text
stringlengths 208
322k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
Home > Sustainable Forest Management > SFM Toolbox > Modules > Wood Harvesting > Basic knowledge
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) Toolbox
Wood Harvesting
The Wood Harvesting Module provides guidance to forest managers on best practices in wood harvesting. It addresses the main aspects of harvesting operations, including planning, road construction, felling, extraction, transport and post-harvest assessment.
The module provides basic and more detailed information on wood harvesting, as well as links to wood harvesting tools and case studies of effective harvesting.
Wood harvesting contributes to SDGs:
Wood harvesting encompasses felling, extraction, on site/landing processing, and loading of trees, logs or other tree parts onto trucks. Harvesting has a lasting impact on forest structure and ecosystem functioning. Environmentally sound forest harvesting and transport operations are therefore essential components of sustainable forestry. Good practices begin with careful planning, trained and motivated workers with technically competent supervisors. Six areas are particularly critical from a sustainability standpoint. They are planning, roads, felling, extraction, long-distance transport and post-harvest assessment.
Planning is broadly done at three levels, the strategic, tactical and operational levels. Strategic plans span over long periods and large areas. Tactical plans cover shorter periods typically at landscape or watershed level. Operational plans incorporate actions needed to conduct operations.
Roads built in connection to harvesting are typically classified as haul roads stretching from landing to mill or shipping point, feeder roads built to reduce skidding/forwarding distances, strip roads to extract wood from stump to landing, and access roads e.g. for labour, material and connection to administrative centres. Poor practices can be very damaging and costly, e.g. causing erosion and landslides. Competent staff should be engaged in planning and construction of roads. Adequate maps need to be available. Areas of importance include drainage, avoidance of steep grades, avoidance of sensitive areas and crossing of waterways.
Felling should be done to accommodate extraction and avoid damage to residual trees, i.e. a form of wood transport; this is sometimes called directional felling. Felling is done using axes, saws, chainsaws, feller bunchers or harvesters.
Extraction by means of dragging stems or logs on the ground is called skidding. Skidding can be done by humans, draught animals or by machines, so called skidders. Forwarding refers to stems or logs carried by humans or on a trailer after an animal or a machine (forwarder). Skidders and forwarders can be wheeled or tracked. Crawler tractors (bulldozers) are often used for skidding in tropical rain forests.
A number of harvesting systems exist. None of the systems are inherently better or worse. Harvesting systems are classified as, full tree systems, where trees are extracted to landing or plant with the full crown, tree length systems, where tops and branches have been removed prior to extraction, and short wood systems, where topping, debranching and cross cutting are done close to the stump. Full tree harvesting is a rare practice. The tree length systems is the most common method for industrial wood, it dominates in operations in natural forests in the tropics. The shortwood system is on the increase. “Reduced Impact Logging” in rain forests is normally done using the tree length system, with extraction by means of crawler tractors, skidders or cable systems.
Post-harvest assessments include checking that operational standards have been sufficient and that legal prescriptions and management policies have been adhered to. Post-harvest actions may include shutting down logging roads, rehabilitating harvested areas and landings.
|
<urn:uuid:9f7d8271-131e-438a-a952-abfe498320c0>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.796875,
"fasttext_score": 0.034828126430511475,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9279721975326538,
"url": "http://www.fao.org/sustainable-forest-management/toolbox/modules/wood-harvesting/basic-knowledge/en/"
}
|
Cleaver (tool)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Three-view diagram
Differences between cleavers and hand axes[edit]
Cleavers in Africa[edit]
In Africa, cleavers appear from the late Oldowan to the Acheulean. In Peninj on the western shore of Lake Notron, cleavers constitute 16% of all findings.
One type of cleaver made in Africa was formed by the Tavelbala Tachengit technique. This type of technique was used in the North West Sahara desert. It was done by detachment of large flakes for biface manufacture. This is a significant technological advance because the cleavers normally produced were made on large flakes, which was impossible to produce with using the nodular flint of the size available used in the European continent. Once the large flakes were detached, there were only minor modifications to get the desired end product that is now known as the flake-cleaver. There are larger collections of these flakes in the Institute of Human Paleontology in Paris. They include larger hand axes and smaller hand axes ranging from 6–26 cm, and then Large flake cleavers that were commonly found in this area.
Another way to make the tools was known as the “Victoria West” technique, termed by Goodwin in 1934. This was done in Middle Pleistocene of South Africa, and it was the method of producing large flakes that was used to make the cleavers. This production date was between 285 k.A BP to 510 k.a. BP.
Cleavers in Europe[edit]
|
<urn:uuid:ec803fed-e533-4689-89c3-42487303a369>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.023170292377471924,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9703395962715149,
"url": "http://www.let.rug.nl/~gosse/termpedia2/termpedia.php?language=dutch_general&density=7&link_color=000000&termpedia_system=perl_db&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCleaver_%28tool%29"
}
|
Thursday, September 8, 2011
Herpetogaster is a genus of Burgess Shale animal that cannot be classified. It doesn't look like any known life form alive on earth today. Instead, it looks like an alien life form. It could possibly be related to eldonids like Eldonia.
Herpetogaster had an enormous stomach, like the sack-like Mackenzia, and a long, flexible stalk called as stolon with a disc at the bottom. This disc may have either been used for creeping slowly across hard surfaces like the sea bed, sponges, and rocks, or it could have been used for anchoring Herpetogaster to hard surfaces.
Herpetogaster has been described from 101 specimens. It is extremely rare in the Walcott Quarry--only six specimens come from there. But the rest come from the Raymond Quarry.
Fossils of Herpetogaster have been found near those of the sponge Vauxia, which suggest that Herpetogaster may have attached itself to sponges. My hypothesis is that it may have chosen Vauxia because of Vauxia's bush-like form, which would protect it from predators by keeping it tangled up inside the branches.
Herpetogaster can be loosely translated to "creeping stomach," referring to its enormous stomach and its possible ability to creep.
Herpetogaster was described by Simon Conway Morris, Jean-Bernard Caron, and Degan Shu in 2010.
1. In most invertebrate blogs I like to think I am 90% familiar with the creatures being discussed. But despite my years of paleontology and invert zoology, I must admit 90% of the organisms you write about are entirely new to me! Such a joy to learn about all these unsung inverts from our past, like this bizarre Herpetogaster. Thank you! (Also, your interpretive drawings are wonderful.)
2. Thank you! It sometimes does take me a long time to find information about these organisms. Because most people have never heard of them, there's not a lot of information about them on the internet or in books. I think these organisms are amazing!
3. It could be perhaps a distant relative of Pterobranchs ( the body seems to be not metamerized inside ).
|
<urn:uuid:ca32692f-d6f4-44f6-99ef-f26872797f64>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.6875,
"fasttext_score": 0.05777329206466675,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9494397640228271,
"url": "http://www.lifebeforethedinosaurs.com/2011/09/herpetogaster.html"
}
|
What are Eyelets
Meaning ‘small eyes', eyelets are small metal rings used to bind papers, an option that took hold before the invention of staples. These devices usually have flanges that allow the eyelet to be inserted in between papers that have holes.
1. Origins. Although the eyelet has been used for some time for binding paper and adding holes for tarpaulins, cloth, and other materials, the first patented eyelet was made by W. Rodgers in 1859. Eyelets are usually confused with grommets. However, grommets are usually much larger, with holes that have larger diameters and with stronger flanges. The stronger flanges have made the grommets more popular for adding holes in thick cloths and larger tarpaulins that can be very heavy. Today, eyelets are used mostly in clothing, such as for holes in hats, belts, shirts, shoes, and as decorative accents for designer clothing.
2. Decorations. One of the advantages of using eyelets compared to grommets is that these usually provide a more decorative appeal. Eyelets can be purchased with various materials and finishes, which make them perfect as accents for clothing. Grommets, on the other hand, are usually made of plain stainless steel, which makes them better for industrial purposes.
3. Material. Another consideration when choosing between eyelets and grommets is the type of material to be used. If you need to work on thick materials or materials that are very heavy, the grommet is better since it is larger and can create more secure holes. On the other hand, thin and light materials such as paper will usually require eyelets. Using grommets on paper will only crease the paper, unless you are working on very large and very thick sheets of paper. Also consider how visible you want the binding piece to be. Grommets will stand out more, because of its large size. Eyelets, on the other hand, are more inconspicuous because of their smaller size.
4. Setting eyelets. To place eyelets, you can choose to either use a machine or to set the eyelet by hand. Machines that may be used are setting machines, pneumatic auto-feed machines, and hand press machines. These machines are usually used for industrial purposes where eyelets need to be attached in large batches. If you only need to attach one or two eyelets, using a hammer and a setting tool will usually suffice. To manually set eyelets, a hole must be punched into the material using the setting tool. The barrel of the eyelet should then be placed on the hole, with the barrel end facing upwards. Position the flange so that it is visible. To seal and lock the eyelets, gently use the hammer to flatten the barrel and grip the material surrounding it.
Because eyelets are used mainly for decorative purposes today, new eyelets are made using a variety of other metal materials and with a number of shapes and colors. Brass and aluminum are popular eyelet materials because of their strength, price, color, and lightweight. These can be used as accents for craft projects and do-it-yourself projects at home.
Share this article!
Follow us!
Find more helpful articles:
|
<urn:uuid:d554a64d-dc1b-4c78-9162-ec27c81306ba>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.2651990056037903,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.956622302532196,
"url": "http://www.howtodothings.com/business/what-are-eyelets"
}
|
Assignment #3: Divide and Conquer
Vote 0 Votes
1. Based on what you've read, what contextual information must your group necessarily communicate to the class in order to help us better understand the theatrical material you plan to discuss?
Our group will have to communicate the Roman distaste for Greek theater (dance, music, plays) and preference toward less subtle and more barbaric displays of violence and slapstick. We also have to show the reason behind putting on these spectacles: usually to gain political sway or as a celebration of defeat of a political leader. It's crucial we discuss WHY Roman spectacle and first and foremost discuss how political leaders could manipulate the crowds. We need to touch on why it's about entertainment, food, punishment, and interaction between the people and the political power. "These spectacles of bloodshed were carried out in public often to exhibit the power of the state and to deter potentially disobedient citizens", "For example, Gaius Gracchus, seeking popular support for his office as tribune, took down the barriers around an arena, which allowed all Roman citizens to enter the gladiatorial combats for free". Also on the notion of attaining further political achievements "one could assume a connection between sponsorship of handsome spectacles as aedile and subsequent attainment of the highest offices" (Beacham, 3). We should also not forget to inform the class on where most of this information is taken from because a lot of it is not taken from written down personal accounts of Roman citizens. For example, a lot of information about chariot racing---a popular form of spectacle and sport in Ancient Rome---is actually taken from various interpretations on the carvings on vases or pottery or other forms of art and decoration. On the British Museum's website, there is an online tour which shows a few items---a coin, a lamp, a bust---which is what a lot of the information on what we know of the chariot races in that time period is taken from.
2. How does your topic express the philosophies, ideologies, political circumstances, and/or social movements occurring in the specific time and place you are investigating?
Our topic shows the chaotic, aggressive, and common changes in political power and also the power spectacle had to control the masses to gain support, to appease, or to distract. Games as a basis for political ritual, manipulation of masses, "here was public pleasure as well as law and order" (in the arena, the idea that all people were welcome and enjoyed the games. "The ritual performance in the arena was a means of Imperial control through directed attitudinal change, the creation and manipulation of mass emotional response, renewed regularity at the behest of the ruling hierarchy". Cicero had a particularly interesting view on games: "A gladiatorial show is likely to seem cruel and brutal to some eyes, and I tend to believe that it is as currently practiced. But in the time when it was criminals who fought with swords in a struggle to the death... there could be no better instruction against pain and death" (Beacham, 16).
3. Given that you only have 20 minutes to present, what big ideas/contextual elements will you have to leave out?
We will have to leave out or gloss over the contrasting Greek theater and culture. We will also most likely leave out anything that doesn't relate to spectacles of death and political and social issues that specifically surround these games. We might also have to sacrifice either a lack of specific detailing in order to talk about more kinds of spectacle; it'll force us to focus on a few or to be less general in order to discuss more.
Beacham, Richard C. Spectacle Entertainments of Early Imperial Rome. New Haven: Yale UP, 1999. Print.
"Chariot-racing in Ancient Rome." British Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. .
| Leave a comment
The purpose of the Sunday due date for this assignment is to give you time to read your sources carefully and to reflect on the information you find. I won't consider this assignment fully complete unless I see evidence that each group has spent time with its research material. To demonstrate a close reading, consider the following:
1. Cite (some of) your sources in your answers to these questions
2. Frame your responses through quotations from these sources. For example, you could talk about the philosophies, ideologies, political circumstances, etc. by citing particular passages in your sources that deal with these categories.
Quality reading and research does not always equate to length. In other words, I'm not looking for a super long response to these questions. I am, however, looking for detailed responses.
I think you're doing a very good job narrowing your focus and addressing my previous comments. My one suggestion would be to locate a specific set of games, or a spectacle entertainment that had incredibly high stakes. For example, what was the bloodiest thing you're encountered? Have you located a spectacle that was so grand in its scale that it boggled the mind? Or, conversely, have you found any spectacles that seemed rather meek? Explaining why precisely specific rulers needed to utilize the spectacles will likely add specificity to your project. Or follow up on Cicero's quotation and find out what precisely he's talking about. (By the way, have you discovered how Cicero died?)
In your response to question three you wrote, "We will also most likely leave out anything that doesn't relate to spectacles of death and political and social issues that specifically surround these games." Keep in mind that this scope alone presents a formidable amount of research. Continue to search for a battle or event that will attract the class's attention to the crucial role played by these spectacles in Rome.
GRADE: 95%
Leave a comment
About this Entry
This page contains a single entry by heerx019 published on November 15, 2012 10:31 AM.
Assignment #2 Format of Presentation was the previous entry in this blog.
Kelsey Annotated Bib is the next entry in this blog.
|
<urn:uuid:c5a8aa9f-5535-4355-a77d-ea2af74c5fa5>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.14162755012512207,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9610828757286072,
"url": "http://blog.lib.umn.edu/ukes0005/ukestad/2012/11/assignment-3-divide-and-conquer.html"
}
|
Black-faced firefinch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Black-throated Firefinch)
Jump to: navigation, search
Black-faced firefinch
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Estrildidae
Genus: Lagonosticta
Species: L. larvata
Binomial name
Lagonosticta larvata
(Rüppell, 1841)
The black-faced firefinch (Lagonosticta larvata) is a common species of estrildid finch found in Africa. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 2,100,000 km².
It is found in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo and Uganda. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Lagonosticta vinacea was a separate species, but findings by Dowsett and Forbes-Watson in 1993 led to reassigning of the L. vinacea species as a population under L. larvata.
|
<urn:uuid:007a9337-d06d-4a19-958d-3a5d9b1fd052>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.040380656719207764,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8087087869644165,
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-throated_Firefinch"
}
|
BBC HomeExplore the BBC
20 October 2014
Schools - Religion
BBC Homepage
Contact Us
Schools Home> Religion> Sikhism> Guru Nanak> Classroom activities
Guru Nanak - 06 November 2014
Print page
Classroom activities
Gurpurbs (Key Stage 1)
If possible, invite a representative of the local Sikh community to talk to pupils about Sikh customs and festivals. Pupils could create a class book to explain the events of Gurpurbs.
Sacred texts (Key Stage 2)
Explore the meaning of the word 'sacred' with pupils
Explore the significance of different sacred texts. Ask pupils to write an acrostic poem using the letters of the work SACRED.
Explain how the Guru Granth Sahib is treated and the role it plays during Gurpurbs. Help pupils to write a mini-book or an explanation of the events of a Gurpurb suitable for younger students. If possible, present these to a younger class studying the topic.
The worksheets on the Punjabi language and Guru Nanak's birthday can be used as part of this activity.
The life of Guru Nanak (Key Stage 3)
Explore the key events of a Gurpurb and the life of Guru Nanak. Discuss why Sikhs celebrate Gurpurbs and establish the key teachings or beliefs inherent in them. Then ask them to imagine they are a reporter writing an article on the celebration of Guru Nanak's birthday. The Guru Nanak worksheet, newspaper article writing frame and beginnings of Sikhism video can be used to support this activity.
The beginnings of Sikhism
Sikhism events and festivals
|
<urn:uuid:bdc7c52d-f340-433b-b7f7-be1b620b5444>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.125,
"fasttext_score": 0.2713284492492676,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8772132396697998,
"url": "http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/religion/sikhism/gurunanak_activities.shtml"
}
|
Sunday, March 16, 2008
Hindi grammar...Kriya, Kaal aur Vachya
A. Kinds of Verbs:
Sakarmak Kriya (Transitive Verb) - These cause direct effect on another person/object. These are of two types-
• Preranarthak Kriya (Causative Verb)
• Dwikarmak Kriya (Verbs with two objects)
Akarmak Kriya (Intransitive Verb) - Have no effect on others.
B. Kaal (Tense)
Bhoot Kal (Past tense)
1. Samanya Bhoot(Past Indefinite)
2. Aasann Bhoot(Past Imminent)
3. Apurn Bhoot(Past Continuous)
4. Purna Bhoot(Past Perfect)
5. Sandigdh Bhoot(Past Doubtful)
6. Hetuhetumad Bhoot(Past Conditional)
Vartman Kal(Present tense)
1. Samanya Vartman (Present Indefinite)
2. Apurn Vartman(Present Continuous)
3. Sandigdh Vartman (Present Doubtful)
Bhavishya kal (Future tense)
1. Samanya Bhavishya (Future Indefinite)
2. Sambhabya Bhavishya (Future Conditional or Doubtful)
C. Vachya (Voice)
Kartri Vachya (Active Voice)
Karm Vachya (Passive Voice)
Bhav Vachya (Impersonal Voice)
No comments:
|
<urn:uuid:1ae94183-3ef3-440b-873c-6596b963bd83>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.8057965040206909,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.6885073184967041,
"url": "http://sssta.blogspot.com/2008/03/hindi-grammarkriya-kaal-aur-vachya.html"
}
|
Native Americans
Reading Level
edHelper's suggested reading level: grades 2 to 3
Flesch-Kincaid grade level: 2.91
challenging words: mats, porcupine, shellfish, trapped, tribe, wigwam, strips, jobs, doing, lived, cedar, where, seals, trade, picked, died
content words: Native American, Since Micmacs, Many Native Americans
Print Micmacs
Print Micmacs (font options, pick words for additional puzzles, and more)
Quickly Print - PDF format
Quickly Print: PDF (2 columns per page)
Quickly Print: PDF (full page)
Quickly Print - HTML format
Quickly Print: HTML
Proofreading Activity
Print a proofreading activity
Feedback on Micmacs
Leave your feedback on Micmacs (use this link if you found an error in the story)
By Mary Lynn Bushong
1 Where do you live? Do you live in America? If you live in the Maritimes or Maine, you might have seen Micmacs.
2 Micmac is the name of a Native American tribe. They were nomads. That means they did not stay in one place all the time. They would often move to a new place.
3 They were part of a bigger group of tribes called the Wabanaki. That name meant "dawn land people." This was because they lived near the ocean. Each day, they were one of the first people to see the sun rise.
4 Since Micmacs did not grow any food, they had to catch it all. In the summer they hunted, fished, and picked berries. If they lived near rivers, they fished for salmon or bass. If they lived near the ocean, they often caught shellfish and hunted seals.
5 During the winter, Micmacs trapped animals for their skins. They would use or trade the skins for other things they wanted.
Paragraphs 6 to 11:
For the complete story with questions: click here for printable
Copyright © 2009 edHelper
|
<urn:uuid:fd4823ab-dff2-4253-a03d-4a6c30599eda>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.049187302589416504,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8914164900779724,
"url": "http://www.edhelper.com/ReadingComprehension_35_570.html"
}
|
Francisco de Goya 1746-1828
Goya died in Bordeaux at the age of 82 leaving a body of work (about 900 drawings and almost 300 prints) remarkable for its artistic vision and profound humanity. Through his prints and drawings Goya explored fantasy, beliefs and human conduct often through series in order to explore complex and evolving themes. He expressed his most intimate thoughts in sketchbooks, which are rich repositories that provide insight into his personal world and creative process. Goya’s series of prints are equally remarkable for their wide-ranging subjects and brilliant imagination.
Although Goya’s dedication to graphic art marks him as exceptional amongst his peers, he was far from being a ‘lone genius’ and his work should be understood in the context of the scientific, social and artistic developments that were taking place during the 18th century. The independence of his thought, his criticism of superstition and his rejection of intellectual oppression reflect the ideas and attitudes of the Age of Enlightenment. Goya witnessed major social and political changes including the horrific effects of the Inquisition and the French occupation of Spain.
|
<urn:uuid:624a3ae3-78ab-4055-89e9-095c8ce776f6>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.16069316864013672,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9801037311553955,
"url": "http://m.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/education/education-materials/education-kits/exhibition-kits/renaissance-to-goya/francisco-de-goya-1746-1828/"
}
|
The Hereafter
In all religions in which the dead are judged there is a link between earthly justice and the divine justice meted out in the hereafter. Yet the problem of religions, both modern and ancient, is that of the response to the question:
What is the structure of the Other World? How is the hereafter to be imagined in order to display its function to the living Man?
Purgatory is situated in a position that is intermediate on many levels—chronological, functional and symbolic. With respect to time, it falls between the death of the individual and the Judgment to follow, though whether the time of Purgatory is earthly or eschatological has long been a point of division and controversy.
Purgatory finds its functional origins in ancient Judaism. For Jews, gehenna—the valley of Hinnom, in Jerusalem—is not hell. Rather, it is a spiritual forge where the soul is purified for its eventual ascent to gan eiden—the garden of Eden; i.e. heaven. Gehenna is the sinner’s experience in the afterlife, where all imperfections are purged. But more tellingly, it also shares the same geography as gan eiden.
Purgatory is therefore likened to a desert horizon between these two realms: Sky and Earth, heaven and hell. The inferno of the latter coaxes us into the dark heart of Man; the boundless beauty of the former offers us a glimpse of Paradise by comparison. It is the perspective of the individual that makes this Desert one or the other.
|
<urn:uuid:9b793f94-8883-482b-ab5b-68b378e8bd65>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.09495121240615845,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9290187954902649,
"url": "http://reduxion.net/"
}
|
Lesson Plans
Solar Race Cars
Elizabeth F. O’Keefe
Whitfield Middle School
St. Louis, Missouri
Solar-powered cars, assembled by students, transform the school sidewalks into a mini racetrack. As cars zoom past a photogate attached to a laptop computer, the computer calculates the time that each car travels between specified points. Students can then calculate the speed of the car. Students add more solar cell batteries to the car wired in a series circuit, and measure speed. Solar Race Cars helps students answer the following questions about solar energy: Will the speed of the car increase proportionally with additional batteries? What happens when the cells are wired in parallel circuitry? Will season affect race car speed?
Download Solar Race Cars: solar.pdf
Middle Level
Tree I.D.
Anthony A. Dalasio and Debbie Curmaci
Worm Weather Predicted
Mary Ellen Krisko
At Issue: Light Pollution
Mary Lightbody
Solar Race Cars
Elizabeth F. O'Keefe
Exploring the Beach
Jill S. Paraska
October 1, 1999 NSTA Home Laptop Learning Challenge Home Contact Us
|
<urn:uuid:47a9cbb3-f03a-4608-8fc7-f551abd73c40>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.984375,
"fasttext_score": 0.28516602516174316,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7662026882171631,
"url": "http://www.nsta.org/publications/interactive/laptop/lessons/m5.htm"
}
|
Correlation Coefficient (CC)
The Correlation Coefficient (CC) product is defined as the measure of how similarly the horizontally and vertically polarized pulses are behaving within a pulse volume. Its values range from 0 to 1 and are unitless, with higher values indicating similar behavior and lower values conveying dissimilar behavior. The CC will be high as long as the magnitude or angle of the radar’s horizontal and vertical pulses undergo similar change from pulse to pulse, otherwise it will be low. It is available in two resolutions: 8-bit at 1 degree x 0.25 km resolution and 4-bit at 1 degree x 1.0 km resolution.
Correlation Coefficient serves well at discerning echoes of meteorological significance. Non-meteorological echoes (such as birds, insects, and ground clutter) produce a complex scattering pattern which causes the horizontal and vertical pulses of the radar to vary widely from pulse to pulse, yielding CC values typically below 0.8. Hail and melting snow are non-uniform in shape and thus cause a scattering effect as well, but these meteorological echoes have more moderate CC values ranging from 0.8 to 0.97. Uniform meteorological echoes such as found in rain and hail yield well-behaved scatter patterns, and their CC from pulse to pulse generally exceeds 0.97.
The accuracy of the Correlation Coefficient product degrades with distance from the radar. The CC will also decrease when multiple types of hydrometeors are present within a pulse volume, thus a volume with rain and hail will yield a lower CC than the same volume with solely rain.
Posted in: Dual-Pol Products
|
<urn:uuid:4485deba-0921-4f5a-8a27-e566af71b111>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.040013015270233154,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9028744697570801,
"url": "http://radarscope.tv/faqs/correlation-coefficient-cc/"
}
|
View Full Version : created solid spheres
23rd Jan 2008, 05:11 pm
I just learnt that a sphere is not a solid. How can I convert it into one (or create one from scratch)? I need it to create a rounded hole (using the subtract command).
23rd Jan 2008, 05:19 pm
How did you create it? If you use Draw>Modeling>Sphere it should be a 3D Solid.
Mr T
23rd Jan 2008, 07:15 pm
Or REVOLVE a closed profile half circle.
Select the one you have made hit Ctrl+1 to see it's poperties.
23rd Jan 2008, 07:19 pm
Actually, you're right. I made it into an ellipsoid using an autolisp program called scaleaxis (scale along a chosen axis only), and appearantly it doesn't preserve the solidity of the object. I just thought it was the sphere that wasn't a solid to begin with.
Okay, in that case, I need to know how to create an ellipsoid. Would I just create an ellipse and revolve it around its major axis?
23rd Jan 2008, 08:11 pm
Draw a solid sphere and convert it to block. Change the scale factor along the desired axis-it should be an ellipsoid.
23rd Jan 2008, 10:25 pm
revolve half an ellipse...
|
<urn:uuid:74cd9a56-6c0f-4e4e-bba5-1fd497998ed1>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.04811203479766846,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.915889322757721,
"url": "http://www.cadtutor.net/forum/archive/index.php/t-19641.html"
}
|
Sooty Grouse, Dendragapus fuliginosus
It is closely related to the Dusky Grouse (Dendragapus obscurus), and until recently there was some debate on whether the two were separate species or not. The Sooty Grouse is experiencing some population decline from habitat loss at the southern end of its range in southern California.
The adult has a long square tail, light gray at the end. The male is mainly dark with a yellow throat air sac surrounded by white, and a yellow wattle over the eye during display. The female is mottled brown with dark brown and white marks on the under parts.
The Sooty Grouse forages on the ground, or in trees in winter. In winter, it mainly eats fir and douglas-fir needles. It will also occasionally eat hemlock and pine needles. In summer months, it will take in other green plants, berries, and insects (particularly ants, beetles and grasshoppers). Chicks rely almost entirely on insect food for their first ten days.
The nest is a scrape on the ground concealed under a shrub or log. The male sings with deep hoots in their territory and makes short flapping flights to attract females. The female leaves the male’s territory after mating.
Image Caption: Female Sooty Grouse. Credit: Walter Siegmund /Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.0)
Sooty Grouse Dendragapus fuliginosus
comments powered by Disqus
|
<urn:uuid:32c4604f-cd49-4661-af8c-035ce6b3d89b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.703125,
"fasttext_score": 0.1429194211959839,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9396913647651672,
"url": "http://www.redorbit.com/education/reference_library/animal_kingdom/aves_birds/1112499439/sooty-grouse-2/"
}
|
Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794)
Antoine and Marie-Anne Lavoisier. Credit: Wellcome Library, London.
Born into a wealthy French family, Antoine Lavoisier is considered to be the founder of modern chemistry. He and his wife Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze collaborated on numerous scientific projects.
Lavoisier was a polymath, inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment. His studies included philosophy and law and he invented many new instruments and very accurate quantitative methods to analyse the elements contained in chemical compounds. These inventions led him to identify the element oxygen. He also developed a new method of chemical nomenclature: a way of naming chemical substances which, with modifications, is still in use today.
His experimental methods of chemical analysis were crucial for finding and isolating many medically active substances in the late 1700s from morphine to quinine.
Lavoisier’s work as a tax collector for the king led to him being executed by the French revolutionaries on the guillotine. After Lavoisier’s execution, his wife continued to fight for recognition of his ideas, bringing together and publishing his final work.
|
<urn:uuid:831c880e-2061-4e38-864b-782c864927f5>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.7548953890800476,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9571258425712585,
"url": "http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/onlinestuff/People/antoinelavoisier.aspx"
}
|
, Volume 11, Issue 3, pp 203-215
Mother-pup separation and adoption in northern elephant seals
Rent the article at a discount
Rent now
* Final gross prices may vary according to local VAT.
Get Access
The evolution of fostering behavior, parental care directed toward another's young, has been the focus of much recent interest. During a five-year study of northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) at Año Nuevo, California, we recorded the frequency of mother-pup separation, reunion, and adoption of orphaned pups in crowded and low-density breeding areas. While most females nursed their own pup exclusively until it was weaned, many females, especially young mothers (age 3–5 years), were unable to raise a pup successfully. In the crowded main breeding harem on Año Nuevo Island, 24 to 47 percent of the pups born each year were separated from their mothers from 1977 to 1980. Mother-pup separation and pup mortality were associated with the following inter-related factors: 1) female density; 2) weather and tidal conditions; 3) topographical features of the breeding areas (i.e., degree of exposure to high tides and surf); and 4) the proportion of young, maternally inexperienced females pupping in a particular area. Most motherpup separations were caused directly by 1) adult males moving through the harem; 2) pups wandering from their mothers; 3) female aggression; and 4) inclement weather. Most of the separations, as well as adoptions, occurred when pups were quite young. Mother-pup recognition appeared to be based on a combination of acoustic, visual, and olfactory cues, and most mother-pup reunions were effected by the female rather than her pup. On the main island breeding area, 572 orphans were marked. Of these, five percent relocated their mother, 27 percent were adopted or frequently cared for by foster mothers, and 68 percent were not adopted, or rarely fostered. The survival of an orphan was clearly contingent on the amount of care it received; most orphans which were not nursed or protected by females died before reaching 6 weeks of age. Frequently, an adopted orphan's foster mother was in the stage of lactation which corresponded closely to that of its own mother. The most common fostering event involved females that had lost their own pup and adopted a single orphan. Other pupless females attempted to steal a pup, cared for a pup while it was still with its mother, adopted a weaned pup, adopted two pups, or indiscriminately nursed any orphaned pup that approached. Some females kept their own pup in addition to fostering in alien pup. Most foster mothers were young and had little or no previous maternal experience. The formation of large, high-density breeding rookeries, due to a scarcity of suitable breeding sites, results in frequent mother-pup separations, especially during inclement weather and tidal conditions. Many opportunities for adoptive behavior are therefore presented, because of the great number of orphans and pupless females. Increased maternal experience appears to be a benefit associated with adoption. Some instances of fostering behavior may also be based on “reproductive errors” on the part of the foster mother.
|
<urn:uuid:6dc6a0af-e79c-4351-a639-961a087a390c>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.02773505449295044,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9799781441688538,
"url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00300063"
}
|
Solution Guide (without using the strings)
In this discussion, it will be useful to refer to the bulbs with single letters (see the list below). It will also be useful to refer to a cell in the square with a lowercase letter for a column, and a number for a row. Regions will be refered to by the letter of the hint bulb given in that region. Hint blubs are circled in these diagrams so you can keep 'em straight.
Text will refer to the diagram above it. The descriptions will start out fairly detailed, but become briefer as the solution progresses.
A stands for an aqua bulb ().
B stands for a blue bulb ().
G stands for a green bulb ().
O stands for an orange bulb ().
P stands for a purple bulb ().
R stands for a red bulb ().
Y stands for a yellow bulb ().
So here's what we start with. As an example of the terminology, cell e3 contains an A, and cell d3 is part of region R.
As was noted in the puzzle instructions, g5=O, since this is the only place in row 5 that an O can go; the other empty cells in that row can't be O because they are part of a region that already contains an O (region O).
Similarly, f4=Y. This is the only cell in region O that can contain a Y.
Now a6=O; b6 can't be O because there's an O in the same column; and the remainder of the row is in region P, which already contains an O. So a6 is the only place left for an O in row 6.
Now consider a7 and b6. Whatever ends up in a7 cannot be anywhere else on row 7. But region G must have one bulb of that color, and the only place left for it will be at b6. So these cells must have the same color bulbs; a7=b6.
Similarly, whatever is at b6 will be eliminated from most of region P. The only spot left will be g4. So a7=b6=g4. We don't know what color bulb is at these cells, but it is useful to know that they must all be the same.
Looking at the lower left, we find a similar situation. Whatever ends up in a2 cannot be anywhere else in region Y except b3. So a2=b3. And for the same reason, a1=b2.
In row 4, a4 and g4 are the only cells can be A (the other empty cells are in region A). Let's suppose that g4=A. Then so are a7 and b6.
With g4=A, d1=A (region) and c5=A (column). But then the only place for the last A would be at f2, and f2 is in a region that already has an A.
So g4 is not A, and thus a4=A.
a7 is either R or B. Suppose it's R; then so are b6 and g4.
With a7=R, f3=R (row). But then there is no place for R in row 1.
So a7 is not R, and thus a7=b6=g4=B.
a3=R (column).
a1 and a2 are P and G, in either order (column); Suppose a1=P and a2=G; then b2=P and b3=G.
With a1=P, g3=P (column). Then f3=O (only choice left for this cell). But then there is no bulb color that works in f2. So a1 is not P, and thus a1=b2=G and a2=b3=P.
g1=P (column), f3=G (region), g6=R (column), g2=A (column), g3=Y (column).
At this point everything falls like dominoes. f6=A (only), f6=O (only), e6=Y (region), d7=Y (column), e5=B (column), c6=Y (row), e6=G (row), d6=B (row), d5=O (column), c5=B (row), d5=A (column), b5=R (row), f5=P (row), c5=G (row), d7=R (only), e7=O (region), d4=G (column), f7=R (column), e7=P (column), e4=R (column), c4=P (row), c7=A (only), c7=O (only), b7=Y (only), and (drum roll, please) b7=A (only).
Puzzle solved!
Back to Rooftop Lights Puzzle
|
<urn:uuid:98c09cda-fb9b-4668-a6c3-530653f2859f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.557610034942627,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9049521088600159,
"url": "http://www.bumblebeagle.org/xmas2001/lspguide.html"
}
|
The Last Dog
“The Last Dog”
“The Last Dog”
Take two minutes to brainstorm a list of reasons
pets make good companions.
“The Last Dog”
Create the following concept map in your
composition book:
“The Last Dog” Setting
Environment Outside
the Dome
Life Inside the Dome
As we read, fill in the following chart with details
about the story's setting.
“The Last Dog”
How would you describe the setting of the
painting on page 49?
“The Last Dog”
Reread lines 1-16. What does the unusual
technology present in the dome suggest about
the time in which the story takes place?
“The Last Dog”
Compare and contrast the setting outside the
dome with the natural setting where you live.
How familiar does the setting outside the dome
seem to you?
“The Last Dog”
Reread lines 126-137. Notice how Brock reacts
to nature. In what ways has the setting of the
dome influenced Brock's reactions?
“The Last Dog”
What do the details in the painting on page 53
tell you about the setting?
“The Last Dog”
Reread lines 209-220. How is finding a puppy
changing what Brock has always believed about
the outside?
“The Last Dog”
How does the setting inside the dome help Brock
to make his decision about convincing the
scientists Brog has rabies?
“The Last Dog”
How are Brock's questions about the world
outside the dome beginning to be answered?
“The Last Dog”
Using the information from your concept map,
answer the following question: Analyze how the
setting of “The Last Dog” affected the story's plot.
“The Last Dog” After Reading Questions
1. In the first half of the story, how does Brock
know what emotions he is feeling?
2. Why does Brock fool the scientists into
thinking he has rabies?
3. How does meeting Brog change Brock's life?
4. Infer the setting of the story. Give details from
the text that help you infer the time and place.
5. Big question: Why do pets make good
companions? How would Brock answer this
similar documents
|
<urn:uuid:b9ac6e1d-2550-4e89-9b84-568280fba500>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.9006742238998413,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8891432285308838,
"url": "http://slidegur.com/doc/190499/the-last-dog"
}
|
One example of extracting science from myth would be Mercury, the legendary hero, the symbol and the element. Mercury in Roman and Hermes in Greek mythology was the swift messenger of the gods, as well as the god of commerce and travel. The symbol of Hermes staff shows a disk on either end of a central shaft, with two inter-twined serpents, with wings of flight above their heads.
The intertwining could indicate the vortex principles understood by Victor Schauberger. The dual disks on the shaft representing the electro-magnetic energy generated from the mercury vortex, with the result being flight as represented by the wings.
This is the very technology the Nazis are claimed to have obtained by their unorthodox view of mythology. The Nazis may have constructed Mercury plasma gyros. This system used an electrified mercury vapor.
Further evidence of an unusual use of mercury was discovered in April of 1944. The ill-fated submarine U-859 left Germany and was sunk off the straits of Malacca in Indonesia. This sub had a cargo of 33 tons of mercury. This was strange cargo in such a huge amount and being treated as an important military cargo.
Unterseeboot 859 (U-859) was a German IX type U-boat built during World War II. She was one of a select number of boats to join the Monsun Gruppe or Monsoon Group, which travelled to the Far East for service alongside the Imperial Japanese Navy. U-859 was built in Bremen during 1942 and 1943, and was heavily adapted following her completion in July 1943, with the addition of a Snorkel to enable her to stay underwater for longer during the perilous passage to Penang in Malaya. Thus she was not ready for war service until the spring of 1944, when following her working up period and all modifications she departed Kiel for the East.
Although U-859 only had a single war patrol from which she never returned, her six month career was highly eventful and carried her halfway across the world and into an entirely different theatre of conflict. Following her departure on the 4 April, the boat avoided shipping lanes and remained underwater for as long as possible during the dangerous daylight hours, when allied aircraft constantly patrolled the Northern Atlantic Ocean. U-859 was participating in the trade of vital low-bulk war supplies with the Japanese, and was reported to be carrying mercury and possibly Uranium-oxide for use by Japanese scientists. It was vitally important for both industrial and diplomatic reasons that this trade link was kept open and so Kptlt. Johann Jebsen was instructed to avoid all unnecessary contact with allied units.
