795593, "url": "http://quantumjustice.org/heisenberg.html" }
In light of celebrating World Animal Day on October 4 - The mating system of a ‘lazy’ mammal, Hoffmann's two-toed sloth Theory predicts that mating systems are influenced by sex-specific selection pressures and the dispersion of females, but potential constraints imposed by a species' life history and physiology are rarely considered. Sloths, or ‘perezosos’ (the ‘lazies’) in Spanish, are one of the most sedentary terrestrial mammals on Earth, and we hypothesized that their low mobility would constrain the ability of males to take advantage of the ‘polygamy potential’ of their environment. We characterized the reproductive strategy of Hoffmann's two-toed sloths, Choloepus hoffmanni, in an agro-ecosystem in northeastern Costa Rica by assigning paternity, characterizing the spatial distribution of related individuals and describing the space use of 157 individuals. Spatial patterns of relatedness suggested that natal dispersal was female biased and sufficient to avoid inbreeding. Five (36%) adult males sired offspring with more than one female, and we observed three apparent extraterritorial matings, indicating that sloths were not strictly monogamous. Read the full article here	<urn:uuid:47ce8914-709a-4f4d-b4bd-a5a3a07c81fc>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.02984410524368286, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9324342608451843, "url": "https://www.journals.elsevier.com/animal-behaviour/media-coverage/the-mating-system-of-a-lazy-mammal/" }
What Do Persimmon Trees Leaves Look Like? By John Lindell The persimmon tree is a member of the Ebony family, a group of plants that contains just two trees native to the United States—the common persimmon and the Texas persimmon. Persimmons produce a fruit that has a taste mimicking that of dates, according to the "National Audubon Field Guide to Trees." The common persimmon grows in the lower eastern half of the nation, while the Texas persimmon exists in southern Texas. The leaves that grow on the persimmon's branches have distinct features. Persimmon fruit has a taste that mimic dates. The common persimmon leaf is a glossy darker shade of green on its upper side, but a much paler hue of green underneath. The underneath portion of a common persimmon leaf can appear to be almost whitish at times. The Texas persimmon leaf is shiny above, with a dark green color, while its underside is dull green. The length of the common persimmon leaf varies; some leaves are as short as 2.5 inches and others reaching 6 inches long, states the Virginia Department of Forestry website. The width also varies, with some common persimmon leaves just an inch and a half wide and others as wide as 3 inches. Texas persimmon leaves are smaller than the leaves of common persimmon, with the longest being an inch and a half in length. The diameter of a Texas persimmon leaf will fall in the range of between 3/8 of an inch and ¾ of an inch. Persimmon leaves are what botanists refer to as a simple leaf, with just one blade. The shape of these leaves is elliptical to oblong. The persimmon leaf has a rounded end, with some having a small notch. The edges, or margins, of the persimmon leaf have no serrations and are smooth as you run your finger along them. Autumn Persimmon Leaves The fall coloration of the persimmon tree is usually less than spectacular, states the Ohio Department of Natural Resources site. While in some cases the leaves will develop streaks of such colors as red-purple, orange and yellow, most of the time the leaves just change to a different shade of a lighter green. The persimmon is a deciduous tree, with the foliage falling off the branches well before winter. The pattern of leaf growth on a persimmon branch is alternate, with one leaf emerging from the individual nodes on the limbs. The undersides of persimmon leaves are pubescent, says the University of Connecticut Plant Database. This means that fine minute hairs exist on the underneath portion of the leaves, a feature that does not appear on the upper sides. The leaves grow thick in the upper branches of a young persimmon specimen, making the tree attractive with the dark green colors.	<urn:uuid:78b7dd41-ae6f-443a-9b69-18210dc290a2>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.04831552505493164, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9527376294136047, "url": "https://www.hunker.com/12306553/what-do-persimmon-trees-leaves-look-like" }
Glaciation Lesson 4 Published on Published in: Travel, Technology 1 Comment No Downloads Total views On SlideShare From Embeds Number of Embeds Embeds 0 No embeds No notes for slide Glaciation Lesson 4 1. 1. Key idea: distinctive land forms result from different processes Landforms resulting from erosion – characteristics and formation of corries, arêtes, pyramidal peaks, truncated spurs, glacial troughs and hanging valleys. Landforms resulting from transportation and deposition – drumlins, lateral, medial, ground and terminal moraine. 2. 2. Glacial Erosion – Swiss Alpine Glacier Corrie where snow accumulation takes place. Glacier flows downhill from corrie. 3. 3. Corries (=cirque, cwm) <ul><li>Start as sheltered hollows near the top of a mountain </li></ul><ul><li>Snow collects in the hollow (snow fields = neves). The weight of the snow compacts the base of the snow patch to form glacier ice </li></ul><ul><li>Ice moves downhill due to gravity </li></ul><ul><li>As it moves it plucks rocks from the back wall and the hollow is deepened by process of abrasion </li></ul><ul><li>Plucking and freeze thaw make the back wall steep. The loosened rocks fall on to the glacier to form moraine. </li></ul><ul><li>The glacier becomes thicker away from the back wall. Thicker ice can erode more than thinner ice, so the floor of the corrie is deepened. At the same time the glacier is moving due to rotational slip which deepens the hollow. </li></ul><ul><li>The rotational movement also means that the ice is moving upwards near the mouth of the corrie. Ice erodes less at the front edge and so a corrie lip is formed </li></ul><ul><li>When the ice malts a small lake may form behind the lip. This is called a corrie lake or tarn </li></ul> 4. 4. Helvellyn <ul><li>One of the highest peaks. This is Red Tarn - a lake within a corrie. </li></ul><ul><li>What are the key features? </li></ul><ul><li>Arêtes </li></ul><ul><li>Steep back wall </li></ul><ul><li>Corrie lip </li></ul> 5. 5. Coe appearance – diagram and map Steep contours Armchair shaped hollow Corrie lip tarn 6. 6. RED TARN 7. 7. Arêtes <ul><li>This is a knife edge ridge which separates two corries. </li></ul><ul><li>E.g. Striding Edge </li></ul> 8. 8. What does an arête look like? Steep back wall Corrie lake ( or Tarn) This is Striding Edge above Red Tarn in the Lake District arête 9. 10. Aretes 10. 11. Aretes and map Look for a high, narrow, rocky ridge 11. 12. Pyramidal Peaks <ul><li>These are formed when three or more corries form around a mountain. They cut backwards to leave a ‘horn’ or pyramidal peak. </li></ul> 12. 13. Glacial features on an OS map 13. 14. Pyramid Peak Arete Valley Glacier Corrie 14. 16. Pyramid Peaks K2 in the Himalayas 8,611metres high! 15. 17. U shaped Valleys 16. 19. U-shaped valley formation 17. 20. Langdale – a U-shaped valley Steep valley sides Flat valley floor 18. 21. On an O.S. map 19. 22. <ul><li>What is this feature? </li></ul><ul><li>Look at how this valley appears to be suspended above the valley below </li></ul><ul><li>It is a hanging valley </li></ul><ul><li>How is it created? </li></ul> 20. 24. Receding tributary glacier Medial moraines Former height of glacier Main valley glacier Hanging valley Truncated spur U shaped valley ‘ Misfit’ stream Waterfall Corrie Pyramid peak Truncated spur	<urn:uuid:aaa0a8ae-1b8f-4a71-81ef-0bd26d8d950a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.46875, "fasttext_score": 0.07532936334609985, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7573441863059998, "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/tudorgeog/glaciation-lesson-4-presentation" }
The Celts were a West European group of people who's history goes back to the second century BC. They lived in tribes and roamed the Western Europe. There is a legend that the Celtic cross was designed by Saint Patrick who was trying to convert the pagan Irish people. This cross is a combination of the Christian cross and the sun, which was worshipped by the Celtic druids.The oldest examples of crosses are those engraved or painted on flat pebbles, dating from 10,000 BC, found in a cave in the French Pyrenees. These stones were believed to contain the spirits of the dead.The cross with the characteristic circle is probably the most recognized of all Celtic symbols. The center of the cross is also representative of the center place where all forces of Life, source of the four mystic rivers, summit of the world mountain, and other interpretations of the X that marks the spot. Its meaning can also represent navigation, we can look to the cross as a symbolic compass, guiding us through a spiritual sea.	<urn:uuid:8ec5e52c-f57e-4986-a1e0-b4ef090d4208>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.19094008207321167, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9744669795036316, "url": "http://ditsypeach.blogspot.com/2011/10/about-celtic-knot-crosses.html" }
The Jojoba Plant Jojoba, scientifically named Simmodsia chinensis, is part of the Simmondsiaceae family and this plant is native to the desert areas in California, Arizona and Mexico, as well as certain parts of Africa. This plant is commercially grown for the oil that can be extracted from its seeds. In India’s Thar Desert, this plant is utilized to prevent and fight desertification. Description of the Jojoba Plant This plant reaches heights of approximately 3.3 to 6.6 feet tall, but there are some plants in the wild as tall as 9.8 feet. The crown of the jojoba plant is dense and broad, and leaves are oval in shape. The leaves are approximately 0.59 to 1.18 inches broad and 0.79 to 1.57 inches in length. Greenish-yellow, small flowers that do not have any petals, but possess five to six sepals surround the gray-green, thick, waxy leaves. Reproduction of the Jojoba Plant Jojoba FlowersThe majority of all jojoba plants are either male or female, however, the rare hermaphroditic jojoba plant does occur. Male plants pollinate the seeds that come from the flowers on the female plants. The leaves on this plant are aerodynamic which makes it easy for wind to take pollen on a male flower and deliver it to a female plant for pollination. Pollination is between February and March for jojoba plants in the Northern hemisphere and between August and September for the jojoba plants in the southern hemisphere. Jojoba Plant History The jojoba plant was first discovered by Native Americans who used it for its medicinal properties, such has wound healing and treating sores. Jesuit missionaries in Baia came across this plant in the early eighteenth century and learned to soften the seeds with heat and then create a salve with the extracted oils. They used this salve to soothe the skin, nourish the hair and aid in the treatment of an array of skin conditions. Cultivation and Modern Uses of the Jojoba Plant The jojoba plant is most popular for the jojoba oil extracted from the seeds. This oil is ideal for the skin because it is similar to the sebum that humans produce. This allows for skin soothing and moisturization without clogging the pores like other, heavier oils do. With its temperature-dependent viscosity, lubricating properties and lack of odor, it is ideal for people of all skin and hair types. This oil is also used in the pharmaceutical industry in the creation of pharmaceutical compounds. These compounds are most often used in specialty and high-end skincare products. Some prescription skincare products, such as anti-acne preparations, may also contain this oil. The jojoba plant has a rich history and many of its characteristics are quite unique. The medicinal uses of the plant date back centuries and many of these uses are still popular today. The oil from jojoba seeds has many uses and many of these are backed by valid scientific research.	<urn:uuid:2e6ecabd-81b8-40b0-a454-743f2c659245>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.023027777671813965, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9667331576347351, "url": "http://thejojobaoil.com/jojoba-plant/" }
Module Eight: Working with Valuation Lists Using Valuation Lists In this module you will learn about Valuation Lists, and how they can be used to reconstruct a family. "May there be a generation of children on the children of your children." - Irish Blessing What is a Valuation List? Valuation Lists are land records created in connection with Griffith's Valuation. Some were created in preparation for Griffith's Valuation, and some were created as a continuation of the primary valuation. These are often overlooked resources that can add value to your Irish research, and may help you reconstruct families. In preparation for the primary Griffith's Valuation, three types of book were created: • House Books • Land Books • Tenure Books These books have been microfilmed, and the films can be ordered from the LDS Family History Libraries. Understanding a House Book House Books were books that recorded the size and quality of each house to determine its value. If you have found your ancestor in Griffith's Valuation, then you can check the House Book to see what kind of house they lived in. James R. Reilly explains the details of these records in Richard Griffith and His Valuations of Ireland. The valuator "measured each house in the townland and recorded the data in a house book". Then "supplied with their house books, each valuator "having examined the building with care...is to enter in his book...the quality letter...which according to the tables determines the price". Reilly further explains that "houses were of three classes: new, medium, and old; within each class a house was assigned a quality letter that best described its state of repair, age and construction. B+ Medium (not new) but in sound order, and good repair B Medium, slightly decayed, but in good repair B- Medium, deteriorated by age, and not in perfect repair C+ Old, but in repair C Old and out of repair C- Old, and dilapidated, scarcely habitable Each letter was further qualified with the number 1, 2, or 3: 1 Slated roof house of stone or brick with lime mortar 2 Thatched roof house of stone or brick with lime mortar 3 Thatched house of stone walls with mud mortar or mud walls of the best kind 4 Basement stories of slated houses used as dwellings" (Reilly, J.R. (2000). Richard Griffith and His Valuations of Ireland. Baltimore, MD, Clearfield) House Book Understanding Land Books Land Books were created in preparation for Griffith's Valuation to evaluate the quality of the land and soil. These land or field books required the valuator to dig up the surface of the soil to "determine the nature of the soil, its depth and the nature of the subsoil". This was done so that "by analyzing the kind and quality of soil (arable, stony, sandy, grassy, wet, etc.) a valuator would individually estimate the amount of wheat, for example that the given lot could produce, and set a value by the acre for such soil" (Reilly, 2000). Understanding Tenure Books Tenure Books , or Perambulation Books, were created in preparation for Griffith's Valuation. These books helped in determining the value of the property. According to Reilly, "the surveyor asked the occupant or the landlord, "What is the rent?" and "How is the tenement held (by lease, by the year, owned)? These books allow you to see how your ancestor paid for their dwelling, and their economic status. "An occupier of five acres or less was generally designated as a cottier or laborer. He held his house and land from year to year...Often the laborer paid his rent by working on the landlord's land at 5 or 6 pence a day rather than paying with hard cash. Five acres or less of inferior soil were rented to these occupiers to raise food for their families, since landlords were often unwilling to let good land to a laborer. An occupier holding between five and thirty acres was considered to be a small or medium farmer who usually paid his rent in cash. Small farmers requently rented from year to year, while medium farmers often had a lease for better quality land. An occupier who held thirty acres or more was a strong farmer or grazer of livestock who held a favorable lease on the land" (Reilly, 2000). Tenure Book How Do You Use Valuation Lists? Even after the primary Griffith's Valuation in the 1850s, the creation of valuation lists continued. The lists continued from just a few years after Griffith's Valuation, to as late as 1970. These records, as well as the House Books, Land Books, and Tenure Books can be ordered on microfilm at the LDS Family History Library for your parish. The books continued and the land was revalued every few years. If the previous occupant no longer occupied the property, then their name was crossed out, and the new occupier added. This can often indicate the death or emigration of an ancestor, and the land was often passed on to a wife or son. By following a plot of land through the years, you can see how the family changed. In addition, you can use the property information to look up the current occupier online. In my case, I was able to do this, and found a fourth cousin, the descendent of my great-grandfather's older brother, still on the land my great-grandfather left in the 1850s. Valuation List 1865 Valuation List, showing Jeffrey Carey's property passing to Bridget Carey, Richard Carey lined out due to emigration, and Patrick Carey's property also passing to Bridget Carey. Jeffrey and Richard had emigrated; it is assumed that Patrick died. How Do You Find the Current Occupier? If you know the lot number of the property, you can look up the current occupier at the Valuation Office. This may allow you to contact a distant cousin. Module Eight Assignments Assignment One: Review the House Book for the Carey family shown above in the House Book section. Determine the size of the house. Use the chart to decide its quality - condition, type of roof, and construction. Assignment Two: Use the FamilySearch website to find the Library Catalog for your parish, and determine if House Books, Tenure Books, Land Books, and Valuation Lists are available for your parish. Return to table of contents	<urn:uuid:d4dc8d64-dd8b-4a4e-be75-05047ec69f9b>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.02199709415435791, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9656887054443359, "url": "http://www.boydhouse.com/alice/Carey/careyclassmodule8.html" }
Pandanus fruit ripes from green to orange and red. During several visits over the course of a year it looked like a large berm of tall grass, about the size and height of a one-story house. For some reason it was trimmed back and began to fruit which led to its general identification: Pandanus. That naturally leads to a Pandanus Problem: Which species is it? The genus Pandanus has over 500 members and are found from West Africa eastward to Hawaii, from coastal areas up mountains to 10,000 feet, from species a few feet high to 10o-foot trees. There are many natural species of Pandanus and several cultivated varieties. They are and have been a major textile and food crop throughout the Pacific region and figure significantly in Polynesian culture. Pandanus conoideus fruit produces food and medicine. Also called “Pandans” they fall into two large subgroups, those used for the fruit and those used for the seeds. Some fall in both groups. The ones with edible fruit and or seeds are usually either oily or consist mainly of carbohydrates. That group, generally known as “marita” is mainly Pandanus conoideus and perhaps Pandanus englerianus and Pandanus magnificus. Not every one agrees that the last two are separate species. The edible fruit is mostly red or yellow. Generally after processing it is used as a spread like butter. Another set in this subgroup is Pandanus tectorius which also includes Pandanus leram and the cultivated Pandanus fischerianus. Smoked seeds of the Pandanus julianettii. The second major food group of Pandanus produce edible seeds, some edible raw, some edible after proper cooking. The prime species for that is the ‘karuka’ of New Guinea, which can be either Pandanus brosimos or Pandanus julianettii. The seeds are oily, contain protein, and are on par with coconuts in their use and value. Some experts think all Pandanus species probably produce edible seeds but no one really knows. Trees begin to fruit between seven and eight years old and will produce for some 60 years. When they do fruit it takes two to six months for the fruit to ripen depending upon the species. Those used for oil take two to three months to ripen, seed bearing ones four to six. Unripe Pandanus tectorius Besides carb or oil producing is there any other division we should be aware of? Yes. Wild versions can contain large amounts of calcium-oxalate crystals (raphides and rhomboids) which can irritate the mouth. Heating can break them down. In cultivated version the raphides are reduced or missing so that some forms can be eaten raw. Minus the calcium oxalates Pandanus can be quite nutritional. The fruit flesh of the Pandanus tectorius contains per 100 gram of edible portion: water 80 g, protein 0.4 g, fat 0.3 g, carbohydrates 19 g, fibre 0.3 g. Oven-dried seeds of karuka (Pandanus brosimos) contain per 100 g edible portion: water 6—10 g, protein 8.5—14 g, fat 0.4—37 g, fibre 5—12 g, the remainder ash and carbohydrates A basket made from Pandanus leaves. Pandans used for textiles include Pandanus dubius, Pandanus kaida, and Pandanus tectorius. Various products are made from them as bags, hats, pocketbooks, umbrellas mats, dolls even sails. Pandans did not escape the attention of the oldest still extant foraging group on earth, the Aboriginals of Australia. They used the top leaves for baskets, ate the fruit, and used dead trunks to carry fire with them, smouldering like an all-day, bat-sized cigarette. At least six species have been exported to warm areas of the world. Several species of Pandanus have been planted in Florida including Pandanus amaryllifolius, Pandanus baptistii, Pandanus sanderi, Pandanus tectorius, Pandanus utilius and Pandanus veitchii. Some Pandanus grow in Texas (definitely P. utilis) and many in Hawaii and Puerto Rico. Pandanus tectorius cultivar ‘Antinakarewe’ Among those in Florida Pandanus tectorius, aka Nicobar Breadfruit, is native to the seacoast from southern China to tropical Australia and Polynesia. Common in Hawaii, It’s a tree to 25 feet, spreading branches, numerous prop roots and forms large, dense thickets. The leaves are evergreen, spirally set, strap-like to five feet long. Their edges are spiny and the leaf droops. The female flower is a single spike with a yellow spathe; male inflorescence are on a separate plant, very fragrant, composed of many dangling spikes in long, white spathes. The fruit is a globose, knobby head to ten inches long, orange-yellow, breaking apart when fully ripe, exposing soft edible pulp in the center. The terminal bud is also edible. Leaves are used for thatching and mats. The fleshy pulp of the fruit may be eaten raw, cooked, or made into four, paste and thick flat cakes. Flour is often mixed with palm syrup or diluted with water to make a popular drink. Tender, white bases of the young leaves are eaten raw or cooked. Aerial roots are cooked and eaten or processed into beverage. Flowers and pollen are edible, too. Seeds can be made edible after processing. it’s also called Pandanus odoratissimus though that might just be a variation. Botanists can’t agree. Pandanus tectorius can withstand drought, strong winds, salt spray and propagates readily from seed or branch cuttings, Pandanus amaryllifolius leaves are used for flavoring. Pandanus amaryllifolius, uncommon in Florida, is the only species in the genus with fragrant leaves. It grows between 1.5 and 3 feet tall, sometimes to six feet. When older it produces aerial roots and stilt roots to support itself from falling. Leaves are slender, lush-green and smooth-edged up to 20 inches long. Looks like an amaryllis, hence the name. Leaves have a depressed center running from the base outwards gradually flatten towards the tip. Fragrant young leaves are cooked as a vegetable or used as a condiment. Fresh or died leaves add a musty odor and flavor and green color to tofu, jellies, doughs, curies, syrups, sauces, coconut rice, and sweets. It is also added to cooking oil before cooking as a spice. The leave are used to wrap food such as rice dumplings. Sometimes called Pandanus latifolius. There is a bit of a schism with the Fragrant Pandan. Some insist the leaves are used only for flavoring and removed. Others insist young leaves can be cooked and eaten. As folk dancers say when they encounter a variation in a dance they know… “different village.” Unripe Pandanus utilis fruit. Pandanus utilis, native to Madagascar, is a tree to 60 feet with stilt-like prop roots. Branches are few, sleek, rounded, tipped with clusters of evergreen, strap-like spiny leaves three feet long and three inches wide. Fruit is nearly round, six inches across, compound and rough surface, green, yellowing as it ripens with a small amount of edible pulp, numerous large seeds (which are sometimes called keys.) Leaves are used for matting and baskets. Fiber can be gotten from the roots for cordage and weaving thus the name “utilis” meaning useful. It is very slow growing from seeds or cuttings. Prop roots are also used as torches. Pandanus baptistii is native to the South Sea islands. It is herbaceous and dwarf with a short stem hidden by a clump of upright, arching, one-inch wide ribbon-like leaves. They are blue-green, striped yellow or white, smooth edge. Often grows in clumps. No edibility mentioned. Pandanus sanderi, native to East Indies and Timor, will not survive temperatures below 55 F thus it is usually a houseplant beyond the tropics. Also herbaceous, short stemmed and densely tufted with ribbon-like leaves 2.5 feet long with tiny spines on edges. They too alternate green and yellow from base to tip. Grows in clumps. No mention of edibility. Pandanus veitchii, native to Polynesia, to 40 feet, stilt-like prop roots, few branches, ending in huge clusters of strap-like leaves to eight feet long, three inches wide, bordered on both edges with a white strip, spiny margins and long-pointed tip. Non-fruiting in Florida. Usually a house plant. Leaves used for mats, screens, and lamp shades. Often a potted plant in northern climes. No mention of edibility. Pandanus trees in urban setting Other Pandanus: Pandanus antaresensis, seeds. This species fruits continuously; Pandanus brosimos, West New Guinea, now West Irian Jaya, seeds are edible. Oven-dried seeds of P. brosimos contain per 100 g edible portion: water 6—10 g, protein 8.5—14 g, fat 0.4—37 g, fibre 5—12 g, the remainder consisting of ash and carbohydrates. The tree can grow to 100 feet tall; In Pandanus species that produce white seeds their flavor is similar to coconuts. Pandanus castaneus, oil; Pandanus conoideus, Papua, Indonesia, fruit is edible cooked, a red flavoring is also made from it; Pandanus dubius, southeast Asia, Pacific Islands, roundish seeds edible raw. Pandanus fascicularism, India, male flowers are the source of kewda attar, used for flavoring betel nuts, soft drinks, curries and an Indian rice dish called biryani; Pandanus foveolatus, seeds, fruits continuously; Pandanus galorei, seeds, fruits continuously; Pandanus houlettei, edible fruit; Pandanus Iwen, seeds; Pandanus leram, Nicobar Islands, the fruit is cooked for five to eight hours depend upon the state of ripeness. It is then pressed to separate a yellow paste from the fiber. The edible paste is used in a variety of ways, often as a spread like butter. Pandanus limbatus, seeds, fruits continuously but is the least preferred of all the Pandanus with edible seeds; Pandanus spiralis, Australia, fruit and seeds. The latter can be extracted from fruit and ground into flour and taste like a combination of peanuts and coconuts. There are 37 species found in Australia, usually along the coast of the northern territories. Pandanus fruit falls apart when ripe. While there are male and female trees P. brosimos, P. julianettii, and P. conoideus are believed to be parthenogenetic, read reproduce on their own. Fruiting for most Pandanus can also be a result of timing. Male flowers bloom every year. Female flowers every second year. And while male and female flowers may bloom at the same time they may not thus no fruit that year. The genus name, Pandanus, comes from the Indonesian name of the tree, Pandan. In English it is called Screw Pine because some species grow in spirals. Lastly, often the fruit is picked and just used for decoration. 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What influence and/or impact did one or both of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X, have on Mendez v. Westminster contributing to civil rights? Asked on by hopsey 1 Answer \| Add Yours pohnpei397's profile pic pohnpei397 \| College Teacher \| (Level 3) Distinguished Educator Posted on Neither of these men had anything directly to do with this case. This case was decided in 1947, before either Martin Luther King, Jr. or Malcolm X was a widely-known figure in US society. In addition, this was a case about the segregation of Mexican-Americans, which is not an issue that either of these men was closely connected to. We must also note that Mendez did not even directly challenge the Plessydecision that legalized the type of segregation that King would fight in the 1950s and '60s. Instead, Mendezsimply ruled that California segregation laws allowed the segregation of Asians but not Hispanics. One can argue that King continued the work of Mendez by fighting against segregation. However, the connection is somewhat tenuous because the Mendez decision did not say anything about the general legality of segregation. We’ve answered 319,865 questions. We can answer yours, too. Ask a question	<urn:uuid:69098950-2f48-4168-bf9a-223be188ef51>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.02610713243484497, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9583503603935242, "url": "https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/comparing-martin-luther-king-jr-malcolm-x-what-327379" }
Dorset Culture (redirected from Dorset people) Also found in: Wikipedia. Dorset Culture an ancient Eskimo culture (from the beginning of the first millennium B.C. to the beginning of the second millennium A.D.) discovered in 1925 on Cape Dorset, Baffin Island. The Dorset culture was widespread in far northeastern Canada, the Canadian arctic archipelago, and western and northeastern Greenland. It is characterized by small swiveled harpoon heads with a rectangular shaft socket, two barbs on the side or one barb in the middle, and small holes for a line; harpoons and needles; a predominance of chipped-stone implements over polished; stone lamps; and bone, ivory, and wood sculpture with carved linear decoration. The tribes of the Dorset culture hunted seal, walrus, and caribou. Five periods in the culture’s development have been established; the last period displays traits of the Eskimo Thule culture and the neighboring Indian tribes. The Dorset and Thule cultures in northeastern Canada and Greenland coexisted between A.D. 800 and 1200, after which the Dorset culture was replaced by the Thule culture. Meldgaard, J. “Dorset kulturen. Den Dansk-Amerikanske ekspedition til Arktisk Canada.” Kuml, 1955. Bandi, H. G. Urgeschichte der Eskimo. Stuttgart, 1965. References in periodicals archive ? Dorset people were no match for bow-and-arrow-equipped members of large, well-organized Thule communities capable of hunting walruses and large whales, Fitzhugh holds. No evidence exists that Dorset people uprooted entire villages or retreated to less desirable locations near the end of their run, he says. While Dorset people lived in the Canadian Arctic, the region around the Bering Strait and northern A1aska witnessed a separate sequence of cultural developments that produced the Thule culture. Still very much a hunting society, the Dorset people lived mainly off sea mammals such as seals, narwhals, and walrus. Finally, an even more sophisticated culture displaced the Dorset people. Researchers have also examined how climate affected the Saqqaq and Dorset peoples. The first volume spanned centuries of conflict before the birth of our peaceful dominion to the crucible of the Great War: "From early skirmishes between Vikings and Dorset peoples . Bill Twatio chronicles the military history of Canada from the first skirmishes between the Vikings and the Dorset peoples, through to the final fall of New France.	<urn:uuid:14cb834e-b37e-4ab2-86fa-db22c8c9b00b>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.16252422332763672, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9161756038665771, "url": "http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Dorset+people" }
Jean Ralaimongo Jean Ralaimongo Jean Ralaimongo In 1898, the French decided to interpret the "friendship treaty" signed with the last Malagasy queen as an invitation to transform Madagascar into a protectorate. Not everyone on the island objected to the changes, especially if, as in the case of future nationalist and socialist Jean Ralaimongo, they had been sold into slavery and released only upon the abolition of slavery effected by the French. Many longed for revolutionary changes to the traditionally rigid hierarchy that structured Malagasy society. Ralaimongo absorbed French republican ideals enthusiastically and wanted to see them become practice in Madagascar. In the era before World War I, the majority of intellectuals optimistically expected that they would have the opportunity to advance toward independence and civilization under France's aegis. The Sadiavahe resistance movement (1915–17) drew its adherents almost exclusively from the ranks of the peasantry in the southwest of the island, and their economic grievances were caused as much by the weather as by the Frenchimposed cattle tax. Many Malagasy men chose to join the French army in World War I. In return for their service, they received educational opportunities in the metropole and French citizenship. Ralaimongo remained in France until 1922, during which time he encountered various European radicals and future nationalist leaders from French colonies in Asia and Africa. With his roommate, the man later known as Ho Chi Minh, Ralaimongo attended the seminal meetings for the formation of the French Communist Party. They also collaborated on the production of a newspaper meant to raise political consciousness among colonial peoples. Those who remained in Madagascar during World War I lived through an incident that displayed the French will to remain in control of the island. After having repeatedly heard rumors of a revolt planned for late in 1915, the administration ordered a series of arrests on December 12. The ensuing judicial processes concluded quickly. Those arrested belonged to the VVS (Vy Vato Sakelika, roughly Iron Stone Network), a group that had started to articulate an intellectual nationalism and that sought to prepare their compatriots for the distant day when they might take control of their own affairs. The majority of those convicted for their associations with the VVS were lower-middle-class youths from varying ethnic groups, though the leaders of the group were generally students at the medical school, white-collar workers, and teachers. Soon after the VVS affair and the end of World War I, France granted a degree of representative government to Madagascar. Those war veterans who returned to the island brought with them radical ideas and an intensified sense of nationalism. In the 1920s, leaders adhered to the strategy employed by other African nationalists of the interwar period: Demand increased self-rule and the extension of European civil rights but not complete autonomy. Ralaimongo initiated his agitation from a base in Diego Suarez. They demanded the creation of a council-general with real powers and a significant portion of Malagasy members, along with the abolition of the government-general and representation in the French parliament. Financially backed by members of the business community, Ralaimongo allied former members of the VVS, French socialists, and Malagasy labor leaders in a single movement. From 1927, the group published two newspapers: L'Opinion (in Diego Suárez [now Antsiranana]) and L'Aurore Malagache (in Tananarivo). The first mass demonstration occurred on May 19, 1929, after the French governor-general refused to receive any Malagasy to discuss the recent Pétition des Indigènes, which had presented the nationalists' requests. The unrest signified the existence of an embryonic sense of nationality. Little changed, however, and the administration did not listen to recommendations. As a response to this inaction, nationalists became more radical in their demands. Ralaimongo, exiled to Port Beigé, started to advocate peasant resistance following the model popularized by Mohandas K. Gandhi. In 1931 he first suggested that Madagascar should break with France entirely. New groups and a more explicitly nationalistic, proindependence periodical press appeared after 1935. However, the nationalist movement had lost much of its momentum by the later 1930s as the effects of the global Great Depression caused traders to withdraw financial support. Many middle-class Malagasy simply preferred the benefits they would accrue as French citizens to the uncertainty of independence. Jean Ralaimongo Monument Jean Ralaimongo Monument The mutations in French politics and foreign policy triggered by World War II yielded a new situation for colonies such as Madagascar. The administration decided to acknowledge calls for self-government. To start, the Malagasy elected two representatives to the constituent assembly in Paris. French settlers and Malagasy each had their own electoral colleges, a situation that the Malagasy representatives actively criticized. Once in Paris, these two men, Joseph Raseta and Joseph Ravoahangy, along with Paris-based writer Jacques Rabemananjara, started the Democratic Movement for Malagasy Restoration (known by its French acronym MDRM). This political party attracted some 300,000 members from various ethnic and social groups. Raseta and Ravoahangy rejected any identity for Madagascar other than that of a sovereign nation-state, so they did not support the territory's inclusion in the French union. Provincial elections in 1946 returned a large MDRM majority in the provincial and the national representative assemblies. These political reforms did little to mitigate the various causes of tension that sparked the revolt of 1947. Together, the return of soldiers who had fought for France in World War II, food shortages, economic scandals, and ethnic disputes contributed to the deterioration of relations with the French administration. The nationalists who challenged French rule on March 20, 1947, managed to gain support across about one-third of the island before reinforcements could arrive from France. The French outlawed the MDRM, despite its protestations of innocence, and military courts ordered the execution of 20 military leaders of the revolt. Trials of others involved in the uprising resulted in 5,000 to 6,000 convictions and sentences of either imprisonment or death. Malagasy independence remained to be won.	<urn:uuid:c5a3154e-ba7f-4bea-aaa7-f2f4948ca7f7>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.11310189962387085, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9592876434326172, "url": "http://crisissome.blogspot.com/2015/10/jean-ralaimongo.html" }
Native Americans The Area's First Residents Please submit any imagery or stories regarding Native Americans in the East Bay region to NAOnRiver.jpg (24402 bytes) NAShellmound1.jpg (18328 bytes) Above: Native Americans ply the waters in their tule boat. Tule rushes were both waterproof and lightweight, making them a good choice for baskets, roofs, shoes and sleeping mats. (Source: C.L. Keyworth, "California Indians"). Above right: A shellmound near present-day Richmond rises in the field in front of Albany Hill. Some 425 shellmounds once surrounded San Francisco Bay. (Source: Malcolm Margolin, "The Ohlone Way") Right: Some findings of shells and bones during the 1935 excavation of the Emeryville Shellmound. According toMalcolm Margolin in his book "The Ohlone Way", "Early archeologists hoped to unearth objects of great rarity and beauty which would grace the major museums of the world. Instead the shellmounds of the Bay Area surrendered only clam shells, bits of mortars and pestles, stone arrowheads bone awls and human skeletons." Native Americans began populating the area we know today as the East Bay about 5,000 years ago. The Ohlone tribe hunted along creeks in the hills of Oakland and the surrounding towns. Elsewhere in the world: Five thousand years ago, an unknown Sumerian writer had just composed the first-known written legend "Gilgamesh." Five thousannd years ago, the Egyptians had just united the northern and southern kingdoms under the pharoh Menes and founded the town of Memphis, but they had yet to erect the pyramids. Five thousand years ago, a spacious earthen ring or henge stood on what we call Salisbury Plain, but Welsh bluestone would not replace Stonehenge's wooden posts for another 800 years. NAShells1.jpg (77304 bytes)	<urn:uuid:cf257402-8c58-4ac6-9224-e9241643a32f>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.703125, "fasttext_score": 0.0720401406288147, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9018692970275879, "url": "http://oaklandhistory.com/files/hindians.html" }
Limited access Upgrade to access all content for this subject Which of the following statements is FALSE about the relationship between primary and secondary succession? Primary succession will occur when a bare rock is exposed, such as where a volcanic island emerges from the ocean's surface or where continental plates collide to build mountains. Secondary succession can occur after natural disasters such as a crown fire, a tsunami, or slash and burn forestry. Both primary and secondary succession can end in a climax community. Ecosystems that have undergone primary succession are not as resilient as ecosystems that have arisen from secondary succession. An area that has undergone primary succession will take longer to reach a climax community as compared to a similar area that has undergone secondary succession (i.e secondary succession does not take as long). Select an assignment template	<urn:uuid:ceee4de2-33e8-4651-81c5-08c35e7af4f0>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.59375, "fasttext_score": 0.8537589311599731, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9507331252098083, "url": "https://www.albert.io/learn/ap-environmental-science/question/comparing-primary-and-secondary-succession" }
Elements of Expository Writing Read the following entry from the Encyclopedia Brittanica. As you read, notice the qualities of this type of writing. (Leo or Panthera, leo), large, powerfully built cat of the family Felidae, and the second largest of the big cats (after the tiger). The proverbial "king of beasts," the lion has been, since earliest times, one of the best known of wild animals. It is now found mainly in parts of Africa south of the Sahara. A few hundred lions, constituting an Asiatic race, live under strict protection in the Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat state, India. The preferred habitats of lions are grassy plains and open savanna. "lion." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Vers. 94-99. Sept. 1999. Encyclopedia Britannica. 30 Sept. 1999 <> lion.wmf (3606 bytes) Describe the qualities this paragraph displays. Is this writing presenting facts or telling a story? Are the ideas presented here facts or opinions? Would you trust the information to be accurate?	<urn:uuid:26bbde25-f3c3-49f7-8829-cb62ab461aa7>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.84375, "fasttext_score": 0.07476282119750977, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8514932990074158, "url": "http://www.beaconlearningcenter.com/WebLessons/WhichWriting/3elem.htm" }
Machine Design The Science of Santa Claus If you're skeptical of Santa's abilities to deliver presents to millions of homes and children in just one night, North Carolina State University's Dr. Larry Silverberg, professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering, can explain the science and engineering principles that could allow Santa to pull off the magical mission. Julie Kalista Online Editor Santa's little helpers are much smarter than they appear, possessing advanced knowledge of electromagnetic waves, the space/time continuum, nanotechnology, genetic engineering, and computer science. As for Santa knowing what all those children want for Christmas, Silverberg says that the jolly elf has a listening device that combines technologies currently used in cell phones and EKGs. A sophisticated signal processing system filters the data, giving Santa clues on who wants what, where the children live, and of course who's been naughty or nice. An onboard sleigh guidance system provides Santa with the most efficient delivery route. So how does he crisscross 200 million square miles, stopping at 80 million homes in just one night? Easy says Silverberg, Santa uses his knowledge of the space/time continuum to form "relativity clouds." "Santa recognizes that time can be stretched like a rubber band, that space can be squeezed like an orange and that light can be bent," Silverberg says. "Relativity clouds are controllable domains rips in time that allow him months to deliver presents while only a few minutes pass on Earth. The presents are truly delivered in a wink of an eye." This same "relativity cloud" technology also allows Santa to "morph" into peoples homes (although he does enjoy climbing downing a chimney every now and then) where he sets up his workshops. Using nano-toy-making technology, he creates presents atom by atom out snow and soot, much like DNA can command the growth of organic material like tissues and body parts. "This is our vision of Santa's delivery method, given the human, physical, and engineering constraints we face today," Silverberg says. "Children shouldn't put too much credence in the opinions of those who say it's not possible to deliver presents all over the world in one night. It is possible, and it's based on plausible science." TAGS: Archive Hide comments Plain text • No HTML tags allowed. • Lines and paragraphs break automatically.	<urn:uuid:405c5670-5887-4500-9035-d9d820bb71d0>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.578125, "fasttext_score": 0.1802682876586914, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9199483394622803, "url": "http://www.machinedesign.com/news/science-santa-claus" }
The Siberian hamster on the left is in the summer breeding condition; the hamster on the right is in the winter non-breeding condition. (Credit: Tyler Stevenson) What Siberian hamsters tell us about seasonal clocks The Siberian hamster makes a uniquely good subject for studying seasonal timekeeping. As days shorten in the fall, males lose approximately 30 percent of their body mass, their fur moults, and their testes decrease significantly in size. “The changes are so profound that the hamster almost looks like another animal,” says Brian Prendergast, professor in psychology at the University of Chicago. The research focused on Siberian hamsters, which only breed in the late spring and early summer, when days are the longest. How the mechanism works Exposure to short periods of daylight decreases DNA methylation in the hamsters’ hypothalamus. (With DNA methylation, a methyl group—one carbon atom and three hydrogen atoms—attaches to a gene, thereby altering its expression.) In turn, the decreased DNA methylation stimulates the expression of a gene that shuts down the hamster’s reproductive competency. “Our findings reveal, for the first time, that DNA methylation, acting as a dynamic mechanism in the mammalian brain, plays a central role in the animal’s psychological and physiological orientation to the length of the day,” says Prendergast, who co-authored the study. Humans and hamsters Human beings—who, like hamsters, are also mammals and vertebrates—are remarkably seasonal, Prendergast adds, citing a long, astonishing list of universal human experiences that have a seasonal component, including birth, death, suicide, viral infections, mortality from bacterial infections, sleep patterns and sudden infant death syndrome, even though industrial societies buffer humans from contributory factors. “Many of these experiences are related to the length of day,” he says, “so it’s critical to learn how photoperiodic time measurement works in animals.” The new research reveals how these changes are linked to the hamster’s reactions to the ever-changing length of day. It also shows that these changes are linked to winter-like melatonin levels and that the process is reversible. “DNA methylation is a key mechanism by which day length and melatonin levels exert seasonal control over the expression of the deiodinase enzyme known as dio3, and dio3 expression likely acts as a key step for the maintenance of reproductive competency during the breeding season,” says co-author Tyler Stevenson, senior lecturer at the Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland. Other than humans, animals don’t have clocks and calendars, computers and smart phones, but their internal, physiological mechanisms are just about as accurate as those devices, according to Prendergast. “Natural selection has led to organisms that have formed an internal representation of time,” he says, “and science is making progress on better understanding this biological timekeeping.” Source: University of Chicago chat0 Comments We respect your privacy.	<urn:uuid:617f7e4e-158f-4206-98a3-167be9a26e2e>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.84375, "fasttext_score": 0.0677957534790039, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9290174245834351, "url": "http://www.futurity.org/siberian-hamsters-tell-us-seasonal-clocks/" }
