text
stringlengths 208
322k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
Experiment: Total Internal Reflection by Wave Theory
Experiment: Total Internal Reflection by Wave Theory
Total Internal Reflection by Wave Theory:
Let XY be a plane surface which separates a rarer medium (air) and a denser medium. Let the velocity of the wavefront in these media be Ca and Cm respectively.
A plane wavefront AB passes from denser medium to rarer medium. It is incident on the surface with angle of incidence i. Let r be the angle of refraction.
Fig: Total internal reflection
Since Cm/Ca < 1 , i is less than r. This means that the refracted wavefront is deflected away from the surface XY.
In right angled triangle ADC, there are three possibilities
(i) AD < AC (ii) AD = AC and (iii) AD > AC
(i) AD < AC : For small values of i, BC will be small and so
AD > BC but less than AC (Fig. a)
sin r = AD/AC, which is less than unity
i.e r < 900
For each value of i, for which r < 900, a refracted wavefront is possible
(ii) AD = AC : As i increases r also increases. When AD = AC,
sin r = 1 (or) r = 900. i.e a refracted wavefront is just possible (Fig. b). Now the refracted ray grazes the surface of separation of the two media. The angle of incidence at which the angle of refraction is 900 is called the critical angle C.
(iii) AD > AC : When AD > AC, sin r > 1. This is not possible (Fig: c). Therefore no refracted wave front is possible, when the angle of incidence increases beyond the critical angle. The incident wavefront is totally reflected into the denser medium itself. This is called total internal reflection.
Hence for total internal reflection to take place (i) light must travel from a denser medium to a rarer medium and (ii) the angle of incidence inside the denser medium must be greater than the critical angle. i.e i > C.
Share This Post
|
<urn:uuid:d7d02eea-37bc-48b0-ac05-e3e837fe3003>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.03360569477081299,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8604767918586731,
"url": "https://www.qsstudy.com/physics/experiment-total-internal-reflection-wave-theory"
}
|
How do you read a scatterplot?
When you select a grade, subject, and group from the drop-down menus, the State Academic Performance and Improvement tool will create a scatterplot that shows how each state performed in 2015 and how much it improved between 2003-2015 for that group, subject, and grade. Below is an example scatterplot that shows the results for Latino students in eighth-grade math.
Each dot in the scatterplot represents a state. Improvement is shown across the horizontal axis. The further to the right a state appears, the faster it is improving; the further to the left – the more slowly.
Performance appears on the vertical axis. States higher up in the chart are higher performing; those toward the bottom are lower performing.
The two green axes intersect at the national average; in the chart above, for example, we see that the nation as a whole improved Latino eighth-graders’ performance in math by about 11 points since 2003. We also see that in 2015, the national average scale score for this group was 269. To learn more about NAEP and NAEP scale scores, click here.
What does a scatterplot tell you?
Comparisons to national averages
Scatterplots offer another way of gauging how a state’s performance and gains compare to the national average. States that appear in the upper right-hand quadrant were higher improving and higher performing than the nation as a while, while states in the lower left-hand quadrant showed lower improvement and lower performance than national averages. States in the upper left-hand quadrant showed higher performance, but lower improvement than the nation. And those in the bottom right-hand quadrant were lower performing, but showed higher improvement than the nation.
Comparisons among states
In addition to showing how states compare with national averages, the scatterplots also demonstrate how states compare with each other. As the scatterplot above shows, Latino students’ achievement in eight-grade math looks very different in New Jersey than it does in New York. Latino eighth-graders are performing better and improving faster in math in New Jersey than Latino eighth-graders in New York.
|
<urn:uuid:5c5a3201-286c-4d88-9c18-5b39bd8104cc>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.15625,
"fasttext_score": 0.08827435970306396,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9385994672775269,
"url": "https://edtrust.org/how-do-you-read-a-scatterplot/"
}
|
Maharshi Kanada – Founder of Atomic Theory in 600 BCE
Maharshi Kanada was ancient Indian scientist, sage and philosopher who founded the philosophical school of Vaisesika and authored the text Vaisesika Sutras or Aphorisms. He pioneered atomic theory, described dimension, motion, chemical reactions of atoms.
Vaisesika Sutras are a blend of science, philosophy and religion. The essence of these Sutras is the atomic theory of matter.
Adherents of the school of philosophy founded by Kanada, considered the atom to be indestructible, and hence eternal. They believed atoms to be minute objects invisible to the naked eye which come into being and vanish in an instant. Vaiseshikas further held that atoms of same substance combined with each other to produce dvyanuka (biatomic molecules) and tryanuka (triatomic molecules). This devinuka has the properties similar to those of the two original paramanu. Kanada also put forward the idea that atoms could be combined in various ways to produce chemical changes in presence of other factors such as heat. He gave blackening of earthen pot and ripening of fruit as examples of this phenomenon.
Kanada, the scientist identified different or a variety of Paramanus. He said that each paramanu has a specific property which is same as the class of substance to which it belongs to. This peculiar property has made to be called vaisesika sutra.
Paramanu or atom belonging to different classes of substance could also combine in large numbers., “because of the peculiarily or speciality of paramanu all things seen in the world are formed” he said.
His primary area of study was Rasavādam, considered to be a type of alchemy. He is said to have believed that all living beings are composed of five elements: water, fire, earth, air, ether. Vegetables have only water, insects have water and fire, birds have water, fire, earth and air, and Humans, the top of the creation, have ether—the sense of discrimination (time, space, mind) are one. He theorized that Gurutva (Hindi/Sanskrit for Gravity) was responsible for the falling of objects on the Earth.
Heat is the root cause for a change. When you heat a substance there will be a change. Due to heat mango ripens. Due to heat the earthen pot blackens. Due to heat water boils. So Kanada claimed that heat was responsible for any change.
This Indian conception of the atom was developed independently and possibly prior (depending on which dates one accepts for the life of Kanada) to the development of the idea in the Greco-Roman world. Indian theories about the atom are greatly abstract and enmeshed in philosophy as they were based on logic and not on personal experience or experimentation. Thus the Indian theories lacked an empirical base, but in the words of A.L. Basham, the veteran Australian Indologist “they were brilliant imaginative explanations of the physical structure of the world, and in a large measure, agreed with the discoveries of modern physics.”
According to author Dilip M. Salwi, “if Kanada’s sutras are analysed, one would find that his atomic theory was far more advanced than those forwarded later by the Greek philosophers, Leucippusand Democritus.”
Leave a Reply
|
<urn:uuid:b23f672d-ed0a-4c02-8a71-10a9e57c4a71>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.49948686361312866,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9523444771766663,
"url": "https://knowtifyindia.com/maharshi-kanada-founder-of-atomic-theory-in-600-bce/"
}
|
How is African swine fever transmitted and diagnosed?
26 February 2019, at 12:00am
Dr. Liz Wagstrom, chief veterinarian with the National Pork Producers Council based in Des Moines, Iowa, USA, explains how the movement of African swine fever (ASF) is occurring across different parts of the world.
Dr Liz Wagstrom, chief veterinarian with the National Pork Producers Council based Des Moines, Iowa, USA, speaks to The Pig Site's Sarah Mikesell.
"African swine fever is transmitted through close contact. So unlike some of the diseases that we know that are aerosol and move great distances, this is close contact, nose-to-nose; bodily secretions can transmit it. But another concerning transmission factor is the fact that it can be transmitted through meat," said Dr Wagstrom. "It can survive for long times in uncooked or even cured meats. We have reports that it's survived in serrano hams for over a year."
Diagnosing African Swine Fever
Also concerning is how to diagnose a sick animal because the symptoms of ASF can mimic other diseases.
"Whether it's Salmonella septicemia or some of the things we'd see fairly regularly, it's really important to have your veterinarian on board and make sure that they're sending in the correct diagnostic samples," she noted.
In the US, if there's a case that is suspected it could be African swine fever, state or federal veterinary authorities should be notified to do a foreign animal disease investigation. This ensures samples are being sent to reputable laboratories who are using validated tests, and that veterinarians are sending in the samples of choice, which are spleen, tonsils and whole blood.
Global Diagnostic Use
"Europe has had a lot of experience with doing a great amount of surveillance. So they're testing wild boar, and they're using PCRs," Dr Wagstrom said.
They are also looking at antibodies as well as the antigen that you'd detect with a PCR. Having robust surveillance, including a lot of tests and testing capacity, and being comfortable running those tests is going to be really valuable as you look at controlling an outbreak situation.
"It's also really critical to have a test that you're comfortable that a positive is truly is positive, and that a negative truly is negative," she explained. "That's really important when you're talking about a disease that has the trade impacts, as well as the animal health impacts that African swine fever has."
|
<urn:uuid:ebefab05-45b5-49e5-8b01-0dee1a441a06>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.17098242044448853,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9657045602798462,
"url": "https://thepigsite.com/news/2019/02/how-is-african-swine-fever-transmitted-and-diagnosed"
}
|
Elementary School STEAM activities
Elementary School STEAM activities
November 29, 2019
Kindergarten has been busy using STEAM in everyday teaching.
Engineering terms like balance, weave, support, and tension were important in learning how to create a tighter web between the cups that would hold the most spiders.
In November, kindergarten students measured a bat's wingspan using standard and non-standard units of measurement. They discovered that a bat is 16 inches across, but also used paper clips, cubes, links, and pennies to measure.
At Thanksgiving, the class read the book "How to Catch a Turkey" by Adam Wallace and Andy Elkhart. They built their own mazes to help their turkeys escape. All mazes had to have an entrance, an exit, and one dead end. Children enjoyed helping their turkey get to the stage and experimented with different techniques. All the while, they learned about force, a push or pull, and how an object must have a force to set it into motion.
|
<urn:uuid:c75b2225-b2a9-4b42-aca8-e49b69f8bc57>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.875,
"fasttext_score": 0.024210870265960693,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9616709351539612,
"url": "https://emmanuellutheranschool.org/blog/elementary-school-steam-activities"
}
|
How Did Black Friday Come to Be?
432 total views, 1 views today
In the modern era, eager shoppers throughout the U.S. know Black Friday as a day of massive retail bargains. The thought of saving money and snagging good deals strikes a completely different tone than the word “black” in the day’s title brings to mind. That’s because Black Friday has surprisingly dark origins.
Dispelling three Black Friday name myths
The term “Black Friday” was first used 150 years ago. When the U.S. gold market crashed on September 24, 1869, the financial crisis that followed was known as “Black Friday.” The name was appropriately dark for the occasion, as the gold market crash led to bankruptcies among Wall Street barons and farmers alike. It also destroyed the entire U.S. stock market. This event, though dramatic and historically important, is not at all relevant to the modern Black Friday despite some people attempting to link the two.
Another false narrative regarding the name “Black Friday” is that it has roots in the slave trade. Some people have claimed that, when slavery was legal, slaves would be made available for purchase at steep discounts the day after Thanksgiving. However, there is no historical evidence of such a practice ever existing.
Other people have suggested that Black Friday might be a play on the accounting term “in the black.” This term signals that a business’s books show it turning a profit. When the books instead show a net loss, the accounting term used is “in the red.” On Black Friday, since more people shop than on almost any other day of the year, businesses tend to be in the black for the day, so this version of the name’s origins does make sense. However, it couldn’t be farther from the truth.
Where the name Black Friday really comes from
Although the practice of retailers offering bargains after Thanksgiving precedes the national founding of Black Friday, one event in Philadelphia ultimately led to the adoption of the holiday’s title nationwide. In the middle part of the 20th century, the Army-Navy football game regularly took place the Saturday after Thanksgiving in Philadelphia (it now takes place within the few weeks after instead). The game caused not just a massive influx of cars and people into the city, but a drastic increase in the number of shoppers flocking the city’s stores for post-Thanksgiving shopping deals. This made the city’s holiday mayhem among the most intense in the nation, and police had to work overtime to maintain order.
Eventually, the Philadelphia Police Department grew impatient with the chaos and began devising ways to lessen it. That’s where the name “Black Friday” comes from. In ascribing such a bleak-sounding name to the day, Philadelphia’s police force hoped that people would be discouraged from heading into the city to watch the game and traverse the city in search of huge discounts.
Instead, though, the opposite happened. The crowds kept coming, and in the 1980s, a national misunderstanding developed that led to those rumors about the name “Black Friday” stemming from “in the black.” Corporations looking to increase their sales for the occasion likewise latched onto the notion of Black Friday, branding it into the national phenomenon it is today.
What are your Black Friday plans? Share them in the comments!
Leave a Reply
|
<urn:uuid:61d751a9-a9ff-44a3-b74e-d718c4e19184>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.05863082408905029,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9520586133003235,
"url": "https://www.peoplehype.com/2019/11/29/how-did-black-friday-come-to-be/"
}
|
Composition: learning from Delius and Elgar
Lesson rationale
Delius and Elgar composed in difference styles, and with different working methods. However, despite these difference, sketches for their music show that both faced similar compositional challenges. These include setting a text to music, harmonising a melody, and changing musical styles over the course of a larger movement or work.
This Teaching Pack suggests reading and digitised materials that A Level students can access, and provides a range of activities enabling them to use Delius' and Elgar's music to develop their own compositional techniques.
|
<urn:uuid:8e4fb8c9-06df-475d-bd3b-4a6b4bdee3e0>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.921875,
"fasttext_score": 0.5352652668952942,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9459620714187622,
"url": "https://www.bl.uk/teaching-resources/20th-century-music-composition"
}
|
What is an Ossuary?
From catafalque to columbarium, there are many obscure words in the language of funerary traditions, but one of the most peculiar words actually describes one of the oldest types of burial: ossuary.
In this guide we look at the origins and purpose of ossuaries and the history of some famous examples of them around the world.
What is an Ossuary?
‘Os’ is the Latin word for bone.
An ossuary is an above-ground chamber that contains the bones of people that have died.
The use of ossuaries is an ancient practice in Europe and the Near East, and these structures can be anything from a small container to an entire church.
Before remains are placed in an ossuary they are buried, and the body is left to decompose, before being exhumed and cleaned.
Ossuaries are common in Catholic countries, and in the medieval and early modern periods they were used to save space after a cemetery became full but several other religions also use them because of their spiritual beliefs.
In the first century Jews traditionally buried their dead by wrapping the body in cloth and placing it in a tomb hewn out of rock. A year or so after the burial the bones were retrieved and placed in an ossuary that was stored in the tomb. This practice is believed to have ended by the third century.
In Zoroastrianism, an ancient, but declining religion that originated in Iran, it is believed that bodies become impure after death. The body of a person who has died is left exposed in an isolated structure, called a dakhma, or tower of silence, to decompose and be scavenged by vultures before the bones are collected and placed in an ossuary.
In contrast to Zoroastrians, the Eastern Orthodox Church funerals are based on the belief that the body is a temple. Cremation is forbidden and the bodies of people who have died are traditionally exhumed after several years and placed in an ossuary, often at a special memorial service on the anniversary of their death.
If you're planning a funeral service, we have an extensive guide to cremations that you might find helpful.
What do Ossuaries look like?
The simple purpose of ossuaries mean that they come in all shapes and sizes. Some, such as catacombs, are underground chambers, whereas others are small and decorative containers. The only criterion for an ossuary is that the bones of one or more people can fit in it.
Famous Ossuaries
'James' Ossuary (private possession, Israel)
Close-up of 'James' Ossuary; an ancient limestone box with barely visible inscription
Photo by Paradiso on WikiMedia Commons
The 'James' Ossuary is a limestone box from the first century that was discovered in the Silwan Valley, near the Temple Mount of Jerusalem.
The bones once contained in the ossuary have long since disappeared, but the Aramaic inscription on it reads ‘"James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus."
The existence of the 'James' Ossuary was announced by Israeli antiquities collector, Oded Golan at a press conference in 2002, and temporarily exhibited at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto.
The provenance of the box as the final resting place of one of Jesus of Nazareth's supposed siblings prompted a lot of excitement, but whilst biblical archeologists accept that it is a first century ossuary, the authenticity of the inscription is disputed.
In 2004 Golan was charged with forgery by the Israeli Antiquities Authority, but, IN 2012, after an eight-year trial its claims were dismissed and the 'James' Ossuary was returned.
Sedlec 'Bone' Church (Kutna Hora, Czech Republic)
Interior of Sedlec Church, decorated with human bones, including a chandelier with several skulls
Photo by Chris Waits on Flickr
The modest appearance of the Sedlec Church, on the outskirts of a small Czech town, belies its fame as the ‘Church of Bones.’
It is believed that the Roman Catholic chapel in the Sedlec district of Kutna Hora became a popular burial site in the 13th century after the local abbot returned from a visit to Jerusalem with a jar of ‘holy’ soil, which he buried in the cemetery. So many people wanted to be buried in the cemetery at Sedlec after this that the basement of the church had to become an ossuary.
The bones of 40,000 people were moved into the church itself in the early 16th century and left in piles until in 1870 a local wood carver, František Rint, was asked to tidy them up.
Rint’s artistic flare produced two chandeliers, the coat of arms of the Schwarzenberg family, and other decorations. The largest chandelier contains every bone in the human body.
The artist was so pleased with his work that he left his signature on the church...
Close-up of František Rint's signature in human bones nailed to a wall of the Sedlec Church
Photo by Laika ac on Flickr
Hallstatt Bone House (Hallstatt, Austria)
Close-op of painted skulls on a shelf in the Hallstatt Ossuary
Photo by H.KoPP on Flickr
The Bone House of St. Michael’s chapel in the stunning alpine town of Hallstatt is filled with approximately 600 skulls, decorated and painted with the names of the dead.
The remains of people buried in the local cemetery were disinterred around a decade after initial burial and the skulls were cleaned, bleached in the sun and painted before transfer to the Hallstatt Bone House.
The skulls of men were painted with wreaths of ivy, whilst women’s were decorated with more brightly coloured flowers.
The practice seems to have started in the 18th century and continued until the 1960s. Most skulls were painted during the 19th century.
It was once thought that the Hallstatt Bone House was created because there was not enough space in the local cemetery and the remains were disinterred to allow for new burials. This theory has now been disproved and the origins of the tradition are a mystery.
The last person to have their skull preserved in the Hallstatt Ossuary was a woman who died in 1983. In 1995 her last request was fulfilled and her skull was painted and placed in the Bone House.
Douaumont Ossuary (Fleury-devant-Douaumont, France)
View of Douaumont Ossuary from the cemetery, with crosses and poppies in the front)
Photo by Nine LaMaitre on Flickr
The First World War Battle of Verdun was the longest in history. Between 21 February and 18 December, 1916, approximately 377,231 French and 337,000 German troops were killed on a battlefield of only 7 Square Miles.
After the Armistice in 1918 Bishop Charles Ginisty campaigned for the construction of the ossuary at the nearby village of Fleury in the area of Douaumont, to commemorate the thousands of unknown soldiers who died in the battle.
The remains of soldiers were interred in the ossuary throughout the 1920s and it was inaugurated in 1932 by Albert Lebrun, President of France.
The Douaumont Ossuary consists of a cloister containing 46 vaults, representing the different sections of the battlefield.
There are 4,000 inscriptions on the walls dedicated to soldiers known to have died in the battle, and also of men killed in the later Indochina and Algerian wars, donated by their families.
Interior view of the cloister of the Douaumont Ossuary, featuring plaques vaults containing the bones of soldiers kiled in the Battle of Verdun, and plaques dedicated to men who are known to have died in the battle, and some later conflicts)
Photo by Paul Arps on Flickr
The interiors of the vaults can be viewed from outside through windows, revealing the bones of 130,000 soldiers who will never be identified.
The Douaumont Ossuary also features a chapel, museum and cinema for screening documentaries on the battle to visitors.
The bones of 5,000 French soldiers who died at Gallipoli are also preserved in a small ossuary at one of the campaign’s many battlefields on the Turkish coast.
Close-up of small, whitewashed ossuary containing the bones of 5,00 french soldiers killed at Gallipoli
Photo by Matthew Vanitas on WikiMedia Commons
21,361 verified reviews
|
<urn:uuid:9367178b-72b7-4f85-a4e6-8bb72218bb37>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.75,
"fasttext_score": 0.03507554531097412,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9776631593704224,
"url": "https://www.funeralguide.co.uk/blog/what-is-an-ossuary"
}
|
Culture & Tradition
Modern Era
The modern era of Oman was initially dominated by the influence of Portuguese conquerors. After their arrival in the region around 1500 AD, the Portuguese began to build smaller settlements, which were exemplary and part of their expansion strategy in the Middle East. But as elsewhere, it was difficult for the Portuguese to establish themselves in Oman in the long term. Again and again, they had to assert their rule before the Ottomans, the English, the Persians, and the Dutch. In the end, however, the Yaruba dynasty succeeded in expelling the Portuguese from the country and subsequently united Oman. The Yaruba maintained close trade relations with East Africa, which brought it trade, especially in slaves, between India and East Africa and led to Oman’s prosperity.
Eventually, power struggles threw Oman into a civil war that lasted more than a quarter of a century, bringing back the Persians, who were then finally ousted by Ahmad bin Said. Since 1746, the Said Dynasty has ruled Oman and is still in power today. In 1798, Great Britain became increasingly influential in Oman through a treaty signed with the Sultan of Muscat and the East India Company. In 1840, Sultan Said moved his official residence to Zanzibar. Despite British foreign rule, this is considered the heyday of Omani history.
After the death of Sultan Said, inheritance disputes broke out among his two sons. As a consequence, the territory was divided in 1856 and thus emerged Oman and Zanzibar. However, this also heralded a period of economic decline. Maritime trade thus increasingly declined, which is also attributable to the opening of the Suez Canal to the first steamships and the fact that until recently, Oman had remained largely isolated and backward. It was not until 1970 that the reforms initiated by Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said, who is still in office today, began the gradual opening and modernization of Oman.
|
<urn:uuid:d3f82651-d6d8-4577-8fc3-a7c003143d0d>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.890625,
"fasttext_score": 0.26723533868789673,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.977922797203064,
"url": "https://canvascluboman.com/modern-era/"
}
|
Definition - What does Hang mean?
A hang is an event where a computer becomes unresponsive due to either a program or the system itself becoming unresponsive and no longer taking input. It is a blanket term for unresponsiveness, be it a small application or process, the operating system itself or a piece of hardware being unresponsive, in which case the only solution for it is killing the process, or in the case of a hung OS or unresponsive hardware, a hard reboot.
A hang is also known as a hangup.
Techopedia explains Hang
Hangs have a variety of causes, from software encountering an error that it cannot handle, simple lack of resources, which means the system is actually just waiting, to more serious systemic problems such as driver incompatibility or hardware malfunction. Most hangs are minor and usually resolve themselves, especially if it is only a resource issue, meaning it only appears to be hung because it is waiting for a resource such as memory or CPU time.
Hangs on the operating system itself suggest a deeper problem; it could be that there are various conflicts with the system drivers, discrepancies in the system registry or even a virus or malware infestation affecting the normal operations of the OS. Hardware-related hangs might be caused by faulty drivers and other conflicts or the hardware itself may be defective. The most common hardware-related hangs and crashes are caused by damaged sectors in the memory module.
Share this:
|
<urn:uuid:117834c5-8653-4fe3-af7f-313bad458730>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.78125,
"fasttext_score": 0.8326496481895447,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.955233633518219,
"url": "https://www.techopedia.com/definition/7628/hang"
}
|
Small carnivores might be the most destructive
Small carnivores might be the most destructive
Credit: CENIEH
A recent study published in the journal Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences featuring Ruth Blasco, a taphonomy specialist from the Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), and member of the URV-IPHES, attempts to simulate the actions of small carnivores at an experimental level and find diagnostic features that make them different from other agents, both in terms of bone modification and spatial alteration (dispersal of remains), culminating in the conclusion that they could have produced important modifications in archaeological sites.
While the presence of small , like the red fox, is common in the majority of European Pleistocene sites, only a few studies have been carried out to describe their taphonomic signal (that is, their diagnostic marks) in bone sets of macro-vertebrates.
"Our experimental line of work is essentially based on a simulation of different scenarios of predation and interaction aimed at characterizing the actions of wild carnivores by involving not only small carnivores, such as the fox or the badger, but also big predators such as the brown bear," says Ruth Blasco.
The experimental work is being carried out mostly in the Parc Natural de l'Alt Pirineu, in the Lleida Pyrenees, an area without any human interference that could modify the behavior of these animals.
"This is an essential fact when it comes to extrapolating experimental data, given that only these scenarios ensure the necessary isolation to avoid altering the taphonomic signal and adequate archaeological interpretations," explains Blasco.
The study belongs to a larger experimental project that began in 2010 and is the result of the need to address the taphonomic complexity of the formation of some Pleistocene sites.
Explore further
First 3-D analysis of the stone tools of African hunter-gatherers
More information: Maite Arilla et al. Contributing to characterise wild predator behaviour: consumption pattern, spatial distribution and bone damage on ungulate carcasses consumed by red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences (2018). DOI: 10.1007/s12520-018-0675-x
Provided by CENIEH
Citation: Small carnivores might be the most destructive (2018, October 8) retrieved 7 August 2020 from https://phys.org/news/2018-10-small-carnivores-destructive.html
Feedback to editors
User comments
|
<urn:uuid:dcfd4e9f-94b6-451c-b8be-59b9a54272cd>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.02272886037826538,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8771801590919495,
"url": "https://phys.org/news/2018-10-small-carnivores-destructive.html"
}
|
FESA Protection Sought for the Black-Backed Woodpecker
In 2012, the John Muir Project (JMP) and the Center for Biological Diversity (CBD) wrote and filed a Petition to list the California/Oregon and Black Hills (South Dakota) subspecies of the Black-backed Woodpecker as threatened or endangered under the Federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) in order to protect this rare bird from further habitat loss on Federal Public Lands due to the practices of post-fire logging and fire suppression.
The Black-backed Woodpecker depends upon stands of mature forest that have experienced high-intensity fire, and this species is severely harmed when post-fire logging eliminates their habitat.
One pair of Black-backed Woodpeckers generally needs at least 200 acres, typically with at least 100 standing fire-killed trees per acre, on average, in order to have enough of their prey–native wood-boring beetle larvae which live under the bark of fire-killed trees–to survive. Once relatively common, before fire suppression and post-fire logging, this species is now extremely rare, and there are no meaningful protections for its habitat on either public or private lands. It is estimated that as few as 1000 pairs remain in California (600 pairs)/Oregon (400 pairs) with less than 500 pairs remaining in Black Hills of South Dakota.
One year after the Petition was filed, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) determined that there is sufficient scientific evidence to conclude that listing the these two Black-backed Woodpecker subspecies under the federal ESA “may be warranted”. A final determination will be issued by USFWS in 2017.