Three weeks into the cruise however, Jebsen saw a target he could not refuse. The MV Colin, formerly an Italian freighter taken over by American authorities and registered in Panama, was slowly steaming unescorted in the North Atlantic following engine failure. Three torpedoes sank her before the U-859 went on her way southwards. The passage of the boat continued smoothly for the next two months, and she rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean without further trouble. On the 5 July she was spotted by a Lockheed Ventura aircraft, which swooped down on the boat only to be brought down by the 88m flak gun on the conning tower. There were no survivors from the aircraft's crew.
Her second victim was her most famous, and became one of the most famous treasure shipwrecks of the Twentieth Century. The unescorted liberty ship SS John Barry was transporting a cargo of 3 million silver one-riyal coins to Saudi Arabia as part of an American government agreement with the Saudi royal family. The silver coins were stacked in huge boxes in the hold, and went down with the ship when she was torpedoed about 100 miles south of the entrance to the Arabian Sea. A massive salvage operation succeeded in retrieving many of the lost coins in 1994. Three days later another unescorted merchant, the British SS Troilus was also sunk, with six hands drowned.
Setting sail for Penang, U-859 was nearing the end of her exhausting patrol, when on September 23 disaster struck. In the Far East, unlike in the Western theatre, it was allied submarines, not German ones who were the top hunters, and as Penang was a Japanese-held port, it was unsurprising that there would be a predator waiting nearby. In the Malacca Straits hid the British submarine HMS Trenchant, who saw the U-859 sail past on the surface one evening and did not let the opportunity escape. A single torpedo hit the U-boat which sank immediately with several compartments flooded and 47 men drowned, including her commander.
Twenty of the crew did manage to escape however, opening the hatch in the relatively shallow sea and struggling to the calm surface, where they remained for sometime until picked up. Eight were discovered by Japanese naval units passing through the region and taken to shore to await repatriation. Twelve more found their way to Allied prison camps, having been collected by Allied units.
In 1944 mercury was used for thermometers and switches, with no known military purpose. Some sort of unconventional use can only explain this strange cargo. It has been speculated by Childress and Vesco in their book Man Made UFO’s that the ship was headed for a base in the Antarctic, as one of many that headed in that region during the late 30s and early 40s.
Mercury was a propellant for early ion engines in electric propulsion systems. Advantages were mercury's high molecular weight, low ionization energy, low dual-ionization energy, high liquid density and liquid storability at room temperature. Disadvantages were concerns regarding environmental impact associated with ground testing and concerns about eventual cooling and condensation of some of the propellant on the spacecraft in long-duration operations. The first spaceflight to use electric propulsion was a mercury-fueled ion thruster SERT-1 launched by NASA at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in 1964. SERT stands for Space Electric Rocket Test. The SERT-1 flight was followed up by the SERT-2 flight in 1970. Mercury and Cesium were preferred propellants for ion engines until Hughes Research Laboratory performed studies finding Xenon gas to be suitable replacement. Xenon is now the preferred propellant for ion engines as it has a high molecular weight, little or no reactivity due its noble gas nature, and has a high liquid density under mild cryogenic storage.
Experimental Mercury vapour turbines were proposed to increase the efficiency of fossil-fuel electrical power plants.
Another curious note was the death of Jack Parsons. He was the American rocket scientist who invented solid rocket fuel. He died in a fire while working with mercury. He was involved with occult societies (Agape Lodge, part the O.T.O.) that had Nazi connections during the war.
There does seem to be more to Mercury than just switches, thermometers and mythology. This is only one small example of how the Nazis approached legends and myths and attempted to extract a practical physics from them
Unterseeboot 864 (U-864) was a German Type IX U-boat sunk on February 9, 1945 by the British submarine HMS Venturer, killing all 73 onboard. It is the first instance in the history of naval warfare that one submarine sank another while both were submerged. The shipwreck was located in March 2003 by the Norwegian Navy 2.2 miles west of the island of Fedje in the North Sea, at 150 metres.
Commanded throughout its entire career by Korvettenkapitän Ralf-Reimar Wolfram, it served with the 4th Submarine Flotilla (4 Unterseebootflottille) undergoing crew training from her commissioning until October 31, 1944. She was then reassigned to the 33rd Submarine Flotilla (33. Unterseebootflottille).
The submarine was taking part in Operation Caesar, an attempt by Germany to prop up their flagging Japanese ally by providing them with advanced technology, and en route from Kiel to Japan with plans for the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter, jet engine parts, about 65 tons of metallic mercury and German and Japanese scientists and engineers.
She set off through the Kiel Canal but grounded on the sea bed and had to make an unscheduled stop at the Bruno U-boat pens at Bergen. The crew left on shore leave, which lasted longer than expected after the pens and shipping in the harbour were attacked on 12 January by 32 Royal Air Force Lancaster bombers and one Mosquito bomber of Numbers 9 and 617 Squadrons. At least one of the tallboy bombs penetrated the roof of the bunker causing severe damage inside, and leaving one of the seven pens unusable for the rest of the war. Cryptographers at Bletchley Park had already learned of the plan.
British submarine HMS Venturer (commander, Lieutenant James "Jimmy" S. Launders, 25) was sent on her eleventh patrol from the British submarine-base at Lerwick in the Shetland Islands out to Fedje. After the U864 messages had been decrypted, she was rerouted to intercept the U-boat. The U-boat meanwhile had left Bergen, and of February 6th passed the Fedje area without being detected, but despite repairs at Bergen one of her engines began to misfire and she had to signal that she would again return to Bergen. A return signal stated that a new escort would be provided her at Hellisoy on 10th February. She made for there but on 9th February Venturer heard U-864's engine noise (Launders had decided not to use ASDIC since it would betray his position) and spotted the U-boat's periscope.
In an unusually long engagement for a submarine and in a situation for which neither crew had been trained, Launders waited 45 minutes after first contact before going to action stations, waiting in vain for U864 to surface and thus present an easier target. Upon realizing they were being followed by the British submarine and that their escort had still not arrived, U-864 zig-zagged in attempted evasive manoeuvres and each submarine risked raising her periscope. Venturer had only 4 torpedoes as opposed to U-864's 22, and so after 3 hours Launders decided to make a prediction of his opponent's zig-zag, and release a spread of his torpedoes into its predicted course. The first torpedo was released at 12.12 and then at 17 second intervals after that (taking 4 minutes to reach their target), and Launders then dived suddenly to evade any retaliation from his opponent. U864 heard the torpedoes coming and also dived deeper and turned away to avoid them, managing to avoid the first three but unknowingly steering into the path of the fourth. Exploding, she split in two, was sunk with all hands and came to rest more than 150m (500ft) below the surface on the seafloor.
There it lay until the Royal Norwegian Navy, alerted by local fishermen, found the wreck in early 2003. The mercury, contained in 1,857 rusting steel bottles located down in the vessel's keel, has started to leak and currently poses a severe environmental threat.
So far 4 kilograms per year of mercury is leaking out into the surrounding environment, resulting in high levels of contamination in cod, torsk and edible crab around the wreck. Boating and fishing near the wreck has been prohibited. Although attempts using robotic vehicles to dig into the half-buried keel were abandoned after the unstable wreck shifted, one of the steel bottles was recovered. Its original 5 mm thick wall was found to have corroded badly, leaving in places only a 1 mm thickness of steel.
The delicate condition of the 2,400-ton wreck, the rusting mercury bottles, and the live torpedoes on board would make a lifting operation extremely dangerous, with significant potential for an environmental catastrophe. A three year study by the Norwegian Coastal Administration has recommended entombing the wreck in a 12 meter thickness of sand, with a reinforcing layer of gravel or concrete to prevent erosion. This is being proposed as a permanent solution to the problem, and the proposal notes that similar techniques have been successfully used around 30 times to contain mercury-contaminated sites over the past 20 years.
|
<urn:uuid:bd1b823c-4c53-43de-a5bb-9253f0a06554>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.08548039197921753,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9748685956001282,
"url": "http://mercuryi.greyfalcon.us/"
}
|
What Is The 'Notch'?
What Is The ‘Notch’?
The term "Notch" refers to the disparity in Social Security benefits paid to people born from 1917 through 1926 and those paid to people born before and after them with similar work/earnings records. Many of those born during the Notch period feel they have not been treated fairly and are not receiving the benefits that Congress intended. On the other hand, the Social Security Administration (SSA), some government officials, and the AARP (formerly the American Association of Retired Persons) say that those born during the Notch period are treated fairly and receiving the benefits that Congress intended. The SSA and the AARP say that Social Security does not promise a specific amount of benefits, rather Social Security is designed to replace a certain percentage of pre-retirement earnings. Who is correct?
In 1977 Social Security was going bankrupt because of a flawed benefit formula that raised benefits too quickly. That year Congress passed legislation which changed the way benefits were calculated starting with retirees who were born in 1917 and became eligible for benefits in 1979. The changes were major and the transition between the old and new method of calculating benefits did not work as anticipated.
The period covered by the Notch is a major area of dispute. When benefits are represented on a chart, the disparity forms a deep "V" notch. Benefits plunged from a peak for retirees born in 1916 and hit the lowest part of the "V" for those who were born in the years 1920-21. Benefits began to rise for those born in 1922 until they became level with other retirees, starting with those born in 1927. See illustration below.
Source: Congressional Research Service May 24, 1999
The SSA and the AARP say, however, the Notch affects only those born during the five-year period of 1917 through 1921. Those born during that period were covered by a special transitional benefit formula, the purpose of which was to provide a 5-year phase-in for the new 1977 benefit formula.
In making the 1977 changes, Congress, wanting to avoid an abrupt change, allowed persons born from 1917 through 1921 to use a special transitional benefit formula or the new 1977 formula, whichever would yield the higher of the two benefits. The transition benefit formula never delivered the promised benefit protection, however, because it did not yield a higher benefit amount. Instead, the new benefit formula most often yielded the higher amount.
Thus the new formula went into effect almost immediately for most people and is one reason why retirees born over the ten-year period of 1917 through 1926 were affected, not only those covered by the five-year phase-in. In addition, the economy did not perform the way Congress and the Social Security Administration assumed it would under the new benefit formula. Slower than anticipated wage growth, and higher than expected price inflation, resulted in even greater benefit reductions than under original assumptions. These economic conditions persisted for a decade, thus affecting those born over a ten-year period.
According to the Congressional Research Service (CRS), for an age 65 retiree with average wages, a maximum benefit disparity of 10% would have arisen between the highest benefit under the old rules and the lowest benefit under the new rules if the 1977 assumptions had materialized. Under the economic conditions that actually arose, the disparity was 25%-two and one half times greater.
Indeed, the Social Security Administration does not "promise" a specific amount of benefits, but they do not promise to replace a specific percentage of pre-retirement earnings either. Both benefit amounts and "replacement rates" can change at any time if Congress and the Social Security Administration deem it necessary. Prior to the 1977 changes, the replacement rate was not a stable percentage. For people who retired under the 1972-73 flawed formula (those born 1913 through 1916), replacement rates grew from 39% to a high of 54%. The new benefit formula led to a lower, more stable replacement rate of about 43%, as well as lower benefits.
For those planning retirement however, it is the estimated dollar amount in Social Security benefits, not the replacement rate, that what one uses to determine a retirement budget, or how much more one will need to save for retirement. When one retires, it is the actual benefit amount, not the replacement rate that one must live on. One of the most frequent requests for services received by Social Security Administration is for an estimate of benefits. While no promises of benefits are made, millions of estimates are made annually. If the rules are changed abruptly, as they were for those born during the Notch period, this leaves no time to save for the shortfalls in benefits (if they can be foreseen ahead of time).
Both the SSA and AARP say that "fixing" the Notch would be a costly mistake that would drain dollars from the Social Security Trust Fund reserve. In 1992 one popular piece of legislation to provide improved monthly benefits was estimated to cost $300 billion. To counter these concerns, alternative "capped-cost" legislation has been introduced. "The Notch Fairness Act of 2001" would provide those born from 1917 through 1926 their choice of either improved monthly benefits, or a Lump-Sum of $5,000 payable over a four-year period. The cost of Lump-Sum legislation is estimated to be $45 billion, or slightly less than $11.25 billion per year over a four-year period.
The $45 billion could be financed without taking money from the Social Security Trust Fund. One way is through reduction of pork barrel spending and government waste. In the fiscal year 2001 budget alone, pork "watch-dog" Senator John McCain (AZ-R) estimated that the government would spend a record $50 billion in pork-barrel projects.
In addition, since 1992 there has been a significant change to the government's bottom line. For the government fiscal year ending September 30, 2000, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) reported a surplus of $236 billion-$86 billion of which comes from non Social Security revenues. The CBO estimates the 10-year non-Social Security surplus to be about $3.1 trillion.
Those born during the Notch period "saved Social Security" by receiving lower benefits for the rest of their lives. They are the generation that fought and sacrificed during World War II. Now, although they receive lower benefits, they are among the senior age group hit hardest by escalating health care insurance premiums and prescription drug costs.
TREA Senior Citizens League (TSCL) was formed in 1993 to protect "earned" Social Security and Medicare benefits. Many TSCL members are affected by the Notch, and rank Notch Reform as their top legislative priority. TSCL is the only national senior citizens action organization to continue to lobby for Notch Reform. To date, TSCL has 1.3 million members and supporters who participate in a number of grassroots lobbying and public education campaigns.
Article I of the United States Bill of Rights guarantees citizens the right to petition the government for "redress" of grievances. Individuals build greater political clout when they join forces with other like-minded activists to press for change. Time is running out for Notch Babies. TSCL members and their families, friends, and supporters will not allow the Notch Issue to quietly die away, but will continue to press for compensating those born during the Notch period as long as they set that as their number one legislative goal.
TSCL is registered as a 501(c)(4) citizens action organization. Open to anyone concerned about protecting earned benefits, TSCL is registered to conduct grass roots lobbying, public education, and fundraising activities in nearly every state. No government moneys are accepted or utilized by TSCL.
For more information:
TREA Senior Citizens League
1001 N. Fairfax Street
Suite 101
Alexandria, VA 22314
March 2001
Print Friendly
|
<urn:uuid:4446e285-29ec-4e25-84dd-6ec405a06146>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.8125,
"fasttext_score": 0.08151102066040039,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9697981476783752,
"url": "http://seniorsleague.org/what-is-the-notch/"
}
|
Common Core: 11th Grade English Language Arts : Analyze complex sets of ideas or sequences: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.11-12.3
varsity tutors app store varsity tutors android store
All Common Core: 11th Grade English Language Arts Resources
Example Questions
Example Question #1 : Analyze Complex Sets Of Ideas Or Sequences: Ccss.Ela Literacy.Ri.11 12.3
Adapted from “Federalist No.19” in The Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison (1788)
In theory, and upon paper, this apparatus of powers seems amply sufficient for all general purposes. In several material instances, they exceed the powers enumerated in the Articles of Confederation. The Amphictyons had in their hands the superstition of the times, one of the principal engines by which government was then maintained; they had a declared authority to use coercion against refractory cities, and were bound by oath to exert this authority on the necessary occasions.
Very different, nevertheless, was the experiment from the theory. The powers, like those of the present Congress, were administered by deputies appointed wholly by the cities in their political capacities, and exercised over them in the same capacities. Hence the weakness, the disorders, and finally the destruction of the confederacy. The more powerful members, instead of being kept in awe and subordination, tyrannized successively over all the rest. Athens, as we learn from Demosthenes, was the arbiter of Greece seventy-three years. The Lacedaemonians next governed it twenty-nine years; at a subsequent period, after the battle of Leuctra, the Thebans had their turn of domination. It happened but too often, according to Plutarch, that the deputies of the strongest cities awed and corrupted those of the weaker; and that judgment went in favor of the most powerful party. Even in the midst of defensive and dangerous wars with Persia and Macedon, the members never acted in concert, and were, more or fewer of them, eternally the dupes or the hirelings of the common enemy. The intervals of foreign war were filled up by domestic vicissitudes, convulsions, and carnage.
Had the Greeks, says the Abbe Milot, been as wise as they were courageous, they would have been admonished by experience of the necessity of a closer union, and would have availed themselves of the peace which followed their success against the Persian arms to establish such a reformation. Instead of this obvious policy, Athens and Sparta, inflated with the victories and the glory they had acquired, became first rivals and then enemies, and did each other infinitely more mischief than they had suffered from Xerxes. Their mutual jealousies, fears, hatreds, and injuries ended in the celebrated Peloponnesian war, which itself ended in the ruin and slavery of the Athenians who had begun it.
What key rhetorical contrast does the author use to structure his discussion of the Amphictyons?
Possible Answers:
A contrast between religious and secular law-making
A contrast between theory and practice
A contrast between the Amphictyons and the Persians as cultures
A contrast between the Amphictyons and Americans
Correct answer:
A contrast between theory and practice
This question is interrogating the reader's ability to recognize stylistic and rhetorical features within a passage. Now, the question asks you which rhetorical contrast is used to structure the analogical example of the Amphictyons, and here an understanding of the nature of rhetorical structures can help you. Two of the answer choices discuss contrasts between the Amphictyons and other cultures, Americans and Persians, which is inherently a weaker, less rhetorically effective structure. Since, the discussion of the Greek republics is being used as a "very instructive analogy," it makes sense to look past a literal (and almost certainly oversimplified) direct contrast between the whole of one culture and the whole of another. Analogies are metaphorical tools, and so it makes sense that the contrast structuring the example of the Amphictyons would not be so strictly literal, that it would relate to a larger thematic concept with a direct application to the contemporary climate of American political thinking to which the author is contributing.
So, we are left with two options: a contrast between theory and practice and a contrast between religious and secular law-making. The Amphictyons are said to have been "the guardians of religion," and a good deal of their political power is said to be dependent on and devoted to their ability to "inflict vengeance on the sacrilegious despoilers of the temple" they are charged with protecting. Now, if we were being extremely hasty, we might rush right into making a choice, but how wrong we would be. In order for a contrast to be in play we must also see evidence of the other end of this spectrum, secular law-making. The description of the Amphictyons makes no mention of any kind of secularity, so the contrast cannot exist, as we cannot find evidence to support one end of that contrast.
Also, there is ample evidence to support all elements of the correct answer. The author tells us that "In theory, and upon paper this apparatus seems amply sufficient," implying with the use of seems that it is not. The rest of the example then demonstrates how "very different [...] was the experiment from the theory." Here, "experiment" is being used to mean "practice." This answer is also the best as it presents the clearest allegorical lesson for the political thinkers of the United States, in setting down the laws of a nation they must be careful to attend to the practical realities of ruling and the cooperation of different regions and levels of government, not just the theoretical side of law-making.
All Common Core: 11th Grade English Language Arts Resources
Learning Tools by Varsity Tutors
|
<urn:uuid:1214b625-a05b-4261-8b28-9fb00fefd6e8>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.16275984048843384,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9629835486412048,
"url": "https://www.varsitytutors.com/common_core_11th_grade_english_language_arts-help/analyze-complex-sets-of-ideas-or-sequences-ccss-ela-literacy-ri-11-12-3"
}
|
Discover your family's story.
Enter a grandparent's name to get started.
Start Now
Tontos (Spanish: ‘fools,’ so called on account of their supposed imbecility; the designation, however, is a misnomer).
A name so indiscriminately applied as to be almost meaningless.
1. To a mixture of Yavapai, Yuma, and Mohave, with some Pifialeno Apache, placed on the Rio Verde Reservation, Arizona, in 1873, and transferred to San Carlos Reservation in 1875; best designated as the Tulkepaia.
2. To a tribe of the Athapascan family well known as Coyotero Apache.
3. To the Piftalenos of the same family.
4. According to Corbusier, to a body of Indians descended mostly from Yavapai men and Pinal Coyotero ( Pinaleño ) women who have intermarried.
The term Tontos was therefore applied by writers of the 19th century to practically all the Indians roaming between the White mountains of Arizona and the Rio Colorado, comprising parts of two linguistic families, but especially to the Yavapai, commonly known as Apache Mohave.
The Tonto Apache transferred to San Carlos in 1875 numbered 629, while the Yavapai sent to that reserve numbered 618 and the Tulkepaia 352. The Tontos officially designated as such numbered 772 in 1908, of whom 551 were under the San Carlos agency, 160 under the Camp Verde school superintendency, and 11 at Camp McDowell.
|
<urn:uuid:e74a4dfa-32ce-4ba3-872a-cdb52f37112a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.02436363697052002,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9469991326332092,
"url": "https://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tonto-apache-tribe.htm"
}
|
Study your flashcards anywhere!
Download the official Cram app for free >
• Shuffle
Toggle On
Toggle Off
• Alphabetize
Toggle On
Toggle Off
• Front First
Toggle On
Toggle Off
• Both Sides
Toggle On
Toggle Off
• Read
Toggle On
Toggle Off
How to study your flashcards.
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
A key: Read text to speech.a key
Play button
Play button
Click to flip
7 Cards in this Set
• Front
• Back
• 3rd side (hint)
Why did the homesteaders move west?
1) It was hard to get good farm land in the east.
2) Lots of homesteaders came from abroad to go to the plains.
3) After the civil war ended veterans wanted to make a fresh start in a new part of the country.
4) The settlers saw painted pictures showing nice houses on the land however the artists might of painted pictures because they wanted the west to looked kind so more people will move there to make a bigger community.
5) Because they wanted to seek a more prosperous life.
6) South Dekota became more popular when Gold was discovered in the black hills.
7) Wyoming is still today the most sparsely popular states in the USA.
There are seven main points.
Keywords to help are:
East, abroad, Civial war, artists, Seek, Gold and sparsely
How did people settle on the great plains?
They had to clear land, chop trees down and use hand tools to plant and harvest crops.
How successful were the homesteaders in adapting to live on the plains?
They found it pretty difficult living on the plains.
1) They had to produce their own food. T
2) They kept animals for food and transport and they hunted.
3) There was lots of work to do.
4) They had to make their own clothes from woolen and linen cloth and used flowers, nuts etc to dye them.
5) They also used animal skins for coats, shoes and working trousers.
6) If a child was sick they gave him/her warm urine because there wasn't a doctor around.
7) They lived in sod houses which get very cold if it rains.
8) Some of the womens jobs were picking up buffalo dung which can get very messy.
9) If they needed help their neighbours sometimes sent their childen to help the family and in return they'd do the same.
10) Everyone in the family had to work including women
11)It was very hot which made it hard for crops to grow.
12) They made their own candles from animal fat it was a messy job and took a long time.
There are 12 points to this answer.
Keywords to help are:
Food, animals, work, cloth, coats, Urine, cold, dung, help each other, women, crops and candles
What new inventions and techniques were there?
Turkey red meat was brought from russia this helped the plains.
john Deere invented the sod buster - it helped cut into the earth and turn it ready to cover the planted seed.
Joesph Glidden invented barbed wire - it helped stop stray animals coming into your property and it was cheap.
Turkey, Deere and Glidden
Why did some homesteaders find it so difficult to make a success of their homesteads?
1) The quality of their land was poor.
2) dry soil made it hard to grow crops so there was a lack of food.
3) There were no fences to protect their land so this made it hard because cattle often came on and destroyed any crops they hard.
4) Their land was in the path of the long drive.
5) The wives of the households would get very angry because they would be alone while their husbands and children would be working on the farm.
6) The land they had was very long so they couldn't see the next home.
7) There was a lack of community.
8) The Johnson county war had a lot to do with difficulty for the homesteaders as the barons wanted the homesteaders land, this was hard to sort out as there wasn't a real order of law.
9) The homesteaders wanted to keep their land however some homesteaders were successful with their land because they were put in places where communities were already set up and they weren't in the path of the long drive so no cattle came upon their land and in the war the barons didn't want their land.
Their are 9 main points to this answer.
Here are some keywords to help:
Quality, soil, fences and destroyed crops, long drive, angry wives, long land, community, war, barons and lack of law
Explain the homestead act.
The 1862 homestead act
1) politicians in Washington DC wanted to see US citisens in the new western teritories.
2) The homestead act stated all heads of households were men over 21.
3) These people received 160 acres of land in the western teritories.
1862, politicians, 21 and 160
Internet explaination of the homestead act
1) The Homestead Act of 1862 has been called one the most important pieces of Legislation in the history of the United States.
2) Signed into law in 1862 by Abraham Lincoln after the secession of southern states
3) this Act turned over vast amounts of the public domain to private citizens.
5) A homesteader had only to be the head of a household and at least 21 years of age to claim a 160 acre parcel of land.
8) A total filing fee of $18 was the only money required
9) but sacrifice and hard work exacted a different price from the hopeful settlers.
Read this will help with more information and more POINTS to earn in an exam!!
|
<urn:uuid:9a89b3cd-6226-4447-884f-043cf91bd065>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.835042417049408,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9738759994506836,
"url": "http://www.cram.com/flashcards/homesteaders-350947"
}
|
Plains South of Ius Chasma
2394 of 3937
Plains South of Ius Chasma
September 17, 2007
Light-toned layering can be seen throughout this image taken along the plains south of Ius Chasma in Valles Marineris.
A portion of one of the troughs of Ius Chasma is visible in the lower right of the image. The layering is exposed where a meters-thick darker unit has been eroded away, suggesting the light-toned layered deposit is more extensive in area than what is visible by exposures along the plains.
The layering could have formed by several processes, including aeolian (wind-blown), fluvial (water-lain), and volcanism. If aeolian, then the material must be located elsewhere on Mars where it was eroded and then subsequently deposited by the wind here along the plains. A fluvial origin implies there was water activity that deposited the light-toned material, although there is no evidence for fluvial activity at this location. Explosive volcanism is a likely process that would have occurred in association with the emplacement of the darker lava flows that make up the plains.
The morphology of the light-toned layering is unlike that seen within Valles Marineris and indicates different processes operated along the plains compared to those that emplaced the deposits within the troughs.
comments powered by Disqus
|
<urn:uuid:80d9b32b-2520-4995-b325-eab2370319ad>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.04557293653488159,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9602695107460022,
"url": "http://www.redorbit.com/images/pic/15871/plains-south-of-ius-chasma/"
}
|
November 13
This Day in History
Old West
Nov 13, 1909:
Ballinger-Pinchot scandal erupts
Ballinger was an appointee of President William Taft, the man who had succeeded the committed conservationist President Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt had developed most of his environmentally friendly policies with the assistance of his chief forester, Gifford Pinchot. By 1909, Roosevelt, Pinchot, and other conservationists feared that Taft, though a fellow Republican, and Ballinger were systematically undermining the accomplishments of the previous administration by reopening to exploitation public lands that had been closed.
The Colliers article charged that Ballinger improperly used his office to help the Guggenheims and other powerful interests illegally gain access to Alaskan coal fields, confirming the worst fears of Pinchot and Roosevelt. Despite the fact that he had stayed on as chief forester in the Taft administration, Pinchot began to criticize openly both Ballinger and Taft, claiming they were violating the fundamental principles of both conservation and democracy. Livid with anger, Taft immediately fired Pinchot, inspiring yet another round of scandalous headlines.
The controversy over the Ballinger-Pinchot affair soon became a major factor in splitting the Republican Party. After returning from an African safari, Roosevelt concluded that Taft had so badly betrayed the ethics of conservation that he had to be ousted. Roosevelt mounted an unsuccessful challenge to Taft on the independent Bull Moose ticket in 1912. In truth, subsequent scholarship has shown that Ballinger had not technically misused the power of his office and the charges of corruption were unjustified. However, the Ballinger-Pinchot scandal reflected the ongoing tension between those who emphasized the immediate use of natural resources and those who wanted them conserved for the future, a discussion that remains active today.
What Happened on Your Birthday?
Pick a Date
|
<urn:uuid:7bf84222-93d3-4395-8e4b-1ceee846fb39>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.08000165224075317,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9615219235420227,
"url": "http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ballinger-pinchot-scandal-erupts?catId=11"
}
|
Meaning of Decisions
English: Decisions
Bangla: বিচার, রায়, নির্ধারণ, মীমাংসা, নিষ্পত্তি, সঙ্কল্প, নির্ণয়, স্থিরবুদ্ধি, নিশ্চয়, উপপাদন, বিনিশ্চয়, গণনা, মন্ত্র
Hindi: निर्णय, फ़ैसला, परिणाम, विचार
Type: Noun / বিশেষ্য / संज्ञा
Previous: decision Next: decisive
Definition: 1
the act or process of deciding; determination, as of a question or doubt, by making a judgment: They must make a decision between these two contestants.
Definition: 2
the act of or need for making up one's mind: This is a difficult decision.
Definition: 3
something that is decided; resolution: He made a poor decision.
Definition: 4
a judgment, as one formally pronounced by a court.
Definition: 5
the quality of being decided; firmness: He spoke with decision.
|
<urn:uuid:00c0c978-3234-48b4-a896-c18b9427d2f8>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.07767528295516968,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.681266725063324,
"url": "http://onlinedictionary24.com/word/decisions"
}
|
Juan Ponce De Leon. SS4H2
Meet the explorer who accompanied Columbus on his second voyage to the New World and was the first European credited with discovering Florida. Was he searching for the Fountain of Youth? 1 hour.
Sequoyah. SS2H1, SS2H2
Learn about Cherokees during the early 19th century and the man who created their written language. Who was Sequoyah and why did he want to emulate the white man's "Talking Leaves"? How did the Cherokee syllabary change life for these Native Americans? This program is perfect for second-graders. 1 hour
Susan B. Anthony. SSUSH7
Learn about the life of America's most famous suffragette through this powerful first-person interpretation. . Who was Susan B. Anthony and what motivated her to fight for women's rights? Also learn about Anthony's friend Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her efforts to gain equal rights for women. 45 minutes
Cherokee Blacksmiths. SS2H2
Donnie and George Ross, direct descendants of Chief John Ross, dress in period clothing and demonstrate the art of blacksmithing while telling observers about Cherokee history, the Treaty of New Echota and the Trail of Tears. This fascinating demonstration and living history lesson captivates people of all ages. 1 hour
Pioneer Skills. SS2H1, SS4H3
Students witness skills used by pioneers and early settlers. Butter churning, open-fire cooking, spinning and weaving are among the demonstrations available for this program. Participation in skills can be arranged for groups of 25 or less. The length of this program varies according to the skills demonstrated and the level of involvement by participants. Workshop format available.
Archaeology Suitcase. "Georgia's Natives: How Do We Know About the Past?"
What do we know about the pre-history of Georgia and how do we know it? An archaeologist teaches students about artifacts while showing them many examples of items made and used by Georgia's Native Americans. This hands-on program engages students in an investigation of the past. 45 minutes. Grades 2-12
Appalachian Music. SS4H3
Children love to participate in the singing and dancing! Mark and Julee Glaub Weems include songs, tunes, ballads and stories, played on guitar, fiddle, banjo, flute, mountain dulcimer and bodhrán (Irish Drum). Also offered are various length cultural enrichment programs which focus on Appalachian instruments, the influence of Celtic culture, immigration, Jack Tales, dance, old-time mountain games and more! 1 hour and 2 hour programs available.
Paul Revere: Revolutionary Messenger
Join Michael Gaare in this new one-person show featuring the story of Paul Revere and his legendary midnight ride signalling the beginning of our Revolutionary War. Lots of audience participation as the story unfolds.. Lots of background information too on the lead up to the Battles of Lexington and Concord, with the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party re-enacted. Period songs included. 45 minutes with Q&A afterwards. Perfect compliment to the third grade social studies text.
Georgia Mill Workers During the Civil War: New Manchester Girl Scynthia Catherine Stewart of New Manchester, Georgia, as well as others in the mill town, was charged with treason against the United States government for making cloth for the Confederate cause. After the Yankee soldiers burned the textile mill, she was sent to Louisville, Kentucky, along with her mother and siblings, as prisoners of war. 1 hour
Highly Recommended! Eleanor Roosevelt, Godmother To The World
Wife, mother, newspaper columnist, speaker, UN Ambassador, human rights activist, and first lady, Eleanor Roosevelt emerged from her shell as a shy, ugly duckling to become one of our most popular and famous first ladies--a woman who made a difference. She was our first "working first lady" and a champion for those less fortunate. For third (emphasis on Eleanor, human rights activist) and fifth grades (emphasis on Eleanor and the Depression.) CCGPS: ELACC3RL3,5,6 GPS: SS3H2a,b: SS32G2 a,b,c; SS5Ha&b; SS5H6F
Highly Recommended! Abe Lincoln SS5H1 This mesmerizing performance captures the key events of Lincoln’s life and the decisions he makes to preserve the Union. The causes of and events leading up to the Civil War are woven into the personal story of a great American president. This program is delivered in first person by a man who has been portraying ABE for 37 years in 46 states at 2,150 locations in front of two million people. Ask how you can have this program come to you for free. 1 hour
|
<urn:uuid:8d8de8d1-41b9-4b18-b4fc-2e2005c65567>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.609375,
"fasttext_score": 0.021091163158416748,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9324195384979248,
"url": "http://www.georgiaeducationalprograms.org/programs2.html"
}
|
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
The Five Themes of Geography within Albania
Similar presentations
Presentation on theme: "The Five Themes of Geography within Albania"— Presentation transcript:
1 The Five Themes of Geography within Albania
Sarah V., Evan, Brittany D., Suzie, Kelsi TE 401 Section 7 Social Studies Methods Michigan State University
2 Location
3 The absolute location of Albania
Latitude: 20 degrees east Longitude: 41 degrees north Insert a map of your country.
4 The relative location of Albania
Albania is in Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, and Ionian Sea, between Greece in the south and Montenegro and Kosovo to the north. Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.
5 Place
6 Physical/human characteristics of Albania
Physical characteristics include: Mostly mountains and hills with small plains along the coast. Human characteristics include: Population is 3,619,778 (July 2008), 70% of population is Muslim, primary language is Albanian, 98% of population is literate, life expectancy for men is 75 and female is 81. Insert a picture illustrating a season in your country.
7 Human-Environment Relationships
8 Environment of Albania
Describe the climate and landforms within your country: Mild temperature, cool, cloudy, and wet winters. Hot, clear, and dry summers. Mountains and hills, small plains. Highest point: Maja e Korabit 2,764 meters How do humans interact with this environment: 20% arable land, 4% permanent crops, 75% other. Agriculture: wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, sugar beets, grapes, meat, and dairy products. Insert a picture of an animal and or plant found in your country.
9 Movement
10 Political/cultural/religious ideas of Albania
Political ideas which spread: Emerging democracy Cultural ideas: Value Islamic religion, education, strong work ethic Religious ideas: Muslim 70%, Albanian Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10%. In 1967 religious observances were prohibited until Nov 1990 when Albania began allowing private religious practices Insert images which depict the movement of these ideas
11 Region
12 Albania region is called:
Other names for Albania region: Republic of Albania, Republika e Shqiperise, previously: Socialist Republic of Albania Insert an image or screen shot with the countries region depicted:
13 Albania “Sic kane thene njerezie e mencur: permasat nuk kane rendesi”
“As the wise have said, size doesn't matter”
Download ppt "The Five Themes of Geography within Albania"
Similar presentations
Ads by Google
|
<urn:uuid:8aaa2fbe-8574-48e9-ad33-037bcb752f46>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.734375,
"fasttext_score": 0.28551119565963745,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.88764488697052,
"url": "http://slideplayer.com/slide/4374477/"
}
|
Titus Andronicus Study Guide (Choose to Continue)
Titus Andronicus: Metaphors
Average Overall Rating: 5
Total Votes: 131
Imagery and Similes
Much of the imagery of the play is created through similes. A simile is a comparison between two unlike things that brings out a resemblance between them. Similes can often be recognized by the introductory words, “as” or “like.” In Shakespeare’s early plays, he makes much use of extended similes that often take precedence over the dramatic action. The action will stop while a character gives poetic expression to his or her thoughts in long drawn-out similes. This is noticeable in Titus Andronicus as well as plays such as the Henry VI trilogy.
Act 2, scene 1, for example, begins with an extended simile in which Aaron compare the rise of Tamora’s fortunes to the rise of the sun and its passage across the sky:
Now climbethTamora Olympus’ top,
Safe out of fortune’s shot; and sits aloft,
Secure of thunder's crack or lightning flash;
Advanced above pale envy's threat’ning reach.
As when the golden sun salutes the morn,
And, having gilt the ocean with his beams,
Gallops the zodiac in his glistering coach,
And overlooks the highest-peering hills.
As this example shows, much of the imagery is drawn from the natural world (although the above example also contains a classical allusion, to the gods that sit on Mount Olympus in Greek mythology).
Another example of a simile drawn from nature occurs when Marcus Andronicus discovers the mutilated Lavinia:
Alas, a crimson river of warm blood,
Like to a bubbling fountain stirr'd with wind,
Doth rise and fall between thy rosed lips,
Coming and going with thy honey breath.
Act 2, scene 4, lines 22-25
A little later, Marcus uses another simile drawn from nature to describe Lavinia’s tongue and her voice:
O, that delightful engine of her thoughts
Thatblabb'd them with such pleasing eloquence,
Is torn from forth that pretty hollow cage,
Where, like a sweet melodious bird, it sung
Sweet varied notes, enchanting every ear!
Act 3, scene 2, lines 82-86
Just a few lines later, Titus uses an extended simile to describe the precarious situation he is in as a man stricken with grief:
For now I stand as one upon a rock
Environed with a wilderness of sea,
Who marks the waxing tide grow wave by wave,
Expecting ever when some envious surge
Will in his brinish bowels swallow him.
Act 3, scene 2, lines 93-98
Sometimes these images drawn from nature are presented not as similes but as metaphors, in which something is directly identified (rather than compared) with something else that on the surface appears very dissimilar. Thus Titus expresses his grief through a metaphoric identification between himself and the sea that includes also a similar identification between Lavinia and the welkin (sky):
She is the weeping welkin, I the earth:
Then must my sea be moved with her sighs;
Then must my earth with her continual tears
Become a deluge, overflow'd and drown'd;
For why my bowels cannot hide her woes,
But like a drunkard must I vomit them.
Act 3, scene 1, lines 225-31.
The similes in the play are not limited to examples drawn from the natural world. In the following simile, Martius speaks from the pit that contains the corpse of Bassianus, and uses a simile to compare the light that emanates from Bassianus’s ring to a taper lit at a tomb:
Upon his bloody finger he doth wear
A precious ring, that lightens all the hole,
Which, like a taper in some monument,
Doth shine upon the dead man's earthy cheeks,
And shows the ragged entrails of the pit.