Science Curriculum Below are the Tennessee curriculum standards for fifth grade mathematics. These standards represent the areas in which fifth grade students will be tested during the TCAPS in the Spring. Therefore, they also represent the topics which students will cover and be assessed on throughout the year. The standards listed in green have already been covered in the classroom, but will also require additional practice just prior to the TCAP tests. Parents, if you feel your child is struggling with an area in green, additional resources can be provided for you upon request and many are already be available on this site. Embedded Inquiry 1. Select an investigation that could be used to answer a specific question (SPI 0507.Inq.1) 2. Identify specific investigations that could be used to answer a particular question and identify reasons for this choice (CFU 0507.Inq.1). 3. Identify tools needed to investigate specific questions (CFU 0507.Inq.2) 4. Maintain a science notebook that includes observations, data, diagrams, and explanations (CFU 0507.Inq.3). 5. Analyze and communicate findings from multiple investigations of similar phenomena to reach a conclusion (CFU 0507.Inq.4). Embedded Technology & Engineering 1. Select a tool, technology, or invention that was used to solve a human problem (SPI 0507.T/E.1). 2. Recognize the connection between a specific advance and the development of a new tool or technology (SPI 0507.T/E.2). Life Science Standard 1- Cells 1. Identify the major parts of plant and animal cells such as, the nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasm (SPI 0507.1.1). 2. Compare and contrast basic structures and functions of plant and animal cells (SPI 0507.1.2/ CFU 0507.1.2). 3. Label drawings of plant and animal cells (CFU 0507.1.1). Standard 2- Interdependence 1. Describe the different types of nutritional relationships that exist among organisms (SPI 0507.2.1). 2. Distinguish among symbiotic, commensal, and parasitic relationships (SPI 0507.2.2). 3. Use information about the impact of human actions or natural disasters on the environment to support a simple hypothesis, make a prediction, or draw a conclusion (SPI 0507.2.3). 4. Evaluate producer/consumer, predator/prey, and parasite/host relationships (CFU 0507.2.1). 5. Classify interspecific relationships within an ecosystem as mutualism, commensalism, or parasitism (CFU 0507.2.2). 6. Create a simple model illustrating the interspecific relationships within an ecosystem (CFU 0507.2.3). 7. Analyse basic information from a body of text to identify key issues or assumptions about the relationships among organisms in an ecosystem (CFU 0507.2.4). 8. Create a poster to illustrate how human activities and natural disasters affect the environment (CFU 0507.2.5). Standard 3- Flow of Matter and Energy 1. Identify photosynthesis as the food manufacturing process in plants (SPI 0507.3.1). 2. Compare how plants and animals obtain energy (SPI 0507.3.2). 3. Identify the cell structures that enable plants to conduct photosynthesis (CFU 0507.3.1). 4. Design a graphic organizer that illustrates the difference between plants and animals in the movement of food energy through an ecosystem (CFU 0507.3.2). Standard 4- Heredity 1. Recognize that information is passed from parent to offspring during reproduction (SPI 0507.4.1). 2. Distinguish between inherited traits and those that can be attributed to the environment (SPI 0507.4.2). Standard 5- Biodiversity and Change 1. Identify physical and behavioral adaptations that enable animals such as, amphibians, reptiles, birds, fish, and mammals to survive in a particular environment (SPI 0507.5.1). 2. Explain how fossils provide information about the past (SPI 0507.5.2). Earth & Space Science Standard 6- The Universe 1. Distinguish among the planets according to their known characteristics such as appearance, location, composition, and apparent motion (SPI 0507.6.1). 2. Select information from a complex data representation to draw conclusions about the planets (SPI 0507.6.2). 3. Identify methods and tools for identifying star patterns (SPI 0507.6.3). Standard 7- The Earth 1. Describe internal forces such as volcanos, earthquakes, faulting, and plate movements that are responsible for the earth's major geological features such as mountains, valleys, etc. (SPI 0507.7.1). Standard 8- The Atmosphere 1. Describe the effect of the oceans on weather and climate (SPI 0507.8.1). 2. Explain how mountains affect weather and climate (SPI 0507.8.2). Physical Science Standard 9- Matter 1. Distinguish between physical and chemical properties (SPI 0507.9.1). 2. Describe the differences among freezing, melting, and evaporation (SPI 0507.9.2). 3. Describe factors that influence the rate at which different types of material freeze, melt, or evaporate (SPI 0507.9.3). Standard 10- Energy 1. Differentiate between potential and kinetic energy (SPI 0507.10.1). 2. Use data from an investigation to determine the method by which heat energy is transferred from one object or material to another (SPI 0507.10.2). Standard 11- Motion 1. Explain the relationship that exists among mass, force, and distance traveled (SPI 0507.11.1). Standard 12- Forces in Nature 1. Recognize that the earth attracts objects without touching them (SPI 0507.12.1). 2. Identify the force that causes objects to fall to the earth. 3. Use data to determine how shape affects the rate at which a material falls to earth (SPI 0507.12.3).	<urn:uuid:2cb2e038-af65-41b8-b0fd-4d0e4f6371bc>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.9999747276306152, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8238549828529358, "url": "https://sites.google.com/a/sevier.org/heather-burkhart/science-curriculum" }
The Cattle Have Gone The colonial irruption was a catastrophe for traditional African societies that obviously lacked the material resources to withstand the onslaught from phesheya (out there). Beings from beyond the sea must have appeared to eighteenth-century Africans much as beings from outer space would appear to us today. But outgunned and out-resourced though they were, African societies were possessed of a resilience based on intricate and coherent social, economic and cultural structures. They resisted for many years but continual defeats on the battlefield necessarily led to adaptation, accommodation and ultimately absorption into the emerging global society and culture. This section will concentrate on the Xhosa experience because the Xhosa faced the Europeans for longer, and their experiences are well documented. However, it needs to be remembered that variations on the Xhosa experience occurred in every other part of South Africa. The catastrophe of Nongqawuse The peasant moment Comments are closed.	<urn:uuid:e6fc5ead-2537-4ad9-812c-ed18e658cb68>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.8125, "fasttext_score": 0.03897351026535034, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9649341702461243, "url": "http://newhistory.co.za/part-2-chapter-6-the-cattle-have-gone/" }
History with W‎ > ‎ Schandmaskes / Masks of Shame AP Euro Home Summer Reading Assignments AP Euro blog! Email Mr. W Shame, Humiliation, and Cultural Norms Do you know someone who is a gossip? Has one of your friends broken a social rule/expectation? Today's world doesn't really punish the gossip -- surely recent events with Perez Hilton have shown that. However, during the medieval period and the Renaissance, and even into the age of Early Modern Europe, there were methods, rituals, and punishments to control and condemn behavior. One such creative way to control and condemn behaviors was through the use of a Mask of Shame, what the Germans called the Schandmaske. People throughout the region used such masks well into the eighteenth century -- the same time as the Enlightenment and the American and French revolutions. The purpose of the masks was simple: individuals who committed a social faux pas (or crime) would have to wear it, revealing to their community what they had done. This Schandmaske from Austria from the 17/18th century (at right) has glasses to show the wearer "seeing everything" and a "wagging tongue" to show that the wearer was an unapologetic gossip. Imagine being paraded through town wearing this -- do you think anyone would trust you with a secret in the future? This second schandmaske (at left) is similar in design and purpose. It's obnoxiously long tongue indicates again that the wearer was telling tales and gossip about others. This mask, unlike the previous one above, features, however, elongated ears to indicate that the wearer also "hears all." This mask was designed specifically for women. Women's behavior was unequally targeted by men and the justice system. Women who "mistreated," "hen pecked" or "bossed" around men, for example, could be expected to be publicly humilitated or punished. "Riding the stang," a public humiliation social ritual in which women would ride a horse or ass (mule) backward to the ridicule of all, is an example of such social punishment. Look closely on the third and final example of a schandmaske and you will find an unusual nose (see image, below right). Crafted to look like a pig's snout, the point of this "mask of shame" was to demonstrate to others that the wearer acted like a pig. Do you know anyone who could use such a mask?!? The goal of schandmaskes was quite simple: punish and ridicule the offender so as to control the behavior. Townspeople looking at people wearing such masks, or participating in humiliating activities such as "riding the stang," would certainly get the message. Don't gossip. Don't be a pig. Know your place. Reinforcing cultural norms and expectations was certainly important enough to Europeans to develop such. . .interesting methods. The question is: did they really work?!? :)	<urn:uuid:a2a5883d-3012-4fae-9218-842225c3ede1>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.71875, "fasttext_score": 0.036953508853912354, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9746507406234741, "url": "http://sites.ashland.k12.ma.us/historywithw/home/medievalshame" }
This article was posted on 12/07/2012 This week in technology history(1) December 3 – December 7 December 3, 1910. Georges Claude demonstrates first neon lamp Neon lights are often found in business windows today, too.Georges Claude was a French engineer and inventor who was considered by many to be the “Edison of France.” On December 3, 1910, Claude unveiled the first neon lamp at the Paris Motor Show. Neon lights work when the neon enclosed in a container is heated. Common neon lamps are made by filling glass tubes with neon and exciting the gas with an electrode located on one end of the tube. Once heated to a certain temperature, the light exudes a certain brightness that we know today as neon. In 1923, Claude’s company, “Claude Neon” introduced neon gas signs to the United States. Neon signs can be seen all over today, although they are gradually being replaced by LEDs. December 4, 1996. GM introduces EV1 electric car General Motors began delivering the EV, an electric vehicle that used an inverter and ac induction motor that ran the car without any gas. It contained a lead-acid battery pack that could store 17 kW-hours (equivalent to a half gallon of gas).In order to make the car aerodynamic, engineers implemented a teardrop shape with covered rear wheel wells. The car was a two-seater and had to be lightweight to reduce the drag of the car so it was constructed using an aluminum chassis and plastic body panels. In 2001, GM deemed the cars unprofitable and took all of the cars back and sent them to a crusher to avoid the requirement of having to provide parts and service for the vehicle for the next 15 years. December 5, 1901. Physicist Werner Heisenberg is born Statement from Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. Werner Heisenberg was born in Wurzburg, Germany, and spent time studying under Niels Bohr. He developed a method for calculating the energy levels of atomic oscillators and his famous Uncertainty Principle, which he explained in his paper “On the Visualizable Content of Quantum Theoretical Kinematics and Mechanics.” The principle states that is impossible to specify both the exact position and exact momentum of a subatomic particle at the same time. During World War II, Heisenberg was director of Germany’s uranium project and played a role in development of an atomic bomb. He was arrested in April 1945 in England and remained imprisoned until 1946. After the war he became director of the Max Planck Institute where he lead a program for visiting scientists. December 6, 1957. U.S. launches a response to Russian satellite, Sputnik The Vanguard TV3 rocket exploded shortly after launch. On October 4, 1957, Russia launched Sputnik. Sputnik I was part of a series of unmanned space missions launched by the Soviet Union to demonstrate the viability of artificial satellites. A month later Russia launched Sputnik 2. In response to the launch of Sputnik, the United States began its own space program, Project Vanguard. The first satellite was set to go out on December 6, 1957, but resulted in a televised failure of the launce. Finally, on January 31, 1958, Explorer 1 was successfully launched. December 7, 1972. Last Apollo mission launched Classic photo captured on Apollo 17 mission. Apollo 17 was the last in a series of three J-typemissions that were to remain longer than three days in space planned for the Apollo Program. These J-type missions can be distinguished from previous missions by extended hardware capability, larger scientific payload capacity, and the use of the battery-powered Lunar Roving Vehicle, or LRV. Apollo 17 captured the classic photograph of Earth on this day. It depicts the view of Earth as seen by the Apollo 17 crew travelling toward the moon. This translunar coast photograph extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the Antarctica south polar ice cap. This is the first time the Apollo trajectory made it possible to photograph the south polar ice cap. ■ Learn more about Electronic Products Magazine Add Comment Text Only 2000 character limit Please login to comment on the article	<urn:uuid:dfb3657f-d2f3-4c7c-9dd2-1900b3022902>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.734375, "fasttext_score": 0.020194530487060547, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.955680251121521, "url": "http://www.electronicproducts.com/Electromechanical_Components/Motors_and_Controllers/This_week_in_technology_history_1.aspx" }
Vistula Spit From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Landsat photo of the Vistula Spit The Vistula Spit (Polish: Mierzeja Wiślana; Russian: Балтийская коса; German: Frische Nehrung) is an aeolian sand spit,[1] or peninsular stretch of land, which separates Vistula Lagoon from Gdańsk Bay in the Baltic Sea. The border between Poland and Kaliningrad Oblast, an exclave of Russia, bisects it, politically dividing the spit in half between the two countries. The westernmost point of Russia is located on the Vistula Spit. The Polish part contains a number of tourist resorts, incorporated administratively as the town of Krynica Morska. Until the 13th century, the spit had navigable straits in the middle, which allowed the city of Elbląg, part of the monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, direct access to the Baltic Sea. The natural closing of the straits in the late 13th century reduced Elbląg's status as an important trading seaport. This and the Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) and Polish Pomerania in 1308 led to the increased importance of Gdańsk. During World War II, it became the last holdout of the remaining German soldiers in East Prussia, although the Soviets simply bypassed the spit after the East Prussian Offensive was decisively concluded, training their sights on the more important goal of capturing Berlin. The last Wehrmacht soldiers only laid down their arms after the German Instrument of Surrender was signed. For more details on this topic, see Kursenieki. Curonian-populated area in 1649 While today the Kursenieki, also known as Kuršininkai are a nearly extinct Baltic ethnic group living along the Curonian Spit, in 1649 Kuršininkai settlement spanned from Memel (Klaipėda) to Danzig (Gdańsk). The Kuršininkai were eventually assimilated by the Germans, except along the Curonian Spit where some still live. The Kuršininkai were considered Latvians until after World War I when Latvia gained independence from the Russian Empire, a consideration based on linguistic arguments. This was the rationale for Latvian claims over the Curonian Spit, Memel, and other territories of East Prussia which would be later dropped. 1. ^ Kramarska, R Uścinowicz, S Zachowicz J and Kawińska M, Origin and evolution of the Puck Lagoon in Journal of Coastal Research Issue 22, 2005, P187 External links[edit] Coordinates: 54°24′N 19°30′E / 54.400°N 19.500°E / 54.400; 19.500	<urn:uuid:278e1bcd-ff2b-4d74-8098-9c47a432dff0>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.029167652130126953, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9132011532783508, "url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula_Spit" }
Study your flashcards anywhere! Download the official Cram app for free > • Shuffle Toggle On Toggle Off • Alphabetize Toggle On Toggle Off • Front First Toggle On Toggle Off • Both Sides Toggle On Toggle Off • Read Toggle On Toggle Off How to study your flashcards. H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key A key: Read text to speech.a key Play button Play button Click to flip 28 Cards in this Set • Front • Back Within the mosque, certain areas are essential, these are: 1. Mihrab (prayer niche) indicating the direction of Mecca, which the fiathful faced during their prayers 2. Minbar or pulpit adjacent to the praryer niche; 3. A water basin where the faithful performed a ritual washing before prayers. Prominent among Islamic ornament. It's a composition based on plant life. This pattern consists of a stem rising from root, from which branch conventionalized flowers, fruits, leaves, and abstract shapes that overlap and interlace. The conception of the arabesque originated in the Assyrian tree-of-life pattern from ancient Near East. What general principles apply to all Islamic design? All patterns are relatively small in scale, and much conventionalizing is used. Even when the representations of living this is allowed, the emphasis is always placed on the decorative quality rather than the representational. Islamic architecture's earliest major monument remains its most revered and one of its most impressive, but not one of its most typical. The Dome of the Rock was built in the year 692, within an enclosure called the Noble Sanctuary. It's basic form, an octagon with a central dome, with four of its eight sides having projected columned porches with vaulted roofs, facing the cardinal points of the compass. The most remarkable aspect of the Dome of the Rock is its interior array of mosaics. The mosaics colors are cool greens and blues, with mother-of-pearl and the glitter of gold from glass tessarae in which bits of gold foil have been embedded. The special building type developed by the Islamic religion. It is a place for communal prayer, not the "house of God", not an auditorium where rituals are watched by a congregation. Byzantine churches were often converted to mosques as the Islamic faith came to dominate previously Christian territory in the Middle East. Suleymaniye Mosque built by the great architect Sinan for his chief patron, Sultan Suleyman, often called "Suleyman the Magnificent". The mosque is the dominant element in a great complex of buildings including religions schools (madrasas), a medical school, student quarters, a bazaar, a hospital, kitchen, bath complex, and the mausolems of Suleyman and his consort Roxelana. saray or sarai The Arabic word for place is saray or sarai, a caravenserai being a lodging place for travelers in a caravan. Example: The Topkapi Palace is also called Topkapi Saray. Sometimes called "The Saray". It was built over several centuries and some additions in the sixteenth century were designed by the great Sinan. It is now a mueseum. A pattern having many-lobed forms; an arch having more than five foils or arcuate divisions. Sometimes called a scalloped arch. Instead of the ways of the cross, Islam uses _________ to create design. Although the exteriors of Suleymaniye and the other great Islamic mosques were designed to make an impressive display, other examples of Islamic architecture - like most elements of the Topkapi complex are _________ in exterior massing but _______ in the interior spaces. unassuming exterior but bursing with vitality and creative entergy in the decoration of interior spaces. Even in the great mosques, the brilliant colors of interior tile and mosaic work can hardly be guessed at from outside the building. With the exception of Suleymaniye that Islamic interiors do not display what? The structures that supports them. Elaborate stucco or plasterwork or even carved woodwork may appear to be structural, but that appearance is often false, however delightful the effect may be. Typical of such effects are the muqarnas found overhead in many important Islamic interiors. In Islamic architecture and ornament, collections of small corbels that form a transition from one plane to another. Also called honeycomb work and stalactite work. An example of muqarnas is in the Music Room of the Ali Qapu Palace, one of the structures edging the Royal Maidan, the great open space of Isfahan. The stucco work is pierced in shapes that resemble Chinese porcelain's and musical instruments. Muqarnas are also prominent in a pleasure pavilion called the Hesht Behest (Eight Paradises), also in Isfahan. Different features of Islamic Decorative Art: 1. Muqarnas 2. Woodwork 3. Stucco 4. Painting and Lacquer 5. Mosaics and Tile 6. Furniture 7. Ceramics; earthenware (painted w/calligraphy); Sultanabad wares; Lusterware; Minai ware and lajvardina ware; Iznik ware 8. Metalwork (cire perdue, damascening - watermark pattern, niello). 9. Glass and Rock Crystal 10. Carpets Before machine weaving, there were four basic types of carpet, distinguished by the ways in which they were made: 1. embroidered and needleworked 2. flat-woven 3. tapestry-woven 4. pile The Oriental carpets of the Islamic world are _______ carpets cut-pile - their surfaces are textured wsith the cut ends of pieces of yarn projecting upward form the surface. Materials used for these carpets are most often wool and silk for the visible pile and wool or cotton for the underlying foundation. Some are all wool, and all-silk carpets also exist. Goat or camel hair is sometimes added to wool for the pile, and jute is sometimes substituted for cotton for the foundation. As in Gothic tapestries and as in most weaving, the basic structure of the pile carpet is of _____________ warp and weft, two series of threads that are at right angles to one another. The weft threads, running across the face of the loom, are woven in and out of the warp threads, running the length of the loom. In the pile carpet there are additional elements, short pieces of cut yarn that are knotted around one or more warp threads and held in place by one or more weft threads. In Islamic carpets, there are only two basic know types, but each of them as four names: 1. Turkish knot, the Ghiordes knot, the closed know, or the symmetrical knot. Short lengths of yarn wrapped around two adjacent warp threads, then pulls them under and out. 2. Persian knot, the senna knot, the open knot or the asymmetrical knot. Wraps the yarn under one warp thread, over adjacent warp thread then pulls it back between the two warp threads and out. Denser and more even pile than the symmetrical knot. Indications of carpet quality 1. technique of knot 2. knots per square inch 3. line count measures the number of pairs of warp threads per linear foot. 4. Raw materials - silk, wool, and cotton vary greatly in quality A specialized type of small rug is the ___________ prayer rug . It is an imp. feature of Islamic life, used in mosques to provide a clean, soft area on which to kneel. It is unlike its larger counterparts not only in being small, sized to accommodate a single person, but also in being asymmetrical in design, one end of it woven with a design, usually in the shape of a mihrab, that indicates the direction of Mecca. More often made of silk than of wool, sometimes using a double prayer rug with a mihrab motif at each end. a word meaning back. A small Islamic rug. They were traditionally used to cover cushions placed against a wall for those seated on carpets to lean against; they are only about 2 by 3 feet. carpet woven in the same manner as carpets are pillow covers. Balisht means "cushion" or "bolster". Many varieties of Islamic storage bags are made with at least one pile face; they can also be used as pillow covers or as upholstery for chair seats. A few of the very many Islamic carpet motifs: 1. boteh is the motif familiar from the Paisley pattern. it probably originated in Kashmire, but it is named for the town of Paisley, Scotland, where, in the 19th century the pattern was duplicated in the manuf. of shawls. It is sometimes called a "pear" because of tis shape. Also said to resemble a leaf, pinecone, almond, or flame. 2. gul or gol is a gemoetric emplem. Its name is the Persian word for flower or rosse, so it may have been floral in origin, but it has evolved into octagonal, hexagonal, diamond, or serrated shapes. many nomadic tribes have their own "signature" guls that are traditionally woven into carpet designs. 3. The hands-of-Fatima motif is named for the daughter of Muhammad. 4. herati is a floral representation within curving or diamond-shaped figures. 5. The mihrab shape, rectangular with an argeched top, represents, the prayer niche in a mosque. 6. The palmette is a floral motif based on the lotus. 7. The tree-of-life motif symbolized the life force in the form of a tree, sometimes with fruits and birds in the nches. It is seen in many cultures and in many variations. Similar is the vase of immortality, showing similar foliage sprouting from a vase rather than from the ground. There are three basic types of Oriental carpet: 1. Persian 2. Turkish 3. Chinese Other islamic textiles besides carpets included: 1. alpaca, blouse, chiffon, cotton, damask, mohair, muslin, and satin 2. silks were the luxury products of the Islamic textile trade. The silk and silk velvets woven at Bursa and elsewhere served as covers for the sofas and low divans of Turkish palaces and fine houses and for window coverings. They were also made into elaborate costumes. 3. The Islamic flair for pattern, seen in wood carvings, stucco, metalwork, pottery, tiles, calligraphy, and carpets, was also prominent in the design of textiles. Islamic design is most strongly characterized by a prevailing sense of Islamic shares the most geography and history with the design of the ancient Near East. Of all the styles to come, it overlaps most greatly with the Mughal phase of Indian design. Its exoticism and penchant for detail certainly show the influence of Byzantium.	<urn:uuid:eb49771b-3083-4c02-a929-226bb115b34c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.59375, "fasttext_score": 0.0334966778755188, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9449109435081482, "url": "http://www.cram.com/flashcards/islamic-design-chapter-9-255351" }
Respiration Makes Camel Spiders Potent Predators Research posts A new study led by Ph.D.-degree students from Germany’s Ludwig Maximillian University and University of Rostock and co-authored by Museum Curator Lorenzo Prendini sheds light on the respiratory system of poorly understood arachnids known as solifuges—more commonly known as camel spiders. Imagery obtained through computed tomography (CT) scans shows that an amazingly efficient breathing apparatus may help these predators chase down their meals with astounding speed. Metasolpuga picta Solifuges like Metasolpuga picta, pictured here, are arachnids related to spiders and scorpions. © T. Bird “The study is the first of its kind in 85 years,” says author Sandra Franz-Guess, a Ph.D.-degree student at Ludwig Maximillian University “It takes advantage of new technologies like micro-CT to create a more detailed picture of arachnid anatomy than was previously possible.” Published in the journal Arthropod Structure and Development, the study found that solifuge tracheal systems consist of a remarkably complex network of breathing tubes. In the three species of Solifugae studied, the trachea branch throughout the body, delivering oxygen directly to the muscles. To obtain this picture, solifuges were exposed to a vapor containing molecules of the element osmium, which adhered to the insides of the animal’s respiratory systems. “This technique, in combination with computer-aided 3D reconstruction, allowed us to study the complex internal structures of these animals in unprecedented detail” says Bastian Klussmann-Fricke, an Annette Kade Fellow at the Museum's Richard Gilder Graduate School. Ammotrechula wasbaueri 3D reconstruction of the tracheal system of Ammotrechula wasbaueri. © S. Franz-Guess, B. Klussman-Fricke This efficient respiration is a boon for solifuges, better known as camel spiders. These arachnids are related to spiders, but are distinct from their cousins in numerous ways—they’re not venomous, for example, and don’t build webs. Instead, these voracious predators—some of which devour their own body weight in prey on a daily basis—chase down their meals and tear it to pieces with their massive chelicerae (jaws). In these chases, a camel spider's speed often gives it the edge—some species have been clocked running at speeds of up to ten miles per hour. That’s significantly faster than other arachnids, no matter how quickly it seems like the spider in your bathroom moves. That kind of speed is made possible by the tracheal system detailed in this study—a system that is absent or much simpler in more sluggish arachnids. Camel spiders are pursuit predators, and efficient breathing gives them an advantage while chasing prey. © T. Bird “In terms of their activity, these animals are more like insects than arachnids,” says Prendini. “Their respiratory anatomy reflects that.” The study also revealed that some solifuges have air sacs inside their jaws. These light air sacs may offset the weight of their enormous jaws. The sacs might also help to operate the jaws themselves, by increasing the oxygen supply to the massive muscles used to catch, dismember, and macerate the prey into a soup that can be ingested by these hungry hunters. Tags: Arachnida	<urn:uuid:ed24ad2d-e82e-4c71-8c9b-a595e4c7953a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.71875, "fasttext_score": 0.05469852685928345, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9207185506820679, "url": "http://www.amnh.org/explore/news-blogs/research-posts/respiration-makes-camel-spiders-potent-predators" }
Evaluating the Quality of Health Care 5. Outcome Measures There is a long history of using outcomes to assess care quality. The use of outcome data to evaluate health care dates back more than 150 years. In the 1830s, a physician named Pierre-Charles-Alexandre Louis started a group in Paris that discussed the use of statistics to examine patterns of medical care and outcomes. In 1838, a physician from that group named George Norris returned to the United States and examined the survival of patients who had an amputation. In subsequent work Norris compared surgery outcomes at the Pennsylvania Hospital with those of hospitals in other cities and counties (Cassedy, 1984). During the same period, Florence Nightingale developed innovative ways of presenting statistics to illustrate seasonal variations in patient mortality in the military field hospital she managed. She later used similar techniques to describe the conditions of medical care in the Crimean War (Bostridge, 2008). Later, Codman used information about outcomes from medical records at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston to assess the quality of care provided by different surgeons (Codman, 1914; Neuhauser, 1990). To use medical outcomes as a quality measure, one must usually calculate rates of certain outcomes for a group of patients since outcomes are determined by many factors and thus one usually assesses whether the probability of death, for example is higher or lower for one group compared to another. One could also develop explicit a priori criteria to determine whether the observed results of care are consistent with the outcome predicted by a model that has been validated on the basis of scientific evidence (Brook, McGlynn, & Cleary, 1996). For example, one might assess if the population of patients with diabetes and specific clinical characteristics are better or worse than expected. Cassedy, J. H. (1984). American Medicine and Statistical Thinking, 1800-1860. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bostridge, M. (2008). Florence Nightingale. The Making of an Icon. New York, NY: Farrar Straus and Giroux. Codman, E. A. (1914). The product of a hospital. Surg, Gynecol, Obstet, 18, 491-496.	<urn:uuid:73f63751-d472-4f6a-9451-99c669e14947>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.703125, "fasttext_score": 0.09636473655700684, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9153372645378113, "url": "http://www.esourceresearch.org/eSourceBook/EvaluatingtheQualityofHealthCare/5OutcomeMeasures/tabid/801/Default.aspx" }
Cores are used in manufacturing metal castings that have hollow centers, such as pipes and tubes. The core establishes the open area in the object. Cores for almost any metal casting are produced using the same basic procedures. Cores may be large or small, and can be made by hand or by machine. Bench coremakers, for example, work at benches making smaller cores, usually by hand. In contrast, floor coremakers make large cores on the floor of a foundry. In general, coremakers begin their work by cleaning a core box with blasts of compressed air. A core box is often a block of wood or metal hollowed out to the shape of the desired core. After it is cleaned, coremakers dust fine sand over the interior of the core box so that the finished core will not stick to the box, but instead will slip out easily. Then they partially fill the box with sand or a sand mixture. They may do this either by hand or with the help of machines. They tightly pack the sand into the box, using hand or power tamping tools. Periodically, when the core sand reaches certain levels in the box, they may insert wires that have been bent to the proper shape to add strength to the core. Special care is taken to ram the sand solidly and compactly into the core box so there will be no air pockets or other weaknesses in the finished core. The box is then inverted on a flat surface and lifted off of the core. Any cracks or chips on the core are repaired or smoothed out. Cores may be baked to harden them before they are used in making metal castings. Machine coremakers, who usually work in large factories where many identical parts must be produced, operate various types of machines that make sand cores. Other workers involved in the process include core checkers, who verify core sizes and shapes; core-oven tenders, who regulate and maintain correct oven temperatures to harden cores; core setters, who position finished cores in molds before the molten metal is poured in to make castings; and coreroom foundry laborers, who assist coremakers by hauling sand, applying graphite solutions, and transporting cores to and from ovens. Next Section: Earnings Related Industries	<urn:uuid:a0d36a92-43bf-41b6-b956-8a28dfa134d2>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.06600785255432129, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9359690546989441, "url": "http://www.vault.com/industries-professions/professions/c/coremakers.aspx?id=job" }
How the Croatian alphabet is shown on this site. Dates: Part 1 home > genealogy > tutorials > Lesson 5 > dates 1 < you are here Dates in Croatian Church Documents: Part 1 of 2 (see here for part 2). Purpose: To show examples of how dates are presented in Croatian church documents. This page focuses on reading numbers; for examples of months, see here. These examples are taken from various Stanja Dus"a of the Konavle region of southern Croatia. 20 February, 1811 The 1st digit of the year was sometimes not written. 22 September, 1817 li = on; 7bre is abbreviation for September (7 = septem; September was the 7th month in Roman times); unusual 8. 4 December, 1819 li = on; what looks like a zero after the 4 is like the th in 4th; Month reads "xbre"; x = 10 (ten) = decem; In early Roman times December was the 10th month; unusual 8. 1 December, 1820 li = on; month reads "xbre"; see note above. 11 December, 1862 month reads "10bre"; most often Dec. is "xbre", as above. 21 March, 1821 li = on; Some of the 1's are "curled." 26 January, 1821 li = on; last digit of year is a 1 (one) although it is not straight (also above). 3 February, 1821 li = on; after the 3 is a small 0 which is like rd in 3rd; unusual 8; last digit in year is a 1 (one) although it's not straight. 19 June, 1822 li = on; June = Giugno 13 October, 1828 li = on; between 13 and bre is something which turns out to be an 8 (see 8's in year). 7 January, 1828 li = on; bottom left looks like io is actually jo, a continuation of the month: Gennajo. Unusual 8's. 26 November, 1829 li = on; 2 is not well formed; 9bre is common abbreviation for November (9 = novem; November once was the 9th month. 8 May, 1829 li = on; unusual 8's; what looks like a zero after the first 8 is like th in 8th. 3 December, 1830 li = on; small zero after the 3 is like the rd in 3rd; xbre is abbreviation for December. 11 January, 1831 li = on; bottom left, jo, is actually continuation of the month, Gennajo; last digit of year is a 1 (one) although it is curled. 18 September, 1831 Month = Settem. 2 October, 1831 8bre is abbreviation for October. 25 October, 1831 li = on; October is abbreviation, 8bre; Last digit in year is a 1 although it's curled. Unusual 8's. 24 December, 1832 See notes above for "xbre"; dates in the 1800s often were written without the first digit of 1 (one). 20 January, 1835 4 August, 1835 agto = augusto = August 17 June, 1837 These 7's don't have lines through the stem.	<urn:uuid:0339d725-8b80-40a9-8282-0f7c742455cc>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.734375, "fasttext_score": 0.03489196300506592, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9572855234146118, "url": "http://www.croatia-in-english.com/gen/dates1.html" }
Search the lexicon Internal argument MORPHOLOGY/SYNTAX: the argument of a verb that has to be realized inside the maximal projection of that verb. Each verb may have one or more internal arguments. The argument which is closest to the verb is sometimes called the direct internal argument, while the others are called the indirect internal arguments. EXAMPLE: the argument structure of the English transitive verb open contains an external argument (Agent) and two internal arguments (Theme and Instrument) as can be inferred from the sentence Tom opened the door with his key, where the door is the direct internal argument, and with his key the indirect internal argument. LIT. Levin, B. and M. Rappaport (1986) Spencer, A. (1991) Williams, E. (1981b)	<urn:uuid:0aaf6d36-0430-4d10-a826-ec86d5e32506>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.9240104556083679, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9014238119125366, "url": "http://www2.let.uu.nl/Uil-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Internal+argument&lemmacode=683" }
May 06, 2017 dilute (verb) \dye-LOOT\ Hear it! What does it mean? : to make thinner or more liquid by adding in and mixing something How do you use it? Zoe's tea was much too strong, so she added more hot water to dilute it. Are you a word wiz? "Dilute" derives ultimately from Latin "lavere," meaning "to wash." Which of the following do you think also has "lavere" as its ancestor? Your word skills are anything but washed up if you chose B! "Lavere" is the ancestor of several words in English having to do with washing or washing something away. "Dilute" was created from the idea of washing away the strength or thickness of something by adding liquid. Similarly, the act of applying lotion looks very similar to washing yourself. "Lotion" developed from Latin "lotio" ("act of washing"), a noun formed from "lavere." Another member of this word family is "deluge," meaning "an overflowing of the land by water" or "a drenching rain." Indeed, a deluge is likely to wash things away. Archive RSS Feed	<urn:uuid:d9a855e2-5c9c-4db9-9b51-80a29a08ad2f>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.6974987983703613, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9825199842453003, "url": "http://wordcentral.com/buzzword/buzzword.php?month=05&day=06&year=2017" }
Andean Chulpas Chulpas at Sillustani The chulpa building phenomenon began in the Titicaca basin after the collapse of Tiwanaku, flourishing in the Altiplano period and continuing through the Early Colonial Period. Chulpas are found sporadically the central Andes region, as far north as Huancavelica and as far south as the Rio Loa at Antofagasta. Chulpas, or “open sepulchers” as some call them are burial chambers in which multiple deceased individuals were either stored or buried. The origins of this chulpa building tradition are unclear. It is thought that chulpa building became popular around 1100 AD when great cultural transformation was occurring. This occurred at a time when “Tiwanaku culture was on the decline, political disunity became common, pastoralism was intensified, and a new settlement pattern emerged” (Hyslop). These chulpas, while impressively constructed and beautifully decorated, are the source of much debate about their true uses and what social ideas they truly represent. Chulpas in this region were constructed during two specific time period: the Altiplano phase from 1100 – 1450 AD and the Chucuito-Inca phase from 1450 – 1550 AD. Those constructed during the Altiplano phase are generally a basic igloo shape, some made of rough, unshaped stones and others of carved stonework or adobe bricks. There are two styles that appear to be transitional between these Altiplano and Chucuito-Inca phases. These include cylindrical shaped structures with cornices and dressed stones that do not fit together precisely and cylindrical based structures with parabola shaped walls and roofs. The chulpas of the Chucuito-Inca phase are much more impressive than their predecessors. It seems that the chulpas of this period were greatly influenced by the dominating Inca style, consisting of extremely well fitted and beautifully dressed stonework. These Inca style chulpas have round and square bases, and are generally larger in size, ranging from 3 to 12 meters in height, and some are even multiple stories (Hyslop). Evolution of Construction Aside from the basic forms and construction of these chulpas, other unique architectural features are present. These include niches inside the chambers which are thought to serve two different purposes. First, some believe that mummies were placed in these niches before they were interred in the ground, and second, perhaps ceremonial offerings were placed in the niches in order to honor the dead. The number of niches inside any chulpa obviously depends on the size and available wall space within. Also present inside these chulpas are holes dug into the ground that mummies were most likely buried in. There are only a few accounts of chulpa graves being excavated; these describe mummies in a sitting position with knees drawn to the chin, as well as numerous grave goods (Hyslop). Also interesting is that the top part of the inner chamber of many chulpas is filled with rubble. It is thought that this practice was used to heighten the structure and make it appear more imposing (Hyslop). By far the most interesting aspects of these chulpas are the numerous carved decorations on their exteriors. It seems that these pictures are representations of the native Altiplano fauna of the region including pumas, lizards, and snakes. Camelids and fish native to Lake Titicaca were also observed. The most interesting decoration is what is thought to be a human being who is depicted by a torso, neck, head, and headdress. It is also thought that decorations on some chulpas are representative of distinct Inca gods or goddesses. It is argued that each decoration on a chulpa is representative of a separate group of people interring their dead within. Carved Lizard One of the most impressive archaeological sites in the Titicaca basin, Sillustani, features numerous and variable forms of these chulpa towers. These towers range from huge, fine stone Inca style to poorly constructed igloo or adobe brick models. What is interesting about Sillustani is that it is not just a simple cemetery; there is evidence of human occupation from the Tiwanaku period and later. Most of the chulpas at this site are post-Tiwanaku constructions in Inca or pre-Inca style. For being located in the Altiplano, Sillustani is unusual in the number of chulpa burial towers located there. No other site has been located that has such diversity in its constructions. Another interesting observation is that these chulpas are not contemporary constructions which means that they were most likely used over generations. There is much debate about how exactly to explain the archaeological remains at this site. A strong argument is that perhaps Sillustani is some sort of pilgrimage or burial site in the post-Tiwanaku period. This makes sense because the different forms the chulpas take at this site are more common to specific peoples, times, and places around the Andes. This would mean that perhaps Sillustani operated as a regional burial center for the Aymara in the twelfth through fifteenth centuries before becoming an Inca pilgrimage/burial site later on. This evidence will help to support the idea that chulpas are representations of individual ayllus of people later on (Stanish). Location of Sillustani There are numerous suggestions about what the true functions of these monuments are. Obviously burial was the most important use of these towers. Some researchers suggest that chulpas were used as some sort of land markers, perhaps representing boundaries of lands owned by particular groups, easily recognizable by their sheer size and decoration. Evidence of this is indicated in Archives of the Indies, which describes Lupaca kings supervising the division of lands using chulpas as boundary indicators (Hyslop). Chulpas were also important for ceremonial purposes. Plants and animals were placed inside the tombs and vessels were emptied outside of them as offerings. This ritual was preformed repeatedly in order to venerate past ancestors. It is also suggested that chulpas were used as a way to indicate status as there seems to be a correlation between the size of a chulpa and the dead interred within them. It seems that the most debatable issue surrounding these chulpas is whether or not they were some representation of ayllus. An ayllu is the term used to describe a social group, ancestor worship, communal resources, and ranked organization based on kinship among a group of people (Isbell). Evidence of this phenomenon is apparent through the use of different building techniques and the use of different decorations and symbols adorned on some of these burial towers. Decorations on chulpas throughout the Peruvian area are thought to represent regional deities, which probably represented widespread ethnic associations, and the relations among them. These representations also depicted “human sacrifice, individual combat, and military victory that asserted the individual kin group’s rights to land, to water, and to superordinate/subordinate relations in the social geography within which these resources are participated” (Isbell). The repeated use of these burial chambers is important because it represents an ongoing relationship with ancestor mummies, including moving the mummy and making offerings to it. It is this association between ancestor worship and group identity that suggest strongly that distinct ayllus were burying their dead in these monuments. It also places an emphasis on the fact that perhaps ayllus were not about based on territory but on genealogy, perhaps they are “bounded by history rather than borders” (Canuto and Yaeger). Present day Indians of the region refer to chulpas as “casas de gentiles.” These individuals are aware that their ancestors were buried in these structures, and this seems to suggest that ayllu kinship was and still is extremely important in this region. Chulpas are incredibly beautiful and impressive structures that deserve much more attention from archaeologists as they appear to have been of extreme importance for the people of the region. Many of these structures have been destroyed simply by time and horribly looters just looking to make a few dollars. Those structures left mostly unharmed give great insight into how Andean peoples may have revered their dead and organized themselves socially. It seems very plausible that chulpas are representative of ayllu social organization. Without a written account, it is difficult to know for certain, but the deductions made from the archaeological evidence are very convincing. Obviously these Andean people were skilled artisans and builders and we know from other research that they revered their ancestors through ritual and offering. It makes sense that if these buildings have been reused generation after generation that distinct social groups were each using their own for storing their ancestors. Researchers will continue to debate the true use of these burial structures until further investigation is completed. We may never truly know if separate ayllus were interring their dead in chulpas, but with more in depth research we can get closer to determining their true use. Chulpas at Sunset Works Cited Canuto, Marcello A. and Jason Yaeger 2000 The Archaeology of Communities: A New World Perspective. Routledge. Hyslop, John 1977 Chulpas of the Lupaca Zone of the Peruvian High Plateau. Journal of Field Archaeology Vol. 4, No. 2: 149-170. Isbell, William Harris 2007 Mummies and Mortuary Monuments: A Postprocessual Prehistory of Central Andean Social Organization. University of Texas Press. Stanish, Charles 2003 Ancient Titicaca: The Evolution of Complex Society in Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia. University of California Press.	<urn:uuid:db22c249-5566-4c5b-b683-e80828395bd4>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.84375, "fasttext_score": 0.022964179515838623, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9725204110145569, "url": "http://ucfant3165thomas.wikispaces.com/?responseToken=005f0b8cd415744ed05a6fcebc1f6f4c0" }