Related Documents
|
<urn:uuid:23552035-0064-4aa3-802b-2378ff738d0e>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.06930524110794067,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9309664368629456,
"url": "https://johnmuirproject.org/legal-pursuits/fesa-protection-sought-for-the-black-backed-woodpecker/"
}
|
Crystallins: A heterogeneous family of water-soluble structural proteins found in cells of the vertebrate lens. The presence of these proteins accounts for the transparency of the lens. The family is composed of four major groups, alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, and several minor groups, which are classed on the basis of size, charge, immunological properties, and vertebrate source. Alpha, beta, and delta crystallins occur in avian and reptilian lenses, while alpha, beta, and gamma crystallins occur in all other lenses.Lens, Crystalline: A transparent, biconvex structure of the EYE, enclosed in a capsule and situated behind the IRIS and in front of the vitreous humor (VITREOUS BODY). It is slightly overlapped at its margin by the ciliary processes. Adaptation by the CILIARY BODY is crucial for OCULAR ACCOMMODATION.beta-Crystallins: A class of crystallins that provides refractive power and translucency to the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) in VERTEBRATES. Beta-crystallins are similar in structure to GAMMA-CRYSTALLINS in that they both contain Greek key motifs. Beta-crystallins exist as oligomers formed from acidic (BETA-CRYSTALLIN A CHAIN) and basic (BETA-CRYSTALLIN B CHAIN) subunits.beta-Crystallin B Chain: The basic subunit of beta-crystallins.gamma-Crystallins: A subclass of crystallins that found in the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) of VERTEBRATES. Gamma-crystallins are similar in structure to BETA-CRYSTALLINS in that they both form into a Greek key-like structure. They are composed of monomeric subunits.beta-Crystallin A Chain: The acidic subunit of beta-crystallins.alpha-Crystallins: A subclass of crystallins that provides the majority of refractive power and translucency to the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) in VERTEBRATES. Alpha-crystallins also act as molecular chaperones that bind to denatured proteins, keep them in solution and thereby maintain the translucency of the lens. The proteins exist as large oligomers that are formed from ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN A CHAIN and ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN B CHAIN subunits.Cataract: Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)alpha-Crystallin A Chain: One of the subunits of alpha-crystallins. Unlike ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN B CHAIN the expression of ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN A CHAIN is limited primarily to the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE).alpha-Crystallin B Chain: One of the alpha crystallin subunits. In addition to being expressed in the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE), alpha-crystallin B chain has been found in a variety of tissues such as HEART; BRAIN; MUSCLE; and KIDNEY. Accumulation of the protein in the brain is associated with NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES such as CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME and ALEXANDER DISEASE.Lens Nucleus, Crystalline: The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex.Octopodiformes: A superorder in the class CEPHALOPODA, consisting of the orders Octopoda (octopus) with over 200 species and Vampyromorpha with a single species. The latter is a phylogenetic relic but holds the key to the origins of Octopoda.alpha 1-Antitrypsin: Plasma glycoprotein member of the serpin superfamily which inhibits TRYPSIN; NEUTROPHIL ELASTASE; and other PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES.Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional: Electrophoresis in which a second perpendicular electrophoretic transport is performed on the separate components resulting from the first electrophoresis. This technique is usually performed on polyacrylamide gels.Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha: One of the two major pharmacological subdivisions of adrenergic receptors that were originally defined by the relative potencies of various adrenergic compounds. The alpha receptors were initially described as excitatory receptors that post-junctionally stimulate SMOOTH MUSCLE contraction. However, further analysis has revealed a more complex picture involving several alpha receptor subtypes and their involvement in feedback regulation.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Bufonidae: The family of true toads belonging to the order Anura. The genera include Bufo, Ansonia, Nectophrynoides, and Atelopus.Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is regulated by OXYGEN availability and is targeted for degradation by VHL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Aging: The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.Solubility: The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Titrimetry: The determination of the concentration of a given component in solution (the analyte) by addition of a liquid reagent of known strength (the titrant) until an equivalence point is reached (when the reactants are present in stoichiometric proportions). Often an indicator is added to make the equivalence point visible (e.g., a change in color).KynurenineDeamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Chromatography, Gel: Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.Molecular Chaperones: A family of cellular proteins that mediate the correct assembly or disassembly of polypeptides and their associated ligands. Although they take part in the assembly process, molecular chaperones are not components of the final structures.Decapodiformes: A superorder of CEPHALOPODS comprised of squid, cuttlefish, and their relatives. Their distinguishing feature is the modification of their fourth pair of arms into tentacles, resulting in 10 limbs.Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column.Eye ProteinsProto-Oncogene Proteins c-maf: Maf proto-oncogene protein is the major cellular homolog of the V-MAF ONCOGENE PROTEIN. It was the first of the mammalian MAF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS identified, and it is induced in activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of INTERLEUKIN-4. c-maf is frequently translocated to an immunoglobulin locus in MULTIPLE MYELOMA.alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: A member of the NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR subfamily of the LIGAND-GATED ION CHANNEL family. It consists entirely of pentameric a7 subunits expressed in the CNS, autonomic nervous system, vascular system, lymphocytes and spleen.Poecilia: A genus of livebearing cyprinodont fish comprising the guppy and molly. Some species are virtually all female and depend on sperm from other species to stimulate egg development. Poecilia is used in carcinogenicity studies as well as neurologic and physiologic research.Maillard Reaction: One of a group of nonenzymatic reactions in which aldehydes, ketones, or reducing sugars react with amino acids, peptides, or proteins. Food browning reactions, such as those that occur with cooking of meats, and also food deterioration reactions, resulting in decreased nutritional value and color changes, are attributed to this reaction type. The Maillard reaction is studied by scientists in the agriculture, food, nutrition, and carbohydrate chemistry fields.Refractometry: Measurement of the index of refraction (the ratio of the velocity of light or other radiation in the first of two media to its velocity in the second as it passes from one into the other).Protein Denaturation: Disruption of the non-covalent bonds and/or disulfide bonds responsible for maintaining the three-dimensional shape and activity of the native protein.Scattering, Radiation: The diversion of RADIATION (thermal, electromagnetic, or nuclear) from its original path as a result of interactions or collisions with atoms, molecules, or larger particles in the atmosphere or other media. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization: A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.Integrin alpha3beta1: Cell surface receptor for LAMININ, epiligrin, FIBRONECTINS, entactin, and COLLAGEN. Integrin alpha3beta1 is the major integrin present in EPITHELIAL CELLS, where it plays a role in the assembly of BASEMENT MEMBRANE as well as in cell migration, and may regulate the functions of other integrins. Two alternatively spliced isoforms of the alpha subunit (INTEGRIN ALPHA3), are differentially expressed in different cell types.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Integrin alpha4: An integrin alpha subunit that is unique in that it does not contain an I domain, and its proteolytic cleavage site is near the middle of the extracellular portion of the polypeptide rather than close to the membrane as in other integrin alpha subunits.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Integrin alpha6: An integrin alpha subunit that primarily associates with INTEGRIN BETA1 or INTEGRIN BETA4 to form laminin-binding heterodimers. Integrin alpha6 has two alternatively spliced isoforms: integrin alpha6A and integrin alpha6B, which differ in their cytoplasmic domains and are regulated in a tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific manner.Integrin alpha5beta1: An integrin found in FIBROBLASTS; PLATELETS; MONOCYTES, and LYMPHOCYTES. Integrin alpha5beta1 is the classical receptor for FIBRONECTIN, but it also functions as a receptor for LAMININ and several other EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Lens Cortex, Crystalline: The portion of the crystalline lens surrounding the nucleus and bound anteriorly by the epithelium and posteriorly by the capsule. It contains lens fibers and amorphous, intercellular substance.Integrin alpha4beta1: Integrin alpha4beta1 is a FIBRONECTIN and VCAM-1 receptor present on LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; EOSINOPHILS; NK CELLS and thymocytes. It is involved in both cell-cell and cell- EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX adhesion and plays a role in INFLAMMATION, hematopoietic cell homing and immune function, and has been implicated in skeletal MYOGENESIS; NEURAL CREST migration and proliferation, lymphocyte maturation and morphogenesis of the PLACENTA and HEART.Interleukin-1alpha: An interleukin-1 subtype that occurs as a membrane-bound pro-protein form that is cleaved by proteases to form a secreted mature form. Unlike INTERLEUKIN-1BETA both membrane-bound and secreted forms of interleukin-1alpha are biologically active.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Integrin alpha2beta1: An integrin found on fibroblasts, platelets, endothelial and epithelial cells, and lymphocytes where it functions as a receptor for COLLAGEN and LAMININ. Although originally referred to as the collagen receptor, it is one of several receptors for collagen. Ligand binding to integrin alpha2beta1 triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling, including activation of p38 MAP kinase.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Circular Dichroism: A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1: A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors that mediate contraction of SMOOTH MUSCLE in a variety of tissues such as ARTERIOLES; VEINS; and the UTERUS. They are usually found on postsynaptic membranes and signal through GQ-G11 G-PROTEINS.Integrin alpha5: This integrin alpha subunit combines with INTEGRIN BETA1 to form a receptor (INTEGRIN ALPHA5BETA1) that binds FIBRONECTIN and LAMININ. It undergoes posttranslational cleavage into a heavy and a light chain that are connected by disulfide bonds.Integrin alpha1beta1: Integrin alpha1beta1 functions as a receptor for LAMININ and COLLAGEN. It is widely expressed during development, but in the adult is the predominant laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) in mature SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, where it is important for maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of these cells. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also found in LYMPHOCYTES and microvascular endothelial cells, and may play a role in angiogenesis. In SCHWANN CELLS and neural crest cells, it is involved in cell migration. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also known as VLA-1 and CD49a-CD29.Protein Processing, Post-Translational: Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC, Adrenergic, alpha-2: A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors found on both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes where they signal through Gi-Go G-PROTEINS. While postsynaptic alpha-2 receptors play a traditional role in mediating the effects of ADRENERGIC AGONISTS, the subset of alpha-2 receptors found on presynaptic membranes signal the feedback inhibition of NEUROTRANSMITTER release.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Integrin alpha6beta1: A cell surface receptor mediating cell adhesion to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX and to other cells via binding to LAMININ. It is involved in cell migration, embryonic development, leukocyte activation and tumor cell invasiveness. Integrin alpha6beta1 is the major laminin receptor on PLATELETS; LEUKOCYTES; and many EPITHELIAL CELLS, and ligand binding may activate a number of signal transduction pathways. Alternative splicing of the cytoplasmic domain of the alpha6 subunit (INTEGRIN ALPHA6) results in the formation of A and B isoforms of the heterodimer, which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Integrin alpha6beta4: This intrgrin is a key component of HEMIDESMOSOMES and is required for their formation and maintenance in epithelial cells. Integrin alpha6beta4 is also found on thymocytes, fibroblasts, and Schwann cells, where it functions as a laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) and is involved in wound healing, cell migration, and tumor invasiveness.Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC alpha Chains: The alpha subunits of integrin heterodimers (INTEGRINS), which mediate ligand specificity. There are approximately 18 different alpha chains, exhibiting great sequence diversity; several chains are also spliced into alternative isoforms. They possess a long extracellular portion (1200 amino acids) containing a MIDAS (metal ion-dependent adhesion site) motif, and seven 60-amino acid tandem repeats, the last 4 of which form EF HAND MOTIFS. The intracellular portion is short with the exception of INTEGRIN ALPHA4.Ranidae: The family of true frogs of the order Anura. The family occurs worldwide except in Antarctica.Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Spectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom Bombardment: A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of a wide range of biomolecules, such as glycoalkaloids, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and peptides. Positive and negative fast atom bombardment spectra are recorded on a mass spectrometer fitted with an atom gun with xenon as the customary beam. The mass spectra obtained contain molecular weight recognition as well as sequence information.Integrin alpha1: An integrin alpha subunit that binds COLLAGEN and LAMININ though its I domain. It combines with INTEGRIN BETA1 to form the heterodimer INTEGRIN ALPHA1BETA1.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Mass Spectrometry: An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.Alpha Rhythm: Brain waves characterized by a relatively high voltage or amplitude and a frequency of 8-13 Hz. They constitute the majority of waves recorded by EEG registering the activity of the parietal and occipital lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed with the eyes closed.DucksImmunoblotting: Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.Cornea: The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye consisting of five layers: stratified squamous CORNEAL EPITHELIUM; BOWMAN MEMBRANE; CORNEAL STROMA; DESCEMET MEMBRANE; and mesenchymal CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM. It serves as the first refracting medium of the eye. It is structurally continuous with the SCLERA, avascular, receiving its nourishment by permeation through spaces between the lamellae, and is innervated by the ophthalmic division of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE via the ciliary nerves and those of the surrounding conjunctiva which together form plexuses. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Integrin alpha3: An integrin alpha subunit that occurs as alternatively spliced isoforms. The isoforms are differentially expressed in specific cell types and at specific developmental stages. Integrin alpha3 combines with INTEGRIN BETA1 to form INTEGRIN ALPHA3BETA1 which is a heterodimer found primarily in epithelial cells.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency: Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.Receptors, Nicotinic: One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Adrenergic alpha-Agonists: Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Spectrometry, Fluorescence: Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.PPAR alpha: A nuclear transcription factor. Heterodimerization with RETINOID X RECEPTOR GAMMA is important to metabolism of LIPIDS. It is the target of FIBRATES to control HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.Perciformes: The most diversified of all fish orders and the largest vertebrate order. It includes many of the commonly known fish such as porgies, croakers, sunfishes, dolphin fish, mackerels, TUNA, etc.Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.Isoelectric Focusing: Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point.Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic alpha-antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect: A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)Proteomics: The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.Antarctic Regions: The continent lying around the South Pole and the southern waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. It includes the Falkland Islands Dependencies. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p55)Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha: Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha is a transcription factor found in the LIVER; PANCREAS; and KIDNEY that regulates HOMEOSTASIS of GLUCOSE.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
|
<urn:uuid:5f5923da-777c-49e5-9aea-d3f8f4a70f8e>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.0625,
"fasttext_score": 0.07474631071090698,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8922914266586304,
"url": "https://lookformedical.com/en/definitions/alpha-crystallins"
}
|
Why Hospital Door Handles Should Be Made Of Copper
This morning, when walking in from my car to my office in the hospital, I had to open 6 doors and press 2 elevator buttons. With each door handle and elevator button, I was having contact with someone else’s fomites. Fomites are the small droplets that are formed when a person coughs or sneezes and are the primary way that respiratory viruses get transmitted. Bacteria, such as Staph aureus, are instead usually transmitted by skin contact with infected tissues, for example, by touching body secretions containing bacteria. In both situations, it is the hands that are the primary conveyance mechanism – whether they touch a person infected with Staph or whether a person with the flu blows their nose into a hand-held Kleenex. Anything that those hands touch can spread the viruses or bacteria in those fomites. Those door handles and elevator buttons that I touched this morning contain the fomites of hundreds of patients and hospital staff.
Certain materials are inherently more antimicrobial than others. Most hospital door handles are made of stainless steel or aluminum because steel and aluminum wipes off easily and because it’s shiny appearance looks clean. However, it turns out that steel and aluminum do not have antimicrobial properties so viruses and bacteria can survive on steel knobs, buttons, and handles for hours. Copper, on the other hand, has potent natural antimicrobial properties. This has been known for centuries – for example, copper water vessels were preferentially used in ancient times because water would be of better quality when transported in copper containers as opposed to containers made of other materials.
The medical literature about copper’s antimicrobial properties is extensive and it has been shown to inhibit/inactivate fungi (such as Aspergillus and Candida), viruses (such as influenza and polio), and bacteria (such as E coli, Clostridium difficile, and MRSA).
One of the problems with copper as a building material is that it tarnishes and then looks old and dirty. However, copper can be combined with other metals to form alloys such as brass (copper + zinc) and bronze (copper + tin) which are more commonly used for building fixtures. Although these alloys are better than steel with respect to their antimicrobial properties, then are not quite as effective as pure copper. For example, 99.9% of E. coli are killed within 120 minutes on copper surfaces but similar kill rates take up to 270 minutes on brass surfaces and 270 minutes on bronze surfaces. In contrast, E. coli can survive on stainless steel surfaces for weeks. The antimicrobial properties of copper are temperature dependent. At temperatures of 4 degrees C (40 degrees F), bacterial killing requires 1 hour longer than at 20 degrees C (70 degrees F).
As we renovate our hospitals in the future, we should look back to using copper and brass door handles, cabinetry fixtures, and buttons. Copper may not look as clean and sterile as stainless steel but looks can be deceiving. A $4 door handle may just have as big of an epidemiologic impact as a $20,000 ultraviolet room sterilizer…
March 10, 2020
By James Allen, MD
|
<urn:uuid:a7cd009b-0a5a-4d96-a7d0-56324eeb554b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.15359151363372803,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9396836161613464,
"url": "http://hospitalmedicaldirector.com/why-hospital-door-handles-should-be-made-of-copper/"
}
|
228: A Day in Taiwan’s History that should to be Remembered
If you’re visiting Taiwan on February 28, you’ll find out that it’s a national holiday. If it happens to land on a Monday or Friday, you’ll probably find yourself paying a pricier hotel rate as result of the number of people looking for a long weekend getaway. There’s a mourning ceremony held on this date every year to commemorate an important day in Taiwan’s history. 228, also known as the 228 incident or the 228 massacre, became a national holiday for a sad reason. Here’s an explainer on how this holiday came to be. (Read more: 6 Holidays in Taiwan You Should Know About)
The 228 Incident
From 1895 to 1945, Taiwan was occupied and colonized by the Japanese. When they retreated after WWII, the Republic of China (ROC) led by the Kuomintang (KMT) government took over Taiwan. While the Taiwanese people wanted to celebrate the end of Japanese rule, they soon realized that the new authority did not bring peace to their land. Officials would seize people’s private properties and abuse their power. There was no proper economic policy whatsoever, and, worst of all, the Taiwanese people were still excluded from political participation.
One of the restrictions implemented at the time was the ban of cigarette trading. The story started in the front of a small shop in Taipei, where officials rushed and accused a woman of selling cigarettes without permission. This resulted in a huge fight in the shop and in the end, the whole neighborhood piled in, defending the lady as one.
As the tension rose in the room, the officials wanted to escape the chaos and one of them pulled out his gun in desperation, shot into the crowd and wounded a bystander, who ended up dying the next day. The date was February 28, 1947.
The White Terror Period
This unfortunate death triggered a series of uprisings, with demonstrations and strikes spreading all over Taiwan. People first gathered in Zhongshan Park and then took over Taipei radio station to broadcast the tragedy to the masses. The government, on the other hand, showed no compromise or mercy and tried to suppress the rebellion by force. For the following 38 years, Taiwan was placed under martial law in a period that is now known as the “White Terror” period. All public gatherings were banned and whoever broke the rules would be arrested immediately. The death count during the 228 incident was estimated between 10,000 to 30,000, with more and more people dying or going missing on a daily basis during the White Terror.
在 Instagram 查看這則貼文
林武武（@055_lin）分享的貼文 張貼
▲ 228 Memorial Park
Present Day
In 2020, Taiwan is proudly known for being the freest country in Asia. People have the right to elect their president, to practice real democracy, and the media can report news with freedom of speech. But that freedom was hard to come by. It was the strife of the people of the past who’d been through the dark days that led us to democratization.
If you do visit Taiwan on February 28, make sure you pay a visit to 228 Memorial Park, known as Zhongshan Park during the incident. Meanwhile, the old building of the radio station has now turned into the Taipei 228 Memorial Museum.
▲ Taipei 228 Memorial Museum
Let us remember the day in an effort to ensure that history does not repeat itself.
|
<urn:uuid:863a4362-385a-42d7-905a-3b3809a1b9a8>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.10267353057861328,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9656966328620911,
"url": "https://taiwan-scene.com/228-a-day-in-taiwans-history-that-should-to-be-remembered/"
}
|
The Grass Is Not Always Greener
Emily Woods, Fourth Grade, Barringer Academic Center
Curriculum Unit (pdf)
In this curriculum unit, the students will read Coraline by Neil Gaiman. While reading the book, the students will create Instagram posts to show what they visualize in the story as they read. The students will generate a point of view from a prompt from another character’s thoughts and actions. Wrapping this lesson up, the students will watch the movie Coraline and complete a novel study contract. They will reflect on differences of what the movie showed versus what they created while doing their posts.
|
<urn:uuid:071e0412-dfb5-4247-a675-841c2915e78e>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.037770748138427734,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9243948459625244,
"url": "https://charlotteteachers.org/2018/01/the-grass-is-not-always-greener/"
}
|
What is Bayes’ Theorem?
What is Bayes’ Theorem?
Bayes’s theorem is a way of finding a probability when we have certain other probabilities. Bayes’s theorem is stated mathematically as the following equation:
Where A and B are events and P(B) ≠ 0,
P(A | B) is also a conditional probability: the likelihood of event A occurring given B is true.
P(B | A) is also a conditional probability: the likelihood of event B occurring given A is true.
P(A) and P(B) are conditional probabilities of observing A and B respectively.
Lets take an example from mathisfun.com . You can check other examples from this site.
Let us say P(Fire) means how often there is fire, and P(Smoke) means how often we see smoke, then:
P (Fire | Smoke) means how often there is fire when we can see smoke
P(Smoke | Fire) means how often we can see smoke when there fire
• dangerous fires are rare (1%) i.e. P(Fire)
• but smoke is fairly common (10%) due to barbecues i.e. P(Smoke)
• and 90% of dangerous fires make smoke i.e. P(Smoke | Fire)
Probability of dangerous fire when there is smoke:
P( Fire | Smoke) = P(Fire) x P(Smoke | Fire) / P(Smoke)
= 1 % x 90% / 10%
= 9%
So, it is still worth checking out any smoke to be sure.
You can check other example from below link.
1. Math is Fun
2. brilliant.org
3. wikipedia.org
Leave a Reply
|
<urn:uuid:7fbba10f-25c3-4986-a321-a0b0d34e9b4b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.21875,
"fasttext_score": 0.994209885597229,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9028773307800293,
"url": "https://saugatbhattarai.com.np/what-is-bayes-theorem/"
}
|
The team devised a mathematical model to show that a rock becomes round (top row) and then shrinks (bottom row).
A new study by the University of Pennsylvania's Douglas Jerolmack, working with mathematicians at Budapest University of Technology and Economics, has arrived at a resolution to this puzzle. Contrary to what many geologists have believed, the team's model suggests that abrasion plays a key role in upholding these patterns, but it does so in a distinctive, two-phase process. First, abrasion makes a rock round. Then, only when the rock is smooth, does abrasion act to make it smaller in diameter.
"It was a rather remarkable and simple result that helps to solve an outstanding problem in geology," Jerolmack said.
Not only does the model help explain the process of erosion and sediment travel in rivers, but it could also help geologists answer questions about a river's history, such as how long it has flowed. Such information is particularly interesting in light of the rounded pebbles recently discovered on Mars -- seemingly evidence of a lengthy history of flowing rivers on its surface.
Jerolmack, an associate professor in Penn's Department of Earth and Environmental Science, lent a geologist's perspective to the Hungarian research team, composed of Gábor Domokos, András Sipos and Ákos Török.
Their work is to be published in the journal PLOS ONE.
Prior to this study, most geologists did not believe that abrasion could be the dominant force responsible for the gradient of rock size in rivers because experimental evidence pointed to it being too slow a process to explain observed patterns. Instead, they pointed to size-selective transport as the explanation for the pattern: small rocks being more easily transported downstream.
The Budapest University researchers, however, approached the question of how rocks become round purely as a geometrical problem, not a geological one. The mathematical model they conceived formalizes the notion, which may seem intuitive, that sharp corners and protruding parts of a rock will wear down faster than parts that protrude less.
The equation they conceived relates the erosion rate of any surface of a pebble with the curvature of the pebble. According to their model, areas of high curvature erode quickly, and areas of zero or negative curvature do not erode at all.
The math that undergirds their explanation for how pebbles become smooth is similar to the equation that explains how heat flows in a given space; both are problems of diffusion.
"Our paper explains the geometrical evolution of pebble shapes," said Domokos, "and associated geological observations, based on an analogy with an equation that describes the variation of temperature in space and time. In our analogy, temperature corresponds to geometric (or Gaussian) curvature. The mathematical root of our paper is the pioneering work of mathematician Richard Hamilton on the Gauss curvature flow."
From this geometric model comes the novel prediction that abrasion of rocks should occur in two phases. In the first phase, protruding areas are worn down without any change in the diameter of the pebble. In the second phase, the pebble begins to shrink.
"If you start out with a rock shaped like a cube, for example," Jerolmack said, "and start banging it into a wall, the model predicts that under almost any scenario that the rock will erode to a sphere with a diameter exactly as long as one of the cube's sides. Only once it becomes a perfect sphere will it then begin to reduce in diameter."
The research team also completed an experiment to confirm their model, taking a cube of sandstone and placing it in a tumbler and monitoring its shape as it eroded.
"The shape evolved exactly as the model predicted," Jerolmack said.
The finding has a number of implications for geologic questions. One is that rocks can lose a significant amount of their mass before their diameter starts to shrink. Yet geologists typically measure river rock size by diameter, not weight.
"If all we're doing in the field is measuring diameter, then we're missing the whole part of shape evolution that can occur without any change in diameter," Jerolmack said. "We're underestimating the importance of abrasion because we're not measuring enough about the pebble."
As a result, Jerolmack noted that geologists may also have been underestimating how much sand and silt arises because of abrasion, the material ground off of the rocks that travel downstream.
"The fine particles that are produced by abrasion are the things that go into producing the floodplain downstream in the river; it's the sand that gets deposited on the beach; it's the mud that gets deposited in the estuary," he said.
With this new understanding of how the process of abrasion proceeds, researchers can address other questions about river flow -- both here on Earth and elsewhere, such as on Mars, where NASA's rover Curiosity recently discovered rounded pebbles indicative of ancient river flow.
"If you pluck a pebble out of a riverbed," Jerolmack said, "a question you might like to answer, how far has this pebble traveled? And how long has it taken to reach this place?"
Such questions are among those that Jerolmack and colleagues are now asking.
"If we know something about a rock's initial shape, we can model how it went from its initial shape to the current one," he said. "On Mars, we've seen evidence of river channels, but what everyone wants to know is, was Mars warm and wet for a long time, such that you could have had life? If I can say how long it took for this pebble to grind down to this shape, I can put a constraint on how long Mars needed to have stable liquid water on the surface."
The above story is based on materials provided by University of Pennsylvania.Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
|
<urn:uuid:6a6abfca-0648-479c-8d5d-b7d22d195590>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.4375,
"fasttext_score": 0.47983312606811523,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9600787162780762,
"url": "http://www.geologyin.com/2014/12/geophysicist-teams-with-mathematicians.html"
}
|
kids encyclopedia robot
Salic law facts for kids
Kids Encyclopedia Facts
Jugement de Childebert III accordant à l'abbaye de Saint-Denis la terre de Hodenc-l'Evêque dans l'Oise
Record of a judgement by Childebert III
Salic Law
King Clovis dictates the Salic Law surrounded by his military chiefs.
The Salic law was a set of laws established by King Clovis I for the Salian Franks during the sixth century. It stayed important in parts of western Europe for a long time because Charlemagne based his laws on the Salic law. One part of Salic law that stayed very important was inheritance for kings. The Salic law said that land goes to sons and not daughters.
kids search engine
Salic law Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.
|
<urn:uuid:6f2f9942-ce1f-4d33-8f3d-c3ed84b91ca4>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.5045436024665833,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8992037177085876,
"url": "https://kids.kiddle.co/Salic_law"
}
|
Acute Sense of Smell
Turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) are often seen gliding or soaring in the air or devouring carrion in farm fields, pastures, meadows and along roads. Rarely do they come into yards or around houses unless there is something dead nearby. Turkey vultures are common in our area but we never see them close to our house. When several turkey vultures were sitting above our house (Modoc County CA) in the cottonwood tree branches, Leonard and I wondered why they were there and speculated that there must be something dead in the area. Unfortunately we discovered one of the two fawns who, with their mother, enjoyed nibbling the shrubbery in our yard dead on the road in front of the house. The turkey vultures were using the cottonwoods as a perch while eating the dead fawn. They remained in our trees for two days until the carrion was gone.
The diet of a turkey vulture is mainly carrion. They rarely attack living prey. Turkey vultures have an acute sense of smell and can detect odors in the air at a concentration of a few parts per billion. Although most birds have a olfactory system that is primitive or small and do not use the sense of smell for food location, turkey vultures have the largest olfactory system of all birds and smell is a primary means of obtaining food. They can smell carrion over a mile away and can detect carrion 12 to 24 hours old by smell. Turkey vultures prefer fresh meat whenever it is available and will, if possible, avoid overly putrid meat.
Turkey vultures glide in the air column until they locate a plume of odor from decaying carrion. By flying in circles, the turkey vulture homes in on the densest part of the olfactory gradient which it then follows to the source. Ethyl mercaptan, a sulfur smelling component of carrion odors, is added to natural gas as an aid in detecting leaks of this flammable gas. Turkey vultures will often congregate around natural gas pipeline leaks, drawn by the smell of ethyl mercaptan.
The genus name, Cathartes, is a Latinized form of the Greek “katharsis”, meaning purify or cleansing. “Aura”, the species, comes either from the Latin “aureus” (golden) or the Greek “aura” (breeze). Whichever the correct derivation of the scientific name, “golden purifier” or “cleansing breeze”, the turkey vulture’s role in removing carrion is described by the name.
Previous posts about turkey vultures include “Turkey Vulture” on 12-19-11, “Only a Mother” on 02-25-12. . . and “Spread Wings” on 02-29-12.
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s
|
<urn:uuid:73d6612e-4077-420e-a46b-1f7b4a073bf2>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.3970181345939636,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9327842593193054,
"url": "https://thenatureniche.com/2017/11/03/acute-sense-of-smell/"
}
|
Light MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Observe the picture given in Fig. 11.1 carefully. Fig. 11.1 A patch of light is obtained at B, when the torch is lighted as shown. Which of the following is kept at position A to get this patch of light? (a) A wooden board (b) A glass sheet (c) A mirror (d) A sheet of white paper, 2.A student observes a tree given in Fig. 11.2 through a pin hole camera. Which of the diagrams given in Fig. 11.3 (a) to (d), depicts the image seen by her correctly? (a) (b) (c) (d) Fig. 11.3 3. Four students A, B, C and D looked through pipes of different shapes to see a candle flame as shown in Fig. 11.4. A B C D Fig. 11.4 Who will be able to see the candle flame clearly? (a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D 4. Which of the following is/are not always necessary to observe a shadow? (a) Sun (b) Screen (c) Source of light (d) Opaque object 5. Paheli observed the shadow of a tree at 8:00 a.m., 12:00 noon and 3:00 p.m. Which of the following statements is closest to her observation about the shape and size of the shadow? (a) The shape of the shadow of the tree changes but the size remains the same. (b) The size of the shadow of the tree changes but the shape remains the same. (c) Both the size and shape of the shadow of the tree change. (d) Neither the shape nor the size of the shadow changes. 6. Which of the following can never form a circular shadow? (a) A ball (b) A flat disc (c) A shoe box (d) An ice cream cone 7. Two students while sitting across a table looked down on to its top surface. They noticed that they could see their own and each other’s image. The table top is likely to be made of: (a) unpolished wood (b) red stone (c) glass sheet (d) wood top covered with cloth VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 8. You have 3 opaque strips with very small holes of different shapes as shown in Fig. 11.5. If you obtain an image of the sun on a wall through these holes, will the image formed by these holes be the same or different? Fig. 11.5 9. Observe the picture given in Fig. 11.6. A sheet of some material is placed at position ‘P’, still the patch of light is obtained on the screen. What is the type of material of this sheet? Fig. 11.6 10. Three torches A, B and C shown in Fig. 11.7 are switched on one by one. The light from which of the torches will not form a shadow of the ball on the screen. Fig. 11.7 11. Look at the figure given in Fig. 11.8.AB Fig. 11.8 Will there be any difference in the shadow formed on the screen in A and B. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 12. Correct the following statements. (i) The colour of the shadow of an object depends on its colour of the object. (ii) Transparent objects allow light to pass through them partially. 13. Suggest a situation where we obtain more than one shadow of an object at a time. 14. On a sunny day, does a bird or an aeroplane flying high in the sky cast its shadow on the ground? Under what circumstances can we see their shadow on the ground? 15. You are given a transparent glass sheet. Suggest any two ways to make it translucent without breaking it. 16. A torch is placed at two different positions A and B, one by one, as shown in Fig. 11.9. S C R E E N Fig. 11.9 The shape of the shadow obtained in two positions is shown in Fig. 11.10. Fig. 11.10 Match the position of the torch and shape of the shadow of the ball. 17. A student covered a torch with red cellophane sheet to obtain red light. Using the red light she obtains a shadow of an opaque object. She repeats this activity with green and blue light. Will the colour of the light affect the shadow ? Explain. 18. Is air around us always transparent? Discuss. 19. Three identical towels of red, blue and green colour are hanging on a clothes line in the sun. What would be the colour of shadows of these towels? 20. Using a pinhole camera a student observes the image of two of his friends, standing in sunlight, wearing yellow and red shirt respectively. What will be the colours of the shirts in the image? 21. In Fig. 11.11, a flower made of thick coloured paper has been pasted on the transparent glass sheet. What will be the shape and colour of shadow seen on the screen? Fig. 11.11 LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS 22. A football match is being played at night in a stadium with flood lights ON. You can see the shadow of a football kept at the ground but cannot see its shadow when it is kicked high in the air. Explain. 23. A student had a ball, a screen and a torch in working condition. He tried to form a shadow of the ball on the screen by placing them at different positions. Sometimes the shadow was not obtained. Explain. 24. A sheet of plywood, a piece of muslin cloth and that of a transparent glass, all of the same size and shape were placed at A one by one in the arrangement shown in Fig. 11.12. Will the shadow be formed in each case. If yes, how will the shadow on the screen be different in each case? Give reasons for your answer. Fig. 11.12
RELOAD if chapter isn't visible.
|
<urn:uuid:af50b4a3-0319-4333-86ab-7d21906808e4>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.734375,
"fasttext_score": 0.2430616021156311,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9172936677932739,
"url": "http://www.philoid.com/epub/ncert/6/63/feep211"
}
|
Printable Version
Pronunciation: kla(r)ht Hear it!