Act 2, scene 3, lines 226-30
Quotes: Search by Author
|
<urn:uuid:5dbc5d51-3e71-4376-b8e5-6805134b87ba>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.2969118356704712,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9128228425979614,
"url": "http://www.novelguide.com/titus-andronicus/metaphor-analysis"
}
|
Month: January 2016
Historicity of Jesus: Pliny the Younger
by Kyle Larson
Pliny the YoungerPliny the Younger was a well educated Roman lawyer who prosecuted and defended Provincial governors throughout the late first century and early second century Roman Empire. In a series of letters written to Emperor Trajan in the early second century, Pliny the Younger described how he would identify and punish those who refused to offer sacrifices to Emperor Trajan. In particular, these letters included his dealings with Christians.
Pliny the Younger born in Italy around 61 AD. To put that in perspective, Paul and Peter were executed by Nero in 64 AD. Pliny’s father died when he was young, and he was raised by his step-father. His step-father was an imperial official well known for putting down a revolt against the Emperor Nero in 68 AD. Pliny the Younger was also very close to his uncle, Pliny the Elder, who was a close friend to Emperor Vespasian and notable scholar of the first century.
While still young, both Plinys were witness to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Both lived opposite the town of Pompeii when it erupted. Pliny the Younger vividly describes the horror that the people of Pompeii felt as a result. His uncle, Pliny the elder, died trying to rescue people caught in the volcanic eruption. As you can imagine, this was very difficult for Pliny the Younger to deal with.
Despite this, Pliny the Younger received an excellent Roman education which included studying rhetoric under Quintilian, the most famous Roman rhetorician of his day and a friend of the Emperor. After completing his education, Pliny entered the imperial service of the Roman Empire. In 110 AD, he became the Roman Governor of Bithynia, the area that covers modern day Turkey. As Governor, he had to deal with a small religious group known as Christians. There was no empire wide persecution, so Pliny was not sure how to deal with the Christians. He decided to write to the Emperor Trajan and share with him what his current policy was in dealing with the Christians.
Emperor TrajanEmperor Trajan stated that merely being a Christian was crime enough for judicial action. In response, Pliny explained his method of interrogation and the punishments awarded. First, he would give the accused three attempts to either confirm or deny the charge that they were Christians. If it was made clear to him that the accused were Christians, Pliny would then give them the opportunity to deny Jesus and offer burnt sacrifices to the Roman Emperor. If the Christians persistently and stubbornly refused to sacrifice to the Emperor, Pliny would pass judgement. Roman citizens would be sent to Rome for trial. Those not fortunate enough to be citizens were executed.
The Emperor Trajan responded to Pliny and said he had no problem with this procedure. Because the Christians were still a small group, the Emperor wrote that no special effort should be made to actively hunt down the Christians. No anonymous accusations should be accepted. Only accusations by officials and interrogations were sufficient. However, once a person was identified as a Christian, Pliny should then follow the procedure that he outlined in his original letter to the Emperor Trajan.
Pliny, in another place, talks about the high ethical and moral standards that the early Christians received from their teacher Jesus and which they sought to put into practice. He also mentions that Christians sang worship songs to Jesus as “a god”. Both of these confirm the traditional view of what early Christians believed.
Because of his position and connections, we can confidently say that Pliny the Younger was in a good place to give accurate information on the early Christians he encountered. We can believe his descriptions of their moral behavior and how it had been shaped by the ethical teachings of the Jewish teacher named Jesus. So Pliny the Younger offers testimony that a Jewish teacher named Jesus existed, was a great moral teacher, and was worshiped as God at the end of the first century by a group called Christians.
Historicity of Jesus: Suetonius
by Kyle Larson
Jesus was real. He existed in a time and lived in a place. History has provided for us numerous sources for his life, his death, and the effect he had on the ancient world. This week, we are going to take a brief look at the Roman scholar and historian Suetonius. He left a short, but telling, account of a strange people causing an uproar in Rome.
SuetoniusSuetonius was a Roman scholar who wrote a notable history of the Roman emperors around the end of the first century AD. He was born in north Africa (modern Algeria) sometime between 67-72 AD. Raised in an upper class family, Suetonius received an excellent classical education by Roman standards, including time spent studying Greek literature and art. He also learned the political and economic aspects of the first century Roman Empire.
Like Tacitus, Suetonius studied Roman Law. He was a close friend of Pliny the Younger, the Roman Governor of what is modern day Turkey. He also had access to vast amounts of Roman historical and archival records once he was appointed to serve as the Director of the Imperial Library as well as other related posts.
His historical writings are many. He wrote on many aspects of Greco-Roman culture. This included such topics as the Greek games, physical disabilities, clothing, Roman festivals and customs. With all these credentials behind him, as we did with Tacitus, we can confidently assert that he was well connected, had access to Roman records, and thus could speak confidently on Jesus and the early Christians.
Lives of the Twelve CaesarsHis major historical work was entitled Lives of the Twelve Caesars. In it, Suetonius chronicles the major Roman Emperors from Julius Caesar to Domitian. When he gets to the reign of the Emperor Claudius, he makes a brief mention of Jesus and the early Christians:
Bart Ehrman is uncertain if “Chrestus” refers to Jesus or not. Other historians point out that the name “Chrestus” is the same Latin Spelling that Tacitus uses when referring to Jesus.
And we know, Tacitus was an accurate Roman historian. This passage explains that the Jewish population in Rome caused problems for Roman officials because of the growing number of Christians in Rome. As a result, the Emperor Claudius expelled the Jews from Rome. Even Bart Ehrman admits that this historical incident in Suetonius is confirmed by Luke in Acts 18:2.
Both Tacitus and Suetonius confirm that the Christians in Rome followed a Jewish teacher named Jesus who lived in Judea, taught the people, and was ultimately killed under Governor Pontius Pilate of Judea while Tiberius was the Roman Emperor. It is possible that Pilate filed a formal report in Rome that both Tacitus and Suetonius may have had access to.
Now that we have looked at two of the top Gentile writers who mention Jesus, next week, we will look at what the first century Jewish historian Josephus had to say about Jesus.
Historicity of Jesus: Tacitus
by Kyle Larson
Tacitus: The Man
TacitusTacitus was born in Gaul, modern day France, and lived between 56 and 120 AD. At the time, Gaul was a Roman Province, having been conquered by Julius Caesar in the middle of the first century BC. Tacitus grew up in an upper class family. This afforded him an excellent education by Roman standards and enabled him to study Roman law. This, in turn, opened the doors for public administrative office. He married the daughter of Agricola, a Roman consul who later was appointed the governor of Britain. By the time he was an adult, Tacitus was well connected to the upper circles of Roman Imperial Administration
The Early Works
1. Agrcola
As stated above, Tacitus married the daughter of Agricola, who was a high ranking Roman official. Tacitus wanted to honor his father-in-Law Agricola by giving an account of his service to the Roman Empire, so he chose to chronicle Agricola’s reign as the Governor of Britain. In this work, we get a quick glimpse of what life in Britain was like under early Roman rule through the Governorship of Agricola; Britain became a Roman Province late in the first Century.
2. Germania
Tacitus’ second early historical work had to do with life among the Germanic tribes. Tacitus wanted to chronicle how Greco-Roman Culture was superior to Germanic culture. This book gives us a personal, if biased, glimpse into late first century life in the far north of the Roman empire.
The Histories and The Annals
This two most important substantial works of Tacitus are the Histories and the Annals.
1. The Histories (69 AD – 96 AD)
This book covers a period ranging from the time of Emperor Galba to the Emperor Domitian. This historical work takes up 5 books. The first four books as well as part of the fifth book still exists.
2. The Annals (14 AD – 68 AD)
Tacitus, after finishing The Histories, decided to take a further step backwards and wrote on the Imperial reigns from Augustus Caesar to Nero. One thing that seems obvious as one reads Tacitus is that because of his position in the Roman Imperial administration, he had access to earlier sources. He made good use of them.
Tacitus on Christians and Jesus
From his writings, we can gain insight into what Tacitus wrote concerning Jesus and his earliest followers in Rome.
Tacitus wrote in The Annals:
Tacitus, based on earlier Roman governmental documentation, gives us specific glimpses into the early church. He confirms that Jesus was crucified while Tiberius was Emperor of Rome and Pontius Pilate was the Roman Governor of Judea. This places the crucifixion between 26 and 36 AD. Tacitus also writes that at some point after the death of Jesus, something happened that caused the Christians to re-surface in Judea, and later, into Rome itself.
At one point, Nero had it in mind to remake Rome into a beautiful, art filled Roman utopia. Soon after, old Rome went up in flames. Many to this day suspect Nero was behind it. To quell such rumors at the time, Nero decided to blame the early Christians for the fire. Thus began the first major persecution of the church. Tacitus records this in his Annals. Fortunately, this was not an empire wide persecution, but mainly localized in Rome.
So here we have genuine historical testimony from a Roman historian. According to Roman records of the day as accessed by Tacitus, Jesus was a real person. He actually lived and died a horrible death. He had numerous followers, even in Rome, and they continued to spread his message.
Next week, we will look into the background on Suetonius and on what he wrote on Jesus and the early Christians.
|
<urn:uuid:26fe153f-4f50-4c7f-ac94-32acbb477fb7>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.282829225063324,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9773209095001221,
"url": "http://blog.instituteofbiblicaldefense.com/2016/01/"
}
|
Wednesday, April 29, 2015
Jacob Lawrence: The Promised Land
The Cantor Arts Center currently has a fabulous exhibit of works by Jacob Lawrence, one of the most important artists of the 20th century, called "Promised Land." Art collectors who were friends of the artist's have recently donated these works to the museum.
Lawrence used a style he called "dynamic cubism" featuring figures that have been flattened and stylized. Construction was one of his favorite themes.
Construction, 1952
Here is a street scene with embedded interiors, a very unique perspective. Lawrence's style seems simple, but he forces you to look deeply to get his meaning.
People in Other Rooms, 1975
For his design for a poster to advertise an exhibition of his work, Lawrence combined the theme of construction with a portrayal of ideal family life.
Poster Design…Whitney Exhibition, 1974
Lawrence was commissioned to illustrate the Book of Genesis in the King James Bible. The actual folio is in the show.
Lawrence's illustrated version of Genesis
In his illustrations, Lawrence used the perspective of a child hearing a sermon. The preacher tries to dramatize the actions God took during the creation. The events he describes are shown through the church windows.
3. And God said—Let the Earth bring forth the grass, trees, fruits, and herbs.
4. And God created the day and the night
and God created and put stars in the sky.
A child hears all these stories within a community that assumes they are all true.
6. And God created all the beasts of the earth.
The artist also illustrated the Legend of John Brown. John Brown was a white abolitionist who lived before the Civil War. Lawrence showed that he had tried to earn a living as a surveyor, but all his ventures failed. After he accepted poverty, he devoted himself to the cause of abolishing slavery. He organized the free black men of the Adirondack Mountains in New York to help protect any escaped slaves coming through there.
John Brown formed an organization among the colored people
of the Adirondack woods to resist the capture of any fugitive slaves.
Lawrence's illustrations are wonderfully abstract, using minimal means to maximum effect. In this illustration of escaping slaves, the color scheme suggests that many escapes were in winter, and blue expresses the freedom they sought. The escaped slaves crept by stealthily, leaving only foot prints and blood stains.
16. In spite of a price on his head, John Brown
liberated twelve negroes from a Missouri plantation in 1859.
John Brown's most infamous action was to lead an unsuccessful raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry in Kansas. The artist showed only the bayonets of the men's rifles rising over a hill. He used minimal means to evoke a charged atmosphere.
19. John Brown with a company of 21 men,
white and black, marched on Harpers Ferry.
In his depiction of the clash, you can't tell the combatants apart. All are wearing ammo belts, except the figure on the left, who may be John Brown, bearing a sword like a cross.
20. John Brown held Harpers Ferry for 12 hours.
His defeat was a few hours off.
John Brown was a martyr to his faith and his cause.
21. After John Brown's capture, he was put on trial
for his life in Charles Town Virginia (now West Virginia).
Nowadays, Brown and his followers would be called terrorists because they used violence to promote their cause. The last illustration in the series is a masterpiece of simplified but moving composition.
22. John Brown was found guilty of treason
and hanged in Charles Town in 1859
In the image below, Lawrence interpreted bull-fighting from a black perspective. If black men imagine themselves as toreadors, they see the beast as white and vicious. This may be Lawrence's most direct condemnation of racism.
Dreams No. 3: Toreador, 1966
Late in his career Lawrence painted a picture of a happy artist at work. His style still uses tenets of cubism, but has become even looser and more minimal. On the wall is a print of a painting of Venice, showing that he is inspired by the old masters. On the easel the artist is combining the images that he used for "People in Other Rooms," which is shown above, thus identifying the artist as himself.
Artist in Studio, 1994
This exhibit raised my estimate of Jacob Lawrence from minor artist to major genius. His ability to combine words and images to illustrate a long story seems unsurpassed to me, and his symbolic images also tell moving stories. What raises his work above the norm is the way he uses aesthetic values like cubism and unconventional coloration to add mystery to his compositions, so that his meaning is not obvious right away, forcing the viewer to think about the significance of each element. And he didn't waste any paint on mere prettiness; he always had something to say.
Sunday, April 5, 2015
Alcatraz: What has Art Got to Do with It?
Are you curious about prison life? Would it give you some dark pleasure to imagine yourself stuck behind bars with a bunch of crooks and gangsters? Do you want to feel the gut-wrenching despair of a prisoner tantalized by glimpses of the shining city across the bay, nearby but unreachable? And then to suddenly escape on a comfortable ferry? Then Alcatraz is your kind of place.
Alcatraz Prison from the ferry
I took this and all the other snaps in the post on my iPad.
Personally, I was never interested in the joint until a world-famous Chinese artist named Ai Weiwei placed examples of his art there. I'm glad I waited. His show, called "Ai Weiwei: @Large" expresses the experience of imprisonment more poignantly than the empty, crumbling prison on its own, and at the same time softens and brightens the setting with glimpses of color, joy, and freedom.
Internet grab
I had a lot of misconceptions about the exhibit at Alcatraz. I imagined a big, block-house sort of place, in which a few of the larger rooms, probably the cafeteria for one, had been devoted to an art show. I planned to spend an hour or two looking at the art and then take a walk along the shore while the others in my party were touring the dank cells and conjuring up the notorious gangsters who once occupied them.
It turned out that the art exhibit is not separate from the prison. In fact, Ai Weiwei has turned the whole prison complex into an artwork, by installing different kinds of artifacts throughout. Everyone who tours the prison sees the art, although they might not recognize it. In fact, the purpose of the show is to enrich the tour, and in a way, it substitutes for explanatory plaques or a live guide.
Ironically, Ai Weiwei has never been to Alcatraz: He is prohibited from leaving China because his art and his politically charged blog have caused constant aggravation to the government by calling attention to its corruption and disregard for human rights. For a few years he was even confined to his own home and studio because of some trumped up tax evasion charges. And the formative experience in his artistic development was being actually imprisoned for 81 days because of his protest activities. That experience is a regular theme of his art. As a former prisoner, he can imagine life at Alcatraz, and as a powerful artist he can project a message of hope across the vast ocean.
Ai Weiwei
Internet grab
Of course, he had lots of help. In the first place, the show was commissioned by a non-profit foundation called FOR-SITE, an organization whose purpose is to sponsor art shows tailored to a specific site. Of course, the National Park Service and the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy were involved in the effort as well. Moreover, Ai has a large studio in Beijing where he employs a sizable crew of assistants. And after the works arrived at the island, it took another large crew to re-assemble them according to detailed plans and frequent interaction with Ai Weiwei via computer. Ai's talent lies not in making things himself, but in being able to direct a team in the realization of his vision.
The basis for @Large is a shift in viewpoint from the punishment of gangsters who prey on society to the restrictions on freedom imposed on political activists like himself whose intent is to benefit society.
Ai makes the visitor trek all the way to the top of the 131-foot high island of rock for the first installation, no easy task as the road has quite an incline. That first building is called The New Industries Building; cooperative inmates were allowed to work here doing laundry for military bases around the Bay Area; they also made clothes, shoes, and furniture for government use.
The first thing you see as you enter is a traditional Chinese dragon kite. This is not a threatening dragon representing the ruler's power, but an energized, floating dragon that represents personal freedom. It creates feelings of joy and lightness, the perfect antidote for this horrid place. This installation is called "With Wind." The human spirit, meant to soar, is confined in a dingy laundry.
The dragon symbolizes power in Chinese myth.
Ai uses it to represent the power of personal freedom.
The dragon's body is made of individual kites.
Its winds around the ceiling of the dreary workroom.
Some of the individual kites that make up the dragon's body have colorful abstract designs; others have quotation from activists who have been imprisoned or exiled.
"…my words are well intended and innocent."
-Le Quoc Quan
Scattered around the room are other kites decorated with stylized renderings of birds and flowers. Ai's studio collaborated with Chinese artisans to produce these handmade kites.
Star-shaped kite with rising phoenixes.
After the up-lift of "With Wind," for the exhibit in the next room, entitled "Trace," the artist drops you to the floor, which is paved with LEGO bricks forming the images of about 175 people from around the world who have been imprisoned or exiled for their beliefs and their associations. Ai calls them "heroes of our time."
"Trace" commemorates political activists with LEGO portraits.
Why use LEGOs as an art medium? LEGOs are lowly, mere playthings, like political prisoners themselves. LEGOs convey the idea of digitization, a person reduced to an icon. LEGOs are popular, the way activists need to be. The images lie on the floor, representing how these people have been put down.
In "Trace," the artist wants us to work to understand his message. In the first place, the digitized images are hard to read; it's hard to tell who is who. And even after you get the image and figure out the name, you're still clueless because most of these figures are unfamiliar to Americans. After you have wandered around puzzled for awhile, finally you notice binders placed on lecterns along the edge of the display. The binders tell the background of each person represented. The images are grouped by region. All the Americans are grouped in the first panel. Once I knew who I was looking for, it was easier to pick out the images.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
I'm not so sure that Edward Snowden should be compared with Dr. King, much less referred to as a "hero."
Is Edward Snowden a hero? Or a traitor?
One image that often comes up in the news is that of Aung San Suu Kyi, a pretty woman with feminine attributes that make her photogenic. She is the chairperson of the leading opposition party in Burma (Myanmar). She was placed under house arrest shortly before the 1990 election, and therefore unable to take office when her party received over half the votes. She was confined to her own (quite comfortable home) for a total of 15 years. Hillary Clinton was among her famous visitors during that time.
Aung San Suu Kyi, leader of the opposition in Burma
The next installation, called "Refraction," both expresses and creates total frustration. In the first place, it is necessary to climb a couple flights of stairs and wander without guidance along narrow hallways lined with bars and dirty windows to find it. And then the only way you can see it is through broken panes of grimy glass in the gun gallery. On a sunny morning, this is further impeded by reflections of the rocky wall outside.
Refraction, seen through a broken pane of glass.
Native rock of Alcatraz reflected in the remaining panes.
The structure itself is fascinating, and I prowled back and forth trying to get a clear view. I longed to descend to the basement to examine it up close, but access was not allowed. So frustrating. The structure consists of a wing-form, but in place of feathers are reflective panels originally used on solar cookers in Tibet. It recalls the wings created for Icarus so that he could fly to the sun. But this wing is held to the ground by its great bulk and by being confined in a basement, alluring but unreachable.
After you find your way out of this place, it is necessary to hike half-way down the rock, and then back up it on a hairpin-curved path, to get to the the Cellhouse. There are two installations in the Hospital there.
The Hospital
The one called "Illumination" is a sound experience. The two psychiatric observation rooms resonate with the sound of chanting, of Tibetans in one room and Native Americans in the other, drawing parallels between two groups that have been subject to cultural and political repression.
Dan L. Smith listening to Tibetan chants.
In "Blossom," Ai fills the utilitarian fixtures in several Hospital wards with fragile porcelain bouquets.
Ceramic flowers
These flowers are not manufactured and uniform.
They are hand-formed and fantastical.
It is really delightful to see these lovely forms in such an ugly setting, but the message is mysterious. It can be seen as symbolically offering comfort to the imprisoned, as one would send a bouquet to a hospitalized patient. It may also refer to the famous Hundred Flowers Campaign of 1956, a brief period of tolerance for free expression. Perhaps it says that hope flowers in the most unlikely settings.
The Dining Hall of the Cellhouse has an installation called "Yours Truly." It is a follow-through on the LEGO piece depicting political activists. Its purpose is to allow visitors to send messages to the activists of their choice. But again, Ai doesn't make it easy. For each person, there is a postcard featuring some lovely graphic design. To figure out the correct postcard for the person you wish to address, you must go to a notebook that pairs the LEGO portrait with the appropriate postcard. I felt like sending a big FU to Snowden, but I let it pass.
On the other end of the Cellhouse, one block of cells features a sound installation called "Stay Tuned," consisting of music, poetry, and speeches by activists who have been detained for the expression of their beliefs. Selections vary from a 51-minute speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. to a 4 1/2-minute song by a Chilean singer named Victor Jara, to a 2-minute song called "Virgin Mary, Put Putin Away (Punk Prayer) by Pussy Riot from Russia.
Cells with stools for listening.
Internet grab
One of the poems seemed particularly moving and universal to me. It is by Iranian Ahmad Shamlu (1925-2000), a Persian poet and journalist and a member of the intellectual opposition under the Shah. Here's a sample:
In this dead-end street
they smell your breath
lest, God forbid,
you've said I love you.
They sniff at your heart—these are strange times, my dear
—and they flog love
by the side of the road at the barrier.
Love must be hidden at home in the closet.
Songbird kebab
roasts over flames of lily and jasmine.
These are strange times, my dear.
The devil, drunk on victory, feasts at our funeral.
God must be hidden at home in the closet.
By the time I got through these art installations, I was well and truly ready to escape from Alcatraz, and so thankful that I could.
At Alcatraz there are guard houses at every turn.
No one ever escaped and lived to tell of it.
Here comes the ferry! Yay!
Unlike the prisoners of yore, tourists have a built-in escape.
There are other ways to look at Alcatraz. The historical angle: First established as a Union fort during the Civil War, and subsequently employed as a military prison and then as a high-security federal prison; after it was decommissioned in the 1960s, some Native American tribes occupied the island to call attention to the abuse and neglect of their people. The prison structures are so old and deteriorated by now that they have lost their threatening aspect; Alcatraz is like a ghost town. If you're interested in historical criminals, you can use your tour to study those who ended up here.
The natural angle: the island is a nearly solid chunk of rock, quite handsome, fine-grained stone. Surprisingly quite a lot of vegetation grows there in gardens established by families of the staff and now maintained by a corps of dedicated volunteers. There is no shoreline to explore; the island is a solid hunk of rock. Usually access is allowed to more extensive gardens, but when we were there, nesting seagulls had caused the path to be closed.
It's clear why the prison was finally abandoned in 1963. Although the site's isolation give it security, it would be difficult to maintain. Because of the solid rock, there was no sewage system. Water must have been a problem, and all supplies had to be brought in.
The vegetation appears to grow right out of solid rock.
Cheerful sight in a grim place.
You could go for the natural setting or for the history, but Ai Weiwei's exhibit adds meaning and beauty to the prison tour.
There is no surcharge for the art exhibit. When you buy your ticket for the ferry it includes the usual prison tour with "@Large" thrown in. The optimal time to tour the prison would be during this exhibit, which is scheduled to close April 26, 2015.
To order tickets online (a good idea) go to this website: Alcatraz.
There is a parking lot on Bay Street near Pier 33, the one for the Alcatraz ferry, but parking costs $35 for the day, as much as the tour itself. You can pay with your charge card.
By the way I got this in-depth background from the website of the foundation which sponsored the exhibit: FOR-SITE. It includes photos of every installation, recordings of all the poetry, music, and speeches, and interpretive commentary. This exhibit is an example of conceptual art, which means that its meaning is more important that its appearance, so the more you learn, the more you appreciate it.
The exhibit enhances the prison tour so much that I propose it be kept in place indefinitely.
|
<urn:uuid:f97ca905-7e43-461b-9b07-8ba88a68c6a6>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.02309328317642212,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9706690311431885,
"url": "http://intheloop888.blogspot.com/2015/04/"
}
|
Find what you need fast! Type in your keyword and search.
The Periodic Table: States of Matter, Chemical & Physical Properties
Context for this Lesson
Teaching Strategies:
Topic: The Periodic Table: States of Matter, Chemical & Physical Properties
Purpose: To reinforce the characteristics of metals, metalloids, and non-metals, and to understand how they are related to the periodic table.
Prior Knowledge: A basic introduction to metals, metalloids, non-metals, as well as the periodic table.
• Large white paper
• Markers
• Campaign examples- posters, slogans
• Campaign planning worksheet
Players stand in a circle with the leader in the center. The leader points to a player and calls out a shape or a direction. The possible calls are:
· A shape: The leader points to a player and calls a shape. That player, plus the two players on either side of him or her, rushes to make the shape before the leader counts to three. For example, if the leader calls “Elephant,” the player pointed to makes a long trunk with one arm, while the peoples on either side each form an ear in a “C” shape. Possible shapes include: Toaster: The player pointed to jumps up and down in place (the bread), while other players hold hands across his/her front and back to make the toaster. Elephant: The player pointed to makes a long trunk with one arm, while other players form ears in a “C” shape on either side.
· “Donkey:” The leader can also point to a player and call “Donkey,“ which simply means to freeze in place.
· Bippity, bippity, bop: When the caller says “Bippity, bippity bop” the player pointed to must say “Bop” before the caller does. If caller just says “Bop” the player must say nothing.
Once students have learned the regular version of the game, tell them we are now going to create some new images. Ask what makes a good image in this game (two people on the outside doing similar thing, something three people can do that doesn’t hit neighbors, etc.). Our new images will be related to matter. Ask students what are the states of matter? Collectively create an image for gas. Then divide students into four groups and ask them to create images for liquid, solid, element, and compound. Come back as a group to share images and play again.
Say to students, who knows what’s happening in the US next week? (the election) Yes! In the election, voters get to choose between different people. How do those people try to win votes? What do they do before the election to convince people to vote for them? (campaigns- speeches, travel, ads, etc) Yes, they campaign. Show some examples of campaign signs and slogans. Ask students to share what makes it an interesting sign or a catchy slogan.
Today we’re going to do our own form of campaign. In a minute, we will divide you into small groups. As a group, you will receive a topic that you will create a campaign for. You will work with your group to create a campaign slogan and poster for your topic. We’ll share our slogans and signs at the end of class.
Invite students to get into their assigned groups. Give each group either metals, metalloids, or non-metals as the term to campaign for. Hand out the Campaign Worksheets to each group. For their given term, students should create a slogan that promotes and explains the topic. After the group has created a slogan, they may use a poster board to create a campaign sign that includes the slogan and the topic name. Everyone in the group should contribute at least one mark to the poster.
Once groups have finished their campaign slogan and posters, invite them to decide what they need to say to pitch their campaign to the class. Each group member should say one thing about their campaign (or in support of it) to the class. Have each group share for the class.
Reflection on group campaigns:
· What do you take away from the slogan? The poster?
· What’s important about this topic? Why should you know about it?
Describe: What did you do to create your campaign?
Analyze: What challenged you about campaigning for your topic? What was particularly convincing about other topic campaigns?
Relate: Beyond presidential elections, what else do people campaign for? Do you ever campaign for something?
|
<urn:uuid:2c402932-c4bb-46cb-9a56-3fe185637b27>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.375,
"fasttext_score": 0.11168396472930908,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9427012205123901,
"url": "http://dbp.theatredance.utexas.edu/content/periodic-table-states-matter-chemical-physical-properties"
}
|
brix measured by hydrometer
What is Brix?
Degrees Brix is the relative density scale used to denote the amount of sugar present in an aqueous solution at a known temperature. Adolf Brix, an Austrian scientist, invented a device to measure the sugar contained in a solution called the hydrometer. For example, 1˚Bx denotes that for 100 g of solution there is 1 g of sugar. In the food industry, ˚Bx is traditionally used in winemaking, sugar and honey processing, and fruit juice applications. Corresponding directly to the refractive index scale,˚Bx is the most common refractrometer scale used to show the amount of solids dissolved in an aqueous solution. 1˚Bx equals 1%. In winemaking, the alcohol concentration of the final wine is estimated to equal roughly 0.55 times the ˚Bx of the grape juice. In fruit processing, the higher the brix value the more sweet the fruit.
|
<urn:uuid:fe538487-fc25-4d4e-adfe-98fc5111c182>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.9580912590026855,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9186325669288635,
"url": "http://bakerpedia.com/processes/brix/"
}
|
The French Geodesic Mission was an 18th century scientific expedition carried out by French and Spanish scientists.
The goal of the expedition was to accurately determine the roundness and shape of the Earth for the purposes of improving the two countries' nautical knowledge, providing their navies an advantage over the numerically superior Royal Navy. Two expeditions were sent, one to the North Pole, led by Anders Celsius, the other to Peru.
The Peru expedition consisted of French astronomers Louis Godin, Charles Marie de La Condamine, Pierre Bouguer, and Spanish chaperones, Antonio de Ulloa and Jorge Juan y Santacilia. Secretly, Godin intended to use the expedition as a front for smuggling, and chafed at the concessions that the Spanish requested, such as only allowing a Spanish ship to access Quito. Conversely, La Condamine and Bouguer concluded that for all the Spanish military might, the French were stronger in the sciences, though they spoke highly of de Ulloa, considering him a talented prodigy.
In 1735, the scientists stayed in Saint-Domingue for six months to focus on preliminary observations. It was during this time that Adéwalé, an Assassin and supporter of the Maroon rebellion in Port-au-Prince, uncovered the existence and aims of the planned expedition. He arranged for a number of literate slaves of the rebellion's choosing to join the expedition, in the hope that any navigational secrets learned might be shared with the Assassin Brotherhood and the Maroons. The expedition was ambushed by pirates as it left Port-au-Prince, but Adéwalé's ship, the Experto Crede, repelled the attackers, enabling the voyage to continue without incident.
Though both expeditions were successful, results of the Polar Expedition ultimately overshadowed the mission to Peru.
|
<urn:uuid:be46833e-974e-4a93-9648-f5ca08e616aa>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.90625,
"fasttext_score": 0.14341872930526733,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9462258815765381,
"url": "http://assassinscreed.wikia.com/wiki/French_Geodesic_Mission"
}
|
Sunday, February 27, 2011
Melville's Inversion
Herman Melville’s Moby Dick has been subjected to a countless number of interpretations. However, according to Fred Bernard, “currently Melvillean studies are awash with racial and ethnic interpretations” (Bernard, 1). Thus, it shouldn’t come as a sock that I found that a racial interpretation was most fitting of Melville’s Moby Dick: it is a novel that attempts to cast light unto “the dark”. Melville, with his signature metaphorical language, highlights the beauty of that which was unknown, misunderstood, underestimated, and undesired in the nineteenth century. Specifically, he criticized the ignorance that underlies racism and sympathized with African Americans, as they were the unknown and undesired in the nineteenth century; in Moby Dick the conventional norm—the white race as superior and more desirable to the black race—is challenged as Melville portrays the victimization of African Americans by Caucasians. Melville fails to find beauty or superiority in such cruelties of racism and slavery, both of which were norms in the nineteenth century.
Perhaps Melville’s Moby Dick is regarded as complex because it provides readers with, what I believe to be, an unusual perspective relative to the nineteenth century; he inverted widely accepted norms in an attempt to allow readers to experience what life is like on “the other side”. Melville reveals his sympathy for African Americans as he provides an image of Ishmael—someone who has not experienced what it it like to be African American—as he stumbles into a black church, in which the preacher discusses the trials and tribulations of being black: “It seemed the great Black Parliament sitting in Tophet. A hundred black faces turned round in their rows to peer; and beyond, a black Angel of Doom was beating a book in a pulpit. It was a negro church; and the preacher’s text was about the blackness of darkness, and the weeping and wailing and teeth-gnashing there” (Melville, 11). Melville sympathizes with African Americans by showing his readers that being black is painful and is like being in hell on earth.
Melville uses land and sea as metaphors to challenge the conventional idea of black inferiority. He informs that the land, as it is greatly cherished, is overrated and should not be viewed as superior to the sea; the sea, which Melville frequently describes as dark or black, is too often underrated by landsmen due to their lack of understanding and exposure to its beauty. Melville writes: “But though, to landsmen in general, the native inhabitants of the seas have ever been regarded with emotions unspeakably unsocial and repelling” (Melville, 298). Thus landsmen’s distaste for the sea represents the white race’s distaste for blacks. However, Melville challenges this distaste by informing readers that although subtle and underestimated the sea is dominant; landsmen, however, are oblivious to the sea’s dominance: “For as this appalling ocean surrounds the verdant land, so in the soul of man there lies one insular Tahiti, full of peace and joy, but encompassed by all the horrors of the half known life” (Melville, 299). Fred Bernard provides another example of Melville’s challenge of the notion of black inferiority, “Ishmael…betrays his own color by references ‘to a story of a white man’, ‘white seaman’, and ‘the white sailor-savage’, which contrasts strongly, for example, with his neutral reference to an ‘oarsman’ whom he singles out in a painting by Ambrose Louis Garneray, an oarsman who is in fact a black” (Bernard, 386-387).
Melville places emphasis on colors, particularly black and white, throughout Moby Dick. There is an apparent inversion of each color’s associative meanings: white is described as evil and impure while black is described as mystical and admirable. This inversion can be seen as Ahab expresses great hatred towards the white whale: “That inscrutable thing is chiefly what I hate; and be the white whale agent, or be the white whale principal, I will wreak that hate upon him” (Melville, 178). Not surprisingly, Ahab, given his extreme hatred of the white whale, is frequently associated with positive descriptions of blackness, such as “the black terrific Ahab” (165). Moreover, Ahab is essentially the “rock” of the Pequod; he is respected, admired, and worshipped by all on board: “…Ahab stood before them with a crucifixion in his face; in all the nameless regal overbearing dignity of some mighty woe (Melville, 135). I believe that Melville uses Ahab to represent a force to end racism, as Ahab is adamant about hunting and killing the ferocious white whale. Stubbs, on the other hand, represents racism at its worst since he takes pleasure in belittling African Americans, specifically Fleece. However, I suppose Melville considered the force against racism to be superior to racism itself because Ahab is clearly superior to Stubbs. Although Stubbs was able to belittle Fleece, he stood no chance against Ahab; Ahab belittled Stubbs as he commanded, “Down, dog, and kennel” (Melville, 138).
Works Cited:
Bernard, Fred, “The Question of Race in Moby-Dick”. Massachusetts Review: A Quarterly of Literature, the Arts and Public Affairs. 2002. 384-404.
1. Your summary of Bernard's article was fluid and interesting throughout; you were able to make your argument both interesting and personal without sacrificing the quality of the summary itself. I love your mention of the black boatman whose color isn't brought up explicitly - I may have known that at some point, but I've long since forgotten.
Your argument that Ahab is a force for tolerance is interesting and worthwhile - you could easily write a much longer essay around that theme. Pay attention to his relationship with Pip, and where it leads! Also keep in mind, though, the tight equation between Ahab and Egypt (which might serve your argument) and between Ahab and power (which might, or might not). In any case, this is an argument well worth making.
2. I like your interpretation (and I guess Bernard's) of race throughout the novel. The first question that popped into my head was this: You say that landsmen (or racists) were ignorant to the ocean (other races). Does this mean that sailors weren't? We see when Queequeg first tries to join the Pequod, he is turned down for his race. I guess the owners of the boat (not necessarily sailors) could be symbolic of something else - perhaps the businessmen who, once seeing races could be used lucratively, were literally or practically slave drivers. Interesting.
I don't know how I feel about Ahab being a symbol of tolerance. I would be interested in seeing the argument play out, though. Here's a question - if Ahab is the force of tolerance, does his crazed search and cruel methods of such mean anything to your argument? Is this a symbol of something else, or is unrelated altogether?
|
<urn:uuid:63ccb707-44e6-4501-a958-c6644a756d28>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.06396734714508057,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9662091732025146,
"url": "http://pitt-crit-reading.blogspot.com/2011/02/melvilles-inversion.html"
}
|
The scarrow is a delicate creature that soars through the sky while resembling a scarecrow of a common farm field, hence, its name, scarrow. It first came to discovery as a new species in the 2000s, and since then, it had populated much of the quadrants of the earth. The creature was discovered by a farmer while working on his field in Egypt. According to the farmer himself, “They are the size of a sparrow bird. The creature looked like a miniature version of the scarecrow on my field as it stood atop of its head. It had two feet that looked like they were of one, a head that looks as if it’s got a straw hat on, and wings that looked like the two ‘arms’ on a scarecrow.”
There has been much research done on the scarrows ever since their first discovery: their body physique, population growth rate, surviving environment, diet, predator, and the danger they face. The scarrow’s skull expands horizontally, thus, making it seem like it’s wearing a straw hat on its head from afar. Their wings are almost parallel to their shoulder which makes them look like a scarecrow’s two arms. And while they do have two legs, they only stand on one leg when standing still. Since the population of around two thousand in the 2000s, researchers say that they had seen a growth rate ten times the population of scarrows from back then. Nowadays, it’s becoming less and less rare to see them at rural farms. The scarrow is a species with high environmental adaptability. Whether it’s extreme cold or extreme hot weather, they will be able to adapt to it, however, they tend to stay in warmer weather. Because of the scarrows’ amazing ability to adapt, some researchers even spectate that this specific type of bird evolved into the looks of a scarecrow because of its needs to mimic the scarecrows’ ability of scaring away other types of birds. Their diet consists of a wide variety of food sources. Their favorite food source seems to be corn, however, they will eat a whole variety of food sources like other vegetable, fruits, insects, and aquatic lifeforms. The scarrows does not have many predators. The most likely predator of scarrow is birds of much larger in size.
The research that scientists did on scarrows showed despite their size, not many breeds of larger bird prey on them. That is most likely due to the appearance of the scarrows. Their appearance scares away the birds that’s only somewhat bigger than them. They were born with a built-in defense mechanism, like many other animals. Because there aren’t that many predators to hunt the corn-loving birds, corn farmers are now coming together to figure out a way to deter the birds away from their corn field. If the farmer can not figure out a way to get the scarrows away from the corn field, then, there might need to be harsher action taken against them. Now is a crucial time for all the corn farmers in the world to band together to fight against the destructive corn-loving bird!
|
<urn:uuid:4a788945-b3c1-4079-be67-ae04f5a65726>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.5095359683036804,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9777187705039978,
"url": "https://fictspedia.fandom.com/wiki/Scarrows"
}
|
Artistic period 1401 to 1450
ca. 1400 (Vicchio nell Mugello)
1455 (Roma)
Fra Angelico (* between 1386 and 1400 in Vicchio near Florence; February 18, 1455 in Rome) - born Guido di Pietro - was a painter of the early Italian Renaissance. Vasari said in Le Vite de' più eccellenti pittori pittori scultori ed architettori that Fra Angelico was endowed with a "rare and excellent talent"; he is also known as il Beato Angelico (the blessed angelic likeness), his contemporaries knew him as Fra Giovanni da Fiesole (brother Johannes from Fiesole). In Vasari's biography (before 1555) he is already called Fra Giovanni Angelico.