What is Phenylketonia (PKU) Phenylketonuria is a rare metabolic disorder that affects the way the body breaks down protein. In particular, people with PKU cannot break down a substance in food called phenylalanine. As phenylalanine builds up in the blood, it can cause brain damage. However, early detection and intervention can prevent intellectual disability and result in normal growth and development. What are the symptoms of PKU? At first, there are often no symptoms in babies born with PKU. However, if left untreated, PKU can result in severe brain damage. Symptoms of PKU include: • Fair skin (from too much phenylalanine) • A musty body odor (from too much phenylalanine) • Head size significantly below normal • Delayed mental and social skills • Hyperactivity • Jerking movements of the arms or legs • Intellectual disability • Seizures • Skin rashes (eczema) • Tremors • Unusual positioning of hands How is PKU treated? PKU is a treatable disease. Treatment involves a diet that is extremely low in phenylalanine, particularly when the child is growing. Infants are typically given a special formula without phenylalanine. People with PKU must eat a protein-free diet, because nearly all proteins contain phenylalanine and avoid artificial sweeteners with aspertame, which also contains phenylalanine.	<urn:uuid:a61fcff4-6db1-47e5-9565-9463552f0af9>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.5425622463226318, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9142103791236877, "url": "https://scdcentre.com/phenylketonia/" }
Monday, December 15, 2014 "Children of Heaven" and Challenging Muslim Stereotypes Zahra and Ali from "Children of Heaven" Building Background: Iran and Muslim Stereotypes Last week, students in Ms. Rainey's class challenged you to examine your own knowledge and stereotypes about Muslims and the religion of Islam. You participated in a pre and post survey intended to measure your understanding and biases and watched an illuminating video produced by students presenting information about an often misunderstood group of people and religion. Today we are going to continue examining our own stereotypes and learning about people of the Middle East and the religion of Islam. Our focus today is on the people of Iran. Iran is an important country in the center of the Middle East, and its people have a rich history dating back to ancient times. Iran also has a complicated relationship and history with the United States of America. Due to disagreements between the governments of our two countries, tensions exist. The image of the Iranian people that is often portrayed in the media is of a violent people that hate America and wish to do us harm. Images like the one below have been broadcasted on the news for years. If this is the only picture your see of Iranians, it could certainly shape the way you see them. Is this image representative of who the people of Iran are and how they feel about Americans? And to be fair, the Iranian government and media is also guilty of pushing propaganda about America and Americans. As a result, the view of Americans for some Iranians is also likely skewed. How do we overcome these misrepresentations, stereotypes, and propaganda? I believe it starts with understanding our shared humanity. Below I have included some images from Humans of Tehran, which is a Facebook page dedicated to capturing the humanity of the people of Tehran, the capital city of Iran. Do the people in these pictures seem that much different from us? Do they change the way you see Muslims and people from the Middle East? Finally, watch the short video "Discover Iran in 2 Minutes" and see if you see Iran and its people in a new light. Movie: "Children of Heaven" Now we will watch the film Children of Heaven which tells the heartwarming story of the relationship between a brother and sister from Iran. As you watch, pay attention to both the similarities and differences between your culture compared to that of the people of Iran depicted in the film. Also make note of the central characters' character traits. What human qualities do they exhibit? Finally, consider your own stereotypes you may have had about Muslims and/or people from the Middle East? Has this movie and today's lesson challenged or changed they way you see people who follow the religion of Islam and/or who live in this part of the world? If so, how? You will use the Children of Heaven - Study Guide to keep track of your notes and ideas.	<urn:uuid:7dfd89ef-dd12-463d-8c06-8a0e4edef4c8>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.07475173473358154, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9589393734931946, "url": "https://6thsocialstudiesmcginty.blogspot.com/2014/12/children-of-heaven-and-challenging.html" }
Historical Context in Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard Like many popular 18th-century poems, Elegy in a Country Churchyard contemplates the inevitability of death and the fear of being forgotten. In 18th-century England, the poor didn’t have many opportunities to become worthy of commemoration. The poor worked to survive; there was no time (or opportunity) to get an education or learn a profitable trade. Elegy questions whether the poor are less significant than the rich; if no one escapes death, then death is an equalizer. The poor seem unremarkable because they didn’t have the chance to demonstrate brilliance; thus, they deserve to be remembered too. Historical Context Examples in Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard: Text of the Poem 5 "Muse's flame. ..." (Text of the Poem) The Muses were Greek goddesses that inspired literary, scientific, and artistic expression. Here, they are offered as an alternative to the celestial fire or divine inspiration mentioned earlier: the Muses represent a type of false idolatry that increases one's pride, while divine inspiration is depicted as a sign of genuine talent and a virtuous nature. "mute inglorious..." (Text of the Poem) Gray references these three famous historical figures to suggest that someone in the graveyard could have been just as historically influential if given the chance. Gray uses these allusions to emphasize his theme that talent and genius might be wasted because those of low social class are not given the tools or the space to demonstrate their brilliance. "Milton..." (Text of the Poem) During the English Civil War, John Milton was a statesman who served as the Secretary of Foreign Tongues under Thomas Cromwell. He wrote treaties supporting the revolution and justifying the execution of King Charles I, despite the King's status as a divine right monarch. Milton went on to be one of the greatest poets in English literature with his epic poem Paradise Lost. "Hampden..." (Text of the Poem) John Hampden was a member of Parliament under King Charles I. Hampden refused to pay a tax on his ships because he believed that it was unfair. He became one of the Five Members of Parliament that King Charles illegally tried to arrest for their dissension. Hampden's arrest in 1642 helped spark the English Civil War. " spoils of time ..." (Text of the Poem) Eduction at this time mostly focused on philosophy, language, and art from the ancient Romans and Greeks. In using this metaphor, Gray characterizes knowledge as understanding antiquity rather than having practical knowledge.	<urn:uuid:9789430a-587e-4d14-b0e3-4a16361b9981>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.75, "fasttext_score": 0.11761283874511719, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9552121758460999, "url": "https://www.owleyes.org/text/elegy-written/analysis/historical-context" }
Last update03:20:24 下午 Back 丁仕美书法英语文献 Chinese Characters Structure Chinese Characters Structure Having studied how to hold and wield the brush and how to write the basic strokes, our next step is to study the structure of Chinese characters-arrangement, rational layout and formation of beautiful style. In architecture you need building materials, component parts, a building design, etc., in order to construct a high-rise building, a big hall or a palace. You must study the overall layout and the structure of different parts in the interior of the building. You must study its location and architectural style in the entire city as well. The same is true of handwriting. To study beautiful handwriting, you must study the arrangement of individual strokes-the structure. At the same time you must study the form of the whole character. The position and function of each character in calligraphy are its presentation. Since ancient times Chinese calligra-phers have laid stress on the rules of structure. Many writings have appeared on the subject. Each has its strong points. I shall give you a rough idea from my personal experience in handwriting. There are five essential points: pingzheng, yunchen, rangjiu, xietiao and bianhua. This term means the dash, or horizontal stroke, must be level, or flat, and the perpendicular downstroke must be exactly upright. This is the basic principle in word structure. To achieve this end, it is important to know the center of gravity of the character. If the center of gravity is balanced and steady, the form of the character can easily become pingzheng. In the characters , ,, the perpendicular stroke is the center of gravity. If you write this stroke well and place it in a suitable place, the center of gravity will be balanced and steady. The viewer will get a sense of balance from the character. Some characters are not balanced. They gravitate to one side, as in , , ,.Yet there is still a center ot gravity in each character. When you write it, the center of each character should be balanced. The strokes may lean to one side, yet the center is still balanced. The character consists of two , one placed above the other. The strokes tend to lean to one side, but the axis is the same. Take the character , for example. No stroke is exactly in the middle, but the short vertical stroke forms the center of gravity. The calligrapher Sun Quoting (c 648-c 703) once remarked that in studying layout the beginner should aim at ping-zheng. Pingzheng is crucial in word structure. This refers to the suitable arrangement of complicated and simple strokes, fat and lean strokes and long and short strokes in the same character. The suitable arrangement of these strokes gives one a sense of good balance and fine proportion. Take, for example, the characters , , , . Each character has few strokes. You have to use heavy strokes and spread them out a bit. The characters , have many strokes. The structure must be compact. The shape of the character must be slender and vigorous. In the characters and you find a repetition of horizontal and vertical strokes, three horizontal strokes in . and four vertical strokes in . The distance between strokes is more or less the same. The long and short strokes are mixed. In writing the first stroke must be heavy. The length of the stroke is in between. The second stroke must be short. The third stroke should be the longest, but thinner. The Chinese term yunchen means well proportioned. The arrangement of long and short or large and small strokes gives the viewer a sense of harmony. This calls for a suitable arrangement of fat and lean strokes. The complicated and simple strokes must be well proportioned. Yunchen is the second important principle of word structure in the Chinese language. This refers to structural arrangement of the character. When you find an incongruity between left and right, top and bottom, large and small, tall and short, etc., you must try to make the part that is out of place with the rest less incongruous. Draw a distinction between the principal stroke and the subordinate stroke and harmonize them. In characters such as , , , the left side is taller than the right. Make the left side no more conspicuous than the right side. In the characters ,, the right side is taller than the left. Make the right side no more conspicuous than the left. In the characters ,,,the left side is more complicated and larger than the right side. Make the left side no more conspicuous than the right. In the characters , , , and similar characters that tend to be onesided, the right side is complicated and the left side is simple. The right side is full. Make the right no more conspicuous than the left. The same is true of top and bottom. Making the sides match is another principle in the structure of Chinese characters! This term refers to harmony between thick and thin strokes, long and short strokes, and fat and slender strokes. It also refers to harmony in the same character between complicated and simple parts, tall and short parts, left and right parts and top and bottom parts. As in yunchen and rangjiu, the aim is harmony. Between different characters placed together there is also a question of harmony. One character may have only one stroke. The next character may have twenty to thirty strokes. Harmony between these neighboring characters must be considered. There must be harmony between characters with complicated strokes and characters with simple strokes. Consideration of this sort is beyond the realm of character structure. It is a matter of calligraphic layout and comes under the heading of presentation. Next we come to the question of relationship of one stroke to another. Take, for instance, the characters , , , . There are two dots in the first character . There are three dots and one left-falling stroke in . There are four dots in and three dots on the left side of the character . Between the dots and other strokes there is the question of relationship. In the two dots must relate to one another. In the character the three dots and one left-falling stroke should relate to each other and form an integrated character. In the characters and the strokes face opposite directions. The short horizontal strokes on the left and right sides of , and the short horizontal strokes on the left and right sides of must relate to one another and become a harmonious unit. They are by no means unrelated. If we pay attention to structure and to the relationship of one stroke to another, we shall produce a harmonious atmosphere among the characters. This term refers to flexibility in following the rules of calligraphy. For example, the character is made up of two similar parts: and . However, because it is not suitable to write a right-falling stroke on the left-hand , it is written instead as a dot. The character . has three right-falling strokes. If we write them as such, the character will not look nice. The writer uses a right-falling stroke only in the last . Dots are used to write the other two . Characters that have in the lower part of their structure, such as , ,, replace the left- and right-falling strokes with two dots, left and right. This is flexibility, or bianhua, to make an appropriate change. If the same character appears many times in one essay, a change is called for. Calligrapher Wang Xizhi wrote . twenty times in his preface to the Orchid Pavilion. Each time the character differs somewhat. This requires delicate skill. The master calligrapher tackled his task with great success. Bianhua in writting the same character appearing frequently in a piece of article is not a question of character structure, so the beginner is not required to make so many changes. Here I wish to emphasize only the importance of Bianhua. It is important to follow rules in calligraphy, but, more importantly, in following rules one must be flexible and not dogmatic. The ancient Chinese used to say a great master in calligraphy can teach people the rules of calligraphy, but he cannot make people skillful calligraphers. Chinese calligraphers caution against three things. In learning arrangement, beginners are forbidden to write unbalanced or lopsided characters. In learning rules and regulations, learners are not allowed to be stereotyped or stagnant. Even when learners become mature calligraphers, they are forbidden to behave like raving maniacs or to adopt a vulgar style. The author of this booklet hope those who read it must exercise caution in learning. Remember: Follow the rules, but be flexible. 最后更新于： 2011-07-05 08:48	<urn:uuid:6055c8c5-7d2b-4b9c-86a6-5451d45c7eb5>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.10189652442932129, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9424209594726562, "url": "http://www.skyren-art.com/zh/dingshimei/english-articles/119-chinese-characters-structure.html" }
X Rays To Improve Gold Production From: The Indian Express Now, X-rays can spot gold Powerful X-rays can now be used to rapidly and accurately detect gold in ore samples, thanks to a new technique that could save mineral industries hundreds of millions of dollars each year. Researchers at Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) conducted a pilot study that shows that gamma-activation analysis (GAA) offers a much faster, more accurate way to detect gold than traditional chemical analysis methods. This will mean mining companies can measure what's coming in and out of their processing plants with greater accuracy, allowing them to monitor process performance and recover small traces of gold worth millions of dollars that would otherwise be discarded. GAA works by scanning mineral samples typically weighing around half a kilogramme using high-energy X-rays similar to those used to treat patients in hospitals. The X-rays activate any gold in the sample, and the activation is then picked up using a sensitive detector. According to project leader Dr James Tickner, the study showed that this method is two-to-three times more accurate than the standard industry technique 'fire assay', which requires samples to be heated up to 1200 degrees Celsius.	<urn:uuid:b1bf2a62-fe3b-44eb-85cd-88ed3669aaed>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.05790448188781738, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9246603846549988, "url": "https://whatisthatwhistlingsound.blogspot.com/2013/08/x-rays-to-improve-gold-production.html" }
A. L. McLeod From 1890 to 1920 the United States experienced the transposition of a vast population of Negroes from a southern feudal peasantry to a northern urban proletariat, which resulted in the delineation of racial ghettoes, or black belts, the most famous of which is New York's Harlem. This new racial experience called for a literary movement to express and interpret it, and the result was what is generally called the Harlem Renaissance, a post-war phenomenon projected on the plane of an increasingly articulate elite. you may Download the file to your hard drive.	<urn:uuid:01b2925d-1258-42ad-ba14-c4dcebbd46ce>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.859375, "fasttext_score": 0.7628472447395325, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8773675560951233, "url": "http://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol2/iss1/17/" }
Lesson One: Introduction and Plurality Although the decisions made by voting can have national or even international importance, we will use a more mundane example to illustrate different voting methods. But the principles we will see apply to all situations - mundane or earth shaking. The Math Club wants to order some pizzas for the end of the year party. Fortunately the local Pizza House is having a really good special. You can order three different one-topping pizzas: one jumbo, one large, and one medium, for only $20. Since the members of the Math Club are basically cheap, they find this deal appealing. The problem is which topping to order on which pizza. It's pretty clear that the most popular topping should go on the jumbo pizza, the second choice topping on the large pizza, and the third choice on the medium pizza. Each person in the Math Club has his or her own preference or ranking for the toppings. How should we take all of the individual rankings and produce a group ranking?	<urn:uuid:dd7faab1-7d62-4a4c-9dee-ee163f5dd355>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.28125, "fasttext_score": 0.15359121561050415, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9334421157836914, "url": "http://www.math.wsu.edu/mathlessons/html/voting/lesson1/Module1_1.html" }
Monday, 11 May 2009 Early Bristol (to 1066) Bristol was founded by the Saxons in the late 9th Century, so it is believed. With the River Avon flowing into the River Severn, it allowed the first settlers to become traders and set the course of Bristol’s future reliance on shipping. The Romans were one of the earliest people to try and form a settlement on the Avon, but the small hamlet of Abonae (now called Avonmouth) was too near the Estuary and the large rise and fall of tide and strong current made it difficult to get cargo on and off ships. The tide can fall and rise 30 to 40 feet, depending on the time of year and caused the Roman settlement to regularly flood. The Saxons wanted a place on high ground, to solve the flooding problem. It had to be easy to defend, as the territory was full of bandits and thieves who were keen to steal the goods honest people brought to buy and sell. As they explored the river, they saw a lot of flat marshland that flooded on every tide, but then the landscape changed and they passed through a large limestone gorge, hundreds of feet high. Further up the river they came across another tributary, called the River Frome (pron. Froom). They travelled up the Frome a short way and came across large sandstone mound which looked perfect for their needs. Their journey showed how the strong current allowed ships to navigate the river easily. The mound was over 40 feet high and therefore wouldn’t easily flood. They could build proper moorings and platforms to load and unload cargo. Defending the town was easy too, as it was surrounded by water on three sides by the River Avon and the smaller River Frome, providing a natural barrier. The place looked to be just what the Saxons were looking for and they began to build their settlement. One day, they realised that there were sheep farmers on the south side of the river that wanted access to the north bank, for grazing and selling their stock. So, the enterprising Saxons built a wooden bridge, across the Avon and the town was named “The Place Of The Bridge” or Brycgstowe (pron. Brig-stow). No comments: Post a Comment	<urn:uuid:66e23297-c9a7-4172-9de3-fe362455a888>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.96875, "fasttext_score": 0.03052687644958496, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9817443490028381, "url": "http://bristolhistorywriter.blogspot.com/2009/05/early-bristol-to-1066.html" }
Home > History > South Dakota South Dakota Deed History South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. Although it was admitted simultaneously with North Dakota, North Dakota is counted as the 39th state and South Dakota as the 40th state. South Dakota was initially the southern portion of the Dakota Territory, which was formed in March of 1861. The territory that would become South Dakota was first added to the United States in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase. South Dakota has 66 counties. There are five counties in the state that are entirely within an Indian Reservation. Ten counties were formed in 1862 from unorganized territory, shortly after the formation of the Dakota Territory. The most populous county in the state is Minnehaha, which also contains the state’s most populous city, Sioux Falls. Minnehaha County was formed in 1862. The first recorder of deeds in Minnehaha County after statehood had been granted in 1889 was George Garter, who served until 1897. Continuous American presence in South Dakota began in 1819, when Fort Pierre was set up as an American fur-trading post. In 1858, the area encompassing South Dakota was opened up for development by the Yankton Treaty. Two of South Dakota’s largest cities, Sioux Falls and Yankton, were founded by land speculators in 1856 and 1859. When South Dakota was acquired, the federal government surveyed the available land into townships and began transferring it to private hands through local land offices.	<urn:uuid:bbab775e-308c-4a0e-878e-e71dfe82d269>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.03962349891662598, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.985407292842865, "url": "https://www.deeds.com/history/south-dakota/" }
Science Of... Can Scientists Diagnose Depression With The Sound Of Your Voice? Could the sound of your voice tell a doctor if you are depressed? That's the thought behind SimSensei, a system designed to help doctors diagnose depression by analyzing speech patterns. Researchers at the University of Southern California developed the system that they say can work alongside doctors to more accurately diagnose depression in patients. Research shows that reduced frequency range in vowel production is a speech characteristic of people with psychological and neurological disorders. The system is programmed to specifically identify reductions in vowel expression — a characteristic associated with depression — that human interviewers may not recognize. In a 2009 study, doctors misdiagnosed depression half the time. SimSensei is looking to vastly reduce that percentage. Watch the videos below for more information on depression. The Science Of Depression This is how the disease actually affects your body. Share the knowledge! Diagnosing Depression How can you tell? This Test Detects Parkinson's By Analyzing Your Voice Your voice can alert doctors of psychological and neurological disorders.	<urn:uuid:e23afd97-d833-41ca-8243-0657809baf2f>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.048123717308044434, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8737881183624268, "url": "https://curiosity.com/topics/can-scientists-diagnose-depression-with-the-sound-of-your-voice-curiosity" }
Natural History: Animal Magnetism When herd animals, such as deer, flee from predators, they appear to coordinate with one another to avoid collisions and maintain group cohesion. How is this synchronized flight from danger achieved? Recently, a group of scientists led by zoologist Hynek Burda of the University of Duisburg-Essen in Germany and doctoral student Petr Obleser of the Czech University of Life Sciences tested the possibility that roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) use magnetoreception—a sensitivity to the Earth’s magnetic field— to coordinate their escape when threatened. Read more…	<urn:uuid:4037c7ba-ec6a-4f08-81f9-d48c6ec7d039>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.875, "fasttext_score": 0.4769821763038635, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8712214827537537, "url": "http://www.nikiwilson.com/2016/09/27/natural-history-animal-magnetism/" }
Revision as of 07:27, 3 August 2012 by Ldo (talk \| contribs) (link to separate article) Jump to: navigation, search A Shader is a program designed to run on some stage of a graphics processor. Its purpose is to execute one of the programmable stages of the rendering pipeline. In OpenGL, shaders are written in GLSL, and are of the following types: Information is passed between the different shader stages via shader variables.	<urn:uuid:1043c592-8ef4-4d48-99c9-4df436cabde0>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.021687746047973633, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9647539258003235, "url": "https://www.opengl.org/wiki_132/index.php?title=Shader&oldid=6494" }
The image above is one of many illustrations of the Utsurobune no Banjo incident that happened in Japan in the early 19th century. Although there are various accounts of the event, it is believed by many to have been an encounter with extraterrestrials, and not just because the vessel fishermen found in the ocean looks like a flying saucer. ■ The incident One day late in the winter of 1803, some fishermen located a vessel floating in the Pacific Ocean of the coast of Ibaraki Prefecture. They towed it back to the shore for further investigation. It’s been described as a round “boat” with some iron plating and glass windows. On the windows were strange geometric shapes that they had never seen before. This craft, which was dubbed an utsurobune or “hollow boat,” measured somewhere between 5 to 10 meters (16.4 to 32.8 feet) across. Upon opening the craft they found a woman inside. The woman was described as a banjo, a word which meant “barbarian woman” or simply referred to a white woman. Remember, political correctness was still ages away at this point. However, this woman spoke a language that no one could understand and likewise she couldn’t understand them. She wore clothes like they had never seen and a long white colored hair extension. She also clung to a rather large box that no one was allowed to look inside. With communication at an impasse the locals all decided the best course of action would be to put her back in the craft and into the ocean where she came from. That’s just what they did and the woman was never heard from again. You have to hand it to old-timey Japanese people. They really knew how to deal with a complex situation efficiently. ■ What was it? The problem was solved for them at least. For the rest of us it just leaves one big question mark over what exactly happened there. The combination of strange clothes, language, symbols and boat leads many to envision an alien encounter. Added to that, all of the illustrations of the utsurobune certainly seem to resemble a flying saucer (bear in mind they are not drawn to scale). However, a more likely explanation may have been a hot air balloon’s gondola. Ballooning was just becoming big in Western countries around this time and widely used. This French illustration depicts a hot air balloon from 1808. Japan, on the other hand, was still a largely closed-off country and not too aware of these developments, especially in small fishing villages. It’s this same closed-off nature that might have made other nations really eager to take a peek inside. So, it might not be far-fetched to assume the utsurobune was just a spy balloon from somewhere like Russia that had crashed into the ocean. That’s just a theory though, and there are still many mysteries about this incident. For example, stories of similar vessels found in the ocean have been recorded in years before along with other tales of people finding strange women alone in odd places. This year’s Oscar nominee The Tale of The Princess Kaguya is one such fable that was written almost a millennium before. Unfortunately, with little else to go on, it’s hard to say whether the utsurobune encounter was an international incident, interstellar incident, or just a relatively modern rehashing of an old folktale. Too bad Leonard Nimoy wasn’t alive in 1803. He’s pretty good at figuring this stuff out. Source: Japaaan Magazine (Japanese) Images: Wikipedia – Kyokutei Bakin, Nagahashi Matajirou, Kyokutei BakinJordaki Kuparentko	<urn:uuid:a4347f2a-e422-4617-9f5c-cced6418a7e2>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.45558667182922363, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.976942241191864, "url": "https://soranews24.com/2015/02/23/utsurobune-the-ufo-unidentified-floating-object-of-19th-century-japan/" }
Prev Next Battle Of Babylon After the fall of Bilbeis the Muslims advanced to Babylon. It was the key city of Egypt. Close to it was Memphis the ancient capital of the Pharaohs. Modern Cairo is not far from what at one time was known as Babylon. The Muslims arrived before Babylon some time in May 640 A.D. Babylon was a fortified city, and the Byzantines had prepared it for a siege. Outside the city, a ditch had been dug, and a large force was positioned in the area between the ditch and the city walls. The fort of Babylon was a massive structure 60 ft. high with walls more than 6 ft. thick. The fort was studded with numerous towers and bastions. As soon as Amr arrived at Babylon he formed up his force of 4,000 men in assault formation and attacked the Byzantine positions in front of him it led to some hard fighting, and the attack was repulsed by the Byzantines. Amr pulled his men back and went into camp near the east bank of the Nile. The Byzantine force in Babylon was six times the strength of the Muslim force. The Muslims launched attacks every now and then, but these were repulsed. For two months the confrontation wore on with the Byzantines sitting tight in their defences and repulsing the frequent Muslim attacks against the crossings of the ditch. In July, Amr wrote to Umar asking for reinforcement. In August a reinforcement 4,000 strong came from Syria. Thus reinforced the Muslims renewed their attacks with greater force, but their attacks were not able to make any headway against Byzantine resistance. In these desultry fightings, a good number of Byzantine soldiers was killed, but no dents were made in the defences of the city. The attacks were called offend Amr again wrote to Umar for more belp. Umar raised a force in Madina for despatch to Egypt. Among those who volunteered to fight on the Egyptian front was Zubeir bin Al-Awwam, a cousin of the Holy Prophet. Umar indeed offered Zubeir the chief command of Egypt. Zubeir did not accept the chief command, but he agreed to go to the help of Amr bin Al-Aas. Reinforcement, 4000 strong was thus despatched from Madina to Egypt. It comprised four columns each column one thousand strong. These columns were commanded by Zubeir b. Al-Awwam; Miqdad bin Al-Aswad; Ubaida bin As-Samit, and Kharija bin Huzafa. Each Commander was in military prowess equal to a thousand men, and was the counterpart of Persian 'Hazer Mard' or gladiators. This reinforcement arrived at Babylon sometime in September 640. The total strength of the Muslim force now rose to 12,000 and this was quite a modest strength. The Muslims now renewed their attacks against the Byzantines. In the attack launched by the Muslims some hard fighting followed, and some Byzantine detachments posted in front of the ditch were driven behind the ditch. The Byzantine defences, however, remained unshaken. Ten miles from Babylon was Heliopolis. It was the city of the Sun Temple of the Pharaohs. There was the danger that some Byzantine force from Heliopolis might attack the Muslims from the flank while it was engaged with the Byzantine army at Babylon. With some detachments Amr and Zubeir marched to Heliopolis. There was a cavalry clash outside Heliopolis, and though many Byzantines were killed, the engagement was not decisive. At an unguarded point, Zubeir and some of his picked soldiers scaled the wall of the city, and after overpowering the guards opened the gates for the Muslim army to enter. Thereupon the local Byzantine garrison laid down their arms, and the city was occupied by the Muslims. From Heliopolis Amr and Zubeir with their force returned to Babylon to press the siege against the Byzantines with greater force. The Byzantines now began to sally forth across the ditch and attack the Muslims. The Muslims invariably repulsed such attacks. The sallies increased in intensity and the Muslim counter charge also gained in intensity. It was a see-saw affair leading to a condition of stalemate with no side gaining a positive advantage. To break this stalemate the Muslim high command approved a stratagem. The following day when the Byzantines launched the attack the Muslims fell back according to a determined plan. The Byzantines thought that they had overpowered the Muslims. They pressed the attack, and the Muslims continued to withdraw till the entire Byzantine army had crossed the ditch. At a signal of Amr, five hundred Muslim horsemen led by Kharija bin Huzafa broke cover and rode out in rear of the Byzantine army. The main Muslim army now turned back and charged the Byzantines with great violence. Reeling from Muslim blows the Byzantines moved back to be attacked in the rear by Kharija and his men. The Byzantine forces were now thrown into confusion. Many Byzantines were killed, but the main Byzantine army managed to cross the ditch and seek shelter in the walled city. The Byzantines entered the city and shut the gates. The area between the ditch and the city came to be occupied by the Muslims and that was a tactical advantage. The Muslims brought some catapults into action and started hurling boulders inside the city. That caused considerable distress to the Byzantines locked up in the city. Maqauqas the Viceroy of Egypt and the High Priest of the Copts who had his headquarter in Babylon shifted his headquarter to the Isle of Rauda in the Nile which was a much safer place. The Byzantine General Theodorus remained in Babylon to conduct the operations. From the Isle of Rauda, Maqauqas sent emissaries to the Muslim camp inviting negotiations. These emissaries remained in the Muslim camp for two days, and when they returned they were accompanied by some Muslim emissaries. The Muslim envoys saw Maqauqas, and they offered the Byzantines the usual three alternatives? Islam, Jizya? or arbitration by sword, Maqauqas wanted some time to consider the matter and the Muslim envoys returned. Turning to his emissaries, Maqauqas asked as to what they had seen in the Muslim camp. The emissaries said: "We found a people to each of whom death is dearer than life, and humility dearer than pride. None of them has a desire or greed for this world." On hearing this Maqauqas thought that the Egyptians could not fight against such a people, and that the best course for them was to negotiate peace. He accordingly asked Amr to send another delegation for negotiating peace. Amr accordingly sent a delegation of ten picked warriors led by Ubada bin As Samit. All of them were over six feet tall and Ubada was the giant of a man being about seven feet tall. Maqauqas talked long of the might of the Byzantine empire. He said that Heraclius would be sending a very large force, and the Muslims could not be a match for the Byzantine force. He stressed that the best course for the Muslims was to withdraw from Egypt. He said that he would give as a gift an amount of two diners to each soldier, an amount of 100 diners to each Commander, and one thousand diners to the Caliph. Ubada made Maqauqas understand that the Muslims could not be frightened by the strength of the enemy, nor could they be bought with gold. They were fighting in the name of Allah, and if they won they would have all they wanted; if they died they would get paradise. Ubada offered the usual three alternatives, Islam, Jizya, and sword. Maqauqas enquired whether a fourth alternative was possible, and Ubada said "No". Maqauqas consulted his men. He wanted them to accept the offer of Jizya, but they did not agree. Under the advice of his counsellers, Maqauqas repeated his offer of diners, and doubled the amount. The Muslims rejected the offer contemptuously. Thereupon the negotiations broke down and the Muslim envoys returned from the Isle of Rauda. In Babylon itself there was a round of negotiations between Theodorus the Byzantine Commander and Amr b. Al-Aas. Amr himself went to Theodorus to have the matter talked over. Theodorus adopted a patronising attitude and wanted the Muslims to retire after receiving a few diners each. The offer was brushed aside by Amr, and when the usual three alternatives were offered to Theodorus he said that the Byzantines knew how to wield their swords. When the negotiations broke down, and Amr was to return, Theodorus said in a boastful mood: "You have entered, now see how you get out." Theodorus sent word to the guard at the gate that as Amr would cross the gate, something should fall on him to crush him. Amr shrewd as he was sensed the danger. At the time of parting handshake with Theodorus Amr said, "I go but I will return with some of my senior colleagues so that you may talk to them as you have talked to me, and let us hope we may reach a decision acceptable to both the parties." Theodorus look these words at their face value and he came personally to the gate to see off the Commander-in-Chief of the Muslim forces. Theodor us waited in vain for another visit of Amr and his companions. Amr said that he would visit Babylon again but that would be as a victor after the city had been conquered. The siege of Babylon had begun in May and it had dragged on till December. The Muslims now became very much concerned at the delay in capturing the city. Zubeir had a reconnaissance of the city and he came across a point which was unguarded. On the 20th of December when it was a moonless night, Zubeir and some soldiers accompanying him managed to scale the wall. Then they rushed to the gate and killing the guards opened the gate for the Muslim army to enter. The Muslim army rushed inside the city. Some resistance was offered which was soon overcome. When it was day it was found that Theodorus and his army had slipped away to the Isle of Rauda by the river route. The city of Babylon was captured by the Muslims on 21st December 640. On the 22nd December, Maqauqas entered into a treaty with the Muslims. By the treaty, Muslim suzerainty over the whole of Egypt was recognised, and the Egyptians agreed to pay Jizya at the rate of 2 diners per male adult. The treaty was subject to the approval of the emperor Heraclius, but Maqauqas stipulated that even if the emperor repudiated the treaty, he and the Copts of whom he was the High Priest would honour the terms of the treaty, recognise the supremacy of the Muslims and pay them Jizya. Maqauqas submitted a report to Heraclius and asked for his approval to the terms of the treaty. He also offered reasons in justification of the acceptance of the terms of the treaty. Amr b. Al-Aas submitted a detailed report to Umar and asked for his further instructions. PDF content No tags assigned yet. Comment Filters >> Filter Comments User Roles	<urn:uuid:3116417a-1eb7-4b5b-94ab-404abdf0e6c3>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.039144814014434814, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9833077192306519, "url": "http://devl.alim.org/library/biography/khalifa/content/KUM/18/77" }
Teaching Ideas Encouraging Dialogue For Students K-12 • Look closely at this painting. What do you notice? How many people do we see? What are they doing? • How many instruments can you find? The figure on the right side of the painting is playing an instrument called a lute, which is similar to a guitar. It is a very light instrument, so it is easy to carry from place to place. Do you know how to play an instrument? • The title Bacchic Concert refers to Bacchus, the Roman god of wine and agriculture. Bacchus is usually portrayed wearing a wreath of grapes and vine leaves. Can you identify which figure is Bacchus? • How does the artist draw your attention to the figure of Bacchus? • Imagine you can step into this painting. What do you think this scene would sound like? • Imagine that you are inside this scene. How does it feel? Is it warm or cool? What gives you that impression?	<urn:uuid:ddb63995-9ba7-4d17-a397-8777d002b323>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.09375, "fasttext_score": 0.954121470451355, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.971439003944397, "url": "https://collections.dma.org/essay/ERkAb6MV" }
Finch Time Machine Recreate historical events with the Finch Finch Time Machine Lesson Level Created By Tiffany Matheny, Alma Middle School, Arkansas Programming Language Scratch, Snap! This activity is aligned with Common Core ELA anchor standards CCRA.L.1and CCRA.L.2 (proper conventions when writing), CCRA.R.2 (summarize key points within a text), CCRA.W.3 (sequence of events), and CCRA.W.5 (revision). How can you use the Finch to demonstrate what you know about history? You can use the Finch to represent a historical character or to reenact a historic battle, meeting, or other event. 1. First, outline the information that you want to present with the Finch. What are the important details? 2. Next, write a script to describe what the Finch will do and say. What props will you need? Do you need to create a backdrop or a costume for the Finch? 3. Program the Finch to act out your script. You can make the Finch move from place to place, change color, dance, sing, and speak. You may need to revise both your program and your script! 4. Present your project to your classmates or record a video to share it with others!	<urn:uuid:a6c3383f-d1b0-46ac-9033-30e7318fe568>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.828125, "fasttext_score": 0.8298506736755371, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8700510263442993, "url": "https://www.birdbraintechnologies.com/finch/activities/finch-time-machine/" }