Part of Speech: Noun
Meaning: 1. Lump of mud on the feet, shoes or anywhere else on your clothes or body. 2. The mud itself from which such lumps are formed.
Notes: English is a far-flung language comprising many dialects. In the dialect known as Geordie (remember the movie 'Wee Geordie'?), spoken in Northumberland around Newcastle-on-Tyne, you might be warned, "Divvent waak in the clarts", meaning "Don't walk in the mud". (Geordie is a Scottish affectionate form for 'George'.) If you do walk in the clarts, you will come home with clarty shoes or boots—or feet if you forgot to pull on your shoes or boots before going out.
In Play: Lumps usually do not fall away, if you think of lumps on your head or in your oatmeal. So, speaking of lumps of mud on your shoes tests the extent of lump's meaning. That is where clart comes in handy: "Get the clarts off your shoes and pants before you come inside," gets to the point quicker, and saves us two words. This term is sometimes used to refer to lumps of other substances, too.
Word History: Today's word has been around since at least the 13th century, but no one has any idea of its origin. It is distinguished from glar, a word it might be related to, by the thick consistency of its referent. However, glar has more of a liquid nature more likely to soak into your clothes. Clart must have been long in spoken use, for the compound verb beclart occurred rather frequently in the 13th century.
Dr. Goodword,
|
<urn:uuid:9c0d1265-3441-4fe2-aa69-81fa383a0bfc>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.13242745399475098,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9480594396591187,
"url": "https://www.alphadictionary.com/goodword/word/clart"
}
|
Understanding the Comprehension Question
Besides the need to understand the passage, you need to also to comprehend the question.
A lot of my students know where the answer is but if you are not answering the question, a strict marker would penalise you and could deny you marks.
Here’s a bonus tip to you. Very often, for question 10, the examiner likes to ask about “change.”
– how did the author’s attitude towards Mary change?
– In what way had Brian’s feelings towards the skunk changed by the end of the story?
-How had the writer’s feelings towards swimming changed at the end of the passage?
Don’t just tell me: He liked Mary in the end. He enjoyed the skunk’s company or the writer hated swimming at the end.
Show me how it has changed!
-The author hated Mary at first but grew to love her in the end.
-Brian was fearful of the skunk at first but started to enjoy its company in the end.
-The writer initially loved swimming but hated the exercise at the end of the passage.
|
<urn:uuid:728bb857-e319-4569-98c9-a17bb1f0e396>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.12271177768707275,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9730837345123291,
"url": "http://studyroom.sg/understanding-the-comprehension-question/"
}
|
SUBMITTED BY: Dr. Algeania W. Freeman (researched and written by Cheri Todd Molter)
The Woodard story is also told in “Black River” (a historical fiction novella written by Algeania W. Freeman, PhD).
Much of this story is based on the oral history passed down through the generations of James Woodard’s descendants and some is the result of genealogical research. Sources will be named when possible.
From Enslaved to Landowner: The Story of James H. Woodard
James Woodard was born in Wilson County, North Carolina to an enslaved woman named Wadie (N.C. Certificate of Marriage, dated August 1, 1920) and had several brothers and sisters. His father, Amos Woodard (N.C. Certificate of Marriage, dated August 1, 1920), went missing from the plantation where James was born and lived. According to family stories, it had been assumed that Amos had been sold at auction; however, it was discovered that there were two men named Amos Woodard who served in the 14th Heavy Artillery (U.S. Colored Troops), one in Company I and the other in Company M. One of those men may have been James’ father. According to his military record, the Amos in Company I was 5’10” tall with a “yellow complexion, black eyes, and black hair.” He was born in Wilson County and his occupation was listed as “farmer.” He enlisted on April 4, 1865 at New Bern, North Carolina for a term of three years. W.A. Moore was named as the person responsible for Amos’ enlistment. The remarks on his record states: “Det. Service at Morehead City, NC, since June 10th, 1865. Returned to duty Aug.” The military record of the Amos Woodard in Company M states that he was 5’6” tall with a “black complexion, black eyes, and black hair.” He was a laborer who had also been born in Wilson County. He enlisted on April 24, 1865, also in New Bern and for a term of three years; however, Lt. R.J. Brown was named as the person responsible for his enlistment. The only remark on this Amos’ record states:
“Disented [sic] command at Fort Macon, N.C. July 13, 1865.” Both men were born in Wilson County, North Carolina. Although it cannot be said for certain if these men were the Amos Woodard whom James named as his father, their names match what was documented, the birthplace of both men is accurate, and the dates coincided with the family story about James’ father leaving the plantation, so it is possible that James’ father served in the USCT.
James’ mother, Wadie, died when he was young; afterward, when James was about 13 years old, he ran away from the plantation where he had been enslaved. For a long time, he hid in forests through the day and ventured into hog pens at night. He told his decedents that he survived by eating whatever was in the troughs. According to family legend, James was discovered by a Quaker boy named Johnny Gill who introduced James to his father. The Gills created a safe place where James could live, and he remained lifelong friends with the family.
According to the Cumberland County Office of Register of Deeds, on Jan. 22, 1887, James H. Woodard of Cumberland County, aged 28 years, applied for a marriage license to be celebrated between him and Sarah Hodges, a twenty-one-year old black woman whose parents were Isham [“Isaac” on her death certificate] and Francis Hodges. Sarah’s parents were residents of Cumberland County, North Carolina. David D. Smith, minister of Freewill Baptist, married them in a ceremony at the Hodges’ home in Black River.
The 1900 US Census for District 18, Black River, Cumberland County, NC, states that James Woodard was “Head of household, Black, was born in March 1855, had been married for 14 years and born in NC of parents born in NC.” He was a farmer who rented property and could not read or write. His wife, Sarah E. Hodges Woodard was born in North Carolina in August 1861 and had had eight children, with only five still living. She could read and write and her parents were born in North Carolina. The couple had the following children: [William] Henry, born January 1885 and 15 years old; Francis W. [Wadie], born Nov 1887 and 12 years old; Levander, born Dec. 1890 and 9 years old; Hattie B., born August 1896 and 3 years old; and Leanna C., born June 1899 and 11/12 months. Also, a cousin named Margret Draughon lived with the family. She was born in April 1879 and was twenty-one years old and single.
According to the Marriage Register of Cumberland County, on Jan. 20, 1906, James and Sarah’s eldest daughter, Francis Wadie Woodard [spelled “Wady” in the record], married Charles Burnett of Black River, N.C. (p. 35). Rev. A. B. Yarborough, Minister of Gospel, officiated the ceremony. Charles was a farmer in Black River, and the couple had the following children: Henry, James A., Wadie Elizabeth, Joseph Cornelius, Charles W., Madie, and Willie Lee (Black River, Cumberland County Census Records of 1920 and 1930).
In 1910, James H. Woodard had been married for 24 years and was sixty years old. Again, he was listed as a farmer who was “operating [a] farm” that he rented (1910 Census Records, District 43, Black River, Cumberland County). The document stated that James could not read or write. His wife, Sarah E. was forty-seven and had had nine children, six of whom were living. The following children lived at home: Levander (“Nevander” in this record) was nineteen years old, single, a laborer on farm as wage earner, and could read and write; Hattie B. was fourteen, a laborer on farm as wage earner, could read and write, and attended school; “Leana T.” was ten, a laborer on a farm as wage earner, and could read and write; and Laura M. was only three years old. Maggie Draughon (called a “boarder” in this record) still lived with them and was listed as twenty-eight years old.
James and Sarah’s eldest son, William Henry Woodard married Annie Bell in Black River on April 26, 1910 (Marriage Register of Cumberland County, N.C.—Grooms, Colored, pg. 35). Henry, as he was called, and Annie had at least four children: Mary, Clyde, Ethel, and Estella (Sampson County, N.C. Census of 1920).
According to family lore, James shoed horses, made and sold turpentine, harvested fruit orchards (grapes, pears, apples, and plums), and ran a sugar cane mill. Sarah Hodges Woodard was a midwife. They had two daughters get married in 1914: Hattie married J. Thomas King of Wade, N.C. on June 11th, and Leanna married James McDonald of Godwin on Oct. 28, 1914 (Marriage Register of Cumberland County—Brides, Colored, pg. 35). Just a few years later, Sarah Hodges Woodard died of influenza on November 1, 1918 (NC Death Certificate). Sarah was buried at Bluff Church in Dunn.
Family legend has it that, at some point, James went to the Cumberland County courthouse steps with Johnny Gill to bid on Black River land that was up for auction. He wanted to own his own property, and Johnny was willing to help him make it happen. Land records verify that in 1920 James had a mortgage on lot 33a in Black River, N.C., and in 1921, lot 63a in Black River also had a mortgage in his name. According to oral tradition, James acquired over 100 acres in Black River and listed the property as Woodard’s Place. James also gave back to his community: He helped to build a school for persons of color in Wade and donated the land and timber to build a church in the area.
According to the 1920 Black River, District 48 Census, James Woodard was a landowner with mortgaged property who was an employer and a farmer. According to the record, he had not aged a bit since the last census (he was still recorded as 60 years old), but it was documented that he had been widowed. His youngest daughter, Laura, lived with him. She was 13 years old, could read and write, and attended school. Also, the 1920 Census states that James’ neighbor was “Evander” Woodard, who is the right age to be Levander: “Evander” [Levander] Woodard was renting property, twenty-nine years old, married, a farmer and an employer. His wife, Jennie B., was nineteen years old.
On Aug. 1, 1920, James H. Woodard married Sarah Murphy. The marriage certificate states that it “is a license for the marriage of J. H. Woodard of Godwin, N.C., 60 years, colored, son of Amos Woodard and Wadie Woodard (both deceased) and Sarah Murphy of Wade, N.C., 40 years, colored, daughter of Alex Murphy and Hermia [or Hanna] Murphy (both deceased) of Wade, N.C.” I. H. McPhail married them and James’ son Levander signed as a witness to the event.
On Saturday, Oct. 17, 1925, James Woodard and his son-in-law, James McDonald (Leanna’s husband) were on their way home in a mule-drawn buggy when they were struck by a car driven by Lonnie Penny, of Selma (Fayetteville Observer, Oct. 19, 1925). Howard Norris, a youth from Cumberland Mills, was also in the car (The Charlotte Observer, Oct. 21, 1925). There was an eyewitness—”Rural Policeman Randall”—who saw that Woodward was “well on the right side of the road” (Fayetteville Observer, Oct. 19, 1925). The article in the Fayetteville Observer states:
“Penny and Norris, driving towards Fayetteville, crashed into the side of the buggy, as the mule frightened jumped farther over to the right. The buggy was torn to fragments, the car thrown several feet…and every one of the occupants of the two vehicles were hurt. Woodward (sic), who was run over by the car, had the whole side of his face split open, according to the officer. He was also hurt internally and died a few minutes after the smash. McDonald was brought to the city and his wounds dressed after which he was carried home. Woodward (sic) was said to be one of the best negro citizens of the county and the tragic manner of his death caused sorrow to many white friends. Both Penny and Norris are said to be recovering from their slight injuries.”
After the accident, on Oct. 19, 1925, Penny and Norris were held without bail in the Cumberland County jail. Penny was charged with manslaughter, and on Nov. 25, 1925, in the North Carolina Superior Court a jury determined him not guilty (N.C. Superior Court Records, November Term, 1925).
After James’ death, Sarah Murphy Woodard had some very difficult times. According to Cumberland County Court Records, all of the land that had been owned by James at the time of his death was sold, supposedly to pay his debts, at a public auction at the courthouse door at Fayetteville on Dec. 23, 1929.
Despite the many hardships the Woodard family endured, their legacy of strength, courage, and integrity lives on. The legacy of the James Woodard family lives on through his successful, intelligent, and talented great grandchildren and great-great-grandchildren, who have done amazing things with their lives and helped many others in the process.
Pin It on Pinterest
Share This
|
<urn:uuid:498b3d18-aae0-4ca6-a25b-d9f2046f9988>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.703125,
"fasttext_score": 0.020291924476623535,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9890317320823669,
"url": "http://nccivilwarcenter.org/from-enslaved-to-landowner-the-story-of-james-h-woodard/"
}
|
Exodus Advanced Communications
Morse Code
RF Cafe Morse Code
Create your own Morse code MP3 file.
Morse code is a type of character encoding that transmits telegraphic information using rhythm. Morse code uses a standardized sequence of short and long elements to represent the letters, numerals, punctuation and special characters of a given message. The short and long elements can be formed by sounds, marks, or pulses, in on off keying and are commonly known as "dots" and "dashes" or "dits" and "dahs". The speed of Morse code is measured in words per minute (WPM) or characters per minute, while fixed-length data forms of telecommunication transmission are usually measured in baud or bps.
Originally created for Samuel F. B. Morse's electric telegraph in the early 1840s, Morse code was also extensively used for early radio communication beginning in the 1890s. For the first half of the twentieth century, the majority of high-speed international communication was conducted in Morse code, using telegraph lines, undersea cables, and radio circuits. However, the variable length of the Morse characters made it hard to adapt to automated circuits, so for most electronic communication it has been replaced by machine readable formats, such as Baudot code and ASCII. - Wikipedia
See also - Morse Fusion method uses pattern recognition rather than individual characters
Letter Morse Letter Morse Letter Morse Letter Morse Digit Morse
A •- H •••• O --- U ••- 0 -----
B -••• I •• P •--• V •••- 1 •----
C -•-• J •--- Q --•- W •-- 2 ••---
D -•• K -•- R •-• X -••- 3 •••--
E L •-•• S ••• Y -•-- 4 ••••-
F ••-• M -- T - Z --•• 5 •••••
G --• N -• 6 -••••
7 --•••
Create a free Morse Code ringtone (or just get a MIDI file)
8 ---••
9 ----•
Letter Morse Punctuation Mark Morse
A dash (-) is three times
the length of a dot (.)
Ä •-•- Full-stop (.) •-•-•-
Á •--•- Comma (,) --••--
Å •--•- Colon (:) ---•••
Ch ---- Question mark (?) ••--••
É ••-•• Apostrophe (') •----•
Ñ --•-- Hyphen (-) -••••-
Ö ---• Fraction bar (/) -••-•
Ü ••-- Brackets (()) -•--•-
@ •--•-• Quotation marks (") •-••-•
Mistake, delete last word: . . . . . . . .
Triad RF Systems PCB Directory (Design)
Exodus Advanced Communications - RF Cafe LadyBug Technologies LB5944A RF Power Sensor - RF Cafe
About RF Cafe
Kirt Blattenberger - RF Cafe Webmaster
Copyright: 1996 - 2024
Kirt Blattenberger,
My Hobby Website: AirplanesAndRockets.com
These Are Available for Free
|
<urn:uuid:9fdf0e7f-b160-4704-8a43-b8bfa4b88207>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.031916022300720215,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7754700779914856,
"url": "http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/morse-code.htm"
}
|
An Introduction to NAFTA
Course Outline
An Introduction to NAFTA
NAFTA, which went into force January 1, 1994, called for the reduction or elimination of most trade barriers between the US, Mexico, & Canada. Why was the Mexican government interested in joining NAFTA and what are some of the major provisions of the agreement?
Teacher Resources
Verified Available Languages
How to turn on captions and select a language:
2. Click Subtitles/CC.
3. Select a language.
Contribute Translations!
Submit subtitles
Currently we provide:
Are we missing something? Please let us know at
Creative Commons
Creative Commons License
on the fair use doctrine.
|
<urn:uuid:b27a2008-4584-4372-9c32-3d7dedc19557>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.03125,
"fasttext_score": 0.07949721813201904,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8992314338684082,
"url": "https://mru.org/courses/mexicos-economy-current-prospects-and-history/introduction-nafta"
}
|
Home » Computer Networks
Aloha: A random access method of multiple access | Computer Networks
Computer networks: In this article, we are going to learn about a random access method known of multiple access that is ALOHA.
Submitted by Radib Kar, on May 04, 2019
In the earlier discussion, we saw that random access methods are one kind of multiple access protocols. Aloha is one of the random access methods that was introduced in the early 70's. It was designed for radio (wireless) LAN, but it can be used on any shared medium.
Types of Aloha
Aloha is basically of two types,
1. Pure Aloha
2. Slotted Aloha
We are going to see about both in details here.
1) Pure Aloha
The original ALOHA protocol is called pure ALOHA. The idea behind the protocol is that each station sends a frame whenever it has a frame to send. However, since there is only one channel to share, there is the possibility of collision between frames from different stations. Figure 1 shows an example of frame collisions in pure ALOHA.
pure ALOHA
Figure 1: collisions
So, there are four stations in the above figure that contend with one another for access to the shared channel. The figure shows that each station sends two frames; there are a total of eight frames on the shared medium. Some of these frames collide because multiple frames are in contention for the shared channel.
Only two frames survive which are frame2 of station2 and frame1 of station4. But others are lost due to the collision. Thus the stations need to resend those collided frames. But how the sender is confirmed that the sent frame is lost? It's the acknowledgment frame sent by the receiver. The sender waits for the acknowledgment frame from the receiver. If it doesn't receive the acknowledgment frame before time-out then it resends.
Here the Aloha protocol comes in action. If all the sender sends the lost frames again together then there can be collisions again. Hence, aloha protocol says that the senders wait for a random amount of time. This randomness helps to avoid further collisions. We call this back-off time. Let's understand the protocol.
Aloha protocol
Figure 2: Aloha protocol
Tp = propagation time
Tb = back-off time
Tfr = frame transmission time
Kmax = 15 normally
Pure ALOHA vulnerable time = 2 x Tfr
S = G*e-2G
G = no. of average frames generated in Tfr
Maximum throughput is 0.184 when G=1/2
2) Slotted Aloha
Slotted Aloha is a modified version of pure aloha where we divide the time into slots of Tfr. Thus, If a station fails to send the frame in one slot it can't send throughout that slot and have to wait for the next slot beginning. This successfully reduces the vulnerable time down to Tfr which was previously 2* Tfr for pure aloha. Throughput also increases and turns to be G*e-G, where max throughput becomes .368 when G=1
Comments and Discussions
Ad: Are you a blogger? Join our Blogging forum.
» Machine learning » CS Organizations » Linux » DOS
More: » Articles » Puzzles » News/Updates
© https://www.includehelp.com some rights reserved.
|
<urn:uuid:8bb99d67-45d0-4d5d-beb8-7f574bff294c>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.03231823444366455,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8964064717292786,
"url": "https://www.includehelp.com/computer-networks/aloha-a-random-access-method-of-multiple-access.aspx"
}
|
account_circle Log in
add Create
cancel Log out
settings Settings
Email address
By Levi Clancy for Student Reader on
▶︎ View related▼︎ Tap to hide
Aramaeans originally heralded from the Jebel Bishri hinterland, between the Euphrates and the site which was later the great caravan city of Tadmor (aka Palmyra). It is unclear why Aramaeans thrust toward the Euphrates, but it was likely due to their deforestation of the Jebel Bishri and the resulting soil erosion and rapid run-off of formerly trapped storm rains.
According to Tiglath-Pileser I, the Aramaeans crossed the Euphrates into Assyrian territory. They settled along the Euphrates from the Babylonian border to Carchemish. Noting the importance of the Euphrates as an artery, Tiglath-Pileser I drove the Aramaeans back after crossing the Euphrates on goat-skin rafts.
As the Aramaeans settled, first in Syria, they coalesced into kingdoms. One such kingdom was encountered by King Saul of Israel just before 1,000 BC. However, the Aramaeans in Syria were establishing themselves; this allowed Israel to form treaties with somewhat centralized authorities. Conversely, Aramaeans in Mesopotamia and east of the Euphrates were still nomadic peoples with no central authority; this made them a destabilizing force that could not be diplomatically addressed. By the second half of the 10th century BC, however, Aramaeans in Mesopotamia had settled enough to cooperate with Assyrian king Ashur-dan II (934-912) and Assyrian prosperity returned.
|
<urn:uuid:551254f0-9fb8-46a1-b329-415a112e0025>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.07281655073165894,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9551922678947449,
"url": "https://studentreader.com/FG5AP/aramaeans/"
}
|
What does the word occipital mean?
Usage examples for occipital
1. Cephaloceles are covered by the scalp, and are most commonly met with in the occipital region and at the root of the nose; less frequently at the anterior inferior angle of the parietal bone, and in the line of the sagittal suture. – Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities--Head--Neck. Sixth Edition. by Alexander Miles Alexis Thomson
2. " Clean through the left side of the occipital bone," Malcolm Sage continued. – Malcolm Sage, Detective by Herbert George Jenkins
Each person working in the medical industry sometimes needs to know how to define a word from medical terminology. For example - how to explain occipital? Here you can see the medical definition for occipital. Medical-dictionary.cc is your online dictionary, full of medical definitions.
|
<urn:uuid:c702736e-3eac-4c62-b438-8ad9ad53bfd4>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.6510592103004456,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8772096633911133,
"url": "http://www.medical-dictionary.cc/what-does/occipital-mean"
}
|
Culture / Explainer
On Ribbon and Revolution: Rethinking Cockades in the Atlantic
Examining the Age of Revolutions through one of its most familiar material markers.
Matthew Darly/Museum of Modern Art
By way of example, take the cockade, a rosette of ribbons that individuals pinned to hats, bonnets, coats, and dresses. It is perhaps the most illustrative object from the age of revolutions, and historians have done excellent work interpreting the cockade’s significance for specific nations. In these interpretations, a cockade marked a wearer’s political loyalties, and because they were relatively inexpensive, people from all walks of life—elite, middling, poor, and even the enslaved—had an opportunity to wear their politics on their sleeves. The appeal and proliferation of cockades gave actors at the time (and scholars later on) a quick way to locate the outlook of people across the ideological spectrum and to gauge the extent of republican transformation.
But as cockades moved around the Atlantic, they often defied such straightforward readings. Rather, these bits of colored ribbon could be deceptive, and part of the problem stemmed from the fact that for all their power of individual political expression, cockades were also badges of conformity. While this trend held true throughout the Atlantic, it is easiest to see in the French case, because the French government made the wearing of the tricolor cockade mandatory. Throughout the revolution, officials would tinker with this law—for instance, debating whether women should or should not wear cockades—but for much of the 1790s, those living in France and its territories, as well as foreign visitors to these lands, were required by law to wear the tricolor cockade in public.
Inherent in the very absolutism of the French decrees was a tacit recognition that the wearers may not espouse the ideals the cockade was supposed to represent. Evidence suggests that wearing a cockade was, in some cases, a matter more of safety than of political devotion. One American, sailing to France in the mid-1790s, described how his fellow passengers had tricolor cockades in “their pockets ready to put on”—but only once they disembarked in France. For these travelers, the cockade was a precaution, not a political statement. One could argue that French laws were didactic, designed to help the wearer inculcate the republican values the cockade supposedly encapsulated. Victor Hugues, the French republican governor of Guadeloupe, made a similar claim when he requested that his superiors send thousands of cockades for distribution among black soldiers, describing the cockades as “little stimulants that produce great effects.”
But pedagogy frequently fell short, and throughout the period, commentators in Britain, France, the United States, and the Caribbean pointed out the gap between what the cockade was supposed to signify and the behaviors of people who actually wore it.
|
<urn:uuid:47c42bd1-9de6-4230-8fbf-37dc7b5b87d1>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.05246245861053467,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.966462254524231,
"url": "https://www.bunkhistory.org/resources/4084"
}
|
July 10, 2020
Guided Primary Source Analysis: Snake Game
Snake Game
“Snake Game.” Between 1840 and 1860. Alfred Bendiner Memorial Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. Medium: 1 print : wood engraving, hand-colored. Summary: Print showing a game board with red, gold, and blue spaces, numbered between 1 and 122; on the board are illustrations that are numbered and correspond to the blue “starred” spaces, which are action spots, the player landing on one follows the instructions given with the corresponding illustration, and moves accordingly. At the beginning of the game is a portrait of George Washington and at the end, a rustic looking homestead identified as the “home of the Washington family.”
Zoom into a detailed image of this game board (.pdf). Describe one thing you find interesting, one thing you think is curious or strange, and one thing you have a question about.
Rules. This Game is played with Two Dice or a Tee-To-Tum; and any Number of Persons can play at it. From No. 1, in rotation, each throw brings the Player forward according to the Number thrown; and if it brings the Player on a Star Number, look at the direction and corresponding figure. — If the Player throws over 122, there is to be counted back as many as there are thrown more, with one extra throw when on 119.
Work with a partner or group to “translate” the rules so that other kids your age would understand how to play.
Create your own snake game for a time period in U.S. history.
Speak Your Mind
|
<urn:uuid:0b383015-82a1-4a94-9a7c-aefa4971c54e>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.0776405930519104,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9366597533226013,
"url": "https://primarysourcenexus.org/2013/02/guided-primary-source-analysis-snake-game/"
}
|
Snell-Descartes Law/Historical Note
From ProofWiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Historical Note on Snell-Descartes Law
Willebrord van Royen Snell made his discovery in $1621$.
René Descartes was first to publish it, which he did in $1637$. Snell's own work did not appear until $1703$ when Christiaan Huygens included it in his Dioptrica.
However, it appears that Descartes' own statement was stated incorrectly as $\dfrac {\sin \alpha_1} {\sin \alpha_2} = \dfrac {v_2} {v_1}$, and proved inadequately.
It may well indeed be that Descartes himself learned it from Snell, who now generally holds the credit for its discovery.
It needs to be noted that this law had previously been discovered by several other scientists, including Ibn Sahl in $984$ and Thomas Harriot in $1602$.
In France this law is called la loi de Descartes or loi de Snell-Descartes, while elsewhere it tends to be known as Snell's law, or Snell's Law of Refraction.
|
<urn:uuid:b4b4b084-ea18-46a4-8763-b767da0e0a73>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.08737105131149292,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9697979092597961,
"url": "https://proofwiki.org/wiki/Snell-Descartes_Law/Historical_Note"
}
|
The Chronoscope
The Chronoscope.
The Chronoscope was invented by Frank Friedman Oppenheimer 1912-1995.
The principle of the Chronoscope is based on the theory that every light particle or foton is unique, that it has a, what you might call, timestamp and that it will exist eternally.
In other words light particles are identifiable because each particle has a unique key, and that unique key relates to a certain point in time.
By grouping, sorting and filtering on a certain time period it is possible to view that certain time period.
Frank Oppenheimer devised the so called "Oppenheimer
Time Equation" which allowed him to put the theory into
practice by creating the Chronoscope.
In contradiction to what some people might think, the
Chronoscope is not a time machine, it is a time viewer.
Of course it is only possible to look into the past, although
some experiments gave indications that looking into the
future is also possible.
Frank Oppenheimer was working on a revision of his
"Oppenheimer Time Equation" to include that "future"
His death in 1995 has halted research into that direction.
Into Other Worlds
A Journey into Other Dimensions
|
<urn:uuid:f19077e4-455d-470f-a776-2b0b40bf60b3>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.765625,
"fasttext_score": 0.02560657262802124,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9410271644592285,
"url": "https://intootherworlds.com/the%20chronoscope"
}
|
This summer, 1,648 bits of animal bone were recovered during excavations at Leiston Abbey. Among them were cows, pigs, sheep and goats, chicken and a whole variety of small mammals – all pretty standard fare. But that wasn’t all.