Fiesole is sometimes misinterpreted as part of his real name. It is indeed the name of the city in which he made his profession. This addition was used to distinguish him from other monks who were called Giovanni.
Already during his lifetime or shortly afterwards he was also called Il Beato ("the Blessed"), which refers to his way of depicting Christian iconography. Pope John Paul II beatified Fra Angelico in 1982. He is the patron saint of Christian artists. In the Martyrologium Romanum he is called Beatus Ioannes Faesulanus, cognomento Angelicus ("Blessed Giovanni of Fiesole, called Angelico").
|
<urn:uuid:2cc85be4-4029-4f5f-b250-9bfeb50b14fe>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.14181393384933472,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9717237949371338,
"url": "http://art-db.org/artists/fra-angelico/"
}
|
Alphabet | Mituyo and their uses | How to write
Mwangwego script is a syllabic writing system which uses symbols for syllables. It was invented in Malawi and is aimed at replacing the Latin alphabet, in the 21st century, when writing indigenous Malawian languages and serves as one of the symbols of national unity and identity. It was invented by Nolence Mwangwego in 1979.
Mwangwego script is written from left to right in horizontal lines. It is composed of 32 symbols (misisi) and 11 diacritic marks (mituyo), each character stands for a syllable. For example, MALAWI is written with three characters. The name of each character is the syllable it stands for.
Diacritics are added to a character on the left, above or below to indicate tone or pronouciation.
Misisi: The 32 misisi stand for syllables pronounced with "a" sound like : aba, chada, makala, nyama, tadana, wafa, zafala e.t.c
Misiri: the 32 misisi when arranged on the 5 vowels of the Latin alphabet (a e i o u ), are called misiri and are used to write words like : chidani, chuma, litsiro, masewera, madzi e.t.c.
Mituyo: They are used to make "ka" be pronounced nka, kha, khwa, nkha, nkwa, kya, e.t.c, "ba" to be pronounced mba, bwa, mbwa, mbya, e.t.c. One is then able to write words like : chakudya, mankhwala, munthu, nsabwe, nsomba and so on.
NOTE: Mwangwego script cannot be used to write English. If you have to, you must pronounce the word in detached syllables in Chichewa e.g. spoon to be written supuni.
Chibemba, Chichewa, Chilambya, Chilomwe, Chimambwe, Chindali, Chingoni, Chinyiha, Chinyika, Chisena, Chisenga, Chisukwa, Chitonga, Chitumbuka, Chiyao, Kinyakyusa, Kyangonde.
All indigenous languages spoken in Malawi and some neighbouring countries of Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, D.R. Congo, Burundi, Rwanda, Kenya and Uganda.
At the meantime books are in the process of being written with Mwangwego script in Chichewa and Kyangonde. Already there are postcards and greeting cards.
Access Webmail
|
<urn:uuid:bcf9e77a-d10f-45ad-86da-101902dc66ff>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.78125,
"fasttext_score": 0.1306055188179016,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8558672070503235,
"url": "http://mwangwego.com/script.htm"
}
|
Comprehensive content in development
Cidade Velha
First colonized in the mid-1400s by the Portuguese, Cabo Verde would quickly become the center of the largest human diaspora in history.
Beginning relatively small scaled, the town, Ribeira Grande, received a Royal Charter in 1466 giving permission to own and trade enslaved captives from Africa. Over the next 100 years, Ribeira Grande would increase in importance through its dominant trade in gold and slaves to the extent of being subject to frequent raids by pirates and other nations, including Sir Francis Drake in 1585, making it necessary to build the strongest fort of its day, Forte de Sao Felipe, in 1590.
With the building of the fort, Ribeira Grande stood center stage in the industry of human trafficking, the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the majority of Cabo Verdians were involved in the slave trade in one way or another, from direct purchasing and selling to outfitting ships sailing east or north.
With an intense mixing of cultures, Cabo Verde became the first colony to establish a creole language and culture that still exists today.
Due to its strategic location between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, Cabo Verde was an essential stop for early explorers traveling West including Christopher Columbus on his third voyage to the Americas and James Cook. As an international port of call, Cabo Verde also became an experimental ground for new fruits and vegetables heading from and into Europe and the Americas.
Ribeira Grande began to decline beginning with an attack by the French in 1712. A new capital was founded to the west, Praia, and lured the elite class away from Ribeira Grande, now called Cidade Velha, or old town.
Cabo Verde
Historical Period
1466 CE - 1712 CE
14° 54' 54" N, 23° 36' 18" W
Open Heritage
Google Arts & Culture
00:30 / 01:00
|
<urn:uuid:59bbcecf-1c4b-4537-937f-05129cf355fd>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.734375,
"fasttext_score": 0.2700319290161133,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9418632984161377,
"url": "https://cyark.org/projects/cidade-velha"
}
|
"This is cold water."
Translation:He wai huʻihuʻi kēia.
January 25, 2019
1 Comment
• 25
• 17
• 15
• 12
• 1045
This is a typical "class inclusion sentence" which tells which class of things a subject belongs to. The main part of the sentence often starts out with "He" a/an, and the subject is often at the end of the main phrase. This pattern does not contain a verb. Source: "Ka Lei Kaʻaheo: Beginning Hawaiian" by Alberta Pualani Hopkins.
Edit: aside from that, can someone explain why "anuanu" doesnʻt work for "cold" here?
January 25, 2019
Learn Hawaiian in just 5 minutes a day. For free.
|
<urn:uuid:daca20be-108d-44c9-9ac7-368e833e38a1>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.25757598876953125,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9233895540237427,
"url": "https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/30538802/This-is-cold-water"
}
|
April 2016
Vol. 44, No. 2
Gleanings: Wood Thrushes Sleeping Around
David M. Larson
Wood Thrush. Photograph by Sandy Selesky.
Have you ever thought about what birds do at night? I’m not talking about nocturnal owls and nightjars, but your average diurnal songbird. Well, they sleep. In fact, they sleep soundly. In the tropics on a night prowl with a headlamp, it is possible to walk right up and pluck a sleeping bird off a branch. And what is possible for tourists is possible for nocturnal predators. So, it seems that understanding where birds decide to sleep (roost) is actually an important part of understanding bird ecology, management, and conservation. We do know something about this topic, but mostly from studies on cavity-nesting species like woodpeckers. Turns out that most ornithologists are diurnal, too.
Jirinec and colleagues (2016) recently reported on an extensive study on the day and night activities of Wood Thrushes on their breeding grounds in coastal Virginia. Since Wood Thrushes are declining, the more we know about this species, the better we can craft conservation policies. The authors sought to determine if birds roosted in their daytime breeding territories, if birds selected roost sites of higher vegetation density (more cover), and if roosting locations varied with nesting status.
Using song recordings and mist nets, the authors captured territorial males and fitted them with VHF transmitters. Female mates of some of the males were captured and radio-tagged on territory as well. These transmitters allowed the researchers to follow the movements of the birds during the day, outlining the birds’ diurnal home range (DHR). At night, the transmitters helped reveal the nocturnal roosts of the same birds. Habitat characteristics were determined by light detection and ranging (LiDAR) measurements on breeding territories and roost sites. In order to address the nesting status, nests were checked every three days for evidence of eggs, nestlings, feeding, and other breeding evidence.
Interestingly, although female Wood Thrushes were essentially always found within the DHR (females do all of the incubation and so were on the nests), males often (31%) roosted outside of the DHR (average of 116 meters from the center). Most male roost locations were not consistent from night to night. Males roosted an average 6.8 meters off the ground in holly, beech, maple, and pawpaw trees. Consistently, males selected roost sites with higher vegetation density than randomly selected points in the areas, suggesting that either microclimate characteristics or predator-avoidance helped inform roost selection. Roost characteristics differed with bird age. Younger males roosted twice as far from diurnal activity centers than did the older males, presumably because the older males had better quality DHRs, perhaps including higher quality roost sites. Males might have chosen distant roost sites to avoid attracting predators to the nesting area. However, it is also possible, and perhaps likely, that use of distant roost sites allowed more opportunity for males to engage in extra-pair copulations (EPC) with neighboring females in the early morning or late afternoon hours when females were more receptive (Birkhead et al.,1996).
Roost locations of paired birds varied with nest status. If a pair had an active nest, the females roosted on the nest and males nested at a distance within or outside of the DHR. Pairs without active nests—after the young were independent or if the nest was predated—slept side by side, presumably so that the males could protect against EPC by the females during the time that they were most fertile. Although it is possible that roosting outside of the DHR allows for males to obtain more EPC, this hypothesis is confounded by the fact that most EPC are accorded to older males, but the younger males stray farther from home at night. Perhaps the older males do not need to stray as far due to greater experience.
This comprehensive report clearly demonstrates that male Wood Thrushes do not necessarily roost within their diurnal home range and that nesting status and age of the males are both variable. But it does not settle the question of why the males sleep away from home. More research is needed to resolve this issue.
• Birkhead, T. R., E. J. A. Cunningham, and K. M. Cheng. 1996. The insemination window provides a distorted view of sperm competition in birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 263: 1187-92.
• Jirinec, V., C. P. Varian, C. J. Smith, and M. Leu. 2016. Mismatch between diurnal home ranges and roosting areas in the Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina): Possible role of habitat and breeding stage. The Auk 133 (1): 1-12.
David M. Larson, PhD, is the Science and Education Coordinator at Mass Audubon’s Joppa Flats Education Center in Newburyport, the Director of Mass Audubon’s Birder’s Certificate Program and the Certificate Program in Bird Ecology (a course for naturalist guides in Belize), a domestic and international tour leader, Vice President of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, and a member of the editorial staff of Bird Observer.
blog comments powered by Disqus
|
<urn:uuid:646d06d1-8e79-4a1a-a58c-507947b175e8>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.018835723400115967,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9437946081161499,
"url": "https://www.birdobserver.org/Issues/2016/April-2016/gleanings-wood-thrushes-sleeping-around"
}
|
Thomas Barnardo was a pioneer of social reform. He worked tirelessly to help destitute, or poor, children in London, England. He opened homes to help provide a better life for these children. The homes became known as “Dr. Barnardo’s Homes.”
Barnardo was born on July 4, 1845, in Dublin, Ireland. He did not enjoy school and was apprenticed to a wine merchant when he was 14 years old. In 1862 he became a devout Christian. This led Barnardo to travel to London in 1866. He planned to study to be a missionary to China. In 1867 he enrolled at the London Hospital to study medicine. (Even though he did not finish his studies, he became known as “Dr. Barnardo.”) That same year, Barnardo set up a school so that poor children could get a basic education.
Barnardo was inspired to help children after he met a homeless boy, Jim Jarvis. Jarvis showed Barnardo the large numbers of homeless children in London’s East End neighborhood. It then became Barnardo’s mission to rescue children from poverty.
Barnardo set up his first home for boys in 1870. This home provided shelter, food, and education. Boys were taught metalworking, carpentry, or other useful skills they could use to earn a living. A home for girls followed in 1873. Girls learned domestic skills such as sewing and cooking.
The motto of Dr. Barnardo’s Homes was “no destitute child ever refused admittance.” This policy led to great financial troubles and debt. Despite the financial problems, Barnardo was devoted to his cause and was a very successful social reformer. He helped poor children long before the government did.
Barnardo died on September 19, 1905, in Surbiton, Surrey, England. At the time of his death his charity had opened 96 homes and cared for thousands of children. Today, Barnardo’s is one of the United Kingdom’s leading children’s charities.
Translate this page
|
<urn:uuid:e3cf2fa1-9c90-443c-8fa6-7f27bb9337b0>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4,
"fasttext_score": 0.07807821035385132,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9767314791679382,
"url": "https://kids.britannica.com/kids/article/Thomas-Barnardo/623428"
}
|
Learn more about the history of port formation in Washington State, how ports are operated, along with where financing comes from.
Port Timeline.jpg
As settlers migrated across the country, they often chose locations near water. Washington State was no different – with many deep harbors and navigable rivers, towns sprung up throughout the state, dependent on access to water for movement of goods and people.
In 1889, the new state constitution declared that these beds of navigable waters belonged to the people, and gave the Legislature power to designate which of those beds would become harbors. In 1911, after citizens lobbied for the right to control access to the waterfront, the Legislature passed the Port District Act, allowing the people to form a port district and elect commissioners to govern it.
In September of 1911, the Port of Seattle was formed, becoming the first autonomous municipal corporation in the nation to engage in port terminal operation and commerce development. The Port of Grays Harbor was formed shortly thereafter. Since then, more than 80 port districts have formed in Washington, all contributing to the state’s healthy trade economy.
Currently, there are 75 public port districts in Washington. Large and small, east and west, Washington’s ports are active in many different areas of economic development, providing jobs and economic stimulation for their communities.
How Ports are Governed
Port commissions establish long-term strategies for a port district, and create policies to guide the development, growth, and operation of the port. They are also responsible for a port’s annual budgets, approving tax levy rates, and hiring the professional staff members responsible for a port’s daily functions.
Port Financing
Ports are a unique animal – a public entity with a profit motive, or public enterprises. A port district’s primary goal is economic development for its community, with the end result of job creation. And not just jobs, but jobs that pay a family wage and encourage growth throughout the port’s district. Port districts are able to finance the long-term investments needed for such growth with four different sources of revenue: taxes, service fees, bonds, and grants or gifts.
The Port District Act which authorized citizens to form a port district also authorized a tax levy to finance the district. Initially, ports were authorized to collect $2 for every $1,000 of assessed value on taxable property. The funds provided the initial capital needed to construct and operate facilities and to establish the necessary reserve of funds. Since that time, the Legislature has reduced the rate at which a port district may levy taxes (its millage rate) to 45 cents per $1,000 of assessed value. In addition, special property tax levies are authorized for dredging, canal construction, land leveling or filling; these levies cannot exceed the 45 cents per $1,000 millage rate.
Most ports use the funds generated through the tax levy to pay for capital development – marine terminals, industrial parks, development of needed infrastructure, updated airport facilities. Investment in these facilities is necessary to attract and retain businesses to a region.
Ports pay sales taxes on their purchases, and also pay a business and occupation (B&O) tax on services they provide to their customers. Businesses who lease port property pay a leasehold tax, approximately equal to a property tax. Ports collect these taxes on behalf of the state, and the funds are distributed back to state and local governments.
Service Fees
When a port district builds a facility, it typically leases it to a business and collects fees for the building and land. Examples of those fees include marine terminal leases, airport landing fees, and moorage fees at marinas.
Ports may issue a variety of municipal bonds – these bonds are used almost exclusively for capital construction projects. The bonds are repaid with revenue from property taxes. Ports may also issue revenue bonds, which are guaranteed by the revenues generated by a specific project. Bonds provide the funds for a port district to make a major, long-term investment in infrastructure – an investment which typically benefits a community for decades to come.
In very specific situations, ports may also establish a special assessment to issue industrial development revenue bonds. These bonds do not generate revenue for the port; rather, they provide a way to finance development or expansion of industry within a port district. The bonds are issued for a specific company, and that company is responsible for payment. No taxes or port funds are used to retire these bonds, which are subject to strict federal guidelines.
Grants and Gifts
Ports may use a variety of grants or gifts, such as property, to support infrastructure development. In addition, ports may receive federal funding for projects from agencies like the Army Corps of Engineers and the Department of Homeland Security. Washington ports also receive funds from the state, particularly from the Interagency Committee for Outdoor Recreation, the Community Economic Revitalization Board, and the Washington State Department of Transportation.
|
<urn:uuid:b64cfb0b-052a-4209-b0d8-b39cbf406414>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.859375,
"fasttext_score": 0.023790180683135986,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9478759765625,
"url": "https://www.washingtonports.org/about-our-ports"
}
|
Recently there have been a number of proposals centered around the Great Lakes. They tend to differ in specifics, but theorize in general that the Nephite lands were located in a limited area around the lakes and eastern New York. An example of these theories is one which suggests that the narrow neck of land is a strip of land between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and that the land northward would be northwest up into Canada, and the land southward would be southeast and eastward into New York.
The illustrations at the right show the great lakes region at the bottom, with the isthmus between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. The upper map shows a magnified view of this isthmus with the Niagara River bisecting it. The isthmus itself is about 30 miles wide.
These proposals have the advantage of having the "Hill Cumorah", where Moroni deposited the golden plates, located nearby. This would seem to strengthen their argument. However here again we have a number of major obstacles in trying justify this proposal
First, the land is too big and is not surrounded by water (although there are large bodies of water nearby).
Second, the narrow neck, in the example cited above, is not northerly but lies in an east west orientation. There is also a major river (the Niagara) which bisects it and which would make foot travel very difficult (it is approximately 1000 feet wide), and would not allow the events described in the text which took place on and around the narrow neck.
Third, it is located in a cold climate. Cold, snow or ice is never mentioned in the Book of Mormon. The narrow neck was blocked at one time by an infestation of poisonous snakes for eight generations. This would not have been possible in a cold climate where snakes would hibernate during the winter. Book of Mormon lands were characterized by fevers which one would associate with tropical climates (Alma 46:40).
Fourth, there is no evidence that this area experienced any of the major geologic changes which took place at the time of the crucifixion of Christ. These would include volcanic activity, mountain building, extensive faulting, etc.
Fifth, there is very little archeological evidence to justify the presence of the Jaredite and Nephite civilizations in the area.
Sixth, the New York Cumorah does not appear to be the same hill where Mormon hid all the Nephite records, and where the last battles of the Jaredites and Nephites took place. The hill is a small, unremarkable hill which would not serve as a major defensive position. There are not signs of major battles having taken place there (i.e. fortifications, artifacts, etc.). It is composed of glacial moraine and would not contain caves or natural openings. It is unlikely that Moroni would have wandered for 21 years only to return to the same place where he had started. To a place which was infested with his enemies who were actively trying to kill him.
Seventh, it goes against the opinion of Joseph Smith who felt that the land of Zarahemla was located in what was then Guatemala (i.e. Central America) (Refer to Times and Seasons Vol. 3, #22).
John Clark has written an excellent review of the Great Lakes theories and the books which support them which is found on the FARMS web site.
|
<urn:uuid:952d365b-e874-4b0b-bd10-d9d51dbb0db7>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.10413610935211182,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9810818433761597,
"url": "http://mormongeography.com/great-lake-theory.html"
}
|
In one of the episodes from Carl Sagan's show Cosmos he explains that Beta Andromedae is the second brightest star in the constellation Andromeda, and is 75 light years away. The link to the video is here.
I've looked up this star on Wikipedia and it says it's the brightest star in the constellation, not the second brightest, and instead of 75 light years away it says it's about 197 light years away.
I know that this show Cosmos is quite old. It aired in 1980. I understand our measurements are more accurate nowadays, but I was just wondering if anyone knew why the discrepancy with the brightest and second brightest star claims, and also that the Wikipedia article says it's 197 light years away, a difference of about 260% from the 75 light years mentioned by Sagan. That's quite a significant difference.
His information of the distance from us to the center of our galaxy is quite close: he says 30 thousand light years; Wikipedia says 27 thousand light years. As to our distance to Andromeda, he says: 2 million light years; Wikipedia says 2.5 million light years.
Have I completely got the wrong star that I'm looking up?
• $\begingroup$ FWIW, Wikipedia's Andromeda article states that Alpha Andromedae is the brightest star in the constellation. $\endgroup$ – PM 2Ring Feb 12 at 8:59
• 1
$\begingroup$ The bottom line is, yes, surprisingly inaccuracies that large were common then. Don't forget we didn't even have digital cameras then!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! $\endgroup$ – Fattie Feb 12 at 13:37
Looking at the SIMBAD data page for Beta Andromeda shows the source of both the parallax (distance) and the magnitudes. In this case, as it will be for many bright stars, the source of the parallax is the reprocessed data from the Hipparcos satellite, described in this paper. Prior to the launch of the Hipparcos satellite by ESA in 1989, parallaxes were very difficult to obtain and only low precision values were available for the closest stars.
The parallax given in SIMBAD for Beta Andromeda is $16.52\pm0.56$ milliarcseconds which translates to a distance of $\frac{1}{0.01652"} = 60.5\pm2.1$ parsecs or $60.5\times3.26=197$ light years. This small parallax would have been extremely challenging or impossible to measure accurately with the pre-CCD technology before 1980. Errors of several hundred percent were not uncommon. The prior parallax measurement which probably was an improvement on what was available in 1980 at the time of Cosmos is from van Altena et al. 1995. This lists a parallax of $47.7\pm7.9$ millarcsec, a nearly 5x larger error and which gives a distance of 68 light years.
Similarly we can see that the $V$-band magnitude comes from this collection and the difference between Beta Andromeda ($V=2.05$) and Alpha Andromeda ($V=2.06$), the in-theory brightest star in the constellation is only 0.01 magnitude. Measuring a star that bright to that precision was, and in fact still is, quite difficult as most detectors will saturate. So it's not particularly surprising given how close Alpha and Beta Andromeda are in brightness, that the early measurements got them reversed when Beta is in fact (very slightly) brighter.
This high brightness probably means that we will not see a more accurate from the Gaia satellite, the successor to Hipparcos. The Gaia DR2 data release lists a brightness limit of $G\sim3$ which may be improved slightly in later data releases with more sophisticated data processing and treatment of saturated stars.
• $\begingroup$ Thank you for your excellent answer. I'll be accepting this. $\endgroup$ – Zebrafish Feb 12 at 8:30
• $\begingroup$ Is GAIA a satellite, or just a "spaceship" ? $\endgroup$ – Fattie Feb 12 at 13:38
• $\begingroup$ Gaia is a European Space Agency (ESA) satellite that is measuring the positions, distances and motions of approx. 1 billion stars. I have added a link to the summary page at ESA which has more details. $\endgroup$ – astrosnapper Feb 12 at 14:57
Distances of stars measured by parallax in general (and red giants in particular) can be notoriously inexact, and the distance values can vary markedly between different measurements. For example, Betelgeuse has been measured as being 520±73 ly by the Hipparcos mission, and 643±146 ly by the Very Large Array.
I often find distances to stars listed on wikipedia are different from what I remember them to be a decade ago.
Mirach is a red giant star. It is entirely possible that the measurements may have changed considerably in that time.
• $\begingroup$ So you're saying the measurement of 75 light years was either an error or the best measurement we could get with the available tools at the time? $\endgroup$ – Zebrafish Feb 12 at 3:20
• 2
$\begingroup$ I wouldn't quite say error, as in "the measurement is wrong', because they did use the word 'about'. It would've been a best guess with the tools and techniques available at the time, yes. Parallax measurements are relative to the distances to other objects, and the quality of the measurement depends on how well you know the distances to these other stars that are nearby to the star in the sky. $\endgroup$ – Ingolifs Feb 12 at 3:32
I think I found the source of the 75 light year distance for Beta Andromeda as being from the 1978 edition of Burnham's Celestial Handbook
From this excerpt out of Google Books
Name - Mirach. Mag 2.03 ... The distance is about 75 light years according to parallaxes obtained at Mt. Wilson, Allegheny, and McCormick; the resulting luminosity is about 75 times that of the Sun, and the absolute magnitude about +0.2.
Just reading the excerpt alone, I'm unclear if this is a misinterpretation of the results from the observatories or that at the time the understanding the characteristics of star type would result in the discrepancy.
Your Answer
|
<urn:uuid:09c03668-2dfe-4fd3-99f8-5da52d8b89f3>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.10546046495437622,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9317392706871033,
"url": "https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/29555/beta-andromedae-mirach-and-distances-mentioned-in-original-cosmos-series-from/29558"
}
|
Explore BrainMass
Hypothesis testing
In Dallas, some fire trucks made 153,348 runs and had 20 accidents, while the fleet of yellow fire trucks made 135,035 runs and had 4 accidents. At a = .01, did the yellow fire trucks have a significantly lower accident rate? (a) State the hypotheses. (b) State the decision rule and sketch it. (c) Find the sample proportions and z test statistic. (d) Make a decision. (e) Find the p-value and interpret it. (f) If statistically significant, do you think the difference is large enough to be important? If so, to whom, and why? (g) Is the normality assumption fulfilled? Explain.
© BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com December 20, 2018, 3:41 am ad1c9bdddf
Solution Summary
Step by step solution to the problem is provided.
|
<urn:uuid:a000feb8-4c6c-4bf9-8f3d-92fc9783a604>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.2637336254119873,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9172928333282471,
"url": "https://brainmass.com/statistics/hypothesis-testing/hypothesis-testing-263454"
}
|
Why We Dance
By Elaine Keillor
The Algonquins’ basic economy combined hunting, gathering, and agricultural activities. Each activity has used songs and sometimes dances. The Elders who have passed along the culture of long ago would say that these songs and dances, if the people performed them properly, would assure success.
Crops, for example, might need more rainfall, so an esteemed medicine person would perform a special dance-song. One song, the Rain-man’s Dance, dates back more than a century to Beaver Woman of Oga. The dance took place around the fire (Gaultier de la Vérendrye, Juliette Coll. 1-A-160M; B325 F.4).
White Caribou Woman sang this song in 1948 to Gathering Flower Woman. She said it was very powerful: “When the summer was dry, [they] would take pieces of THUNDER-WOOD of a tree struck by lightning and build a fire. They would dance for half of the night, and sing around the fire, and then the rain would fall” (Gaultier de la Vérendrye, Juliette Coll. 1-A-160M; B325 F.4).
Hear Rain Man Song
Growing Corn
The southernmost Algonquin, on the northern fringe of where corn could grow, discovered a way to encourage the young plants. They would germinate the kernels first in a bag that contained clay; then they would plant the seedlings which would then take off on their own.
When harvest time came, the Algonquin would build a huge bonfire, then hold hands and dance around it. Periodically they would throw ears of corn into the fire as they sang “Put it there.” After the corn had cooked, everyone would take part in the feast (Gaultier de la Vérendrye, Juliette Coll. 1-A-160M; B325 F.5).
Hear Corn Dance Song
The Algonquins have always dried corn to use all year long. Sun-Woman, Gaultier said, sat by her pikogan grinding corn in a stone mortar made from hollowed stone. She pounded the kernels with a corn-stone to make flour. While she did this, Sun Woman would sing all the time (Gaultier de la Vérendrye, Juliette Coll. 1-A-160M; B325 F.1).
In the Algonquin area, the people have long hunted moose, rabbits, beaver and deer, among others. Algonquin stories have helped people to hunt wisely:
“Once there were two hunters who went to hunt for moose. On their way, they met with two moose, but the moose on hearing the tread of feet fled far into the bush, so each hunter went a different direction. They went too far from camp and were separated from each other. [Each] hunter, after having shot a moose and not having taken their flints along to light their way through the bush, chose a different place to spend the night.
“One of the hunters found a hollow log, so he crept inside the log and fell fast asleep. The other hunter, being none too wise, started to skin the moose he had shot. He rolled himself inside of the untanned green-hide and went to sleep. The hide froze tight to him and he could not get up anymore.
“Two days later, a hunter chanced to pass by. He found his friend frozen stiff inside of the hide. ‘One must never sleep inside of an untanned moose or deer-hide or any green-hide’ said Na-da-we-si, Iroquois-bird” (Gaultier de la Vérendrye, Juliette Coll. 1-A-160M; B326 F.4).
Sometimes, a Moose-Dance Song would accompany this story. Gaultier wrote the tune on a piece of birch-bark. She said the Algonquin would whistle or sing to syllables the tune accompanied by a drum. Each time the song repeated, the singers would raise the pitch a half-tone higher (Gaultier de la Vérendrye, Juliette Coll. 1-A-160M; B326 F.4).
Hear Moose Dance Song
Hunting for Deer
When the Algonquins had gone out to hunt deer, sometimes a loon or duck would cry plaintively to notify the hunter that the deer were close by. The Algonquins had a song for that. They would make the deer’s hooves into a rattle to accompany the song. One such rattle would consist of a cedar hoop made with twigs and cedar bark. Deer hooves would adorn it and make a soft jingling sound, particularly when the people would perform the Deer Dance-Song.
Hear Deer Dance Song
In late November, the deer would appear as ghosts to dance around the trees. The Algonquin children and their parents would go to the woods to dance. They played games to call the deer using the rattles. They would sing one octave above the normal voice. The song would use a trembling tone. The singer would hold a hand in front of the mouth and tap slightly on the lips to give a quivering sound (Gaultier de la Vérendrye, Juliette Coll. 1-A-160M; B326 F.5).
The performers would imitate the deer’s footsteps in this dance, using body movements to separate the brush and the trees’ lower limbs while entering the woods in a serpentine line (Personal communication, 2006: Jacob Wawatie).
Hunting for Rabbit
A rabbit hunter and his family would gain good fortune if they would sing the Rabbit Song and dance in a circle. Later, when they returned, they would sing and dance around the rabbits that had given themselves to feed the family.
Hear Rabbit Dance Song
The Algonquins have used this song for different purposes. Sometimes the song had a quick tempo and one or more personal hand-held drums would accompany it. But the same tune would be a lullaby when the tempo was slower and no drums were used.
This soft, slow song represented Sun Woman singing to her child and asking about the rabbit, Wabo: “Mother is going to hunt the rabbit; go to sleep my little one. The Rabbit sleeps all day and hunts at night. Sleep Maa- Ka- De- Mik- Ni- Ni (Black Beaver-Boy)” (Gaultier de la Vérendrye, Juliette Coll. 1-A-160M; B326 F.4).
Hear Rabbit Song Lullaby
Thus, the food and hunting dances have always played a central role in the lives of the Algonquin. Food, as the Creator’s gift, has provided the Algonquin people with reasons to dance.
Native Dance
|
<urn:uuid:2f485e16-a5aa-47e8-a5c7-b3e825346f75>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.9375,
"fasttext_score": 0.5823932886123657,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9581173658370972,
"url": "http://native-dance.ca/en/cultures/algonquin/why-we-dance/"
}
|
Final Prompt
1. Why does the author argue that Mendez v. Westminster is often depicted as a “story of progress”? Why is this important in the article?
2. The author says that “Mendez is important for its supposed contribution to the Black Civil Rights Movement instead of illustrating the unique experience of Mexican Americans”… Does this statement paint Mendez v. Westminster as more of a stepping stone for Brown v. Board?
3. How, as educators, can we learn to teach Mendez v. Westminster so that it is seen as a historical moment for Mexican Americans and not a stepping stone for Black Civil Rights?
4. How can educators teach the Mendez v. Westminster case more effectively?
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s
|
<urn:uuid:45adfeb5-894b-4334-ba4a-50044fe63a56>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.9983293414115906,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8925728797912598,
"url": "https://lindseygoode.wordpress.com/2017/04/30/final-prompt/"
}
|
worksheet printer friendly
Luke Learns To Waterski
On a hot summer day while boating on a lake, Luke's dad asks, "Luke, do you want to learn to waterski today?".
"Yes", says Luke. Luke's dad retrieves the waterskis, towing rope, and life jacket from the front of the boat. Luke puts on the life jacket and jumps into the lake water.
He slips on each ski and holds the rope handle while his dad provides instructions.
"When you're ready to ski, just say "Go!" And hold on tight!" says dad. Luke nervously hangs onto the rope, trying to keep his ski tips up. With mom watching from the boat, Luke yells "Go!".
Dad moves the boat slowly at first (to get the tow rope tight), then causes the boat to go faster. Luke holds on tight as he's lifted out of the water.
"I did it!" screams Luke as he glides across the top of the water. "I'm skiing!"
What is the temperature in this story?
|
<urn:uuid:b7e31aca-9a2e-4235-847e-c46f8488b0b8>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.875,
"fasttext_score": 0.036796391010284424,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9446880221366882,
"url": "http://www.super-reader.com/grade5_reading_comprehension_story4.asp"
}
|
Swing Riots
Swing Riots
Connexipedia Article
Resource Type: Article
Cx Number: CX10538
A widespread uprising by the rural workers of the arable south and east of England in 1830. The rioters, largely impoverished and landless agricultural labourers, sought to halt reductions in their wages and to put a stop to the introduction of the new threshing machines that threatened their livelihoods.
Subject Headings
Insert T_CxShareButtonsHorizontal.html here
|
<urn:uuid:777593a3-d6ba-4f5e-910b-909e32791d6a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.78125,
"fasttext_score": 0.029072701930999756,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7828614711761475,
"url": "http://www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/CX10538.htm"
}
|
The Zulu are a traditional hunter-gathering ethnic group in South Africa. Zulus are the largest black group inside South Africa. Cattle have always been the primary form of subsistence for this group. Though many Zulus live in urban areas, there is a steadfast movement to embrace traditional culture. A battle between the forces of change and conservatism has resulted in violence at times. Despite consisting of over 100 different tribes, Zulus have some common beliefs and traditions. The Zulu ritual of marriage, creation myth, ancestor worship and clothing style are all hallmarks of this group's identity.
Traditional Zulu marriages have expectations for both the groom and bride. The groom offers a gift, known as lobola, to the bride’s family. Most men give cattle. The wealthier the man, the more cattle he offers. Once the bride’s family accepts the lobola, the marriage is official under Zulu law. Women must then leave their homes to reside with the husband as his wife. Thus, in Zulu marriages, women become a member of the husband’s family, increasing that lineage. The lobola is a payment to the bride’s family for the rights to her reproductive capabilities.
Creation Myth
Zulus believe in a myth that explains the creation of the world. In Zulu mythology, Unkulunkulu created everything in our world. Originally, he was a reed, or plant, that took on a human form. From him, the Zulu believe they learned their survival skills. Unkulunkulu instructed the Zulu in the art of hunting and growing crops.
Ancestor Worship
Reverence for ancestors plays a central role in Zulu spiritual life. Ancestors can influence events on earth, according to Zulu tradition. People honor their ancestors to receive protection and ward off evil spirits. When asked, the ancestors serve as intermediaries between the living and the spirit world. Zulus speak to the ancestors rather than to God directly. The ancestors ask God to help the people during difficult times. As a social function, ancestor worship links family members spiritually, creating cultural continuity across generations.
Zulus wear distinctive traditional attire, representative of their hunter-gatherer culture. Men sport a loincloth produced from goatskin. Along with this cloth, men carry the regimental shield of their warrior clan. Women wear skirts and adorn their bodies with beads. The skirts, called isidwaba, are usually leather-based. Zulu women also wear head coverings. The inkehli is a flattop cap woven into the hair. Women don different inkehli to symbolize certain life stages.
|
<urn:uuid:3b403116-7c1c-4e11-9c29-b51835f21b36>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.05985969305038452,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9588468074798584,
"url": "https://classroom.synonym.com/beliefs-traditions-zulu-people-africa-8340.html"
}
|
Aphasia virus
The aphasia virus
The aphasia virus was invented in 2351 by Dekon Elig, a Bajoran scientist, who stored the virus aboard Deep Space 9 as a booby-trap intended for its Cardassian occupiers. The virus did not technically induce aphasia, usually caused by physical damage to an area of the brain, but only mimicked its effects in a similar manner. The virus resided in the temporal lobes of the infected, and had an adaptive synaptic inhibitor. Its symptoms included speaking in gibberish and the inability to understand language. The virus disrupted the brain's processing of aural and visual stimuli. It worked by imposing itself within the established synaptic pathways of the temporal lobes and then rerouting them. In the later stages the virus caused high fever and attacked the autonomic nervous system, which eventually led to death.
A result of the aphasia virus
|
<urn:uuid:f361c078-e9c7-4cde-bdd6-a53904f6ca0b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.8924394249916077,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9799208045005798,
"url": "https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Aphasia_virus"
}
|
1963 | This day in history
This Day In History
Tuesday, March 26, 2019
On This Day
March 17, 1963
Mount Agung
Mount Agung
Mount Agung erupted on Bali. Mount Agung or Gunung Agung is a mountain in Bali, Indonesia. This stratovolcano is the highest point on the island. It dominates the surrounding area influencing the climate. The clouds come from the west and Agung takes their water so that the west is lush and green and the east dry and barren. On March 17, the volcano erupted (VEI 5), sending debris 8–10 km into the air and generating massive pyroclastic flows. These flows devastated numerous villages, killing approximately 1500 people. Cold lahars caused by heavy rainfall after the eruption killed an additional 200. A second eruption on flows which killed another 200 inhabitants.
Mount Agung, Bali
March 21, 1963
Alcatraz, a federal penitentiary...
Alcatraz, prison, San Francisco
November 18, 1963
The first push-button telephone goes into service. The push-button telephone was first invented in 1941, and is a telephone with push-buttons or keys, and which eventually replaced rotary dial telephones that were first used in 1891. The first push-button telephone was invented in the labs of Bell Telephone; however, these models were only prototypes, and were not brought to the commercial market. The first publicly-available push-button telephone was released in 1963, by the Bell System. They were first made available in the towns of Carnegie and Greensburg, Pennsylvania.
November 22, 1963
Kennedy in the presidential limousine seconds before the assassination
Kennedy in the presidential limousine seconds before the assassination
In Dallas, Texas, US President John F. Kennedy is assassinated and Texas Governor John B. Connally is seriously wounded. Suspect Lee Harvey Oswald is later captured and charged with the murder of both the President and police officer J. D. Tippit. Oswald is shot two days later by Jack Ruby while in police custody.
Kennedy, assassinated
November 23, 1963
William Hartnell in a publicity still as the First Doctor
William Hartnell in a publicity still as the First Doctor
The BBC broadcasts the first ever episode of «Doctor Who» which is the world's longest running science fiction drama. «Doctor Who» is a British science fiction television programme produced by the BBC. The programme depicts the adventures of a time-travelling humanoid alien known as the Doctor who explores the universe in a sentient time machine called the TARDIS that flies through time and space, whose exterior appears as a blue police box. Along with a succession of companions, he faces a variety of foes while working to save civilisations, help people, and right wrongs.
Doctor Who, BBC
January 4, 1963
Till Lindemann
Till Lindemann is a German musician, actor and poet who is the frontman for the German Neue Deutsche Härte band Rammstein.