What is OBC Literature? Rajendra Prasad Singh writes Hindi literature has ample references to eye-catching paddy fields and to standing wheat plants swaying in the wind. There are detailed descriptions of blue linseed and yellow mustard flowers covering the earth up to where the eyes can see and of pea and gram plants blooming in the fields. But there is no detailed discourse on farmers In India, there are two kinds of castes – those which labour, and those which live off the labour of others. OBC literature is the literature of the toiling castes. That is why, it is also known as ‘Sraman literature’. The working castes produce while the castes which live off the work of others, simply usurp the production. OBC literature is the literature of those who earn, who produce; hence it is also known as ‘Arjak literature’. In short, OBC literature is the literature of the working and the producer classes, which gives expression to their hopes, their aspirations, their joys and their sorrows. It underlines the value of labour of the toiling masses. Besides various bhavas and rasas, OBC literature also comprises description of agriculture, animal husbandry and of the daily life of artisans of various kinds. In other words, OBC literature documents the various dimensions and facets of the life and culture of the working castes, including their means of livelihood, their struggles of daily existence, their food, customs, dress, religious beliefs, social structure, festivals, arts and their world view. It also talks about their occupations, what aids them in their work, what creates hurdles for them, the various stratagem used for exploiting them and the factors responsible for their exploitation. The different principles and ideologies guiding them how to free themselves from their exploitation are also included in the OBC literature. OBC literature and discourse on farmers Discourse on farmers is an integral part of OBC literature, the reason being that agriculture is the main occupation of the people of the backward classes. The majority of the working castes of India are farmers. But unlike Dalit and women’s discourse, there is no tradition of discourse on farmers in Hindi literature. In Hindi, Premchand accepted this constructive challenge and gave a very realistic and minute description of the life of the farmers in his writings. His novel Godan (1936) is considered an ‘epic on agricultural culture’. Bhairav Prasad Gupta was the second important novelist after Premchand, in so far as depicting the life of the peasant community is concerned. His novel Ganga Maiya (1952) deserves a special mention in this context. Matroo of Ganga Maiya is a more evolved version of the Hori of Godan and he launches a collective resistance against the landlords. Novelists like Phanishwarnath Renu and Madhukar Singh too presented the daily life, traditions and culture of the farming community in their own respective styles. Most of the Hindi authors have dealt very cursorily with the life of the farmers. Hindi literature has ample references to eye-catching paddy fields and to standing wheat plants swaying in the wind. There are detailed descriptions of blue linseed and yellow mustard flowers covering the earth up to where the eyes can see and of pea and gram plants blooming in the fields. But there is no detailed discourse on farmers. The poems of the Ritikaal are full of descriptions of flowers of various kinds. The flowers of ‘Harsingar’ and ‘Rajnigandha’, the sweet-smelling ‘Kewada’ and ‘Bela’, the flower-beds full of ‘Champa-Chameli’ and ‘Genda’ – only the gardener who grew these flowers is missing. Anuplal Mandal, for the first time, afforded some importance to the revolutionary Nakshatra Malakaar (a character in Phanishwarnath Renu’s Maila Aaanchal). Anuplal Mandal came from the backward Kaivart caste. Phanishwarnath Renu was a Dhanuk and Madukar Singh is a Koiree. These OBC novelists captured the misery, struggle, values and interests of the working classes in graphic detail. Arjun Mahto, a Koiree, is the hero and the central character of Madhukar Singh’s novel Arjun Zinda Hai. Arjun is an alias of Master Jagdish Mahto, whose life is consumed by the struggle against the exploitation of agricultural labourers. Similarly, in Madhukar Singh’s second novel Manbodh Babu (1978), the key character Manbodh Babu dedicates his life for the Kurmichak (the habitation of the backward classes). The Bihar Rashtrabhasha Parishad has published a Krishi Kosh (agricultural dictionary) in two volumes, which contains thousands of words that don’t figure in the standard Hindi dictionaries. Every word in this kosh is entwined with the farm culture. It is impossible to portray the condition of the farmers, their mental state, their pain and their back-breaking labour, ignoring such regional expressions. Only one who has led his life amidst the idioms of peasantry can portray the real life of the farmers. In Hindi literature, peasant is presented in various shades of grey, black and beige – just like the colours of clouds. Farmer is like a castrated ox, which threshes the grain with its ironshod hooves but is unable to eat anything because its mouth is covered by a net. In the words of poet Sudama Pandey ‘Dhumil’, the farmer is like the sheep which carry wool for others on their backs. The OBC literature aims at exposing those who do not grow wool but only wear it. OBC literature and other labouring classes As the billowing, undulating ashad-saavan clouds arrive, in the midst of peasants’ spades and hoes; in the cool, white light of katik-agahan when the harvest in on; as the lazy breezes of phagun-chait blow, in the burnt offerings of wheat and peapods; in the tailor’s needle and thread; in the barber’s razor; in the heavy hammer of the ironsmith; in the chisels of the sculptor; in the burden of the soil digger’s sack; in the nets of fishermen on the river banks, various appearances, hues and distinct forms of OBC literature are seen. OBC literature lives in the vegetable fields of the Koeries. It places its pillow of young gourds and sleeps on the ridges of potatoes. It spreads the bed sheet of coriander. It covers itself with bottle gourd creeper. A cauliflower is its white teeth. It uses a brinjal’s stalk to wash its face. OBC literature is found in the cauldron of the Kanus. It sleeps in the fiery ovens. It wraps itself in earthen tiles. The burning desert sand is the lacework on its costume. OBC literature is found in the sugarcane press. In the iron chain of the ironsmith. In the cattle pen of the milkmen. Sometimes, it inhabits the bamboo baskets of the Turhas and sometimes in the bangle-filled basket of the Churhihars. At times we see it living in the heirlooms of the weavers and other times it is on the ghats of the Ghatwars. Like many colours of the dyers, OBC literature has many hues. In this instance it carries a palanquins like a Kahar and, in that, it draws water like a Kamkar. Many postures it has – one is kevatt, the other is mallah, yet another dhimar and then a kevat. In Uday Shankar Bhatt’s novel Sagar, Lehrein aur Manushya (1946) we have the portrayal of fisherman living in village Barsona on the western coast of Bombay. OBC literature is a composite of all hues and postures. Black-brown clay pottery is used to assess the age of civilisations that thrived thousands of years back. Who was the creator of clay pottery? The potter. OBC literature gives an account of the life of the potters. Torch was invented. It was lighted by the oil provided by the Telis. The human civilisation took the leap from darkness into light. OBC literature is the battle to leave darkness behind and emerge into light. The ironsmith made the axe; the carpenter fitted it with a handle. The axe was used to clear jungles and make way for agricultural land. This land was ploughed using ploughshare and hoe. Grain was produced. Till now, no alternative to wheat or rice has been invented. The battle of the farmers, carpenters and ironsmiths is the battle of the OBC literature. Food, cloth and house are the basic necessities of life. The farmer provides food, the weavers produce clothes and the Nonia caste makes brick, from which the houses are build. It is these castes which have made man civilised. OBC literature is the stage where the human civilisation has reached riding on the bullock cart (made by ironsmiths and carpenters) OBC literature: Extent and experimentation OBC literature has a host of material on farmers, their fields, the animals they rear, their lifestyle, the places where they live, the illnesses which afflict them and their granaries. It has songs of many labouring castes. It has material on the types and components of the equipment used by oilman, potters, ironsmiths, weavers and carders; the way they work, their activities and their postures. The OBC literature knows how plantation is done, it knows how huts are made, it even knows about the household arts of the labouring castes. It talks of Mallahs-Kewats, who explore the depths of seas and rivers and of Baris, who make ‘Pattal-dona’. Phanishwarnath Renu has used many songs of the toiling classes in his fictional writings. There are also some Hindi story writers who are influenced by the Mandal commission. The influence of Mandalvaad is very apparent on many stories of Ramdhari Singh Diwakar’s collection of stories Maati Paani (1999). His story ‘Jah jot baray din raati’ is pure ‘Mandalvaadi’. Biographies of OBC heroes like Mahatma Phule, Ram Manohar Lohia and Jagdev Prasad have been written in Hindi. Prem Kumar Mani has written a biography of Mahatma Phule, Mastram Kapoor has chronicled the life of Ram Manohar Lohia. This writer has edited a volume on the life and works of Jagdev Prasad. Bhikhari Thakur’s poetic composition ‘Nayee Bahar’ gives a heart-rending description of the pain of the barber community. Many literary pieces have been written on Bhikhari Thakur also. In Sanjeev’s novel Sutradhar, Bhikhari Thakur comes alive in his entirety. Kabir is an important OBC hero. Bhishma Sahni’s play Kabira Khada Bazaar Mein underlines the revolutionary personality of Kabir. Many novels of Rahi Masoom Raza have a powerful description of the dark recesses of the habitations of Muslim OBC castes like Julaha, Kunjra and Kasai. Needless to say, the canvas of OBC literature is wide and a lot of it is being written in the modern Hindi literature. Published in the August 2013 issue of the Forward Press magazine About The Author	<urn:uuid:99903237-2109-4246-ad6b-80636ef0bf9e>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.04353374242782593, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9510683417320251, "url": "https://www.forwardpress.in/2020/06/what-is-obc-literature/" }
And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar, and they dwelt there. (GENESIS 11:2) 2 KINGS 20:14, DANIEL 11:1 The tower was built at Babel. This was where Noah’s descendants settled after they left Noah’s home (where he had become a farmer). They traveled from the east and arrived at a place that they called Shinar (shee-NAR), which means “between two rivers.” These two rivers were the Tigris and Euphrates. These rivers formed as a result of Noah’s Flood, and were likely named for two pre-Flood rivers that were mentioned in GENESIS 2:14. This re-using of familiar names has happened many times down through the ages. For instance, when the Europeans came to the Americas they named rivers, cities, and regions after places in Europe. Noah’s descendants found a plain between these rivers and dwelt there. That plain is where Babel was located. This small city of Babel and the region of Babylonia (the region was later named after the city of Babel) were in southern Mesopotamia, which is part of modern-day Iraq. Later, the city of Babel (or Babylon) became the same site where a big empire was based—the Babylonian Empire, led by Nebuchadnezzar. The city of Babel was located along the Euphrates River in the plain of Shinar, south of the modern city of Baghdad in Iraq. Write a comment: Your email address will not be published. © 2019 Rush Creek Bible Church Developed by Lifedge Follow us: WP Feedback Dive straight into the feedback! Login below and you can start commenting using your own user instantly	<urn:uuid:2ebd63d4-ff17-462e-b563-0710945aacc7>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.40780109167099, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9829922318458557, "url": "https://rushcreekbc.org/c103/" }
Symbols in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Flashcard Example #87391 The River Serves as symbol of freedom that Huck and Jim use to escape the confinement, pain, and rules of society on land, as well as an opportunity for Huck and Jim to get to know each other a lot better. The Raft Serves as a symbol of equality and a free world as it is the only place where Huck (white) and Jim (black) can talk and get to know each other as friends without getting in trouble, which goes along with the idea of escaping from the rules of society. The N-Word Serves as a symbol that is showing the importance of language, how effective words really are, and how this one words carries a bloody history of slavery. The King and Duke (Con-men) Serves as a symbol of the ironic connection between the free white men and the slaves, and how the white men misuse their freedom to lie and do bad things, while the slaves cannot live their own life but they are honest, kind, and accepting of everyone. Huckleberry Finn Serves as a symbol of America since he starts out weak and must abide by the Widow and Miss Watson’s teachings, just like the colonies had to abide by British rule. Then Huck is captured by Pap and locked away for several days, which was a hard time just like America endured the American Revolution against Britain. Then Huck and Jim travel on raft towards freedom but run into difficulties, just as the way American won freedom from British rule but endured many challenges into forming the country we know today. Leave a Reply	<urn:uuid:6859d637-4960-43b1-b98d-2e0ff193cba0>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.78125, "fasttext_score": 0.31919658184051514, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9699733257293701, "url": "https://thebooksummary.com/symbols-in-the-adventures-of-huckleberry-finn-flashcard-example-87391/" }
The preamble of their relations The geographical proximity of Cyprus to the Near East was the primary reason for relations between the two regions. Situated between the Aegean Sea and the Near East, Cyprus managed to acquire a dominant role by skillfully handling the geopolitical changes in its region1 and by taking advantage also of her natural resources.2 From as early as the 18th century BC, it exports significant quantities of copper and plays a decisive role in the maritime trade-networks.3 The island develops a complex institutional framework from the 15th century BC and rises to the ascendancy in the 14th century BC as a significant political power.4 The island appears under the name “Alashiya”5 in the texts of the Near East particularly from Mari, Babylon and Alalakh6 already from the 18th century BC, in texts from Hattusa dating from the late 15th century to the early 12th century BC7 and in the records of Ugarit dating from the 14th to the early 12th century BC.8 In Egyptian archives written in hieroglyphic script and dating from the mid-15th century BC, we read two identical terms, “asija” (isy) and “alasa” (irs) that define “Alasia”.9 In the Archives of the capital of Akhenaten, Amarna, 382 clay tablets were found inscribed in Akkadian that was considered to be the common diplomatic language of the time. These tablets included the correspondence between the king of Alasia and the Egyptian Pharaoh of the 14th century, and documented that the island had a leading role in the economy of the east Mediterranean.10 The only - so far - known name of the king of Alasia is Kušmešuša and according to Peltenberg11 he was probably in power at the end of 13th century BC. Kušmešuša addresses the king of Ugarit as “son”, a designation that places him hierarchically above the king of Ugarit. In the same text we read that Kušmešuša sends 33 copper ingots, equivalent to 900 kilos of copper, to the king of Ugarit, demonstrating the natural wealth in the states of eastern Mediterranean in the Late Bronze Age,12 as well as their ability to export and distribute copper. The most recent occurrence of the name Alasia is in the 11th century BC tale of Wenamun,13 an Egyptian priest who travelled from Egypt to Byblos to fetch timber. On his return he was windswept to Alasia. The papyrus that records his adventures on the island is a secondary source of information about the existence of an organized political system in Cyprus, since Wenamun reports that on his arrival in Alasia he was received by Queen Hatbi.14 These two names, Queen Hatbi and King Kušmešuša, are the only existing references to royals of the Late Bronze Age. The island reemerged in the inscriptions of the Assyrian potentates Esarhaddon and Ashurnasirpal as early as the 7th century BC with the name Iatnana, where it appears divided into city-states dominated by local rulers.15 The island was influenced by the changes that occurred in the Mediterranean from the early 13th to the early 12th century BC. The destruction of the Mycenaean royal palaces, as well as those in Hattusa and Ugarit brought about the end of the Late Bronze Age. Egyptian sources mention raids by the “Sea Peoples”16 against areas north and east of the Nile Delta.17 However, the causes that led to the collapse of the political centres in the Late Bronze Age have not been adequately accounted for. The depredations seem to have been an outflow of a deeper economic and social crisis that brought on new realities in the political-economic process of eastern Mediterranean.18 The collapse of the royal regimes in parts of the Mediterranean resulted in the rise of a new social class of merchants, seamen and courageous voyagers that sought for new markets and raw materials, and thus reshaped the social and economic status quo.19 In the north Syrian coast, the destruction of Ugarit20 spelt the end of big urban centres while the cities of Sidon, Arados and Tyre which appeared not to have been destabilized,21 according to the aforementioned tale of Wenamun, went on to thrive as important urban centres. Phoenicians: Name, geography, political and social organization The Phoenicians played a leading role in commerce at the Syro-palestinian coast. They owe their appellation to the Homeric poems,22 which however do not specify their exact geographical location. It could thus be easily argued that the term referred to people of the East in general. Due to its location and commercial status, Phoenicia was the crossroads for the cultures of Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Red Sea and the Mediterranean alike. The archaeological and ethnographic analysis of the Phoenicians is a complicated area of research due to the continuing inhabitation of the geographical cradle of the Phoenicians from antiquity to the present day, but also because of the long-term political turmoil in the history of the Syro-palestinian littoral that hinders archaeological research. The study of the Old Testament, the inscribed tablets of Ougarit, the Amarna letters, as well as epigraphic evidence found in the areas of the Syro-palestinian coast, were reviewed in an effort to determine the geography and society of the Phoenicians. According to these sources, Phoenicians are considered to be descendants of the Canaanites;23 they used a west-Semitic language that differs from Hebrew and Aramaic, which helps define their geographical boundaries. The Greeks named their script “Phoenician letters”, and their place of origin “Phoenike”.24 The term was never used by the Phoenicians themselves whose self-definition was based on their city of origin and not on the citizenry of a unified political space.25 The Phoenician exit to the Mediterranean The Phoenician cities of Arados, Tyre, Sidon, Beirut and Byblos are located on a narrow strip of land which is flanked by the Mediterranean in the west and Mount Lebanon in the east. Acknowledging the shortcomings of the mainland, the Phoenicians focused their attention on the Mediterranean from the outset of the first millennium BC. Their naval expansion is described in the mythical journey of Europe and Kadmos, two siblings whose names are interpreted as West and East respectively, according to their Semitic names. The journey is historically explained on the basis of the geography and geomorphology of their area. Phoenician mainland stretches for 200 kilometers from north to south and is crossed by numerous small rivers. Mount Lebanon peaks at over 3,000 metres and provided timber, used for shipbuilding, but hindered communication between the coast and the Asian mainland. The Phoenician coastline is fragmented in such a way that it forms bays and islets in close proximity to the shore, favoring the creation of ports and naval stations necessary for trade. The Phoenicians and Cyprus prior to the 8th century The relations between the Phoenicians and Cyprus at the beginning of the first millennium BC were the continuation of the close commercial links that seem to have simply developed and changed due to the political transformations that affected both areas. During the Archaic and Classical periods, the Phoenicians and the Cypriotes had to deal with the rise of two empires, the Assyrian and then the Persian, which determined the course and nature of their relations. Epigraphic evidence of this period may be used to clarify the nature of the Phoenicians’ presence in Cyprus. The number of published Phoenician inscriptions found in Cyprus exceeds 135, seven of which date back to the 8th century BC or earlier. The remaining inscriptions date between the 8th and 4th centuries BC.26 The number of inscriptions quadrupled in the recent excavations of Dr Maria Hadjicosti at ancient Idalion.27 The earliest Phoenician inscription dates paleographically to the 11th century BC and is inscribed on an amphoriskos made of green steatite, purchased at Nicosia by Luigi Palma di Cesnola [Fig. 1]. The inscribed amphoriskos that dates to the 12th century BC, the origin of which is undocumented,28 is currently stored at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. The inscription located at the base of the vase consists of three letters incised between two parallel lines. Two characters are the same, forming the letter heth, the third character is he, but the sequence has yet to make sense to anybody. The second inscription is cut on a grave stela and is intriguing both in respect of the date it is paleographically attributed to, i.e. 9th century BC,29 and in terms of its content [Fig. 2]. The inscribed grave stela refers to a Phoenician buried on the island by his/her relatives. Being in charge of his/her burial, they erected the stela while other elements indicate the high social position of the deceased. The content of the inscription also attests to the importance of the dead person. It is a text of seven lines which informs readers about the kind of disasters awaiting them if they attempt to violate the tomb. Salamis, Kition, Palaepaphos and Khirokitia are four locations on the island where inscriptions were found dating before the 8th century BC. The inscriptions are composed of two or three letters written on pottery sherds, except the one in Palaepaphos which consists of 23 Phoenician letters on a pottery fragment, and could be interpreted as an indigenous person’s attempt to learn the Phoenician alphabet30 [Fig. 3]. At Kition another inscription has been found, dating back to the 9th century BC, from which the temple of Astarte was identified [Fig. 4].31 Reading this inscription is difficult, but the name of the goddess can be recognized. Although different interpretations have been suggested, researchers agree that the inscription is of votive character to the goddess Astarte and that the devotee was from Tamassos.32 The inscription is of great importance but we will limit ourselves to point out its date, the site of the discovery, the name of Tamassos and the name of the goddess Astarte. Tamassos holds a key position in terms of Phoenician and Cypriote relations, due to its copper deposits in the greater area, one of the main reasons for the presence of the Phoenicians in the 9th century BC on the island.33 Imports from the Syro-Palestinian coast of the 11th and 10th century BC were found in the tombs of Palaepaphos, Salamis, Amathous and Kition.34 During this period the Phoenicians did not attempt to engage in mining and exploitation of copper, so there is little evidence so far about their presence in the island’s interior. In the 10th century BC the decline of Egypt, the defeat of the Philistines by the kingdom of David, the political unification of Israel, the aspirations of the already emerging Assyrian empire to expand westward, and the rise to power of Hiram, the first king of Tyre, were the catalyst for Tyre to enter its golden age of overseas expansion, profiting also from the Assyrian dependence on the Phoenician navy.35 Tyre managed to secure autonomy in its trading activities by paying heavy taxes to the Assyrian rulers in the form of metal. The need to find raw materials lay beneath the Phoenician penetration in the interior of the island, where the copper deposits are located. In this context, the Phoenician inscription of Astarte found at Kition in the 9th century BC makes sense, demonstrating the interest of the Phoenicians for the copper-rich region of Tamassos.36 The Phoenician inscription found at Kition, which is probably dedicated to Astarte according to the archaeological findings, is dated in the 9th century BC and could be interpreted as an indication of change in the nature of the Phoenician presence in Cyprus. The reference to Tamassos in the same inscription, even if it cannot be fully sustained, let us nonetheless assume that the Phoenicians had already showed interest in the Cyprus hinterland, most probably in the 9th century BC, due to the rich copper deposits. Phoenicians and Cypriotes during the Archaic period (750-480/475 BC) During the Archaic period, the island’s relations with Phoenicia became more intense. In the ports of Amathous37 and Kition38 imported Phoenician pottery has been found. During the 7th century BC the signs of Phoenician presence increased: the funerary architecture of Tamassos displays characteristic Phoenician features, in Idalion an inscription dedicated to the goddess Anat has been found39 as well as an inscribed vase with Phoenician anthroponym.40 Phoenician inscriptions on tombstones and sarcophagi were found in Chytroi,41 Ayia Irini,42 Kourion,43 and Golgoi,44 thus documenting the presence of the Phoenicians. Kition, in particular, became the connecting link between Phoenicia and Cyprus and consequently between the Assyrian hegemony and Iatnana under Assyrian vassalage. The inscribed stela with which the Assyrians communicate their sovereignty on the island, was found at Kition45 and is an important primary source for the political situation in Cyprus during the Archaic period, as it is reported in seven states run by a sharu, i.e. king. The subordination of the Cypriote rulers to Assyria was not the result of a military campaign, since no reference supports military operations or an Assyrian victory against Ia or Iatnana in contrast to similar reports for other regions.46 In the case of Cyprus, Assyrian domination seems to be manifested in the form of paying tribute. Tyre, under great pressure to find raw materials for the enrichment of the treasury of the Assyrian king, maintained good relations with Kition and thus assured access to the copper mines in Tamassos.47 Phoenician influence from the 7th century BC developed and inscriptions multiplied at Kition, while there was no indication of political subjection to Tyre. On the contrary, Kition – which probably coincides with «Qartihadast» of the Assyrian sources – had its own king. The reaction of the Kitians towards the intense presence of the Phoenicians of Tyre is found in Menander’s notice (Flavius Josephus, IX.284), which portrays the rebellion of Kition against the Phoenicians and specifically against the Tyrian king Eloulaios. This reaction should be perceived as an attempt by the residents of Kition, of Phoenician or other origin. Kition of the Archaic period should be viewed as another city-state of Cyprus, subordinated to the Assyrians. The expansionary policy of the Assyrians in Cyprus was primarily economic in nature, contrary to Phoenicia which integrated with Assyria in the middle of the 8th century BC. Tyre was the only city to maintain its autonomy and abstained from the revolutionary agitation of the other Phoenician cities throughout the reign of the Tyrian king Eloulaios and Assyrian Sargon II. The presence of Tyre at Kition became more pressing because Kition was now its only close outlet, since Tyre was confined to exploiting the copper areas of northern Syria and Cilicia. Cypriotes and Phoenicians during the Classical period (480/475-312 BC) The fall of the Assyrian empire gave way to the Persian Empire. The scarcity of written sources and the subjectivity of the existing ones make it difficult to assess the history of the island in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. Herodotus informs us on the integration of Cyprus in the fifth prefecture of the Persian Empire. The new “superpower” in contrast to the Assyrians, not only aimed at the economic exploitation of the island, but also towards its expansionist aspirations.48 However, the political regime of the Persians resembles that of the Assyrians, since according to Xenophon (Cyropaedia 7.4.1) satrapy was not imposed on Cyprus and Cypriote49 kings functioned autonomously. It should be noted that the records of the Achaemenids mention Cyprus very rarely, while Greek lyric and epic poetry and historiography of the Classical period add Cyprus to their repertoire increasingly, mainly because of political developments whose underlying theme was the expansionist policy of the Persians to the west and of the Athenians to the east.50 Undoubtedly, Cyprus was the most important naval base for the Persians,51 who took advantage of the naval supremacy of the Cypriotes, and of the Phoenicians, in their campaigns in Egypt (Herodotus III.19.3 and Diodorus XI.75.1-2), Lade (Herodotus VI.6-18), Salamis (Herodotus VII.89-90, VIII.10-11, 67-68 and 85 Diodorus XI.2,1,3,7 and 18-19), Eurymedon (Diodorus XI.60-61), Cyprus (Diodorus XII.3.1-4), and finally at Knidos (Diodorus XIV.39.1-2, Isocrates, Evagoras 54-56, 68). The king of Salamis Onesilos, Aristokypros of Soloi, and Stisinoras of Kourion, joined the Ionians during the Ionian revolt in the early 5th century BC (Herodotus V.106-115).52 According to Herodotus, Salamis led by Onesilos, plotted in a scheme of revolt with the Ionians against the Persians and the Phoenicians. Onesilos’ plan was unsuccessful and the revolution ended with the victory of the Persians. Greek poetry became the means of promotion and confirmation of the new relationship of Salamis with the Greek world,53 presented for the first time at the Nemeonikes of Pindar (IV.44-48) and the Persians of Aeschylus (891-896). The image portrayed by the Greek lyric and tragic poetry regarding the relations between Salamis primarily – and, consequently, between a large part of the island –and the Greek world was the foundation for building a new political reality in the period that followed the revolution. The island became a field of contention between Greek and Phoenician interests. It is no coincidence that immediately after the Ionian Revolt, the attack of the Medes and the Kitians took place against Idalion, as witnessed by the Idalion tablet, the subjugation of which opened the way to Tamassos and the copper areas. The change in the political situation is manifested by the minting of coinage of the kings of Cyprus: the kings of Idalion stopped issuing currency once they were overrun and deprived of their autonomy by the kings of Kition.54 The excavations by Hadjicosti at Idalion confirm that during the Classical era the Phoenicians turned the kingdom of Idalion into their administrative centre, in which more than 1,200 pottery fragments inscribed in Phoenician alphabet, all of economic nature, were located.55 During the same period the Phoenicians tried to preserve their trading establishments, mainly in the West:56 when the Phoenicians were involved in campaigns with Persians against the Greeks in Greek territories, they also clashed with the Greeks of Sicily (Herodotus, VII.165-167). This situation, especially after the failed uprising of Cyprus at the beginning of the 4th century BC, differentiated the Phoenician policy on the island. An interesting question that arises is whether the Phoenicians who had political control over Kition, Idalion, and Tamassos came from the amalgamated society of Kition or were newcomers. A stela found at Kition dating to the Classical period could answer this question [Fig. 5]. The stela has two inscriptions related to the temple of goddess Astarte and referring to the operation of the temple.57 On the front we read the title “Astarte of Kition”, while the back of the stela indicates the origin of the contractor, bearing the surname “Carthaginian”, hapax legomenon for the society of Kition. Although both inscriptions date back to 400 BC,58 the two signs were written by different hands with the one οn the front pre-dating the one in the rear. It could, therefore, be argued that the second contractor might have come from the family environment in power at Kition, having arrived from the Syrian-Palestinian coast, and therefore considered the city of Kition as a new Phoenician city, a Carthage – as the word Qartihadast is translated in Phoenician – thus suggesting another hint in favor of the identification of the city of Carthage of the Assyrian inscriptions with Kition.59 The Kitians, even those with Phoenician names, never used the term Phoenician as a national adjective neither in Cyprus nor when they migrated to Athens and Piraeus. At these locations tombstones have been identified to bear the adjective “Kitian” but never “Phoenician” or “Carthaginian”.60 The Phoenician royal dynasty inaugurated a new political era at Kition during the Classical period and marked the evolution of the Phoenician presence on the island. This presence would absorb the influences coming from the Greek area, like the other kingdoms of the island, and would also be characterized by a special cosmopolitan material life. Published: August 25, 2015 Updated at: August 25, 2015 Submitted in: Greek and English Edited by: Bourogiannis, Giorgos, Panagiotopoulou, Chryssa Final editing: Markou, Evangeline List of illustrations Fig. 1: Amphoriskos made of green steatite, 12th century BC, unknown provenance; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Cesnola Collection, inv. 74.51.5057a ( Fig. 2: Grave stele, 9th century BC, unknown provenence; Cyprus Museum, Nicosia, inv. Ins. Ph. 6. Fig. 3: Protogeometric oinochoe, Palaipaphos-Skales, tomb 69, Cyprus Museum, Nicosia. Fig. 4: Red slip bowl; provenance: Kition. Cyprus Museum, Nicosia, inv. Kit. 1435. Fig. 5: Stele dedicated to Astarte from Kition. British Museum, London, Inv. no: 125.080. 1 Macqueen, 1986, 22-37. 2 Muhly, 1982, 251-269. 3 Knapp 1996, 17-19. 4 Satraki 2012. 5 Knapp 1996. 6 Knapp 1996, 17-20. 7 Knapp 1996, 31-35. 8 Malbran-Labat, 1999, 121-123. 9 Kitchen, 2-8. 10 Knapp 1996, 21-25. 11 Peltenburg, Iacovou 2012, 346-347. 12 Liverani 1987, 68; Bell 2006, 75. 13 Pritchard 1969, 25-29; Bunnens 1978, 1-16. 14 Egberts 2001. 15 Iacovou 2001. 16 Sandars 1985, 9. 17 Nibbi 1972, 63. 18 Bell 2006, 12; Sherratt 1998. 19 Muhly 1992, 19; Sherratt-Sherratt 1993, 361. 20 Caubet 1992, 123-131. 21 Bell 2006, 12. 22 Muhly 1970, 19-64; Wathelet 1974, 5-14; Baurain 1986, 7-28; Bourogiannis 2012. 23 Maisler Mazar 1946, 7-12. 24 Briquel-Chatonnet, Gubel, 1998, 17. 25 Baurain, 1986, 7-28; Aubet 2001, 12. 26 Ioannou forthcoming; Yon 2004; Steele 2013,. 27 Hadjicosti 1997, 49-61. 28Masson, Sznycer, 1972, 128-30. 29 Honeyman 1939, 106-108; Masson, 1968, 379-380; Albright, 1941, 15-17; Gjerstad, 1948, 436-439; Peckham 1968, Masson-Sznycer, 1972, 13-20. 30Teixidor 1975, 123. 31 Dupont-Sommer 1972, 273-294. 32 Guzzo-Karageorghis 1977, 55. 33Kassianidou 2004, 33-46. 34 Bikai 1987, 50-53. 35 Aubet 2001, 117. 36 Ioannou 2013. 37 Bikai, 1987, 50-53; Culican 1982, 53. 38 Buchholz, Matthäus, Walcher 2002, 219-242. 39 Masson, Sznycer 1972, 108-110. 40 Bonnet 1990, 141-153. 41 Honeyman 1939, 106. 42 Guzzo-Amadasi 1978, 114-116. 43 Masson-Sznycer 1972, 89-91. 44 Masson 1971, 326. 45 Yon, Malbran-Labat 1995, 161-179. 46 Yon, Malbran-Labat 1995, 174-175. 47 Katzenstein 1973, 220-258. 48 Briant 1996, 59. 49 Stylianou 1989, 512-513. 50 Zournatzi 2005, 15. 51 Zournatzi 2005, 11. 52 Briant 1996, 59. 53 Raptou, 1999. 54 Inscription of Idalion: Masson, Georgiades. Coins: Destrooper-Georgiades 2002, 353-355. To be related to articles in SilCoinCy from Marcus and Georgiades (inscription of Idalion). 55 Hadjicosti 1997, 58-59. 56 Boardman 1980, 210; Burn 1962, 143. 57 Healey 1974, 53-60. 58 Yon 2004, 209-213. 59 As far as the discussion on Karthage is concerned, see S. Moscati, Il mondo dei Fenici, Milano, 1966, 104; Karageorghis, 1976, 109-110; Bunnens, 1979, 350-353; Baurain, 1997, 254; Yon, 2004, 19-22; Hill, 1949, 107-108; Lipinski, 1983, 212-216; Hermary 1987, 375-388; Garbini, 1980, 121-122; Katzenstein, 1973, 207-208. 60 Yon 2004, 132-141. Albright, W.F. 1941: «New light on the early history of Phoenician colonization», BASOR 83, 14-22. Amadasi Guzzo, M.G., Karageorghis, V. 1977: Fouilles de Kition III Inscriptions Phéniciennes, Nicosia. Amadasi Guzzo, M.G. 1978, “L’Inscrizione Fenicia dalla Tombe n.43”, in L. Roccheti (edit.), Le tombe dei periodi geometrico ed archaico della necropoli a mare dr Ayia Irini “Paleokastro”, Roma, 114-116. Aubet, M.E., 2001: The Phoenicians and the West Politics Colonies and Trade, Cambridge. Baurain, C. 1986: “Portées Chronologiques du Terme Phénicien”, Stud. Phoen. IV, 7-28. Baurain, C. 1997: Les Grecs et la Méditerranée orientale. Des siècles obscurs à la fin de l’époque archaïque, PUF, Nouvelle Clio, Paris. Bell C. 2006: The Evolution of Long Distance Trading Relationships Αcross the LBA/Iron Age Transition on the Northern Levantine Coast. Crisis, Continuity and Change, BAR International Series 1574, Oxford. Bikai, P. 1987: The Phoenician Pottery of Cyprus, A.G. Leventis Foundation, Nicosia. Boardman, J. 1980: The Greeks Overseas, London. Bonnet, C. 1990: “Les Étrangers dans le Corpus Épigraphique Phénicien de Chypre”, RDAC, 141-153. Bordreuil, P., Pardee, D. 1989: Ras Shamra Ougarit V la Trouvaille Épigraphique de l’Ougarit I, Paris. Bourogiannis 2012: «Εισαγωγή στην προβληματική των Φοινίκων» στο Π. Αδάμ-Βελένη, Ε. Στεφανή, (επιμ.), Έλληνες και Φοίνικες στα σταυδρόμια της Μεσογείου, Θεσσαλονίκη, 31-36. Briant, P. 1996: Histoire de l’Empire Perse de Cyrus à Alexandre, Paris. Buchholz, H.G., Matthäus, H., Walcher, K. 2002: “Tombs of Tamassos State of Research and Perspectives”, CCEC 32, 219-242. Bunnens, G. 1978: “La Mission d’Ounamon en Phénicie: Point de Vue d’un Non-égyptologue”, Rivista di Studi Fenici 6, 1-16. Bunnens, G. 1979, L’expansion phénicienne en Méditerranée, Brussels-Rome. Burn, A.D. 1962: Persia and the Greeks, Oxford. Caubet, A. 1992: “Reoccupation of the Syrian Coast after the Destruction of the Crisis Years”, in W.A. Ward, M.S. Joujowrsky (ed.), The Crisis Years: The 12th Century B.C.: From Beyond the Danube to the Tigris, Iowa, 123-131. Culican, W. 1982: «The repertoire of Phoenician pottery», Madrider Beiträge 8, in H.N. Niemeyer (ed.), Phoenizier im Western: Die Beiträge des Internationalen Symposiums über “Die phönizische Expansion im westlichen Mittelmeerraum”, Köln vom 24 bis 27 April 1979, Mainz, 45-82. Destrooper-Georgiades, A. 1987: “La Phénicie et Chypre à l’Époque Achéménide: Témoignages Numismatiques”, Stud. Phoen. V, 339-355. Dupont-Sommer, A. 1972: Une inscription phénicienne archaïque récemment trouvée à Kition (Chypre), Μémoires de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres 44, 273-294. Egberts, Α. 2001: «Wenamon», in D.B. Redford (ed.), Oxford Encyclopedia of ancient Egypt vol. 3, Oxford, 495-496. Garbini, G., 1980: I Fenici Storia e religione, Naples. Georgiadou, A., 2010: «La Tablette d’Idalion réexaminée», CCEC 40, 141-203. Georgiadou, A. 2015: «Η Επιγραφή του Ιδαλίου (ICS 217) », On the website: Kyprios Character: History, Archaeology and Numismatics of ancient Cyprus: (last visited 29/7/2015). Gjerstad, E. 1948: The Swedish Cyprus Expedition IV, 2. The Cypro-Geometric, Cypro-Archaic and Cypro-Classical periods, Stockholm. Hadjicosti, M. 1997: “The Kingdom of Idalion in the Light of New Evidence”, BASOR 308 49-61. Healey, J.P. 1974: “The Kition Tariffs and the Phoenician Cursive Series”, BASOR 216, 49-61. Hermary, A 1987: «Amathonte de Chypre et les Phéniciens», in E.Lipiński (ed.), Phoenicia and the Eastern Mediterranean in the First Millennium B.C., Stud. Phoen. V, Leuven, 375-388. Hill, G. 1949: A History of Cyprus, I, Cambridge. Honeyman, A.M. 1938: “Larnax tis Lapethou”, Le Museon 51, 285-98. Honeyman, A.M. 1939: “The Phoenician Inscriptions of the Cyprus Museum”, Iraq 6, 104-108. Iacovou, M. 2001: «Cyprus from Alashiya to Iatnana: the protohistoric interim», in S. Bohm, K.V. von Eickstedt (eds), ΙΘΑΚΗ, Festschrift für Jörg Schäfer, Würzburg, 85-92. Iacovou, M. 2013: «Cyprus during the Iron Age through the Persian period from the 11th period to the abolition to the city kingdoms 300 B.C.», στο M. Steiner, A. Killebrew (επιμ.), The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant, Oxford. Ioannou, C. 2013: “Le rôle des Phéniciens à Chypre selon les inscriptions phéniciennes trouvées sur l’île à l’époque archaïque”, PASIPHAE VII, 105-114. Ioannou, C., Le Corpus des Inscriptions Phéniciennes de Chypre, υπό έκδοση. Karageorghis, V. 1976: Kition Mycenaean and Phoenician Discoveries in Cyprus, London. Kassianidou V. 2004: “And at Tamassos there were important mines of copper… (Strabo, Geography, 14.6.5, CCEC 34, 33-46. Katzenstein, H.J. 1973: The history of Tyre, Jerusalem. Kitchen, Κ.Α. 2009: “Alas(h)i(y)a (Irs) and Asiya (Isy) in Ancient Egyptian Sources”, in D. Michaelides, V. Kassianidou, R.S. Merrilles (eds), Egypt and Cyprus in Antiquity, Oxford/Oakville, 1-8. Knapp, A.B. 1966: Sources for the History of Cyprus. Volume 2: Near Eastern Texts from the Third to the First Millenia BC, New York. Lipiński, E. 1983: « La Carthage de Chypre», Stud. Phoen. I-II, in E. Gubel, E. Lipinski, B. Servez Soyez (eds), Redt Tyrus/Sauvons Tyr. II : Histoire phénicienne/Fenicische geschiedenis, Leuven, 209-234. Liverani M., 1987: “The collapse of the Near Eastern Regional System at the End of the Bronze Age: the case of Syria”, in M. Rowlands, M. Larsen, K. Kristiansen (eds.), Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World, Cambridge, 66-73. Macqueen, J.G. 1986: The Hittites and their Contemporaries in Asia Minor, London. Malbran-Labat, F. 1999: «Nouvelles Données Épigraphiques sur Chypre et Ougarit», RDAC, 121-123. Maisler Mazar, B. 1946: «Canaan and the Canaanites», BASOR 102, 7-12. Markou, E. 2015: «The coinages of the kings of Cyprus from the Archaic to the Early Hellenistic period», in the website: Kyprios Character. History, Archaeology & Numismatics of Ancient Cyprus: (last visited 29/7/2015). Masson, O. 1968: «Kypriaka V: la plus ancienne inscription phénicienne de Chypre », BCH 92.2, 379-380. Masson, O. 1971: «Kypriaka IX·Antiquités de Golgoi», BCH 95.1, 305-334. Masson, O. 1983: Inscriptions chypriotes syllabiques. Recueil critique et commenté (Second edition), Paris. Masson, O., Sznycer, M. 1972: Recherches sur les Phéniciens à Chypre, Paris, Geneva. Moscati, S. 1966: Il mondo dei Fenici, Milan.Muhly, D. 1970: “Homer and the Phoenicians”, Berytus 19, 19-64. Muhly, J.D. 1982: «The Nature of Trade in the LBA Eastern Mediterranean: The Organization of the Metals Trade and the role of Cyprus», στο J.D. Muhly, R. Maddin, V. Karageorghis (επιμ.), Early metallurgy in Cyprus 4000-500 BC: Acta of the International Archaeological Symposium, Larnaca, Cyprus, 1-6 juin 1981, Nicosia, 251-269. Muhly, J. 1992: “The Crisis Years in the Mediterranean World: Transition or Cultural Disintegration”, in W.A. Ward, M.S. Joukowsky (eds), The Crisis Years: The 12th Century BC Dubuque, Iowa, 10-26. Nibbi, A. 1972: The Sea Peoples: A re-examination of the Egyptian sources, Oxford. Peckham, J.B. 1968: The Development of the Late Phoenician Scripts, Cambridge-Massachusetts. Peltenburg, Ε., Ιacovou, M. 2012: “Crete and Cyprus: contrasting political configurations”, in G. Cadogan, M. Iacovou, K. Kopaka, J. Whitley (eds) Parallel Lives: Ancient Island Societies in Crete and Cyprus, London, 345-363. Pritchard, J. 1969: Ancient Near Eastern Texts in relation to the Old Testament (ΑΝΕΤ), 3d ed., Princeton. Raptou, E. 1999: Athènes et Chypre à l’époque perse VIe-IVe av. J.-C., CMO, Lyon. Sandars, N.K. 1985: The Sea Peoples. Warriors of the Ancient Mediterranean 1250-1150 BC, London. Satraki, Α. 2012: Κύπριοι Βασιλείς από τον Κοσμασο μέχρι το Νικοκρέοντα, Athens. Sherratt, E.S. 1998: “Sea Peoples and the economic structure of the Late Second Millennium in the Eastern Mediterranean”, in S. Gitin, A. Mazar, E. Stern (eds), Mediterranean peoples in transition thirteenth to early tenth centuries BCE, Jerusalem, 292-313. Sherratt, S., Sherratt, A. 1993: “The growth of the Mediterranean economy in the early first millennium BC”, World Archaeology 24.3, 361-378. Steele, P.M. 2013: A Linguistic History of Ancient Cyprus. The Non-Greek Languages and their Relations with Greek, c. 1600-300 BC, Cambridge. Stylianou, P.J. 1989: The Age of kingdoms : A political history of Cyprus in the Archaic and Classical periods”, Ίδρυμα Αρχιεπισκόπου Μακαρίου Γ΄ Μελέται και υπομνήματα ΙΙ, Nicosia, 373-530. Teixidor, J. 1975: “Early Phoenician presence in Cyprus: Analysis of Epigraphical Material”, The Archaeology of Cyprus Recent Developments, Park Ridje, NJ, 121-128. Wathelet, P. 1974: Les Phéniciens dans la composition formulaire de l’épopée grecque, RBPhH 52, 5-14. Yon, M. et. al. 2004: Kition-Bamboula, V. Kition dans les textes, Paris. Yon, M., Malbran Labat, F. 1995: La stèle de Sargon II à Chypre, in A. Caubet (ed.), Khorsabad le palais de Sargon II roi d’Assyrie, Paris, 159-179. Zournatzi, A. 2005: «Persian Rule in Cyprus. Sources Problems Perspectives», Μελετήματα 44, Athens	<urn:uuid:15de5d39-b6c6-47c9-97c9-07ec110c220a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.01891326904296875, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8560851216316223, "url": "http://kyprioscharacter.eie.gr/en/scientific-texts/details/cyprus-and-others/cypriotes-and-phoenicians" }