There, among all the other animal bones, were the remains of a red kite and a magpie. Now, whether the magpie was one of the thieving variety is yet to be established (though that could explain the nearby discovery of a golden button!), but these two birds did put us onto something.
Red kites were, back then, frequent scavengers at medieval middens. Now, they are one of Britain’s most ferociously protected species, having been nursed back from the brink of extermination. So, what happened? The story is a bit of a surprise.
Let’s start back with the rest of the bones. First off, when we compare the bones left by the site’s medieval occupants to the animal remains that accumulated later, what we see is a relative drop in the number of cattle, sheep, goat and pig bones, and an increase in the proportion made up by birds, rabbits, rodents, cats and rats.
Wild animals like rabbits weren’t much exploited by the monastic community and are fairly rare in monastic assemblages. However, we do know that generally they were an important source of both food and income among the lay community. So, it’s entirely possible that what we’re seeing is the change in diet of the abbey’s new, lay occupants after Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries in 1536.
But the seizing of church property wasn’t the only thing going on in the background. There’s something else worth considering, because it’s not just food scraps that end up in the garbage; vermin do too. And it was just four years before the dissolution that Henry VIII not only unleashed, but enshrined in law, an unprecedented attack on Britain’s wildlife that continued until the mid 18th century.
A series of bad harvests and a sharp rise in population had left Britain with serious food shortages. In response, Henry VIII passed the Preservation of Grain Act, which came to be known as the Vermin Laws. The aim? To exterminate all the animals on an official list of ‘vermin’ by means of a bounty system.
Detail of a miniature of hedgehogs sticking fallen fruit to their quills and carrying it back to their burrow; from the Rochester Bestiary, England c. 1230 via British Library
These laws made it pretty much obligatory for every community to kill as many creatures as possible, and the organised killing was big business. Both magpies and red kites were included, and each animal on the list was assigned a bounty, which ranged from a penny for the head of a kite or a raven, to 12 pence for a badger or a fox. All parishes had to raise a levy to pay for the bounties or face a fine if they didn’t meet their quota. Given that the the average agricultural wage was around four pence a day, these bounties were a pretty strong incentive.
This might all seem pretty reasonable given the circumstances, especially if the blacklisted creatures really were a burden on human food sources. But it drove many of Britain’s native species to the brink of extinction, including many that were totally benign. From water voles to otters, pine martens and choughs, hedgehogs and kingfishers, Henry’s list included pretty much, well, everything.
Though the act was aimed at protecting crops, it condemned many animals that were deemed unnecessary, or were simply disliked for inaccurate or superstitious reasons. Take, for example the hedgehog who, despite posing no threat at all, were subject to wholesale persecution along with all the other ‘vermin’ due to the bizarrely erroneous belief that they took advantage of recumbent cows and sneakily suckled the milk destined for human mouths from their teats at night. They were also believed to go rolling around vineyards and orchards using their spines to gather up grapes to greedily guzzle on later. The result? According Roger Lovegrove, who published a study of this bounty hunt from parish records, hedgehogs paid the price – over half a million bounties were paid for hedgehog heads between the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
And yet… Rabbits weren’t on the list. They weren’t seen as pests until much more recently, swapping places with species like wild cat and pine marten – our current red-list causes célèbres.
So, next time you wonder why not just your standard vermin, but also many now-endangered species – like the red kite at Leiston Abbey – show up in middens, just remember, this 200-year bounty hunt could help explain why.
This blog was based on insights provided by DigVentures’ finds supervisor Mandy Holloway. Supporting information on the change in composition of the assemblage was provided by Poppy Hodkinson and Richard Madgwick at Cardiff University. The full Leiston Abbey site report will be available soon!
Stay up to date with the latest archaeology news and excavation opportunities – subscribe to the DigVentures newsletter or find us on facebook and twitter.
Love archaeology?
Maiya Pina-Dacier
Full Author Profile +
|
<urn:uuid:15d6dbe7-0aa5-49ce-a870-dff728d245ab>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.04502004384994507,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.960332453250885,
"url": "https://digventures.com/2014/11/the-medieval-magpie-massacre/"
}
|
A European 12th-16thC architectural style, which arose around Paris following on from the Romanesque style, based on the pointed arch–an innovative engineering solution to achieve greater height and feeling of space.
Common features include the stone ribbed vault (a feat of weight distribution), the flying buttress (reducing the size of the masonry shell) and decorative tracery. Vilified by the subsequent rediscovery of classical forms, it witnessed a fashionable revival in the Victorian neo-gothic period (late 18th-late 19thC)–one of the best known examples being London’s Houses of Parliament, redesigned by James Wyatt between 1799-1801.
Pin It on Pinterest
Share This
|
<urn:uuid:87bc9213-83db-4f87-a49d-8e289abc5b75>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.1450822353363037,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9320868253707886,
"url": "https://designandmake.net/glossary/gothic/"
}
|
• The symbol systems for sightless people are divided into two broad categories.They consist of dots (e.g. Braille) or shapes both linear and volumetric (e.g. a Sphere). The Scripor Alphabet uses both three dimensional shapes and dots so the user can have different levels of information through touch.
• The color sumbols can be read with one finger, or by using one or both hands.It can be read from any direction: from top to bottom, from left to right and so on. The symbols can be oriented in any direction because there is an orientation point for the reader's finger.
• "Scripor" can be easily learned by anyone regardless of language, culture or geographic location.
• People can achieve fluency in the Scripor Alphabet within a few days, while learning Braille takes much longer.
• The Scripor Alphabet can be taught to very young children and is easy for people who have become blind later in life to learn.
• The Scripor Alphabet uses just one or two symbols or cells to represent color along with its shade and intensity
21 Mihail Veliciu Street, Apt. 1, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
|
<urn:uuid:ea666891-00b4-4583-8710-acaf6f550724>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.90625,
"fasttext_score": 0.018510282039642334,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.895828366279602,
"url": "https://scriporalphabet.com/"
}
|
Station: [18] The ‘Ortsspitze’ Fort
In the year 15 BC, Drusus led a military campaign that brought most of the south German foothills of the Alps under Roman rule, but Eastern Bavaria was only occupied after AD 50. The first fort at Passau was established as part of this latter campaign. It was located on the “Ortsspitze” – a sand spit at the confluence of the 3 rivers. The fort was garrisoned by a Roman auxiliary unit. The first Roman finds in the area date to these early years. They include fragments of terra sigillata and a strap end. The earliest military post probably was a fortlet in what is now the Niedernburg and Römerplatz area of Passau. The Romans built similar stations in Weltenburg, Straubing and Osterhofen-Haardorf, as part of a drive to set up a Roman provincial administration. In the following decades, the small military post developed into a full-scale fort housing a cohort of infantrymen; by the second century, it was protected by five defensive ditches. The pottery fragments mounted on the plan show when the ditches were filled. This does not mean that the fort was abandoned, though. It could have remained in operation even without the defensive ditches. The fort on Ortsspitze may have been reinforced or replaced with another one on the Domberg, the Cathedral Hill. Until now, though, archaeologists have not found enough evidence to prove the existence of such a fort on the Domberg.
|
<urn:uuid:c9525976-2425-4b4c-b323-db81e91bb86e>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.890625,
"fasttext_score": 0.134091317653656,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9680180549621582,
"url": "https://museum.de/en/audioguide/124/18/EN/0"
}
|
What is “seaspeak”?
Seaspeak is the official language of navigators the world over.
Have you ever wondered how crews on ships at sea communicate? Nowadays, crews consist of men and women from all over the world, and often, a single ship’s crew comes from a number of different countries. But that was not always the case. Back in the 1960s, the United States and the United Kingdom dominated ocean traffic, and 80 percent of ships’ crews were native English speakers. By the end of 1970s, however, the situation had reversed, and today, 80 percent of ship’s crews do not speak English as a first language.
So what happens when a ship captain needs to communicate to their crew, to another ship, or to shore? Whether on the high seas or at port, misunderstood communication can lead to serious and even dangerous situations.
To avoid such confusion, in 1983 a group of linguists and shipping experts created a new system of communication called Seaspeak. English was chosen as the principle lexicon for Seaspeak because it was the most common language spoken on ships at that time, and, importantly, it was also the language of civil aviation. In 1988, the International Maritime Organization made Seaspeak the official language of the seas.
Seaspeak defines the rules of how to talk on a ship’s radio. The number of words is limited to ensure that messages and conversations are short and clear. Eight words, called message markers, precede each sentence. These words are Advice, Answer, Information, Instruction, Intention, Question, Request, and Warning.
An important rule of Seaspeak is that numbers made up of two or more digits are spoken in single digits. For example, the number 33 is spoken as “three three” and the time 9:33 a.m. is spoken as “zero nine three three.” Coordinated Universal Time—the primary time standard or international time scale by which the world regulates clocks and time—is always used at sea.
Seaspeak Example
Here’s an example of Seaspeak between the captains of two vessels that plan to rendezvous at a predetermined buoy:
“Question: What is your estimated time of arrival at buoy number six two? Over.”
“Answer: Estimated time of arrival at buoy number six two is zero nine three zero. Out.”
Compiled by Paul Johnson
#Navy #CoastGuard #nautical
|
<urn:uuid:ad7318ba-d3e0-4ba0-8994-3adeb38d51fc>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.921875,
"fasttext_score": 0.14881086349487305,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9324048757553101,
"url": "https://www.thesuperfins.com/what-is-seaspeak/"
}
|
Francis, the Duke of Anjou and Alençon, son of France’s King Henry II and Catherine de Medici was born under the name ‘Hercule’ in 1555. As a child he suffered from various ailments, spinal issues, and the loss of his older brother, Francis II. Hercule then adopted ‘Francis’ as his own Christian name.
In 1570, another of his brothers, King Henry III of France, sought peace-keeping measures amidst Europe’s increasing religious tension. Catherine de Medici, who openly opposed the protestant practices, is credited with ordering the Huguenot massacre in Paris. The violence spread to surrounding cities like: Orléans, Bordeaux, Troyes, and countless more. The Huguenot population subsequently plummeted from death and conversion out of fear. Francis allegedly incited massacres outside of Paris on his own accord, without the king’s blessing. This widespread ambush on the Huguenots catalyzed a fourth religious war in France, only ending with Henry IV’s coronation in 1598.
After Henry III signed the “Edict of Beaulieu,” in 1576, Francis became the Duke of various French lands; most significantly, Anjou. Soon after, England’s Queen Elizabeth showed interest in potentially marrying Francis, now a Duke. This union was only given serious thought in the late 1570s, when both France and England sought to retain control over Europe’s unstable religious and political atmosphere. The two were known to be mutually flirtatious despite their age difference of roughly twenty-two years. She is stated to have playfully dubbed him as her ‘frog’, a not-so-positive term ascribed to French people. Francis was among few of the many foreign suitors to actually meet with Elizabeth in person. Via documented love-letters and poems, a mutual love affair seems to be at the least staged. Her last letter to him titled, “On Monsieur’s Departure,” is predominantly viewed as her reflection of what could have been, but some theories point to underlying allusions to other love affairs she was possibly engaged in. The plan is believed to have been superficial with no real intentions on either side.
Sir Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth’s secretary, served as liaison for the marriage. France wanted the marriage before an armistice whereas England sought a treaty preceding the marriage, therefore Walsingham had little success. The Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours in 1580 between the Dutch States General–with the exceptions of Zeeland and Holland–and Anjou, saw Francis assume nominal sovereignty over the Dutch Republic and become the “Protector of the Liberty of the Netherlands.” He was unable to make his initial appearance in his new territories until 1582. The Dutch did not uniformly receive their new “protector” well. Francis used the custom of the Joyous Entry, where a monarch peacefully visits a newly acquired land, as a ruse to bring resistant cities under his control by force. As he approached the city of Antwerp, the people were not fooled and anticipated an attack.
The Duke of Anjou then grew famous for the French Fury, where he was thoroughly defeated in his effort to lay siege on Antwerp. This insulting defeat was soon followed by scolds from his family members along with the official redaction of Queen Elizabeth’s engagement; A popular decision among her councilmen and country-folk. In 1584 malaria infected the young Francis, he died in Paris at twenty-nine years old. His death sparked further religious violence in Europe as the new heir to the French throne became Henry the Great of Navarre, a Protestant. He became Henry IV, ruling over France with unprecedented religious tolerance, only to be assassinated in 1610 by a radical Catholic.
Francis, Duke of Anjou
|
<urn:uuid:b0b272c3-14a4-449d-b761-3eea7c1fe924>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.75,
"fasttext_score": 0.22794312238693237,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9748449325561523,
"url": "https://kitmarlowe.org/francis-duke-of-anjou/6007/"
}
|
Human impact on the environment
Human impact on the environment
( " Arise " from the Greek anthropos "man" and the verb stem gen- meaning ) Anthropogenic is a term for the Incurred by the people, Caused, Produced or Affected. For example, plastics are anthropogenic, since they are only made by man.
In human intervention in the environment and in human-induced environmental problems, the term is often used anthropogenic, eg
• Anthropogenic landfill (landfill ),
• Anthropogenic landscape or anthropogenic biome,
• Anthropogenic geomorphology ( Erdoberflächenstruktur )
• Anthropogenic greenhouse effect.
As opposed to anthropogenic, the term is often used of course. Many environmental impacts can also of course be determined by both anthropogenic as, a clear distinction is not always possible. For example, a forest fire, for example, have been caused ( eg lightning ), both by people and by a natural cause.
The increased needs of the people, especially since industrialization in the so-called developed countries have caused global anthropogenic changes to damage of ecosystems and led to a decline in biodiversity and thus biodiversity. This period of human intrusion is also called the Anthropocene.
Anthropogenic changes but do not necessarily lead to a reduction of habitat or species diversity. The result is by extensive human use of cultural landscapes that are home to a variety of valuable biotopes. The resulting species-rich Magerrasen rely on being used by humans.
|
<urn:uuid:705bdc77-9f27-4642-8630-462cf01b2e0f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.8125,
"fasttext_score": 0.3320837616920471,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9352273344993591,
"url": "https://memim.com/human-impact-on-the-environment.html"
}
|
All Red Line
All Red Line
The All Red Line was an informal name for the system of electrical telegraphs that linked all the British Empire.It was inaugurated on 31 October 1902. It had this name because on many political maps, British Empire territory was coloured red (or pink).
Some parts of the line were completed considerably earlier. The first transatlantic cable connected Ireland and Newfoundland in 1858, although it later failed. In 1866 the "Great Eastern" laid out a lasting link from Valentia Island, in Ireland, to Newfoundland. By 1870 Suez was linked to Bombay and from there to Madras, Penang and Singapore. Australia was linked to British telegraph cables directly in 1870, by extending a line from Singapore to Port Darwin, although it ran through the Dutch territory of Java. By 1872, messages could be sent direct from London to Adelaide and Sydney. Australia was linked to New Zealand by cable in 1876.
To complete the All Red Line, therefore, the major cable laying project to complete was for the trans-Pacific section. The "Pacific Cable Committee" was formed in 1896 to consider the proposal and in 1901 the "Pacific Cable Board" was formed with eight members: three from England, two from Canada, two from Australia and one from New Zealand. Funding for the project was shared between the British, Canadian, New Zealand, New South Wales, Victorian and Queensland governments. In 1902 the "Colonia", a newly built cable vessel, began laying the 8000 tonnes of cable needed to complete the Bamfield, Canada, to Fanning Island section of the cable. The final cost was around 2 million pounds.
Originally the British government felt the All Red system should only have sea-landings on British controlled soil for security purposes. Due to this, Britain was actively seeking to acquire Fanning Island to use it as a mid-point of power regeneration between Western Canada and Australia on the trans-Pacific Ocean branch of the system.
Atlantic Ocean
* Great Britain
* Ireland
* Canada
* Saint Helena
* Ascension Island
* Barbados
* Bermuda
Pacific Ocean
* Bamfield, Canada
* Fanning Island. It was deserted until a telegraph relay station was established.
* Fiji
* Norfolk Island, branching to New Zealand and Australia
* Brisbane, Australia
* Hong Kong
Indian Ocean
* Perth Australia
* Keeling Islands, branching to India and Africa
* Mauritius
* South Africa
** Durban
** Cape Town
External links
* [ Understanding the Imperial Cable Communications and Strategy, 1870-1914]
* [ Map of the 1902 line]
* [ A 1904 speech] by Sandford Fleming on the importance of an imperial cable system.
* [ Gentlemen of the cable service]
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
|
<urn:uuid:c7b9ea7d-5f03-403f-9747-2dfc6dffe074>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.12871044874191284,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9461002349853516,
"url": "https://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/597318"
}
|
The Archery Library
Old Archery Books, Articles and Prints
Home > Books > The Archer's Guide > Notes Chapter III
Notes Chapter III
1. Bows have been made, consisting of three, four, and sometimes five pieces; but it would appear that none are better than those formed of two.
2. Sometimes in old manuscripts spelt nicks, and fist-mele called handful.
3. Roberts.
4. Brady's "Clavis Calendaria."
5. English Bowman, 1790.
6. The feathers of the gander are for the most part white; and those of the goose, black or grey." "In the choice of a feather, fletchers prefer those which are dropped to those which are plucked." Roberts's English Bowman
7. Moseley's Essay.
8. Cyr. Inst. Iib. i.
9. Æschylus, Ag. v. u. 637
10. Moseley.
11. Hastings' British Archer.
|
<urn:uuid:d81f4e8c-815c-4c99-a497-40de15dba682>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.12186664342880249,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8778600096702576,
"url": "https://www.archerylibrary.com/books/guide/docs/chapter3_notes.html"
}
|
these are the shades of the red planet
NASA developed, in conjunction with several musicologists, the tones of Mars, so that you can carry them on your cell phone.
The music of space is infinite, and now it is the turn of Mars. NASA, in conjunction with various musicologists, created cell phone tones based on the weather of the red planet.
This creation is destined for the research exhibition [email protected], which is done virtually. The purpose is to celebrate the results of the Mars Insight mission, of the American aerospace agency.
Who was in charge of the investigation? Researchers Domenico Vicinanza and Genevieve Williams. They teamed up with professional flutist and musicologist Alyssa Schwartz to perform the pieces.
Vicinanza belongs to Ruskin University; Williams to Exeter and Schwartz to Fairmont.
How were the tones of Mars developed for cell phones?
They are, specifically, alert tones for calls based on the weather of Mars.
The scientific group used an image tracking system on the formation of clouds on the red planet. These photos were part of the work of NASA researcher Melinda Kahre.
The patterns were assigned musical intervals, and the team created melodies for flute and harp based on the moving clouds of Mars.
The result of the ingenious work you can listen to (and see) below, performed by Professor Schwartz.
NASA has pushed the use of its findings in space to performing music. Some of these pieces were even used as terrifying sounds on Halloween.
In order to download the musical tones of Mars on your phone, you must enter the following link, of the American aerospace agency.
|
<urn:uuid:390b0946-de10-4eb8-a203-9062bdf018a4>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.796875,
"fasttext_score": 0.07952922582626343,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9596505761146545,
"url": "https://www.explica.co/these-are-the-shades-of-the-red-planet/"
}
|
Share/Like This Page
Print Instructions
NOTE: Only your test content will print.
Ellie's Big Day (A Movement Story) (Grade 1)
Print Test (Only the test content will print)
Name: Date:
Ellie's Big Day (A Movement Story)
Instructions: Read the story aloud. When you come to a bold word or phrase, act out the given movement.
Animal - Elephant Ellie the elephant knew that it was going to be a very special day. When she looked at the calendar, she saw it was April 25. That meant it was the day of the Elephant Olympics. Ellie had been practicing for the Elephant Olympics for many weeks. She couldn't wait to participate in her main event, the high jump.
Ellie jumped out of bed and skipped down the hall to the kitchen. In the kitchen, Ellie saw her mother.
"Mother, it's the day of the Elephant Olympics," Ellie said. She bounced up and down with excitement.
"That's right," Ellie's mother said. She tossed Ellie a plate of pancakes. "Eat up so you have enough energy for the games."
Ellie gobbled down the pancakes. Then she climbed the stairs to get dressed.
Once Ellie was dressed, her family headed to the Elephant Olympics. When they reached the stadium, Ellie joined the other elephants who were competing in the games. They marched into the stadium.
Inside the stadium, Ellie started to stretch. She kicked her legs. One, two. One, two. She lunged forward. She hopped up and down. She stood up straight and tall. She swung her trunk round and round.
Then Ellie sat down and waited for her event to begin.
While she waited, Ellie saw the other elephants compete in their events. She saw a group of elephants lift the heavy shot in the shot put. She saw some other elephants throw the javelin across the field. She watched her best friend leap over the hurdles.
Before Ellie knew it, it was time for the high jump. She stood up. Them she walked over to the starting line. Ellie crouched down and waited for the whistle. When she heard the whistle, she sprang up. Ellie raced down the track. When she got to the white line, she jumped into the air. Then Ellie landed with a "thud" in the sand.
"We have a winner!" the judge said. Ellie had jumped 12 feet into the air! She won the event. Ellie was so excited that she spun around.
Later that day, Ellie climbed to the top of the podium during the award ceremony. The judge put a medal around her neck. Ellie jumped up and down with excitement. She waved at the crowd. The crowd clapped and cheered.
After the ceremony, Ellie trudged home slowly. It had been a great day, but she was very tired. Ellie climbed up the stairs. She hung her medal on a hook by her bed. Then she laid down and went to sleep.
How did Ellie get out of bed?
1. She rolled.
2. She kicked.
3. She jumped.
4. She stretched.
How did Ellie move down the hall?
1. She slid.
2. She rolled.
3. She danced.
4. She skipped.
What did Ellie do on the stairs?
1. She slid.
2. She swam.
3. She jumped.
4. She climbed.
How did the elephants go into the stadium?
1. They climbed.
2. They marched.
3. They skipped.
4. They walked.
Which is NOT a way Ellie stretched?
1. She kicked her legs.
2. She danced all about.
3. She hopped up and down.
4. She swung her trunk round and round.
The elephants in the shot put the heavy shot.
1. lifted
2. kicked
3. dunked
4. dropped
How did Ellie's friend get over the hurdle?
1. She swam.
2. She leaped.
3. She ducked.
4. She skipped.
What did Ellie do while she waited for the whistle?
1. She danced.
2. She stood up.
3. She crouched down.
4. She spun around in circles.
Ellie was so excited that she won. What did she do when she was excited.
1. She danced.
2. She spun around.
3. She jumped in the air.
4. She waved her trunk high.
Ellie stood on the podium. What did she do on the podium?
1. She waved.
2. She sat down.
3. She shook all over.
4. She jumped up and down.
You need to be a member to access free printables.
|
<urn:uuid:e234ac26-b1d4-44ab-b1ca-179e94ea33f8>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.9982848167419434,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9795625805854797,
"url": "https://www.helpteaching.com/tests/835056/ellies-big-day-a-movement-story"
}
|
Rolling away: a novel context-dependent escape behaviour discovered in ants
For animals facing dangers, the best option to optimize costs and benefits of defence sometimes may be avoidance. Here we report the discovery of a peculiar strategy adopted by Myrmecina graminicola, a cryptic ant living in forest floor. Experiments showed that when disturbed these ants respond with immobility. However, upon perceiving disturbance but under specific inclinations of the substrate, they shift to an active escaping strategy: rolling away. This is a context-dependent behaviour adopted only in appropriate circumstances. During rolling, the ants assume a ball-like shape using antennae and hind legs to obtain an active movement along a stable trajectory. Finally, we assessed the adaptive value of this strategy measuring its effectiveness in defence against enemies. This is the first example of locomotion by rolling discovered in ants and one of the very few among animals, offering opportunities for multidisciplinary research on the adaptations and biomechanics underlying it.
The evolution of efficient systems of defence is one of the features behind the success of arthropods1. These animals are equipped with a variety of mechanical and chemical weapons as well as behavioural strategies enabling them to contrast dangers1,2,3. Species that form aggregations or present a higher level of social organization may rely on both individual strategies and collective reaction to danger mediated by alarm communication4. In any case, the best defence is not always withstand attack and/or counterattack the enemy. Sometimes, depending on ecological and morpho-functional constraints, the best option to optimize costs and benefits of defence is avoidance5,6. Ants offer remarkable examples of both social and individual defensive strategies7. Under specific ecological conditions, some species evolved morpho-functional and behavioural adaptations allowing a sudden departure from the threat. Jumping, as in the case of Harpegnathos saltator and other ants, is one of the most obvious system to get away rapidly8. This may be achieved also in a non-conventional manner such as in Odontomachus trap-jaw ants that snap their mandibles on a hard surface to be catapulted away from predators9. Another peculiar defensive jumping is adopted by the Malagasy cliff dwelling ant Malagidris sofina whose workers defend their nest from intruders by dropping off the cliff face while clinging to invaders10. A striking technique used by ants to rapidly avoid enemies is adopted by workers of the canopy dwelling ant Cephalotes atratus that drop down from trees and glide following a spiral path that bring them safe again on the trunk of the home tree11.
In the present study, we report a novel defensive behaviour recorded in ants and based on a peculiar escaping strategy in presence of a potential source of danger: curling into a ball and rolling away. The studied ant is Myrmecina graminicola, a cryptic species with West Palaearctic and Mediterranean distribution found in leaf litter, generally in forested areas or grasslands. Colonies are very difficult to find being inconspicuous and occurring in very heterogeneous environments (soil with or without coverings, among rocks, in twigs on the ground or in rotten wood). Workers are quite elusive and seldom observed in the field being small (~3 mm long), dark coloured, slow moving and scavenging or preying on small invertebrates. Anecdotal descriptions report that upon disturbance they tend to freeze or curl their body as a defensive system, sometimes referred to as a case of thanatosis as it happens in other arthropods12,13. However, in the field we had the chance to observe some encounters with predators (e.g. Agelenidae spiders) and other ants (e.g. Temnothorax spp.) that attacked Myrmecina workers. In these occasions, Myrmecina ants reacted in a dynamic way: upon enemy harassment, they moved forward, curled into a ball and rolled away exploiting the slopes of the extremely uneven terrain. Starting from these occasional observations we decided to deepen the study of what looked like an exceptional behaviour since to date moving by rolling is reported for only a very few animals14,15,16,17. We analysed the rolling behaviour of M. graminicola showing its features and adaptive value. We also tested the hypothesis that this is a context-dependent defensive strategy adopted only when the escaping technique is effective and appropriate rather than being a mere by-product of curling the body whenever a danger is perceived.
Reactions to disturbance on horizontal plane (Experiment 1)
As first step of our investigation, we analysed ant reactions to mechanical disturbance perceived while moving on a horizontal plane. Significantly different reactions (freezing, curling, and walking) were recorded upon receiving slight and strong vibrations (Chi-square test: χ22 = 97.5, P < 0.001), as well as slight and strong tapping on the gaster (Chi-square test: χ22 = 111.6, P < 0.001). In particular, the analysis of Standardized Residuals (see Supplementary Information and Supplementary Table S1) showed that upon receiving both slight mechanical stimuli, the most commonly adopted behaviour was sudden freezing. However, after strong disturbance (making the ants to lose the contact with the substrate) most ants assumed a curled (ball-like) position. This is probably a mechanical protection induced by the sudden detachment from the substrate caused by a dramatic distress situation.
Walking ability on inclined planes and reaction to disturbance (Experiment 2)
Tests on the ability of the ants to move on planes at different inclinations (from 0° to 45°, every 5°; 90° was also tested) showed that none of them rolled down or showed any troubles to walk along the whole path for each of the considered gradients, even at vertical slope. This was preliminary to study ant reactions to disturbance offered on the same planes.
In this case, ants reacted to vibrational stimuli (slight tapping or rubbing on the substrate) in a similar way, showing rolling behaviour only on inclined planes. It is worth noting that both experimental stimuli did not cause any loss of contact with the substrate by the ants. We recorded a highly significant effect of the inclination of the path on the probability of rolling upon perceiving the stimulus (Logistic Regression Model, rubbing: χ21,10 = 752.3, P < 0.001; tapping: χ21,10 = 767.3, P < 0.001, n = 60 for each angle of each treatment). In particular, for both vibrational stimuli, a higher than 10° inclination should be reached to have a non-zero probability of assuming a curled (ball-like) position and rolling down. Critical slope for a 100% probability of occurrence of rolling behaviour resulted 25° in both cases (Fig. 1). These results mean that: (a) both the “stimulus” and the “inclination” taken alone do not induce any rolling behaviour; (b) there is a threshold slope of the plane (10°) starting from which on the behaviour is triggered and is presumably more effective.
Figure 1
Logistic Regression Model showing the probability of rolling at different inclinations of the plane upon receiving mechanical stimulations that do not cause loss of contact with the substrate. Line and symbols (q) in black: rolling induced by substrate rubbing behind the walking ant; line and symbols (q) in red: rolling induced by a slight tapping on the experimental device.