February 17, 1963
Michael Jordan
March 1, 1963
Thomas Anders
Thomas Anders is a German singer, composer and record producer. Anders was the lead singer of Germany's popular pop-duo Modern Talking in 1984–1987 and in 1998–2003.
December 18, 1963
Brad Pitt
January 29, 1963
Robert Frost
October 11, 1963
Edith Piaf
Édith Piaf, born Édith Giovanna Gassion, was a French singer and cultural icon who became widely regarded as France's greatest popular singer.[1] Her singing reflected her life, with her specialty being ballads. Among her songs are "La Vie en rose" (1946), "Non, je ne regrette rien" (1960), "Hymne à l'amour" (1949), "Milord" (1959), "La Foule" (1957), "l'Accordéoniste" (1955), and "Padam... Padam..." (1951).
November 22, 1963
John F Kennedy
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.
November 25, 1963
Alexander Marinesko
December 14, 1963
Dinah Washington
Dinah Washington, born Ruth Lee Jones, was an American blues, R&B and jazz singer. She has been cited as "the most popular black female recording artist of the '50s", and called "The Queen of the Blues". She is a 1986 inductee of the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame, and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993.
|
<urn:uuid:0cd1f04e-d275-49c0-97df-c5935259318c>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.14537888765335083,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9642987847328186,
"url": "https://this-day-in-history.net/year/1963"
}
|
Music from the Earliest Notations to the Sixteenth Century
CHAPTER 8 Business Math, Politics, and Paradise: The Ars Nova
Richard Taruskin
These terms should not be taken too literally. Indeed, Philippe de Vitry himself, as reported in Ars Nova, cautioned that “false music” is not false but real “and even necessary.” All that the name implied was that the notes involved were not part of the gamut as defined long ago by Guido d’Arezzo, and that they had no predefined “vox,” or position within a hexachord. So in order to solmize them—that is, find a place for them among the ut–re–mi’s of traditional sight-singing—one had to imagine a hexachord that contained them, one that may have been “fictitious” with respect to the official theory of music, but whose sounding contents were fully presentable to the senses and in that respect altogether real.
And necessary, as Philippe de Vitry allowed, when their purpose was to make perfect a diminished fifth or an augmented fourth. As we know, a certain provision of this kind was made by the earliest theorists of harmony, when they incorporated B-flat into the modal system alongside B for use in conjunction with F.
But when an E was written against the B-flat, one had to go outside the system to harmonize it. And that was musica ficta. The required E-flat was not conceptualized as we might conceptualize it, as an inflection of E. Instead, it was conceptualized as the upper member of a melodic semitone, D–E♭, for which a solmization—mi–fa—could be inferred. So the E♭ a semitone above D was a fa, which placed it in an imaginary or “feigned” (ficta) hexachord with ut on B♭. Since the flat sign was itself a variant of the letter “B” to denote a B that was sung fa (in the “soft hexachord” on F) instead of mi (in the “hard hexachord” on G), so the flat sign in and of itself denoted fa to a musician trained to sing in hexachords. Thus a flat placed next to an E did not mean “sing E a half step lower,” it meant “sing this note as fa.” The result may have been the same so far as the listener was concerned, but understanding the different mental process by which the E♭ was deduced by the singer will make clear the reason why in most cases musica ficta did not have to be expressly indicated by the composer with accidentals. In many contexts the chromatic alteration was mandated by rule, and the rule was fully implied in the solmization, and so any singer who thought in terms of solmization would make the chromatic adjustment without being specifically told to do so, and, it follows, without even being aware of the adjustment as “chromaticism.” It was not a deviation from a pure diatonic norm, it was a preservation of pure diatonic norms (in particular, perfect fourths and fifths) where they were compromised by a well-known kink in the diatonic system.
Musica ficta introduced to preserve perfect intervals was musica ficta by reason of (harmonic) necessity (in Latin, causa necessitatis), and was considered perfectly diatonic. Just as automatic, and diatonic, was musica ficta by long-established conventions—conventions that have left a trace on familiar harmonic practice in the form of the “harmonic minor.” They mainly affected the Dorian mode, the one closest to our minor mode. For example, there was a rule that a single B between two A’s had to be a B-flat (and, though it rarely required any adjustment, that an F between two E’s had to be F natural).
Singers learned this rule as a Latin jingle: una nota super la/semper est canendum fa (“One note above la is always sung fa”). This adjustment had the effect of lowering the sixth degree of the Dorian scale, turning it into a sort of appoggiatura or upper leading tone to fifth degree, A, the note that formed the boundary between the principal segments of the scale. (And it turned the Dorian scale, for all practical purposes, into the minor scale.) It was a grammatical rule, not an expressive device; it was called into play automatically, and so it did not need to be written down.
There was a similar rule affecting lower neighbors to the final in Dorian cadences. Such notes were common enough in Dorian melodies to have a name: subtonium modi, as we may recall from chapter 3. The rule about neighbors raised the subtonium, a whole step below the final, to the subsemitonium, a half step below. The effect was similar to that of borrowing a leading tone in the minor mode and served the same purpose, strengthening the grammatical function, so to speak, of the cadence. By signaling a more definite close it made the final more “final.” For this purpose the auxiliary pitch had to be raised, not lowered, thus forming the lower note in a mi–fa pair. To indicate it, a sign was needed that would instruct the singer to “sing mi.” That sign, é, which we call a “sharp,” was originally derived from the “square B” or b quadratum that functioned specifically as mi in the “hard hexachord.” In places like Dorian cadences, where the subsemitonium modi or leading tone was called for by the routine application of a rule, it again could “go without saying.” It did not need to be explicitly notated, though (like necessary flats) it could be notated and frequently, if haphazardly, was.
So often were musica ficta adjustments taken for granted—so often, in other words, were they left to oral tradition—that the term is often loosely (and, technically, wrongly) employed to refer only to “chromatics” that were unnotated. Scholars who transcribe early polyphony for nonspecialist singers cannot assume that the singers for whom they are preparing the edition will know the oral tradition governing these adjustments, and therefore indicate them in writing (usually with little accidentals placed above the staff). They often call this procedure “putting in the ficta,” thereby implying that the word “ficta” applies only to what has to be “put in” in this way. They know better, of course. A C♯ is musica ficta whether it is explicitly notated or not, because there is no such note as C♯ on the Guidonian “hand.” A B♭ is not musica ficta but musica recta (or vera), again whether explicitly notated or not, because there is such a note on the hand.
So the accidentals that are explicitly signed, often very abundant in fourteenth century music and particularly in Machaut’s music, are just as much to be considered musica ficta (unless they are B♭s) as those mentally supplied by unwritten rule. Their purpose, however, was different. Instead of being musica ficta causa necessitatis (harmonically necessary adjustments), or even musica ficta arising out of conventions that all competent singers knew, they represented musica ficta causa pulchritudinis—chromatic adjustments made “for the sake of their beauty,” that is, for the sensuous enhancement of the music.
Look now at the introitus to Machaut’s motet (Ex. 8-6). The triplum has a signed C♯ at the moment when the motetus enters. It follows D. If it returned to D, then strictly speaking it would not need to be expressly “signed.” But it does not return to D; instead, it skips to a wholly unexpected note, G♯. This note is not called for by any rule. Its only purpose is to create a “purple patch” in the harmony, especially in view of the weird interval it creates against the F-natural in the motetus.
An augmented second is, strictly speaking, a forbidden interval on the order of the tritone (and for the same reason: one of the voices sings mi while the other sings fa). It is clearly intentional, however, and cannot be removed by adjustment causa necessitatis. There can be no question of adjusting the expressly signed G-sharp, of course; why sign a note only to cancel it? The F cannot be adjusted to F-sharp for two reasons. First, it would only produce another dissonance (and a worse one)—a major second instead of an augmented second. And besides, the F can be construed as a fa between two la’s (since E is la in the hard hexachord on G) and therefore cannot be raised.
So the throb is there for its own sake. It is, literally, a heartthrob, expressing love for the Virgin the way so many similar harmonic throbs express love for the lady in Machaut’s French songs. But it is also there for “tonal” reasons. All of the signed accidentals in the introitus are C♯s or G♯s. These tones at once depart from and emphasize the basic Dorian pitch set because they are “tendency tones,” pitches altered chromatically in such a way as to imply—hence demand—cadential resolution to crucial scale tones. When the resolution is evaded or delayed—as it is in the case of the triplum’s first Cé (and even the Gé, whose resolution to A is interfered with by a rest where one is least expected)—a harmonic tension is engendered that will not be fully discharged until the introitus reaches its final cadence.
Citation (MLA):
Richard Taruskin. "Chapter 8 Business Math, Politics, and Paradise: The Ars Nova." The Oxford History of Western Music. Oxford University Press. New York, USA. n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2019. <http://www.oxfordwesternmusic.com/view/Volume1/actrade-9780195384819-div1-008012.xml>.
Citation (APA):
Taruskin, R. (n.d.). Chapter 8 Business Math, Politics, and Paradise: The Ars Nova. In Oxford University Press, Music from the Earliest Notations to the Sixteenth Century. New York, USA. Retrieved 26 Mar. 2019, from http://www.oxfordwesternmusic.com/view/Volume1/actrade-9780195384819-div1-008012.xml
Citation (Chicago):
|
<urn:uuid:9fdf1781-e511-480c-bdc6-ccdca0348a3f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.07926183938980103,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9609790444374084,
"url": "http://www.oxfordwesternmusic.com/view/Volume1/actrade-9780195384819-div1-008012.xml"
}
|
Boehm's Schema
From time to time, we hear of Boehm's Schema, a semi-mystical artefact in some way instrumental in the perfection of flutes. Let's see what we can find out about it.
So what's a Schema anyway?
One web resource tells us it's:
A diagrammatic representation of the structure or framework of something. It's the logical and physical definition of data elements, physical characteristics and interrelationships.
And what is Boehm's Schema?
Precisely that - a diagram, designed to help a flute maker set out the correct positions of flute holes. But not just at one pitch - a list of numbers or a the distances marked on a rule would do that. Boehm's Schema permits the user to determine the locations of the tone holes for any pitch. To use today's terms, it's "interactive".
Scale vs Schema
Confusion often sets in between the use of the terms scale and schema. The scale of a flute, or any other instrument, is the series of notes we get when we play it.
Because the notes have a physical relationship to the structure of the instrument, it's also valid to call the actual measurements of tone-hole spacing, or fret spacing on a guitar, or string lengths on a harpsichord, "the scale" of that instrument. So we might refer to a flute "scaled at English High Pitch", or "having Cooper's Scale". These are actual pitches, or the dimensions that will yield these pitches.
The Schema is not just a scale, although it includes Boehm's scale. It is a device for translating Boehm's scale into other useful pitches. So it is not accurate or helpful to refer to, say, Cooper's Schema (unless he happened to have designed a pitch translator too!) when we mean the scale he used for his flutes. That is Cooper's Scale.
Why was the Schema needed?
A fair question. Surely any flute maker simply took the measurements Boehm used on his own flutes? Aha, not so easy. In Boehm's time, pitch was not standardised around the world. While Germany and France had settled on A 435Hz, England was having a veritable civil war - the domestic piano was probably still tuned to A 430, the Philharmonic Orchestra played up around 452-455 Hz, and the church organ was probably where the last well-intentioned meddler had left it.
Now that diversity of pitch centre seems not to have bothered most English flutemakers, who seemed to take the attitude: give them a tuning slide long enough and a good player will make the best of it - but it clearly bothered Boehm. He had invested years of his life making the world's first properly tuned flute, he wasn't going to let any hick manufacturer tarnish his reputation by making the wrong flute for the region, or perhaps worse, by guessing what changes to the dimensions were needed to make it right.
And we can imagine what Boehm was up against. While the precision of figures in his treatise and essay suggests he was comfortable with the use of 7-figure logarithm tables, we can't safely accuse the average London flutemaker of being so. Count the holes in an 8-key flute, sure, but none of your "12th root of 2" mumbo-jumbo, thank you very much.
What did it look like?
Like a wide rule, essentially, about 700 long and 60 mm wide (28" x 2.5"). The line along the middle (at B) shows the position of the stopper, embouchure hole and the tone holes on Boehm's flute. The line above (at A) shows the same for a flute pitched 1 semitone higher, the lower line (at C) a flute pitched a semitone lower. Diagonal lines at each of the key holes permit locations of holes at intermediate pitches to be interpolated.
And how is it used?
The close-up below reveals how it is constructed and how it is used. You'll notice that the middle line assumes A = 435Hz, the pitch used on the Continent at the time. To demonstrate its use, Boehm has drawn lines for two additional pitches, A 445 and A430.
An aside on the illustrated pitches
This is an interesting choice of pitches - 430 Hz is what had generally prevailed in England up to about this time, while the Philharmonic movement were soaring up around 453 Hz, though this was not illustrated by Boehm. The other pitch he chooses to show is 445Hz - the proposed compromise pitch being promulgated by the Society of Arts in England. Was Boehm attempting to lend some support for this more moderate pitch, or were his two choices purely random? We certainly know he was aware of the Society - he mention in one of his letters something about "your friend at the Society of Arts". So his choice of pitches seems to indicate the Schema was developed with England in mind. Seems odd not then to have illustrated the pitch most likely to be demanded by English professional musicians.
Boehm gives two approaches for using the Schema - by tuning and by numbers. We'll look at them separately.
By Tuning
Supposing you need to devise a new scaling for domestic use in 19th century England - i.e. flatten Boehm's flute from A435 to A430. Pull out the tuning slide on the A435 flute until the A is in tune with the pitch in question, 430Hz. The notes above and below A won't be in tune, but that doesn't matter at this point. Measure the change in tuning slide position that has achieved this - it will be found to approximate 4.63mm (Boehm obviously calculated this, as you'll see below!). Mark a point 4.63mm further along the centre line and drop a vertical to intersect the diagonal line. Run a long horizontal line through this intersection. This line now intersects all of the diagonal lines at the spacing needed to make the flute play accurately at 430Hz on all the notes (and not just the A).
Now if you need to go sharper than the original 435, you'll run into a practical problem - you can't push the slide in far enough on Boehm's original flute to get more than a Hz or two higher. Confounded? No! Just tune the Bb to the A in question, eg A 445. You'll need to pull out about 13.4mm to do this, now measure back 13.4 from the Bb point (Boehm illustrates that at 8.96 to the left of A, surely an unnecessary calculation, but again see below), raise a vertical (because we're going sharper), and then run the horizontal through the intersection with the diagonal. A flute laid out using the lengths along that line will play accurately the Society of Arts scale, A445Hz.
By Numbers
Supposing though we don't have a note to tune to, or indeed, we don't have Boehm's A435 flute at hand to do it with. Easy, we can calculate our way out of trouble. The length of flute needed to give A430 for example, L430 is given by:
L430 = L435 x 435/430
= 398.38 x 435/430
= 403mm
Subtract L435, and you get the 4.63mm offset we pulled out in the Tuning example above. Proceed as before. The same will work for A445, except we don't need to do the Bb thing, as we don't run into the practical problem of pushing a tuning slide in too far.
The Secret of the Schema
So how does it work - how can this simple graphical approach correct the lengths above and below A in the right proportions? Look again at the full picture of the Schema above. Note how the diagonal lines look to be approximately parallel until you compare the right hand end ones with the ones in the middle of the image. The right hand end lines are tilted more and more, so a horizontal line below the centre line (eg our 430Hz line) will cut off increasingly longer spacings as it comes to the end of the flute. The slide isn't just being pulled out, making one note correct, the flute is being stretched, keeping them all in tune.
When did the Schema come about?
The earliest reference to it I'm aware of is an account given by William Pole, a reporter at the London Exhibition of 1862:
Boehm has "sent for exhibition a geometrical diagram, with explanations, by which makers of tubular instruments can, with the greatest readiness and accuracy, construct their instruments according to any of the recognised pitches. Having been applied to by many factors [manufacturers] for new models, M. Boehm desired to give his diagram and explanation the greatest publicity and usefulness by sending them to this exhibition."
One would imagine however that Boehm would have realised the need much earlier, as soon as he decided to license a manufacturer in England to make his instruments. We know he provided an "Essay on the Construction of Flutes" to Rudall & Rose in 1847 which they failed to publish until Broadwood dug it out from under them 35 years later. There does not appear to have been a Schema associated with that; indeed Broadwood seems unaware of the 1862 London version and cites the 1867 French version as the earliest. It is possible then that Boehm simply did all the work for Rudalls and provided them with an example of the flute they were to build, conveniently cut to the right lengths. A letter dated 2 Sept 1847 from Rudall to Boehm requesting such a model seems to confirm the fact.
The Schema then was perhaps intended for the next batch of manufacturers who came on line once the original patent period was up in 1861. That would be consistent with the 1862 timing, but raises the question, who were all these manufacturers clamouring for new models? We know Clinton made at least one Boehm flute and a number of flutes based on Boehm's bore, but who else? Pratten, maybe, over at Boosey & Co, getting more complicated with his Perfected flute? Doesn't seem to amount to "many".
Further, what pitches had the Boehm flute yet to be transposed to? Boehm worked at 435, so that would satisfy the needs of Germany and France. He provided a model to Rudall for England that was presumably high pitch. The same would presumably have satisfied the Americans. What was left?
Which came first, the flute or the Schema?
Definitely the flute - Boehm makes that very clear. Although he also uses maths to lay out the Schema, he went to a lot of trouble making special experimental flutes with moveable holes to get his basic scale to his satisfaction. Again, the Schema is a device to translate a known good design to other pitches, not as the starting point for his design.
How did he devise the Schema?
I don't want to go into mind-numbing detail here - more can be found by reading Boehm's own account (see Acknowledgements below). But here's the thumbnail picture.
Anyone attempting to scale flutes by simply applying a scaling factor (eg to convert a flute into a piccolo, simply divide everything by 2) will become quickly aware it doesn't work quite like that. Firstly, parts of the flute that are tapered react differently to cylindrical parts. And secondly, there are "end corrections", that are best treated like a constant, and not scaled at all. Boehm's Schema has to somehow deal with these.
Boehm's approach to all these pesky inconveniencies is breathtakingly simple - shove them all up to one end of the diagram to get them out of the way. He found by experiment that the distance from cork to hole is 618.5mm for low C (C4 in the modern system) and 335mm for middle C (C5 in the modern system) (this all of course being at his A=435Hz). Double 335mm gives you 670mm, and this should equal the first measurement, 618.5mm. Ooops, it doesn't? Oh well, there's all your end corrections in a bucket - slap the leftover 51.5mm up past the stopper and use that as the datum point for all other calculations.
Once the end correction problem is out of the way the rest falls into place. Each subsequent semitone is placed further along by the ratio of the 12th root of 2, which calculates as 1.0594631. Do that 12 times and you get a factor of 2 - the octave.
Limitations of the Schema
Now, if you're thinking, whoopee, I'll just rush off and design myself a flute using the Schema, you'll find it has a few quite significant limitations. Boehm's Schema doesn't attempt to:
• allow low C to be a cut-off, rather than a side hole in a longer tube.
• incorporate any allowance to tune sharper
• allow for holes of different sizes, either all over, in steps or graduated
• calculate those funny little holes, upper c# and the trill keys
• allow for the shading of F# by R2 or R3 being closed
• consider variations in hole depth
Fortunately Boehm deals with the first two of these elsewhere in his treatise:
• Cut the tube off 5mm below the calculated position of low C for a flute ending at C.
• Boehm claims to make his tuning slides 2mm shorter than the Schema suggests to permit the flute to play a tad sharper when needed. (DCM comments he has found some with 3mm shortening.)
Our kind translator, the scientist Dayton C Miller, took on the duty of answering more of them, largely by examining rather a lot of Boehm's flutes:
• the shading of F# by R2 or R3 is ameliorated by moving the F# hole 1.2mm above the theoretical,
• the D# trill is typically 7.6mm diameter at 216.3mm from the cork
• the D natural trill is also 7.6mm diameter at 233.4mm from the cork,
• the c# key cannot be determined by the Schema because it also forms the middle d vent. It's usually 6.6mm at 253.5mm from the cork.
(Keep in mind that all these figures relate to Boehm's flutes at 435Hz, and will need to be adjusted appropriately at other pitches.)
Holes of a different size?
The remaining fly in the ointment is how to deal with holes of a different size. Strangely, Boehm doesn't attempt to deal with the issue at all. He says earlier in the treatise that he found the holes should be at least 3/4 the diameter of the tube (14.25mm) to give the best results, but that 13.5mm was about the biggest easily practical in silver, and 13mm in wood.
Miller counters that most of the Boehm wooden flutes are closer to 12.8mm - we might conclude that the 1.5% difference could be combination of undersize drilling due to the elasticity of the wood and subsequent shrinkage in America's drier climate. Miller continues though that the largest hole found on the body of a Boehm silver flute are 13.4, while most are 13.2, on body and foot. He notes some exceptions - 14.5mm on the foot-joint of the "Macauley" flute, and the "Heindl" flute having holes graduated in 0.2mm steps all the way from the thumb-key hole at 11.4mm to the C# at 13.6mm.
So despite all these variations in hole diameters, no allowance is made in the Schema or its instructions for dealing with different sized holes. Miller makes the observation that the calculations hold good for holes of 13.2mm, with a rise of the pad of about 3mm. He doesn't make clear the basis of the observation.
Why publish it?
It does make you wonder why Boehm was so keen to have it published that he sent it to the London Exhibition in 1862, the Paris Exposition of 1867, and the journal of the Bavarian Polytechnic Society in 1868. By 1862, Boehm was 68 years of age, and of a mind to put all his matters in order, as we see by the writing and publication of his major work which he finished 6 years later. That work also included a less detailed account of the Schema.
It's hard to imagine that flute players at large were much motivated by it, especially as the explanation that accompanies it takes some working through. After 15 years, his flute was making steady gains in popularity - the diagram was not likely to alter this. And those who needed to calculate different lengths for different pitches had presumably already done it - the next major shift in pitch not until the high pitch fraternity capitulated in 1895.
A possible explanation?
We've seen that Boehm was keen to publish the Schema, but we cannot see much in the way of practical demand for it. Is there a sub-plot operating here?
Remember that Boehm had been accused of stealing his design for his original ring-key conical flute from Gordon. This accusation had a habit of re-appearing whenever it suited anybody to raise it again, and with the death of Gordon there seemed little hope of it being proved or disproved convincingly. Boehm mounted this elegant argument in his favour:
"But the surest proof of the authenticity of my invention may be a statement of my motives for constructing a new flute, and the explanation of the acoustical and mechanical principles I made use of; for he alone is capable of producing a rational work who is able to account for every detail, from its conception to its completion."
So perhaps the publication of the Schema is not so much to assist unspecified and unlicensed makers transpose his design to pitches we appear not to be aware of, but more to assist in clearing Boehm's name of the charge of plagiarism? That would be a worthy goal, even if it is sad to think the great man needed to continue that fight. And of course he did. Rockstro, probably Boehm's harshest critic ever, was yet to enter the fray.
So, what's this Schema good for?
Probably most useful for analysing flutes of the past, to see how they match or otherwise. Just as we can use the Schema to design a flute of a certain pitch, we can reverse it to ascertain what pitch the maker was attempting to design a flute for. Simple as marking out the scale of the flute in question on a strip of paper, and moving it up and down on the Schema to find the best match. Or perhaps there's an even easier way ....
(To be Continued ....)
I've taken the images of the Schema, both full and detail, from Dayton C Miller's 1922 translation of "The Flute and Flute Playing", by Theobald Boehm. This is an excellent place to read more on the Schema - it should be readily available in libraries, second-hand bookstores and in facsimile. A copy of the letter from Rudall to Boehm was kindly supplied by Ludwig Boehm.
First draft, Dec 2005.
Back to McGee-Flutes Home Page
|
<urn:uuid:23b6c857-70ac-486b-b180-023095f57dd4>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.05484682321548462,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9641290903091431,
"url": "http://mcgee-flutes.com/Boehm's%20Schema.htm"
}
|
How to Teach About Repentance Using Bleach, Food Coloring, and Water
Hands-on activities give your students a concrete visual of an abstract concept, such as repentance to clean away sins. The LDS church believes repentance is necessary for exaltation. This activity, taught by the LDS church in the Sunday School program, uses food coloring to represent sin and bleach to represent repentance. The experiment should be part of a larger lesson on repentance to give the students some background to better understand the demonstration.
Introduce Sin and Repentance
Before jumping right to the experiment, initiate a discussion on sin and repentance. Depending on the age of the participants, they likely have at least some background on the topic, but a discussion gets everyone thinking about the subject. Discuss how repentance can help cleanse sins and allow sinners to be forgiven. You might provide examples of sins or ask your students to think about their own sins. Then, have the students think about how repentance can help improve spiritual growth.
Present Experiment
Now that you have everyone thinking about sin and repentance, introduce the materials for the experiment. Set up the demonstration in a spot where everyone can see what is happening. If students are old enough to handle bleach -- middle school or above -- you can allow small groups of students to do the experiment with you. This gives the students a closer view of what happens. You need a clear container of water, a small container of food coloring and a small container of bleach.
Demonstrate Sin and Repentance
Let the students know that the experiment will demonstrate how sin affects a person and how repentance can cleanse the person. Explain that the container of water represents a person with no sin. Squeeze a few drops of food coloring into the water, explaining that the food coloring represents sin. Watch as the food coloring spreads through the water. You can add more coloring to see how the color darkens and the water gets overtaken by the color. Explain that the bleach represents repentance. Squeeze a few drops of bleach into the water. Stir the water gently to help the bleach clear the food coloring from the water.
Follow Up on Demonstration
Students will see that the bleach has cleared away the food coloring. Relate that back to the sin and repentance discussion. Ask the students how they think the experiment relates to them. Emphasize that repentance helps cleanse the sins, but that repentance involves more than just feeling bad about your sins. Students need to recognize the sin they want to change, confess the sin, give up or forsake the sin, and make restitution for the sin. Examples of restitution include repairing something that was damaged or apologizing if someone was hurt. Ask your students to reflect on their own sins as they work through the steps of repentance.
|
<urn:uuid:a37d2616-4997-4399-95a5-cb1aa10d7386>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.25663334131240845,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9307959079742432,
"url": "https://classroom.synonym.com/how-to-teach-about-repentance-using-bleach-food-coloring-and-water-13583866.html"
}
|
Construct a pentagon/more
From OpenTutorial
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Construction: Pentagram and Stars
It's not hard to construct a pentagram instead of a pentagon. Just stop short after Step 5; instead of drawing lines connecting A, B, C, D, E and back to A, draw lines AC, CE, EB, BD, and DA.
Fill the pentagram to make a star; this will look best if the pentagram is first drawn lightly with a hard pencil and then nearly erased.
The solid star is related to the decagon. Given a decagon, draw all the diagonals; these are all diameters of the circumscribing circle. Wise choices of what to erase and what to fill in make the solid star.
On the other hand, given an inscribed star or pentagram, the decagon can be constructed by extending lines through existing vertices and intersections until they meet the circumscribing circle.
Can you construct a stellated decagon? Is there more than one kind?
|
<urn:uuid:bb57e50e-7f24-4570-8b52-76e8fa18179c>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4,
"fasttext_score": 0.9715521931648254,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8402172923088074,
"url": "http://opentutorial.com/Construct_a_pentagon/more"
}
|
Black Drum (Lat. Pogonias Cromis)
Black DrumThe black drum is the largest member of the Sciaenidae family (drum and croaker). The common term “drum” refers to the loud and distinctive “drumming” noise that occurs when the fish raps a muscle against the swim bladder. This voluntary noise is assumed to be associated with locating and attracting mates, and it can sometimes be heard from a good distance, even by people above the water.
drum, sea drum, common drum, banded drum, butterfly drum, gray drum, striped drum, oyster drum, oyster cracker; French: grand tambour; Japanese: guchi, ishimochi, nibe;
Portuguese: corvina; Spanish: corvinón negro, corbina, corvina negro, corvina, roncador.
Identification of Black Drum
The black drum has a short, deep, and stocky body, with a high, arched back and a slightly concave tail. The lower jaw sports numerous barbels, or short whiskers. There are large pavementlike teeth in the throat, and the mouth is low. The dorsal fins have 11 spines, 20 to 22 dorsal rays, and 41 to 45 scales along the lateral line, which runs all the way to the end of the tail. Coloring is silvery with a brassy sheen and blackish fins, turning to dark gray after death.
Size/Age of Black Drum
Average small drum weigh 5 to 10 pounds; large specimens commonly weigh 20 to 40 pounds. In Delaware Bay, fish from 40 to 70 pounds are fairly common in the spring. The all-tackle record is 113 pounds. Black drum live up to 35 years.
Life history/Behavior of Black Drum
Black drum adults form schools and migrate in the spring to bay and river mouths for the spawning season; in the Gulf of Mexico this is from February to May. Larval black drum remain in shallow muddy waters until they are 4 to 5 inches long; then they move near shore.
Food and feeding habits of Black Drum
Adult black drum feed on crustaceans and mollusks, with a preference for blue crabs, shedder crabs, shrimp, oysters, and squid. They locate food with their chin barbels and crush and grind shells with their pharyngeal teeth.
Black drum are found in the western Atlantic Ocean, from Massachusetts to southern Florida and across the Gulf of Mexico to northern Mexico. They rarely occur north of New Jersey.
An inshore bottom fish, the black drum prefers sandy bottoms in salt or brackish waters near jetties, breakwaters, bridge and pier pilings, clam and oyster beds, channels, estuaries, bays, high marsh areas, and shorelines. Larger fish often favor shoal areas and channels. Black drum can survive wide ranges of salinity and temperature. The small fish inhabit brackish and freshwater habitats; the adults usually prefer estuaries in which salinity ranges from 9 to 26 parts per thousand and the temperature ranges from 53° to 91°F.
|
<urn:uuid:9b9476e1-85e8-4a6a-b607-c574faedf716>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.018603861331939697,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9232455492019653,
"url": "https://www.fish-fishes.com/salt-water-fish/black-drum-lat-pogonias-cromis/"
}
|
A rite of passage is a ritual event that marks a person’s transformation from one stage in their life to the next. For Jewish people, Bar and Bat Mitzvah is an important rite of passage marking a girl’s or boy’s transformation from a child to adult, traditionally age 12 for a girl and 13 for a boy.
Jewish people celebrate Bar and Bat Mitzvahs differently in countries all around the world. In the UK, families traditionally celebrate after the synagogue service with a large party in the evening for friends and family.
• What typical objects and symbols might you expect to find in a Jewish home?
• If you have ever been to a Bar or Bat Mitzvah, describe what it was like.
• If you have had your own Bar or Bat Mitzvah, recount the most memorable moments.
• What big, family celebrations can you remember? What made them memorable?
Now watch this clip from The Bar Mitzvah Boy – you may wish to view it more than once. As you watch, try to identify the main stresses
for the characters. How is this similar and/or different to discussions in your family about a big, family celebration (eg. a baby blessing, a Bar Mitzvah, a wedding?)
© All rights reserved BBC Motion Gallery; written by Jack Rosenthal; reproduced courtesy of all actors appearing in sequence.
• How authentic is the representation of the Jewish home in this clip? Explain your answer and describe the key image from the clip that
shows us we are in a Jewish home.
• What clues are there as to when this film was made? How does this affect how characters are represented?
• From watching this clip, to what extent would you say this film is still relevant today to help understand the experience of preparing for Bar
and Bat Mitzvah?
Talk to your parents, grandparents and/or senior family members. Did they have a Bar or Bat Mitzvah? If so, what do they remember about it? Were there arguments in the planning for it? What made the day special?
If no-one in your family had a Bar or Bat Mitzvah, what other rite of passage can they remember? Perhaps, a wedding? Or the birth of their first child transforming them into a parent for the first time? How did they celebrate this memorable event? What are their most vivid memories of the day? Use this worksheet to help you organise your ideas.
|
<urn:uuid:49ea0a54-5b15-4d63-b4fe-4db918480b15>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.03125,
"fasttext_score": 0.15351122617721558,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9480924010276794,
"url": "http://hackneyroots.org.uk/representation/rites-of-passage.php"
}
|
Rancheros Sought Safety On The Coastside (1840s) Part II
The boundary line between the two ranchos was Medio Creek, which runs through present-day Miramar, later the locatio of a busy 19th century wharf were steamers docked.
Guerrero and Vasquez were acquainted with Candelario Miramontes. When Miramontes applied for a 4,424-acre rancho, the crudely drawn map included the present-day town of Half Moon Bay. Miramontes named his rancho ‘San Benito’ and that was what Half Moon Bay was called for decades.
Before the war erupted between the US and Mexico in 1846, the rancheros were absentee landlords. Cut off by insurmountable geographical barriers with no passable roads, they found little to attract them in Half Moon Bay. Compared with the Coastside, San Francisco wasw a busy hamlet–but Miramontes was able to grow corn, peas and potatoes near what is now the downtown area.
The Mexican-American War turned the ranchero’s lives upside down. They were now threatened by the growing American influence. Just as resentment against Spanish rule produce the renegade Indian, Pomponio, the mounting friction between the Mexicans and the Americans who challenged them, created the notorious bandit, Tiburcio Vasquez, a counterpart to Pomponio.
Coincidentally, the outlaw Tiburcio Vasquez carried the same name as his respectable uncle, the owner of the Corral de Tierra. But the unruly nephew was to become a folk hero, a Mexican version of Robin Hood. Some said Vasquez was driven to his outlaw existence by the manner in which the Americans treated the Mexicans as inferiors while dancing with their women.
As the US war with Mexico neared, Guerrero, Miramontes and Vasquez made the life-saving decision to flee San Francisco for their adobe houses near Half Moon Bay. In the late 1840s, about 70 people, including local Indians, comprised the entire population of the Coastside, according to the archives of the San Mateo County History Museum in Redwood City.
|
<urn:uuid:6c2875f1-a4bb-4092-8dfe-862d8f414aa5>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.05479311943054199,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9728562831878662,
"url": "http://www.halfmoonbaymemories.com/2006/09/26/rancheros-sought-safety-on-the-coastside-1840s-part-ii/"
}
|
‘Learning and Achieving Together in a Caring Community’
Home Page
In maths we looked at acute, obtuse and right angles. We drew lots of lines on our tables and then had to go around the room and investigate all of the angles. Once we identified the angles we had to justify to our partners why we thought they were that angle.
Picture 1
Picture 2
Picture 3
Picture 4
Picture 5
Picture 6
Picture 7
Picture 8
Picture 9
|
<urn:uuid:fdae58a2-902b-433f-801e-7bde4de78fb9>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.02943652868270874,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9179834723472595,
"url": "http://www.annedwards.gloucs.sch.uk/angles/"
}
|
Skip directly to content
Fort Tombecbe
Brian Mast, Black Belt Museum
Fort Tombecbe, 1737
Fort Tombecbe (or Tombecbee), located near present-day Epes, Sumter County, was one of three major forts built by France in the early eighteenth century in Alabama. Like Fort Toulouse, Fort Tombecbe was established to protect France's holdings from westward expansion by the British into the French colony of Louisiana. It also served as a trading post, solidifying France's relations with the Choctaws, who were the most powerful French ally in the area, and was also held by the British and the Spanish during the colonial period. After being neglected for some time, the fort has been the focus of multiple archaeological excavations since the 1980s.
To help counter France's lack of troops and population in its colonies, especially compared with the more numerous British colonials, the French established a chain of fortifications along waterways manned with small numbers of soldiers to solidify land claims and trade relations with local Native American groups. In January 1736, Joseph Christophe de Lusser, a Swiss captain in the service of the French Army, was recruited by Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, governor of Louisiana, to begin construction of a fort along the Tombigbee River atop an 80-foot bluff to support his campaign against the Chickasaws the following year. When Bienville visited the site in April 1736, only part of the wooden palisade and one bread oven had been completed, so he remained at the fort to oversee construction before moving on to attack the Chickasaw. Tombecbe's outline resembled that of a three-pointed star. Inside the red-cedar stockade walls stood nine buildings, including soldiers' barracks, a powder magazine, a prison, and a storehouse to support the 30 to 50 soldiers stationed there.
Fort Tombecbe Monument
In May 1736, Bienville led an expedition of 600 soldiers and an equal number of Choctaw allies to attack the Chickasaws, who had become hostile to the French presence. His army was defeated by the Chickasaws: at the Battle of Ackia, near present-day Tupelo, Mississippi, on May 26. Work on Tombecbe continued at a slow pace and was not completed until the latter half of 1737, when it became a minor trading post for the Choctaw nation. Historical accounts suggest a Choctaw village existed near the fort, and some French soldiers and traders likely constructed homesteads outside the fort walls as well. Situated at such an advantageous location and far from any regular British force, the site was never attacked during the French and Indian War (1754-1763). The French surrendered the fort in November 1763 after ceding most of their territory in North America to Great Britain in the Treaty of Paris.
Fort Tombecbe Artifacts
Additional Resources
Published: May 25, 2011 | Last updated: September 11, 2014
|
<urn:uuid:553c7b4b-b3fb-4d64-b7f6-abeea790da62>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.703125,
"fasttext_score": 0.034943461418151855,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9600780010223389,
"url": "http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-3080"
}
|
Kamimai Iwakuni
Sakamoto Nenbutsu Odori
Takinomiya Shrine
In the early Heian period, a prayer dance (nenbutsu odori) was performed to soothe the unruly spirits of people who recently died or met an untimely death. In the middle of the tenth century the dance was performed for the bones of the deceased, which were abandoned along the roads, and for those who had died from epidemics.
Nenbutsu odori of the Takinomiya shrine originated when Sugawara no Michizane (845-903) served as the governor of Sanuki province (current Shikoku) which suffered from a serious drought. Michizane prayed for rain by purifying himself. On the seventh day a white snake came out of a small shrine and changed itself into a dragon which went up in the sky and made it rain heavily. People exploded in delight, crying, jumping, shouting for joy and started dancing and ringing bells – their entrancement brought the dance spontaneously.
Later, monk Ippen Shonin (1239-1289) spread the Nenbutsu among the people. He taught people by singing and dancing. He invoked Amida Buddha through repeated chanting homage to Amida Buddha (namu amida butsu). He used to say: Chant and dance.
|
<urn:uuid:582b31e2-e770-412c-8d18-cff6f7ba6137>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.11831080913543701,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9626700282096863,
"url": "http://karigrohn.com/photojapan/Nenbutsu%20WEB/Sakamoto%20Nenbutsu.htm"
}
|
Introduction: The Land, the People, and the Politics in a Historical Context
• Konuralp Ercilasun
Part of the Politics and History in Central Asia book series (PSPSCA)
The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region—or Eastern Turkistan, as the Uyghurs call it—is one of the ancient cradles of civilization. Remnants of this ancient civilization can be seen in archaeological findings and popular mummies. This introductory chapter provides a detailed geographical account and an analysis of the region within a geo-economic concept. The historic Silk Road had a great impact on the region, and vice versa. The historical context begins with the initial evidence of humans in the region, which date to more than four thousand years ago. The political struggle between Han and Xiongnu began in the second century BCE in the region. This struggle continued with different powers until modern times. The most famous struggle was “The Great Game” of the nineteenth century. This chapter describes these power struggles briefly and concludes with a glance to the developments of the region under the rule of the People’s Republic of China.