There was a time in ancient history when the priesthood in various cultures were required to sever their penis’, or what is more Eunuchscommonly known as castration. These priests were first known as eunuchs (/ˈjuːnək/; Greek: εὐνοῦχος) and the Galli, who according to Herodian were named after a river called Gallus in Phrygia which is another name for the Mediterranean island of Crete. The Cretan Galli celebrated the rites of the Goddess near the River Gallus, and it was reported that if you drank the water it would drive you mad. During the celebrations they would dance wildly in circles, beat drums, howl like wolves, and slash at their skin until it bled to which relates that of Ovid; “Gallus, with his distracting Waters Glides, On Green Cybele and Cylene’s Sides.” The meaning of the word eunuch is an emasculated person, and which we may also connect with the biblical Enoch that is derived from the Hebrew name חֲנוֹך (Chanokh) meaning “devoted or dedicated”. It was said that castration was most often carried out on the soon-to-be eunuch without his consent in order that he might perform a specific social function. Eunuchs were often employed as priests and royal court officers, who many of them had great power and influence. They were also in charge of the priestesses of the Goddess as chamberlains; i. e. those who have charge of the bedchamber. In ancient Egypt it came to be applied to any court officer, whether they were castrated or not. We learn from Clemens of Alexandria, that Pythagoras the philosopher and first true mathemagician was made an eunuch. Herodotus had said that in Persia they were far from being objects of contempt, but were frequently promoted to the highest offices. They had worn woolen good and were said to dress like the woman of that time. One of the great generals in the service of the Byzantine Emperor, Justinian I Narses was an eunuch, and also Hermias, governor of Atarnea in Mysia was also an eunuch. Herodotus further stated; “The Orders to which the priests belonged were governed by strict rules enforced by means of oaths ani penance. Cleanliness being next to godliness was strictly enforced. Twice a day and oftentimes twice a night the priests were required to take baths. Every three days the hair on the head was clipped, and only in cases of great sorrow was the hair permitted to be worn long.” Castration, with the object of celibacy, was performed by the ancient priests or monks,” and Clemens states that “Pythagoras, the philosopher, was made an eunuch.” The earliest records for intentional castration to produce eunuchs are from the Sumerian city of Lagash in the 21st century BC. The fourth century AD Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus (14.6.17) attributed the origin of male castration to the legendary Assyrian queen Semiramis. This priesthood I have written about many times before. They are originally from the holy island of Crete, and their place of initiation was on the sacred mountain of Mount Ida. The same exact location where many brethren of this secret brotherhood were initiated into the secret mysteries, such as one of the founders of the ancient Gnostic mysteries of Orphism, who was said to be a Cretan man named Epimenides (Greek: Ἐπιμενίδης) and whose tattooed body and skin were held venerable by the ancient Spartans. This was also the same exact place where Pythagoras was initiated. CybeleThe priesthood of the Goddess known by various names such as Cybele, Rhea, Diana, and many other names were known to be castrated. Some voluntarily and some by force. This secret priesthood was also known by many other names such as the priests of Diana of Ephesus, Priests of Isis, Priesthood of Pan or Jupiter, the Curetes, and many other names, who were originally from the ancient holy island of Crete. Strabo had written, that the various groups known as the Curetes (Kuretes), Corybantes, Idaean Dactyls (Judeans), Cabiri, and Telchines were names that are often used interchangeably with one another. Today we can find many of the descendants or remnants of their priesthood in the Christian Church, and they are also mentioned by Jesus in the bible. Many of these priests would eventually be the first priests to convert to Christianity. The same priesthood we see today would most likely descend from these same priests. We could call them the priests of Atlantis who in reality descended from the island of Crete, Greece, Egypt, and the surrounding lands in which they had immigrated. The original legend of Attis comes to us from the island Crete where he was worshipped together with Europa, along with his great Cretan Mother of the earth who was known by several names such as Cybele, Rhea, Isis and Agdistis. In Rome, Cybele was known as the Magna Mater. The story of Attis is also told by Ovid (Fasti, iv, 223-372): Attis was a beautiful shepherd beloved of Cybele, who imposed upon himAttis crucified the vow of chastity. Having broken his vow, he was made insane by the goddess, in which condition he unmanned himself. When, in consequence thereof, he attempted to kill himself, Cybele changed him into a fir tree, and decreed that henceforth her priests should be eunuchs. The myth represented the successive death and regeneration of nature, due to the changes of the seasons. Attis was the Phrygian god of vegetation, and in his self-mutilation, death, and resurrection represents the fruits of the earth, which die in winter only to rise again in the spring. Strabo (12.5.3) writes that the priests were potentates in “ancient times.” These priests had used to castrate themselves as devotees of the Mother of the Gods which was a symbolic sacrifice of their own individual fertility. On the island of Crete the priests of Agdistis or Cybele and the priests of Diana were all required to be castrated in a ceremony. I had written about Attis in my article” Who is the Antichrist“, where I explain the meaning of the name Attis, Atys, Attes (Ancient Greek: Ἄττις or Ἄττης) “The Sinner,” and according to Herodotus , he was known as the son of the god. The Phrygians are said to be the oldest race in Asia Minor who worshiped Attys as the “only begotten son,” as a savior. Pin It on Pinterest	<urn:uuid:294c5ce0-6da8-401a-a325-b0f8d1f6c248>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.06785130500793457, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9843787550926208, "url": "https://gnosticwarrior.com/enoch-priesthood.html?replytocom=4194" }
A short historical intro about the Sitar, Surbahar and Tanpura There are many stories about the origin of the sitar, but I tend to believe that it probably descended from the Persian sehtar, or the tambur which is the ancestor of both the sitar and the tanpura. Apparently there were two kinds, the fretted version, which developed into the present day sitar, and the fretless type that was called the tambura. The tambura was used, as it is today, as a drone instrument to accompany vocalists (for more info on the Tambura or Tanpura, click the link). However, there are many different kinds of tambur and they come in all shapes and sizes.The Persian lutes that resemble the modern day turkish saz and had been played in the Mogul courts for hundreds of years clearly developed into the sitar at the end of the Mogul era. old sitar miniture Meaning "springtime of notes" the surbahar is able to produce long deep notes which are used in the dhrupad style of playing. The surbahar is in fact a bass sitar. Originating around 1825 in Lucknow, Northern India, it is said to have been invented by Ghulam Muhammad, a sitar player who felt a need to express the lower notes more extensively in his preferred dhrupad style of playing. His teacher was in fact a binkar, a player of the bin, the rudra-veena. The surbahar has a flat-cut gourd. The sitar and tanpura have their gourds placed vertically on the instrument whereas in the case of the surbahar the gourd is placed horizontally on the instrument. Around the mid 19th century and up to the first half of the 20th century the "flat cut tumba" was common among sitars. This instrument was called the Kachua sitar or the kacchapi vina and most probally inspired Ghulam Muhammad in his design of the surbahar. All surbahars have kachua-style gourds. < previous page	<urn:uuid:c919f799-712e-4e1b-8f24-b59e15005847>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.05250173807144165, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9659326672554016, "url": "https://www.tosslevy.nl/general-info/sitar-and-other-flat-bridged-lutes-of-northern-india/" }
Portail de ressources Vous pouvez télécharger ici de nombreuses ressources pour la classe Faites votre recherche ci-dessous à l'aide des filtres disponibles et consultez gratuitement de nombreuses Modelling Increase in Rainfall with Temperature Editeur: T³ Europe Editor: Ian Galloway, Christine Buerki Auteur: Ian Galloway Sujet: Physique STEM Mathématiques Tags Pression , Température , Pluie , Sustainability , SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation , SDG 13: Climate Action Thermal energy from the Sun evaporates water from the oceans. The water-vapour pressure determines how much water is in the atmosphere and consequently how much rain can fall. The relationship between pressure P and temperature T is described by the Clapeyron equation which is a triumph of thermodynamics. The oceans and atmosphere represent an enormous thermodynamical system and climate models all use thermodynamics to model the atmosphere and predict the future! One of these predictions concerns the increase in rainfall as the mean global temperature rises. The atmosphere is able to hold more water vapour as the temperature rises and this results in ever greater amounts of rain. At the end of this exercise students • Are able to enter a complicated function into the graph page. • Are able to use the function notation in calculations. • Know the difference between exponential and non-exponential change. • Know that global warming will lead to increased rainfall. • Understand how mathematical models support scientific models. Publisher specific license	<urn:uuid:7cfc726f-6c8b-407c-986d-4e1096274b91>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.6856860518455505, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.6774742603302002, "url": "https://resources.t3france.fr/t3france?resource_id=3111&cHash=3245c7122fbe059f9c039979afbaa2bd" }
Wonder Time ARTS Wonder Time ARTS Saint George & the Dragon Essential Questions: What does the ability to persevere do for our lives? What role does perseverance play in the success of heroes? A PICTURE IN WORDS Saint George and the Dragon is a treasure trove of figurative language! Create your own version of Saint George and the dragon in image and story. Investigate as an artist, reader, and writer the following questions. 1. How do storytellers and writers make their stories exciting? 2. What does it mean to “paint pictures with words”? 3. What is a “good deed”? What good deeds have you done or have been done for you? 4. What makes a hero a hero? When were you a hero and why? 5. How are fictional and real-life heroes different? How are they the same? Illustrate the following vocabulary words and write your own definitions. adventure, castle, champion, chivalry, dragon, fact, fantasy, fiction, figurative language, good or brave deed, hero, honor, knight, medieval, Middle Ages, pledge, plot, suspense, visualize Begin with Research First the Knight LESSON OBJECTIVES Students will be able to: • explain the function and meaning of a coat of arms • translate concept of coat of arms into their own lives • design a symbolic coat of arms for a shield Look closely at the Trina's illustrations, what is on Saint George's Shield? A knight’s coat of arms became his identification. It indicated pictorially his family lineage and therefore indicated what side he was on. The coat of arms was often embroidered on a cloth tunic, or surcoat, or painted on his wooden shield. Depictions of or invocations to various saints can be found on many pieces of decorated armor Reading Level Grade level Equivalent: 5.9 Lexile® Measure: AD1080L DRA: 38 Guided Reading: P Saint George & the Dragon Knights were expected to behave in certain ways. He had certain duties to perform to: 1) His countrymen and fellow Christians. He had to be a servant to his lord, be courageous and brave, fair, and protect the weak and poor. 2) God. He would have to be faithful to God, protect innocent people, be faithful in his church, be giving, and always obey God (over his lord in real life). 3) Women. He would have to serve a lady, perform acts of bravery to win her heart, be gentle and gracious to all women, marry her and protect her forever. This is the root of chivalrous behavior such as standing when a women enters the room, opening a door for a women, helping her remove or don her coat, carrying her load, and many other things. Then the Dragon Read the story and take notes on the parts of the dragon using a brace map: Why are the wings special or important in the story? Why is the tail special or important in the story? Why are the claws special or important in the story? Why is the head and the mouth important in the story? Add Dramatization Who can think of a way to use their whole body to make the Dragon's tail? (At this point I take volunteers, who demonstrate different ways of "becoming" the Dragon's tail. Eventually, usually without coaching, they realize they can make a longer tail if they work together. I don't move on until we seem to have exhausted the group's ideas.) Who can think of a way to use their whole body to make the Dragon's Wings? Claws? Mouth? (I give each as much time as seems appropriate.) Building a Dragon Once we have explored each part separately, I tell the class we are going to make one Dragon out of the whole class. I take volunteers to become each wing, each claw, the head, the body, and (with whoever is left) the long tail. Each person makes his or her body part in the way that he or she wants. (In other words, I don't try to make sure that the left wing looks like the right wing, etc.) When the "Dragon" is finished, we carefully practice moving about the room. It takes some work, but usually Kindergartners can do it with concentration. Finally, we act out the epic battle between Knight (the teacher) and Dragon. There are four major confrontations, during each of which a different body part is affected. The whole thing is done in slow motion and carefully. I choose the more alert "wing" and "injure" it with an imaginary sword. That child pretends to be an injured wing, and the Dragon flies in circles. The "tail" swings around to stab at me with its "stings" and I hack off one or two children, who wriggle on the ground separate from the rest of the Dragon. I hack off the most alert "front claw" in the same way. Finally the dragon opens its "mouth" and I run it through. It generally dies a noisy death. In order to finish off the lesson on a more positive note (not that the students care, but it makes me feel better) I usually have them act out the peasants celebrating after the Dragon is dead Who can be the Hero? Compare the traditional story of Saint George with the following. How did the animator synthesize the traditional story and create an alternative ending? Write an argument for which version is the most appropriate for today's child. From Home School Share The middle ages were the time period between AD 400 to 1500. Be sure to put it somewhere on your timeline! (Knights did not begin to wear metal body armor until after 1300, so that might be a good place to put some memory of Saint George.) This time in history was characterized by a feudal society. In a feudal society, the king awarded land grants to his most important nobles, his barons, and his bishops, in return for their contribution of soldiers for the king's armies. At the lowest of society were the peasants (also called serfs or villains). In exchange for living and working on his land, the lord offered his peasants protection Now the Castles The first castles were built in AD 900. They were originally wooden and called “keeps.” About 100 years later they began to be built of stone and had walls that were 3 feet thick or more! They usually included towers, a keep (the strong, central tower), a chapel, the gatehouse (where the guards lived), the great hall (where everyone ate and servants slept), the kitchen, and the stables. They were surrounded by a moat that could only be crossed using the drawbridge. A castle would house several families and have additional houses built in it for others. Castles were built as fortresses for protections during battle, houses, or prisons. Explore a Castle Create your characters and a fairytale setting How to Paint a Watercolor Landscape We are going for a mystical, fairytale look of "Once upon a time...." Dragons? Math? Yes! We have had 20,000 visitors as of 1/1/2020 Artful Teaching Mrs. Schellenberg & Young Artists Visit Wonder Time Arts's profile on Pinterest. Thank you AT&T We used the wiring for our artful galimotos Love Mrs. Schellenberg & Young Imagineers What's New? Free K-6 Lesson Plans PrintPrint \| Sitemap © Wonder Time Arts	<urn:uuid:dbc71399-287e-40e5-be10-2de89365cff3>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.125, "fasttext_score": 0.5524246692657471, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9574429988861084, "url": "http://www.wondertimearts.com/cafe-art-lessons-t-k-6th/sixth-grader-s-cafe/saint-george-the-dragon/" }
The Ingenious Way Wasps Find Their Way Back Home There is more to wasps than their sting. Scientists have uncovered the secret to the homing mechanism used in their orientation flights. Until now, no one knew what information wasps used in their orientation flights or how they used that information. Professor Jochen Zeil and colleagues at the Australian National University’s School of Biology published their field study, the first to reconstruct what a homing insect in the field sees, in the journal, Current Biology. The scientists used two high-speed cameras to record the orientation flight of the female ground-nesting wasp, Cerceris australis. They captured the three-dimensional path traveled by the wasp and the direction it was looking at the time. Dr. Zeil says, In a way, we were seeing in the cockpit of this animal while it was learning how the scene looks like around the nest on departure. When wasps leave the nest, they fly backwards away from the nest in a zigzag pattern, getting higher and farther away to produce “snapshots” of the landscape surrounding it so they can find their way back. Between the wasp’s compound eyes that see the world in low resolution and panoramic vision and their flight path information, scientists were able to reconstruct what the wasp experiences during an orientation flight. A Wasp Finding Her Way Home A Wasp Finding Her Way Home Dr. Zeil adds, It’s a bit like when you leave a hotel in an unfamiliar environment. To make sure you can recognize it when you come back, you turn back as you are leaving it. The scientist proved their hypothesis to be correct when they were able to predict the movements of wasps returning to their nest and by testing it, using computer models where virtual wasps could be “brought home” by programming orientation data from real wasps. The goal is to one day use this research to develop miniaturized, autonomously-navigating robots/drones that could find their way home without human intervention. Wasps are more than just angry pests. They are actually smarter than some humans, who always get lost and and can’t seem to find their way home …	<urn:uuid:513b624c-73f3-41cc-a72f-04489a8d0e9d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.8125, "fasttext_score": 0.10690099000930786, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9565479159355164, "url": "https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2016/02/the-ingenious-way-wasps-find-their-way-back-home/" }
Page images whole is used for the part with good effect when the purpose is to soften the expression; as, He has departed this life; for, He died.—He has closed up business; for, He has gone into bankruptcy. Softening of expression is called Euphemism. The attribute is sometimes used to suggest the subject of the attribute, as youth and beauty, for the young and beautiful. What is classed as giving “ the material for the object " comes under this head; as, He bartered his soul for gold. — He killed him with murderous steel. Here, naming the material suggests the striking attributes, -- in the one that which pleases the eye; in the other, that which adapts the instrument to its deadly work. The subject of the attribute may be given to suggest the attribute; as, There might have been seen the fox in his conduct. Putting the definite number for an indefinite comes under this figure; as, “ Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain." Let the following Synecdoches be explained and classed as to the kind of association involved: 1. They saw the city of spires. 2. The skein fell from her sick hand. 3. “Give us this day our daily bread.” 4. They cut the solid whiteness through. 5. Flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee. 6. Unfurl the stars and stripes. 7. The Vandals overran the Roman world. 8. The tired fingers toiled on. 9. He was a man of influence in his day. 10. He barters his soul for gold. 11. “They that take the sword shall perish by the sword.” 12. The steel (the sword) glittered in the air. Metonymy. — This is a figure of association in which an object is suggested by naming some object or attri bute externally associated with it. Hence, the use of the word Metonymy, meaning a change of name. Unlike Synecdoche, Metonymy directly expresses something different from its real meaning. The sail is not a different object from the ship, but a part of it; while in this, “ The hotel sets a good table,” the word table expresses something entirely different from the food on the table. These two figures, however, are fundamentally alike, each being based on the same law of association of ideas. The table recalls the food upon it for the same reason that the sail recalls the ship. Both, too, have the same value to style, in that each names some accessory idea which recalls the principal idea more clearly or more forcibly than its direct naming would do. There are different kinds of Metonymies, as determined by the different laws of association: 1. Relation of purpose and means; as, The ballot governs the country. — “ The pen is mightier than the sword.” 2. Relation of cause and effect; as, Gray hairs should be respected. — Mr. Snyder is a student of Shakespeare. 3. Relation of place; as, The palace should not scorn the cottage. 4. Relation in time; as, “Remember March, the ides of March.” Point out the Metonymy in each of the following, and state the relation on which it is based : 1. His wit set the table in a roar. 2. We have prostrated ourselves before the thronę. 3. Strike for your altars and your fires. 4. Who steals my purse steals trash. 5. Too much red tape does not expedite business. 6. He is a slave to the bottle. 7. In the sweat of thy brow shalt thou eat thy bread. “We plant upon the sunny lea, A shadow for the noontide hour, A shelter from the summer shower, When we plant the apple tree.” “ The snow had begun in the gloaming, And busily all the night Had been heaping field and highway With a silence deep and white.” “ Girls, whose young eyes o'erflow with mirth, Shall peel its fruit by cottage hearth.” [ocr errors] Figures of Comparison. · A figure of comparison is a figure of thought in which the imagination brings to view some resemblance between the primary and the secondary object, which does not fall under the categorical relations of the judgment. By this means the writer throws the unfamiliar, the abstract, and the inner things of spirit into the form of the concrete individual. He is thus permitted to speak in the language of the sensuous imagination, and thereby to give definiteness and to illuminate what would otherwise be dim, vague, and unfamiliar to the understanding. And of more importance still, a figure of comparison serves to give to an object some quality which it has not by nature, and thus elevates or degrades it. Figures of comparison are based ultimately on the fact that there is a fundamental quality common to all [ocr errors] objects. “ All are manifestations of one force.” The imagination penetrates objects and brings to view their inner nature. Figures of comparison arise from the exercise of the imagination as it interprets the inner identity of things; as it perceives the spiritual truth of which physical facts are, symbols. Hence, they are profoundly significant, bringing to view the very life and being of common material things, or clothing ideal qualities of spirit in pleasing forms of beauty. Figures of comparison differ from those of association in two essential particulars: (1) in figures of association there is no illustrative power or transference of qualities, as in the others; (2) the imagination required to construct or interpret them is the literal, picturing imagination; while in figures of comparison it is the poetic, the intuitive imagination. In figures of association one idea suggests another because the two have been previously associated in consciousness; in figures of comparison one object suggests another by some resemblance, subtile and new to the mind discerning it. Figures of comparison express ideal relations, — relations which the mind creates for itself and which can be found in the mind only; while figures of association express real relations; that is, relations which are felt to be in the external object, the actual relations, as substance and attribute, time and space, whole and part, cause and effect, and purpose and means. Figurative comparison is not always easily discriminated from literal comparison. Literal comparison, which occupies so prominent a place in the presentation of thought, is between objects which are essentially alike, and in respect to such points as logical analysis can present; while figurative comparison is between objects which are essentially unlike, except in respect to what the penetrative imagination alone can find. In figurative comparison there must be an actual likeness, which the mind does not ordinarily detect, because of the prominent and essential unlikeness of the objects compared, — a likeness which cannot be found by any amount of analysis by the judgment, and which only the intuitive imagination can feel. The terms in figurative comparison lie in different worlds - the spiritual and the material; hence their absorbing difference and their hidden resemblance. But there must be some point of identity between them, else the spiritual could not be presented in terms of the material. To explain a figure is to put the finger on the point of identity between what seems contrasted terms. All figures of comparison, like all processes in mathematics, are based on the fact that one thing is identical, at some point, with another. When Longfellow speaks of his thoughts clinging to the mouldering past as the vine to the mouldering wall, he must have discerned that clinging is identical with clinging. And when he says that the hopes of youth fall thick in the blast, having already suggested the falling leaves in the blasts of wind and rain, one readily, by simplifying the equation, discerns that falling in blasts equals falling in blasts. Leaves and hopes are conspicuously different, — different in color, form, size, parts, use, structure, etc.; so different that the mind in its regular [ocr errors] « PreviousContinue »	<urn:uuid:0b446186-8c36-4e33-8dd3-d0bfc82a16f5>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.02669471502304077, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9529345631599426, "url": "https://books.google.ie/books?id=CkIPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA304&vq=ideal&dq=editions:LCCN11003577&output=html_text" }
Previous \| Next \| Trail Map \| Beyond the Basics \| Contents Recall that federation is the process of "hooking" together naming systems so that the aggregate system can process composite names--names that span the naming systems. Many examples of composite names and federation are possible in the computing world, for example, URLs (RFC 1738) and the World Wide Web. One way that the JNDI federation model differs from these models is that it provides a single programmatic interface for accessing federations. Not just one API for one federation, but one API for many different types of federations. Federation is a first-class concept in the JNDI. You can use composite names and federation as naturally as you would noncomposite names and single naming systems. You simply supply a name, and the JNDI and service providers take care of any federation and name resolution issues. The JNDI model of federation is based on the X/Open Federated Naming (XFN) model. The XFN is a C language-based standard for accessing multiple, possibly federated naming and directory services. Those readers familiar with the XFN will find many similarities between the XFN and the JNDI, not just in terms of federation, but in many other respects. How does a composite name get processed by the underlying federation of naming systems? This lesson answers this question from an API user's perspective. It provides descriptions and concepts that help an API user or service provider developer understand how federation works. Details and examples of how to implement support for federation in a service provider are described in the Building a Service Provider (in the Building a Service Provider trail) trail. To answer this question, this lesson addresses the following three lower-level questions. Previous \| Next \| Trail Map \| Beyond the Basics \| Contents	<urn:uuid:03e78438-6b94-4114-810f-008e48b00bc2>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.1946771740913391, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9178105592727661, "url": "https://docs.oracle.com/javase/jndi/tutorial/beyond/fed/index.html" }
Home » Biocontrol » Protecting and Restoring K’gari’s Pandanus Protecting and Restoring K’gari’s Pandanus Browse by date In record time, the introduced insect responsible for Pandanus dieback, Jamella australiae, spread across the eastern shores of Fraser Island, leaving a wake of destruction. In less than seven years, the death toll of Pandanus tectorius went from a few hundred plants in 2010 to over 30,000 dead Pandanus across 70 kilometres by 2015. In late 2019, deaths are now approximately 50,000. Jamella has now reached the western shores, where significant populations, particularly in the NW end of the island are also under threat. In no other location where Jamella australiae invaded had the death toll been so high and the hopper so quick to spread. Why was the death so high on K’gari? For one simple reason, the main predator of the Planthopper (a micro-egg parasitoid wasp) was not released due to concern “of another biocontrol gone wrong (e.g. the cane toad) (FIDO MOONBI 130). Other areas where this micro wasp was promptly released demonstrate an average spread of Jamella at 1 km per year. Fraser Island displayed ten times that rate of spread! The micro wasp (Aphanomerus nr. pusillus) relies entirely on Jamella australiae for survival and will prevent up to 95% of Jamella from even hatching. Without the micro wasp present, Jamella australiae numbers soared and moved across the eastern shores of the Island like a plague of locusts, feeding exclusively on Pandanus, and reaching numbers in excess of 1 million on single individual mature trees! As each Pandanus died, adult Jamella would then simply fly to the next Pandanus and repeat, their numbers growing exponentially along with secondary dieback contributing insects as the death toll rose ever higher. So, what’s the problem? They are just plants! Why and how would dead Pandanus harm K’gari’s wildlife? Especially dingos? Pandanus tectorius have a unique morphology, function, and life cycle traits, unlike any plant – not a palm, cycad, or fern, not like, nor related to any other trees apart from those in the Pandanaceae family. They have a long history in Australia, evolving on ancient Gondwana, in an area now known as Queensland, from ancestors long lost, and long before humankind. Traditional custodians along eastern Australia, (and throughout the Pacific Ocean, Asia through to West Africa) have long farmed Pandanus, as they provide an abundant food source, fibres for weaving, medicinal and ceremonial properties, and shelter from sun, rain, and wind, traditionally used as a living hut. As a result, K’gari had an abundance of Pandanus, more highly concentrated than anywhere in Coastal Eastern Australia, with large populations and pure stands, many greater than a hectare, kilometres from the high tide mark in the high hind dunes! I firmly believe these large hind dune populations were planted by Butchulla, Ngulungbara and Dulingbara ancestors to provide shelter capable of supporting entire tribes, mainly through cyclone and prolonged wet period events (picture living community centres). Making a link to dingoes Undescribed species of Diathetes and cocoon (Noosa National Park) Well, due to the long history on this continent, a plethora of insects and other invertebrates have evolved to be dependent on Pandanus (many entirely host-specific). These, in turn, support a plethora of predators including spiders, geckoes, skinks, birds, rodents, frogs, snakes, bats, possums, etc. The loss of habitat resulting from the death of 50,000 Pandanus has dramatically reduced the abundance of biodiverse lifeforms relying directly and indirectly on Pandanus. Let’s consider just one group that Pandanus support, rodents. Native rats (Rattus spp.), and Melomys species are very common in Pandanus in healthy coastal ecosystems (especially on K’gari) due to the safe, protected habitat Pandanus provide, having dense spikey leaves and fortress-like prop roots. The edible roots, fruit, and abundance of long-lived seeds occurring under female trees provide an abundant and permanent food source for our furry friends. These rodents, perpetually overflowing from Pandanus into the surrounding vegetation, combined with the goannas, carpet pythons and other snakes which feed on them, all provide a substantial part of a dingo’s diet. Dingo scat research suggests that rodents occurred in between 8.9 and 39 % of scat samples (Behrendorff et al., 2016). Melomys species with young in Pandanus 50,000 Pandanus would have supported an estimated 10,000 and 20,000 rodents. Ignoring all other wildlife, if K’gari dingos ate one rodent per day, the rodents produced by those 50,000 dead Pandanus would potentially support somewhere between 54 and 110 dingoes. K’gari’s dingo population is estimated to fluctuate between 100 and 200. Although dingoes consume a broad diet, there is no doubt that the unprecedented loss of K’gari’s Pandanus populations will have impacted on their available food source. No other plant occurring in SEQ’s Coastal Ecosystems provides food and habitat for such an abundance of invertebrates and wildlife, a food chain that extends out to the surrounding vegetation. On K’gari, the animal at the top of that food chain is the Dingo. Dieback management into the future The wasps captive-reared and released (FINIA 2015) at 37 sites across the eastern shores of K’gari as a volunteer with QPWS assistance in 2015-2016, were impressively effective to halt the rapid and widespread mortality occurring at the time. Yet, in common with other areas where Jamella australiae has naturalised and have not managed, dieback continues, albeit slower, a decline of Pandanus populations continues. One-off wasp releases are not the end of Pandanus dieback prevention methods, but a crucial beginning. For ecological, geographical and climatic reasons, localised extinction of the micro wasp occurs. When this happens, Jamella australiae rapidly increase, causing ongoing cases of dieback. Twice yearly monitoring of Pandanus populations and dieback preventative wasp translocations where Jamella australiae has naturalised is the least that should be done to protect these socially, culturally, and environmentally plants; and the abundance of wildlife they support! With adequately informed ecological management strategies, Pandanus dieback can be prevented. Many stakeholders across SEQ and northern NSW faced with this issue have inaccurately believed chemical pesticide is the only option, but this is not the case. Broad-scale chemical treatment (‘treat them all approach’) has been applied across many parts of SEQ, resulting in dramatic reductions of beneficial predators and non-target herbivorous invertebrates. Emerging wasps parasitising jamella eggs During surveys across SEQ, I have encountered many insects which rely exclusively on Pandanus. In five years of active field research and dieback mitigation work across SEQ, dozens of host-specific relationships and dieback-contributing secondary insects have documented for the first time. Well over a dozen of them have not even been named. Through my work and field research, I have also confirmed that the chemical pesticide (Imidacloprid) used to control Jamella australiae also kills virtually all insects that feed on Pandanus (except for a few pest species; scale and the long-tailed mealybug and detritus-feeding insects such as cockroaches, millipedes, and silverfish). Treated plants may look healthy, but they are sterile of life for around two years. This has certainly caused localised extinction of multiple host-specific insects in some heavily treated areas in SEQ. The use of pesticide should only be considered a last resort for highly stressed and significant plants that are sure to die. Existing and developing cases of dieback have consistently been prevented at numerous locations across SEQ, through applied ecologically informed mitigation techniques; understanding plant health, insect and predator lifecycles and interactions, utilising the highly effective parasitoid wasp (Aphanomerus nr. pusillus), and small-scale hands-on leaf strip work (assessing and treating the cause rather than the symptom). Unfortunately, the promotion of leaf stripping to prevent dieback across SEQ has led to many wasted man hours and the misdirection of limited financial resources. With informed plant health and predator/prey assessments, leaf stripping is effective to prevent dieback; when Jamella and secondary insect numbers are elevated, and growth crowns are damaged and rotting. However, removing too many leaves (over stripping) in such cases will cause the central growing point of crowns to drop off and perish. Leaf stripping healthy (non-infested) Pandanus removes and adversely affects a range of invertebrate predators (especially arachnids) and the parasitoid wasp, also unnecessarily displacing rodents’ nests, birds’ nests, gecko eggs and other beneficial fauna. The unique morphology and habits of Pandanus and the specific interconnected relationships between Jamella australiae, additional secondary (dieback contributing) insects and predators require a high level of commitment, research and experience to make ecologically sound and effective dieback mitigation decisions. Surveying Deepwater National Park with QPWS staff with 50-80% Pandanus loss As a society, we’ve accidentally caused this issue through the transport of Pandanus with Jamella australiae and other insects as stowaways, and I believe it is our ethical and moral obligation to do what we can to mitigate the losses and damage to the biodiversity of our beloved (and legally protected) coastal ecosystems. No other coastal natural resource management issue has or is causing such widespread and devasting losses to biodiversity, and yet, is so under-researched and left unmitigated. Loss to habitat and biodiversity would only be paralleled by fire in the coastal zone, which has taken a significant toll on SEQs’ Pandanus populations and Coastal Vine Thicket and Littoral Rainforest Communities, particularly in the coastal islands of SEQ. A Federal Government recovery plan was released in February 2019 for these communities, yet the fire management principles outlined (fire exclusion), for the most part, are yet to be reflected in on-ground management. I’m eagerly hoping the growing team of Butchulla Land and Sea Rangers will accept an offer made to share all dieback management information, and look forward to again working alongside QPWS rangers and providing all the management insights and lessons learned in the four years since the first fateful collaborative wasp releases on K’gari. To follow the Pandanus preservation work being done across SEQ (and beyond) and learn management principles as well as learn about the myriad of life forms relying on Pandanus including a mounting number of undescribed-new to science insects, follow this Facebook Page: Pandanus Dieback Education and Information Article contributed by Joel Fostin Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s	<urn:uuid:d8820116-2fb9-446c-a008-79e4b0b7219d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.05106222629547119, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9230055212974548, "url": "https://finia.org.au/2019/11/08/protecting-and-restoring-kgaris-pandanus/" }
Field of Science Of Love and Lava: A Geomythological Tale of Kilauea The first colonists arrived on Hawai´i probably in the years 800-1.000. Lacking a written history their nevertheless developed a rich oral tradition, inspired in part by past events. One of the most important stories involves the volcano goddess Pele and her youngest sister Hi‘iaka. Once, so the myth, they arrived on Hawai´i and after a long search Pele decided to settle on the summit of Kilauea, since then also named Kalua o Pele, the pit of Pele. She send her youngest sister Hi‘iaka‘aikapoliopele (generally shortened to Hi‘iaka) to search for Lohi‘au, a man Pele loved. The sister promised to bring him back to her and Pele promised as reward to her sister to spare the beloved forest of Hi‘iaka from fire and lava. Hi‘iaka had to overcome many obstacles, but finally she managed to bring Lohi‘au back to Kilauea. However Pele had grown tired in the meanwhile and in a moment of anger she burned the entire forest. Hi‘iaka for revenge take Lohi‘au and Pele, seeing the two together, became so envious that she killed Lohi‘au during a furious eruption. Hi‘iaka desperately searched for many weeks the corpse of Lohi‘au between the lava and rocks send by Pele. Fig.1. On the rim of Pele´s pit, painting by P. Hurd, 1824. It maybe is possible to interpret this myth in a geomythological way, linking it with features really found in the landscape and the geological history behind the formation of such features. The caldera of Kilauea is dated to 1470-1500 and also the Aila‘au flow (named after another Hawaiian deity), a large lava flow covering the north side of Kilauea, formed around 1470. Morphology and a well developed network of lava tubes suggest it formed during a single, prolonged volcanic eruption of Kilauea. The historic date makes it seems reasonable to assume that the event was watched by the locals and possibly the event was recorded and passed from generation to generation in form of a myth. The destruction of Hi‘iaka´s forest by the furious Pele could describe the lava burning down the vegetation around the crater, suggesting also that before this eruption enough time passed from the previous eruption to grow a dense forest. Also the last part of the myth is interesting. Hi‘iaka moves and throws rocks into air during her search, maybe the description of an explosive eruption or explosions resulting from the lava coming into contact with groundwater or the sea. The interpretation of myths in geological light helps also to better evaluate the risk, as eruption style of former volcanic events and the impact on the society can be reconstructed in more detail than just from studying the volcanic deposits. Interested in reading more? Try: SWANSON. D.A. (2008): Hawaiian oral tradition describes 400 years of volcanic activity at Kilauea. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 176: 427–431 From Rocks to Angels Fig.1. Medieval engraving of a scala naturae showing the "ladder" concept. The words on the steps read: rocks, flame (as a chemical reaction), plants, beasts, humans, heaven, angels, god. The scala naturae or great chain of being placed all natural objects in a supposedly divine order and can be traced back to the ancient Greek Aristotelian philosophy. A common scala naturae in the 18th century started with less complex objects, like the (supposed) elements air, water, earth, to proceed towards metals, salts, rocks, corals (as half plants, half rock), lichens, higher plants, animals and finally Homo sapiens (just outclassed on the highest steps of the scala naturae by angels). Until the 19th century also science reflected this chain, as it was divided in physics, chemistry and natural history, the latter including the study of animal, plants and rocks. Still in the various disciplines a certain order, from the inanimated to animated, is present. Around 1800 for the first time it was suggested that the science of “biology”, or the philosophy of life forms, should study the laws that rule and circumstances that enable life as we know it and, more important, be distinguished from geology as the study of earth and its lifeless matter. However the idea didn´t at first attract much interest and still in 1842 German botanist Matthias Jacob considered the proposed distinction between the animated an inanimated world an absurdity, as there could be found a gradual transition between every single object. However Jacob was among the last opponents, as indeed biology had started to become an own, distinct scientific discipline. However still some interdisciplinary ideas survived. Like in crystallography, many biologists believed at the time that there exists, like for crystals, a smallest possible unit of life, a physiological unit or like Darwin proposed in 1867, a “gemmules”. Ernst Haeckel even named this supposed smallest entity (even smaller as a cell, at the time the smallest observable organic structure) Kristalloid” in 1876. Like a crystal forms and can grow by putting together the basic unit cells, an organism was composed of smallest units, each possessing the “lifeforce” and so giving life to the entire being. Only at the beginning of the 20th century and discovery of cellular organelles and DNA the idea of such "living basic units" was abandoned.	<urn:uuid:2cc9b25a-de0d-4123-b2bc-54344989ee13>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.22354519367218018, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9524330496788025, "url": "http://historyofgeology.fieldofscience.com/2016/10/" }
Xenophon is Elected to Serve as a General The Greek mercenaries were a long way from home. With Cyrus dead the victory belonged to the king. Cyrus’ Asiatic troops had fled or deserted. The Greeks found themselves isolated and in a strange land surrounded by the thousands of men they had just tried to kill. Their baggage train had been ransacked, so they were low on supplies. The defeat prompted a change of motivation for the mercenaries. They missed their families and lacked the safety and self-enrichment that Cyrus had promised after he would take the Persian throne (Waterfield, 2006). Meanwhile, a messenger from Artaxerxes arrived and demanded their surrender. The king had ordered that they surrender their weapons. The Cleaner of Arcadia who was the oldest man there said that he would rather die than surrender their weapons. To surrender the weapons, would possibly mean that they would lose their lives. So the message was sent to the king that they would be worth more as friends with weapons in their hands rather than someone else’s and they would be more effective enemies with their weapons in their hands rather than someone else’s’ (Xenophon, 2009). Although the king had sent a message to surrender the previous day, he sent heralds at sunrise to negotiate a truce. The messengers asked to speak to the Greek leaders. At this point the men were getting hungry because they had nothing to eat. Clearchus told the messengers that they must fight first before the truce because the men had nothing for their morning meal. The messengers’ road away and came back with guides that could show them were they could get provision. They made their way to the villages where the men said they could get their provisions (Xenophon, 2009). Days became weeks and eventually the generals of Cyrus’ army were arrested and slaughtered. After considering the reasons which he had joined the army Xenophon has a dream in which his father’s house was struck by lightning and burst into flames—a sign that Zeus would illuminate his household. Upon awaking he delivered a speech that blended encouragement with a bid for generalship. The decision was unanimous and Xenophon was elected a general. Other generals were also elected to replace the ones who had been lost in battle as well (Waterfield, 2006). Unanimous assemblies were not always the norm, but the Ten Thousand maintained a hierarchy of generals, officers and men. The most urgent need of the men was always food, and to find a way home. There was a variety of other people who had lower ranks that comprised the camp followers and slaves. Some of them were women or elderly. This must all be taken into consideration. The camp was basically like a small city. The minority view was not widely accepted in the middle of a unanimous assembly. The Greeks demonstrated from time to time intolerance for minority view. They would even resort to exile without appeal (Dalby, 1992). Xenophon and the Spartan General Chrisophus would lead the retreat of The Ten Thousand who were trapped deep in the Persian Empire. The group would travel along the Tigras, across Armenia to Trapezus and then on to the Black Sea (Xenophon, 2004). Below is a map of the shows the route of The Ten Thousand from the beginning of the journey to the end when they arrive at the Black Sea (Persian Empire, 2009). Works Cited Xenophon. (2004). Retrieved Apr 23, 2012, from Encyclopedia of world biology: http://encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404706983.html Persian Empire. (2009, Aug 27). Retrieved Apr 23, 2012, from http://www.wikipedia.com: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Persian_Empire,_490_BC.png Dalby, A. (1992). Social organization and food amoung the ten thousand. The journal hellenic studies, 112, 16-30. Retrieved Apr 23, 2012, from http://www.jstore.org/stable/632150 Waterfield, R. (2006). Xenophone’s retreat, Greece, Persia and the end of the golden age. Cambridge: Havard University Press. Xenophon. (2009). The expedition of cyrus (2 ed.). (R. Waterfield, Trans.) New York: Oxford University Press. Leave a comment Filed under Uncategorized Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s	<urn:uuid:9c84e8b3-4048-44a3-a14e-a3fb4d3628d5>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.0625, "fasttext_score": 0.0398518443107605, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9561308026313782, "url": "https://legioilynx.com/2012/04/24/xenophon-is-elected-to-serve-as-a-general/" }