Analysis of different phases of body curling and active rolling on inclined plane (Experiment 3)
The accurate analysis of macro videos (60 fps) both frame-by-frame and played at slow-motion (25% reduced speed) allowed a fine description of the different steps of the rolling movement under specific conditions (25° inclined plane, robbing the substrate behind the ant without touching it) (Supplementary Video S1). They are summarized as follows (Fig. 2). Step 1: the antennae move backwards along the head soon after the tip of the forceps touches the substrate (average reaction time = 0.128 ± 0.02 s, n = 10), then the distal portion of the funiculus is put in contact with the substrate. Step 2: the head and the tip of the gaster move toward each other and the legs go up. At this stage, the head (mandibles and antennae) and the gaster represent the only body parts in contact with the substrate and the ant assumes a curved position. Step 3: as step 2 is proceeding, the ant body assumes a curled shape and starts rolling down; the latency to roll (from the touch of forceps on the ground to the beginning of rolling) takes in average 0.53 ± 0.08 s (n = 10). Step 4: before the first turn is completed, the ant in addition to using the antennae as a sort of “arms” can extend the hind legs; we suggest that this last movement may eventually act as a kick to further pushing the ant. Under these experimental conditions, ants walked in average at 0.47 ± 0.03 cm/s (n = 12) while during rolling they reached in average a linear speed of 39.7 ± 1.5 cm/s (n = 20).
Figure 2
Schematic description of the different steps of M. graminicola rolling behaviour on inclined plane. Top: normal walking position; (1) antennae and mandibles are used as support to prepare for rolling; (2) head and tip of the gaster move toward each other and legs go up; (3) the ant starts rolling; (4) hind legs extension as possible system to further pushing the ant.
Duration of the ball-like position (Experiment 4)
Once the movement is finished, the ant keeps the ball-like position assumed during rolling (Fig. 3) for a few seconds before resuming walking. However, the duration of this position is different according to the cause of falling (Kruskal-Wallis test: H2 = 156.256, P < 0.001, Fig. 4) being higher if the events causing a loss of contact with the substrate are more dramatic. In particular, after a strong tap on the gaster or a vertical drop (that may simulate unexpected and strong distress situations) the ants keep a ball-like shape for a longer time (respectively, mdn 5.6 s, min-max: 2.55–8.04 s, and mdn 14.09 s, min-max: 8.83–26.88 s, in both cases n = 60) than after an active rolling (mdn 2.77 s, min-max: 1.21–4.3 s, n = 60) (Pairwise multiple comparisons adjusted: P < 0.001 for all comparisons). Hence, the ants are prone to stay curled for a longer time if the cause of falling is a sudden and mechanical factor rather than during active escaping from a danger by rolling (Supplementary Video S1 and S2).
Figure 3
Rolling behaviour of M. graminicola on a natural substrate. (A) Worker walking on a leaf before rolling. (B) Rolling starts upon receiving a disturbance (in this case substrate rubbing). (C) The leaf acts as a springboard making the rolling ant (inside the red square) bouncing. (D) Close up of the bouncing ant showing the ball-like shape assumed by the curled body. The ant is ~3 mm long.
Figure 4
Box-and-whisker plot of the duration of the ball-like position kept by the ants upon receiving different distress stimuli causing the loss of contact with the substrate. Horizontal line within each box represents the median value. Outliers (o) are reported. Highly significant differences were recorded among treatments (Kruskal-Wallis test, H2 = 156.256, P < 0.001; Pairwise multiple comparisons, P < 0.001 for all comparisons, n = 60 for each treatment).
Rolling on natural substrates (Experiment 5)
Ants showed the rolling behaviour also on natural substrates (earth, leaves and stones) (Fig. 3). However, significant differences were recorded in the distances reached after rolling (Kruskal-Wallis test: H2 = 154.920, P < 0.001, Fig. 5). In particular, on a layer of earth the ants rolled for only a few cm (mdn 2, min-max: 1-6, n = 60), while on leaves and stones they reached longer distances (respectively: mdn 8 cm, min-max: 5–16 cm, mdn 17 cm, min-max: 8–17 cm, n = 60 in both cases) before resuming walking or going out of sight (vanishing point) under slits among stones or leaves. Pairwise multiple comparisons adjusted showed highly significant differences in the comparisons among all substrates (P < 0.001 for all comparisons).
Figure 5
Box-and-whisker plot of the distance covered after rolling on different natural substrates. Horizontal line within each box represents the median value. Outliers (o) and extreme values (*) are reported. Highly significant differences were recorded among treatments (Kruskal-Wallis test, H2 = 154.920, P < 0.001; Pairwise multiple comparisons, P < 0.001 for all comparisons; n = 60 for each treatment).
Reaction to aggression (Experiment 6)
Aggression tests (carried out on horizontal or inclined plane) allowed quantifying the adaptive value as defensive system of this peculiar escape system under the attack by an enemy (in this case the competitor ant Temnothorax unifasciatus). Attacks were usually started by T. unifasciatus (93.3% on horizontal and 96.7% on inclined planes) while M. graminicola assumed a rather passive habit seldom reacting to the opponent. On the horizontal plane, in only 3 cases (10%) Myrmecina ants assumed a curled position, but this occurred only after having been picked up (and so detached by the substrate) by the opponent. On the inclined plane, 100% of rolling was recorded giving the ants a significant chance of escaping the attacks and reducing the damages of fighting. In fact, the aggressions suffered by Myrmecina ants resulted significantly less harmful when they were allowed to roll down. Total time spent on fighting was lower on inclined (mdn 1.78 min, min-max: 0.9–3.12 min) than on horizontal plane (mdn 4.55 min, min-max: 1.03–8.11 min) (Mann-Whitney U test: U = 45, P < 0.001) (Fig. 6), as well as the percentage of Myrmecina ants suffering injuries/death (10% on inclined plane, 63% on horizontal plane) (Chi-square test: χ2 1 = 18.37, P < 0.001). This is probably due to the effectiveness of rolling as a system to disentangle from the attacker bites during or soon after the rolling phase (77% of cases) (Chi-square test: χ2 1 = 8.53, P = 0.003).
Figure 6
Box-and-whisker plot of the time spent on attack during aggression tests (M. graminicola vs T. unifasciatus) carried out on horizontal and inclined planes. Horizontal line within each box represents the median value. Highly significant differences were recorded between treatments (Mann-Whitney U test, U = 45, P < 0.001, n = 30 for each treatment).
In the present work, we report the discovery of a novel defensive behaviour adopted by ants: escaping by active rolling. In the struggle for life, defence from the attacks of enemies is a primary strategy. This is also true in the inconspicuous world of forest leaf litter or other microcosms. If you are not equipped with powerful (individual or social) weapons to counterattack enemy harassment, the best way to survive may be become undetectable or to escape. To do this, Myrmecina graminicola (a tiny and elusive ant living in leaf litter of deciduous forested areas) evolved a peculiar system: once detected a potential danger these ants may adopt freezing or, alternatively, they curl the body, form a ball and actively roll along slopes on the ground if present. This is an example of how, in specific ecological contexts, the best option to optimize costs and benefits of defence may be avoidance, that is reducing the probability of encounter/detection by an enemy or enhancing survival after detection6. Ants, in addition to adopting systems of social defence mediated by alarm/recruitment signals, may rely on a variety of individual strategies similar to those of solitary animals. Some species evolved avoidance strategies based on immobility and others on fast and/or tortuous movements, gliding from trees or jumping away8,9,18,19.
Escape by rolling is not an obvious way of defence, so the peculiar locomotion described here for M. graminicola is a very special case. In fact, to date only a few animals are reported to adopt it20. The most studied are some desert spiders of the genus Carparachne rolling down along smooth sand dunes14, the caterpillars of the moth Pleuroptya ruralis that form a backwardly rolling wheel to escape disturbance17, and the intertidal stomatopod Nannosquilla decemspinosa that prefers to flip its body across the wet sand when there is no water to swim15,21. Curling into a ball to be transported to a safer place by moving water has been recently described also in chitons22. Among vertebrates, only one case has been documented so far, the salamander Hydromantes platycephalus whose action consists of body and tail coiling, limb tucking followed by passive rolling along slopes16. There are several anatomical and physical constraints to wheeling movements as a general mode of moving in animals23. However, constraints are probably less severe if, rather than using body parts as wheels, the agent is able to become itself a wheel or a ball-shaped object that can roll down along slopes, jump and rebound on the ground to overcome obstacles found on the path or exploit the springboard effect offered by objects present in the environment. This is exactly what M. graminicola ants do in a very heterogeneous habitat such as the leaf litter. We verified that, for a rolling ant, rocks and leaves offer a substrate more suitable than earth to reach longer distances before disappearing underneath the ground materials or resuming walking to escape. Earth pebbles probably provide more friction and obstacles to a small rolling object, while stones and leaves offer harder, smoother and curved surfaces that ensure a springboard effect and make the rolling ant to act as a sort of bouncing ball. In any case, earth grounds may offer the possibility of an effective hiding for ants fleeing or freezing, being M. graminicola small, dark coloured and presumably quite cryptic for vertebrates or arthropods hunting on sight. Similar behaviours have been reported for other cryptic ants (e.g. Basiceros manni) using slow movements or immobility that, in association with morphological elements, may favour camouflage when a potential danger is approaching18.
The rolling movement of M. graminicola is very rapid and requires a series of adjustment (for example the antennae are used as a sort of arms) to complete body morphing and assume an efficient ball-like position allowing a stable trajectory. All happens in about half a second from the moment the distress stimulus is offered. As in other rolling invertebrates, the linear speed reached by these ants is high (about 40 cm/s in our experimental conditions). This is far superior to that obtained by walking (about 0.5 cm/s in the same experiments) or by normal locomotion in other arthropods including potential predators (e.g. 2.63 cm/s, agelenid spiders; 5.66 cm/s, carabid beetles) and similar sized ants (e.g. 1.17 cm/s, Tetramorium caespitum)14,15,17,20,23,24. Rapid extension of the hind legs (a sort of kick) as rolling starts probably contributes to these performances. Importantly, we showed that the escape strategy by rolling of M. graminicola is context-dependent, being actively adopted only after reaching critical slope threshold (>10°) or after strong physical disturbance making them losing the contact with the substrate. We also verified that after falling the ants stay curled for a longer time if the cause of disturbance is a sudden and unexpected mechanical factor (strong tap on the gaster or a vertical drop) rather than during active escape by rolling. This may reflect the defensive strategy adopted by M. graminicola. In fact, rolling along a gradient after perceiving a potential danger is only the first step of the avoidance strategy being a rapid fleeing in search for a safe place the second one (see Supplementary Video S1 and S2). This is in accordance with other context-dependent strategies reported in different aspects of ant life, including individual/collective responses to dangerous situations5,25,26,27.
The rolling behaviour of M. graminicola is an ecologically appropriate and effective escape strategy. In fact, we evaluated the adaptive value of this strategy measuring its effectiveness as a defensive system against enemies. Rolling gives the ants a major chance of safe escaping the attacks of other ant opponents, reducing significantly injuries and death.
Questions arise on the morpho-functional and behavioural adaptations making this kind of rolling possible. For example, we can speculate that M. graminicola evolved some peculiar shape and manoeuvrability of body parts to form an effective rolling object, as well as a special arrangement of the neurosensory and motor equipment allowing these context-dependent performances as reported in jumping ants and trap-jaw ants28,29,30,31. These aspects would deserve further investigation since these ants represent a new study model for possible application in biomechanics and robotics of rolling agents17,20,32.
Finally, open questions remain on the constraints that have made this behaviour unique (or at least limited its spread) among the 13.200 ant species described so far, as well as on the evolutionary pathway that led from walking or other pre-existing movements (e.g. curled pupal position assumed during social carrying) to fleeing away “just like a rolling stone”.
Colony collection and maintenance
Three colonies of M. graminicola were collected from natural nests (inside oak galls fallen on the ground) located in a leaf litter of a wooden area in Fornoli (MS) (Tuscany, Italy). Colony fragments (about 40–50 workers, a queen and some brood each) together with their original gall nests were housed in plastic arenas (10 × 10 × 3 cm) with a plaster floor on which a 2 cm layer of sifted organic material taken from the field was placed. Laboratory conditions were controlled (T 20°/23 °C, RH 50/60%) with a 12 h light-dark cycle. Colonies were fed on a mixed solution of water, sugar and mealworms fragments. Small pieces of pumpkin seeds were also provided.
Experimental set-up
For each trial of each experiment 60 replicates (except for experiment 3 and 6, see below) were conducted and single ants (20 from each colony) were tested only once for each treatment. Trials were carried out randomly from 10.00 a.m. to 4 p.m. To study ant reactions to a potential danger (a simulation of predator/enemy approaching or other distress situations causing ground vibrations or loss of contact with the substrate) we offered different kind of stimuli as described below.
Reactions to disturbance on horizontal plane (Experiment 1)
The ants were introduced into experimental arenas (10 × 10 cm, floor covered by filter paper) and after 5 s, their possible reactions (freezing, walking, body curling into a ball) to the following stimuli were recorded:
1. (1)
Slight tapping of the horizontal plane by a plastic stick (n = 60).
2. (2)
Strong tapping of the horizontal plane by a plastic stick making the ant bounce (n = 60).
3. (3)
Slight tapping on the ant gaster by the tip of an entomological forceps (n = 60).
4. (4)
Strong tapping on the gaster by the tip of an entomological forceps causing the ant to lose contact with the substrate (n = 60).
The effect of slopes on the walking ability of the ants was tested allowing single individuals to freely move on inclinable plastic plane (5 × 17 cm) covered by filter paper (changed after every trial) with a 3 cm horizontal platform on which the ants were released. The number of ants that covered the entire path length and those eventually falling down (within 5 min experimental time) were recorded. Different inclinations of the plane were tested, from horizontal (0°) to 45° (every 5°). Vertical inclination (90°) was also tested (n = 60 for each inclination).
This was preliminary to a second set of experiments aimed to test how the ants behave upon receiving mechanical stimuli without being directly touched while moving along inclined planes (experimental device and gradients as above). As stimuli, we offered different slight vibrations on the ground that did not cause the ants losing the contact with the substrate:
1. (a)
Single slight tap with a plastic stick at the base of the experimental device (n = 60).
2. (b)
Slight substrate rubbing using an entomological forceps just behind the walking ant (avoiding any contacts with the ant body) (n = 60) (Supplementary Video S1).
In both cases, stimuli were offered ~5 sec after the ant release.
Using the same conditions and experimental device as described in Exp. 2b, we recorded and analysed 10 videos (each involving a different individual) for a fine analysis of ant movements. Here and for all further experiments on inclined planes, a gradient of 25° was chosen because this was the critical slope for a 100% probability of rolling by the ants (see Fig. 1) (n = 10). For a better understanding and description of the different movements during rolling, we made a frame-by-frame analysis on macro videos. This allowed a better visualization of the sequence of movements of the body parts. Then we played the videos at slow motion (25% reduced speed), in order to observe and better describe the whole process.
Recordings were performed at 60 fps (progressive) using Canon 80D and 24 fps (progressive) using Blackmagic Cinema Camera Pocket with Metabones Speedbooster Adapter; Lens: Canon 100 mm Macro f/2, 8 IF USM, Sigma 24-105 f/4 DG OS HSM, Tamron 85 f/1, 8 Di VC USD; Tripods: Manfrotto 055X Pro with head Manfrotto 808 RC4, Manfrotto MK290 Dual with head 128RC and Edelkrone Slider One. To illuminate the experimental area, a set of three cold light lamps (85 W) was used with soft box (60 × 60 cm). For video editing and digital crop Final Cut Pro X software was used.
The clips (60 fps progressive) were analysed frame-by-frame by Kinovea software ( and a sequence of movements was described as a general pattern under those specific experimental conditions. The “reaction time” was measured as the time from the frame at which the forceps touched the substrate to the frame at which the antennae started moving backwards to prepare rolling. The “latency to roll” was measured as the time from the frame at which the forceps touched the substrate to the frame at which the ant started rolling downwards.
To measure the linear speed (distance/time) of the rolling ants (approximated to points), we analysed 20 videos each involving a different ant. Rolling was induced as in Exp. 2b. However, in this case to evaluate the distance covered from the starting point to the end of the rolling path the plane was covered by a graph paper. The duration of the movement was measured by Kinovea software (n = 20). By the same methods, we also evaluated the walking speed of the ants (n = 12) just before being offered the stimulus that induced rolling.
Duration of the ball-like position (Experiment 4)
We measured how long the ants (singly tested in the same arena as in Experiment 1) kept the ball-like position upon receiving three different strong distress stimulations. (A) Tapping the ants from behind with the tips of a forceps making them loosing contact with the substrate; (B) vertical drop from a height of 10 cm (the ants were slightly pushed down from a horizontal plane); (C) active rolling on a 25° inclined plane after substrate rubbing with forceps (as in Exp. 2b) (n = 60 for each treatment).
Rolling on natural substrates (Experiment 5)
In this set of experiments, the rolling behaviour on natural substrates (leaves, earth and stones) was evaluated using materials collected from the field area where colonies were found. Leaves, earth or stones were placed on an inclined plane (25°) on a wooden support (15 × 7 × 13 cm). The ants were introduced on the device and singly tested. Disturbance was obtained by substrate rubbing with an entomological forceps just behind the walking ant as in Exp. 2b. For each trial, we recorded if the ant rolled down and the distance reached before resuming a normal walking or before going out of sight (vanishing point) in the case of leaves and stones (n = 60 for each treatment).
Reaction to aggression (Experiment 6)
Reaction to aggression was tested and the effectiveness of rolling as a defensive strategy evaluated. Aggression tests with other ants (Temnothorax unifasciatus collected in the same area of M. graminicola), were carried out in fighting boxes (4 × 4 × 2 cm, floor covered by filter paper) where dyads were introduced. Tests (experimental time 10 min) were conducted on both horizontal and inclined planes (25°, 20 cm long). A paper bulkhead separating the ants was removed 5 min after the ants were introduced into the box. In experiments on inclined plane, a second bulkhead (representing one of the wall of the box) was removed allowing the ants eventually to roll down to a second arena (10 × 10 × 2 cm). For this experiment, 30 replicates (10 ants from each colony) of each kind of aggression test (horizontal/inclined) were carried out. Ants were tested only once for each treatment.
A general description of the ants’ behaviour and the following occurrences were recorded:
1. (a)
Ant initiating the attack;
2. (b)
Curling of the body into a ball;
3. (c)
Rolling behaviour (only for inclined plane);
4. (d)
Defensive effectiveness of rolling (only for inclined plane), measured as the percentage of Myrmecina ants disentangling from the Temnothorax attack during or at the end of the rolling;
5. (e)
Number of injured or dead ants;
6. (f)
Attack time (total time spent on aggression).
Statistical analysis
Chi-square test (2 × 3 tab) and following Analysis of Standardized Residuals were used to evaluate data from Exp. 1 (software: IBM SPSS Statistics, Italian version 24). A Logistic Regression Model was used for analysis of data from Exp. 2 (software: R version 3.3.1, Kruskal-Wallis test followed by pairwise multiple comparisons (Bonferroni correction) were used for analysis of data from Exp. 4 and Exp. 5, Mann-Whitney U test and Chi square test for Exp. 6 (software: IBM SPSS Statistics, Italian version 24).
Throughout the text, average values are reported with ±standard errors, while median values (mdn) are reported with minimum-maximum (min-max) range values.
Animal use and welfare
All experiments reported in the present research were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations on animal use.
Data availability
1. 1.
Eisner, T., Eisner, M. & Siegler, M. Secret weapons: defenses of insects, spiders, scorpions, and many-legged creatures. (Belknap Press, Cambridge MA, 2005).
2. 2.
Pasteels, J. M., Grégoire, J. C. & Rowell-Rahier, M. The chemical ecology of defense in arthropods. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 28, 263–289 (1983).
CAS Article Google Scholar
3. 3.
Visicchio, R., Mori, A., Grasso, D. A., Castracani, C. & Le Moli, F. Glandular sources of recruitment, trail, and propaganda semiochemicals in the slave-making ant Polyergus rufescens. Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 13, 361–372 (2001).
Article Google Scholar
4. 4.
Billen, J. & Morgan, E. D. In Pheromone Communication in Social Insects: Ants, Wasps, Bees, and Termites (eds Vander Meer, R. K., Breed, M. D. & Winston M. L.), 3-33 (Westview Press, 1998).
5. 5.
Bushinger, A. & Maschwitz, U. In Defensive mechanisms in social insects (ed. Hermann, H. R.), 95-150 (Praeger Publishers, 1984).
6. 6.
Langerhans, R. B. In Predation in Organisms (ed. Elewa, A. M. T.), 177-220 (Springer, 2007).
7. 7.
Dornhaus, A. & Powell, S. In Ant Ecology (eds. Lach, L., Parr, C. L. & Abbott, K.), 210–230 (Oxford University Press, 2010).
8. 8.
Tautz, J., Holldobler, B. & Danker, T. The ants that jump: different techniques to take off. Zool-Anal. Complex Sy. 98, 1–6 (1994).
Google Scholar
9. 9.
Larabee, F. J. & Suarez, A. V. Mandible-powered escape jumps in trap-jaw ants increase survival rates during predator-prey encounters. PLoS ONE 10, e0124871 (2015).
Article Google Scholar
10. 10.
Helms, J. A., Peeters, C. & Fisher, B. L. Funnels, gas exchange and cliff jumping: natural history of the cliff dwelling ant Malagidris sofina. Insect. Soc. 61, 357–365 (2014).
Article Google Scholar
11. 11.
Yanoviak, S. P., Munk, Y. & Dudley, R. Evolution and ecology of directed aerial descent in arboreal ants. Integ. Comp. Biol. 51, 944–956 (2011).
Article Google Scholar
12. 12.
Buschinger, A., Schlick-Steiner, B. C., Steiner, F. M. & Espadaler, X. On the geographic distribution of queen polymorphism in Myrmecina graminicola (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecologische Nachrichten 5, 37–41 (2003).
Google Scholar
13. 13.
Seifert, B. The Ants of Central and North Europe. (Lutra-Verlag, Berlin, 2018).
14. 14.
Henschel, R. J. Spiders wheel to escape. S. Afr. J. Sci. 86, 151–152 (1990).
Google Scholar
15. 15.
Full, R., Earls, K., Wong, M. & Caldwell, R. Locomotion like a wheel? Nature 365, 495–495 (1993).
ADS Article Google Scholar
16. 16.
García-París, M. & Deban, S. M. A novel antipredator mechanism in salamanders: rolling escape in Hydromantes platycephalus. J. Herpetol. 29, 149–151 (1995).
Article Google Scholar
17. 17.
Brackenbury, J. Caterpillar kinematics. Nature 390, 453–453 (1997).
ADS CAS Article Google Scholar
18. 18.
Hölldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O. Soil-binding pilosity and camouflage in ants of the tribes Basicerotini and Stegomyrmecini (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zoomorphology 106, 12–20 (1986).
Article Google Scholar
19. 19.
Angilletta, M. J. Jr, Roth, T. C. II, Wilson, R. S., Niehaus, A. C. & Ribeiro, P. L. The fast and the fractalous: speed and tortuosity trade off in running ants. Funct. Ecol. 22, 78–83 (2008).
Google Scholar
20. 20.
Armour, R. H. & Vincent, J. F. V. Rolling in nature and robotics: a review. J. Bionic Eng. 3, 195–208 (2006).
Article Google Scholar
21. 21.
Caldwell, R. L. A unique form of locomotion in a stomatopod - backward somersaulting. Nature 282, 71–73 (1979).
ADS Article Google Scholar
22. 22.
Sigwart, J. D., Vermeij, G. J. & Hoyer, P. Why do chitons curl into a ball? Biol. Lett. 15, 20190429 (2019).
23. 23.
La Barbera, M. Why the wheels won’t go. Am. Nat. 121, 395–408 (1983).
Article Google Scholar
24. 24.
Hirt, M. R., Lauermann, T., Brose, U., Noldus, L. P. J. J. & Dell, A. I. The little things that run: a general scaling of invertebrate exploratory speed with body mass. Ecology 98, 2751–2757 (2017).
Article Google Scholar
25. 25.
Hölldobler, B. & Wilson, E.O. The ants. (Springer, Berlin, 1990).
26. 26.
Hughes, W. O. H. & Goulson, D. Polyethism and the importance of context in the alarm reaction of the grass-cutting ant, Atta capiguara. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 49, 503–508 (2001).
Article Google Scholar
27. 27.
Tranter, C., LeFevre, L., Evison, S. E. F. & Hughes, W. O. H. Threat detection: contextual recognition and response to parasites by ants. Behav. Ecol. 26, 396–405 (2015).
Article Google Scholar
28. 28.
Baroni Urbani, C., Boyan, G. S., Blarer, A., Billen, J. & Musthak Ali, T. M. A novel mechanism for jumping in the Indian ant Harpegnathos saltator (Jerdon) (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Experientia 50, 63–71 (1994).
Article Google Scholar
29. 29.
Gronenberg, W. The fast mandible strike in the trap-jaw ant Odontomachus. 1. Temporal properties and morphological characteristics. J. Comp. Physiol. A 176, 391–398 (1995a).
Article Google Scholar
30. 30.
Gronenberg, W. The fast mandible strike in the trap-jaw ant Odontomachus. 2. Motor control. J. Comp. Physiol. A 176, 399–408 (1995b).
Article Google Scholar
31. 31.
Spagna, J. C., Schelkop, A., Carrillo, T. & Suarez, A. V. Evidence of behavioral co-option from context-dependent variation in mandible use in trap-jaw ants (Odontomachus spp.). Naturwissenschaften 96, 243–250 (2009).
ADS CAS Article Google Scholar
32. 32.
Lin, H.-T., Leisk, G. G. & Trimmer, B. GoQBot: A caterpillar- inspired soft-bodied rolling robot. Bioinspir. Biomim. 6, 026007 (2011).
ADS Article Google Scholar
Download references
We sincerely thank Dr. Paolo Parmiggiani (Department of Humanistic Studies, University of Naples “Federico II”) for the valuable help in video production, editing and analysis. Funding: This work was supported by grants from the University of Parma (FIL-2016, 2017) assigned to D.A.G. and A.M. The work has benefited from the equipment and framework of the COMP-HUB Initiative, funded by the ‘Departments of Excellence’ program of the Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research (MIUR, 2018-2022).
Author information
D.A.G., D.G., C.C. and A.M. conceived the project and designed the experiments. D.G. performed work in the field; D.A.G. and D.G. performed lab experimental work; D.A.G., D.G. and C.C. analyzed the data. D.G. made pictures and drawings and took part to video recording, editing and analysis. D.A.G. wrote a first draft of the manuscript with inputs from D.G., F.A.S., and C.C.; all the Authors contributed to the final version of the text and all related materials and approved them.
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Donato A. Grasso.
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Supplementary information
Rights and permissions
Reprints and Permissions
About this article
Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark
Cite this article
Grasso, D.A., Giannetti, D., Castracani, C. et al. Rolling away: a novel context-dependent escape behaviour discovered in ants. Sci Rep 10, 3784 (2020).
Download citation
Further reading
|
<urn:uuid:356bec52-a49d-4a9b-9fd5-fe12a70e6950>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.07408595085144043,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8979582190513611,
"url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-59954-9?utm_source=%C2%AB%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C+%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%C2%BB&utm_campaign=9b866237c1-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2020_03_03_07_55&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_069821be82-9b866237c1-217408897&error=cookies_not_supported&code=89ce430f-ae1c-4537-ae64-ba0574d604c2"
}
|
Engineering geology
Field Estimate of Discontinuity Friction Angle
Field Estimate of Discontinuity Friction Angle
Determining the shear strength of a discontinuity is one of the most difficult tasks while it is probably the most important property to measure.
Table 1. Descriptive terminology for aperture
A simple and often adequate assessment can be made with the tilt test. Two pieces of rock including the discontinuity are tilted while the angle of the discontinuity with the horizontal is measured (Fig. 1) with, for example, the inclinometer included in a geological compass.
Figure 1
The angle measured at the moment the top block moves is the ‘tilt-angle’. If no infill is present and the two blocks had fitting discontinuity surfaces, the tilt angle equals the small-scale roughness angle plus the angle of friction of the surface material.
If the discontinuity roughness is completely non-fitting, the tilt-angle equals the material friction only. Undisturbed infill material will seldom be present in this test, but if it is, the tilt-angle includes the influence of the undisturbed infill. If it is not possible to obtain a sample with undisturbed infill material, it is sometimes possible to scrape infill material from another still in situ discontinuity and place this between the blocks of the tilt test sample.
The thickness of the so-formed infill layer should be the same as in situ. The measured tilt-angle is then including the influence of remoulded infill material. Cohesion is not measured in the tilt test separately.
If present, either real or apparent, it will be included in the tilt-angle. Steps on discontinuity planes causing hanging of the blocks, for example, result in a very high tilt-angle (which may be up to 90°). Whether this is realistic for the friction of the in situ discontinuity has to be judged on the strength of the cohesion or asperities in relation to the stresses in the in situ rock mass. Stresses in the rock mass will generally be far higher than those used during the tilt test and may cause either shearing of real cohesion or shearing of asperities along the in situ discontinuity.
Clearly, the tilt-angle is only representative for small-scale roughness and low normal stresses as tilting meter-scale rock blocks is normally not possible for the average engineering geologist!
A more sophisticated methodology is to use classification systems to estimate friction or shear strength along a discontinuity. An example is the relation given in Eq. 1 (Barton 1971):
JRC is the joint roughness coefficient (a number, low for smooth planar surfaces rising with increasing roughness, estimated by visual comparison of the discontinuity surface to standard roughness graphs), JCS is the joint wall condition strength, σn is the normal stress on the discontinuity, and φr is the residual friction angle. If no other test is available, it is possible to use the tilt-angle of a non-fitting discontinuity without infill material as residual friction angle.
Another example of a classification system for estimating discontinuity shear strength is the ‘sliding criterion’. Based on back analyses of slope stability a sliding criterion was developed to easily estimate the shear strength of a discontinuity (Hack and Price 1995; Hack et al. 2002). The discontinuity is characterised following Table 2.