Copyright information
© The Author(s) 2018
Authors and Affiliations
• Konuralp Ercilasun
• 1
1. 1.History DepartmentGazi UniversityAnkaraTurkey
Personalised recommendations
|
<urn:uuid:ffa67ead-f153-4ec4-b2b5-74f0a45f56f6>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.734375,
"fasttext_score": 0.02270340919494629,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8684818148612976,
"url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057%2F978-1-137-52297-9_1"
}
|
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The city of Akron was long known as the rubber capital of the world. The principal rubber product is automobile tires. In addition, several factories manufacture a great variety of other rubber articles, including logging balloons that are 142 feet (43 meters) long.
Akron is located on the Cuyahoga River, 35 miles (56 kilometers) southeast of Cleveland. In 1825 a town was laid out on the site of the present city. Because it was among the highest points in Ohio, it was named Akron, from the Greek akros, meaning “high.”
Akron is the home of the annual All-American Soap Box Derby for boys and girls who drive homemade gravity-propelled cars. The city’s cultural centers include the Akron Art Institute and the Stan Hywet Hall, with antiques dating from the 16th century. The University of Akron, founded in 1870 as Buchtel College, has an Institute of Polymer Science.
Akron is a major truck terminal and distribution point between the Eastern seaboard and the Midwest. The city is the manufacturing center for lighter-than-air craft in the United States. At its municipal airport is the huge Goodyear Aerospace Corporation Air Dock, which is for blimps. Other manufactures include toys, heating and air conditioning equipment, automobile bodies and parts, salt, clay products, paper and boxboard, and wrought iron and steel products.
The town was served by the Ohio and Erie Canal after the section between Akron and Lake Erie opened in 1827 and by the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal after its completion in 1840. The water and transportation that were supplied to Akron by these canals led to its industrial development. The north-south railroad that was completed in 1852 and the abundant water supply prompted Benjamin F. Goodrich to move his small rubber factory from Melrose, N.Y., to Akron in 1871. Thus began the industry that made the city famous. In the 1890s the first “horseless carriages” brought a demand for rubber tires. Akron prospered and grew as the demand for automobile tires increased. The city has a mayor-council form of government. (See also Ohio.) Population (2010) 199,110; metropolitan area (2010) 703,200.
|
<urn:uuid:a19a6d46-6742-47eb-958f-b0a6472173a9>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.027355492115020752,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9712002873420715,
"url": "https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Akron/272767"
}
|
Conflict (Easy Novel Guide)
If stories were without conflicts or tension, we would be easily bored. The conflict is usually the heart of the story and revolves around the main character. What does Harry struggle with? The main conflict is Harry’s attempt to stop Voldemort, the murderer of his parents, from stealing the Philosopher’s Stone. So, it is a classical fight between good and evil forces. We also note that the world of the wizards clashes with the world of the Muggles, where the Muggles are represented by the stupid Dursleys. These are outer conflicts threatening Harry. However, there are also conflicts going on inside Harry; like, should he:
• Revenge the murder of his parents?
• Live by the wizard rules and obligations?
• Punish the Dursleys for treating him so badly?
• Boast of his skills and abilities?
• Be loyal to his friends?
Useful words
revolve around = dreie seg rundt/dreie seg kring
attempt = forsøk
revenge = hevn/hemn
rules = regler/reglar
obligations = plikter/pliktar
boast = skryte
skills = ferdigheter/ferdigheitar
abilities = evner
• Conflicts are important to stories to make them interesting.
• There may be outer and inner conflicts.
|
<urn:uuid:9846b5e8-3db7-4e76-aa0c-376b412c4504>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.09562796354293823,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9501170516014099,
"url": "https://ndla.no/nb/article/7194"
}
|
What do ancient scriptures, texts and traditions tell us about the river Indus (Sindhu)?
Are there references to the Indus River Civilisation in the Mahabharata?
Has there been a significance of Indus like Ganga?
Rigveda Mandala 10 Shuktha 75 describes Sindhu river.
1. Waters, the worshipper addresses to you excellent praise in the dwelling of the institutor of the rite; they flowed by sevens through the three (worlds); but the Sindhu surpasses (all) the (other) streams in strength.
2. For your course, Sindhu, Varuna tore open a path, since you hastened towards food; you go by a lofty road down upon the earth, by which (road) you reign in the sight of all worlds.
3. The sound goeth forth in heaven above the earth; (Sindhu) with shining wave animates his endless speed; as rains issue thundering from the cloud, so Sindhu (thunders) when he advances roaring like a bull.
4. Like mothers crying for their sons (the other rivers) hasten towards you, Sindhu, like milch cows with their milk; you lead your two wings like a king going to battle when you march in the van of the streams that are descending (with you).
5. Accept this my praise, Ganga, Yamuna, Sarasvati, Sutudri, Parusni, Marudvedha with Asikni, and Vitasta,
6. You, Sindhu, in order to reach the swift-rnoving Gomati, have united, yourself first with the Trstama: (now be united) with the Susartu, the Rasa, the Sveti, the Kubha, and the Mehatnu, in conjunction with which streams you do advance. listen, Arjikiya with SuSoma.
7. Straight-flowing,white-coloured,bright-shining(Sindhu) bear along in its might the rapid waters; the inviolable sindhu, the most efficacious of the efficacious, is speckled like a mare' beautiful as a handsome woman.
8. The sindhu is rich in horses, rich in chariots, rich in clothes, rich in gold ornaments, well-made, rich in food, rich in wool, ever fresh, alounding in Silama plants, and the auspicious river wears honey-growing (flowers).
You must log in to answer this question.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged .
|
<urn:uuid:36d7e9ed-d8a1-48ba-b239-7a948c990454>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.4728164076805115,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9142619371414185,
"url": "https://hinduism.stackexchange.com/questions/12474/indus-river-and-hinduism"
}
|
Understanding Evolution: your one-stop source for information on evolution
Resource library Teaching materials Evolution 101
print print
Close genetic ties
The Chinese team sequenced exons from 50 ethnic Tibetans and 40 Han Chinese, and Emilia and her colleagues got their first look at the alleles present in each. The results are shown below. The x-axis of the graph represents allele frequencies among the Tibetans (ranging from zero to 100 percent) and the y-axis represents the same for the Han (ranging from zero to 80 percent). Points on the graph represent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) — regions of the genome in which some chromosomes in the population have one nucleotide (e.g., A, adenine) and other chromosomes in the population have a different one (e.g., G, guanine). The colors on the graph correspond to the number of single nucleotide polymorphisms with those frequencies in each population. For example, the point that is circled on the graph represents one single nucleotide polymorphism (we know this because the point is colored red), which is found at a frequency of 20% among Tibetans (we know this from the position along the x-axis) and a frequency of 70% among Han (we know this from the position along the y-axis).
SNP frequency graph
Because the two groups are so closely related, and because there is still some migration between them, the researchers were not surprised to find that, for the most part, the same single nucleotide variations were present in both populations and had similar frequencies. The strong, diagonal pattern in the graph shows this relationship. Alleles that have a high frequency in the Tibetans also tend to have a high frequency in the Han, and likewise for alleles with low frequencies.
A gene-first approach
Narrowing down the candidates
previous | next >
|
<urn:uuid:ac9bb443-c678-45d9-8d28-a589b1d1459a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.765625,
"fasttext_score": 0.05996131896972656,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9423028230667114,
"url": "http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/huertasanchez_04"
}
|
Redwing Coverable Badges
A corporal can tell that another soldier is a sergeant by the number of stripes on the sergeant's sleeve; we are informed of the status of a plainclothes detective when he flashes his shield at us. Badges play significant roles in human societies. Do they also serve important functions in avian societies?
In nonhuman animals, "badges" may simply be defined as arbitrary visual cues, often taking the form of especially prominent patches of color, that signal social status. One of the most familiar badges in the bird world is the bright red epaulette of the Red-winged Blackbird. Rare indeed is the birder who has not enjoyed the spectacle of a male Redwing, perched on a reed, singing while flashing forward the brilliant patches that give him his name.
What is the function of the Redwing's badge; does it serve to distinguish Redwings from other blackbirds, or does it signal status within Redwing society? That the epaulettes are important within the Redwing social system was suggested by experiments in which the patches of adult males were dyed black. Such males had much more difficulty holding their territories than "control" males with unmodified red epaulettes. In two separate experiments, over 60 percent of the blackened males lost their territories; less than 10 percent of the control males were evicted. These results, however, do not definitively answer the question of whether the badges function as intraspecific or interspecific signals. It could be that the epaulettes are species-recognition signals, and that other male Redwings did not realize that the dyed males were members of their own species. Since no other Redwings appeared to be present, male Redwings may have continued intruding into the dyed males' territories until the latter became exhausted and gave up the defense.
Experiments with mounted dead birds (mounts) by Andrew Hansen and Sievert Rohwer allowed the "social status" and "species recognition" hypotheses to be distinguished. Territorial male Redwings responded to mounts by approaching or attacking them or by displaying to them. The researchers found that the males responded more strongly to Redwing mounts with their epaulettes darkened than to mounts of male Brewer's Blackbirds, a species that shares the Redwing habitat and whose males resemble the dyed Redwings. In fact, the Brewer's mounts were largely ignored. The Redwings' ability to discriminate between the two species in the absence of the badge indicates that the epaulette is not necessary for species recognition and supports the social status hypothesis.
Hansen and Rohwer further tested and expanded that hypothesis. They recorded the responses of territorial males to Redwing mounts that had epaulettes totally blackened, half-blackened, normal, and twice as large as normal (the supplemental epaulettes were cut from Redwing study skins and glued behind normal ones on the mounts). The males invariably showed aggression that was proportional to epaulette size; some of the mounts with double epaulettes were violently attacked and suffered substantial damage.
This explains another of Hansen and Rohwer's observations -- that males intruding into occupied territories greatly limit the exposure of their epaulettes. While searching for territories of their own or seeking food within another male's territory, keeping one's epaulettes covered reduced the chances of being assaulted. When the experimenters removed territorial males, however, intruders into the newly empty territories at first kept their epaulettes covered, but within a few minutes began to expose them. Within about half an hour the intruders were displaying like owners. The time that elapsed before owner-like behavior appeared was roughly the same as the length of absences of owners from their territories in the ordinary course of events, time enough for the intruder to be reasonably certain the owner would not return.
All of this work supports what Hansen and Rohwer call the "coverable badge hypothesis." It assumes that Redwings (and other birds with badges that can be either displayed or covered, such as kinglets) benefit from being able to signal their intentions either to fight as owner of a territory or to depart submissively. They predict that coverable badges will evolve in territorial systems where (1) owners have a high probability of evicting intruders; (2) males frequently "trespass" in search of food or vacant territories; (3) fighting involves a high risk of injury to both combatants; and (4) adult males cannot predict whether they are going to be owners or "floaters" (males unable to establish territories). These conditions seem to be met in the Redwing system -- intruders presumably searching for territories conceal their badges and leave without a battle when owners display theirs.
So, when you watch Redwings, see if you can spot trespassers into territories, and record whether they normally cover their badges and depart when the owner displays at them or chases them. Hansen and Rohwer studied Redwings in Grant County, Washington. It would be interesting to ascertain whether their observations apply to other populations of these widely distributed birds. If you have the opportunity of studying Tricolored Blackbirds, try to determine whether they make the same use of their prominent epaulettes. And, of course, it would be fascinating to discover if kinglets employ their red and gold crowns in a similar manner.
SEE: Bird Badges; Visual Displays; Territoriality.
|
<urn:uuid:2531870d-37cf-46a8-869a-e2fefab3f8f6>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.05420881509780884,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9617664813995361,
"url": "http://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Redwing_Coverable_Badges.html"
}
|
Logo IMG
The Phenotypic Plasticity of Death Valley's Pupfish
Desert fish are revealing how the environment alters development to modify body shape and behavior
Sean C. Lema
Aggression and the AVT System
Male pupfish are pugnacious. During the breeding season, males display, chase and nip as they establish and defend reproductive territories. As graduate students at the University of California, Los Angeles, during the 1960s, David L. Soltz and Richard Liu made detailed behavioral studies of Death Valley's pupfishes. Their work revealed that pupfish populations vary in behaviors including aggression and courtship. For instance, populations in large spring habitats such as Big Spring show territorial breeding where males are highly aggressive. Pupfish in Devil's Hole, in contrast, are not aggressive but court females intensely.
Figure%206.%20Variations%20in%20the%20size%20of%20AVT%20neuronsClick to Enlarge ImageAs previously mentioned, however, the behavior of some populations varies seasonally. This variation results from shifts in pupfish reproductive activity in response to seasonal changes in water temperature and other environmental factors. Not all populations show similar behavioral changes, though. Pupfish in variable habitats such as the Amargosa River alter their aggression with seasonal variation in pupfish population density and water temperature, whereas fish in comparatively stable habitats such as Big Spring show territorial breeding year-round.
Given that behavior can vary so widely among populations, has the behavior of Death Valley's pupfishes evolved in response to their ecologically dissimilar habitats? And, if so, what proximate mechanisms might underlie that behavioral evolution? One possible mechanism came from studies on the bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum) by John Godwin and Katharine Semsar of North Carolina State University. The bluehead wrasse is a coral reef fish that changes sex from female to male in response to social cues. Besides changing sex, the wrasse also shifts between territorial and nonterritorial behaviors according to social conditions.
Figure%207.%20Pupfish%20behavior%20and%20AVT%20testsClick to Enlarge ImageGodwin and Semsar demonstrated that these shifts in territoriality are mediated by arginine vasotocin (AVT). AVT is a peptide hormone produced in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. AVT is secreted into circulation to regulate hydromineral balance, but also acts as a neurotransmitter within the brain to modulate behavior. In the bluehead wrasse, the AVT system responds rapidly to social cues and underlies shifts in territorial behaviors. Could the AVT system play a similar role in regulating differences in territoriality and aggression among Death Valley's pupfishes?
To begin to answer this question, Nevitt and I explored whether pupfish populations in the wild differ in their neural AVT phenotype. We focused these studies on pupfish from two Death Valley habitats, the Amargosa River and Big Spring. These two populations have been isolated from each other for less than 4,000 years and provide an opportunity to examine the process of behavioral evolution as it is taking place. Using an antibody to AVT, we labeled and quantified AVT-synthesizing neurons in the brains of pupfish from these two Death Valley habitats. Males and females from the Amargosa River showed larger AVT neurons in two specific regions of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus—the parvocellular and magnocellular nuclei—relative to same-sex individuals from Big Spring.
Neurons in the parvocellular and magnocellular regions have been linked to the regulation of stress responses, hydromineral balance and social behavior in fish, so the differences in neural AVT phenotype that we found might be associated with variation in any of those functions. As a next step, we examined how AVT influences pupfish behavior by administering AVT to male Amargosa River pupfish under both controlled laboratory conditions and in their natural habitat. Under both testing conditions, exogenous AVT caused male pupfish to become less aggressive, demonstrating that AVT indeed regulates pupfish behavior.
Figure%208.%20Male%20Amargosa%20River%20pupfish%20and%20aggressionClick to Enlarge ImageAll the same, it remained unclear whether the AVT system had evolved between the populations. We found the answer to this question by breeding pupfish from the Amargosa River and Big Spring habitats in captivity. Offspring were reared under different conditions of salinity (0.4 parts per thousand or 3 parts per thousand) and temperature (stable or daily fluctuating) to represent the range of environmental variation experienced in the populations' two habitats. This experimental design permitted us to examine how salinity and temperature influenced the AVT system and behavior of pupfish, while also allowing comparison of how plasticity in the AVT system might differ between the Amargosa River and Big Spring populations.
Results from this experiment revealed that Big Spring pupfish are more aggressive than fish from the Amargosa River, providing evidence that these two pupfish populations have evolved differences in behavior. Big Spring pupfish show a highly territorial breeding system with little seasonal variation, and pupfish in this habitat have evolved higher aggression in response to these social challenges. The Big Spring and Amargosa River populations also evolved differences in how their AVT systems respond to salinity and temperature conditions. These evolutionary changes, however, vary among different AVT-producing neuron groups in the brain. Parvocellular AVT neurons, which appear to mediate physiological responses to stressors, showed plastic changes to temperature in Big Spring pupfish but not Amargosa River pupfish. The populations also differed in how the parvocellular neurons responded to salinity. Magnocellular AVT neurons, in contrast, show plastic responses to salinity and temperature, but this plasticity is similar in both populations.
So far, these studies have established that phenotypic plasticity can contribute to population-level variation in the neural pathways underlying aggression and that plasticity in brain pathways can evolve in as little as 4,000 years. Nevertheless, we are only beginning to unravel the role that phenotypic plasticity and the AVT system play in behavioral diversification of Death Valley's pupfishes.
comments powered by Disqus
Subscribe to American Scientist
|
<urn:uuid:90a847eb-7873-4048-bdad-0609f5c761f6>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.0972946286201477,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9231353402137756,
"url": "http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/2008/1/the-phenotypic-plasticity-of-death-valleys-pupfish/5"
}
|
March 6, 1869: Dmitri Mendeleev presents his periodic table to the Russian Chemical Society.
Dmitri Mendeleev was a Russian chemist and, from 1865 to 1890, a professor at the Saint Petersburg State University. Along with German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer, he formulated the system to classify and organize the approximately 56 known chemical elements on which the modern standard periodic table is based. Mendeleev’s system differed from previous attempts to organize the elements in that his principal organizing factor was atomic mass, which led him to logically group elements based on “an apparent periodicity of properties”. In the presentation entitled “The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements (March 6, 1869) in which he introduced the basic principles of his system, he noted:
In addition, by noting gaps in his periodic table, he was able to predict the existence of (and leave spaces for) then unknown elements, among them gallium and germanium - which he respectively referred to as ekaaluminium and ekasilicon. Mendeleev’s accurate predictions of the existence and specific qualities of undiscovered elements based on gaps in his groups was one significant difference between his and Meyer’s table, which was otherwise similar and actually introduced earlier.
The element mendelevium (atomic number 101), discovered in 1955, was named for Mendeleev.
1. loveelsabarrera reblogged this from allaboutrussia-c
2. allaboutrussia-c reblogged this from properrussian
3. fabricadepixels reblogged this from atlasobscura
4. poggiobracciolini reblogged this from unhistorical
5. karosen reblogged this from unhistorical
6. cosimas-science reblogged this from scienceforthewin
7. physicsshiny reblogged this from scienceforthewin
8. scienceforthewin reblogged this from thoughtsandqueries
9. thoughtsandqueries reblogged this from unhistorical
10. alonelyscribe reblogged this from unhistorical
11. rav3nus reblogged this from derangedbutterfly
12. derangedbutterfly reblogged this from atlasobscura
13. moriartysweb reblogged this from bottlcelli
14. atomic-mayonnaise reblogged this from unhistorical
15. thearistocratz reblogged this from unhistorical
16. mmaximoffsarchive reblogged this from bottlcelli
17. marouders reblogged this from bottlcelli
18. bottlcelli reblogged this from margaerietyrell
19. the-river-shannon reblogged this from atlasobscura
20. vso-rossijskojo reblogged this from unhistorical
21. dr-kelp reblogged this from unhistorical
22. calliecucumber reblogged this from atlasobscura
23. satanstrophywife reblogged this from unhistorical
24. foldedblade reblogged this from akeshaa
25. vestfigial reblogged this from unhistorical
26. langue-deliee-lion reblogged this from history-in-pictures
|
<urn:uuid:74cd22a4-6054-4fa4-8f76-89242eccf23f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.020888566970825195,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8680874705314636,
"url": "http://unhistorical.tumblr.com/post/78716668369/march-6-1869-dmitri-mendeleev-presents-his"
}
|
Explore / Articles
The Wetwang Chariot Burial
In March 2001 an Iron Age grave was discovered in the village of Wetwang in East Yorkshire, England.
It was found during the construction of a small housing development by Hogg the Builders of York. The grave was then excavated by a team of archaeologists from The Guildhouse Consultancy and the British Museum, and funded by English Heritage.
The excavation showed that the grave was that of a woman who had died over 2,300 years ago and was buried with a chariot. Since the completion of the excavation, Hogg the Builders generously donated the finds to the British Museum, where they are being carefully conserved and studied. This is leading to new, and sometimes controversial, evidence of life in the Iron Age.
The BBC filmed throughout the excavation and subsequently, and funded a reconstruction of the chariot for Meet the Ancestors.
|
<urn:uuid:9f6cb7cc-3db2-40b6-9dc5-889f94270879>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.07738631963729858,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9787156581878662,
"url": "http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/articles/w/the_wetwang_chariot_burial.aspx"
}
|
Asterism (gemology)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Asterism (gemmology))
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the characteristic in some gems. For other uses, see Asterism (disambiguation). For the Star Ruby grapefruit variety, see Grapefruit#Star Ruby.
Asterism on the surface of a blue star sapphire
An asterism is an optical phenomenon displayed by some rubies, sapphires, and other gems (i.e. star garnet, star diopside, star spinel, etc.) of an enhanced reflective area in the shape of a "star" on the surface of a cabochon cut from the stone. Star sapphires and rubies get their asterism from the titanium dioxide impurities (rutile) present in them.[1] The Star-effect or "asterism" is caused by the dense inclusions of tiny fibers of rutile (also known as "silk"). The stars are caused by the light reflecting from needle-like inclusions of rutile aligned perpendicular to the rays of the star. However, since rutile is always present in star gemstones, they are almost never completely transparent.
A distinction can be made between two types of asterism:
• Epiasterism, such as that seen in sapphire and most other gems, is the result of a reflection of light on parallel arranged inclusions inside the gemstone.
• Diasterism, such as that seen in rose quartz, is the result of light transmitted through the stone. In order to see this effect, the stone must be illuminated from behind.
• D. S. Phillips, T. E. Mitchell and A. H. Heuer,"Precipitation in Star Sapphire I: Identification of the Precipitates, Phil. Mag. A, 1980, v. 42, N0. 3, pp 385-404
|
<urn:uuid:0ee4c4a3-c3e9-437f-9d6a-738a265f69f1>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.02219259738922119,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9138736128807068,
"url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterism_(gemmology)"
}
|
American Indian Heritage Month: Commemoration vs. Exploitation
Teaser Image
Bella Coola
"Bella Coola" is an Anglicization of a Heiltsuk word for the speakers of the Bella Coola language. The Native word for the people of the Bella Coola valley was Nuxalkmx. They consisted of four or five subgroups linked linguistically, territorially, and culturally, although not politically. These people are known today as the Nuxalt Nation.
Traditionally, several permanent villages existed south and east of the Bella Bellas and the Haislas, east of the Queen Charlotte Sound coast in British Columbia. These people may also have occupied territory east of the Coastal Range. Beginning around 1800, they consolidated their villages at the mouth of the Bella Coola River. In 1936, a flood forced them to move from the north to the south shore of the river's mouth. Their traditional territory is rugged, with mountains, estuaries, and forests. The climate is cool and wet. Perhaps 1,400 Bella Coolas lived in their villages in 1780. Speaking a Salishan language, the Bella Coolas were late-comers to the region, probably arriving around 1400.
The Bella Coolas recognized four or five worlds, including a center, or human, world. A supernatural being kept this flat center world level and balanced. There were many deities and a supreme female deity, all of whom resided in the sky. All things had spirits that could intervene in the lives of people. Favorable intervention might be gained through prayer and ritual sexual intercourse.
Their extremely rich ceremonialism was dominated by two secret societies as well as the potlatch. Membership in one such society, Sisaok, was restricted to the children and relatives of certain chiefs. An extended period of seclusion accompanied initiation, as did songs and the display of carved masks with crests. The ceremony dramatized various kin-related legends. The other society, Kusiut, was based on contact with the supernaturals. Its dances, such as cannibal, scratcher, breaker, and fungus, included songs and masks representing supernatural beings. These dances dominated the ceremonial period, which lasted from November through March.
All people had the potential to become shamans; the event occurred when a supernatural being conferred power through a visit, a name, and songs. Some such power could cure sickness. Some shamans received power through ghosts and could see dead people; they cured disease caused by ghosts.
Aboriginally, the Bella Coolas inhabited between thirty and sixty autonomous villages, each consisting of from two to thirty houses arranged in a row along a river or creek bank. Each village had a chief, whose status derived from his ancestral name, prerogatives, and wealth. Chiefs had little direct ruling power. A woman who had been "rebought" several times, and who had thus helped her husband accumulate status, was also recognized as a chief.
Descent groups probably owned fish weirs in aboriginal times. Hunting, too, could only occur in an area claimed by a descent group. Hunters, some of whose ancestral prerogatives allowed them to be known as professionals, underwent ritualistic preparation.
The units of social organization included the household, village, and descent group, or all those with a common ancestral mythology. A child could inherit both parents' descent groups, but residence with the father's family tended to reinforce the patrilineal line. Social status was important and clearly delineated. The ability (and obligation) to give away gifts on ceremonial occasions (potlatches) was a key component of social status. Social mobility was possible, and even slaves might obtain dance prerogatives and thus achieve some status.
Babies were born with the assistance of midwives in a birth hut in the woods. Their heads were flattened and their bodies massaged daily. Wealthy parents gave naming potlatches. Infanticide and abortion were occasionally practiced. The Bella Coolas pierced the nasal septa of high-status children, both boys and girls; the occasion was accompanied by potlatches. Upon reaching puberty, girls were secluded, and their activity and diet were restricted for a year. There were no boys' puberty rituals, although their first hunted game was distributed and eaten ritually, as were the first berries gathered by girls.
Although the ancestral family was an important source of Bella Coola identity, they did inter-marry extensively with other peoples. Parents and elderly relatives arranged marriages, around which there were many rituals and opportunities to increase status. The relatives of high-status brides were expected to "rebuy" the woman (donate goods) every time her husband gave a potlatch. Cruelty, neglect, and infidelity were considered grounds for divorce.
Music could be both sacred and secular. The former was sung by a choir, who used sticks and drums for a beat, and three main performers. Various wind instruments were also used to symbolize the supernaturals.
Permanent houses were large, planked structures. They were constructed of red cedar and often built on stilts against floods and enemies. House-fronts were decorated with the owner's crest. Houses were inhabited by extended families. Entry was through carved house posts. Some winter houses were excavated, with only the roofs showing.
The Bella Coolas enjoyed a relatively regular food supply. Fish was the staple, including five types of salmon plus steelhead trout, rainbow and cutthroat trout, eulachon (smelt), Pacific herring, and others. All fish was boiled, roasted, or smoke-dried. Eulachon was very valuable, perhaps more for its grease than as food. The first chinook salmon and eulachon of the season were eaten ritually.
Other important foods included shellfish; seals, sea lions, and beached whales; land mammals, such as mountain goat, bear, lynx, hare, beaver, marmot, and deer; and fowl. More than 135 plants were used for foods, medicines, and raw materials. Important plant foods included berries and the cambium layer of the western hemlock (steamed with skunk cabbage leaves, pounded, dried, and mixed with eulachon grease).
Wood carving was probably the preeminent Bella Coola art. Masks, entry poles, house frontal poles (with entry through a gaping mouth), and carved posts were often painted and decorated with crest figures. They had no fully developed totem pole. They also made pictographs and petroglyphs. The Bella Coolas used several types of canoes, including long, narrow canoes of a single red cedar log for rivers (the most common) and four types of seagoing canoes. Canoes were decorated with crest designs or painted black. Hunters also wore two types of snowshoes in winter.
The Bella Coolas engaged in irregular conflict with neighbors such as the Carriers, Chilcotins, and Kwakiutls. Their lack of political centralization made retaliating against raiding parties difficult. The Bella Coolas raided too, attacking at dawn, burning a village, killing all the men, and taking women and children as slaves. Weapons included moose-hide shields, wood armor, the bow and arrow, clubs, and spears.
In 1793 the Bella Coolas encountered the explorers George Vancouver and Alexander Mackenzie; the Indians traded fish and skins to them for iron, copper, knives, and other items. As the fur trade developed, Hudson's Bay Company maintained a local fort/post from 1833 to 1843. During this period, the Bella Coolas prevented furs from the Carrier Indians (an eastern group) from reaching the coast, thus maintaining a trade monopoly with the whites.
Shortly after gold was discovered in their area (1851), disease, alcohol, and hunger combined to weaken and kill many Indians. A severe smallpox epidemic in 1863 forced the abandonment of numerous villages. Hudson's Bay Company operated another local trading post from 1869 to 1882, and Protestant missionaries penetrated the Bella Coola territory in the 1870s and 1880s. In 1885, nine Bella Coolas journeyed to Germany for thirteen months, dancing and singing for European audiences and inspiring the anthropologist Franz Boas to begin his lifelong study of Northwest Coast Indians. A Norwegian colony, the first local non-Indian settlement, was established in the Bella Coola Valley in 1894.
These changes, combined with the gradual transition to a commercial (fishing and logging) economy and the replacement of traditional housing with single-family structures, weakened descent groups and led to the gradual consolidation of ceremonials and the abandonment of songs. In the 1960s and 1970s, however, the people relearned the old songs, using recordings made by anthropologists. In the 1970s, the revival of traditional culture also included new masks and dances.
©2011 ABC-CLIO. All rights reserved.
Chronological Essays
People and Groups
Southwest Nations
California Nations
Northwest Coast Nations
Great Basin Nations
Plateau Nations
Great Plains Nations
Northeast Woodlands Nations
Subarctic Nations
Arctic Nations
ABC-cLIO Footer
|
<urn:uuid:efcf97e2-9e46-41e5-9289-7b131bdfaa14>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.03658103942871094,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9759220480918884,
"url": "http://www.historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com/ContentPages/ContentPage.aspx?entryId=1173610¤tSection=1161468&productid=5"
}
|
Education Forum
The Black Death
Download the PowerPoint
Download the Worksheet
Extension Worksheet
Penalty Shootout
Historical Hangman
Medicine Lessons
HistoryGCSE Home
WALT: What was the Black Death and how did it affect Medieval people and medicine?
WILFs: Can describe and explain the nature of the Black Death and how it spread (C)
Can describe and explain Medieval ideas on causes and 'cures' of the Black Death (C)
Can assess the impact of the Black Death on attitudes to medicine and disease (A)
1. Stand Up Hand Up Pair Up then Rally Robin what you know already about the Black Death
- use the textbooks to help you
2. Stand and Share
3. Watch the film and add to your lists
4. Stand and Share
5. Pair Up and study the PPT below and add to your lists
6. Quiz Quiz Trade (questions from Mr W)
7. Stand Up Hand Up Pair Up and Mix Pair Share
a) What was the Black death and How was it spread?
b) What did people in the Middle Ages think caused the Black Death and what 'cures' were tried?
c) What were the consequences of the Black Death for society and medicine?
6. With your Face Partner go to a computer and download the PPT and complete Tasks and activities therein
7. Plenary - form 3 circles and Paraphrase passport today's WALT
Extension : open the extension worksheet on your screen and with your Study Buddy Rally Coach the answers in your books
[Page visit counter]
|
<urn:uuid:68fd68e3-e8d1-40a0-bd45-74dc1b9f82ab>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.2435888648033142,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8705150485038757,
"url": "http://educationforum.co.uk/blackdeath.htm"
}
|
The Winter of Tomis in 8 A.D.
In 8 A.D. Augustus Caesar exiled the Roman poet Ovid(Publius Ovidius Nasso 43 B.C. - 17 A.D.) to the remote Black Sea town of Tomis (modern Constanta, Romania). Not only was Ovid isolated from the political, social, and intellectual center of his world, but he also had to endure a climate much harsher than that of Rome. To lament his exile, he wrote the Tristia, poems that detail his physical and emotional discomforts. In one part of the Tristia Ovid writes:
"and the wines stand stiff, jugless but keeping the shape of their jugs, and the people don't drink draughts of wine--they eat pieces of it"
Our modern day temperature scales can be traced back to no earlier than the 17th century, therefore no temperature records from Ovid's time exist. However, chemists will immediately recognize that the phenomenon of freezing-point depression can be applied to estimate the temperature of Constanta, Romania, in the year 8 A.D., provided that the composition of the wine can be accurately estimated. Throughout the Roman Empire there were many kinds of wine consumed, some of which were diluted with water. However, the exact Latin words used by Ovid to describe the wine he writes about were "vina" and "meri". These words were used to describe undiluted wine.
Do some research on the composition of the undiluted wines made and consumed today. (In other words, visit some stores and read the labels.) Several different kinds of wines exist, choose one "sweet" and one "dry" wine. From the information gathered determine the temperature that existed when Ovid wrote the Tristia by calculating the expected freezing point of wine using the freezing point depression constant of water (1.86 oC/1-m), the density of water, the density of alcohol, and the alcohol content of the wine.
Your instructor will provide you with two different kinds of wine: one "sweet" wine and one "dry" wine. Determine the actual freezing point of each of these wines. A bath cold enough to freeze the wines can be made by mixing together ice and salt or ice and methanol (ditto fluid).
1. Report the information obtained on the wines you researched. Include in your report the alcohol content of the wines, the type of wine, and its sugar content, if available.
2. Calculate the expected freezing point of each of the wines provided by your instructor for the laboratory investigation.
3. From the difference in the calculated freezing point and the measured freezing point, determine the concentration of sugar in both molal units and percent composition by weight. (Note: you may have to make some assumptions to do these calculations. Clearly state all assumptions made!)
Teacher Notes
This is a nice lab to do. I do it with my advanced chemistry students on the last day of school before Christmas break. It gives students a chance to apply the chemistry they have learned to a commercial product. It also serves to unite science with literature and history.
When I first informed my principal that I wanted to bring in some wine for this experiment I got a look that said "ARE YOU NUTS!!" However, when I explained what I wanted to accomplish, he gave his permission and asked only that I inform him of the exact day that wine was being brought into the school so that he could respond immediately to any questions that might arise from parents or "concerned citizens". I have always honored that request and have never had a problem with my principal, parents, students, or "concerned citizens". In fact parents have always been very supportive whenever the topic of this laboratory exercise came up during parent-teacher conferences. In 1995 when I went to a local store to purchase the wine for this experiment, a voice said "is that for the Chemistry 2 Christmas Experiment". I turned to find a former Chemistry II student of mine working during his college's Christmas break. He remembered this experiment and it obviously left an impression on him. The greatest gift a teacher can receive is for a former student to say "I appreciate what you did, thank-you".
Questions? Comments??
Revised on: 03/14/2007 at 05:24:07
|
<urn:uuid:dedf3062-024a-4820-bc7d-261e777e2131>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.20466351509094238,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9685778021812439,
"url": "http://chem.lapeer.org/Chem2Docs/FPofWine.html"
}
|
University of Wisconsin Digital Collections
Search the Collections
Visit a Collection
SEAiT as a Research Tool
This page is designed to provide the user with a brief look into the development and history of photography in the Philippines. During this lesson, the user will not only learn how to execute searches in the Southeast Asia Images and Text Project digital archives but will discover how these searches can facilitate understanding of Southeast Asian culture, history, religion, geography, and sociology.
Orientalism of the Philippine Photograph: America Discovers the Philippine Islands
by Alfred W. McCoy
"Lesser Breeds": America Encounters Filipino Hill Tribes
From 1899-1901, the United States suffered 10,000 casualties and spent $600 million to conquer a Philippine Republic that was stubbornly determined to win its independence. Although there was extensive guerrilla warfare in the lowlands during the Philippine-American War, few Americans had ventured into the rugged mountain spine north of Manila.
By contrast, the years 1900 to 1914 witnessed an intense American fascination with the so-called "Igorots", or hill tribes, who made up an eighth of the Philippine population in 1903. US colonial officials "discovered" these Philippine tribals through long, little known expeditions into the remote regions of Mountain Province. But photography allowed these colonial pioneers to present the Filipino tribes to a mass American audience.
By its very nature, photography emphasizes physical appearance as it translates reality for an audience. The images shown here illustrate how American photographers pushed such superficialities to their limit by posing subjects in ways that deliberately stressed differences in dress, skin color, and body size. White, tall, and fully clothed Americans posed next to brown, short, and semi-naked Philippine tribals.
Photography even allowed Americans to disassemble the Filipino body and gawk at its parts. Similarly, photography disaggregated the practice of head hunting from its highland cultural context, reducing it to sensational images of skulls that horrified and intrigued American eyes. Such photos ignored the Igorot practice of head hunting to settle social conflict at the level of individual vendetta rather than mass mechanized warfare.
In most photographs of this genre, the Filipino tribals usually appear in poses that make them seem subordinated to Americans. In contrast with masterful, immaculately attired Americans, the tribals are often posed to seem half-naked, timid, and awkward to the point of ignorance. Significantly, elsewhere in this exhibit peoples of these same tribes project a calm confidence and erect bearing when allowed to pose on their own.
In the Ethnographer's Eye: Dr. Jenks, Colonial Photographer
Dr. Albert E. Jenks did more to create lasting images of the Philippines and Filipinos than any American scholar of his generation. Educated in economics at the University of Wisconsin (PhD., 1899), Dr. Albert E. Jenks switched to ethnography and enjoyed a rapid rise through US colonial service in the Philippines, creating the ethnic categories for the 1903 Philippine census (the country's first) and then supervising the phenomenally popular Philippine exhibit at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. While serving in the Philippines, Jenks and his wife Maude Huntley, a native of Elroy and a graduate of UW-Madison (BA, 1898), lived in the northern mountains where they did research for his ethnography titled The Bontoc Igorot (Manila, 1905), becoming thereby the first American to publish a major anthropological study of the Philippines.
Throughout his Philippine career, Jenks's mentor was Dean Conant Worcester (1866-1924), a colonial official whose popular publications on the country's tribal "primitives" earned him the undying enmity of educated Filipinos. Like Jenks, a colonial career rescued Worcester from the threat of failure. Plucked from a dismal professional future at Michigan where he was a staff bird collector, Worcester soon exerted considerable power in the Philippines as Secretary of the Interior. Neither Jenks the economist nor Worcester the zoologist had any formal training in their chosen field, anthropology. Their forays into Lamarckianism, racial taxonomy and anthropometry were dated even as they wrote.