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Templos del Sol Viejo Pintado.jpg View of Pachacamac Pachacamac is located in Peru Shown within Peru Location Peru PeriodsMiddle Horizon, Late Intermediate, Late Horizon CulturesHuari, Lima, Inca Empire Site notes WebsiteSantuario Arqueológico Pachacámac (in Spanish) Pacha Kamaq deity[edit] Pacha Kamaq ('Earth-Maker') was considered the creator god by the people who lived in this part of Peru before the Inca conquest. The Inca received him into their pantheon,[1]:187 but he was never an equal of Viracocha, whom they viewed as more powerful. 15th century Ychsma textile, from Peru’s central coast The griffin deity Pacha Kamaq on a Huari pot Pyramids of Pachacamac[edit] Pachacamac ruins, 2014 In the 1890s archaeologists first began exploring Pachacamac. They found many enormous buildings and burial sites that had been previously looted. The first (sacred) section of the site includes temples of religious significance and a large cemetery. The second section includes several buildings which are mainly secular pyramids. In this complex of buildings there were mud-brick stepped pyramids with ramps and plazas. These buildings are dated between the late 1300s and the mid-1400s. The three most famous pyramids are all found in the sacred sector (the first sector). These are the Painted Temple, the Temple of the Sun, and the Old Temple of Pachacamac. According to Peter Eekhout, an archaeologist who studied and excavated the site of Pachacamac, "For decades most scholars thought the pyramids (from the second section) were religious "embassies" that housed delegations from far-off communities who came to worship, bring tribute, and make offerings to Pachacamac". However, Eekhout came to a different conclusion after his work at the site. Eekhout and his team found that the structures lacked the features that characterized religious centers of the time. He concluded that the structures were used as palaces for the Ychsma (EESH-ma), the rulers of Pachacamac. Pachacamac Idol In 1938, an archaeologist found a 7.6-foot-long (2.34 meters) idol, which has a diameter of 5.1 inches (13 centimeters), at the Painted Temple, an object that was allegedly destroyed by Hernando Pizarro. Carbon-14 dating found that the idol dated to about A.D. 760 to 876, the time of the Wari Empire and that it had once been painted with cinnabar. Temple of the Sun[edit] The Temple of the Sun (seen below) is 30,000m squared in size and is in the shape of a trapezoid. It has the common step pyramid architecture which forms terraces around the structure. This temple has been dated to the time of Inca control over Pachacamac. Some archaeologists believe human sacrifices may have taken place at this the Temple. Sacrifices of women and children were found in an Inca cemetery within a portion of the structure. Burial goods found with the sacrifices point to the sacrifices originating from coastal societies.[2] Unfortunately archaeologists are limited in their knowledge of this site because the Temple of the Sun and many other pyramids at Pachacamac have been irreversibly damaged by looting and the El Niño weather phenomenon. Old Temple[edit] The Old Temple, also called the Temple of Pachacamac, is the oldest building in Pachacamac. It is built on a rocky promontory and is characterized by the massive use of small bricks of raw adobe dated to the Early Intermediate period, under the influence of the Lima culture (3rd to 7th centuries AD). Other structures[edit] Grave sites[edit] Archaeologists have uncovered multiple grave sites. These sites may date to different periods of Pachacamac's history are located in different parts of the city. In the Southeastern part area, in the Temple of Inti (The Inca Sun God), archeologists have found a cemetery that was set apart for the mamacuna (Virgins for the Sun), women who had important status. These women wove textiles for priests, and brewed corn beer which was used in Inca festivals. The women were sacrificed in the highest ritual; they were strangled with cotton garrote, and some women still had the cotton twisted around their neck when their bodies were discovered. They were wrapped in fine cloth and buried in stone tombs. Each was surround by offerings from the highlands of Peru, such as coca, quinoa, and cayenne peppers.[3] In 2012, Belgian archeologists found a 1000 year old tomb in front of Pachacamac containing over 80 skeletons and mummies, many of which were infants. The tomb contained offerings such as ceramic vessels, copper and gold alloy objects, wooden masks, and dogs and guinea pigs.[3][4] In 2019, archaeologists have found a 1000-year cemetery in this area. Director of the Ychsma Project Professor Peter Eeckhout reported that the human remains were massively buried with various items and ceramics. Physical anthropologists headed by Dr. Lawrence Owens specified the mummies.[5][6][7] “Most of the people at the site had hard lives, with various fractures, bad backs, bad hips…but the individuals from this cemetery show a higher than usual concentration of tuberculosis, syphilis and really serious bone breaks that would have had major impacts on their lives. Still, the fact that most of these are healed – and that disease sufferers survived for a long time – suggests that they were being cared for, and that even in the sites’ early history people felt a duty of care towards those less fortunate than themselves” he added.[5] Outside influences[edit] The Huari (c. 600-800 CE) reconstructed the city, probably using it as an administrative center. A number of Huari-influenced designs appear on the structures and on the ceramics and textiles found in the cemeteries of this period. After the collapse of the Huari empire, Pachacamac continued to grow as a religious center. The majority of the common architecture and temples were built during this later stage (c. 800-1450 CE). The Inca Empire invaded Pachacamac and took over the site around 1470. For the Inca, Pachacamac was extremely important to religion as well as an important administration center. When the Inca started their conquest, they had their own creation god, Viracocha. However, out of respect for the religion of their conquered people, the Inca entered Pacha Kamaq into their religion, but Pacha Kamaq and Viracocha were not equals, Viracocha was believed to be more powerful.[8] Still, Pachacamac was allowed an unusual amount of independence from the Inca Empire[2] By the time the Tawantinsuyu (Inca Empire) invaded the area, the valleys of the Rímac and Lurín had a small state which the people called Ichma. They used Pachacamac primarily as a religious site for the veneration of Pacha Kamaq, the creator god. The Ichma joined the Incan Empire along with Pachacamac. The Inca maintained the site as a religious shrine and allowed the Pachacamac priests to continue functioning independently of the Inca priesthood. This included the oracle, whom the Inca presumably consulted. The Inca built five additional buildings, including a temple to the sun on the main square. Archaeologists believe pilgrims may have played a part in life at Pachacamac for a couple of thousand years before the Inca claimed the site as part of their empire.[2] Spanish Invasion[edit] After the Battle of Cajamarca, Francisco Pizarro sent his brother Hernando Pizarro, and fourteen horsemen, to Pachacamac to collect its gold riches. According to Cieza, the priests learned of the Spanish defilement of the Cuzco temple, and "ordered the virgin mamaconas to leave the Temple of the Sun", from where they say the priests removed more than four hundred cargas of gold, as well as from the Temple of Pachacamac. They hid the gold, and it has not appeared to this day, and it is unlikely to appear except by chance, since all those who knew, those who hid it as well as those ordered it, are dead. Hernando departed Cajamarca on 5 Jan. 1533, and returned on 14 April 1533, after defiling the temple. On the return trip through the Jauja Valley, he accepted the surrender of Chalcuchimac.[9]:237–237 In popular culture[edit] 5. ^ a b "1,000-year-old cemetery unearthed at Peru's Pachacamac site". The Archaeology News Network. Retrieved 2019-05-09. 6. ^ HeritageDaily (2019-04-25). "Archaeological discovery at the site of Pachacamac". HeritageDaily - Archaeology News. Retrieved 2019-05-09. 7. ^ LEONARD, Mathieu. "Les incas, profanateurs de tombeaux?". Actus de l'ULB (in French). Retrieved 2019-05-09. External links[edit]	<urn:uuid:21bcacd4-4530-4ffc-b615-61c93542a934>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.03199589252471924, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9448699355125427, "url": "http://wikien3.appspot.com/wiki/Pachacamac" }
Top Answer User Avatar Wiki User 2007-09-06 14:42:52 2007-09-06 14:42:52 The period of naked eye visibility for comet Kohoutek spanned the end of Nov. 1973 until late Jan. 1974. {That means if you knew where and when to look, you could see Kohoutek without a telescope.} Its orbit was found to be hyperbolic, meaning Kohoutek is on an escape course from the solar system, never to be sen again. Related Questions The last time Halley's comet was visible to an unaided (naked) human eye on the earth was in 1986. Comet Kohoutek, formally designated C/1973 E1, 1973 XII, and 1973f, was first sighted on 7 March 1973 by Czech astronomer Lubo&scaron; Kohoutek. It attained perihelion on 28 December that same year.Comet Kohoutek is a long-period comet; its previous apparition was about 150,000 years ago, and its next apparition will be in about 75,000 years.[1] At its apparition in 1973 it had a hyperbolic trajectory (e > 1) due to gravitational perturbations from giant planets. Due to its path, scientists theorized that Kohoutek was an Oort-cloud object. As such, it was believed likely that this was the comet's first visit to the inner Solar System, which would result in a spectacular display of outgassing. Infrared and visual telescopic study have led many scientists to conclude, in retrospect, that Kohoutek is actually a Kuiper-belt object, which would account for its apparent rocky makeup and lack of outgassing.[2]Before its close approach, Kohoutek was hyped by the media as the "comet of the century". However, Kohoutek's display was considered a let-down[citation needed]. Although it failed to brighten to levels expected, it was still a naked-eye object. Its greatest visual magnitude was -3, when it was at perihelion, 0.14 AU from the Sun. Its orbital inclination is 14.3°. Its best viewing was in the night sky after perihelion, when it had dimmed to fourth magnitude. The comet also sported a tail up to 25° long, along with an anti-tail.C/1973 E1 should not be confused with the periodic comet 75D/Kohoutek, which can also be called "Comet Kohoutek" (as could the comets C/1969 O1 and C/1973 D1, also discovered by Lubo&scaron; Kohoutek as sole discoverer).This comet was observed by the crew of Skylab 4 and Soyuz 13, thus becoming the first comet to be observed by a manned spacecraft. The comet may have come from an area close to Uranus. It last appeared in 1986, and is due to appear again in the year 2061. Halley's Comet travels by the earth each 76 years. It last appeared in 1986. It will likely return in the year 2063. Halley's comet appers across earth every 76 years. The last time it appeared was in 1986 and the next time it will appear would be in 2062 it s a comet which can be seen every 76 years ,it was last seen in the year 1986,march 8 in about the year 20622061.The comet cycle is 75-76 years and is due next in 2061.It last appeared in 1986 and should appear again in 2061 It has a 75-76 year cycle through our solar systemHalley's Comet was last visible in 1986 and will be visible again in 2061. You can expect Halley's Comet to be visible again around 2061.Halley's comet was last seen from Earth in 1986. The comet was last visible in 1986. The next time it will be visible from Earth will be in the year 2061, possibly on the 28th July, if the predictions are correct. Halley's comet was named after a British astronomer. Edmund Halley concluded that reports of three different comets which appeared 76 years apart from one another were referring to the same comet. He died before the year of his prediction, but it appeared. Therefore, the comet was named after him. it was last seen in 1986 and wont be able to be seen again until 2061. The duration of Year of the Comet is 1.52 hours. Halley's Comet was visible from Earth for the last time on the 9th of February 1986. It's expected to be able to observe it again the 28th of July of the year 2061. Year of the Comet was created on 1992-04-24. Halley's Comet has an average 76-year orbit. It's last visit was in 1986 and it's next scheduled visit is in 2062. Halley's Comet is a long-term comet that appears about once every 75 to 76 years. It notably appeared in the year of Mark Twain's birth (1835) and again in the year of his death (1910). Its most recent appearance was in 1986 and it will not approach the Sun again until 2061. Yes, it was last seen in 1986. The next time it will be visible from planet Earth is the 28th July in the year 2061. I definitely know its not halleys comet Encke's comet will return November 21 Halley's Comet passed earth in 1986. I should return in 2062. Halley's comet occurs ever 75->76 years. It last was seen from Earth in 1986 so astronomers predict that it will be seen again in the year of 2061. It was difficult to find Comet TVs due to a sell out/buy out. Last year, they were found to be 10% off before the sale. This is a British company and was sold with a lot of debt. It doesn't take place in real life, it takes place in another World, and fans commonly call the time line BSC and ASC, which means Before Sozin's Comet and After Sozin's Comet, or the year which Fire Lord Sozin harnessed the power of the comet to wipe out the Air Nomads. halley's comet was discovered in 1705 by Edmond halley	<urn:uuid:60824875-8e7d-4d7e-b5aa-11325229bb68>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.578125, "fasttext_score": 0.06256747245788574, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9723038077354431, "url": "https://www.answers.com/Q/When_was_the_last_year_the_comet_Kohoutek_appeared" }
ESL English Kids Face and Body Bingo Game Worksheet Face & Body Bingo Game English Listening Game Target language: head, eye, mouth, hand, ear, hair, body, nose, foot, arm, leg red, yellow, blue, green Instructions: start with ‘Game 1’. Each child colours the pictures red, yellow, blue or green. The teacher then calls out at random a series of body words and colours, keeping note as the game goes on. For example: "Red Ear" ... "Green Hair" ... "Yellow Eye" You will need: one worksheet per child.	<urn:uuid:8912bdee-c13d-4dda-b514-485ba7913bac>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.022583484649658203, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8837540745735168, "url": "https://grulanguages.com/products/face-body-bingo-nm" }
8,444pages on this wiki The name hyperspace was given to a space with a non-Euclidean geometry coexisting with "normal" space. Traveling in hyperspace allowed for effective faster-than-light travel compared to normal space. Hyper space was organized into discrete bands, with each band corresponding to a lower point-to-point distance compared to normal space. This meant for a given velocity, higher hyper bands allow for higher effective velocity. Transiting different bands did have drawbacks, as the boundaries between hyper bands were full of high energy surges which could destroy an unwary ship. The higher the band, the faster a vessel would travel. This was especially deadly in the early years of the Diaspora of Man. A less deadly drawback is that in order to break into a higher band, a certain percentage of relative speed was bled off. This speed could be made up after fully moving into the band. For early reaction drive ships, constantly re-accelerating after transitioning (assuming the survived the transition in the first place) proved too energy intensive. It was only after the development of the Warshawski sail that both of these drawbacks were negated. The danger of dimensional shear was not present when ships translated down through the bands as far as hardware was concerned. Humans, on the other hand, experienced physical distress and nausea, which was stronger the faster the ship was going when it translated. Ships slowed to one fifth of their relative velocity each time they performed a translation down through the bands. Without renewed acceleration, this could mean that a ship's velocity could slow to a crawl if they translated down through many bands (a ship travelling at 90,000 km/s or approx .3 c would be reduced to 144 km/s if it went through four translations from the Delta band to n-space). Naval crews were trained for crash translations, yet there was a limit to what training could do to offset the effects, so crash translations were avoided unless absolutely necessary. (HH6) Hyperspace bands were labeled by Greek alphabet letter. While relative velocity in each band was low, apparent velocity increased, the "higher" you went within the band. The main band for space travel was the Alpha band, which was the lowest of the bands. The band was at .3c, which if any vessel went higher, than the vessel's destruction would have been imminent. It took nearly two hundred years for that limitation to be accepted. In the beginning, only survey vessels went into the Alpha Band because of the high risk factors until the Hyper Log's accuracy was made better. (HH6) The Gamma band was one of the lowest bands to travel through hyperspace. The Protectorate of Grayson's pre-Manticoran Alliance technology was limited to the middle gamma band. (HH2) Older Manticoran merchant ships could only manage to travel .5 c in the lower end of the Delta band, at a maximum apparent velocity of 912 c. (HH6) A ship doing .7 c in the Epsilon Band could achieve an apparent velocity of 1442c. Few merchant ships could go this quickly.[1] (SI1) The Zeta band was frequently used by warships, as it offered good speed and moderate safety. Faster freighters or some passenger liners could travel at .7 c in the Zeta band, attaining an apparent velocity of 2500 c. (HH6) The Theta band was the highest band that had ever been used, and the most dangerous to travel. Courier ships frequently rode the edge of the Theta band, because it offered the fastest speed. Courier ships travelling the "ragged edge" of the Theta band gained an approximately 40% speed increase over frigates travelling in the Zeta band. (CS1) The Iota band was the second-highest known band, and no ship entered it and survived to return until the early 20th Century PD. (HH2, HH12) The Kappa band was the highest known band, and only became known with the creation of the streak drive in the early 20th Century PD. (HH12) Gravitic ObjectsEdit Gravity affects hyper space such that it is impossible to travel inside a certain radius of any massive object, such as a star or the Tellerman wave. Attempting to do so would result in complete destruction of the transiting ship from gravimetric shear. (HH6) References Edit 1. 32% faster than the average merchant ship Around Wikia's network Random Wiki	<urn:uuid:ad9a5b4b-aba8-46d1-a93f-b4029e3ca80b>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.859375, "fasttext_score": 0.6805148720741272, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9700368642807007, "url": "http://honorverse.wikia.com/wiki/Hyperspace" }
The Lost Grove Ventana Cone & Lion Rock Vicente Falls & Limekiln Falls Miller Santa Lucia Fir Grove I’ll admit it: I’m enamored with the majestic Santa Lucia Fir, Abies bracteata. The species is the rarest fir on the earth and can only be found on the rocky peaks or canyon bottoms in the Santa Lucia mountain range. Even within the mountain range it’s not a common tree and is limited to around two dozen groves sprinkled throughout the mountains. It’s a proud tree with a tall, narrow crown that is spire-like and sharply pointed, reminiscent of the subalpine fir in the mountainous regions of the Pacific Northwest but much larger, taller (up to 100 ft) and well adapted to survive in a region where severe drought, heavy winter rains, and fire are a regular occurrence. • How does a non-fire resistant conifer survive in the coastal mountains of California where fire is a regular occurrence? The answer is in the topography. The location of the Santa Lucia Firs groves is largely dictated by fire. Unlike the redwoods with fire resistant bark, the Santa Lucia Fir has thin bark and keeps its lower branches making it non-resistant to fire and susceptible to fire injury. However, the tree is remarkably adapted to the reality of periodic fires through these mountains. Virtually all of the groves are found in “fire-proof” locations, either on precipitous cliffs or at the bottom of steep, rocky canyons that preclude the accumulation of plant litter and the growth of grass and brush that fuel fires. Thus, fire embers are limited in their penetration into the groves. The result is that most fires skip over the Santa Lucia Fir groves and they have survived in these mountains despite numerous fire episodes that have engulfed surrounding terrain. • But how does a conifer that looks like it belongs in a cold weather climate survive the droughts and hot summers of the Santa Lucia Mountains? The answer is also in the topography. Stands of Santa Lucia Firs located on high peaks are typically found on north or northeast facing slopes that are sheltered from the rays of the sizzling summer sun. Similarly, canyon-bottom groves are situated in locations that provide ample shade, cool air flow and a source of moisture during the hot and dry summer months. • Why is the Santa Lucia Fir endemic to the Santa Lucia Mountains? Did it once have a wider range? From my research, the history of the Santa Lucia Fir and how it arrived to the Santa Lucia Mountains is somewhat of a mystery, but the reason why it does not have a wider range is, you guessed it, also the result of topography. The following quote sums it up nicely: “As to why [the Santa Lucia Fir] is not found elsewhere in the West today we can ask ourselves: Where else can high equability, heavy winter rains with long dry summers, and large areas of fireproof topography be found. The answer is nowhere but the Santa Lucia Mountains for all of western North America” (Talley, Steven N. 1972.06.08. Notes concerning the status of ecological studies on Santa Lucia fir, Abies bracteata. The Santa Lucia Mountains are indeed unique and special, and the Santa Lucia Fir is but one of the many magical aspects of these mountains. Note that “high equability” refers to the close range of temperatures throughout the year that is characteristic of Mediterranean climate. • Most agree the Santa Lucia Fir is a majestic tree and it’s now widely distributed in botanical and private gardens, but why is the narrow, spire-like crown not present in these plantings? The spire-like crown is immediately recognizable in the wild groves and it’s what makes the Santa Lucia Fir so magical. Age of the tree is almost certainly a factor as ornamental plantings are still generally young trees and the narrow crowns are almost exclusive to old-growth trees. Even in the wild, the young trees do not have the narrow crown and only the older trees take on the quintessential spire-like shape. However, even some older plantings of Santa Lucia Fir fail to take on the spire-like shape. For this reason I suspect topography is also a factor. The wild Santa Lucia Fir groves are located on precipitously steep slopes or deep, shady canyons which cause adaptations in the growth patterns, often forcing the firs to lean over and reach for the sky in search of sunlight. One of the first things noticed when standing by a Santa Lucia Fir is its persistent lower branches which help to give the fir its beautiful conical shape. Moving closer to a branch, one must be careful not to touch the needles carelessly since they are unusually large (2 inches) and sharp-tipped. In fact, the tips are so sharp they can pierce the skin. The Santa Lucia Fir groves have a diverse set of neighboring trees and each grove seems to have different set of cohabitants making them even more unique and special. For instance, groves in the Big Sur River drainage often grow among redwoods while the groves on Cone Peak share the rocky slopes with Sugar Pines and Coulter Pines. In a few locations the fir can be found alongside incense cedars. In the Carmel River watershed, heritage oaks, sycamores and big leaf maples are common next to the firs and sometimes there are ponderosa pines. Over the course of my travels in the Ventana and Silver Peak Wilderness I’ve seen many of the existing groves, but an expansive grove tucked into a rugged canyon of the Miller Fork is perhaps the finest of all. It’s my understanding that a larger grove once covered the flanks of Ventana Double Cone, but many of the trees were taken out in the Basin Fire of 2008. While large portions of the Ventana Double Cone grove were untouched in the fire (the especially fire-proof spots), the surface area of the grove was substantially reduced. Meanwhile, it appears the Miller grove was largely untouched by the fire. This deep, rocky canyon provides ideal conditions for the trees to thrive with moisture, shade and protection from fires. The result is a fantastic display of elegant old growth Santa Lucias with density that is rivaled by few other places in the range. It came as no surprise that the rugged, deep canyon where the Santa Lucias Firs thrive contains a pretty gorge where the canyon walls come in to the watercourse. This narrows feature is worthy of the trip in itself, but when combined with the old growth Santa Lucia Firs soaring above the canyon it makes for a magical experience. All photos are from Miller Canyon except photo 2 (Ventana Double Cone), photo 3 (Cone Peak) and photo 5 (Kandlbinder). Complete photo album here The Fastest Known Time concept has gained some popularity recently. I’ve been an enthusiastic participant for many years setting a few FKTs of my own, some of which have since been eclipsed and others remain as of this writing. As the sport grows and FKTs become more competitive I’d like to share some of my thoughts on FKTs. I likely haven’t made my last serious attempt at an FKT, but it may come as a surprise that achieving maximum speed in wild and rugged places has never been my priority and likely won’t become my style moving forward. My mentality has always been to enjoy the scenery as much as possible and I wouldn’t have it any other way. For me this means I’m achieving times that are substantially slower than if I were actually racing, and this trade off is fine with me. The volume of experiences I’ve had in rugged and wild places in the mountains far surpasses the temporary satisfaction I get from setting a fast time. In virtually all cases I’ve eschewed focusing on the granular details of splits and time goals, and instead focused on things like where is the most dramatic angle or when and where will the best light be for photography. Aside from one FKT, I’ve always carried a camera and used it liberally. Anybody who follows my adventures understands that photography is a huge part of my enjoyment in the mountains and good photography takes time. For example, on the High Sierra Trail and Rae Lakes Loop FKTs I took hundreds of photos. If I wanted to go much faster I would start be leaving my camera at home. However, when it comes to making that decision, I’ve always chosen to spend my time adventuring to new places with my camera and spending the time to take good (in my biased opinion) photos. In other words, I would rather spend my time designing new routes than follow in somebody else’s footsteps. “Beating” a time, whether it be my own or somebody else’s, has never really been a great motivator for me and it’s something I spend less and less time thinking about the more I’m inspired by visiting places that are off the beaten path. Make no mistake, moving fast in the mountains is an essential part of my style. It enables me to experience as much wild and rugged scenery as possible. However, the journey itself is my award and if I were to pass through each adventure with my head down only seeking a time at the end, the visceral experience between me and nature would be lost. Turning wilderness routes into hyper competitive exploits runs counter to most of the reasons why I go to the mountains in the first place. If I were into beating other people for the sake of athletic competition, it seems the appropriate place is always going to be an organized race competing against peers in an environment where the variables for each participant are the same. I’ve raced extensively in the past but in recent years I’ve chosen to pursue the adventures with all of my free time (when I’m not working full time as an attorney). It took me awhile to discover that my competitive fire does not match my fire to explore and adventure to remote and wild places. They likely never matched, but once I understood this about myself, the races started to feel predictable and domesticated. After taking time to prepare for a race I needed to get back to the wilderness to experience the kind of personal inspiration that racing could not provide. For me, battling brush, creek walking and scrambling up peaks, all of which contain little actual running, are not ideal preparation for a trail or ultra race, but it’s what I wanted to do. To perform to my capabilities I knew that I needed to train specifically by running on trails. However, this type of preparation for a race and the race itself started to feel like a sacrifice when my heart wanted to be out exploring remote and wild corners. If I wanted to travel, it wouldn’t be to a new race venue, but instead to a new corner of the Sierra or the Ventana. Eventually the realization was that I should do what makes me most happy with my free time, which in my case is exploring and adventuring in the mountains. My journey continues and I’m sure it will evolve and manifest in different ways which is exciting. For instance, I’ve taken great enjoyment in a recent project to explore and catalog the hidden waterfalls of Big Sur. In many ways this project is an ideal expression of my desire to explore as many of these falls are undiscovered or have not been visited by humans in decades. Everybody has different reasons for racing or attempting FKTs and I’m not judging anybody’s reasons or decisions, only sharing my own personal perspective and what motivates me to get out into the mountains. If I were to give any advice, it would be to care less about the affirmation of others and what they think you should be doing and instead follow where your heart leads you. Lion Creek Adventure There are many magical canyons in the Ventana Wilderness and Lion Creek is definitely one of them. The creek drains the southern slopes of Ventana Cone, “Lion Rock” and “Ventana Knob”, a vast expanse of exceptionally rugged and wild terrain that is some of the most remote and pristine in all of the coastal ranges along the U.S. West Coast. In fact, parts of the Lion Creek headwaters have likely never seen human eyes. I joined Flyin’ Brian Robinson for an introductory adventure up this canyon to visit a pair of picturesque waterfalls. The lower falls is a single 40+ ft drop into a large circular pool while the upper falls has two segments with two large pools (main segment 50 ft and lower segment 20 ft). The entrance to the creek features a very cool twisty gorge culminating in a pair of circular pools separated by a 15 ft falls and some required wading through pools. A fortuitous old growth redwood log stuck in place enables passage from the first pool to the second. The creek then passes through a flatter area with burned old growth redwoods that were sizzled in the Basin Fire in 2007 but appear to have largely survived. These redwoods have sprouted new branches and at this stage look like tall, regal columns. The lower falls seemingly appears out of nowhere and it’s a lovely sight with a consolidated drop fanning out into a horsetail. The lower falls features a lovely bedrock section above the drop including a series of mini pools, aka tea cups. The creek walking above the Lower Falls becomes more arduous leading to the upper falls which flow over a smooth rock face in a spectacular cirque. Our visit came on one of the last days suitable for swimming in the pools and we made sure to take a couple swims underneath the falls. There is much to explore upstream of the waterfalls and also on the tributaries of the main stem creek where perhaps more waterfalls reside. Access is likely very difficult in the winter with some hypothermic swimming becoming a necessity in higher flows. Full Photo album. Buckeye Loop in Hoover Wilderness Another post from the fall season in the High Sierra, this time from the Hoover Wilderness to the north and east of Yosemite. The Hoover Wilderness and adjacent northern part of Yosemite is largely overlooked for the higher peaks of the Sierra Nevada to the south but features outstanding scenery and tremendous opportunity for adventure where few, if any, other people will be seen. The Hoover Wilderness is characterized by a series of deep canyons draining the east side of the Sierra Crest. The Buckeye Loop visits two of these canyons – Robinson Creek Canyon and Buckeye Canyon. The centerpiece feature of the loop is stunning Peeler Lake which is an alpine paradise of polished granite and clear blue water. Both canyons are extremely pretty with phenomenal vistas, meadows and aspen groves. The Buckeye Loop comes out to around 35 miles including several miles of dirt road from Buckeye Campground to the Twin Lakes road and then a stretch of pavement to the roads end at the Mono Village resort. A car shuttle would shorten the route considerably and avoid some of the miles along dirt and paved roads, but the road running to make a complete loop is tolerable since the views are decent throughout the road section. Complete photo album here From the Mono Village, find your way through the maze of RVs to the Barney Lake Trail. This trail is heavily used as the starting point for many trips into the wilderness. The trail ascends fairly gradually through conifer forest and then aspen groves to a nice meadow where one can look up the dramatic Little Slide Canyon to the Incredible Hulk rock feature, one of the most impressive walls in the High Sierra. At this point, the trail begins a moderate ascent to Barney Lake and passes through a lovely old-growth aspen grove that is spectacular during the fall color season. Beyond Barney Lake, the trail begins a more rapid ascent with numerous switchbacks. Once past the turnoff to Robinson Lakes and Rock island Pass, Peeler Lake is close at hand. Peeler Lake is a remarkably beautiful spot with granite slabs descending into the sapphire blue waters. The lake sits exactly on the crest of the Sierra Nevada and has the unique attribute of dual outlets on either side of the lake – one flowing to the Great Basin and another to the Pacific Ocean via the Tuolumne Watershed/Hetch Hetchy. Water from the same source ends up in vastly different places!! From Peeler Lake, enter Yosemite National Park and descend gradually to the northern end of Kerrick Meadow. The duration in Yosemite is short as the route exits the national park and reenters Hoover Wilderness after a gradual climb to Buckeye Pass. Compared to the trail to Peeler Lake, the Buckeye Trail gets a fraction of the visitation. In fact, the author did not see any humans from Peeler lake all the way to the Buckeye Campground. The trail becomes faint in spots, but the way was never in doubt. Descending from Buckeye Pass into the South Fork Buckeye Creek Canyon includes beautiful views of Center Mountain, Cirque Mountain and Grouse Mountain. At the junction with the trail to Piute Meadows is an old cabin. Downstream of the trail junction is a rugged section of the creek known as “The Roughs.” After this section, the trail makes a final descent into the Big Meadow of Buckeye Creek. The meadow is aptly-named as it is immense in both length and width. The meadow includes numerous patches of aspen with some old growth groves. The creek meanders through the meadows affording lovely views of the canyon, particularly the rugged flanks of Hunewill Peak, Victoria Peak and Eagle Peak. While the last few miles to Buckeye Camp seem to drag a bit, a hot spring along Buckeye Creek can refresh spirits. The final portion of the loop along the dirt road back to the Twin Lakes Road features nice views overlooking the Bridgeport Valley. Complete photo album here	<urn:uuid:c94ba8be-a73e-4214-b215-d8d1f9da908b>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.019432127475738525, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9436842203140259, "url": "https://pantilat.wordpress.com/author/pantilat/page/2/" }
Home‎ > ‎ @c. corning. Bath Abbey Specific primary documents and questions will be assigned to augment topics discussed in lecture. Please see below or the lecture schedule for specific dates. Each response must be 1-2 or 2-3 pages long depending on the topic. Responses are worth 20 points. Discussions are due during class and students must specifically refer to the documents to receive full credit. Please cite using in-text citations (author or title and paragraph number if available) or footnotes. Failure to include citations will result in a loss of points. All documents are from your sourcebook unless indicated Discussion 1- Anglo-Saxon Christianity (2-3 pages) 12 September Old English Exodus The Dream of the Rood 1. These poems both reveal glimpses into Anglo-Saxon Christianity. Examine the ways in which these poems reflect the values of this society. How have these stories been altered for a Anglo-Saxon audience? Discussion 2- Alfred the Great (in class only) 19 September Asser, Life of Alfred, parts 1 and 2 1. This document is not simply history, but propaganda as well. Looking at this document, what did society value and admire in its leaders? Discussion 3 - Norman Invasion (2-3 pages) 26 September Harold's Visit to William (4 versions) Edward the Confessor's deathbed nomination of Harold (3 versions) *Harold's Accessions to the English throne (4 versions) William the Conqueror invades England - version 1 William the Conqueror invades England - version 2 Battle of Hastings - version 1 Battle of Hastings - version 2 William of Malmesbury, Battle of Hastings The documents above represent almost all of the source material we have for the Norman Conquest and concern the important issues of who was the rightful king of England in 1066 and why the English were not successful in defeating the Normans at Hastings. 1. Break these documents into the following sections 1) Harold's visit to William 2) Harold being chosen as king and the type of king he was 3) the Battle of Hastings and why the English were defeated. Looking at these documents outline where they agree and disagree regarding what occurred. 2. How important are the differences found in the above documents? Which specific questions are difficult to answer giving the source material available. Discussion 4- Jews in Medieval England (in-class only) 8 October The Persecution of the Jews Crusades and the Persecution of the Jews Innocent III: Letter on the Jews King John of England and the Jews Lateran IV: Canon 68 English Law and the Jews Gregory X: Letter on the Jews Removal of Jews from Certain Towns to Others Jews Expelled from England 1. Discuss the situation of the Jewish community in the Middle Ages. What justifications are given? Discussion 5 - Nobles, Church and Crown (2-3 pgs) 15 October Constitutions of Clarendon Assize of Clarendon Magna Carta Additional documents will be handed out 1. Outline the arguments for the crown, nobles and church. In what areas are they willing to acknowledge the power of the others? Discussion 6 - Peasants Revolt (2 pgs) 5 November Medieval Revolutionary Beginning of the Peasants' Revolt English Peasants Rebel Against Feudalism and Wealth King Richard Fails to Meet the Peasants at Blackheath Angry Peasants March on London King Richard Confronts the Peasants at Mile End, versions 1 and 2 King Richard Confronts the Peasants at Smithfield 1. Outline the demands of the peasants. While the king did agree to meet these demands, he quickly went back on his word. Could Richard have reasonably granted any of the demands of the peasants? 2. How do the documents present events in order to put the peasants in a negative light? Discussion 7 - Joan of Arc (in class only) 12 November The Trial of Joan of Arc Joan of Arc before the French King First Letter from Joan of Arc to the English Joan of Arc enters Orleans Victory for the French at Orleans - Version 1 Victory for the French at Orleans - Version 2 1. By all accounts, Joan was exactly what history has remembered her as - a common peasant girl, who believing she was sanctioned by God, convinced Charles to grant her troops which she led to victory against the English. One of the difficulties in a series of events such as this is dealing with the fact that Joan of Arc believed she heard angels and saints who gave her messages from God. As Christians and historians how do we assess this? How do we analyze the motives and seemingly miraculous events of Joan's life? Discussion 8 - Reformation (2 pgs) 21 November Queen Elizabeth's Proclamation to Forbid Preaching, 1558 Elizabeth's Act of Uniformity, 1559 The Injunctions of 1559 Act Against the Jesuits and Seminarists, 1585 Act Against the Puritians 1. Looking at these documents, what aspects of society and religion was the state attempting to control? 2. What are the limitations placed on Catholics and Puritans? 3. Why are non-Anglicans perceived as such a threat in this period? Discussion 9 - Stewart England (2 pages) 10 December Documents will be handed out 1. All of these documents discuss the civil war. Analyze the different reasons presented for why England descended into civil war.	<urn:uuid:be290a0f-23c6-4242-9278-bb8b209ba427>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.48787909746170044, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9078734517097473, "url": "https://sites.google.com/a/georgefox.edu/england/england/discussions" }
Botanical Information The tree is evergreen, grows to 20 meters high and 15-20 meters horizontally, and has large leaves that provide shade. Its natural habitat is alone rivers and streams in thickets. Like all the fig trees, if bruised, a white latex exudes from the cut. The fruits grow in clusters, and can be found for several months of the year in some places, April to June in some places and summer to December in others. The tree does not bear seeds, and is hence human dependant in Egypt. Sycamore is one of the few trees growing in Egypt since ancient times. Along with other trees in Egypt, its wood was used in various things. Some wooden artifacts in Egyptian museums today are known to be made of sycamore trees. One such object is a statue of the Greco-Egyptian god Serapis in Alexandria's Greco-Roman museum. The sycamore is mentioned in the Bible several times, both in the Old Testament and the New Testament (Amos 7:14, Jeremiah 24:2, Luke 19:4). The Egyptian goddess Hathor was known as the Lady of the Sycamore. Many artifacts are known from the New Kingdom period, such as this . A tree in El Matareya near Cairo called the Virgin Mary Tree is said to be a resting spot of Mary, Jesus and Joseph and is a pilgrimage spot for Christians. The tree died in the 17th century and a new sapling in 1672 was planted. That died in 1906, and a new one was planted, which is what is present today. The tree is enclosed in a compound and the government charges admission fees to it. Both Coptic Christians and Muslims visit the site for healing by the Virgin (a practice that is unorthodox in Islam). The wood from sycamore tree provides a source of timber in Egypt, a scarce commodity., causing Pharoahs to look north to the cedars of Lebanon for timber for their fleets. Like all figs, it requires a certain species of wasp, Ceratosolen arabicus, to pollinate it. The young fruit are nicked with a knife to encourage their ripening. The orangish fruit is not too sweet and has a distinctive, yet not strong taste. In other places and cultures In Turkish, the name of the tree and the fruit is cumbez, similar to the Egyptian gemeiz. In Famagusta, Cyprus, there is large tree besides a mosque called Lala Mustafa Camii. It is said to be the oldest tree in Cyprus, planted in the 13th century, making it more than 700 years old. It inspires art like this photograph by Hasan Bilgehan. Nature: The Queen of Trees. Fig Trees PBS aired today an amazing program called Nature: The Queen of Trees. Fig Trees, which describes the ecosystem surrounding a Sycamore tree in Kenya. The tree relies on specific fig wasps to pollinate them. The wasps can only grow and live inside the fig fruit. Parasitic nematode worms grow inside the worms. Other parasitic wasps drill through the fruit with their ovipositor to deposit eggs. More parasites exploit the hole to lay their own eggs. Hornbills make nests in the tree, and protect it against sap sucking cycadas. Bees also use the trees to hives. Several other birds feed on the fruit, and feed their young, including green pigeons. Seed bugs feed on the seeds of the sycamore fig fruit, preventing any new trees from growing below the parent tree. Mammals from elephants to giraffes feed on the fruit and leaves of the tree. Ants protect the figs from other parasites, while they herd aphid like flightless insects called Hilda that feed on the sap, and give honeydew to their protector ants. Bats feed on the fruit, and so does baboons, and the fish in the stream below, all spreading the seeds to other places. Masai honey hunters and other human use of the tree represent a danger, as the trees are cut for their wood. All in all a magnificent documentary around a whole ecosystem around one kind of tree. Khalid Baheyeldin أحتاج لصور لزهرة شجرة الشمبر أو خيار الشمبر الأستاذ الفاضل بهي الدين تحية طيبة وبعد هناك شجرة زهرتها غريبة الشكل إذ تبدو كما لو كانت هناك بتلة ناقصة من بتلاتها كما إن البتلة المقابلة للمكان الخالي هي الوحيدة الملونة من البتلات واسمها الشمبر أو خيار الشمبر شيء من هذا القبيل أرجو المزيد من المعلومات عنها واسمها العلمي والاسم الرسمي لها باللغة العربية وشكراً The or a human reflection I have noted that the name Figaro is used as a name for a French newspaper and for characters in opera etc. It's use is synonymous with communication and or the interdependence of the human race, the need to communicate. I find myself fascinated by humans 'parable nature' which allows them, jointly or separately, to not actually take responsibility for the present and that this situation is reflected in the (human) history or interpretation of the fig tree (amongst other things such as the constellation for example). I note that the name Figaro is assumed to come from Italian, Spanish and Greek meanings meaning fig ? I also note, although I am an agnostic, that The Bible has many fig tree stories, these stories prompted me to look, via the internet, at ancient Egypt and delivered me, ultimately to your web site. The Fig tree family is a very ancient tree, for the human race, that provides not only a barometer for the seasons but also, scarce commodities, wood, shade and food, the fruit/food is additionally produced over a prolonged season two crops in some instances (defendant on position). It is also interesting to note that our race has made some of these trees human dependent, (as indeed are many of our fruit trees). To have woven such stories via the chinese whispers that I believe the collective conscious can become when fact is not relied upon around another natural phenomena such as this fine tree is to me fascinating. R Butler hallo i'm fauzy from hallo i'm fauzy from indonesia... i very interested to sycamore fig but i don't how to get seedling or cutting to plant in my place... is there any body know how to get the cutting tree or seed? please contact me at fig sycamore cutting Hello from Indonesia. Desperately need Egypt fig sycamore cutting if any available. Want to plant it in Indonesia. Any help or info on how or where to get it is deeply appreciated. One Krisnata	<urn:uuid:584ced7e-6d7e-4c80-a6c4-4e879caf7c3d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.59375, "fasttext_score": 0.05353325605392456, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9194807410240173, "url": "http://baheyeldin.com/places/egypt/sycamore-fig-an-egyptian-tree-and-fruit-mulberry-fig-egyptian-sycamore-cumbez.html" }