Table 2. Discontinuity characterisation for ‘sliding criterion’
(after Hack and Price 1995)
The roughness is characterised by visually estimating large (Fig. 2) and small-scale (Fig. 3) roughness by comparing to standard profiles and by establishing tactile roughness, infill material, and presence of karst.
Fig. 2. Large scale roughness profiles (after Hack and Price 1995)
Fig. 3. Small scale roughness profiles (after Hack and Price 1995)
The different factors for the different characteristics are multiplied and divided by an empirically established factor. This results in the so-called ‘sliding angle’:
The ‘sliding angle’ is comparable to the tilt test idea but on a larger scale. The sliding angle gives the maximum angle under which a block on a slope is stable. The ‘sliding criterion’ has been developed on slopes between 2 and 25 m high. The ‘sliding criterion’ applies for stresses that would occur in such slopes, hence, in the order of maximum 0.6 MPa.
Leave a Reply
%d bloggers like this:
|
<urn:uuid:910adfe7-c091-4315-8a23-edd4778f5d39>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.734375,
"fasttext_score": 0.02734959125518799,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.896487832069397,
"url": "https://geologyengineering.com/2020/07/field-estimate-of-discontinuity-friction-angle/"
}
|
Latin Name
Littorina littorea
Group Name
Taxonomy details
Periwinkles are marine snails found in the North Atlantic. They occur along the northeastern coast of North America, with a range that begins in Newfoundland and Labrador and ends in New Jersey. Periwinkles are abundant within their range, found at depths ranging from the intertidal zone to 40 metres below. They live near the shore on various ocean bed materials, usually rock, and less often, on sand or mud. Periwinkles tolerate low levels of salinity quite well and can be found living in the brackish waters of coastal estuaries.
Species Description
Periwinkles grow to a maximum shell diameter of 4 centimetres. Their shells are rounded or globular with an opening relatively flat and a uniform edge. They are a mixture of brown, grey, black and olive shades, and have a dark operculum (shell hatch or "door"). Periwinkles may live from three years to five years.
|
<urn:uuid:2b0d003d-d33a-4141-af7a-05bab84d56c5>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.030599474906921387,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9123612642288208,
"url": "http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/species-especes/profiles-profils/periwinkle-bigorneau-eng.html"
}
|
Sub vs infra
• As a prefix, sub- means that the modified word is underneath, below, or in some way less than something else. It can mean a lower level of classification or a smaller part of something bigger.
With one exception, sub- words do not use a hyphen inside the United States. Outside, including Canada, most sub- words use a hyphen in their official spellings.
Infra- is also an prefix that can mean below, but usually means inside or within.
With a few exceptions, whether the classification uses sub- or infra- seems to be largely a matter of preference for the scientist naming the category. One could assume (taking into account the risks in doing so) that perhaps in the distinct examples one word already existed when another was needed.
One example of a distinct difference is subsonic and infrasonic. Subsonic is an adjective describing things as moving slower than sound moves. It dates from the 1930s. Infrasonic is an adjective describing things as being related to a certain range of sound that humans can’t hear. It dates from the 1920s. In this example, infra- means below on a scale and sub- means less in a comparison.
Another example is infrastructure and substructureInfrastructure is the basic needs for a civilization to function, also the framework or foundation of an organization or group. This term dates to the 1930s. Substructure is simply a supporting part of a building that is underneath something else. This term dates to the 1700s. In this example, infra- means within or inside and sub- means below.
1. Well… that was interesting! I went on a hunt for “all words that contain (sub | under | infra) and share a tail-stem. Words like (substructure | understructure). ( the vertical bar in many branches of computational linguistics means ”or“)
There are a LOT of (sub | under) matches.
substrata, understrata. subtone, undertone. subworld, underworld.subsoil, undersoil.subsecretary, undersecretary.subplot, underplot.sublet, underlet.sublease, underlease.subframe, underframe.
And so on. But there are very few that have (sub | infra) commonality! Remarkable, actually:
subclass, infraclass, underclass. (+ plurals, etc.)subhuman, infrahumansubstructure, infrastructure, understructure
And that’s it as far as I can glean. What is pretty clear is that sub- and under- are not functional synonyms as prefixes go. sub- seems to fill the role of being a part of, whereas under- is relegated to being less than, or, being lower than, or beneath.
More than this I cannot say.
About Grammarist
Contact | Privacy policy | Home
© Copyright 2009-2014 Grammarist
|
<urn:uuid:ee3ccfef-0f94-4163-ba55-f101e79a5091>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.5802807807922363,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8917572498321533,
"url": "https://grammarist.com/usage/sub-vs-infra/"
}
|
French Literature 101: The Nobel Prize Winners 1900-1950
French Literature 101: The Nobel Prize Winners 1900-1950
France has produced legions of brilliant writers, philosophers and poets over the course of the 20th century, staking a claim to the title of Europe’s cultural and literary capital. This is reflected in the writers who were awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in the first half of that century, all of whom, as Claire Hayward attests, remain vital figures in French culture.
Sully Prudhomme (Awarded: 1901)
Nobel Prize Citation: ‘in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect.’
Rene Francois Armand ‘Sully’ Prudhomme was the winner of the very first Nobel Prize for Literature in 1901. He had originally planned to become an engineer, but an eye disease prevented him from doing so. Instead, after a brief and unsuccessful period of employment in Creusot, he decided to read Law. While working at a solicitor’s office in Paris, Prudhomme also began his literary career. Conference La Bruyère, an influential student society he was a member of, praised his early work and encouraged him to pursue writing. Thus, in 1865 his first collection, Stances et Poèmes, was published. It was well received by Sainte-Beuve, a major French literary critic, further increasing his reputation. His work was linked with Parnassian style, a particularly rigid and emotionally detached form of poetry, yet combined with his interests in science and philosophy it remained quite unique. After the publication of Le Bonheur in 1888, he dedicated his time to writing about philosophy, which he continued to do so until his death in 1907.
Frédéric Mistral (Awarded: 1904)
Nobel Prize Citation: ‘in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist’.
Frédéric Mistral is widely regarded as the leading poet in the nineteenth-century revival of the Provençal French language, Occitan. He shared the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1904 with José Echegaray. His efforts to revive Occitan were noted in his Nobel Prize citation, as was his literary work. He was greatly supported by some of the other great French poets of the day, including Alphonse Daudet, Alphonse de Lamartine and Joseph Roumanille. Mistral, with several other Provençal poets, formed Le Félibrige, an association to promote Occitan literature, language and culture. His most significant contribution to the Occitan language was Lou Tresor dóu Félibrige, the most comprehensive Occitan dictionary, which took him twenty years of devotion to finish. Yet his greatest success was found with Nerto (1884), and La Rèino Jano (1890), which further promoted the aims of Le Félibrige, and increased the status of Occitan within France.
Romain Rolland (Awarded: 1915)
Nobel Prize Citation: ‘as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings.’
Romain Rolland, born in 1866 to a wealthy family in Clamecy, Nièvre, was a leading dramatist, novelist, art historian and pacifist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1915, though he received it in 1916. He originally studied Philosophy at École Normale Supérieure, but after a change of heart and religious belief, became influenced by the great writers of the day and received a degree in History and a doctorate in Art. His career began with writing plays, but he found greater success with novels, particularly with Jean-Christophe, an example of the great Roman Fleuve (‘novel cycle’) genre in France. It was published over ten volumes between 1903 and 1912. His writings were infused with his political and pacifist beliefs and his great passion for music and the arts. His work outside of the novel form included biographies of artistic and political visionaries, including Beethoven, Tolstoy and Mahatma Gandhi, emphasizing his great and varied contributor to the French arts.
Anatole France (Awarded: 1921)
Nobel Prize Citation: ‘in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament’.
Anatole France, a poet, journalist and novelist contributed to nearly every aspect of French literature during his successful career. His father was a bookseller; thus, literature had been ingrained within his life from his early years. After receiving a classical education, he worked in various literature-related roles, including as librarian for the French Senate and as a journalist from 1867. His first successful novel, Le Crime de Sylvestre Bonnard (1881) received a prize from the French Academy, of which he became a member in 1896. He continued to publish extensively, covering topics including satire (L’Île des Pingouins), the occult (La Rôtisserie de la Reine Pédauque) and socialism (Crainquebille). In the later part of his career, he became increasingly interested in communism and social issues in general, driven by his passion for social justice.
Henri Bergson (Awarded: 1927)
Nobel Prize Citation: ‘in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brillant skill with which they have been presented.’
While Henri Bergson was the son of Jewish musician and pianist, Michal Bergson, and Katherine Levison, an English woman of Irish decent, his upbringing and interests were typically French. Born in Paris, 1859, he was educated at Lycée Condorcet and the École Normale Supérieur, where he first developed his interest in philosophy. He was married to Louise Neuberger, cousin of Marcel Proust, and developed his philosophical ideas as a professor firstly at École Normale Supérieure and then Collège de France. His philosophical works rethought many aspects of life, most notably that change and experience are more significant than static values of rationalism. His publications, such as L’Energie Spirituelle (Mind-Energy, 1919) and La Pensée et Le Mouvant (Thought and Motion, 1934), concentrated on both metaphysics and consciousness.
Roger Martin du Gard (Awarded: 1937)
Nobel Prize Citation: ‘for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault.’
Roger Martin du Gard, born in Neuilly-sur-Seine in 1881, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1937. He was well-educated and graduated from the École des Chartes where he trained as an archivist and paleographer. The realism and scrupulous regard for detail in his later work is widely attributed to his academic training in documentation. His first literary success came in 1913 with the novel Jean Barious, which was set around the Dreyfus Affair, and highlighted the impact it had on the French people. It was also a highly philosophical novel, depicting the two very separate views of the Catholic Church and freethinking humanism. His greatest success however, came with the publication of his roman fleuve, Les Thibault, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. A series of 8 publications, Les Thibault told the tale of two brothers, Antoine and Jacques Thibault from birth to death, including their experiences in the First World War.
André Gide (Awarded: 1947)
Nobel Prize Citation: ‘for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight.’
André Gide was a highly influential and often controversial writer of fiction, autobiographies and essays. His first publication came in 1891 with Les Cahiers d’André Walter (The Notebooks of André Walter), and he continued to publish extensively until Thésée in 1946. He was greatly influenced by many movements and theories throughout his career. For example, his early work such as Le Voyage d’Urien (Urien’s Voyage, 1893) belongs to the Symbolist movement, but in his later life he was far more influenced by communism and experiences from his travels. However, his interest in humanity and freedom of expression is evident in all of his work. This is especially the case in his most controversial works, Corydon, a defense of homosexuality and Les Faux Monnayeurs (The Counterfeiters), which he considered to be his only novel. Alongside his own works, he was also an influential literary critic and translator.
Images Courtesy: 1: WikiCommons, 2: Nobel Foundation/WikiCommons, 3: WikiSource/WikiCommons, 4: Nobel Foundation/WikiCommons, 5: George Grantham Bain Collection/WikiCommons, 6: Nobel Foundation/WikiCommons, 7: Historia de la Literatura Argentina Vol I, II y III/WikiCommons
|
<urn:uuid:430e16a7-a395-435c-8e4d-e0270122a978>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.274300754070282,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9789257049560547,
"url": "https://theculturetrip.com/europe/france/articles/gallic-literature-i-french-nobel-prize-winners-1900-1950/"
}
|
House in the Horseshoe Self-Guided Tour
Alston House
Philip Alston & the Deep River Area
Philip Alston (originally from Halifax, North Carolina), his wife Temperance, their children, and twenty enslaved individuals arrived in this area around 1772 after acquiring four thousand acres of land on the Deep River. Alston decided to build his house within a horseshoe bend of the river, thus the name House in the Horseshoe.
The Attack
Tory Colonel David Fanning attacked Whig Colonel Alston at dawn July 29, 1781. The fight lasted almost four hours before Mrs. Alston surrendered the house. Alston and his militia were all paroled.
"We fired upon the house, as I was determined to make examples of them..." - David Fanning
Inside the Alston House
The furnishings in this room, as well as almost all other pieces in the house, are period furnishings that would have been typical of Alston's social class.
One account of the skirmish states that Mrs. Alston took cover "in or under her bed" while comforting her six-month-old daughter. She also had a bench or table put in the fireplace so that some of her youngest children could stand on it and be protected from the bullets by the stone chimney. Even in the bedroom, thre are three musket ball holes evident over the bed.
Whereas most of the other rooms in the house are furnished to depict the period when Philip Alston lived here, the parlor is more representatives of the early nineteenth century when Governor Williams occupied the house.
The House in the Horseshoe, or "Retreat" as it was known then, served more as a home away from home during Williams' first three terms as governor. Williams became one of North Carolina's first progressive farmers, always searching for new methods of planting and growing his crops.
• The museum is located in a c.1803 cotton barn. Governor Benjamin Williams used the land surrounding the house to become one of the first large cotton farmers in North Carolina.
• The store house is a reconstructed building that sits atop an 1803 root cellar from Governor Williams' time period. The building would have been used to store provisions.
• The corn crib dates to the eighteenth century and was used to store corn for later use.
|
<urn:uuid:d9df2c94-6a5b-4fb6-b7c9-6fc73e90b828>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.022892117500305176,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9715424180030823,
"url": "https://historicsites.nc.gov/all-sites/house-horseshoe/plan-your-visit/house-horseshoe-self-guided-tour"
}
|
Fall, Giuseppe Arcimboldo
Arcimboldo is known as a 16th-century Mannerist. A transitional period from 1520 to 1590, Mannerism adopted some artistic elements from the High Renaissance and influenced other elements in the Baroque period. A Mannerist tended to show close relationships between human and nature. Arcimboldo also tried to show his appreciation of nature through his portraits. In The Spring, the human portrait was composed of only various spring flowers and plants. From the hat to the neck, every part of the portrait, even the lips and nose, was composed of flowers, while the body was composed of plants. On the other hand, in The Winter, the human was composed mostly of roots of trees. Some leaves from evergreen trees and the branches of other trees became hair, while a straw mat became the costume of the human portrait.
Sign up for our Newsletter
|
<urn:uuid:d340f1c7-59d5-40c0-bbe1-ccff19e00057>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.609375,
"fasttext_score": 0.5046429634094238,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9780924916267395,
"url": "https://www.vintageartreprints.com/products/fall-giuseppe-arcimboldo"
}
|
All of the key words for Geography with definitions.
• Created by: GeorginaD
• Created on: 25-04-14 13:52
Quality of life (QoL)
The aspects of life that are difficult to measure e.g. health and happiness.
1 of 218
Standard of living (SoL)
Is about one's possessions and is materialistic based. A high Standard of Living does not ensure a high Quality of Living.
2 of 218
Honeypot Site
A place of attractive scenery or historic interest in which tourists swarm in large numbers.
3 of 218
A disagreement between different groups of people (About interests, needs, people.)
4 of 218
Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
5 of 218
Site of Special Scientific Interest
6 of 218
National Park
Area of outstanding natural beauty which give people an opportunity for open air recreation.
7 of 218
Sustainable Management
8 of 218
Solution to Footpath Erosion
Artificial surfaces e.g. Gravel to protect soil. Also may add new routes and footpaths.
9 of 218
Solution to Litter
Adding bins and fines and also putting up signposts.
10 of 218
Solution to Congestion on narrow roads
Park and ride schemes, encourage different forms of transportation.
11 of 218
An area of land around an urban area where the development of houses and other buildings was to be severely restricted to preserve the countryside.
12 of 218
Greenfield Site
Areas of land that have not been built on yet.
13 of 218
Brownfield Site
Abandoned, derelict land in an urban area - available for redevelopment.
14 of 218
Urban Sprawl
The outward growth of towns and cities into the countryside areas.
15 of 218
Causes of Urban Growth
More houses for homeless, More public transport, Space to build, New office blocks, New industries that provide jobs, New shopping centres.
16 of 218
A place where people live
17 of 218
Countryside area
18 of 218
Built up area (towns, cities)
19 of 218
Central Business District
20 of 218
The 5 areas in the Burgess Model
CBD, Inner City, Inner Suburbs, Outer Suburbs, Countryside
21 of 218
Problems with the Burgess Model
Refers to MEDC cities only, Generalisation of reality, Model is quite old
22 of 218
Socio-economic status
Refers to the type of work people do and the money they earn
23 of 218
This pattern is found in rural areas of Britain as people who live here need a lot of land to earn a living.
24 of 218
People cluster together in this pattern, often for protection. It is often found at crossroads.
25 of 218
Houses may have been built in a line along the flat valley bottom as the hillsides are too steep to build on.
26 of 218
Where urban areas in towns/cities have MERGED to form one very large urban area.
27 of 218
Low order goods
Goods that are bought frequently
28 of 218
High order goods
Goods that are bought less frequently. May be called comparison goods.
29 of 218
Sphere of influence
The area that people come to buy things. Shops that sell large, high order goods have bigger spheres of influence than low order good shops.
30 of 218
Threshold Population
The minimum population needed to support a shop. High order good shops have a higher threshold.
31 of 218
Causes of retail changing over time
Internet shopping, Transport and accessibility = more roads, motorways and car ownership has increased, Diet and consumption = more range of foods that are in demand, Larger supermarkets = more choice = less frequent visits, etc.
32 of 218
Deprived area
a place where basic services, needs e.g. shelter and access to a job are not good enough.
33 of 218
Cycle of deprivation
-> Poor quality housing -> wealthy people move out -> Few skilled people- industries close down -> Many unemployed -> Poor/unemployed forced to stay-cheaper rents -> Lack of money in area -> Little Money-services shut down -> crime -> cycle
34 of 218
Birth rate
Number of births per 1000 per year.
35 of 218
Death rate
Number of deaths per 1000 per year.
36 of 218
Natural increase
More births than deaths so population rises.
37 of 218
Natural decrease
More deaths than births so population declines.
38 of 218
Young dependants
Aged 0-14 years
39 of 218
Elderly dependants
Aged 65 +
40 of 218
Economically active
The working population who through employment earn wealth, pay taxes and support the 'dependants'.
41 of 218
Life expectancy
Number of years the average person born in a country is expected to live.
42 of 218
When people move from rural to urban areas. This is common in LEDCs e.g. countryside areas of Brazil to Sao Paulo where they often end up in shanty towns. In MEDCs it is often when young people move to the city for education.
43 of 218
Pull factors
Reasons that cause people to want to go to an area (e.g. to city areas).
44 of 218
Push factors
Reasons that cause people to want to move away from somewhere.
45 of 218
Is the movement of people from one place to another to live and/or for work.
46 of 218
People who arrive IN a country.
47 of 218
People who leave a country.
48 of 218
Free movement through choice - looking for improved quality of life.
49 of 218
No personal choice - have to move due to natural disaster/social or economic reasons.
50 of 218
Move for several weeks or months (often for employment).
51 of 218
Forced to leave due to fear of persecution (civil war, race, religion, politics).
52 of 218
Economic migrant
They move voluntarily hoping to find employment to improve their standard of living and quality of life.
53 of 218
The state of atmosphere that changes daily.
54 of 218
The average weather over a period of 30 years.
55 of 218
Features of the weather
Temperature, Wind Speed, Air Pressure, Precipitation: Hail, Rain, Sleet, Snow
56 of 218
Join places of the same pressure.
57 of 218
Factors affecting temperature
Altitude, Wind, Latitude, Distance from the sea, Aspect
58 of 218
Places near the equator are hotter because there is a smaller surface area so the areas heat up very quickly. The sun rays also have less atmosphere to pass through. However, in the S and N Pole, there is more atmosphere and a larger surface area.
59 of 218
Distance from the sea
Sea - less dense than land - sun penetrates deeper into it. But, only surface of land heats up. So, sea = longer to heat up = longer to LOSE the heat. Summer - places inland are warmer. Winter - places by the coast are warmer.
60 of 218
Prevailing winds
Type of surface changes the temp. of the wind over which it passes. Summer = warm wind if the prevailing wind blows from the land, but cold in winter. BUT, p. wind = cooler if it's blown from the sea in summer but warmer in winter.
61 of 218
Sun is in south at noon in Birtain. In the Northern Hemisphere, south facing slopes receive far more sunlight than north facing ones.
62 of 218
It's cooler on mountains than it is on flat land as there're fewer solid particles to retain the heat and top it escaping into the atmosphere.
63 of 218
The equatorial climate
It is also referred to as tropical rainforest climate and is defined as a tropical climate usually (but not always) found along the equator. It is a climate characterised by high temperatures all year round, heavy rainfall.
64 of 218
Hot desert climate
Temperatures highest when the sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer, and lower when it's in the opposite hemisphere.
65 of 218
Mediterranean Climate
Mediterranean climate refers to weather conditions that are characterized by warm to hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters.
66 of 218
4 Types of farming
Commercial, Subsistence, Extensive, Intensive
67 of 218
Commercial Farming
Growing crops, rearing animals for sale to make money.
68 of 218
Subsistence Farming
Only enough produce made to feed a family, no extra to sell.
69 of 218
Extensive Farming
Farm is large in comparison to money spent, low input and output.
70 of 218
Intensive Farming
Farm is small compared to amount of money spent, high input and output.
71 of 218
The climate of a small, localised area (around a building, park, garden).
72 of 218
Urban heat island
Where there's an increase in temp. of a man-made built up area resulting in distinct 'warm island' among the 'cool sea' represented by lower temps. of nearby surrounding natural landscape.
73 of 218
Natural greenhouse effect
When heat is trapped in the atmosphere to keep our earth warm. We can't survive without this.
74 of 218
Human enhanced greenhouse effect
When the atmosphere gets thicker and heat can not escape due to things like CO2, methane etc.
75 of 218
Causes of Global Warming - factors causing emissions, which countries are the biggest contributors?
Biggest contributors: USA AND CIS. USA - 21% of world's emissions, CIS - 14%. Causes = Industrialisation, Deforestation (less CO2 absorbed), cars, etc. More rubbish in land fields. Rice growing, methane from cows/livestock.
76 of 218
Negative effects of Global Warming
Environmental: Ice caps and glaciers will melt = destroying habitats and rising sea levels. = Major flooding. Economic: Industrialised countries reluctant to reducing emissions - many would be jobless so a lower SoL. Social: Conflicts.
77 of 218
Positive effects of Global Warming
Environmental: Nicer weather in certain countries, Other habitats may benefit. Economic: Greenhouse gases = cheaper so industrialised countries have more jobs available. Crops may grow in other countries = more profit. Social:Families go outside more
78 of 218
Acid Rain
Pollution -> Chemicals like sulphur/nitrogen dioxide rise into the air -> Produces acid (Chemical Changes) -> Acid- polluted air blown by wind -> Water droplets in clouds = polluted -> acid rain falls -> water, soil, trees and vegetation harmed
79 of 218
Boundary between two air masses
80 of 218
Air mass
Area of air which has some characteristics e.g. temperature.
81 of 218
Air pressure
Weight of air
82 of 218
Prevailing wind
Direction the wind comes from most of the time
83 of 218
Opposite side of the mountain to where it rains
84 of 218
Relief Rainfall
Warm, moist air - blown from sea -> wind meets a line of high hills or mountains -> moist air goes up -> air rises and cools -> water vapour condenses = water droplets -> forms clouds -> larger droplets fall as rain (on the windward side)
85 of 218
Convectional Rainfall
Sun's heat warms the ground -> air above ground is warmed -> warm air rises as a convection current -> air rises and cools -> water vapour condenses to form water droplets -> the tiny droplets form clouds -> droplets join to form clouds = rain
86 of 218
Frontal Rainfall
Mass of warm air meets a cold one -> They don't mix -> Front -> At front, the lighter warm air rises up over colder heavier air -> warm air cools down as it rises -> condenses = tiny water droplets -> clouds -> rain
87 of 218
Is the relationship and interaction between living plants and animals (biotic) and their non-living (abiotic) physical environment. It relies on a constant flow of energy and recycling of nutrients.
88 of 218
Group of ecosystems
89 of 218
Worlds Biomes
Mediterannean, Tropical Rainforest, Savannah, Hot Desert, Coniferous, Tundra, Deciduous
90 of 218
An animal that only eats plants.
91 of 218
An animal that only eats meat.
92 of 218
An animal that eats plants and meat.
93 of 218
Creatures that live on rotting material.
94 of 218
They feed on living things in an ecosystem.
95 of 218
They make their own food from CO2 and Water.
96 of 218
An animal that kills other animals in order to survive.
97 of 218
An animal that is hunted by other animals to be eaten.
98 of 218
Nutrient Store
Where nutrients are held in a food web
99 of 218
Nutrient Flow
The transfer of minerals between parts of the ecosystem
100 of 218
101 of 218
102 of 218
Nutrient Cycle
-> Food absorbed by tree roots -> Trees use nutrients to grow&produce leaves -> Leaves die & fall to forest floor -> Fungi/Bacteria break down leaves -> Nutrients added to soil as leaves decompose -> Food absorbed the the tree roots ->
103 of 218
The state of being clear of trees
104 of 218
Consequences of Deforestation
Homes lost, Decrease in soil fertility, Loss of wildlife habitat, Reduces oxygen given out by trees, Increases CO2, Increases soil erosion.
105 of 218
Weather Depression
Low Pressure - air rises, cools, condenses to form clouds, precipitates = Rainfall. Winds blow from high to low pressure. Winds = anti-clockwise. Cold Front = heavy rainfall. Warm front = light rain. Warm sector = calm.
106 of 218
What is a Hurricane? Features of a Hurricane, Key facts.
Areas of low pressure, Start over tropical seas (at least 26 degrees) Energy - transferred from sun to water and rises to create a hurricane. Winds 74mph+, Dameter 300miles+, Winds blow anti-clockwise, Heavy rainfall, Die out when they hit land.
107 of 218
Hurricane formation
Warm air rises due to low pressure, -> cools, condenses = clouds. -> Torrential rain as clouds release their moisture. -> Air spirals upwards rapidly in anti-clockwise direction = high winds -> High pressure, cold air sinks at centre of the eye.
108 of 218
Hurricanes - at the eye
At the wall of eye - intense low pressure = heavy rain and high winds. Centre = calm and clear due to high pressure.
109 of 218
Monsoon Climates
Seasonal change of wind direction = hot and wet weather. Occur in tropical/sub-tropical regions, Two distinct seasons - dry & wet. Seasons change when wind does. Land is warmer than the sea = air is rising on land = low pressure.
110 of 218
WET SEASON: Effects of monsoon climate on people
Good = Water -> crops. Flooding -> silt - fertilises soil. Bad = Food shortages if the rains fail. Deaths from flooding. Crops fail if too much rain falls. Floods damage infrastructure.
111 of 218
DROUGHTS (DRY): Effects of monsoon climate on people
Bad: Food shortage - famine, Aid from other countries, contaminated water - disease. Water shortage, Desertification, Soil erosion, Wells dry up, Ecosystems affected.
112 of 218
High pressure, air is sinking, still air. No clouds in the sky = sunny. Hot temperatures in summer = (heat waves?). Frosty nights (winters, no clouds to keep in heat).
113 of 218
Effects of anticyclones
SUMMER: Sunbathing, sunburn. Economy - sales of sunscreen, ice cream increas. Tourism - seaside resorts 'boom'. Crop failure - shortage of some produce so more imports are needed. WINTER: Fog/Mist = delays. De-icing = delays. Economy- winter clothes.
114 of 218
Types of Industry
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
115 of 218
Primary Industry
Extracting natural resources from the land or sea e.g. fishing.
116 of 218
Secondary Industry
Making or manufacturing of natural resources e.g steel.
117 of 218
Tertiary Industry
Providing a service for others e.g. a teacher.
118 of 218
Quaternary Industry
Jobs requiring technology and certain skills or expertise e.g. research. Industries providing information services, such as computing, ICT, consultancy etc.
119 of 218
Employment structure
How people are divided in terms of the type of job they do.
120 of 218
Women and work in MEDCs and LEDCs
MEDCs - Higher status, Mostly in tertiary industry, Range of jobs, Highly skilled and educated, More equality. LEDCs - Low status, Mostly in primary/secondary industry, Low skilled - labour, Primary role = support the family.
121 of 218
Technology in MEDCs and LEDCs
MEDCs - More high-tech, mechanisation, more advanced, automation. LEDCs - Traditionally: basic subsistence farming, Basic Tools, Labour Intensive. In some modern areas: Industry is jumping staged - rapid advancement e.g. mobile phones & internet.
122 of 218
Traditional Industry
An industry that has been around since the 19th century an was based on the use of coal and was very often located near to water.
123 of 218
Factors which affect the location of an Industry
Government grants, Site, Transport links, Energy & Power, Raw Materials, Where they sell the product, Labour, Any other benefits.
124 of 218
Multinational Company/Transnational Company
A large company that operates in more than one country. The headquarters are often in MEDCs and he production factories are in LEDCs.
125 of 218
Hi-tech industry
An industry that is using advanced IT or processes involving micro-electronics.
126 of 218
A customs duty - charged on good imported into a country.
127 of 218
An industry that incorporates many different businesses.
128 of 218
Assisted areas
An area that receives extra help in attracting industries. This may be in the form of government grants and low taxes.
129 of 218
Footloose Industry
Not tied to one location for raw materials, relatively free choice of location. Most quaternary industry is footloose.
130 of 218
Business parks
Edge of city greenfield areas (cheap, spacious and large land), nice working environment (lakes, gardens, greenery).
131 of 218
Science parks
Same as business parks but with links to universities for scientific research and development quaternary.