Despite their lack of formal training in anthropology, these men became influential interpreters of racial theories. In a very concrete way, Jenks participated in the country's transition from continental to overseas expansion. Moving from one pacified population to another, Jenks did his dissertation on Native Americans of the upper Great Lakes in 1899, and then went on to apply his ethnographic skills to the Bontoc Igorots of Northern Luzon in 1902-1903. Jenks's Wisconsin doctoral dissertation on "The Wild Rice Gatherers of the Upper Great Lakes" (Madison, 1899) foreshadowed his subsequent work on Philippine tribals by arranging cultures in a hierarchy according to arbitrary, ethnocentric criteria.
Only a few months after his triumphal display of Filipino racial typologies in a human zoo that sprawled across forty-seven acres of suburban St. Louis, Jenks returned to the United States to become professor of anthropology at the University of Minnesota in 1905. During his quarter-century as chair of the Anthropology Department at the University of Minnesota (1915-1938), Jenks came full circle by applying his Philippine research on racial hierarchy at home to study "Indian-White Amalgamation," sounding the alarm against miscegenation in America.
In 1916, the US government hired Jenks to find the ratios of white-to-Indian blood in a population of Minnesotans to solve a land tenure dispute. Using skull-measuring indexes, Jenks "scientifically" determined the "whiteness" of his various specimens, a dubious exercise in racialist pseudo-science already in disrepute with better trained anthropologists. Just as he went to the Philippines prepared to see the world through a racialist lens, so Jenks had returned to the U.S. to deploy a hardened racialist sensibility for the study of Native Americans.
During his tenure at at the University of Minnesota from 1905 to 1938, Professor Jenks used lantern slides of Igorots, the Filipino mountain people that he studied from 1902-1903, in his anthropology lectures. Although these slides project an image of the Igorots as "primitives," Jenks's anthropological images are still far more humane and dignified than Worcester's racist photographs that often lapsed into outright pornography. Upon Jenks's death in 1953, the Department donated these slides to the University of Minnesota Archives.
Filipinos at the St. Louis World's Fair, 1904
The Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis in 1904, held only five years after our conquest of the Philippines, gave these Islands and their tribes a remarkable level of public exposure in the United States.
At a time when America's adult population was only 42 million, some 20 million Americans came through the turnstiles of the St. Louis Exposition and many of those crowded into the 47 acres of the Philippine exhibit to see the living tribal villages that were the sensation of this world's fair. Arrayed in these 47 acres at a cost of over one million dollars, remarkably lavish for that day, were 130 buildings, 70,000 exhibits, and 1,200 Filipino "natives" from every region of the Philippine archipelago. In addition to the live demonstrations of tribal archery, spear warfare, weaving, and ritual dog eating, the Philippine exhibit featured a majestic, two-story "Hall of Photography" filled with stereopticon photographs of the Philippines and its tribal habitats.
The phenomenal success of this exhibit encouraged imitation that continued for decades--touring "wild east" shows of Philippine tribal warriors, photo essays in National Geographic Magazine, major photographic exhibits at Washington's Smithsonian Institution, and ethnographic expeditions from Chicago's Field Museum of Natural History.
Instead of regarding these exhibitions as repositories of artifacts for objective analysis, we can now examine the museum itself as artifact--as the object of study. By analyzing the juxtaposition of photograph, exposition and ethnography in the first decade of U.S. colonial rule, we can see how these seemingly disparate cultural elements became arrayed to create an image of the Filipino tribal in the American imagination.
Although the St. Louis Exposition is long gone, its stereoptican photographs are archived in the Library of Congress and the Missouri Historical Society, just as rich collections of colonial photos from this era are located in Chicago's Field Museum and the University of Michigan Museum.
Filipinos at the St. Louis World's Fair, 1904
Perhaps more than any other cultural expression at century's turn, the St. Louis World's Fair of 1904 expressed the importance a Pacific empire held for Americans at Century's turn. Dubbed the "Louisiana Purchase Exposition", the 1904 fair celebrated the centennial of American continental expansion by showcasing it's latest acquisition--the Philippines.
By far the fair's largest display, the Philippine exposition boasted 1,200 Filipino "natives" as human exhibits and 70,000 material objects at a cost of over one million dollars. Attracting over a million admissions, the World's Fair dominated American cultural life to a remarkable degree that no single event could match today.
The "Evolution of the Filipino" from the World's Fair Bulletin best demonstrates the message being conveyed to Americans at St. Louis. Filipinos were presented as an essentially primitive, but evolving people. Although the Islands as a whole were backward, there were supposed to be differing levels of civilization that ranged from the primitive "Negritos" to "educated, refined" Filipinos of mixed Spanish blood. Through American tutelage, however, the Islands as a whole could advance upward on this Social Darwinist scale of human evolution, reaching a civilized state where they would become ready for independence.
This visual image of Filipino backwardness combines conservative Spencerian ideas of social evolution with the progressive themes of human transformation. This single page images the entire spectrum of Filipino life as perceived by colonial Americans--from the small, dark, and nearly naked Negrito to the light, elaborately attired "Spanish-Filipino Mestizo Family." With these two extremes one sees the racialist thinking underlying Social Darwinism. While short, black Negritos are called the "lowest type of humans in the Islands," America's progressive ideals admitted that the lighter skinned Igorot hill tribe was "capable of much higher development."
Note photography's utility in portraying and popularizing such elaborate images. Photographs can be cut, pasted, and re-arranged to suit the image maker's need. One can simultaneously emphasize the ideas of difference and of change by properly ordering the world through photographs.
Furthermore, photography renders the strange, the powerful, some how less frightening and more manageable. According to period records, the Moros, the Muslims of the southern Philippines, "have caused so much trouble in the Mindanao Country." However, on the photographic page, arrayed against a spectrum of increasingly tame Filipino humanity, the Moros do not appear as "fierce Mohammedan fighters." Instead, the Filipinos were depicted as a people who are lowly, but who will grow, through the evolutionary effect of colonial education, increasingly compatible with the American way of life.
Tragically, many of these Philippine tribal specimens were trapped in a strange land for years after the World's Fair. Enterprising Americans took Philippine groups on the road in "Wild East" shows. As late as 1909, a linguist, Dr. Carl Seidenadel, studied a group of Bontoc Igorot in Chicago who were still awaiting the opportunity to return home.
"White Man's Burden": Uplifting Filipinos Through Education and Without Empire: American Views of Filipinos Before Colonial Rule
Colonialism was not merely a form of government. It was an act of dominion over subject peoples that demanded an ingrained sense of superiority on the part of colonial overlords. In such an enterprise, photography, like anthropology, became a potential instrument of colonial control, imposing an unspoken agenda upon every image.
U.S. military officials with Moro Dattos, Mindanao, 1901—1902 In 1886, a full decade before the US conquest of the Islands, an American photographer took portraits of Manila's street life. Instead of the disheveled and somewhat degraded look of Filipinos in later colonial images, in these early photos ordinary Filipino street vendors all appear immaculately attired in flowing, clean, head-to-toe garments, some decorated with religious necklaces.
These Filipino subjects exude a natural grace and quiet self-confidence before the camera, an modern technology that does not seem to intimidate. Caught in the act of collecting water at a public pump, for example, a Filipino boy continues his chore, expressing neither curiosity nor concern.
The school house portraits taken after the start of US rule in 1898 are one genre of the new style of colonial photography with a clear political message. Photos of unclothed tribal women and armed tribal warriors offer eloquent evidence of the Philippines' need for American rule guidance.
In a similar way, these school children posed in group portraits of productive discipline show the responsiveness of Filipinos to American tutelage. There is a clear message here: America is an advanced civilization with the power and culture to uplift the Philippines.
Americans of this era saw the mass public education system as the greatest achievement of their half-century of colonial rule over the Philippine Islands (1898-1946). Through a major school construction program, the US regime brought mandatory elementary education to most Filipinos. Not only did these schools educate, they served America as instruments of social transformation that would uplift the Filipinos to a level of civilization sufficient for self-rule.
Thus, these photos portray what was already becoming a visual cliche in colonial photography--school house as agency for the inculcation of social discipline. In these classroom compositions we can see row-upon-row of Filipino children being disciplined through common, purposeful tasks under the watchful gaze of their teachers.
Across the archipelago, US colonial schools, the photos tell us, are imposing the social order, personal discipline and productive skills necessary for nationhood--whether upon Tagalog girls in Manila, tribal girls in the northern Mountain province, or Cebuano boys in the central Visayan.
|
<urn:uuid:82f20c49-a291-4658-980e-dda760b7ec3b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.01939302682876587,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9453003406524658,
"url": "http://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/SEAiT/philmatclass"
}
|
Skip to navigation | Skip to content
'Titanic method' that cuts with ice
Australian researchers have gone back nearly 90 years to find a way to take technology into the next century.
As the Titanic crossed the freezing waters of the north Atlantic in 1912, its metal plates were chilled to the point that they became brittle and were shattered when an iceberg struck.
Researchers in Melbourne, Brisbane and Germany have adapted this idea to develop a new method of cutting industrial materials.
Nicknamed the "Titanic Method", it involves using liquid nitrogen to freeze materials to sub zero temperatures to make them brittle enough to be cut by water containing 'abrasive' ice particles.
cryogenic jet cuts anythingWhile cutting materials with jets of water containing an abrasive is not new, this 'cyrogenic' jet technology is non-polluting, quick, precise and gives a fine finish. It is ideally suited to cutting metals, ceramics and reinforced plastic materials such as carbon fibre with applications in the optical, automotive and aerospace industries.
As a result of their work in developing the process Dr Elias Siores from Melbourne's Swinburne University of Technology and Dr Jun Wang from the Queensland University of Technology will share a $150,000 grant from the Australian Research Council.
Dr Frank Lin Chen, also of Swinburne, receives a $55,000 post-doctoral research fellowship.
Tags: astronomy-space
|
<urn:uuid:e2771941-0d3c-4a9f-9e5a-51b183923b78>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.8125,
"fasttext_score": 0.027932167053222656,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9390814900398254,
"url": "http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/1999/11/10/65383.htm?site=science&topic=latest"
}
|
Herculaneum was a smaller town (approximately 5000 people) with a wealthier population than Pompeii at the time of their destruction. After the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, the town of Herculaneum was buried under approximately 20 meters (50-60 feet) of lava, mud and ash. It lay hidden and nearly intact for more than 1600 years until it was accidentally discovered by some workers digging a well in 1709. From there, the excavation process began but is still incomplete. Herculaneium became famous as the source of the first Roman skeletal and physical remains available for study that were located by science, for the Romans almost universally burned their dead. Since the discovery of bones in 1981, some 150 skeletons have been found, most along the sea shore.
• The deep (up to 25 meters), dense tuff formed an airtight seal over Herculaneum for 1,700 years.
Loading Images...
Destination anywhere
Left or right, I don't care
Maybe we'll just disappear
Like the sun...
Name: Nikki
Age: 33
Loves: Animals, Travelling
Hates: Ignorance
Name: Ed
Age: 35
Loves: Reading, Travelling
Hates: Stupid People
With This Ring Furry Friends Rainbow Bridge
|
<urn:uuid:ceebfa8a-1243-4561-9b10-9ed8b0324e63>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.31872719526290894,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9548656344413757,
"url": "http://www.shadowlark.com/php/trips.php?dst=122&om=dst-3.1.1"
}
|
Vulpecula, ( Latin: “Little Fox”) constellation in the northern sky at about 20 hours right ascension and 25° north in declination. It is a faint constellation; its brightest star is Alpha Vulpeculae, with a magnitude of 4.5. Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius invented this constellation in 1687. It originally represented a fox with a goose in its mouth, and Alpha Vulpeculae is sometimes called Anser, which is Latin for “Goose.”
|
<urn:uuid:3bfb9001-d14a-4866-b847-0d27e62b3acc>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.02414834499359131,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9173718690872192,
"url": "http://www.britannica.com/print/topic/633468"
}
|
Agave plants in a forest
Agave parryi var. huachucensis
NPS Photo
Explore the natural resources of Coronado National Memorial:
When Francisco Vásquez de Coronado came through southeastern Arizona during his quest for Cibola, he was unaware of the riches surrounding him on every side. There were gilded grasslands, flanked by mountains streaked with minerals. They were probably following one of the rarest riches of all in the Southwest – a perennial river. Much later, biological treasures would be discovered in the rocky, wooded memorial set aside to commemorate his epic expedition. Located at the international boundary between the United States and Mexico, the memorial at every turn shows the influences of its neighbor to the south.
Gregarious Mexican jays flock to the picnic area. The Lucifer hummingbird, a distinct Mexican species, makes rare summer appearances at only a few places in the United States, among them Coronado National Memorial. Lucky visitors might spy a band of coatimundis, warm-climate relatives of the raccoon and ringtail cat. And after the first heavy summer rains, male barking frogs, a tropical species, can be heard from the rock outcroppings.
Did You Know?
|
<urn:uuid:7633fdd7-3a8e-4d28-a0d8-a388e3e5e08a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.019187986850738525,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9488445520401001,
"url": "http://www.nps.gov/coro/learn/nature/index.htm"
}
|
University of Minnesota
Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies
• Trial in Turkey
Trial in Turkey
trial in turkey
Following the defeat of the Ottoman Turkish armed forces during World War I, the Turkish government was compelled by the victorious allied forces to hold military trials for the organizers of war crimes against the Armenians. The trial provided a convenient scapegoat to exonerate the Turkish nation as a whole by focusing on the members of the Ittihad (the organizers) and the Special Organizations (the perpetrators). The tribunal accumulated a vast array of evidence, and many important leaders were sentenced to death. The death sentences were a mockery, however, since most of the leaders had already fled the country.
Over one million dead Armenians . . . over fourteen billion dollars in stolen assets . . . but few were prosecuted and no indemnities were made. Despite bold rhetoric, the trials collapsed as the Kemalist forces approached Constantinople. The trials were permanently suspended and the thousands of files containing incriminating evidence disappeared - burned in the furnaces of Turkish public baths.
HomeHomeright arrow
|
<urn:uuid:f27b3e00-7e05-4410-9485-6e2d3f09a160>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.03196513652801514,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9721437096595764,
"url": "http://chgs.umn.edu/histories/armenian/theArmenians/trial.html"
}
|
Unit 24 (024)
1. Prunus or Cherries
Cyanide poisoning can be a problem in wilted foliage.
domestic livestock that eat wilted foliage may get sick or die. Native deer can eat
unwilted foliage without harm.
Most Prunus leaves have glands on the petiole or leaf stalk. Viburnum opulus and
Viburnum trilobum also have glands on the petiole (see Unit 022).
2. Pyrus calleryana or Bradford Pear
Fire blight bacteria disease is an often fatal problem in Pears. The Bradford Pear
Pyrus calleryana cv. Bradford and related cultivars were selected for fire blight
They have been widely used as street trees, but there is one problem. The trees main
branches develop narrow crotch angles and these narrow branch angles split more
easily in storms. The narrow crotch angles contain bark inside the angle instead
of solid wood like in a wide branch angle on an oak tree.
|
<urn:uuid:35e6c568-467e-43f3-abfc-f6c4650a3b6a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.13572204113006592,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8865342140197754,
"url": "http://saylorplants.com/SaylorPlants/Ref_Info/Intro_Unit024.htm"
}
|
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Dutch demographical term, see Allochtoon.
Schematic overview of a thrust system. The hanging wall block is (when it has reasonable proportions) called a nappe. If an erosional hole is created in the nappe that is called a window. A klippe is a solitary outcrop of the nappe in the middle of autochthonous material.
In structural geology, an allochthon, or an allochthonous block, is a large block of rock which has been moved from its original site of formation, usually by low angle thrust faulting.[1] An allochthon which is isolated from the rock that pushed it into position is called a klippe. If an allochthon has a "hole" in it so that one can view the autochthon beneath the allochthon, the hole is called a "window" (or Fenster). Etymology: Greek; 'allo' = other, and 'chthon' = earth.
In limnology, allochthonous sources of carbon or nutrients come from outside the aquatic system (such as plant and soil material). Carbon sources from within the system, such as algae and the microbial breakdown of particulate organic carbon, are autochthonous. In streams and small lakes, allochthonous sources of carbon are dominant while in large lakes and the ocean, autochthonous sources dominate.[2]
The term "allochthonous" is also used in the social sciences, as the opposite to autochthonous.
See also[edit]
1. ^ DiPietro, Joseph A. (December 21, 2012). Landscape Evolution in the United States: An Introduction to the Geography, Geology, and Natural History. Newnes. p. 343. ISBN 9780123978066. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
2. ^ Eby, G.N., 2004, Principles of Environmental Geochemistry: Thomson Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA., 514 pp.
|
<urn:uuid:2cfe837b-2b69-4658-8a2a-8f074c71f0ee>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.2659035921096802,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8977556228637695,
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allochthon"
}
|
The universe is so vast it's almost impossible to picture what it might look like crammed into one field of view.
But musician Pablo Carlos Budassi managed to do it by combining logarithmic maps of the universe from Princeton and images from NASA. He created the image below that shows the observable universe in one disc.
Our sun and solar system are at the very center of the image, followed by the outer ring of our Milky Way galaxy, the Perseus arm of the Milky Way, a ring of other nearby galaxies like Andromeda, the rest of the cosmic web, cosmic microwave background radiation leftover from the big bang, and finally a ring of plasma also generated by the big bang:
entire observable universe logarithmic illustration Pablo Carlos Budassi
Logarithms help us make sense of huge numbers, and in this case, huge distances. Rather than showing all parts of the universe on a linear scale, each chunk of the circle represents a field of view several orders of magnitude larger than the one before it. That's why the entire observable universe can fit inside the circle.
Budassi got the idea after making hexaflexagons for his son's birthday one year. (If you haven't seen a hexaflexagon in action, get ready to have your mind blown.)
"Then when I was drawing hexaflexagons for my sons birthday souvenirs I started drawing central views of the cosmos and the solar system," Budassi told Tech Insider in an email. "That day the idea of a logarithmic view came and in the next days I was able to [assemble] it with photoshop using images from NASA and some textures created by my own."
He released the image into public domain, and has created a few other log scales, too.
|
<urn:uuid:2c3084cb-873e-4ff4-8890-9f779f97b7e6>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.2628856897354126,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9347695112228394,
"url": "http://www.businessinsider.com/whole-universe-map-illustration-2015-12"
}
|
go to homepage
Tyne and Wear
Region, England, United Kingdom
Tyne and Wear, metropolitan county in northeastern England. Named for its two main rivers, the Tyne and the Wear, it is bounded by the administrative counties of Northumberland (north and west) and Durham (south) and by the North Sea (east). It is an urban industrial region that comprises five metropolitan boroughs: Gateshead, North Tyneside, South Tyneside, and the cities of Sunderland and Newcastle upon Tyne.
• Marsden Rock (left), on the North Sea coast near South Shields, Tyne and Wear, northeastern England.
Paul Lomax
The boroughs north of the River Tyne (Newcastle upon Tyne and North Tyneside) are part of the historic county of Northumberland, while those to the south (Gateshead, South Tyneside, and Sunderland) belong to the historic county of Durham. From 1974 to 1986 Tyne and Wear was an administrative unit. In 1986 the metropolitan county lost its administrative powers, and its constituent boroughs became autonomous administrative units, or unitary authorities. Tyne and Wear is now a geographic and ceremonial county without administrative authority.
Exploitation of the area’s greatest historic asset, coal, began in the 13th century but was restricted to the exposed coalfield west of Newcastle, near the river for easy transport. Throughout medieval times coal was exported from Newcastle to London, but it was not until the wood shortage of Elizabethan times that coal became important as domestic fuel and trade increased dramatically. During the 18th century, improvements in mining techniques and the development of the steam engine enabled the exploration of the concealed coalfield east of Newcastle. Long before the Industrial Revolution, coal-dependent industries (glass, pottery, chemicals, and iron) developed along the Tyne. For a time Tyneside was also the country’s chief salt-producing area, using coal to evaporate seawater.
• The Customs House (centre left), an arts and entertainment venue on the River Tyne, South Shields, Tyne and Wear, northeastern England.
Vincent van Zeijst
The 19th century brought two major advances: the development of heavy transport (railways and later iron ships) and the widening market for different types of coal for smelting, gas, and steam production. With the coming of the railways, the mines were no longer limited by accessibility to water transport and thus were able to penetrate farther east into the concealed coalfield beneath the limestone. Drab mining settlements came into being, often attached to existing agricultural villages. Industrial development during the late 19th century concentrated in the Tyneside ports. The old industries—salt, glass, and chemicals—declined and were replaced by expanding shipyards building new iron ships.
Like most British areas strongly dependent upon heavy industry, the region suffered during the economically depressed years between World Wars I and II, and unemployment has remained a problem despite efforts to diversify the industrial structure. The disappearance of coal mining and the decline of heavy industry in the area by the end of the 20th century shifted the economic focus to newer manufacturing sectors, such as electronics and automotive engineering, and to service activities. Area 208 square miles (539 square km). Pop. (2001) 1,075,938; (2011) 1,104,825.
Learn More in these related articles:
The Tyne Bridge over the River Tyne at Newcastle upon Tyne, Eng.
river in northern England, flowing for 62 miles (100 km) into the North Sea below Newcastle upon Tyne. It is formed near Hexham by the confluence of the North Tyne, with its tributary the Rede, and the South Tyne. From Wylam the Tyne is the boundary between the historic counties of Northumberland...
Bridge over the River Wear at Durham, Eng.
river that rises near Wearhead in the county of Durham, England, and enters the North Sea at Sunderland. With headwaters in the Pennines, it flows through Weardale and once entered the sea in the vicinity of Hartlepool, but it was subsequently diverted northward. Durham city is built along the...
Tyne and Wear
• MLA
• APA
• Harvard
• Chicago
You have successfully emailed this.
Error when sending the email. Try again later.
Edit Mode
Tyne and Wear
Region, England, United Kingdom
Tips For Editing
Leave Edit Mode
You are about to leave edit mode.
Thank You for Your Contribution!
Uh Oh
Email this page
|
<urn:uuid:178ec211-f3a7-42f5-996f-8fee3eae9159>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.03666478395462036,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9375794529914856,
"url": "https://www.britannica.com/place/Tyne-and-Wear"
}
|
• Join over 1.2 million students every month
• Accelerate your learning by 29%
• Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month
Why Did Kristallnacht Take Place?
Extracts from this document...
WHY DID KRISTALLNACHT TAKE PLACE? 1. Both sources appear to contradict each other in terms of content. The first, and most important, question risen form these two sources are which is correct in context of who organised the riots. Source A clearly states that it was a "mass attack, which he [Goebbels] and the SA were going to launch". However, there is a clear contravention in Source B: "The Fuhrer, at Goebbels suggestion...not to be organised by the party". However, in looking at what had happened, it seems that Goebbels encouraged a nationwide press campaign to help "stir" trouble. Also, at a dinner to commemorate the Munich Putsch, Goebbels called for von Rath's death to be avenged. These pieces of evidence do point towards riots conducted by Goebbels. It may have been, as stated in source A, that Goebbels was out of favour with Hitler and that he was trying to win back support from his Fuhrer. ...read more.
However the noteworthy element about this source is the fact that it is secret. Thus, meaning it is not intentionally prepared for use in the "political outside". Therefore, there could be some element of truth in it, making it somewhat useful. However, there are some incorrect statements in the source. Consequently, I have come to the conclusion that Source A is the more useful out of the two sources for anybody studying Kristallnacht. This is because the source is a more reliable source in terms of its content. 2. The clear impression conveyed to the reader of source C is that Kristallnacht was calculated, precise attack on the Jews. Also, Mr. Buffman conveys Kristallnacht as a horrific act of terror. Mr. Buffman has written this as a first hand account, thus, many parts are down to opinion: "all of the local crowds were obviously horrified by the Nazis' acts". Mr. Buffman 3. ...read more.
Thus, source D does insinuate to the calculated and efficient riots that the government did organise. All of these sources are first hand accounts of the attacks on the Jews on Kristallnacht, thus they must be at least accurate, in terms of what they have interpreted to have witnessed. In looking at the chronology of events leading up to and after Kristallnacht, it seems that the 'decrees' made were there to expel Jews from German society. Kristallnacht seemed to be a coincidence in between these events, with the Nazi's taking full advantage of this. Examples of which are 1) the Jewish minority being forced to pay compensation after the events of Kristallnacht 2) Jews forbidden to visit theatres, cinemas or concerts and 3) expulsion of all Jewish pupils from their schools. The purpose of sources C, D and E is a united one; a need to convey the horrific events, and the truth behind the smoke-screen of newspaper headlines: "a spontaneous wave of anger...cowardly Jewish murder of Von Rath in Paris" ...read more.
The above preview is unformatted text
Found what you're looking for?
• Start learning 29% faster today
• 150,000+ documents available
• Just £6.99 a month
Not the one? Search for your essay title...
• Join over 1.2 million students every month
• Accelerate your learning by 29%
• Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month
See related essaysSee related essays
Related GCSE Germany 1918-1939 essays
1. Why And How Did Evacuation Take Place?
Source 14 describes if the evacuated children were hygienic or not. It suggests that a small number of children were filthy. From my knowledge I know that some evacuees were from poorer families and couldn't afford to bathe themselves. The source is an extract from a report.
2. Why Did Kristallnacht Take Place.
The source sounds more reliable when Goebbels tells actual facts about what had happened on the night, it makes the Nazis seem innocent in organising the attacks. The actual facts would be useful to a historian because it tells them what kind of damage had been done.
1. Why did the Night of the Long Knives take place?
The role of the SA was then very minor within the party as Hitler appointed a new leader named Victor Lutze, who he commanded to put an end 'to homosexuality, debauchery, drunkenness and high living' in the SA. Therefore, the SA were no longer a threat to Hitler as he had total control of them and over their new leader.
2. Source Investigation: Why did Kristallnacht take place?
events of Kristallnacht, and the ordinary German people were innocent bystanders, 'viewing the ruins and the violence' in horror, powerless to argue with the Nazis. Being a primary source, written by a member of the American Consul from what he had seen himself, we are inclined to believe this account,
1. Why Did Kristallnacht Take Place? (a) A ...
Buffman then discloses how 'one reliable source' told him that the violence was committed by SS men and Stormtroopers 'not in uniform'; and that there had been 'no attempts made to put out the fires' of the Jewish burning buildings.
2. What impression of 'Kristallnacht' does source c give? Explain your answer.
Source B and I both show that 'Kristallnacht' was a spontaneous event from the German public. It is hard to obtain which sources are reliable and which aren't. This is because every source was written from someone who had their own opinions and this makes all of the sources biased, although some more than others.
1. Why did Kristallnacht take place? Source based work.
David Buffman was an eyewitness of Kristallnacht and has interviewed many people concerning it. At the time, Buffman had a high status in society and this implies that one should not lie so openly. The account by him is not biased and shows both sides of the story.
2. What was the main cause of Kristallnacht?
murdered people, amongst other things, which are as tall as his knees - there must have been lots of destruction for it to be so high. One can tell the figure in the cloud is an old tsar of Russia because he is still wearing the emperor's uniform.
• Over 160,000 pieces
of student written work
• Annotated by
experienced teachers
• Ideas and feedback to
improve your own work
|
<urn:uuid:3ecb58f0-4482-45af-be9f-8e38e69a2fab>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.796875,
"fasttext_score": 0.8200573921203613,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9774344563484192,
"url": "http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/history/why-did-kristallnacht-take-place-1.html"
}
|
Skip to definition.
Noun: blot blót
1. A blemish made by dirt
- smudge, spot, daub, smear, smirch, slur
2. An act that brings discredit to the person who does it
"he made a huge blot on his copybook";
- smear, smirch, spot, stain
Verb: blot (blotted,blotting) blót
1. Dry (ink) with blotting paper
2. Make a spot or mark onto
"The wine blotted the tablecloth";
- spot, fleck, blob
Derived forms: blotted, blotting, blots
Type of: absorb, blemish, change surface, defect, draw, error, fault, imbibe, mar, mistake, soak up, sop up, suck, suck up, take in, take up
Encyclopedia: Blot
|
<urn:uuid:4a5e3d6d-0d08-4a60-b769-89c7e84a7445>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.9673442244529724,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8356468677520752,
"url": "http://www.wordwebonline.com/en/BLOT"
}
|
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to: navigation, search
Recorded since c.1330, "to utter, declare officially", from Old French pronuncier, from Latin prōnūntiō, itself from prō- (forth, out, in public) + nūntiō (I announce) from nūntius (messenger).
pronounce (third-person singular simple present pronounces, present participle pronouncing, simple past and past participle pronounced)
1. (transitive) To formally declare, officially or ceremoniously.
I hereby pronounce you man and wife.
2. (intransitive) To pass judgment.
The judge pronounced often before, but never so widely press-attended.
3. (transitive) To sound out (a word or phrase); to articulate.
• 1869, Mark Twain, The Innocents Abroad, page 182:
4. (intransitive) To produce the components of speech.
Actors must be able to pronounce perfectly or deliberately disabled.
5. (transitive) To declare authoritatively, or as a formal expert opinion.
The doctor pronounced them legally dead.
6. (transitive) To read aloud.
Derived terms[edit]
Related terms[edit]
|
<urn:uuid:b7e5ec35-de25-4e1e-a455-a3cd62391717>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.12538957595825195,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8919806480407715,
"url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pronounce"
}
|
The Rolling Stones of Newgrange
Article excerpt
In his paper 'Newgrange--a view from the platform' Gabriel Cooney accepts that the quartz/ granite layer at Newgrange was never part of a wall; instead it constituted a structure--a platform--placed on the ground. This new view was first put forward by Flemming Kaul in 1995 and developed in 2004, in a paper that denounced the hideous white wall of O'Kelly's reconstruction (Eriksen 2004). But if there was no wall, one has to explain the astonishing masses of mound-fill at Newgrange. The mound-fill, mainly consisting of head-size stones, covered and hid the passage-grave and its kerbstones until the discovery of the passage-grave in 1699. In front of the kerbstones there was--before Michael O'Kelly's excavation--a lot of 'loose stones', which he explained as slip from the mound. Put them back, and you have an enormous mound, the fill of which, according to O'Kelly, can only be kept in place by an enormous wall. Gabriel Cooney does not follow this line. Instead he complements and develops the idea of the platform and its continued use through the Neolithic and the Beaker period. But the platform and the mound belong to the same structure: Newgrange. If there was never a retaining wall the great mass of stones from the mound fill which covered the kerbstones and the platform of quartz/granite are an enigma.
The only reasonable explanation is that Newgrange is a multi-period mound, and the indications for this are strong (Eriksen 2004). If you study the long section of O'Kelly's excavation-trench 10m east of the entrance (O'Kelly 1982: 69), you can distinguish four to five possible phases with three corresponding vegetation layers (Eriksen 2004: Fig. 11). In short, there was first a passage-tomb, which may have expanded once or twice, ending up with the quartz/granite layer in front of it. Later in prehistory--perhaps in the Beaker period--the mound with the passage tomb and the quartz/granite layer in front of it was incorporated and hidden by a new mound. …
|
<urn:uuid:aca855e4-178d-4653-bd7f-1d2d776fc005>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.09195065498352051,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9338229298591614,
"url": "http://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-153513738/the-rolling-stones-of-newgrange"
}
|
Definitions for
Overview of verb animate
The verb animate has 4 senses? (first 1 from tagged texts)
2. animize, animise, animate
(give lifelike qualities to; "animated cartoons")
3. enliven, liven, liven up, invigorate, animate
Overview of adj animate
The adj animate has 3 senses? (first 1 from tagged texts)
1. (1) animate
(belonging to the class of nouns that denote living beings; "the word `dog' is animate")
2. animate
(endowed with animal life as distinguished from plant life; "we are animate beings")
3. sentient, animate
(endowed with feeling and unstructured consciousness; "the living knew themselves just sentient puppets on God's stage"- T.E.Lawrence) © 2001-2013, Demand Media, all rights reserved. The database is based on Word Net a lexical database for the English language. see disclaimer
Classroom | Privacy Policy | Terms | Ad Choices
|
<urn:uuid:7afdf8b1-0a7b-47b2-a875-53ea50fbfc42>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.734375,
"fasttext_score": 0.19393467903137207,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8075896501541138,
"url": "http://www.synonym.com/definitions/animate/"
}
|
Wednesday, 20 October 2021
According to archaeological evidence, the area that is now called "Krabi" province had been a community since prehistoric period, yet there was no documentary evidence about this.
During King Rama V's reign (1868-1910), this land was called Pakasai sub-county under the direct jurisdiction of Nakhon Si Thammarat province. After the governor of the province sent his officials to catch elephants here, many more people from Nakhon Si Thammarat province immigrated to settle down in the area.
Around 1872, King Rama V elevated Pakasai sub-county to be Krabi province with the provincial administration office situated at Krabi-yai sub-county (in Muang district at present). But it was still subjected to Nakhon Si Thammarat's control. At present, the office is located near the estuary at Pak Nam sub-district. Its first governor was Laung Thep Sena. In 1875, Rama V had an order to separate Krabi from Nakhon Si Thammarat and to have it ruled by Bangkok.
There are two legends mentioning the meaning of "Krabi". The first had it that villagers presented a large ancient sword (krabi in Thai) they discovered by chance to the governor. They also did the same thing when a smaller one was found later. Regarded as sacred and auspicious, the governor would like to keep them in the province. But the provincial establishment was still in progress, so they were placed crossing each other in the cave named Khao Khanap Nam. This was the origin of the province's emblem.The second legend had it that "Krabi" was derived from a name of local tree "Lumphi". The Malay and Chinese merchants made its pronunciation slightly corrupted and became "Ka-lu-bi" or "Kho-lo-bi", which finally turned to "Krabi" (sword).
|
<urn:uuid:96367e5e-479f-4cfe-b44d-5eaab574a917>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.609375,
"fasttext_score": 0.12838923931121826,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.982344388961792,
"url": "https://www.thaiwaysmagazine.com/others/krabi/history.html"
}
|
Writing Tips
Grammar and Usage
Download a 7-Day Free Trial
Thomas and the Boys
The Difference between "Hearty" and "Hardy"
As you can see, we have in front of us one large bowl of chili, one small cedar tree, and an exceedingly jolly man. We also have two words, hearty and hardy, to describe each; but we stand here confused, and no wonder.
The Oxford English Dictionary defines hearty fifteen ways and hardy five, and some definitions of one sound suspiciously like some definitions of the other. Merriam-Webster’s Concise Dictionary of English Usage describes hearty and hardy as “vaguely similar in meaning” in some senses, but “not interchangeable.” So when do we apply one to the bowl of chili, and the other to the little tree, and what about the friendly fella? Remember this, and it will help guide you through the maze: One who is both hearty and hardy can tell jokes in a snow cave.
Hearty once meant courageous and bold; over centuries that sense has drifted to hardy alone. But the line still blurs when we talk of physical prowess, because hearty can mean physically vigorous, strong, and healthy, and hardy can mean physically robust, strong, and sturdy. But hearty strength tends more to the lively, energetic kind, and hardy more to a strength that can endure great fatigue and hardship. Here’s a breakdown, drawing the line between the two:
HEARTY refers to: HARDY refers to:
warm, friendly, affectionate people bold, daring, courageous people
enthusiastic, vigorous, jovial people strong, robust, enduring people
genuine, sincere, devoted people audacious, foolhardy people
exuberant, forceful action anything that can survive extreme hardship or conditions
nourishing food
In a thesis on the Hardy Boys, a masters candidate noted that the boys’ surname is not an accident, that Frank and Joe “always bounce back . . . because they are hardy boys, luckier and more clever than anyone around them.” They are also hearty, as the author describes them here:
While the Hardy boys can be boisterous, playful, and forceful when necessary [i.e., enthusiastic, jovial, forceful], those behaviors are also matched by honorable conduct [i.e., genuine, sincere, devoted].
In a sentence from Far from the Madding Crowd, Thomas Hardy uses hearty in its most popular sense:
She could see the brown and black heads of the young lads darting about right and left . . . whilst occasionally a shout and a peal of hearty laughter varied the stillness of the evening air.
But here, did Hardy mean for his laborers to be a happy-go-lucky bunch or men conditioned to hardship? Or both? Some dictionaries define hearty as blithe.
“At one end of the street stood from two to three hundred blithe and hearty labourers waiting upon Chance — all men of the stamp to whom labour suggests nothing worse than a wrestle with gravitation . . . .”
I am not second-guessing Hardy’s choice, only suggesting it was a difficult one: I agonize over every word I write. In the second sentence below, Hardy must have agonized again: hardy and merry rarely mix, but they can; hearty and merry are synonymous; and hardy and thriving can be nearly synonymous. The sentence and its purpose only underscore the similarity of the two words and why we have to be careful when we use them. The rest is up to the author:
Moreover, the Weatherbury folk were by no means uninteresting intrinsically. If reports spoke truly they were as hardy, merry, thriving, wicked a set as any in the whole county.
To avoid confusion, I would let hardy describe the bold and courageous, the tough survivors, and the cattle, plants, and furniture we leave outside in the winter. Save hearty to cover friendly or jovial or vigorous or sincere people--and hot soup.
Writing Tips in Your Inbox
About Gary Kinder
Gary Kinder
Download a 7-Day Free Trial
How Does it Work?
|
<urn:uuid:5498b1cb-85e1-4f00-a047-d79f3987a82a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.03125,
"fasttext_score": 0.08661293983459473,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9220742583274841,
"url": "https://www.wordrake.com/writing-tips/thomas-and-the-boys"
}
|
The Beginner’s Guide to
August 1, 2019
Comments Off on The Beginner’s Guide to
Why Legal Paper Is Yellow in Color
In the legal world, the people that most lawyers usually use is yellow in color and it has some wide margins. When you talk to most lawyers, you’ll realize that they love these papers being this way because of the advantages they get from them. There is a lot of history that is behind the use of such papers and this article is going to explain the same. Although these papers are always going to be found in the legal offices, there are also other kinds of companies that use them. These papers are very popular and it is actually very easy for you to distinguish them. According to most people, the use of such papers usually bring some level of confidence and also creativity. When they decide to use the yellow papers, most writers have always said that they have a flow of ideas. The papers are considered to be the perfect choice especially by people who are also in the artistic world. How they were created and why is legal paper yellow and who created them are some of the main reasons why these papers have become very popular and why many people usually like them. These papers are also known as legal pads and are used mainly as explained above.