Documenting the American South Logo Born on a plantation in Onslow County, North Carolina ca. 1837, James Battle Avirett grew up in the antebellum South and became an ardent defender of its traditions. After attending the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill between 1850 and 1852, he became an Episcopal priest. During the Civil War he served the Confederacy as a chaplain to General Turner Ashby, the Chief of Cavalry under General Stonewall Jackson. He published four works: The Memoirs of General Turner Ashby and His Companeers (1867), Watchman, What of the Night? or The Causes Affecting Church Growth (1897), a pamphlet, Who Was the Rebel? (1897), and The Old South, or How We Lived in Great House and Cabin Before the War (1901). He married Mary Louise Dunbar Williams, and together they had two sons. Avirett died in Cumberland, Maryland in 1912. In The Old South, Avirett describes the daily activities on a plantation, including cataloging the crops and the labor required in tending them and slave life and their relationships to their owners. He contrasts his positive experiences with those depicted in popular works such as Uncle Tom's Cabin. Avirett places the antebellum South within the tradition of French and English aristocracy in order to justify the living conditions of typical slaves in the South. Harris Henderson Document menu	<urn:uuid:c6823fa6-2449-4c2c-9a46-a042d1d74cdd>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.03707832098007202, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9284034967422485, "url": "http://www.docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/avirett/summary.html" }
Date: mid to late 19th century Geography: Australia, northeastern Queensland, Queensland Culture: Northeastern Queensland Medium: Wood, paint Dimensions: H. 30 1/2 x W. 14 1/4 x D. 4 5/8 in. (77.5 x 36.2 x 11.7 cm) Classification: Wood-Implements Accession Number: 1979.206.1802 Although much of Australia is arid, the continent also has dense tropical rainforests, which originally covered much of the eastern coast of the Cape York Peninsula in northern Queensland. In contrast to the more muted palette employed by many Aboriginal groups, rainforest peoples developed an artistic tradition characterized by the use of boldly patterned polychrome designs, which were applied to the surfaces of weapons and other objects. The tradition found its foremost expression in the large, brilliantly painted shields carried by initiated men. Until the late 1890s, such shields were an indispensable component of a warrior's fighting equipment. Conflicts among the rainforest peoples primarily took the form of ritualized combat between individuals or groups for which large numbers of people often gathered, at times in association with initiation or other activities, to settle outstanding disputes. On these occasions, a man with a grievance against another individual would challenge him to a duel, the two parties resolving the issue through single combat. The duels were fought with a distinctive pair of weapons: a long, bladelike hardwood club resembling a sword, which was brought down on the opponent like a sledgehammer, and the painted shield, which was used to absorb the force of the blows. During the fight, combatants stood facing each other and took turns striking, each landing a single blow on his opponent and then receiving one in return. The contest ended when one man grew exhausted and conceded or his shield was destroyed by his opponent, rendering him unable to continue. In less formalized fighting, the shields were also used to parry clubs or boomerangs thrown by the enemy and absorb the impact of spears.	<urn:uuid:5b088562-f4f1-4a2d-bee3-a0fd31df6fe2>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.02724754810333252, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9672819972038269, "url": "http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1979.206.1802/" }
The Canary bird is a domesticated form (Serinus canaria forma domestica) of the wild Canary, (Serinus canaria), a small songbird. The wild Canary lives on the Canary Islands, Azores and Madeira. This islands are located just off the northwest coast of mainland Africa, 100 km west of the border between Morocco and the Western Sahara. The first Canaries were bred in captivity in the 17th century. The birds were brought over by Spanish sailors to Europe. Monks began to breeding them and sold only the males. Eventually Italians obtained the first hens in Europe and were able to breed the birds themselves. The first birds were very expensive and only owned by the rich. The birds were very popular in Europe and throughout the years local bird breeders in every country altered the appearance of the birds through selective breeding methods. Below an overview over the development of the Coloured and the Type Canaries. 1. Little Smooth-Feathered Canaries ca 1750 German Crest; Germany ca 1750 Lizard; France, but developed in England ca 1830 Border Fancy; in the “Border” region of South-Scotland and North-England ca 1920 Gloster Fancy; engl. county Gloucestershire ca 1931 Spanish Raza; Spain ca 1950 Fife Fancy; scotish county Fife 2. Great Smooth-Feathered Canaries end of the 16th century Norwich; engl. countyNorwich ca 1780 - 1820 Lancashire; engl. county Lancashire ca 1850 Yorkshire; engl. county Yorkshire ca 1870 - 1890 Crest/Crestbred; England ca 1880 Bernois / Berner; Bern/Switzerland before 1950 Spanish Llarguet; spanish provinces Castelo and Valencia 3. Bent Canaries begin of he 19th century Scotch Fancy; Glasgow/Scotland ca 1800 Belgian Canary, Belgium ca 1900 Munchener; Munich/Germany ca 1925 Japanese Hoso; Japan ca 1980 Rheinlaender; Hilden/Rhineland of Germany 4. Frilled/Frise Canaries ca 1850 Parisian Frill; Paris/France ca 1900 North Frilled Canary; northern France ca 1955 Padovan/Paduan; Padua/Italy ca 1982 Florin/Fiorino; Florence/Italy ca 1983 Mehringer; Mehring/Germany ca 1991 Italian Gigant Frill/Arricciato Gigante Italiano (AGI); Italy 5. Bent & Frilled/Frise Canaries ca 1850 Melado Tenerife/Melado Tinerfeno; Tenerife/Spain ca 1900 Swiss Frill; Switzerland ca 1920 South Frilled Canary/South Dutch Frilled; southern France ca 1920 Makige Frill; Japan ca 1950 Gibber Italicus; southern Italy ca 1980 Spanish Giboso/Giboso Espanol; Spain ca 1667 WHITE DOMINANT; GERMANY / 1914 in East Prussia/Germany after the extinction rediscovered. ca 1700 BROWN (CINNAMON); Germany ca 1725 AGATE; disappeared for many years, but rediscovered in 1910 in Netherland. ca 1908 WHITE RECESSIVE; simultaneously in England and New Zealand 1915 RED FACTOR; Transfer of genes by crossing the Red Siskin (Carduelis cucullata) with the Canary by the German breeders Mr. Balser, Fulda/Germany and Mr. Dahms, Koenigsberg/Germany MOSAIK (DIMORPHIC); emerged from the development of hybrids between Red Siskin x Canary.1976 was also bred the Type II 1949 OPAL; by the breeder Mr. Rosner, Fuerth/Germany 1950 IVORY (LIPOCHROM-PASTEL); by the breeder Mr. P. J. Helder, Netherland 1957 MELANIN PASTEL; by the breeder Mr. H. Kollen, Netherland and developed through selective breeding to the GREYWINGS (1968) 1964 PHAEO; by the breeder Mr. Jean Pierre Ceuppens, Belgium 1966 SATINET or SATINETTE: Netherland ca 1970 OPTICAL BLUE FACTOR; Italy 1976 TOPAZ; by the breeder Mr. Asheri, Italy 1981 EUMO; by the breeder Mr. Haaff, Netherland 1986 ONYX; by the brothers Louis and Fernando Belver Llorens, Valencia/Spain 1994 COBALT; by the breeder Mr. Karl-Werner Weber, Ulm/Germany © by Wekrue WebDesign 2014 Home Bird Care & Nutrition Birdblog Bird Diseases Birds2u Database Birds2u Online-Store Birds for sale Galery Links Contact Privacy Statement Site Map More articels about canaries:	<urn:uuid:618cdf78-913e-4316-83f4-42a9903b28a1>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.049220502376556396, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8211659789085388, "url": "http://www.birds2u.info/canary_general_and_history.htm" }
Morrison Formation Geography A map of the Colorado Plateau as it may have looked 149 million years ago during the Jurassic when the Morrison formation was deposited. Dr. Ron Blakey, Professor Emeritus Northern Arizona University Geology 149 million years ago, when the Morrison Formation was deposited, the area that is now Dinosaur National Monument looked much different. Large rivers dominated the landscape, flowing from highlands in the south towards the north. A savannah type of environment surrounded the river courses, but instead of a grassland, these savannahs featured ferns and conifers. It was in this environment that dinosaurs like apatasaurus, diplodocus, and stegosaurus grazed while avoiding the predatory allosaurus. Artist rendition of how the Morrison Environment may have appeared. Did You Know?	<urn:uuid:7379b23f-671c-4589-926f-d8bde4d580dc>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.59375, "fasttext_score": 0.02739483118057251, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9099768400192261, "url": "http://www.nps.gov/dino/learn/nature/morrisonformationutah.htm" }
Norman Architecture also known as the English Romanesque or Twelfth-Century style, comprises the reigns of William I (1066-87), William II (1087-1100), Henry I (1100-35), Stephen (1135-54), Henry II (1154-89). The general appearance is bold and massive, and presents many similarities with the architecture of Normandy, from whence it was introduced during the reign of William I. It is well described by Sir Walter Scott: In Norman strength, that abbey frown'd With massive arches broad and round, That rose alternate row on row On ponderous columns, short and low ; Built ere the art was known, By pointed aisle and shafted stalk The arcades of an alley'd walk To emulate in stone ". .. Iffley Church, near Oxford. [Click on the thumbnail for a larger image.] The nave was considerably lengthened from the Saxon period, and transepts were employed, with usually a tower at the crossing. Most of the cathedrals date from this period, and the general type of plan laid down was developed rather than changed, great length being aimed at, as at Norwich, Durham, Ely, S. Albans, and Winchester. The chapel of the Tower of London is a type of a small chapel in the style. The towers are square and massive, as at S. Alban's Abbey and Iffley Church. In Norfolk and Suffolk are some fifty churches, having at their west end round towers supposed to be due to Scandinavian influence, but probably owing to these being more readily con- structed, in the absence of suitable stone to form square angles. Castles, owing to the recent conquest, were numerous and important, commanding fords on the rivers, high roads, and other strategic points. The Tower of London gives a good idea of the system of defence adopted. Walls are very thick, and frequently arcaded in later work, but are often constructed with defective masonry, the core being imperfectly bonded with the facing. The interiors have nearly an equal height assigned to nave arcade, triforium, and clerestory, and a passage was often formed between the clerestory window and the triple arch carrying the inside of the wall, a method also adopted in the churches at Caen. Buttresses are broad and flat, with little projection, and often flush with the corbel table, which supports a plain parapet. These were frequently formed with square recesses, known as "orders," to their jambs. The windows are usually small, narrow and deeply splayed, with semicircular heads. They are in single lights, but double windows divided by a shaft frequently occur in towers. Three openings, of which the centre one is largest, are sometimes grouped together. Doorways are deeply recessed and richly ornamented with the zigzag ornament and beak-head, as at Iffley Church, Oxon, or elaborately carved with sculptural subjects, as at Barfreston, Kent. The vaulting was waggon-headed, or intersecting with plain groins. The roof-trusses were of open timber, chiefly of king-post form, and having an inclination of forty-five degrees, the covering being of lead or shingles. The simple framing is either left exposed, or has a flat ceiling boarded and decorated. In fact, all the existing cathedrals or abbeys of this period had originally wooden ceilings, but were vaulted later, as at Gloucester, Exeter, and Durham. These are low, massive, and either polygonal or circular, as at Gloucester, Bristol, and Exeter, while at Durham fluting and zigzag channellings were worked on the columns, without regard to the courses. Clustered piers, as at Peterborough, with rectangular recesses, were also used, often in conjunction with round piers, as at Durham and Waltham. The small shafts occurring in the recessed orders of doorways and windows were sometimes richly ornamented. Capitals, are usually of the cushion form, being sometimes carved and scolloped, but occasionally forms reminiscent of Roman architecture occur, as the Ionic example, in the White Tower, London. The Corinthian type frequently met with in France is rare. The ornamented mouldings, as the chevron or zigzag, billet, beak-head, nail-head, bowtel, or roll moulding, form a most important decorative element in the style. Corbel tables, supported by corbels or grotesques, constitute crowning features on walls and towers. The plain treatment of the earlier period was succeeded by the highly decorated work of the late period, which was richly carved with nail-head, corbel, billet, and other ornamented mouldings. Wall arcades of intersecting arches, along the lower part of the aisle walls, constituted an effective dado decoration. It is probable that hangings were employed in interiors. Rudimentary decoration, consisting of black and white, or simple colors in stripes, forming lozenge-shaped and other figures roughly executed in distemper, produced a bold and not un- pleasing effect, as in the roof at Peterborough. Late in the period stained glass began to be employed, the glass, in small pieces, being chiefly white, leaded together to form patterns, with the addition of brown lines. The Norman style also appears in fonts, piscinas and sedilias. Last modified 30 August 2007	<urn:uuid:b404228c-9c06-492a-b3d7-7ae761cd30ba>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.71875, "fasttext_score": 0.02242046594619751, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9691059589385986, "url": "http://www.victorianweb.org/victorian/art/architecture/gothic/norman.html" }
A Separate Peace Short Essay Assignments Buy the A Separate Peace Lesson Plans 1. Who is the narrator of "A Separate Peace"? 2. What seemed so much larger to Gene, as told by him, when he was younger as opposed to now? 3. Who does Gene describe the tree when he was younger and standing in front of it with other boys? 4. Who are the four boys that are with Gene as he stands by the tree? (read all 60 Short Essay Questions and Answers) This section contains 2,041 words (approx. 7 pages at 300 words per page) Buy the A Separate Peace Lesson Plans	<urn:uuid:03cce745-9963-4a56-81c0-819a59027a79>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.026906192302703857, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9534783959388733, "url": "http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/separatepeace/shortessay.html" }
the Romantic Period the general characteristics and subjects of the Romantic Period as well as the literary devices common to the period, your task is to apply these broad ideas by evaluating the degree to which a specific poem represents the period. For this task, you may choose one Romantic poem by one of the following poets: • William Blake• William Wordsworth• Samuel Taylor Coleridge (please do not select Rime of the Ancient Mariner as you will study this poem in a later module)• George Gordon, Lord Byron (this is the same person, George Gordon is his name and Lord Byron is his title)• Percy Bysshe Shelley• John Keats Select a poem by one of the listed authors. Most of these authors are mentioned in the videos you watched in the notes section; if you do not remember the names, viewing these videos again will help you select the poet who most interests you. Do a Google search to find one of the poems, and list the name of the poem below. Once you select your poem, you will analyze how well it represents the subjects and devices common to the Romantic Movement. Keep in mind that not all Romantic poems will display all Romantic characteristics. find the cost of your paper	<urn:uuid:eb026778-ced7-4f4f-86ea-f668431e5581>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.890625, "fasttext_score": 0.6316787600517273, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9302225708961487, "url": "https://superioressaywriters.com/2017/08/02/the-romantic-period/" }
The panels from York Minster's Great East window were dismantled as part of the conservation project. The pieces were laid out on a rubbing of the panel, in their pre-conservation positions. Conservators then examined every piece, and were able to move, reposition and realign certain pieces to recover the original arrangement of glass. They did this based on how the glass fitted together, on the iconography of the scene, and by looking at art historical sources for evidence of the original appearance of the panels. Often, conservators were able to bring pieces back together which had been moved apart in earlier restoration campaigns. Sometimes this process displaced newer glass which was put into the window at various points in its history to fill holes; these pieces were removed and archived. Once the pieces were laid out in their correct positions, conservators drew around them to show where the new lead lines will be. This drawing is called the 'cutline' and is used as a kind of template by the glazier when the panel is re-leaded. More videos Swipe left and right through the list.	<urn:uuid:c3637c5a-14d9-486b-88d4-a5857c21cc82>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.75, "fasttext_score": 0.12454473972320557, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9873818159103394, "url": "http://www.yorkglazierstrust.org/videos/" }
Culture Essay: Spring Board English Ii Only available on StudyMode • Download(s) : 138 • Published : April 11, 2013 Open Document Text Preview Culture and the way we view others informs us greatly on how diverse the world around us actually is. The world we live in is full of different people of different cultures, races and religions. There are many individuals who feel that we all should be a certain way and there are also many who are ashamed of who they are and where they come from. Most people in our world today just want to be treated equally and to not be treated based on their skin tone, accent or origin. A perfect example of this would be the character Dee in the story Everyday Use. Dee has made an entirely new heritage for herself and rejected who she truly is (Everyday Use, Pg. 122). She even takes her given name and transforms it into something totally different, Wangero (Everyday Use, Pg. 123 ). In the film Bend It Like Beckham Jess Bhamra was torn between her culture and being of the American culture (Bend It Like Beckham). She was a perfect example of changing her ways but not forgetting who she truly is. Jess lived in London, England and wanted nothing more but to be a famous soccer player, but her Indian culture and family held her back (BILB). Her mother always expressed how she was a menace to society by the way she acted (BILB). In the end Jess found a way to do what she wanted but also respect her Indian culture (BILB). In the letter, An Indian Father’s Plea a perfect example of wanting to be treated equally is expressed. All Robert Lake wanted was for his son to be treated equally in their new hometown (An Indian Father’s Plea, Pg. 109). In this letter he is asking his son’s teacher why she is labeling his son as a ‘slow learner’ and treating him as if he is a foreign object (An Indian Father’s Plea, Pg. 109). He is expressing his concern and explains to the teacher that his son is indeed a talented and smart child (An Indian Father’s Plea, Pg. 110.) He also informed her of the harsh world and racism that his son was welcomed to all because of him being treated differently.(An... tracking img	<urn:uuid:8a99f66b-88e0-40c4-ab9c-1de733d12bbc>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.734375, "fasttext_score": 0.03245854377746582, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9766525030136108, "url": "http://www.studymode.com/essays/Culture-Essay-Spring-Board-English-Ii-1590119.html" }
© 2014 Shmoop University, Inc. All rights reserved. Cyrano de Bergerac is steeped in the history and culture of seventeenth century France. Though the playwright lived more than 200 years after this era, he goes to great pains to make it as faithful to the time as possible. His text is littered with references to real historical figures, artists, thinkers, philosophers, teachers, actors, and writers. The play both honors and mocks the frippery of the French court in his constant allusions to The Three Musketeers, the most famous novel written about this time period. Questions About Art and Culture 1. What is the effect of the cultural and historical allusions in Cyrano de Bergerac? How does it affect the way we view the play? 2. Does Rostand uphold or mock French ideals in his Three Musketeers allusions? Could it be possible that he’s doing both, or does that just sound like crazy-talk? 3. What literary or historical figures is Cyrano compared to? How does this shape how we view his character? Chew on This In depicting Cyrano as a hero and Christian as a martyr, Rostand ultimately approves of and honors the ideals of seventeenth century France in his play. In depicting Comte de Guiche as vengeful and the minor characters as vain, Rostand mocks the ideals of seventeenth century France. back to top	<urn:uuid:c81780f7-2eb5-4a94-8f55-4894499df52c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.796875, "fasttext_score": 0.6103332042694092, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9411302208900452, "url": "http://www.shmoop.com/cyrano-de-bergerac/art-culture-theme.html" }
Log In Permitted Use Part of Latino Americans 27 Favorites Organizing the Farm Worker Movement Explore the early days of the United Farmworkers under the guidance of Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta. See the condidtions that led to the oranization of a farm labor union and the initial challenges to its work: the strike in Delano and the march to Sacramento. Contrast the leadership styles of its leaders and examine the movement's use of symbols. Lesson Summary Lesson Overview In this lesson plan drawing on material from Latino Americans, students explore the conditions faced by farm laborers in the mid-20th century and meet the advocates who led efforts to improve those conditions. Students view a clip on the emergence of the farm worker movement and respond through discussion questions. Students can respond individually or in small groups, in writing, or through discussion. Two extensions offer additional activities and investigation. • Analyze the conditions that led to the emergence of the farm worker movement • Identify key individuals, organizations and stakeholders • Identify the strategies and symbols that gave shape to the movement • Compare and contrast various leadership styles • Consider the racial implications of Cesar Chavez’s leadership Grade Levels: 7-12 • Content can be adapted for grades 4-6 Suggested Time • 30-45 minutes Multimedia Resources • Pencil/pen and paper for individual responses or chart paper for group work The Lesson Optional Pre-Activity: • Show students pictures of Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta and/or the UFW Eagle and ask if these images have any meaning to them. • Ask students what they ate that morning or the night before. Ask them if they know where the ingredients came from or who might have harvested them. View clip from Episode 5, 3:53 – 20:04. Encourage students to make note of the conditions of farm workers and map out key individuals, locations and events. In small groups or individually, students respond to the following questions: • Even as agricultural business increased in profits in the mid-twentieth century, there was a very different picture for its laborers. Describe the conditions. • Who were some of the key players in the effort to organize farm workers? What were their backgrounds? • Why did the Bracero Program make it difficult to organize farm workers into a union? • What was the strategy that Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta chose to overcome the history of violence associated with past efforts to organize farm workers? • What were some of the symbols of the farm worker movement? What concepts did they represent? • Contrast the leadership styles of Dolores Huerta and Cesar Chavez. • How did Cesar Chavez differ from many of the Latino community leaders that came before him? How did his leadership help dispel stereotypes or assumptions some Latinos held about themselves? EXTENSION I: Mapping the March from Delano Conduct research to trace the route from Delano to Sacramento. Create a physical or virtual poster that documents the march. In the margins, include key moments from the march as well as symbols, characters and dates that were important to it. Also include a paragraph describing what was achieved once the march was completed. EXTENSION II: Nonviolent Strategy The United Farm Workers chose a nonviolent approach to accomplishing their goals. Who and what inspired this strategy? What are some of the benefits of this strategy, as opposed to using force? What are some other social movements from the 1950s through today that have used nonviolent tactics?	<urn:uuid:2a8ad9da-66ff-49dc-980b-a0b11ee1f310>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.25, "fasttext_score": 0.12599796056747437, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9506632685661316, "url": "http://aetn.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/91885268-61ee-4d40-b302-398d960ba9a4/latino-americans-organizing-the-farm-worker-movement-lesson-plan/" }
Seamount Lasagna The inside of a seamount is not the same from top to bottom. If it was the same, there would be no need to drill into it. We could just scrape some rock off the top of it and that would tell us everything we would need to know about the inside of the seamount and how it was formed. A seamount is not homogenous, though. It has numerous layers, kind of like a lasagna, and those layers contain a great deal of complex history. Let’s say that you found an ancient lasagna in your refrigerator and you were really hungry, but you also had some food allergies, so you didn’t want to eat it until you knew every ingredient that was in it. More than likely, you would say, “The heck with this!” and drive to the grocery store, but it also turns out you have no money and someone stole your car. If all these conditions to give my analogy a reason to exist were not too depressing and you were determined to eat the lasagna, then you would have a lot of work ahead of you. You could cut a slice out and identify and describe the layers of meat, vegetables, cheese, sauce and noodles. This could tell you what kind of lasagna you had and, if it was just meat or just vegetables, allow you to infer what might be the origins of the lasagna, but would not tell you everything you need to know. If there is meat, you may need to look at it under a microscope to determine whether it is one kind of meat or a sausage consisting of numerous ingredients. You probably want to do the same with sauce. You also probably want to do a chemical analysis of all the various layers to determine what their individual ingredients may be. You may assume that you can do a chemical analysis on just one layer of noodles because the rest are probably the same, but what if the cook switched brands in mid-lasagna or had their hands contaminated with some other food item that then found its way into the lasagna? You would then want to be sure you did a chemical analysis for each separate layer. You also may want to have a microbiologist look to see if any organisms have turned the lasagna into a habitat and also a sedimentologist to see if dust has collected on the top of the lasagna since the lasagna was first formed. If this is the work you would do to learn the origins and chemistry of a lasagna, imagine the work that is done to describe and interpret a 70 million-year old seamount. A seamount is much more complex in its layers than a lasagna, which is why we have 30 scientists onboard right now studying the core samples. By describing each layer in all its complexity, the scientists can better understand the origin and evolution of these seamounts. To find out how much more complex and varied the layers of a seamount are than the layers of a lasagna, read my next blog. Photo by Patrick Fulton. Great job on the blog posts. Great job on the blog posts. Entertaining and educational. I appreciate the feedback!	<urn:uuid:e5622a66-86ad-44d1-a46b-7e1dc94477da>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.3211604356765747, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9795652031898499, "url": "http://joidesresolution.org/node/1732" }
outliers ◬ theofficialjaredleto high resolution » Syrtis Major Planum is a “dark spot” located in the boundary between the northern lowlands and southern highlands of Mars. It was discovered, on the basis of data from Mars Global Surveyor, to be a low-relief shield volcano, but was formerly believed to be a plain, and was then known as Syrtis Major Planitia. The dark color comes from the basaltic volcanic rock of the region and the relative lack of dust.	<urn:uuid:ba978775-4350-4454-b66c-8ec691a9dc0f>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.0203707218170166, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9621270298957825, "url": "http://theofficialjaredleto.tumblr.com/post/25508831586/syrtis-major-planum-is-a-dark-spot-located-in" }
Uranium deposits - geology caption Uranium ore. Photo: USGS. Unconformity-related deposits: Unconformity-related deposits arise from geological changes occurring close to major unconformities. Below the unconformity, the metasedimentary rocks that host the mineralization are usually faulted and brecciated. The overlying younger Proterozoic sandstones are usually undeformed. Unconformity-related deposits constitute approximately 33% of the World Outside Centrally Planned Economies Area (WOCA)'s uranium resources and they include some of the largest and richest deposits. Minerals are uraninite and pitchblende. The main deposits occur in Canada (the Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan and Thelon Basin, Northwest Territories); and Australia (the Alligator Rivers region in the Pine Creek Geosyncline, Northern Territory, and Rudall River area, Western Australia). Unconformity-related deposits constitute a major proportion (20%) of Australia's total uranium resources, and much of Australia's total production since 1980 has been mined from two of these deposits - Nabarlek (now mined out) and Ranger 1 & 3. Other major deposits in the Alligator Rivers region are Jabiluka, Koongarra and Ranger 68. Today, all of Canada's uranium production is from unconformity-related deposits - Key Lake, Cluff Lake, Rabbit Lake (all now depleted), and McClean Lake and McArthur River deposits. Other large, exceptionally high-grade, unconformity-related deposits currently being developed include Cigar Lake (averaging almost 20% U3O8, some zones over 50% U3O8). The deposits in the Athabasca Basin occur below, across, and immediately above the unconformity, with the highest-grade deposits situated at or just above the unconformity (e.g., Cigar Lake and McArthur River). In the Alligator Rivers region, known deposits are below the unconformity and, like their Canadian counterparts, are generally much lower-grade. Uranium exploration in the Alligator Rivers region and Arnhem Land has been restricted since the late 1970s because of political and environmental factors. Much of the Alligator Rivers region and Arnhem Land have only been subjected to first pass exploration designed to detect outcropping deposits and extensions of known deposits. For example, Jabiluka 2 was found by drilling along strike from Jabiluka 1. There has been very little exploration to locate deeply concealed deposits lying above the unconformity similar to those in Canada. It is possible that very high-grade deposits occur in the sandstones above the unconformity in the Alligator Rivers/Arnhem Land area. Breccia complex deposits: The Olympic Dam deposit is one of the world's largest deposits of uranium, and accounts for about 66% of Australiaís reserves plus resources. The deposit occurs in a hematite-rich granite breccia complex in the Gawler Craton. It is overlain by approximately 300 meters of flat-lying sedimentary rocks of the Stuart Shelf geological province. Details of the origin of the deposit are still uncertain. However, the principal mechanisms that formed the breccia complex are considered to have been hydraulic fracturing, tectonic faulting, chemical corrosion, and gravity collapse. Much of the brecciation occurred in the near-surface eruptive environment of a crater complex during eruptions caused by boiling and explosive interaction of water (from lake, sea, or groundwater) with magma. Sandstone deposits: Sandstone uranium deposits occur in medium- to coarse-grained sandstones deposited in a continental fluvial or marginal marine sedimentary environment. Impermeable shale/mudstone units are interbedded in the sedimentary sequence and often occur immediately above and below the mineralized sandstone. Uranium precipitated under reducing conditions caused by a variety of reducing agents within the sandstone including: carbonaceous material (detrital plant debris, amorphous humate, marine algae), sulphides (pyrite, H2S), hydrocarbons (petroleum), and interbedded basic volcanics with abundant ferro-magnesian minerals (e.g., chlorite). There are three main types of sandstone deposits: • rollfront deposits: arcuate bodies of mineralization that crosscut sandstone bedding; • tabular deposits: irregular, elongate lenticular bodies parallel to the depositional trend, deposits commonly occur in palaeochannels incised into underlying basement rocks; and • tectonic/lithologic deposits: occur in sandstones adjacent to a permeable fault zone. Sandstone deposits constitute about 18% of world uranium resources. Orebodies of this type are commonly low- to medium-grade (0.05 - 0.4% U3O8) and individual orebodies are small to medium in size (ranging up to a maximum of 50,000 t U3O8). The primary uranium minerals are uraninite and coffinite. Conventional mining/milling operations of sandstone deposits have been progressively undercut by cheaper in situ leach mining methods. Sandstone deposits represent only about 7% of Australia's total uranium resources. Within the Frome Embayment, six uranium deposits are known, the largest being Beverley, Honeymoon, East Kalkaroo, and Billaroo West-Gould Dam, all amenable to ISL mining methods. Other deposits are Manyingee, Oobagooma, and Mulga Rock in Western Australia and Angela, Northern Territory. At Mulga Rock uranium mineralization is in peat layers interbedded with sand and clay within a buried palaeochannel. Surficial deposits: Surficial uranium deposits are broadly defined as young (Tertiary to Recent), near-surface uranium concentrations in sediments or soils. These deposits usually have secondary cementing minerals including calcite, gypsum, dolomite, ferric oxide, and halite. Uranium deposits in calcrete are the largest of the surficial deposits. Uranium mineralization is in fine-grained surficial sand and clay, cemented by calcium and magnesium carbonates. Surficial deposits comprise about 4% of world uranium resources. Calcrete deposits represent 5% of Australia's total reserves and resources of uranium. They formed where uranium-rich granites were deeply weathered in a semi-arid to arid climate. The Yeelirrie deposit in Western Australia is by far the world's largest surficial deposit. Other significant deposits in Western Australia include Lake Way, Centipede, Thatcher Soak, and Lake Maitland. Calcrete uranium deposits also occur in the Central Namib Desert of Namibia. Volcanic deposits: uranium deposits of this type occur in acid volcanic rocks and are related to faults and shear zones within the volcanics. Uranium is commonly associated with molybdenum and fluorine. These deposits make up only a small proportion of the world's uranium resources. Significant resources of this type occur in China, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, and Mexico. In Australia, volcanic deposits are quantitatively very minor – Ben Lomond and Maureen in Queensland are the most significant deposits. Intrusive deposits: included in this type are those associated with intrusive rocks including alaskite, granite, pegmatite, and monzonites. Major world deposits include Rossing (Namibia), Ilimaussaq (Greenland) and Palabora (South Africa). In Australia, the main sites are Radium Hill (South Australia), which was mined from 1954-62 (mineralization was mostly davidite), and the large bodies of low-grade mineralization at Crocker Well and Mount Victoria in the Olary Province, South Australia. Metasomatite deposits: these occur in structurally-deformed rocks that were already altered by metasomatic processes, usually associated with the introduction of sodium, potassium, or calcium into these rocks. Major examples of this type include Espinharas deposit (Brazil) and the Zheltye Vody deposit (Ukraine). Valhalla and Skal near Mount Isa are Australian examples. Metamorphic deposits: in Australia, the largest of this type was Mary Kathleen uranium/rare earth deposit, 60km east of Mount Isa, Queensland, which was mined 1958-63 and 1976-82. The orebody occurs in a zone of calcium-rich alteration within Proterozoic metamorphic rocks. Vein deposits: Vein deposits constitute about 9% of world uranium resources. Major deposits include Jachymov (Czech Republic) and Shinkolobwe (Zaire). Uranium Minerals A large variety of secondary uranium minerals is known; many are brilliantly colored and fluorescent. The most common are gummite (a general term like limonite for mixtures of various secondary hydrated uranium oxides with impurities); hydrated uranium phosphates of the phosphuranylite type, including autunite (with calcium), saleeite (magnesian), and torbernite (with copper); and hydrated uranium silicates such as coffinite, uranophane (with calcium), and sklodowskite (magnesian). Further Reading • WNA paper on Geology of Uranium deposits • Lambert, I., McKay, A., and Miezitis, Y. 1996. Australia's uranium resources: trends, global comparisons and new developments, Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, with their later paper: Australia's Uranium Resources and Production in a World Context, ANA Conference October 2001 • Minerals from: Aust IMM, Field Geologist's Manual, 1989 Hore-Lacy, I., & Association, W. (2010). Uranium deposits - geology. 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The Zoo Story Chapter Abstracts for Teachers Buy The Zoo Story Lesson Plans Chapter Abstracts * Two men are talking in Central Park in New York. * Jerry is in his late-30s, Peter is in his early-40s. * Jerry continues to interrupt Peter as he is reading his book. * Jerry talks about something big that happened at the zoo. * Jerry asks personal questions. * Peter is an executive at a small textbook publishing house. * They exchange information about where Peter lives. * The play opens in the present day in Central Park in New York City, as two men begin to converse. * Jerry, a man in his late thirties, walks into the park, finds Peter, a man in his early forties and begins to ask him questions about the zoo. * The two men have never previously met, but obviously come from different worlds. Jerry, more unkempt, disheveled and rugged, seems out of place speaking with Peter, a reserved and classic-looking gentleman on a park... (read more Chapter Abstracts) This section contains 2,362 words (approx. 8 pages at 300 words per page) Buy The Zoo Story Lesson Plans	<urn:uuid:88a9f3ac-fa62-466d-9128-d315b0943308>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.04701340198516846, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9581398367881775, "url": "http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/zoostory/abstracts.html" }
Why is the ninth month called September? [lap-wing] /ˈlæpˌwɪŋ/ a large Old World plover, Vanellus vanellus, having a long, slender, upcurved crest, an erratic, flapping flight, and a shrill cry. any of several similar, related plovers. before 1050; Middle English, variant (by association with wing) of lapwinke, Old English hlēapwince plover. See leap, wink Unabridged Cite This Source British Dictionary definitions for lapwing any of several plovers of the genus Vanellus, esp V. vanellus, typically having a crested head, wattles, and spurs Also called green plover, pewit, peewit Word Origin C17: altered form of Old English hlēapewince plover, from hlēapan to leap + wincian to jerk, wink1 Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition Cite This Source Word Origin and History for lapwing Middle English lappewinke (late 14c.), lapwyngis (early 15c.), folk etymology alteration of Old English hleapewince, probably literally "leaper-winker," from hleapan "to leap" + wince "totter, waver, move rapidly," related to wincian "to wink." Said to be so called from "the manner of its flight" [OED] "in reference to its irregular flapping manner of flight" [Barnhart], but the lapwing also flaps on the ground pretending to have a broken wing to lure egg-hunters away from its nest, which seems a more logical explanation. Its Greek name was polyplagktos "luring on deceitfully." Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Cite This Source lapwing in the Bible the name of an unclean bird, mentioned only in Lev. 11:19 and Deut. 14:18. The Hebrew name of this bird, _dukiphath_, has been generally regarded as denoting the hoope (Upupa epops), an onomatopoetic word derived from the cry of the bird, which resembles the word "hoop;" a bird not uncommon in Palestine. Others identify it with the English peewit. Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary Cite This Source Word of the Day Difficulty index for lapwing Few English speakers likely know this word Word Value for lapwing Scrabble Words With Friends Quotes with lapwing Nearby words for lapwing	<urn:uuid:3be61b56-95b7-402f-8259-e7ee65740bb8>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.59375, "fasttext_score": 0.02150803804397583, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8695899844169617, "url": "http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lapwing" }
Despite remarkable achievements in reducing vertical transmission, we do not fully understand how it happens. What we do understand, though, is that there are many factors that affect transmission. Of these, the level of the mother’s viral load is the most important. Vertical transmission of HIV can happen before, during or after birth. Scientists have found several possible reasons for infection. Besides the mother’s viral load, her low CD4 count and whether she has other infections can make it more likely. The exposure of the baby to a mother’s infected blood or other body fluids during pregnancy and delivery, as well as breastfeeding, are thought to be how transmission happens. Most transmissions happen during delivery when the baby is being born. More rarely, some transmissions happen during pregnancy before delivery. This is called in utero transmission. This section has lots of medical words. We have explained on the first page of this section. 1 March 2013	<urn:uuid:b50d171e-5ba9-4711-8ada-c6a602158d86>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.0625, "fasttext_score": 0.030198514461517334, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9667865037918091, "url": "http://i-base.info/guides/pregnancy/transmission" }
HB Collection Awards - Super Duper Digital Books - SAVE eGIFT Certificate FREE Stuff Occupational Therapy Super Duper Jobs Win $50 Buy Now Main Product Image Understanding Double Negatives Fun Deck® by Thomas Webber - Grades 1-6 Main Product Samples Related Handy Handouts Common Core State Standards Ever wonder why some students can't seem to stop using double negatives? Many times they just don't hear or see the difference between a correct sentence "Eve isn't hiding behind any trees" and an incorrect one "Eve isn't hiding behind no trees". This deck gives students the extensive practice they need. Each card has a sentence with a double negative word and the correct word "Eve isn't hiding behind (no/any) trees". Students choose the correct word. 56 cards total. Cards measure 2 ½" x 3 ½" and are stored in a sturdy storage tin. FD75 - Understanding Double Negatives $11.95 Wish List	<urn:uuid:683f20c7-f58a-453c-901e-20c2496a4acf>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.734375, "fasttext_score": 0.5482151508331299, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8879948854446411, "url": "http://www.superduperinc.com/products/view.aspx?pid=FD75&s=understanding-double-negatives" }
Doubling the cube From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Doubling the cube (also known as the Delian problem or duplicating the cube) is one of the three most famous geometric problems unsolvable by compass and straightedge construction. It was known to the Egyptians, Greeks, and Indians.[1] To "double the cube" means to be given a cube of some side length s and volume V= s3, and to construct the side of a new cube, larger than the first, with volume 2V and therefore side length s\cdot\sqrt[3]{2}. The problem is known to be impossible to solve with only compass and straightedge, because \sqrt[3]{2} ≈ 1.25992105... is not a constructible number. The problem owes its name to a story concerning the citizens of Delos, who consulted the oracle at Delphi in order to learn how to defeat a plague sent by Apollo.[2] According to Plutarch[3] it was the citizens of Delos who consulted the oracle at Delphi, seeking a solution for their internal political problems at the time, which had intensified relationships among the citizens. The oracle responded that they must double the size of the altar to Apollo, which was a regular cube. The answer seemed strange to the Delians and they consulted Plato, who was able to interpret the oracle as the mathematical problem of doubling the volume of a given cube, thus explaining the oracle as the advice of Apollo for the citizens of Delos to occupy themselves with the study of geometry and mathematics in order to calm down their passions.[4] According to Plutarch, Plato gave the problem to Eudoxus and Archytas and Menaechmus, who solved the problem using mechanical means, earning a rebuke from Plato for not solving the problem using pure geometry (Plut., Quaestiones convivales VIII.ii, 718ef). This may be why the problem is referred to in the 350s BC by the author of the pseudo-Platonic Sisyphus (388e) as still unsolved.[5] However another version of the story says that all three found solutions but they were too abstract to be of practical value[citation needed]. A significant development in finding a solution to the problem was the discovery by Hippocrates of Chios that it is equivalent to finding two mean proportionals between a line segment and another with twice the length.[6] In modern notation, this means that given segments of lengths a and 2a, the duplication of the cube is equivalent to finding segments of lengths r and s so that \frac{a}{r} = \frac{r}{s} = \frac{s}{2a} .\ In turn, this means that But Pierre Wantzel proved in 1837 that the cube root of 2 is not constructible; that is, it cannot be constructed with straightedge and compass. Menaechmus' original solution involves the intersection of two conic curves. Other more complicated methods of doubling the cube involve the cissoid of Diocles, the conchoid of Nicomedes, or the Philo line. Archytas solved the problem in the fourth century B.C. using geometric construction in three dimensions, determining a certain point as the intersection of three surfaces of revolution. False claims of doubling the cube with compass and straightedge abound in mathematical crank literature (pseudomathematics). Origami may also be used to construct the cube root of two by folding paper. Using a marked ruler[edit] Doubling the cube.svg There is a simple neusis construction using a marked ruler for a length which is the cube root of 2 times another length.[7] • Mark a ruler with the given length, this will eventually be GH. • Construct an equilateral triangle ABC with the given length as side. • Extend AB an equal amount again to D. • Extend the line BC forming the line CE. • Extend the line DC forming the line CF • Place the marked ruler so it goes through A and one end G of the marked length falls on CF and the other end of the marked length falls on ray CE. Thus GH is the given length. The AG is the given length times the cube root of 2. 1. ^ Lucye Guilbeau (1930). "The History of the Solution of the Cubic Equation", Mathematics News Letter 5 (4), pp. 8–12. 2. ^ L. Zhmud The origin of the history of science in classical antiquity, p.84, quoting Plutarch and Theon of Smyrna 3. ^ Plutarch, De E apud Delphos 386.E.4 4. ^ Plutarch, De genio Socratis 579.B 5. ^ Carl Werner Müller, Die Kurzdialoge der Appendix Platonica, Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 1975, pp. 105-106 6. ^ T.L. Heath A history of Greek mathematics, Vol. 1] 7. ^ Heinrich Dörrie (1965). 100 Great Problems of Elementary Mathematics. Dover. p. 171. ISBN 0486-61348-8. External links[edit]	<urn:uuid:3b1be930-8740-4811-86b5-97fffeb850ff>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.46689099073410034, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9059624075889587, "url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubling_the_cube" }