132 of 218
The level of economic growth of a country/region and the processes of CHANGE taking place within it.
133 of 218
Formal Labour Market
Legal Work - regulated, set hours of work and pay, health and safety standards, health care, taxed, pensions, other rights, included in official statistics.
134 of 218
Informal Labour Maket
Consequences of urbanisation in LEDCs, opposite to formal sector (illegal; unregulated; untaxed; not included in the official statistics) Low income, Unlicensed, Huge competition.
135 of 218
The exchange of good and services between one country and another.
136 of 218
Trade Liberalisation
The process of becoming more liberal and free within trade, removing trade restrictions.
137 of 218
Means that the value of exports is greater than the imports.
138 of 218
When there are more imports than exports.
139 of 218
Fair trade
products were introduced to help LEDCs make more money. Fair trade guarantees the producer a fair price regardless of the world market.
140 of 218
When you owe someone something i.e. a country might borrow money from the World Bank and owe it back - it will be 'indebted'.
141 of 218
The extra charge or fee added on top of the original amount borrowed.
142 of 218
Is the giving of resources by one country or organisation, to another country e.g. money grants, loans, goods, food technology.
143 of 218
Prolonged period of dry weather with no or little rainfall. Leads to severe water shortage.
144 of 218
Turning of the land into desert. This can occur where soil erosion takes place.
145 of 218
Causes of desertification
Physical causes: High pressure weather systems (anticyclones), Less rain due to climate change, lack of moisture. Human causes: Over-cultivation, Over-grazing, Deforestation (for fuel, wood, fire)
146 of 218
Managing desertification
Local community level, small scale = tree planting schemes. International strategies, large scale = reduce use of fossil fuels to minimise the CO2 emissions which leads to Global Warming.
147 of 218
Solutions to desertification
Planting hedges around fields = stops wind blowing the soil away. Terracing the slopes = reduces soil run-off when it rains. Using fertiliser. Using branches not whole trees for fuel = prevents deforestation. Planting trees that grow quickly.
148 of 218
When liquid water is heated, turning to water vapour.
149 of 218
When water vapour is cooled, turning to liquid water.
150 of 218
The collective name for rain, hail, sleet and snow.
151 of 218
Water vapour given off by trees.
152 of 218
When trees block rain from reaching the ground.
153 of 218
When water travels sideways through the soil to the river.
154 of 218
Groundwater flow
When water travels sideways through the rock underground to the river.
155 of 218
Surface runoff
When water travels on top of the ground.
156 of 218
Water table
the depth at which the soil is saturated.
157 of 218
When water is absorbed into the soil.
158 of 218
Permeable rocks
Allow water to soak through e.g. chalk.
159 of 218
Impermeable rocks
Do not allow water to soak through e.g. granite.
160 of 218
River Basin
Area of land drained by a river.
161 of 218
Where the river begins.
162 of 218
Where the river meets the sea.
163 of 218
The area of highland which forms the boundary of a river basin.
164 of 218
A small river which joins to a large river.
165 of 218
The place where 2 rivers join.
166 of 218
The upper section of a river
Big rocks, V Shape Valley, Source, Steep slopes, soft rocks, wears away soils and rock producing waterfalls
167 of 218
The middle section of a river
Confluence, wider and deeper, deposits sand - makes land fertile, Crops can be grown, more gentle slope
168 of 218
The lower section of a river
Meets the mouth, flat land, wider and deeper, flooding, ports, oxbow lakes and floodplain, sand: used for fertilisation from the deposited river load.
169 of 218
Hydraulic Action
The sheer force and power of the river dislodges particles from the rivers bed and banks.
170 of 218
Material rubs against the banks of the river and wears them away in a sand-papering action.
171 of 218
When acid in the river dissolves rocks, such as limestone.
172 of 218
Material collides and breaks up in to smaller pieces.
173 of 218
Large boulders roll along in the river bed.
174 of 218
Smaller pebbles are bounced along the river bed in a leap frog motion.
175 of 218
The finer sand grains and silt are carried along in the flow of the water.
176 of 218
Minerals, such as limestone and chalk are dissolved in the water and carried along in the flow, although they can't be seen.
177 of 218
Waterfall formation
Soft rock = easy to erode, hard rock is resistant so over time a ledge develops -> water rushes over the ledge and erodes the soft rock = over hang = plunge pool -> ledge collapses into plunge pool -> process repeated.
178 of 218
Meanders - Inside vs Outside bend
Inside bend - River beach - gentle slope, deposition, slowest flow. Outside bend - River cliff - erosion, Deep Water, Fastest flow.
179 of 218
Oxbow Lake Formation
most of water forced on outside bend = water increases in speed. -> Outside bend keeps on eroding, so the neck of the meander=thinner. -> flood =river has more energy (erodes). = river breaks through the neck - easiest path. -> cuts off from river.
180 of 218
Groups all the ways we can find water e.g. on earth in seas, lakes, rivers, ice (glaciers). Above earth in clouds - the atmosphere. Below earth in soil, rock, aquifers.
181 of 218
Peak rainfall
The highest amount of rain
182 of 218
Peak discharge
The most amount of water in the river
183 of 218
Lag time
The time between peak rainfall and peak discharge
184 of 218
The speed of the river
185 of 218
the amount of water in the river
186 of 218
velocity x volume
187 of 218
Rising limb
When the water level is increasing
188 of 218
Falling limb
When the water level is decreasing
189 of 218
Flood protection method
Stilts - water can go through.
190 of 218
Flood prevention methods
Permeable surfaces, Planting trees and plants = interception, Increase capacity of channel, Channelisation - taking meanders out - water directed quicker, Deepening the channels.
191 of 218
The cutting down of trees which leaves the soil destabilised and more likely to dry out and blow with the wind. Soil is no longer bound together - it is exposed.
192 of 218
Coastal protection
Sea Wall - stop the waves reaching the land. Rock armour - barrier of large rocks soaks up their energy. Groynes - stop the sand being carried away. Beach replenishment - build up the beach by adding more sand or shingle.
193 of 218
Where the land and the sea meet
194 of 218
The distance over which the wind blows.
195 of 218
Water going up the beach. On-shore.
196 of 218
Water going down the beach at a 90 degree angle - due to gravity. Off-shore.
197 of 218
Arable (Farming)
Involves growing crops.
198 of 218
Pastoral (Farming)
Involves rearing animals.
199 of 218
Water Surplus
More than is needed, supply exceeds demand.
200 of 218
Water shortage
Not enough water to meet demand.
201 of 218
Constructive Waves
Build up the beach - strong swash - weak backwash - little erosion. Less energy, smaller in height.
202 of 218
Destructive Waves
Destroys the coastline - Erosion - Weak Swash - Strong Backwash. Lots of energy, larger in height.
203 of 218
Headlands and Bays formation
Formed where there are alternating bands of HARD and SOFT rock. Harder rock = more resistant. Softer rock = less resistant. So, softer rock erodes more easily. So, bays are formed.
204 of 218
Wave cut notches and Wave cut platforms
Sea attacks base of the cliff - undercuts it with solution&hydraulic action=wave cut notch. It gets bigger causing the cliff to collapse under the weight. Backwash of waves carries the rubble towards the sea = wave cut platform. Cliff retreats.
205 of 218
Destructive waves attack the rock - forms a crack or weakness, caused by hydraulic action.
206 of 218
The weakness then gets bigger, forming a cave. Abrasion and Hydraulic action.
207 of 218
Over time, the cave cuts through to the other side leaving an arch.
208 of 218
The weight becomes too much so the top of the arch collapses leaving a sack. Eventually, the stack collapses = stump.
209 of 218
210 of 218
Physical Weathering - Freeze-Thaw action.
Water gets into cracks in cold temps. and freezes. It expands and when temps. rise again, it will thaw and contract. Process repeats = rock cracks.
211 of 218
Physical Weathering - Onion-skin weathering.
Due to high temps in day and cold temps at night - usually in deserts. High temps - rocks expand. Low temps - layers of rock to contract. = Outer layers of rock peel.
212 of 218
Biological weathering
Includes smaller animals breaking up the rocks e.g. rabbits burrowing. Also includes plants/trees - when their roots grow in the rock, causing it to weather and break up.
213 of 218
Chemical weathering
Weak acids in rainwater dissolve the rocks.
214 of 218
Weathering vs.Erosion
WEATHERING: Break down of rocks in situ. EROSION: Wearing away and movement of eroded material at the BASE OF THE CLIFF.
215 of 218
Longshore Drift
The major movement along the coast. Prevailing wind at an angle - swash same angle - carries material. Backwash at 90 degrees. Remember - Direction of LSD. Groynes stop/slow down the movement of LSD.
216 of 218
Area of sand/shingle which can either extend across a river estuary or out in to the sea. Develop where there is LSD, change in direction of coastline, sea becomes shallower & more shelted.
217 of 218
Formation of a spit
Prevailing wind approaches coast at an angle - carries eroded material in LSD. At headland, coast changed direction. Water - slightly sheltered - material is deposited - builds up to form a spit. Secondary wind forms a hooked end. => Salt marsh.
218 of 218
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Standard of living (SoL)
Card 3
Honeypot Site
Preview of the front of card 3
Card 4
Preview of the front of card 4
Card 5
Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards
No comments have yet been made
Similar Geography resources:
See all Geography resources »See all ALL THEMES INCLUDED. resources »
|
<urn:uuid:8626ce89-04ce-4ea7-aefc-597785797261>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.08270448446273804,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8994311094284058,
"url": "https://getrevising.co.uk/revision-tests/geography_164?game_type=flashcards"
}
|
Shahu: A crucial link between Phule and Ambedkar
In his short reign of 28 years, Shahu succeeded in introducing radical social and legal reforms that had far-reaching consequences for the marginalized and the dispossessed. In the process, he also took the mantle from Phule and passed it on to Ambedkar
Who and what were the influences on Shahu? What were the ground realities when he came to power? What was the driving force behind his reforms? What were his historic limitations? A modest attempt is made to understand Shahu, the revolutionary ruler of Kolhapur.
Shahu (11 years old)
Shahu was formally adopted and declared the heir to the Kolhapur throne in 1884 when he was barely 10. His coronation was held in 1894 at the age of 20. Between his adoption and coronation, he was privately tutored by a kind, just and liberal-minded Englishman, Stuart Fraser. In addition to politics, economics, science and the languages, one of the texts that Shahu was made to study was the book Letters to an Indian Raja by Mama Parmanand, a friend and confidant of Mahatma Phule. The letters contained in this book, among other things, refer to Shivaji as a leader of the peasants and Akbar as a just ruler. It is believed that this text made a deep impact on the young Shahu. He was also taken on three very extensive tours covering the whole of India. A tour of his own princely state was also arranged for the future ruler, exposing him to the ground realities. During these trips he interacted closely with peasants, shepherds and such other common folk. Being sensitive and compassionate by nature, he was deeply affected by the stark poverty, caste oppression and exploitation that Indians, in general, and his subjects, in particular, had to endure. These tours provided him with a first-hand experience of deprivation and broadened his horizons.
In 19th-century Maharashtra, Brahmins were in a dominant position economically, socially and culturally. They alone were in a position to access and take advantage of the modern, Western educational system and administrative mechanism that the British government was gradually introducing all over the region. They had a stranglehold over the administration, education and professions and tended to exclude everyone else. They cleverly and selfishly tried to project society as a binary – high-caste Brahmins and low-caste Shudras. There was a rarefied atmosphere at the top of the caste pyramid as more and more sections were being pushed down. This included the royalty, which was below the Brahmins in the hierarchy.
When Shahu ascended the Kolhapur throne in 1894, this was what he encountered in his own state – so much so that he perceived the monopoly of the Brahmins in his administration as a more immediate threat to his survival than the overarching rule of the British. The influence and activities of the Satyashodhak Samaj, founded and led by Mahatma Phule and Savitribai Phule during their lifetime, was on the wane. There was no grassroots non-Brahmin movement to challenge the domination of the Brahmin class. The Chhatrapati’s royal powers too were limited rather than absolute, as he was a vassal prince under the ever-watchful eye and control of the British rulers. He could not afford to antagonize the latter as the threat of annexation was like a sword dangling over him and his state. His scope for manoeuvre was thus restricted.
Sir Stuart Mitford Fraser
Sir Stuart Mitford Fraser (1920)
Very early in his royal career Shahu got into a major scuffle with the Brahmin class in what came to be known as the Vedokta controversy. In the year 1889, once while he was having a bath, Shahu discovered that the palace Brahmin priest who was supposed to perform the complete Vedic rites in honour of the king was actually short-changing him by performing the Puranokta rites, meant for the Shudras. Shahu was enraged and declared a full-scale war on the Brahmins’ caste arrogance. This seemed to be the starting point of a journey that led to far-reaching socio-legal reforms meant to unseat the Brahmins from their traditional power base and elevate those from the Backward Classes to those positions.
Soon after this incident and the conflict that followed, he announced his revolutionary manifesto of 50 per cent reservation for the Depressed Classes in government jobs. He quickly progressed from a personal sense of outrage to a general sensitivity and awareness of the sufferings of those on the wrong side of the caste divide. He didn’t stop at mere awareness; he put his ideas into practice by enacting the most radical laws to topple the hierarchical caste structure and dislodge the Brahmins from their high perch. This is how he made history and carved a unique place for himself.
Phule: Convergence and Divergence
Of course, one could clearly see the stamp of Phule in all that he rose – and chose – to do. Phule had critiqued the brahmanical, patriarchal caste system that subjected women, Shudras, Ati-Shudras to perpetual slavery and ignorance. Phule had issued a call to these very sections to oppose the machinations of the Brahmin shetji\bhatji – priest, feudal lord, moneylender – deadly combine. To that end, education of the suppressed masses was the first step. He fostered the hope that the brahmanical caste structure could be dismantled through education of and united action by the oppressed.
Shahu furthered Phule’s educational agenda, universalized primary education, and tried to eradicate untouchability, liberate his people from Brahmin priests and break the back of the Brahmin bureaucracy but he couldn’t go the whole hog despite having the advantage of royalty. His royalty was in any case under the control of the British. With the latter keeping an eye on him like hawks and with a hostile administration, comprised mainly of Brahmins, cramping his style, his options were severely curtailed. In fact, towards the end of his reign, Shahu, with his radical stance and practice, had
Shahu, around the time of his coronation (1894)
Shahu, around the time of his coronation (1894)
managed to antagonize his political opponents – the Brahmin class – to such an extent that they began to spread canards about him. He had to rally behind the foreign rulers to counter this attack. This included denial of any links with the Satyashodhak Samaj and gravitation towards the Arya Samaj. The latter, which rejected caste distinctions but maintained the sanctity of the Vedas, was more acceptable to the British than the anti-establishment outfit, Satyashodhak Samaj.
Unlike Shahu, who was quite high up on the caste ladder, Phule was of peasant stock and a Shudra to boot. There was no way Shahu could have matched the radicalism of Phule. While the latter would settle for nothing less than a complete destruction of the brahmanical caste system and priestly mediation, Shahu was content to replace Brahmin priests with priests from other communities. His royalty also coloured his vision, circumscribing his project. He seemed to reject Brahmanism and yet aspired to it, not just for himself.
Despite these limitations, the measures he undertook to blunt caste distinctions, erase untouchability, educate the masses took on a momentum which even he could not have foreseen. He had managed to awaken the downtrodden folk and raise their aspiration to being part of an egalitarian society. He wholeheartedly supported the latter even while he sought to protect his own class interests. Fortunately, the two processes were complementary. In the end, the social forces he had unleashed went beyond him and his princely state.
Ambedkar: Shahuji’s Legacy and Beyond
Shahu was an ardent admirer of Dr Ambedkar and a staunch supporter of his leadership of the Depressed Classes. Ambedkar, in turn, revered him and considered him to be the benefactor of the masses and a champion of their causes. Babasaheb was quite impressed by Shahu’s policy and practice of positive discrimination. When Ambedkar became Law Minister post Independence, he furthered Shahu’s socio-legal reforms like Backward Class reservations, codification of Hindu Law by making them applicable to the whole of India. However, there was a crucial difference between the two. While Shahu was a king, Ambedkar was an “Untouchable” with all that the term implied. It is hardly surprising that Ambedkar was a lot more stubborn when it came to his agenda of annihilation of caste.
Ambedkar’s analysis and understanding of caste was unique and original. Ambedkar saw it as a graded hierarchy in which castes are arranged according to an ascending scale of reverence and a descending scale of contempt with no scope or hope of the different oppressed castes coming together to fight the system. He fundamentally differed from Phule in this respect, as the latter believed that Stri, Shudra and Ati-Shudra could all come together to unitedly fight Brahmanism. Having no hope that this would ever happen, Ambedkar chose to leave hierarchical Hinduism and embrace egalitarian Buddhism, taking his followers with him.
Shahu seated among spectators at a wrestling match
Phule, Shahu and Ambedkar had many things in common personally. All three were English-educated and influenced by Western, liberal thinkers. Phule was deeply influenced by Thomas Paine’s Rights of Man. Ambedkar was an ardent follower of John Dewey, a leading intellectual, humanist and one of his professors at Columbia University. Shahu loved and respected his guru, Fraser. He also admired the American missionaries, particularly Dr Wanless and Dr Vail, and their humanitarian work among the downtrodden masses, as also their egalitarian approach. All three had experienced humiliation at the hands of Brahmins and were rational enough to relate their personal trauma to the larger structure of caste oppression. All three transcended their personal experience to generalize and acted upon that generalization. All three believed that education of the depressed classes was the key to their liberation. They expressed the same sentiment in different words. For Phule, education would open the doors to “Tritiya Ratna”, an inner perception, which would help people understand and fight their exploitation. Shahu encouraged his people “to learn, to unite and to fight for their rights”. Ambedkar urged people to “educate, agitate, organize” to reclaim the human personality.
Shahuji’s Legacy of Laws and Reforms
Notwithstanding their commonalities, all three viewed the world from different rungs of the caste ladder. Among the three, Shahu’s situation was qualitatively different. By virtue of being a king, he was perched fairly high on the caste ladder. What started as a prestige issue for Shahu in the Vedokta controversy turned into a war against Brahmanism, which, to his eternal credit, spread to embrace all those below him in the caste rung, to form a truly inclusive society. He did this in his own unique style, by intervening at both ends of the caste spectrum, namely by reducing the dominance of the Brahmins within the government and simultaneously providing more and more opportunities to the Backward Classes to educate themselves and rise through the ranks of the state hierarchy. His strategy for the non-Brahmin upper castes – along with Jains, Muslims and Christians – was less direct. He encouraged these castes to develop themselves fully under their own trusted caste leaders. He encouraged different caste hostels. He went out of his way to blunt caste differences by encouraging inter-caste dining, marriage, etc. In the process, he carved a special place for himself in the social history of Maharashtra and won the title of Rajarshi and “The pillar of social democracy”. He also provided that crucial link in the non-Brahmin struggle that grew to make a permanent mark in the social ethos of Maharashtra.
Among his contributions, three pieces of legislation stand out as pioneering work, without precedence or parallel. One, the 50 per cent reservation for Backward Classes; two, the universalization of primary education; and three, the prevention of cruelty to women – all of which have found an echo now, post independence, in the form of reservations, the Right to Education Act and the Prevention of Domestic Violence, Act, respectively, after much dithering and lobbying.
Phule, Shahu, Ambedkar: Gender Revolutionaries
On the gender question, too, there was much that the three social revolutionaries shared and contributed.
Shahu (1912)
Phule, Shahu and Ambedkar had, intuitively and otherwise, realized that there existed an unholy nexus between the institution of caste and patriarchy – that the two were intricately and intrinsically related, that they upheld and reinforced one another and that it was difficult to say where one ended and the other began. They also observed that brahmanical, patriarchal caste order sought to keep women and “low castes” in a perpetual state of slavery and subordination in order to reproduce itself. So they addressed these very sections. Phule famously called for the unity of Stri, Shudra and Ati-Shudra to overthrow this oppressive order. According to him, they had nothing to lose but their chains! All three reformers tried their utmost to provide relief to these sections and to improve their status within the system while they were simultaneously engaged in its overthrow.
Thus while the Phules opened schools for women, started a widows’ home, arranged for widow remarriages, Shahu made and enforced powerful laws against the devadasi system and domestic violence, and legalized inter-caste and inter-religious marriages and widow remarriage. He was equally sensitive about the subtle ways in which sexism operates. He issued orders against verbal abuse of women, especially during the Holi festival drunken revelry. He granted “adult” status to women above 18 years of age, the same as for men. Ambedkar granted women Constitutional guarantees of equality, argued for women’s control over reproduction and ensured paid maternity leave for women workers. Ambedkar had correctly understood and appreciated women’s contribution to social production and reproduction. He also tried his level best to obtain for them their inheritance rights.
Shahu was a crucial link between Phule and Ambedkar, the two doyens of the non-Brahmin, women’s emancipation movement that swept through 19th\early 20th-century Maharashtra. He took the mantle from the one and passed it on to the other. Herein lay his historic, revolutionary and gender-sensitive contribution.
Forward Press is both India’s first fully bilingual (English-Hindi) website and a publisher of books focused on Bahujan-related issues. These books shed light on the widespread problems as well as the finer aspects of the Bahujan (Dalit, OBC, Adivasi, Nomadic, Pasmanda) community’s literature, culture, society and culture. Contact us for a list of FP Books’ titles and to order. Mobile: +919968527911, Email:
About The Author
1. Ravina More Reply
2. saru Reply
3. Sekar Govindasamy Reply
|
<urn:uuid:ee0b1de1-228a-4c6a-b3e0-b141899f9d04>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.026658833026885986,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9777780771255493,
"url": "https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/11/shahu-a-crucial-link-between-phule-and-ambedkar/?shared=email&msg=fail"
}
|
1. Children should be able to tell the story of Job – his losses and his struggle with Satan.
2. Children should know that Job did not curse God.
Possible Lesson Plan:
1. Open with prayer.
1. Read the story of Job from the Arch Book on Job. It’s not in our storybooks.
1. Feed the Elephant True/False questions:
True False
God allowed Satan to hurt Job. God hurt Job.
Job loved God. Job hated God.
God rules all the world. Satan rules all the world.
God gave Job a new family and riches. Job died sick and poor.
1. Talk about sickness and sadness: Have we ever been sad or sick? How do we feel? How should we treat others who are sick or sad? Did Job’s friends show love for him? Make “Get Well” cards for a hospital or nursing home. Who will deliver them?
1. Make a Job plate face:
Cut mouth and eye openings from a paper plate.
Cut a nose from the left-over pieces.
Place a second plate under the first.
Poke a hole through both plates and fasten
with a brad.
Draw eyes and a smiling face on the second
plate where the openings are in the first.
Turn the second plate 180 degrees.
Draw a sad mouth and crying eyes in the
new blank areas.
Glue the nose over the brad.
Retell the story of Job with the children turning their faces from smiling to sadness to smiling again at the appropriate times.
1. Close with prayer.
|
<urn:uuid:ed29ded4-32ca-403a-b973-ced78cb703b7>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.921875,
"fasttext_score": 0.09558874368667603,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8121885657310486,
"url": "https://orthodoxsundayschool.org/old-testament/4-5-years-old/job"
}
|
Rivers Continuing in Time
Billabong formation
How Billabongs Are Formed
A billabong is an isolated pond left behind after a river changes course. Diagram by Questacon.
A billabong ('bill-a-bong') is a body of water, like a large pond.
A billabong forms when a river changes its course, leaving a section cut off from the new river. When the river floods every wet season, the water in the billabong flows again as it connects up with the main river. Because of this the water stays fresh and supports an abundance of life.
Eventually the river breaks through the base of the loop and the extra bit that detaches forms a billabong. Billabongs can also be formed when a pool of water is left behind when flood or tidal waters recede.
The word billabong comes from the Wiradjuri ('weir-add-jeer-ee') language of south western New South Wales: bila meaning 'river' and bang meaning 'continuing in time or space'. Billabong is now in common use throughout Australia.
|
<urn:uuid:a0bee14f-5ab7-4c73-b8e9-272c2726844b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.4629347324371338,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8982709646224976,
"url": "https://www.questacon.edu.au/discover/burarra-gathering/extra-information/billabong"
}
|
Checked content
Related subjects: Food; Plants
Background to the schools Wikipedia
SOS Children have produced a selection of wikipedia articles for schools since 2005. Click here for more information on SOS Children.
Indian Turmeric
Curcuma longa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
(unranked): Commelinids
Order: Zingiberales
Family: Zingiberaceae
Genus: Curcuma
Species: C. longa
Binomial name
Curcuma longa
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) English pronunciation: /ˈtɝːmərɪk/ is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It is native to tropical South Asia and needs temperatures between 20°C and 30°C (68°F and 86°F) and a considerable amount of annual rainfall to thrive. Plants are gathered annually for their rhizomes, and propagated from some of those rhizomes in the following season. In Vietnam, turmeric is called "nghệ", "củ nghệ".
When not used fresh, the rhizomes are boiled for several hours and then dried in hot ovens, after which they are ground into a deep orange-yellow powder commonly used as a spice in curries and other South Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine, for dyeing, and to impart colour to mustard condiments. Its active ingredient is curcumin and it has a distinctly earthy, slightly bitter, slightly hot peppery flavor and a mustardy smell.
Production and etymology
Turmeric field in an Indian village.
India and Pakistan are significant producers of turmeric which has regional names based on language and country. The name appears to derive from the Latin, terra merita (merited earth) or turmeryte, possibly related to saffron. As turmeric is a natural botanical compound, it is not patentable.
Turmeric has been used in India for thousands of years and is a major part of Ayurvedic medicine. It was first used as a dye and then later for its possible medicinal properties.
Culinary uses
Turmeric powder is used extensively in South Asian cuisine.
Turmeric grows wild in the forests of South and Southeast Asia. It is one of the key ingredients in many Asian dishes. Indian traditional medicine, called Ayurveda, has recommended turmeric in food for its potential medicinal value, an active research topic. Its use as a coloring agent is not of primary value in South Asian cuisine.
In Vietnam, turmeric powder is used to color and enhance the flavours of certain dishes, such as bánh xèo, bánh khọt and mì quảng. The powder is also used in many other Vietnamese stir fried and soup dishes.
In Indonesia, the turmeric leaves are used for Minangese or Padangese curry base of Sumatra, such as rendang, sate padang and many other varieties.
Although most usage of turmeric is in the form of rhizome powder, in some regions (especially in Maharashtra, Goa, Konkan and Kanara), leaves of turmeric are used to wrap and cook food. This usually takes place in areas where turmeric is grown locally, since the leaves used are freshly picked. This imparts a distinct flavor.
In recipes outside South Asia, turmeric is sometimes used as an agent to impart a rich, custard-like yellow color. It is used in canned beverages and baked products, dairy products, ice cream, yogurt, yellow cakes, orange juice, biscuits, popcorn colour, sweets, cake icings, cereals, sauces, gelatins, etc. It is a significant ingredient in most commercial curry powders. Turmeric is mostly used in savory dishes, as well as some sweet dishes, such as the cake Sfouf.
Although typically used in its dried, powdered form, turmeric is also used fresh, like ginger. It has numerous uses in Far Eastern recipes, such as pickle made from fresh turmeric which contains large chunks of soft turmeric.
Turmeric is widely used as a spice in South Asian and Middle Eastern cooking. Many Persian dishes use turmeric as a starter ingredient. Almost all Iranian fried dishes typically consist of oil, onions and turmeric followed by any other ingredients that are to be included. In Nepal, turmeric is widely grown and extensively used in many vegetable and meat dishes for its colour, as well as for its potential value in traditional medicine. In South Africa, turmeric is used to give boiled white rice a golden colour.
In India, turmeric plant leaf is used to prepare special sweet dishes, patoleo, by layering rice flour and coconut- jaggery mixture on the leaf, and then closing and steaming it in a special copper steamer (goa).
In medieval Europe, turmeric became known as Indian saffron since it was widely used as an alternative to the far more expensive saffron spice.
Preliminary medical research
Phytochemicals found in turmeric have been investigated in preliminary research for their potential effects on diseases, such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, diabetes and other clinical disorders. As an example of such basic research, turmeric reduced the severity of pancreatitis-associated lung injury in mice.
According to one report, research activity into curcumin and turmeric is increasing. The U.S. National Institutes of Health currently has registered 71 clinical trials completed or underway to study use of dietary curcumin for a variety of clinical disorders (dated September 2012).
Turmeric rhizome
Some research shows compounds in turmeric to have anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties; however, curcumin is not one of them.
In another preliminary research example, curcumin is being studied for whether it alters the response to chemotherapy in patients with advanced bowel cancer, as found in a laboratory study.
Turmeric makes a poor fabric dye, as it is not very light fast. However, turmeric is commonly used in Indian and Bangladeshi clothing, such as saris and Buddhist monks' robes.Turmeric (coded as E100 when used as a food additive, indicating how it is used as a food coloring since it normally gives food slightly yellow colour) is used to protect food products from sunlight. The oleoresin is used for oil-containing products. The curcumin/ polysorbate solution or curcumin powder dissolved in alcohol is used for water-containing products. Over-coloring, such as in pickles, relishes, and mustard, is sometimes used to compensate for fading.
In combination with annatto (E160b), turmeric has been used to colour cheeses, yogurt, dry mixes, salad dressings, winter butter and margarine. Turmeric is also used to give a yellow colour to some prepared mustards, canned chicken broths and other foods (often as a much cheaper replacement for saffron).