These papers were first used in the 1800s and that is where the history dates back to. There were a lot of paper mills in the Massachusetts region and so must use work in one of them. Paper scraps always fell down in the industry and Thomas found them to be very annoying to collect them every day. Because of the wastage of the paper, he thought about a method that was going to allow him to make some profit out of the same. Because of the many papers that usually fell down, he was easily able to combine a stack of papers. After this, he decided to cut them into the same sizes and put them in a combination. After that, he decided to change these papers into notepads and it was at this point that is able to create what was known and is still known as the looseleaf notebook. Because the paper mills were wasting a lot of paper, this is a method and something that you found to be a great. this idea continued to grow and over the years, he was even able to quit the job.
The papers today have separating lines, wide margins and also they are yellow in color. Investing in such papers will be good for you and it is something that you have to consider for your own.
Resource: imp source
|
<urn:uuid:9a08860b-75af-47dd-b44f-1492dff52ec7>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.11822986602783203,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9911400675773621,
"url": "https://mustangperformanceparts.biz/2019/08/01/the-beginners-guide-to-14/"
}
|
Colorism and racism in Puerto Rico plays a role in health outcomes, study shows
Puerto Ricans who self-identify as having very light skin tones have better health outcomes than counterparts who self-identify as having the darkest skin tones, according to a peer-reviewed scientific study that evaluated the impact of racial discrimination on physical and emotional well-being.
The investigation conducted by two University of Puerto Rico professors, Isar Godreau and José Caraballo-Cueto, determined that colorism—prejudice on the basis of skin tone that favors lighter skin— “plays a significant role in health outcomes of dark-skinned Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico.”
“We discovered there was a disproportion of black or dark-skinned people who felt worse in health,” said Caraballo-Cueto. “This finding was consistent, no matter what statistical model we used, or if I was controlling for sex, age or income level.”
The study was born out of an interest to have more data to quantify the impact of racism on health-related outcomes in Puerto Rico, following research trends in the United States and Latin America. To carry out the investigation, Caraballo-Cueto and Godreau requested that the Puerto Rico Department of Health include a question that measured a skin tone scale in a comprehensive health survey it conducts yearly over the phone.
The scale measured skin color from one, very light, to six, very dark. The researchers said skin color was one important way Puerto Ricans conceptualize race, adding that kind of ranking had been shown to measure racial discrimination and inequality effectively in Latin America.
Nearly 6,000 people from across Puerto Rico were randomly selected to participate in the public health agency’s annual survey.
“They are very robust and representative samples of Puerto Rico,” said Godreau.
The comprehensive and far-ranging nature of the study allowed the researchers to extrapolate that “approximately 202,817 dark-skinned individuals in Puerto Rico reported worse general health status than the 425,415 very light-skinned individuals who lived in the Puerto Rican Archipelago.”
Both academics emphasized that the purpose of the research was not to only conclude that Black or darker-skinned Puerto Ricans suffered worse health conditions than lighter-skinned ones, but that racism and colorism made them more vulnerable to medical problems and illness.
Another significant finding was that there were more lighter-skinned Puerto Ricans represented in the top income level compared to darker-skinned Puerto Ricans.
“We know there is a relationship between race and class because of the effects of slavery. Until now I had not read an investigation that statistically demonstrated that people with darker skin in Puerto Rico were poorer,” said Godreau. “Even if it’s something obvious that everyone knows.”
The pair of academics also evaluated the race categories, set by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget and used in the U.S. Census, that are already included in the survey. The American government asks people to identify themselves under guidelines that mix race and ethnicity.
But Godreau and Caraballo-Cueto found that federal racial data collection practices do not correspond to the way that Puerto Ricans typically understand race and other identity markers, especially compared to skin color.
The U.S. Census asks people to self-identify as White, Black or African-American, American Indian and Asian, along with other ethno-racial categories that also include Hispanic. The scale the University of Puerto Rico researchers employed asks people to define themselves in terms of skin color, which the federal government does not do.
“In the case of the United States it is not just physical appearance that is important for racism, but also ethnicity [and geographic origins]” Caraballo-Cueto said. “In the case of Puerto Rico, like a large part of Latin America, it is not so much your ethnicity, although there is an important xenophobic component in racism, but rather physical appearance.”
The study has become a bellwether for the pair on how ineffective and inconsistent the racial and ethnic categories that the federal government uses can be to collect accurate data on the island.
“Perhaps the first important finding is that this federal question does not fit well with the Puerto Rico concept. And it does not help us to discover racial manifestations or manifestations of racism in Puerto Rico,” said Caraballo-Cueto, who added that gaps in government data include the racial composition of public school students or of victims of domestic violence.
Both researchers hope that the local and federal government will also consider tracking skin tone along other measures of race and ethnicity in future questionnaires—from everything from restraining order requests to public scholarship applications.
“The study is a call to public policy that when it compiles sociodemographic and racial data, that they think about using this scale to the federal categories that don’t work to document the problem,” said Godreau.
|
<urn:uuid:f09bb770-fc33-4bb0-8757-f382fd25c229>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.02484041452407837,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9551997780799866,
"url": "https://klicnik.org/2021/07/03/colorism-and-racism-in-puerto-rico-plays-a-role-in-health-outcomes-study-shows/"
}
|
The term digraph describes a combination of two letters that represent only a single phoneme. Each is cued with a single handshape or placement cue.
Consonant Digraphs Phoneme Cue Examples
ch /ʧchchʧchchʧchch/ Handshape 8 cheek, searches, which
ck /kkkkkkkkk/ Handshape 2 luck, clock, flick
gh /fffffffff/ Handshape 5 laugh, rough, cough
ng /ŋngngŋngngŋngng/ Handhsape 8 sing, wrong, hang
ph /fffffffff/ Handshape 5 phone, aphid, graph
sh /ʃshshʃshshʃshsh/ Handshape 6 ship, dishes, wish
th (voiced) /ðt͟htHðt͟htHðt͟htH/ Handshape 2 them, father, writhe
th (voiceless) /θththθththθthth/ Handshape 7 thief, Catholic, both
wh /ʍhwhwʍhwhwʍhwhw/ or /wwwwwwwww/ Handshape 4 or 6 (*also 3) what, when, where, (*who)
Relevance to Cueing
The pronunciation difference between whether and weather is losing ground. Relatively few English speakers make this distinction despite its difference in spelling. Instructors should discourage new cuers who consider adopting this difference in their cueing though if it does not already exist in their dialect. Some believe it would be advantageous to have an "extra" phoneme in one's dialect or that this might provide advantages for reading. However, it creates an artificial dialect in the deaf cuer. It is not a good idea to change one's pronunciation when speaking to children in order to have one's speech more closely resemble the way words are written
See Also
|
<urn:uuid:76731d7a-cc82-4531-916a-7c0380986b3a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.734375,
"fasttext_score": 0.3943405747413635,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8733030557632446,
"url": "https://dailycues.com/learn/iqpedia/pages/digraph/"
}
|
Cave Markings Tell of Cherokee Life in the Years Before Indian Removal
Written in the language formalized by Sequoyah, these newly translated inscriptions describe religious practices, including the sport of stickball
CHerokee Syllabary
Cherokee syllabary inscription from 1.5km into Manitou Cave (average element vertical height approximately 80mm) A. Cressler; Carrol, et. al., Antiquity
On April 30, 1828, a Cherokee stickball team stepped into the underworld to ask for help.
Carrying river-cane torches, the men walked into the mouth of Manitou Cave in Willstown, Alabama, and continued nearly a mile into the cave's dark zone, past impressive flowstone formations in the wide limestone passageway. They stopped inside a damp, remote chamber where a spring emerged from the ground. They were far from the white settlers and Christian missionaries who had recently arrived in northeastern Alabama, putting increasing pressure on Native Americans to assimilate to a Euro-American way of life. (In just a few years President Andrew Jackson would sign the Indian Removal Act that would force the Cherokee off their land and onto the Trail of Tears.) Here, in private, the stickball team could perform important rituals—meditating, cleansing and appealing to supernatural forces that might give their team the right magic to win a game of stickball, a contest nicknamed "the little brother of war."
This spiritual event, perhaps ordinary for the time but revelatory now, only recently became known because of a set of inscriptions found on the walls of the cave. A group of scholars have now translated the messages, left by the spiritual leader of the stickball team, and describe them in an article published today in the journal Antiquity. Prehistoric ancestors of the Cherokee left figurative paintings inside caves for centuries, but scholars didn't know that Cherokee people also left written records—documents, really—on cave walls. The inscriptions described in the journal article offer a window into life among the Cherokee in the years immediately before they would be forcibly removed from the American southeast.
"I never thought I would be looking at documents in caves," says study co-author Julie Reed, a historian of Native American history at Penn State and a citizen of the Cherokee Nation.
The inscriptions were written in the Cherokee syllabary, a writing system that was formally adopted by the Cherokee just three years prior in 1825. It quickly allowed a majority of the tribe to become literate in their own language, and the Manitou Cave inscriptions are among a few rare examples of historic Cherokee writing recently found on the walls of caves.
Cave Markings Tell of Cherokee Life in the Years Before Indian Removal
This syllabary was translated as "leaders of the stickball team on the 30th day in their month April 1828." A. Cressler; Carrol, et. al., Antiquity
"Cavers have been going in caves in the Southeast for a really long time, looking for more prehistoric artwork," says Beau Carroll, the lead author of the study and an archaeologist with the tribal historic preservation office of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. "For you to be able to pick out actual syllabary you have to be familiar with it. I think it's all over the place. It's just that nobody's been looking for it.”
In 2006, a historian and a photographer had been documenting the English-language signatures and graffiti in Manitou Cave, which had become a tourist attraction by the late 19th century. They recognized writing that didn't look like English and showed photos to Jan Simek, an archaeologist at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, who studies rock art in the region.
The cave, which is on private land, was sold shortly after the first inscription was photographed, Simek says, and the new owner of the cave would not allow access to anyone. So Simek and his colleagues couldn't document the writings for themselves until the cave changed hands again in 2015.
"Prehistoric people made art inside—sometimes deep inside—many caves in the area, and in some cases, those go back 6,000 years," Simek says. "The writing was important because it suggested some continuity with a tradition that we knew went very far back in the past, so we started to record this stuff. It was a writing system that we couldn't read or write so we asked Cherokee scholars to come help us do it."
Cave Markings Tell of Cherokee Life in the Years Before Indian Removal
Beau Duke Carroll and Julie Reed in Manitou Cave, with Cherokee syllabary visible on the ceiling. A. Cressler; Carrol, et. al., Antiquity
At the dawn of the American Revolution, the Cherokee homeland covered parts of Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. Just after the war, groups of Cherokee who had fought with the British fled contact with the United States and took up residence in Alabama; many took refuge in Willstown, now known as Fort Payne after the U.S. fort that was established there in 1830 as a concentration camp for the Cherokee during Indian Removal. Among Willstown's new residents was Sequoyah, a Cherokee silversmith and scholar, sometimes named as George Guess.
Sequoyah thought it would be useful for the Cherokee to have a written language, and he invented a syllabary—easier to learn than an alphabet—made up of symbols for all 85 syllables in the spoken language. After its adoption as the Cherokee Nation's formal writing system, the syllabary went into wide use. The first Native American newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix, was published in syllabary and English starting in February 1828.
"The syllabary is a new innovation in Cherokee society, and it's occurring at the same moment the U.S. government is adamantly pushing its 'civilization' policy—it wants them to Christianize, it wants them to seek English-language education, it wants them to change their gender roles relative to farming so that men are farming and women are relegated to the home," says Reed.
The early 19th century was a time of upheaval, especially in Willstown, where the population was growing as more Cherokee people arrived, displaced from their homeland. Among the Cherokee vigorous debates broke out about political and social interaction with whites, and mixed embraces of various "civilization" features.
"The great part of Sequoyah's invention is that on one hand it is a trapping of civilization—a written language—and on the other hand it's an affront to the civilization policy because it is the Cherokee language and it enables literacy so quickly that it does the work of revitalizing older pieces of Cherokee tradition," Reed says.
As the paper in Antiquity describes, one charcoal translates to "leaders of the stickball team on the 30th day in their month April 1828." A few meters away, another inscription on the wall refers to "we who are those that have blood come out of their nose and mouth," and it is signed by Richard Guess, Sequoyah's son, and one of the first to learn the syllabary. The researchers have interpreted these texts as records of stickball rituals, led by Guess, before the men went out onto the field, and after the game, when they were bruised and bloodied from a touch contest.
Cave Markings Tell of Cherokee Life in the Years Before Indian Removal
Signature in English of Richard Guess written in charcoal in a niche along the main walking passage of Manitou Cave. A. Cressler; Carrol, et. al., Antiquity
Stickball was a game similar to lacrosse, with two teams playing on an open field trying to move a ball into the opposition's goal using sticks with nets at the end. It could last for days and was sometimes used to settle disputes between communities, but the sport also had a ceremonial importance to the Cherokee. The players performed rituals before and after the contests that replicated rituals that would need to happen before and after war, and access to sacred sources of water was important during these ceremonies.
According to Carroll, the archaeologist and co-author, stickball contests were essentially seen as a face-off between two medicine men. "Whoever's magic is the strongest is the one who's going to win the game," says Carroll, who has played stickball himself.
Adds Reed: "These games could get extremely violent and sometimes resulted in death for the players. Anytime blood is in involved, that substance being outside the body can throw the world out of balance. So ceremonies have to be performed to bring the world [back] into balance."
The researchers suspect that this particular team went so far into the darkness of the cave because they sought seclusion from the Christian missionaries who greatly disapproved of stickball and its associated religious activities. (Carroll also says it probably would have been important for the players to be far away from the opposing team.)
President Jackson's Indian removal policy became law just a few years after that game, in 1830. Some of the players might have been interned at Fort Payne during this campaign of ethnic cleansing, and by 1839, most Cherokee were forced off the land into new "homes" in reservations in Oklahoma. Manitou Cave was opened as a tourist attraction in 1888, but its indigenous history was largely unknown. Modifications to make the passages more tourist-friendly likely destroyed archaeological deposits that might have held clues about the cave's past uses by Native Americans.
George Sabo, director of the Arkansas Archeological Survey, who wasn't involved in the study, says the new evidence "anchors important events in early 19th-century Cherokee history onto a specific locale comprising one element of a larger, sacred landscape."
A few other syllabary inscriptions have been recorded in Manitou Cave, and in other caves nearby. Not all of the syllabary translations from Manitou Cave have been included in the paper. Carroll says he consulted with fellow community members to decide what texts should and should not be published for a non-Cherokee audience, as inscriptions contain descriptions of spiritual ceremonies that were not intended for public consumption. Manitou Cave, like many caves that contain Native American rock art in the southeast, is now on private land. Its current steward bought the cave and surrounding land in 2015 with the intention of preserving the site. The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians contributed funds for a strong steel gate at the cave entrance to protect the inscriptions.
The authors of the study have emphasized the importance of the collaboration between white archaeologists and Cherokee scholars in studying the inscriptions.
"We would not have been able to develop as rich and textured a vision of what this archaeological record means without collaborating with our Native American colleagues," says Simek.
"Cherokee people are still here, we haven't gone anywhere, we're interested in our history and we can contribute to science and this paper's proof of that," Carroll says. "It doesn't make any sense to me to do all this historical research and archaeology but you don't include the living descendants of the people you're studying."
|
<urn:uuid:df80923e-68cf-4c89-b5e0-bb84551e043b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.734375,
"fasttext_score": 0.03757047653198242,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.974307119846344,
"url": "https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/cave-markings-tell-cherokee-life-years-indian-removal-180971928/"
}
|
Skip to main content
The Weird History of Gender-Segregated Bathrooms
A sign outside a bathroom contains both the symbol for males and the symbol for females.
(Image credit: Kanok Sulaiman/
In North Carolina and other states, a new culture war has erupted. This time, the battlefield is bathrooms.
In March, North Carolina enacted a law (colloquially known as HB2) that requires that people use only bathrooms that correspond to the gender on their birth certificates. The law affects transgender individuals, who identify as a gender other than the one they were assigned at birth. Other states have considered similar bills, to great controversy.
To some people, public bathrooms may seem like unassuming spaces — necessary but not worth too much thought. But these bathroom bills illustrate that public restrooms are the stage for many complex social interactions, and that the availability of a place to relieve oneself is crucial in society.
Public or private?
Gender-segregated public restrooms are either very old or very new, depending on how you look at the question. They arose in the Victorian era, along with widespread plumbing, meaning they've been around almost as long as the modern bathroom itself. On the other hand, having privacy for peeing is a relatively modern phenomenon.
The notion of privacy itself is shifting constantly, and it can be hard to determine how people of the past viewed the importance of privacy in their bathroom habits. Ancient Rome, for example, is famous for its multiseater bathrooms, where people sat side by side on benches, without partitions, to do their business. However, there are hints that a concept of privacy might have existed. In Hadrian's Villa, a second-century site in Tivoli, Italy, there were multiseat facilities for servants and staff, according to a 2003 paper in the Journal of Roman Archaeology. However, the emperor and high-status guests seem to have had access to relatively private single-seaters. [Through the Years: A Gallery of the World's Toilets]
"[T]he provision of single-seaters, especially for guests, shows that, when space and money were no object, [the elite] preferred single toilets," wrote study researcher and independent archaeologist Gemma Jansen.
The first gender-segregated public restroom on record was a temporary setup at a Parisian ball in 1739, said Sheila Cavanagh, a sociologist at York University in Canada and author of "Queering Bathrooms: Gender, Sexuality, and the Hygienic Imagination" (University of Toronto Press, 2010). The ball's organizers put a chamber box (essentially a chamber pot in a box with a seat) for men in one room and for women in another.
"Everyone at the ball thought this was sort of a novelty — something sort of eccentric and fun," Cavanagh said.
But for the most part, public facilities in Western nations were male-only until the Victorian era, which meant women had to improvise. If they had to be out and about longer than they could hold their bladders, women in the Victorian era would urinate over a gutter (long Victorian skirts allowed for some privacy). Some would even carry a small personal device called a urinette that they could use discretely under their skirts and then pour out, Cavanagh said. Strangely, these urinettes were sometimes shaped like the male genitals. [How Much Urine Can a Healthy Bladder Hold?]
This lack of female facilities reflected a notable attitude about women: that they should stay home. This "urinary leash" remains a problem in some developing nations, said Harvey Molotch, a sociologist at New York University and co-editor of "Toilet: The Public Restroom and the Politics of Sharing" (New York University Press, 2010). Women in India today, for example, often have to avoid eating or drinking too much if they have to be out in public, because there is no place for them to go, Molotch told Live Science.
Ladies and gentlemen
Thus, the first gender-segregated restrooms were a major step forward for women. Massachusetts passed a law in 1887 requiring workplaces that employed women to have restrooms for them, according to an article in the Rutgers University Law Review. By the 1920s, such laws were the norm.
Victorian-era Americans were segregated by gender in many spaces, Molotch said. There were ladies-only waiting rooms in train stations, and female-only reading rooms in libraries. As sex segregation has fallen to the wayside in other public spaces, bathrooms remain the last holdout, he said.
"Restrooms are a very funny place, because they're where the most intimate actions occur that are also in public," Molotch said. In the U.S., bathrooms are partitioned with flimsy barriers with lots of gaps, in part because of anxiety over what might go on in a fully private stall. Sex and drugs are the most common of these concerns, he said.
Meanwhile, people observe rigid social rituals to keep up the illusion of privacy. Men, for example, can't be seen looking at the genitals of other men, Molotch said, but also can't be perceived as trying not to look. [10 Things That Make Humans Special]
"The disgust attached to excretion makes people bothered by the sounds and smells of others, and the shame of this private action makes many people concerned about being witnessed in the act, even indirectly," said Nicholas Haslam, a psychology professor at the University of Melbourne and author of "Psychology in the Bathroom" (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012). Excretion is seen as unfeminine, Haslam told Live Science, so women are under particular pressure to hide their bathroom activities, especially from men.
"Finally, the act of going to the bathroom makes many people feel vulnerable, exposed, and unsafe," Haslam said.
Bathroom bills like North Carolina's often reflect ideas about sex and safety, Cavanagh said. However, there are no documented instances of a transgender person attacking anyone in a public bathroom, she said. A survey published in the Journal of Public Management and Social Policy in 2013 did find, however, that 70 percent of the transgender respondents from the Washington, D.C., area had experienced harassment or assault in bathrooms, or had been denied access to facilities.
Ultimately, fears over allowing bathrooms to be used by people of different birth sexes may have more to do with the symbolic nature of public restrooms than with practical concerns. Transgender people challenge the notion that a person's gender and their biological sex at birth are one and the same in all cases, Molotch said, which makes some people uncomfortable. However, he suspects that the backlash will simmer down and that gender-segregated toilets will persist, with an agreement that everyone will mind their own business.
"We all know there is nothing more important to transgender people than to 'pass,'" Molotch said, meaning that transgender people want others who casually encounter them to assume they are just like all of the other members of the gender they identify with. Most transgender people do not want others to wonder whether they are transgender, he said.
Stephanie Pappas
|
<urn:uuid:9b295b47-0de0-41b9-8e01-ed00dd14846e>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.06060558557510376,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9666919708251953,
"url": "https://www.livescience.com/54692-why-bathrooms-are-gender-segregated.html?utm_content=bufferbdde5&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer%26cmpid%3D514646"
}
|
The Future Encyclopedia of Luddism
The Luddites did not hate technology; they only channeled their anger toward machine-breaking because it had nowhere else to go. Illustration: MIT Press Reader
By: Miriam A. Cherry
Listen to this article
Brought to you by Curio, an MIT Press partner
Originating in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution in the first two decades of the 19th century, Luddism was a movement arising as a response to poor working conditions in nascent textile manufacturing businesses. The Luddite movement was a precursor to the development of the economic philosophy known as Sustainomics, which promotes technological development that adheres to principles of Utilitarianism and Human Flourishing Doctrines. Sustainomics began its rise in the early part of the 20th century and has remained the dominant economic system of the Hemispheric Union for the past 600 years.
This article is adapted from “Economic Science Fictions” (Goldsmiths Press)
Beginning in the early 19th century, foreign wars coupled with high unemployment and food shortages caused widespread desperation among the populace. Many seeking “earned wages” went to work in rudimentary industrial factories. With no safety standards and shoddy medical care, industrial accidents were quite common.
As corn became increasingly scarce in the winter of 1810 to 1811, groups of workers who could not pay for food and shelter became even more desperate. Under the Combination Act of 1799, Parliament had outlawed unions. It was amidst these stark conditions that the Luddites began to organize in secret. The Luddite Movement was open to both women workers and child laborers. Indeed, women and children comprised roughly 40 percent of the Luddite membership.
Leadership of General Ned Ludd and Origin of the Term ‘Luddite’
Many stories and legends have grown up around the esteemed figure of General Ned Ludd, named by “Passage Zine” as one of the “Top 10 Most Influential People of the Last Thousand Years.” Hailed as a visionary even in his own time, the Luddite Councils are named in his honor. The complete story of Ludd’s life and times is told in “The Epic Saga of General Ludd.” While stylized, the Saga has largely been corroborated with the archaeological records.
As an orphan, young Ned grew up in the late 1790s in a “workhouse,” a facility that existed to make people “earn their keep,” to use the antiquated terminology and backward thinking of the time. Ned was trained in the textile trade as a boy. Contemporary sources recount 15-year-old Ned being beaten when he refused to work at a machine that had, only moments beforehand, severed one of his co-worker’s arms. After several days of docked wages, Ned, still nursing bruises from his beating, was told to go back to work on that same dangerous device. As every schoolchild learns in reading “The Luddite Primer,” young Ned seized a hammer and smashed the hazardous machine. Within a fortnight Ned had fled the factory and joined the British army.
Ned Ludd, leader of the Luddites. Image: Working Class Movement Library catalogue, Public Domain
Although he had only a brief stint in the military, young Ned was a quick student of battlefield strategy. Returning to Huddersfield just a few years later, his supporters styled him “General Ludd.” As the Movement increased in popularity over the summer of 1811, a large crowd gathered at Huddersfield. By the time the Movement began in earnest, Ned Ludd’s supporters numbered over 100,000. Luddite supporters were characterized by their sense of utmost loyalty and solidarity to their brothers and sisters in the Movement. Despite the large number of supporters and the completely rudimentary communication available at the time, the Movement, its leaders and its political and social aims remained a well-guarded secret to factory owners and the government alike.
Takeover of Factories
Beginning in November 1811, General Ludd and his right-hand man, Lt George Mellor, surrounded, took and held factories throughout the textile district of Nottinghamshire. Their first victory, at Cartwrights Mill at Rawfolds, is now the site of the Mellor Memorial Museum, which contains many of the original documents so central to the Luddite Movement. Much of the success of the early campaigns was largely due to the fact that the Luddites were chiefly a peaceful movement. Contemporaneous newspaper accounts described individual events as the “occupation” of factories. This characterization has since been disputed by researchers, and definitive archaeological studies have completely repudiated these polemic accounts as wholly fabricated.
Typically, when the Luddites arrived at a factory, the oppressed wage earners cheered and chanted: “Up with Ludd!”
Remarkably, in the first two years of the Luddite campaign, only one serious injury was reported. The owner of Ottiwells Mill, William Horsfall, refused to stand down when a peaceful crowd gathered around his factory. After shouting that he planned to “swim in Luddite blood,” Horsfall began firing his rifle indiscriminately into the largely unarmed crowd, which included many of the factory’s large group of child workers. As a defensive measure, Lt Mellor fired a single shot, intending to hit Horsfall’s arm, but which instead injured his groin. No further resistance was encountered and the factory changed hands without incident.
The Luddites shooting Mr. Horsfall.
The Ottiwells Mill incident was an anomaly. Typically, when the Luddites arrived at a factory, the oppressed wage earners cheered and chanted: “Up with Ludd!” Many deserted to join the Luddite forces. Against this overwhelming show of support for the Movement, most of the managers and owners would turn and run or else peacefully surrender. Part of why Ludd could count on such support was that Lt Mellor began by strategically targeting the factories that had the worst records of safety and that paid the lowest wages. After a Luddite victory, local towns would break into impromptu celebrations. Later these celebrations were formalized to become the most important state holiday of the Hemispheric Union. Every year on 1 March, and under the formula of equivalency on Mars, “Ludd Day” commemorates the courageous citizens who took part in the Movement. The day is characterized by rest from labor, time with family and community, fashion shows with costumes from Regency Britain and a dinner of fish and chips. It is also a well-recognized, though not universal, custom to give a hand-made item of clothing to a loved one, in order to commemorate the Movement’s origins in the textile industry.
Luddite Ceremonial Hammers
Sometime in 1812 a group of Ludd’s followers in Nottingham gained control of a tool factory, and used its metal-working machines to construct large hammers. In turn, those involved in factory takeovers would use the massive hammers to break machines that had been responsible for death or injury by industrial accident. Ludd’s own hammer was named “Great Enoch.” The original hammers were later employed in ceremonial capacities establishing trade relations between the United Kingdom with Russia and Japan, before the Great Consolidation into the Hemispheric Union. Today the original ceremonial hammers are displayed in the British Museum’s Robert Owen Branch in Valles Marineris, Mars.
Response to the Luddites
By 1813 the British government faced a severe crisis. Waging the Napoleonic Wars had depleted the Crown’s treasury. Inflation was high, and food shortages persisted. Until that time the Luddites had mostly been seen as a nuisance. The Luddite Movement then emerged from the fringes, however, to capture the support of an economically depressed populace. By the time Parliament grasped that the wage earners were serious about not being abused and would not back down, the Luddites had already gained significant power. By that point the Luddites had control of over half the output of Britain’s textile factories.
At that time the United Kingdom’s factories were critical to mercantilism. This economic system involved the colonies shipping raw materials to Britain, with factories using those inputs to manufacture valuable goods. The end results were then returned and sold back to the colonists. Upon realizing that the entire mercantile system was in jeopardy, certain elements in Parliament who stood to lose their livelihoods pressed for military intervention. Many formerly wealthy factory owners also petitioned for redress. They proposed reforms that would fundamentally change the law towards machine breaking. At that time the laws dealing with property damage uniformly suggested that anyone found guilty would be transported, i.e., sent to Australia or another distant colony looking for settlers. Industrial and mercantile interests, which quickly coalesced into the “Property First Party,” wanted to change the punishment for machine breaking to death by hanging.
Fortunately, for Sustainomics as we know it, the Property First Party failed to pass this legislation. Lord Byron, poet laureate of the Luddite Movement, and eventual MP from Nottinghamshire, whipped up popular sentiment in favor of the Luddites with his volume “Poems in Celebration of Luddism.” These poems were eventually set to music and included the first recorded noises, which were mostly of machines. This began the first era of “Industrial Music,” which is recognized as the official traditional music of the Hemispheric Union.
Tides Turn towards the Luddites, and Their Ultimate Victory
In 1813 the Luddites set their sights on Manchester, which was the heart of industrial cotton processing in England. Although the British army had by then been called out to put down what Parliament was dismissively calling the “Luddite disturbance,” there simply was not the manpower to spare. The army’s reserves were spread thin and taxed heavily defending Britain from the French and Americans.
Richard Arkwright’s factory in Manchester was the first to be liberated. The Luddites swarmed the factory and others near it, to the jubilant reaction of wage earners. Once the major factories in Manchester were under the control of the former wage earners, tradespeople and small artisans, support for the Luddites swelled even further. By 1815 the government had no choice but to declare an amnesty and to grant all the Luddites’ demands.
In late 1815 Parliament passed the Luddite General Amnesty Law. This law overrode all previously imposed legal penalties and sanctions that might have been imposed not only on Luddite leaders but also on supporters. In 1816, as a result of further political pressure arising from a groundswell of popular support, Parliament passed the Democratic Factory Act, followed by the Luddite Peace Accords. The Democratic Factory Act of 1816 outlined what we now recognize as prototypes of today’s Luddite Councils and cadres, and this law was also the official genesis of Sustainomics.
Textile Factories under Early Luddite Rule
Contrary to some of the partisan accounts of the day written by factory “owners,” the Luddites were for the most part very careful with industrial machines. Upon the surrender of a factory, the Luddites would break one or two machines that were especially dangerous and had injured a worker. After breaking the isolated machine to make a calculated statement, the Luddites would carry out a thorough assessment of the facilities. Lt Mellor had a natural facility as an auditor and accountant. He would analyze the books and records of the factory to ascertain its profitability and the suitability of the factory for continuing in its present course, if it paid living wages and did not use child labor.
Reflecting Mellor’s business genius, the majority of the factories that were surrendered to the Luddites were up and running under worker-owned management within a matter of days or weeks. The workers in Luddite-run factories were treated as the owners of the shop, as if they had established it from the start. As long as there was no threat to human life, the factory machines were treated respectfully and with reverence. Mellor was committed to repaying the factory owners the true value of the land and machines, and payments were made through 1816. The Luddite Peace Accords of that year established a compensation fund that extinguished any existing claims.
Resulting Peace and the Economic Power of the Cadres
In 1817 Manchester hosted a ceremony in which the Luddites ceremonially stowed away their hammers. With factories under worker control, the Luddites turned their goals towards a political movement that promoted smart growth and democratic technology policies. As part of the peace, factories came to be seen as partially owned by workers, with workers holding seats on every factory’s board of directors. Workers were no longer paid hourly “wages,” an antiquated notion indeed, but instead given dividends on the production that they dedicated themselves to guiding. They were also no longer called “wage earners” or “employees,” terms that implicated servile or subordinate status. Instead, they came to be known collectively as “cadres,” though to this day some of the archaic terminology still exists. The organizational structure the cadres pioneered has long endured, and in fact is the ubiquitous form of corporate holding in the Hemispheric Union.
Establishment of the Luddite Councils
In the early 1820s each factory set up its own distributed “Luddite Council,” which was elected from the cadres. Growing out of a notion that industrial technology was outpacing the human ability to respond to it – or, for that matter, even comprehend it – the Luddite Councils were set up to discuss and debate proposed technological changes. To be certain, some inventions were seen as those that could have either positive or negative results, and for the most part inventors continued to tinker and be incredibly productive. But it was understood that there needed to be a communal discussion of the nature of technological change and advancement as the technologies were being implemented. The cadres were not convinced that the free market should be the only determinant of technology. Instead, they firmly believed that technology had to be adopted democratically and used for the common good, not just the interests of the few. Ludd’s speeches during this time made the point that technological goals and resource allocation were to be decided in advance based on social needs and prioritization, and invention was to be paid for and encouraged in those areas.
The first round of consideration by the Luddite Councils determined that, given the food shortages during the past decade, agricultural technology, food distribution, health and nutrition would be the top priority.
To track and improve food delivery systems, many cadres became involved in the design of analytical engines, pioneered by Charles Babbage and Lady Ada Lovelace, Lord Byron’s daughter. During the 1830s these analytical engines became more sophisticated and had a place in every Luddite factory. Other cadres became adept at designing and fixing harvesting and planting machines that could operate virtually autonomously. Great advances in communications were also needed. The Luddite Councils provided monetary grants for new and improved forms of communication, and by the 1830s telephonic intermediaries were in widespread usage. Rudimentary data storage areas were set up around the world and analytical engines were set to analyzing them. Luddite Councils used these results in order to set budgetary and technological priorities.
Role of Lyanna Ludd and Continued Development of the Luddite Councils
When she reached adulthood, Ludd’s daughter Lyanna headed two of the major Luddite Councils, directing and carrying out their policies for many years. The original purpose of the Luddite Councils was to provide citizens with a forum for discussing and debating technology and the common values that they wanted to embed within those technologies.
Under Lyanna’s, as well as her daughter Sophia’s, guidance, the Luddite Councils had a member of the board on every factory when the cadre numbered more than 25. When new technology was proposed, the Luddite Councils typically supported the changes so long as the labor-saving gains were then distributed as dividends to the cadres.
Further, Lyanna and Sophia both strongly supported the idea that everyone, regardless of gender, race, religion or age, had important contributions to make to the cadre. Unlike other societies at the time, which pushed women into lower-paying work, under Lyanna’s guidance full economic equality for women was achieved. Social equality did not come until the 25th century, but Lyanna’s work provided important groundwork for social change within the cadres.
Advances of the Luddite Councils
Robert Owen, a well-known industrialist from Scotland who was also a utopian visionary, consulted with many worker cadres. In particular, Owen helped the children who had been working in many factories. In many instances these children were orphans or residents of poorhouses. In consultation with the cadres, it was determined that the proper place for these children was school. Owen and the cadres established special schools of engineering and technology so that the children could learn how to construct new and better industrial machines. It was a graduate of one of these Owenite schools, Alyssa Tell, who invented the telephonic intermediary. Most advances were not made by individuals, however, but by groups of cadres working together on shared goals. These working groups were highly effective.
Worldwide Effects of the Luddite Councils
Throughout this time the standards of living of members of cadres worldwide rose drastically. Combining increased production with shared gains to workers meant that the average person became prosperous. Beginning in the 1850s, it was common for every household to have its own analytical engine. Beginning in the 1860s, the rudimentary backbone of what we now know as the Dataverse began to be formed, in response to a Luddite Council directive.
Labor-saving technology meant that work was also more evenly spread out, with most workers in the United Kingdom working for paid remuneration five hours per day, and for four days per week. Citizens spent their spare time on families, hobbies and civic pursuits. Dangerous and dirty activities were no longer delegated to cadres but outsourced to machines.
The United States implemented labor-saving technology across the country, which resulted in universal emancipation in 1849. Former enslaved persons were recompensed with 40 acres and an analytical engine. Perhaps no one understood then the advantage that possession of an analytical engine in a household conveyed. The result was that it was the children of these former enslaved people who became some of the greatest U.S. analytical scientists.
Using an advanced version of the analytical engine, as well as information from the Dataverse, William Johnson, whose parents were enslaved, discovered the cure for cancer in 1855, and later planted the seeds of the anti-telemoric treatments that would vastly increase human lifespan.
Automatization of Manufacturing
During the 1910s, with the blessing of several Luddite Councils, three factories in the north of Britain decided to change manufacturing altogether. Using analytical engines for design and sophisticated printing machines, they created the first “garden printers,” which could be set up in any household. Suddenly manufacturing became centered back in the household, rather than in the factory. Essentially, the modern era of production had begun, which then made other advances possible, such as space exploration, which started in the 1920s.
As time went on, the Luddite Councils realized that they needed a set of guiding principles in order to rationalize which technologies they supported. There were some technologies that had been proposed that were outright dangerous or would have a negative impact on society as a whole.
If the answer is that the technology does not lead to Human Flourishing, Luddism questions the purpose of the technology.
Many tinkerers were interested in labor-saving practices not because they wanted commercialization but because they were intellectually curious and were generally interested in improving Human Flourishing. This philosophy undergirds all the great inventions that have been achieved since then, including quantum and biological analytical engines.
In numerous instances, inventors petitioned to have a technology that had no known usage approved. This is the story of the faster-than-light drives and space elevators. These advances were constructed almost entirely using automatized manufacturing.
Luddite Philosophy
Contrary to the propaganda distributed by factory owners of the Regency period, Luddites were not antagonistic to technology per se. In fact, many Luddite leaders, including Lt Mellor himself, promoted technologies that were used for the purpose of improving the health and welfare of the cadres. Luddites destroyed only the machines that were dangerous and had caused human injury, and they were destroyed only to demonstrate a point.
These actions boil down to a motto central to Luddite thought: “Principles over property.” As a philosophy, Luddism asks its adherents to ask how technology will assist in Human Flourishing. If the answer is that the technology does not lead to Human Flourishing, Luddism questions the purpose of the technology.
Luddite philosophy also rests on the notion that the adoption of a new technology may resolve an existing problem, but that it may create future problems and concerns. Thus, technology must be viewed from all angles, and, if a technology is found to have negative consequences, social resources must be devoted to changing or fixing that technology. For Luddites, the idea of voluntary and democratic adoption of technology in a sustainable fashion is a central tenet of their philosophy.
Indeed, as faster-than-light drives paved the way for further expansion in the 22nd century, the Luddite Councils adhered to the principles of Sustainomics and its core mottos: “Don’t build what you can’t maintain”; “Respect for human life and the environment”; and “Principles over property.” These principles have served the Hemispheric Union well and led to an unparalleled number of technological advances.
Miriam A. Cherry is a Professor of Law, and Associate Dean for Research & Engagement at Saint Louis University Law School. She is the author of “Work in the Digital Age: A Coursebook on Labor, Technology, and Regulation” forthcoming with Wolters Kluwer. This article is adapted from her essay in “Economic Science Fictions” (Goldsmiths Press)
Posted on
|
<urn:uuid:c453f33a-bf34-49b4-9296-c5a5be340fd6>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.0679095983505249,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9779453277587891,
"url": "https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/the-future-encyclopedia-of-luddism/"
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.