Monopleura,genus of extinct and unusual bivalves (clams) found as fossils in dated to the Cretaceous rocks (144 to 66.4 million years oldPeriod (145.5 million to 65.5 million years ago) and representative of a group of aberrant clams known as the pachyodonts. The thick , triangular shell in Monopleura is capped by a much smaller dome-shaped shell. In some of the pachyodonts, there were open passageways through the shell that allowed for the passage of fluids. Monopleura and other pachyodonts were sedentary in habit; the animal apparently grew upright with the pointed end anchored in the substrate.	<urn:uuid:0e89eb99-d175-41d5-8c11-1c246a92d67d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.5059951543807983, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9687036871910095, "url": "http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-diffs/029/390029-25281-53411.html" }
Hermann Sprengel’s Pumps Hermann Sprengel’s Pumps In 1858, a twenty-four year old man named Hermann Sprengel graduated from the University of Heidelberg. As soon as he could, he abandoned his German homeland and settled in England and becoming a British citizen. After working in a couple of different places in and around London, he settled down as a chemist in Kennington. There, he developed several noteworthy inventions. The most important was a type of explosives which used chemicals that were safe to handle until they were mixed right before detonation. His explosives were used to demolish underwater hazards and clear shipping lanes, like that in the Long Island Sound in 1885. Sprengel’s most important innovation had nothing to do with blowing things up. It did, however, change the world forever. During the latter part of the 19th century, there were several people of considerable intelligence working on creating durable, economically feasible electric lighting. There were plenty of applications of electricity that produced light, but all were expensive and labor intensive to maintain, and most were extremely dangerous. Everyone knew that the way to produce a good light would be to find some kind of filament that would glow when electricity was passed through it. No one could keep a filament lit because the oxygen in the air around the filament would cause it to burn out quickly. Working independently, the English inventor Joseph Swan and the American inventor Thomas Edison would eventually master the incandescent light bulb at just about the same time, and it was Hermann Sprengel who made their work possible. Sprengel developed a simple but ingenious type of air pump that emptied the air from a container simply by the nature of mercury. You attached the vessel you wanted to empty to a long glass tube. On either end of the tube were simple openings. The bottom drained into a receptacle, but the top was connected to a reservoir containing mercury. When the mercury reservoir was elevated above the tube, drops of mercury would form and descend to the bottom receptacle. Because of the nature of mercury as an extremely heavy liquid, the drops would trap air between them – releasing it from the bottom opening. Since air will always thin out and be spread uniformly through a vessel, the air in the vessel would continue to thin out. Within twenty minutes, a one-liter bottle could be essentially emptied of all air, with a pressure of 1/1,000,000 of atmospheric pressure at sea level. It was a brilliant piece of work, and it was all but ignored until Swan and Edison independently realized that this type of vacuum would allow a carbon filament to glow for hundreds if not thousands of hours. Without Sprengel, there would be no incandescent light bulbs as we know them. Without incandescent lighting, we would live in a very different world. Thomas Linacre Thomas Linacre Thomas Linacre, physician to King Henry VIII; a man of Greek and Latin and yet very learned in the field of medicine. He restored the aged and the sick, and even the lost soul. He translated many of the Latin works of Galen with a unique elegance. Shortly before his death, at the request of his friends, he revised the structure of the Latin speech. He was twice the public lecturer of medicine at Oxford and once Cambridge, perpetually established. He formed the Medical College of London and was elected president of it. He despised fakes, was faithful to his friends. He was a star of the brightest order. He was made a priest three years before his death. Full of years, he departed this life and is missed by many. AD 1524, 20 October. Virtue lives after funerals. (Translation of the Latin Epitaph for Thomas Linacre at St. Paul’s Cathedral) You have probably heard of Henry VIII, the King of England who broke from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534 so he could divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon. He was the father of Queen Elizabeth I and in many ways, he was the founder of the modern English monarchy. You may have also heard of Desiderius Erasmus, a Dutch thinker and linguist who not only wrote letters in opposition to Martin Luther and the Protestants but also produced the first printed Greek New Testament and therein (ironically) aided the Protestant Reformation. If you are a student of history, you may have also heard the name of the Medici family which ruled Florence during the 15th century and into the 16th. They commissioned many of the great works of Renaissance Art, and their scion, Giovanni de Medici, ruled as Pope Leo X – the pope who opposed Luther’s Reformation. But you have probably never heard of the physician and thinker who was friends with all three – Thomas Linacre. He is one of the little-remembered men of the Renaissance and Reformation, but he was possibly one of the most influential men of his day. Linacre studied the “new learning” of humanism in Florence, side-by-side with Giovanni de Medici, who would continue to write friendly letters to Linacre until his death. When he returned to England around 1490, he formed a close knit circle of humanist friends, and it was Thomas Linacre who served as tutor to Henry VIII and his older brother Arthur, as well as Henry’s daughter Princess Mary. Henry VIII admired him so much that he named Linacre the king’s physician, a post he held until his death in 1524. And when his old classmate Giovanni de Medici became pope and wanted a new text of the Latin Bible to rival that which was being produced in Madrid under the aged Spanish cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, Giovanni turned to Thomas Linacre and his circle of friends. They pointed the pope to Erasmus, who worked feverishly with the Swiss printer Johann Froben and produced a new Latin text, with corresponding Greek, in the spring of 1516. Beside all of this, Linacre was personally involved in the translation of a number of Greek and Latin texts into English for the first time. Erasmus considered him a master of Latin, a critical genius whom he praised with the statement, vir non exacti tantum sed sever judicii (there is no man with such exacting judgment). Thomas Linacre was the epitome of a Renaissance man – educated and capable. He held positions of influence in multiple spheres and helped usher in the modern age. Linacre is not completely forgotten, but outside of Oxford he is nearly so. Linacre College is a venerable institution in Oxford, the first college to be composed solely of graduate students and the first to offer courses to both men and women. Other than that legacy, you will find no contemporary chronicles of his life. As near as I can tell, the last biography written about him was published in 1835. Fortune may favor the bold, but history favors the published. Aetios the Eunuch Today, let’s look at Aetios the Eunuch. In medieval Constantinople, eunuchs often played important roles in the operation of the imperial court. They were considered pure, although in reality they were often power-hungry and greedy. Aetios was no exception. Throughout the period when Constantinople was under the influence (and eventually rule) of Irene of Athens (792-802), he struggled with his rival Staurakios to gain the upper hand. After Charlemagne was declared Emperor of the Romans by the Pope on Christmas Day, 800, he sent an emissary to Constantinople suggesting the possibility of a marriage between himself and Irene. Although Irene seemed open to the idea, Aetios schemed against it and eventually arranged for Irene’s downfall. What would have happened if Charlemagne and Irene had united the empire? It is hard to say. They were both older. Irene was nearly fifty and hardly of childbearing years. Charlemagne already had four sons, three of whom were adults, and Irene had her own son blinded and deposed. Could Charlemagne’s sons have ruled the empire together? We’ll never know – because a eunuch no one has ever heard of managed to persuade Irene to refuse the proposal, and so doing, he changed the world. It is time for another person you’ve never heard of who changed the world. This week, let’s look at Flavius Arbogast (died 364 CE). In 380 CE, a Roman general named Magnus Maximus was declared emperor by his armies in Britain. He sailed his armies to Gaul and defeated the sitting western emperor Gratian and made peace with the eastern emperor Theodosius I. When Theodosius I marched against Maximus, he did so with an army that was sure to destroy him. Maximus’ army mutinied and handed him over to Theodosius who promptly had him executed. To deal with any potential threats, Theodosius dispatched his junior general, Flavius Arbogast, to Britain to deal with any potential successors to Maximus. Arbogast found Maximus’ child son Flavius Victor in Britain and strangled him. With that simple, merciless act, Arbogast reversed the fortunes of the Romo-British people who had lived largely independent of the central imperial government. Although they remained independent (and pagan) until the early Middle Ages, Britain would not see any kind of power on the mainland of Europe until the 11th century and that came from their Norman king, William the Conqueror. Later, Arbogast would usurp the control of the Western Empire and Theodosius would be forced to wage war against his trusted general. Arbogast committed suicide, a defeated and broken rebel who never appears in history books. But his single act of assassination may have changed the course of the history of the world. If Flavius Victor had lived, would he have been able to unite the Romo-British and build a kingdom? Maximus may have overstretched by hoping to be emperor instead of simply king of the Britons. If Arbogast had not killed Flavius Victor, would Victor have been able to rule as such? This longing for this unity lies under so much of the Arthurian legends that sprang up later. In fact, Magnus Maximus and Flavius Victor may have been the inspiration for much of the King Arthur legend. Chandragupta II Welcome back to the series – People You’ve Never Heard of Who Changed the World. Who has ever heard of Chandragupta? The Guptas ruled over what is known as the Golden Age of India and Chandragupta II was one of the most important rulers of the Gupta empire. He ruled India for 38 years (375-413 CE) at a time when the Roman Empire, Persian Empire and even Jin Empire were waning. Chandragupta’s rule was so well-known that Chinese monks traveled to India to see his greatness – stories reflective of the Biblical narrative of the Queen of Sheba journeying to see Solomon. He campaigned against Persia and a group the chroniclers called the Hunas. This might not seem significant except that the Huna were known as simple “Huns” in Europe. Chandragupta’s campaigns may have been what drove the Huns into Europe, displacing Gothic tribes and then eventually assaulting Rome and Constantinople. The pressure of the Goths and the Huns were two of the deciding factors in the fall of the western Roman Empire. Indirectly, Chandragupta may have actually brought about the sack of Rome. How is that for a Person You’ve Never Heard of Who Changed the World? Julian the Apostate Welcome to our new Thursday posts – People You’ve Never Heard of Who Changed the World. History is an interesting study. Since it is often written by the victorious party, the losers are rarely known. Cumulatively, this means that hundreds of major historical people are almost completely unknown. These characters are the subjects of this series. This morning, I want to tell you about Julian the Apostate. He was the great nephew of Constantine the Great and the successor of Constantius II whom he succeeded as emperor of the Roman Empire. Unlike Constantine and Constantius, Julian was a pagan. He was enamored with the neoplatonic philosophy and worshiped the old Roman gods. His rule was unpopular, but his persecution of the Christians, particularly in the west, did a lot to make them realize they could not always rely on the emperor for support and created the seeds of church organization that would later carry the Western Church through the medieval period. Constantine had sponsored the Council of Nicaea, and was a trinitarian. Constantius had been an Arian and had sponsored a counter-council. Julian was completely disinterested, and his attacks against Christianity actually strengthened the religion, which had begun to evolve immensely under Constantine. Under his rule, Nicaean Christianity developed private catechisms and even paraphrases of the Scriptures meant to clone Roman literary forms which established the form in the West. Julian’s reign was mercifully short – only eight years compared to Constantine’s nearly thirty years (it depends when you calculate it since he was co-emperor for some of the time) and Constantius’ twenty four years. And when he died in battle in 363, he was only in his thirties, so he could have easily ruled for decades. Although you may have never heard of Julian, if you are of European extraction and have a belief in the Trinity (even if you don’t go to church or accept it), then you have been influenced by Julian. He was not a reformer or a zealot like Constantine or Constantius. He was a persecutor; and yet his persecution still moved the Church toward beliefs that shaped much of the next thousand years.	<urn:uuid:741a2d73-df9b-4c3e-924a-8b72381b37e2>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.09723585844039917, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9797271490097046, "url": "https://unorthodoxfaith.com/category/series/people-youve-never-heard-of/" }
500 to 330 B.C.E. The Ekdromos was a variation of the Classical Hoplite, who was armed in a lighter fashion. The name translates to out-runner, which allows us to infer their tactical use. Ekdromoi could fight in the closed Phalanx formation, just as regular Hoplites. However they could also quickly break ranks to run down fleeing enemies, or engage skirmishing troops in close combat, or at least drive them off the battlefield. Ekdromoi were typically armed in the same fashion as Hoplites, with the large concave shield, the Aspis, and the Dory, a lance about 2.50m long. They would have only worn a helmet for additional protection, because a torso armour and especially greaves would greatly hinder them while running. In the armies of most Poleis it was up to the individual soldier to purchase their own armament. We can safely assume that the role of Ekdromos was performed by citizens, who were not able to afford a full set of Hoplite panoply.	<urn:uuid:53f9b75e-1312-4615-8114-422541c15fe7>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.03125, "fasttext_score": 0.6639255881309509, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9769619107246399, "url": "http://hetairoi.de/en/ekdromoi" }
Northern California Railroad Resources A supplement to the Identification of Steam Locomotives A Family Project by Jared Sinasohn and Family Kindergarten, Room 105 These resources were compiled as part of a family project to teach others how steam locomotives are identified using the Whyte notation. On March 12, Jared's elementary school held a family project fair. Our family, fresh from a visit to the Nevada State Railroad Museum in Carson City, Nevada, decided to share the system of identification used to indicate the size and configuration of steam locomotives. Here is Jared's explanation of the system: Steam locomotives are identified by the number of wheels they have. Here's how you figure it out First you count the pilot wheels. The pilot wheels are in the front of the engine. You have to count the wheels on both sides. Next you count the driving wheels. The driving wheels are in the middle. The driving wheels are what make the train go. You have to count these wheels on both sides. Then you count the trailing wheels. These wheels are in the back of the engine. You have to count these wheels on both sides. When you have counted all three sets of wheels put the numbers together in order from front to back and the you get the type of train. Remember to put hyphens between the numbers. I will teach you using these train pictures. As an adjunct to the project, we compiled a list of museums, model railroad layouts, and full-size passenger trains in the Northern California area. We've provided that list here, along with the relevant links. If you would like to download a printable (pdf) version of the list, click here. Photos of the project -- click on the thumbnails for a larger version	<urn:uuid:3f3cd942-aeda-428b-bf49-be672b4b3f9a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.02134937047958374, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9442375302314758, "url": "http://jared.sinasohn.net/trains/" }
Bloat occurs when the eructation mechanism is impaired or inhibited and the rate of gas production exceeds the animal’s ability to expel the gas. This can kill the animal as a result of the pressure on the internal organs. There are two types of bloat: 1. Frothy, the most common usually associated with high clover content in the grass sward 2. Gassy Bloat, caused by a blockage in the gullet, for example a potato, or because the animal cannot burp (milk fever). Bloat risk is greatest on pastures with the following factors. 1. When animals are hungry and turned onto swards containing high levels of clover. 2. Dewy mornings and the swards are wet. 3. Cattle are more at risk than sheep. 4. Young animals are more at risk than older animals. 5. When animals are offered swards with high clover content. 6. The sward contains a lot of red clover, rather than white clover. To minimise the risk from bloat. 1. Do not graze red clover. 2. Avoid grazing animals in the high risk periods of early and late season. 3. Fed animals with a high fibre diet such as hay or straw. 4. Turn animals onto dry clover swards. Wet herbage increases the risk of bloat. 5. Consider the use of an antifoaming agent. A lush dense sward of red clover (often a silage aftermath) can cause bloat in cattle. In this situation a ring feeder of straw or haylage should be offered to dilute the effects of gas build up from grazing only red clover. The bloat risk to sheep appears to be minimal. Red clover and breeding sheep – all red clovers contain anti-oestrogens. This radically affects the breeding performance of ewes and they should not be grazing red clover 6 weeks pre-tupping and 6 weeks post-tupping. We are proud supporters of	<urn:uuid:f5850300-fc10-4308-8f58-75aa4a6c6668>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.8228551745414734, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9023299217224121, "url": "http://watsonseeds.com/technical-library/red-clover-bloat/" }
Debitage / Flakes Debitage, or flakes, are bits of stone chips that are left behind while making or modifying a stone tool. This artifact type has distinctive features that make them easily recognizable to archaeologists and clearly distinguish them from naturally occurring broken rocks. This is a tool used to peel away unwanted matter from an object. It was often used to prepare animal hides and would have been attached to a handle made from either wood, bone or antler. There are different types of scrapers in Alberta including sidescrapers, endscrapers, and thumbnail scrapers. Scrapers are one of the most common types of formed tools we find in Alberta. Pictured here is an endscraper that we collected during the summer of 2017. Expedient Tool An expedient tool is an object that can be made quickly and easily with little or no production effort. This is a retouched flake we collected during the summer of 2016. The red arrow is pointing to where the flake has been retouched. Tree Throw We often inspect tree throws for artifacts. A tree throw is a bowl shaped depression that is often created when a large tree has blown over or has had its stump pulled out. This tears out soil with it creating a surface exposure for us to inspect. This tree throw at FbPv-12 contained hundreds of flakes. The red arrow is pointing to one. Isolated Find This biface came from a site that was classified as an isolated find. This term means that only one artifact was observed and/or collected. This biface was the only artifact recovered from IcQa-23 near Fort Vermilion.	<urn:uuid:ac66b675-7865-465f-a798-6fca9afcec87>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.75, "fasttext_score": 0.0754626989364624, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9739906191825867, "url": "http://archaeologyblog.treetimeservices.ca/category/glossary/" }
Here in the 21st century, women hold less than a third of science and engineering jobs. Sustaining an interest in mathematics among high school girls keeps STEM career paths open. ICERM’s GirlsGetMath day camp does exactly that. PROVIDENCE, R.I. [Brown University] — Last week, rising 10th and 11th grade girls from all over Rhode Island came to Providence for a mathematics day camp at ICERM, Brown University’s math institute. The program, called GirlsGetMath@ICERM, aims to nurture girls’ interest in mathematics and keep them on track for careers in fast-growing and high-paying STEM fields. “Mathematics opens the door to a huge variety of careers requiring quantitative skills, problem-solving, and the ability to deal with data,” said Jill Pipher, director of ICERM. “These careers range from healthcare to finance, from engineering to business, and are key to the nation’s economic future. In the United States, women are underrepresented in many of these careers, and some people believe that we are losing them at a very early stage in education.” GirlsGetMath presents the power, beauty, and usefulness of math, making extensive use of interactive computer labs. Over the course of the week, 25 participating students learned about the cryptography that enables computers to securely exchange information, saw how math makes digital photography and image manipulation possible, and discovered the math behind fractals, the elegant geometric objects that can have finite area but infinite perimeter. This is the second year for GirlsGetMath@ICERM. The organizers hope the program can be a template for similar programs throughout the country. Ultimately, they hope programs like this can start to close the gender gap for women in STEM fields. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, the percentage of science and engineering jobs held by women in 2009 stood at just 29 percent. But the gender gap is not just in STEM jobs. Women also tend to be underrepresented in banking, finance, and business. Math skills are key to all those professions, and keeping girls interested in math in their early high school keeps their options option. “If we can keep young women interested in math in these formative years, we can keep them on track for these careers,” Pipher said. GirlsGetMath@ICERM was funded and co-sponsored by Brown University, the Mathematics Association of America, through a grant, and the Phoebe Snow Foundation, a California-based nonprofit.	<urn:uuid:05384d2a-dae2-4f18-bde6-41f0cff5a122>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.04207324981689453, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.950287401676178, "url": "https://news.brown.edu/articles/2015/08/mathgirls" }
Fig. 17.1-5a and b. Transverse section. of cactus bark (Acanthocereus sicariguensis). In cacti, the cork cambium always arises from the epidermis: even though the epidermis remains alive and functional as long as the stem is green (hundreds of years in many species), when bark is needed, the epidermis cells become mitotically active and act as the cork cambium. Although by this time the epidermis cells have been vastly more long-lived than in any other group of plants, as cork cambium cells, they must again be long-lived because they are never replaced. Cacti form only this one cork cambium, new ones are not later formed in the cortex or secondary phloem. Because the cork cambium arises from the epidermis, and because there is always a hypodermis just below the epidermis, the hypodermis acts as a marker: in these micrographs you can see that there are many cells between the cork cells and the hypodermis collenchyma cells. These cells must be new cells (they could not possibly have existed between the epidermis and the adjacent hypodermis). Such new cells must be phelloderm. In the larger micrograph, the phelloderm cells are radially elongate, almost columnar.	<urn:uuid:4077fe35-3076-451b-a6cc-31a73560fa8a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.796875, "fasttext_score": 0.05237436294555664, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9245141744613647, "url": "http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mauseth/weblab/webchap17bark/17.1-5.htm" }
1. Resources Home 2. Early Years 3. History 4. Medieval history (500 -1500) 5. Asia Marrin Gamu Marrin Gamu Australia is home to hundreds of Indigenous languages. Marrin Gamu has been created to introduce Australian students to the diversity and beauty of our Australia's languages. The resource encourages students to discover the language of the local Aboriginal community while exploring their own language identity.The Marrin Gamu songs, videos and maps can be used to facilitate discussions and activities for English, History or Aboriginal Languages F-6. The resource has been mapped to the Australian Curriculum codes in document, 'curriculum.pdf'.	<urn:uuid:146d8862-6a44-458e-8f17-05e2de6d411a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.71875, "fasttext_score": 0.16914993524551392, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8518364429473877, "url": "https://www.tes.com/teaching-resources/hub/early-years/history/medieval-history-500--1500/asia" }
Mystery of Lost Roman City Solved: Ancients Greened the Desert? Today it's a mirage-like expanse of monumental ruins. But under the Roman Empire, Palmyra was a trading metropolis, according to historical and archaeological evidence. Despite nearly a century of research, though, a key question remains unanswered: How did this city of 200,000 thrive in the middle of an infertile Syrian desert? Once a required stop on caravan routes that brought Asian goods west to eager Romans, Palmyra has "always been conceived as an oasis in the middle of the desert, but it's never been quite clear what it was living from," said Michal Gawlikowski, the retired head of the University of Warsaw's Polish Mission at Palmyra. And what an oasis: Among the ruins are grand avenues lined with columns, triumphal arches, and the remains of an ancient market where traders once haggled over silk, silver, spices, and dyes from India and China. (Download Palmyra wallpaper.) To find out what made it all possible, archaeologist Jørgen Christian Meyer began a four-year survey of the 104 square kilometres just north of Palmyra in 2008. The area was targeted for its mountainous terrain, which channels precious rainwater to otherwise dry streambeds—making the region marginally less hostile to agriculture. Through ground inspections and satellite images, the archaeologists eventually found outlines of more than 20 farming villages within a few days' walk of the city—adding to about 15 smaller settlements previously uncovered by other researchers to the west of Palmyra. Crucially, the researchers also found traces of extensive networks of man-made reservoirs and channels to capture and store the rainfall from sudden, seasonal storms, said Meyer, of the University of Bergen in Norway. The landscape around the city, it now appears, was intensively farmed and most likely included olive, fig, and pistachio groves—crops known in the region from Roman accounts and still common in Syria. Barley too was grown, according to a pollen analysis Meyer's team conducted on a mud brick from the survey area. Nature or Nurture? It may be tempting to pin Palmyra's shifting agricultural fortunes on climate change, Meyer said, but his money is on human ingenuity. "There has been a very intense discussion about climate changes since antiquity, and some researchers use this as an explanation of almost everything—the fall of empires, etc.—but there is more or less consensus that the macroclimate has not changed dramatically since antiquity." Though the area north of Palmyra is a dry steppe, Meyer added, it has "huge potential for farming if you invest the time and energy in controlling the resources." The ancient residents, he estimated, managed to capture and channel the 5 to 6 inches (12 to 15 centimeters) of annual rainfall. The system lasted until about the year 700, archaeological evidence suggests—roughly the post-Roman period during which Palmyra began falling into ruin. Tax Haven The findings already appear to be changing how scholars look at Palmyra. "This proves there were farms around Palmyra, and they were cultivating wheat and other grain," said the University of Warsaw's Gawlikowski, who wasn't involved in the new research. "It's now clear they were feeding the city." The new picture also helps explain the city's ancient prominence as a distribution hub, despite its difficult location. After travelling from Asia via the Indian Ocean or Persian Gulf, Europe-bound goods were floated partly up the Euphrates River, then off-loaded and carried by caravan across Syria—via Palmyra—to Mediterranean ports. (See regional map.) Other routes—floating goods farther north on the Euphrates to what's now Turkey, for example, or along the Red Sea and up the Nile—would have been more direct and might even have been faster. So why cut across the desert on camelback? The answer, project leader Meyer said, has everything to do with profits—and those newfound farms. Two thousand years ago Palmyra was in a chaotic region sandwiched between the mighty Romans to the west and the Parthian and Persian empires to the east. Small kingdoms, each demanding payment, lined the Euphrates. By contrast, the desert caravan hub likely offered a one-stop alternative to all the river taxes—and it was made possible largely by those surrounding croplands, Meyer said. Local farmers, he theorized, cooperated with the nomadic herders who brought caravan-ready camels and sheep to Palmyra, allowing them to graze after the harvest. That grazing, Meyer added, would have had a side benefit, as the animals helped fertilize the fields. "The nomads come with their herds and leave a small present, and get water in return." Palmyra Archaeology: Casualty of War The dusty outlines of reservoirs may fail to inspire the imagination—or the tourism trade—the way Palmyra proper's temples and amphitheater have. But archaeologist Cynthia Finlayson says Meyer's work is monumental in its own way. When archaeologists focus only on "elite buildings, we miss what's going on in other parts of society," said Finlayson, a Palmyra scholar at Brigham Young University in Utah, who wasn't part of the project. "Christian's work is really important. It's filling in a lot of gaps." Even so, many gaps remain, and it's not clear when, or if, they'll be filled. Meyer, for example, didn't have time to do any digging before armed conflict in Syria prompted his departure last spring. "We would like to have excavations to get a more detailed idea of the chronology," he said. "But as things look now, I don't know if that will be possible." The violence and chaos in Syria threatens to do more than just delay research. Finlayson, who was part of the last U.S. team to leave Syria in 2011, said the countryside around Palmyra has become home to well-armed antigovernment militias, leaving the government eager for armed assistance. "All the local police and Department of Antiquity police," she said, "are being pulled away to help the central government, and that leaves sites vulnerable." Discuss this article Never miss a Nat Geo moment Your email address	<urn:uuid:d3e9be73-b37b-4e76-b595-2c5d0b53b3c3>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.06368839740753174, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.95953768491745, "url": "http://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/nature/mystery-of-lost-roman-city-solved-ancients-greened-the-desert.aspx" }
Greek Conceptions of Time The ancient Greeks had a much better understanding of time than we do today. They understood that time was too complex to describe in a single word, so they had two words for time: Chronos and Kairos. Chronos marks the sequential passage of time, in single moments – 1, 2, 3 and so on. Chronos, in ancient Greek mythology, was a god who, with his consort, Ananke, gave birth to the universe of earth, sea and sky. Kairos, on the other hand, comes from the ancient Greek word for the “Supreme Moment,” that point at which Chronos time seems to stop and where everything exists at once.	<urn:uuid:97e82b71-3f7a-4c6f-9158-d0870364584f>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.9970436096191406, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9737206697463989, "url": "http://portalofconsciousness.com/greek-conceptions-of-time/" }
Visit our cocoa homepage to find out how you can help end child slavery in the cocoa fields. The BBC’s 2010 Panorama documentary, Chocolate — The Bitter Truth, contains stunning and disturbing evidence that the worst forms of child labor are still widespread in Ghana and Ivory Coast. Most chilling is the pervasiveness of children who are missing from their homes in Burkina Faso, because they have been trafficked into the cocoa fields. The film also documents the success of the Fair Trade system in identifying and resolving cases of abusive child labor in the cocoa industry. In the sourcing of cocoa, there are several basic characteristics that all must be fulfilled in order to eliminate abusive child labor from the cocoa supply chain. Some of the foremost examples are: 1. Paying farmers a high enough price for their cocoa that (a) the price covers that full costs of production (including adult hired labor) and (b) farmers can afford their families’ basic human needs, including food, shelter, health care, and education for their children 2. An inspection and enforcement system that identifies and remedies cases of illegal child labor, including (1) assistance to affected children, such as the provision of educational opportunities for children who have been working and family reunification for trafficked children, and (2) consequences for farmers using child labor 3. Traceability of cocoa to the farm level, so that farmers who use child labor, and the chocolate companies that source their cocoa from child labor farms, can be identified and held accountable Systems to address abusive child labor will fail without all three of these characteristics. Global Exchange sees the Fair Trade system as the best answer to abusive child labor because its certification infrastructure includes all three of these characteristics, unlike other institutions in the cocoa trade. The video can be viewed here.	<urn:uuid:92315ea4-df05-48b7-9e04-4603b845c79e>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.06409347057342529, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9574530720710754, "url": "https://globalexchange.org/2010/04/20/2010-bbc-documentary-the-bitter-truth/978/" }
Current time:0:00Total duration:9:23 0 energy points Video transcript So in this video what I wanted to focus on is one particular area of the brain-- actually, two areas I'm going to sketch out, not just one. I'm going to show you how I think that these two areas can be kind of united in a way. So, these two areas, where I'm sketching out these little green circles, are going to be responsible for breathing-- how fast you breathe, how deep you breathe. And there are lots of little neurons in these two areas. And these neurons are going to be communicating. Let's say this neuron sends a little axon on down here, maybe this guy sends an axon up here. They're going to be communicating information among themselves and between themselves to kind of make sure they're working in a coordinated way so that the breathing that you do is the way that it should be, you know, how fast it should be, given a particular situation. So the way I think of it is kind of uniting these two areas. In fact, sometimes it's subdivided even further. I just put it all together and say this part of the brain that I'm just sketching out in green, this area then, is our respiratory center. This is going to be responsible for all of the important activities of breathing. So let me just write that out here. Respiratory center. So our respiratory center is going to gather information from different places. And then it's going to have to make a decision and execute based on all the information it receives. So one key piece of information is going to come from cells right here, neighborhood cells. And these cells are called the central chemoreceptors. The reason I'm calling them central is because they're also part of the brain, right? They're right in the same neighborhood, and so these central chemoreceptors don't have to go too far to communicate their information. And specifically they're going to gather information on things like carbon dioxide levels and pH levels. One thing they don't do is oxygen levels. So that's these guys right here. So if you have central chemoreceptors you also probably can expect that there would be some peripheral chemoreceptors, and these ones are also very important. And they exist outside of the brain, so they're going to be actually sending their information along through neurons that are going to extend all the way into the brain. So for example, you might have two key groups. One is called the aortic body and the other is called the carotid body. Aortic body and the carotid body. They're coming from different locations and are actually going to use different nerves to get into the brain. So the carotid body, for example, is going to extend out this way through a neuron. And that's going to be through a nerve called the-- right here-- called the glossopharyngeal nerve. This is cranial nerve number nine, also called the glossopharyngeal nerve. So this is one of the key peripheral chemoreceptors. You've also got some nerves or neurons projecting from the aortic body going through the vagus nerve. So this is our vagus nerve, or cranial nerve number 10. It goes by two different names. These peripheral chemoreceptors are going to detect things like oxygen-- in fact, that's probably one of the most important things they detect-- as well as carbon dioxide and pH. So that's information coming to the respiratory center from our peripheral and central chemoreceptors then is mostly about chemicals. In addition, there's another whole group of receptors called mechanoreceptors. And these ones are actually going to be sending information about pressure. Now you may be thinking, well, wait a second. I thought baroreceptors told us about pressure. And it turns out, baroreceptors are one type of mechanoreceptor that's found inside of the blood vessels. So there are many other types and many other locations. And so the bigger, more general term would be mechanoreceptor. You can find them in places like the nose, you can find them in the lungs, in the GI tract, so lots of different locations for these mechanoreceptors. And they're all sending their own projection over to the respirator center. And in fact, the lungs and the GI tract are going to hitch a ride in this vagus nerve and the nose mechanoreceptors they're going to travel through another nerve that's called the trigeminal nerve or cranial nerve number five. So these are the routes that these receptors are going to take to get to that respiratory center. But how do these work exactly, these mechanoreceptors? Let's take an example. Let's say you're walking and you inhale some pollen. Well, that's going to trigger one of these mechanoreceptors in your nose and it's going to want to relay that information over to your respiratory center so you're going to get a little nerve impulse through that cranial nerve number five. Similarly in your lungs, let's say you actually inhale some cigarette smoke. And let's say the lungs don't like that. And then the mechanoreceptor feels that little particle. It's going to trigger cranial nerve number 10, the vagus nerve. Similarly, you have these stretch receptors that are in the lungs. And these are actually kind of interesting because what they're doing is they're saying, hey, you know these lungs are starting to get really, really full, really distended, and so they want to let the respiratory center know that maybe it's time to exhale. And similarly, in the GI tract you can imagine, let's say a baby is taking milk and the stomach is getting really distended, you might also imagine that that information would go back to the respiratory center as well, in this case through cranial nerve number 10. So we have information about pressure or stretch, we also have information about chemicals coming in. But what about information on things like, I don't know, things like anxiety for instance, or fear. Let's say someone is having these emotions. Their breathing pattern may change. Maybe they're in pain. So these kinds of things are actually coming from the hypothalamus. So this is another region of the brain that's sending information down to the respiratory center and helping to affect how we breathe. And finally, this is probably the largest part of our picture, this is our cerebrum. And the cerebrum is responsible for all the voluntary stuff that we do, things like singing, where you've got to control your breath. Or maybe you're playing a musical instrument, or maybe you're yelling or screaming. Let's put yelling down here. Anything like that, you're going to want to control your breath. And so that's all voluntary control. So this is our voluntary control. And it's good that actually we have this mechanism so we can-- if we want to-- we can change our breathing pattern. But it's also great that our respiratory center can work on its own. Can you imagine if you had to always think about taking a breath? You couldn't do anything else, right? You couldn't sleep, you couldn't eat. You would always just be thinking about taking a breath so that you wouldn't miss the next breath and subsequently run out of air. So this is all the information coming into our respiratory center. Let me just scoot this over and actually show you now what our brain can do with that information to actually make sure that we're breathing comfortably. This is our spinal column. And I'm actually just going to label out the motor nerves and some of the muscle groups. So we've got motor nerves and muscle groups. And there are four key muscle groups that are going to be controlled by our respiratory center. And we're going to go through them one by one. So the first one, and the one that people usually always talk about or think about, is this one right here. This is going to be C3, C4, and C5. So C3 through C5, and the muscle is the diaphragm. This is the giant muscle that kind of sits right below our lungs and when it contracts you take in a nice deep breath. But it doesn't work alone. We've got other muscles involved as well. So I'm actually going to sketch out what these other muscle groups are. The first one is T1 through T11. All these levels are going to send off a little nerve. And each nerve will go through a different intercostal muscle. So intercostal muscles are-- these are the muscles that kind of go between the ribs-- these are going to help expand or pull out your ribs, right? So these are important for breathing as well. A little bit lower then, you also have these abdominal muscles. Abdominal muscles here are going to be T6 through L1. These are the levels where the little nerve fibers come out and are going to help innervate or help these muscles, abdominal muscles, contract. So this is a third group of muscles and they're controlled by these spinal levels. And the final group would be this group up here. So this is actually C1 through C3. And these would be the accessory muscles. Accessory muscles are the ones-- usually I think of them as the ones around your neck area. And they're going to also kind of help pull out the rib cage and expand the lungs. So there you have it. You have information coming in, that's the stuff that we started talking about, from all the different locations, around chemicals, information about pressure, and your emotional status, and what you're thinking about doing involuntarily. All that information is going to come in and then the respiratory center has to decide how to kind of balance all that information. And on the way out it's going to be able to execute by controlling all these different muscle groups and sending information down the motor nerves that we just listed to these four big groups of muscles.	<urn:uuid:5b523e9e-0a78-49cd-97e1-74e2c3297861>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.6263439655303955, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9723141193389893, "url": "https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-respiratory-system/v/the-respiratory-center" }
(noun, verb) 1. an illustration that is drawn by hand and published in a book, magazine, or newspaper - it is shown by the drawing in Fig. 7 Definition categories: communication, art, artwork, graphics 2. a representation of forms or objects on a surface by means of lines - drawings of abstract forms - he did complicated pen-and-ink drawings like medieval miniatures Definition categories: man–made, representation 3. the creation of artistic pictures or diagrams - he learned drawing from his father Similar word(s): drafting, draftsmanship Definition categories: act, art 4. players buy (or are given) chances and prizes are distributed by casting lots Similar word(s): lottery Definition categories: act 5. act of getting or draining something such as electricity or a liquid from a source - the drawing of water from the well Definition categories: act, drain 6. the act of moving a load by drawing or pulling Similar word(s): draft, draught Definition categories: act, pull, pulling 1. present participle of draw	<urn:uuid:e85094a1-bf7d-43e7-ace3-e2785dcd4911>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.37686610221862793, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9325309991836548, "url": "http://wordrequest.com/word-definition/?word=drawing" }
Holly E. Caravan Learn More The social insect soldier is perhaps the most widely known caste, because it often exhibits spectacular weapons, such as highly enlarged jaws or reinforced appendages, which are used to defend the colony against enemies ranging in size from wasps to anteaters. We examined the function of the enlarged forelimbs of soldiers (both male and female) of the(More) Seven species of Australian gall-inducing thrips have a helping caste (soldiers). This caste is morphologically distinct and has been shown to use these physical differences to be a more effective fighting force. Here we investigate behavioral differences between castes of Kladothrips intermedius (Bagnall) when faced with the destruction of the gall; that(More) Within the gall-inducing thrips of Australia, genus Kladothrips, is a single origin of a soldier caste. A subsequent radiation has led to at least seven social species, and two species that are likely to have independently lost the soldier caste. Both losses of soldiers are connected to a shift in the insects’ host plant. A third inferred host shift is(More) • 1	<urn:uuid:5fe79023-7b30-448e-8966-21206ff1af8a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.07933437824249268, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.951719343662262, "url": "https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Holly-E-Caravan/4141893" }

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