Hair removal
Turmeric has also been used in India as a method for hair removal and skin treatment. It is usually made into a paste with yogurt or milk, applied to the desired area and allowed to dry. After it dries it is rubbed off taking some hair with it. This process is repeated many times and ultimately prevents future hair from growing in that area.
Ceremonial uses
Turmeric is considered highly auspicious in India and has been used extensively in various Indian ceremonies for millennia. Even today it is used in every part of India during wedding ceremonies and religious ceremonies.
It is used in Pujas to make a form of Lord Ganesha. Ganesha, the remover of obstacles, is invoked at the beginning of almost any ceremony and a form of Ganesha for this purpose is made by mixing turmeric with water and forming it into a cone-like shape.
Gaye holud (literally "yellow on the body") is a ceremony observed mostly in the region of Bengal (comprising Bangladesh and Indian West Bengal). The gaye holud takes place one or two days prior to the religious and legal Bengali wedding ceremonies. The turmeric paste is applied by friends to the bodies of the couple. This is said to soften the skin, but also colors them with the distinctive yellow hue that gives its name to this ceremony. It may be a joint event for the bride and groom's families, or it may consist of separate events for the bride's family and the groom's family.
During the south Indian festival Pongal, a whole turmeric plant with fresh rhizomes is offered as a thanksgiving offering to Surya, the Sun god. Also, the fresh plant sometimes is tied around the sacred Pongal pot in which an offering of pongal is prepared.
Turmeric Flower Maharashtra India
In southern India, as a part of the marriage ritual, dried turmeric tuber tied with string is used to replace the Mangalsutra temporarily or permanently. The Hindu Marriage act recognizes this custom. Thali necklace is the equivalent of marriage rings of west. In western and coastal India, during weddings of the Marathi and Konkani people turmeric tubers are tied with strings by the couple to their wrists during a ceremony called Kankanabandhana.
Modern Neopagans list it with the quality of fire, and it is used for power and purification rites.
Friedrich Ratzel in The History of Mankind reported in 1896 that in Micronesia the preparation of turmeric powder for embellishment of body, clothing and utensils had a highly ceremonial character. He quotes an example of the roots being ground by four to six women in special public buildings and then allowed to stand in water. The following morning, three young coconuts and three old soma nuts are offered by a priestess with prayer, after which the dye which has settled down in the water is collected, baked into cakes in coconut molds, wrapped in banana leaves, and hung up in the huts till required for use.
Curcumin keto form
Curcumin enol form
Turmeric contains up to 5% essential oils and up to 5% curcumin, a polyphenol. Curcumin is the active substance of turmeric and curcumin is known as C.I. 75300, or Natural Yellow 3. The systematic chemical name is (1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione.
It can exist at least in two tautomeric forms, keto and enol. The keto form is preferred in solid phase and the enol form in solution. Curcumin is a pH indicator. In acidic solutions (pH <7.4) it turns yellow, whereas in basic (pH > 8.6) solutions it turns bright red.
Retrieved from ""
|
<urn:uuid:184a49ab-aa8c-4703-8819-005f2f759050>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.9375,
"fasttext_score": 0.03957414627075195,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9548256993293762,
"url": "http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/t/Turmeric.htm"
}
|
Gulliver's Travels Fun Activities
Buy the Gulliver's Travels Lesson Plans
Write about Gulliver's Home Life
Gulliver's life at home in England is not the main focus of the book, but it is mentioned a few times through the book. Based on what you know about it, write a 500-word, or longer, story about Gulliver's boyhood or his life with his wife and children, prior to his first voyage. Present your stories to your classmates.
Draw your Favorite Scene
Draw or paint your favorite scene from the book. Present your drawing to your classmates and explain why you chose that scene.
Compare and Contrast the Liliputians and the Giants
Make a chart comparing and contrasting the Lilliputians and the giants. How, besides physical size, are they different? How are they similar? Don't forget to include how they treat their own kind, as well as how they treat Gulliver.
Give Gulliver a Modern Identity.
Write a story of at least...
(read more Fun Activities)
This section contains 1,114 words
(approx. 4 pages at 300 words per page)
Buy the Gulliver's Travels Lesson Plans
Follow Us on Facebook
|
<urn:uuid:f8f6aa42-1d22-4b32-9189-8100d084b637>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.5310250520706177,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9392639994621277,
"url": "http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/gulliverstravels/funactivities.html"
}
|
Lessons on the Lake Logo chapter 3: The Magic of the Estuary
Lesson 3.4 Lesson 3.5 Lesson 3.6 Lesson 3.7 Lesson 3.8 Lesson 3.9
Lesson 3.1 3.2 Lesson 3.3
Lessons on the Lake -> Chapter List -> Chapter 3 -> Music of the Estuary
• Rattles
• Sticks
• Whistles
• Duck calls
• Water pipes
• Drums
• Bottles filled with water
• Any object that can be used to make sounds
• Environmental tapes: Sound of the Everglades, Rainforest, Sounds of the Ocean
1. Play a commercial tape of environmental sounds or students can make their own tapes while visiting a wetland area.
2. Ask students to brainstorm a list of different ways to simulate the sounds of nature using objects or their own voices.
3. Suggest that students simulate background noises of the estuary, including grasses blowing in the wind, a frog plopping into a pond, a seed pod rattling in the wind, a branch falling, or an owl hooting.
4. Ask each student to concentrate on one sound and form a class Estuary Orchestra! Write a musical score putting sounds to songs such as “Old MacDonald Had a Farm”, “The Blue Danube”, “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star”. Students may want to have several tape recorders available to tape and play back their particular sound.
5. Perform the Estuary Symphony!
Example: “Old MacDonald Had a Farm...e-i-e-i-o!”
(simulate background noises such as a baby alligator, crickets, mosquitos, and various birds)
The old bass fisherman had a place, e-i-e-i-o!
And in this place there was a frog, e-i-e-i-o!
With a rribbit rribbit here and a rribbit rribbit there, here a plop, there a
plop, everywhere a plop, plop!
And in this place there was a bird, e-i-e-i-o!
And this ole bird spied a real green frog, e-i-e-i-o!
With an eek eek here and an eek eek there, here an eek, there an eek,
everywhere an eek, eek,
none for this page
One way to tell alligators and crocodiles apart is whether you can see the fourth tooth when the animal’s mouth is closed. You can’t see this tooth if it’s an alligator, but you can if it’s a crocodile.
1. Introduction
2. Essential Questions
3. What is an Estuary?
4. Functions of the Estuary
5. Activity: Music of the Estuary
6. Activity: Magical Images of the Estuary
7. Activity: Estuary Interviews
8. Activity: Estuary Issues
9. Activity: What does it take to be an Estuary Inhabitant?
|
<urn:uuid:2d46ed47-7672-4754-a0c5-defc97881da2>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.765625,
"fasttext_score": 0.17288923263549805,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8976550698280334,
"url": "http://www2.southeastern.edu/orgs/pbrp/lessons/chapter3/3_5.html"
}
|
Login or Register
800.334.5551 Live Chat
Carolina Anole: Classroom Critter Extraordinaire
Easy-to-care-for, color-morphing Carolina anoles (Anolis carolinensis) make great classroom critters. In this activity, students learn about anoles, create a classroom habitat for them, and discover the 3 things anoles need for an active, healthy life. Designed for elementary and middle school students, this activity meets the following National Science Education Standards:
Grades K–4 Content Standard C: Life Science
• Characteristics of organisms
• Organisms and environments
• Grades 5–8 Content Standard C: Life Science
• Regulation and behavior
• Diversity and adaptations of organisms
• Meet the Carolina Anole
Found naturally throughout the southeastern United States, anoles are often referred to as the "American chameleon" because of their ability to change the color of their skin from green to brown (and vice versa). Anoles are typically found in bushes or trees, but because they are excellent climbers, they can also be seen on walls and fences. A distinguishing characteristic of the anole is the bright red dewlap present in all males and some females. Anoles can inflate this vividly colored piece of cartilage located under their chins to make themselves look larger and more dominant. This behavior is most often seen in males intimidating rivals or courting females. Females also have dewlaps, but they are less colorful than those of males and seldom displayed.
Like other reptiles, anoles are ectothermic (cold-blooded) animals that regulate their body temperature using the environment. When an anole needs to raise its temperature for activities like hunting or eating, it basks on a tree branch or a rock, absorbing heat from the sunlight. To warm up quicker, some anoles change color, from green to brown, because dark colors absorb more sunlight than light colors do. To cool down, anoles seek shade and shelter beneath a rock or log. They can also change color, from brown to green, to absorb less sunlight.
How to create a classroom anole habitat
• A 5-gal aquarium (glass or plastic) with a secure, ventilated cover
• A flat rock
• A small climbing branch
• A small, shallow water bowl
• Bark chips
• Plants
• Potting soil
• Sand
• Smooth pebbles
• Procedure
1. Clean the aquarium thoroughly with mild soap and warm water. Carefully rinse it out to ensure that no soap residue remains, and then dry it with clean paper towels.
2. Cover the bottom of the aquarium with a 2 to 5 cm deep layer of moist potting soil.
3. Place a 2 to 5 cm deep layer of a mixture of sand, bark chips, and smooth pebbles on top of the potting soil. You can vary the depth of the mixture in the aquarium to create interesting contours.
4. Dig a shallow depression somewhere in the aquarium and place the flat rock over it to provide a hiding place for the anole.
5. Place the climbing branch in the aquarium. Make sure it is anchored firmly in the soil so it won't topple over when an anole climbs on it.
6. Plant the plants in the aquarium and spray them with a mist of water.
7. Place the water bowl in the aquarium and fill it with clean, fresh water.
8. Introduce your anole to its new home! Note: Anoles love to climb and jump, so make sure to securely fasten the cover on the aquarium.
How to care for your anole
This can be summarized in 3 words—food, water, and heat. Here is a brief guide to providing all 3 and keeping your anole active and healthy.
In nature, anoles consume a wide variety of small insects and insect larvae. However, they only eat food that is alive and moving. Small crickets (or nymphs), wax worms, and mealworms are anole favorites. You can also feed them flies (including wingless fruit flies) and small worms, but be sure that all food is free of insecticides or pesticides that might harm the anole. To feed your anole, simply place the living food in the habitat. The average adult can eat 4–5 crickets a day. Activity idea: Count the crickets or worms consumed by your anole at different temperatures and graph the results.
Make sure there is always clean, fresh water available to your anole. In addition to adding water to the bowl, mist the plants in the habitat with water. This provides water for the plants and an alternative source of water for the anole.
Remember, your anole is ectothermic, so it needs to warm itself before it can hunt, eat, and move about. The easiest way to provide heat for it is to shine a 100-W light bulb into part of its habitat for 14 hours a day. Natural sunlight can also provide heat and vitamin D, but be careful not to leave your anole's habitat in the sun for too long.
Carolina Biological Supply
© Carolina Biological Supply Company
2700 York Road, Burlington, NC 27215-3398 • 800.334.5551
|
<urn:uuid:4e3f7ba8-381e-4bc1-9ce8-287fcf78ad15>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.90625,
"fasttext_score": 0.03958934545516968,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9171473979949951,
"url": "http://www.carolina.com/teacher-resources/Interactive/carolina-anole-classroom-critter-extradinaire/tr10672.tr"
}
|
Date: 19th century
Geography: Papua New Guinea, Lower Sepik, Ramu River region
Culture: Romkun or Breri or Igana peoples (?)
Medium: Wood
Dimensions: H. 23 5/8 in. (60 cm)
Classification: Wood-Sculpture
Credit Line: Rogers Fund, 1978
Accession Number: 1978.7
This mask was probably created by the Romkun, Breri, or Igana peoples of the Ramu and Guam Rivers in northeast New Guinea, whose masking traditions are largely undocumented. However, the pierced eyes and small holes on its periphery, which were likely used to secure it to a larger basketry headdress that fitted over the upper body of the wearer, indicate it was probably a dance mask. Among the neighboring Kominimung people, dance masks have similar imagery and possibly served similar functions. Worn by initiated men during ritual performances, Kominimung dance masks depict bwongogo, ancestral spirits responsible for the success of important activities such as gardening, hunting, fishing, and, formerly, warfare. In Kominimung communities, women and children are not allowed to witness the creation of masks. However, the entire community may watch the performance of the masked dancers.
|
<urn:uuid:689332b1-b894-46b4-8812-d7d01e6e0f46>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.10276448726654053,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9474267959594727,
"url": "http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1978.7/"
}
|
Spiral galaxy in outer space
Georgian style embodies the mathematical
proportions found in spiral galaxies and music.
Photo: Courtesy: NASA Hubble Telescope
You are aware that some Ancient Greeks believed there is a "music of the spheres". Modern scientists scoffed at the idea, until astronomers discovered that stars like our Sun sing. This requires a bit of explanation. If the singing of the stars leaves you cold, you are welcome to fly down the file and find something more to your taste.
The heat of the Sun generates sound waves which resound through the interior, and are reflected on the surface in oscillations. Astronomers call these oscillations and the periods of silence between them the “ringing” of the Sun.
They say that the vibrations of stars are faint, and difficult to hear, but they have translated their ringing into sound waves audible to the human ear. Curiously, these waves sound like music.
In particular they sound like a melody that is sung by one voice and answered by a second voice in a different key with a third voice entering and singing the melody an octave higher or lower. The first voice returns with a different melody that begins another series of musical variations. . .as every musician knows, the Sun is singing a fugue.
How this music bears on Georgian architecture we will see, but first we have to look at three Italians of whom we are very fond.
The Italians
The great Italian Renaissance poet, architect, mathematician, and cryptographer Domenico Alberti (1404-1472) was sure that divine truths governed mathematics, music, and the universe, and he thought he could see their underlying unity. He had studied the work of architect and engineering genius Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) who researched the "secrets" of Classical architecture.
Brunelleschi invented a new Classical style based on the proportions he discovered, and though no one knows exactly what secrets Brunelleschi found or how he applied them, it is believed that Alberti's ten books on architecture describe at least one of his guiding principles:
The mathematical ratios that create musical harmony can be used to design a beautiful building.
Andrea Palladio (1518-80) based his designs on the ideas of Alberti and Brunelleschi. He also believed in the cosmic significance of numerical ratios, as did ancient Britons and Anglo Saxons. Palladio built villas in the Italian countryside based on "divine" proportions and his pragmatic understanding of how a farm works. Then he wrote up his ideas in detail.
The Earl of Burlington and William Kent
Years later, Richard Boyle, the Third Earl of Burlington and 4th Earl of Cork (1694-1753), was travelling in northern Italy. While there he saw Palladio's Villa Rotonda. We imagine his steps falling silent, his lips opening mutely. He was falling in love. He looked. He listened to the visual music of the house. He resolved to build a house like this for himself, and as money was no object, it appeared that he would.
Adults and children view Chiswick House from the sunny garden
With the help of William Kent, Palladio's architecture manuals,
and his large fortune, Burlington built Chiswick House in London in 1729, and created a lasting impression.
Image: English Heritage
Chiswick House sounds the opening notes of a new, serene and festive architecture – Classical architecture with a distinctly English accent that will come to be known all over the world as Georgian. (Burlington also leads the way in creating a new and liberated landscape park, but that is a different story, told in The English Garden).
Urban transformations
Architects such as John Wood the Elder, John Wood the Younger, and John Eveleigh transformed the city of Bath, while London saw the development of new and elegant squares of homes.
The Crescent, Bath
The Royal Crescent, Bath, designed by the architect John Wood the Younger. The formality of its front facade contrasts with the intimacy of the rear facade and private gardens.
Image: Adrian Pingstone
Small Georgian corner house
Georgian buildings were not built only for the well-to-do.
Georgian style looks at ease with itself and makes people feel at home. It is formal, but the beauty of its formality frames us and makes us look and feel good. Then again, Georgian sometimes dispenses with charm to look decisively commanding.
Georgian building and red-coated Foot Guards
Wellington Barracks, London, and
The Queen's Foot Guards
Image: David Abbott
The name Georgian, which comes from the three Georges who ruled Britain between 1714 and 1820, is used everywhere but in America. Avoiding references to their bête noir, George III, Americans call buildings in the Georgian style colonial. Some of America's loveliest homes and most loved public buildings are Georgian.
The north side of the White House, columns gleaming in early spring light
The White House
Note that the central entrance has the temple facade – columns, a great porch, and triangular pediment – characteristic of Georgian architecture. The windows on the ground floor exhibit the same 'eyebrows' as those in Jones's Banqueting Hall. They contrast with the windows above them, which, like a song sung in another key, are treated more simply. Georgian architecture may be faced with stone, brick, wood, or, as is the case here at the White House, with stucco.
The Golden Ratio
The width and length of many Georgian room dimensions are based on the harmonic proportions of music. One harmonic proportion that can be identified is the Golden Ratio encapsulated in the infinite Fibonacci sequence.
In this sequence every number (after the first two) is the sum of the two preceding numbers: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610. . . Each number is approximately 1.618 larger than the one that precedes it, creating a ratio called the Golden Ratio or ϕ (phi).
Fibonacci spiral
Image: Wiki
By drawing a series of golden rectangles nesting inside each other, and connecting the centres of the squares with a line (it will curve), we can see how the infinitely expansive spiral galaxy is based on the proportions of the Golden Ratio. This proportion makes a beautiful appearance in Western music, whose musical scale consists of 8 notes with the fundamental chord, the triad, consisting of three pitches that fuse their sound: Two pitches are a perfect fifth apart and a third pitch is a major or minor third lower.
Georgian brick house with roses and wisteria
This Georgian home in Britain shows barely a hint of Palladio's balanced three-part or five-part profile. The temple facade is faintly echoed by the slender and unobtrusive pilasters and the modest pediment above the door.
In a welcome advance from the house as fortress, Georgian style emphasizes large, paned windows. The arched lower windows are based on Palladio's original design. The bricked-in window above the door was the victim of a government's steep window tax. The dimensions of the windowpanes evoke the Golden Section.
The Golden Section also appears in the relationship between the width and length of Georgian house exteriors, rooms, and windowpane sizes and in the proportions of the delicately shaped iron staircases that spiral inside houses.
Staircase. Perfection. Just a line, and a curve, and another line, and another curve. In short, a Georgian staircase. When one has said this, one has said all that is necessary to say.
~Beverley Nichols
We know exactly what he means - we've seen it - but we can't find a photo to do that staircase justice.
Great hall with black & white paving, high white ceilings, and sculpture
Robert Adam (1728-1792) occasionally used white and black to dramatic effect, as here at the great hall at Syon House, but his preferred palette was pastels and rich reds, blues, and golds. The red drawing room at Syon House is flamboyant. Robert and his brothers James and John designed wall and ceiling treatments, tables, chairs, commodes, mirrors, sconces, and even beds.
Image: Syon Park
Colours - lots of them - and dancers
Adam design sketch, full of colour
An Adam design for the mirror room at Northumberland Place. The Georgians loved colour.
In the hands of the Adam brothers, the subtle and enthralling music of Georgian interiors can be seen in the counterpoint of floor patterns and ceiling designs, the rhythms of wall, door, window and hearth decorations, and the sinuous solos of tables, chairs and sofas. Georgian rooms naturally suggest music. They were designed to hold dancers.
Guests walked into a hall that spanned the length of the house, and gave easy access to every room, creating the circulation necessary for the dances and routs of which they were so fond. The furniture - beautiful but there was a minimum of it - was pushed back against the walls. It was moved into a room when it was needed and returned to the walls at night, a convenience when they holding exuberant balls.
We would say more about the furniture, but that deserves a file of its own.
Living in a Georgian house
Georgian rooms were painted in pale lime green, apricot, ruby red, brilliant blue and celadon. It is said that the trick is to stipple the colour on the walls with artist's oils, and wash it with a darker scumble glaze that intensifies the underlying colour. When light pours in through the tall, deep-set Georgian windows, the colours become translucent.
Georgian room with dog
This room is furnished quite differently from an original Georgian. For one thing, there are less dancing possibilities. The cornice molding of Ionic dentils and the height of the white ceiling create a sense of airiness. The dog makes us feel at home.
Image: Christopher Simon Sykes, English Country
Living in a Georgian house requires some funds, but that is always the case with civilisation - even at its simplest it requires money. (Living without civilisation requires lives.) In the case of the Georgians, living required bold men willing and able to take ships round the world.
Even middle-class Georgians depended on servants to wash and cook and haul coal to the fire. As the Ingenious Timeline shows, Georgian and Victorian inventors freed us from using servants for these tasks. Like Georgian designers, British inventors will look for beauty, function, and structure, and find their most significant insights in nature and numbers.
Georgian architecture balances competing interests to create stability and light, harmony and pleasure.
English bulldog puppy
When you contribute to this website,
you support Brits at their Best.
Join the Circle of Friends
Copyright 2006, 2007, 2008 David Abbott & Catherine Glass
|
<urn:uuid:c9533365-b21b-4f6e-9318-764a721c415b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.90625,
"fasttext_score": 0.056452274322509766,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9458327293395996,
"url": "http://www.britsattheirbest.com/creative_brits/cr_seeing_music.htm"
}
|
Primary 5 Problem Sums/Word Problems - Try FREE
Score :
(Single Attempt)
There were a total of 800 passengers in a train.
The ticket conductor counted and found that 40% of the people were adults.
When some of the adults finally alighted from the train, the percentage of the adults in the train dropped to 25%.
(a) How many adults alighted from the train?
(b) How many passengers were there in the train in the end?
Notes to student:
1. If the question above has parts(e.g. (a) and (b)), given that the answer for part (a) is 10 and the answer for part (b) is 12, give your answer as:10,12
The correct answer is : 160,640
(a) _____ adults,(b) _____ passengers
|
<urn:uuid:f6ee2014-efbb-4009-8573-100f5e2f9103>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.9331364631652832,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9595639705657959,
"url": "http://singaporemathguru.com/question/primary-5-problem-sums-word-problems-percentage-if-you-watch-these-video-solutions-you-ll-realise-how-easy-it-is-percentage-exercise-17-1176"
}
|
Speculative Evolution Wiki
887pages on
this wiki
Add New Page
Comments0 Share
The long face of the lank means that its eyes are still above the level of the grass even when its snout is grazing at the grass roots. It can thus keep an eye open for danger. On the open plains danger can be seen coming from afar, and the lank's long legs give it the speed needed to escape from predators. It is difficult to believe that the lank's front legs are evolved from pterosaurs' wings. The fourth finger, that once supported the flight membrane, now carries the animal's weight and has a hoof on the end. The three small claws that once acted as a hand are now only used for grooming the animal's fine pycnofibres.
The lank, Herbafagus longicollum, is an giraffe-like, herbivorous, flightless pterosaur, measuring 3-4 meters (10-13 feet) tall, from Dougal Dixon's The New Dinosaurs: An Alternative Evolution. It lives in African tall grass savannahs.
The tropical grasslands, when they developed and spread halfway through the Miocene, were a totally novel environment for the great dinosaurs. Grass is a remarkably tough substance, and a grass-eating animal needs a number of extreme specializations to allow it to survive. Grass is full of hard silica and so it causes a great deal of wear to teeth. A grass-eating animal needs teeth that are constantly growing or frequently replaced. Complex digestive systems are needed to break down and extract nutrients from the substance of grass. On top of all that, a big grassland-living animal needs to have long legs to allow it to run away from danger. In some places, such as the prairies of the North America, non-avian dinosaurs developed quite happily into grass-eating forms. However, on the savannas of the African continent, herbivorous non-avian dinosaurs were not able to establish much of a foothold. They were primarily beaten to it by their cousins, the pterosaurs. A group of pterosaurs abandoned their powers of flight as soon as the tropical grasslands spread, and they became the main grass-eating animals of Africa. The lank is now the most highly specialized of these, and the one that has become most unlike its flying ancestor. The body has remained short but the forelimbs and hind limbs have become long and equal in length. The neck and face are also long; all plains-living features.
Lank movment
The lank runs with a pacing motion - both legs at the same side moving in the same direction at the same time. This prevents the long legs from becoming entangled.
Ad blocker interference detected!
|
<urn:uuid:b9c14877-9953-4db1-81af-cdfaabbcb591>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.12895715236663818,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9553526639938354,
"url": "http://speculativeevolution.wikia.com/wiki/Lank"
}
|
Friday, December 11, 2015
Heliography and Funkentelegraphy in the Herero War
"The headquarters took its place behind the lead company and sent up a balloon antenna. With this we hoped to make contact with v.d. Heyde and v. Estorff. Rückforth set up his heliograph and began to exchange signals with Auer on the Waterberg. Auer was able to report about all he was able to see below him." - Major Max Bayer
Heliograph team in Southwest Africa
At the very outset of the German-Herero War in 1904, the Southwest Africa protectorate's single telegraph line along the train tracks from Swakopmund to Windhuk was cut in several places. Protecting these vital links from further sabotage tied down considerable resources, including heavy automatic weapons that could otherwise have been deployed against the Hereros.
Communication between isolated commands over vast distances and across varied topography in this region would require portable, wireless technologies. The Germans came to rely on two different systems during the war with the Herero: one with its roots in the armies of antiquity and the other a product of the modern age. Neither offered a perfect solution, and both would later be supplanted by subsequent advances in radio development, but together they had advantages that the Germans came to appreciate and which ultimately influenced the course of the decisive action at the Waterburg in August 1904.
The heliograph was a simple concept that used mirrors to direct the rays of the sun and communicate between observers using Morse Code. It required no other power source and was mounted on a simple surveyor's tripod. While reliance on the sun restricted heliography to daylight conditions with clear skies, it was well suited to the highveld and arid conditions of southern Africa.
The British had uses heliographs during the Zulu War in 1879 and in the Sudan in the 1880s, while the American General Nelson Miles employed them during his campaign against Geronimo. Both the British and the Boers employed heliography during the 2nd Boer War (1899-1902), and it may have been this conflict that caused Imperial Germany to reconsider investing in this technology. They adapted the British Mark V heliograph with additional refinements in 1900, and initially used them in Southwest Africa at fixed stations to communicate with distant outposts that were not yet served by telegraph lines.
As long as the receiver's location remained fixed or could be identified by the sender, sending messages this way was a reliable means of communication, bu there were disadvantages for its use in the field. Heliography required a clear line of sight between sender and receiver, ideally transmitted from high elevation, but the dense thornfeld along the Swakop River and its drainages to the North and East of Okahandja offered few natural eminences, forcing troops in the field to improvise signal stations atop termite hills and thorn trees. Von Glasenapp's Ostabteilung spent over a month maneuvering in pursuit of the Herero and was seldom in one place long enough to establish heliograph contact with the station atop Kaiser Wilhelmberg at Okahandja or with Winhuk via a heliograph station at Seeis, requiring riders to carry messages part of the way. Intermittent heliograph communication delayed reporting the defeat of von Glasenapp's section back to headquarters, and it was impossible at this stage for mobile sections to coordinate their efforts, even when separated by as little as 50 miles, because the low topography and dense thorns prevented signalers for fixing the position of their counterparts.
During the build up of troops under Lothar von Trotha in May and June, 1904, the Germans added wireless radio communications capacity in the form of three (some sources say four) funkentelegraph equipped carts and wagons, each able deploy either a 12 ft2 kite or a 350 ft3 hydrogen-filled balloon to extend its antenna in the field. Four commissioned officers, four NCOs and 27 men assigned to these wireless sections departed Hamburg on April 30th in the transport "Herzog", arriving at Swakopmund on May 24th, 1904.
The portable wireless stations or funkenstationen were first used against the Herero during the Waterburg campaign that August, where their relative strengths and weaknesses soon became apparent.
Each wireless station required at least three two wheeled support vehicles, which together transported a broad array of equipment, including gasoline powered generating plant, cable drum for hauling the balloon, the receiving apparatus, and the hydrogen tanks and balloon. The Germans found two wheeled cars less stable and prone to tipping than four wheeled wagons, and each weighted nearly a ton when loaded. High winds tore kites and prevented the balloons from reaching an ideal elevation, and the balloons themselves, soaring well above the thorn trees, clearly marked the location of the units they served and made them attractive targets for Herero rifles.
The converging German sections that fought below the Waterburg included several that were wireless equipped, including the headquarters section (von Muhlenfels), von Heyde's and von Estorff's sections. While these allowed sporadic communication among these separate German elements, it was the simpler heliograph technology that played the divisive part in establishing communication between them, for Oberleutnant Richard Volkmann who was stationed to the North of the plateau wisely dispatched Lt. Auer. with a heliograph to the top of the Waterberg where he was able to communication with the various sections far below.
After the battle the wireless units were soon taken offline for servicing as the campaign against the Herero was winding down and war with the Nama shifted German attention to the south. While these initial funkenstationen were down for repairs, an additional three units arrived from Germany and were deployed in the field. The heliograph was a necessary supplement, and unlike the original wireless units remained in use by signal corps in many armies well after World War II.
|
<urn:uuid:a0fbc16f-a1e5-4105-ab77-05f0bbb5799a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.734375,
"fasttext_score": 0.03718644380569458,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9631736874580383,
"url": "http://omaheke.blogspot.com/2015_12_01_archive.html"
}
|
In the 20th century, an American dream was for your child to become a medical doctor. A 18th-century British parent might similarly have dreamed of a child becoming a weaver.
When a team wins the Qualcomm Tricorder XPrize in 2017, prudent doctors might want to explore the parallel between medicine now and weaving then. The Tricorder prize turns science fiction to engineering and helps alter what it means to be a doctor, patient or researcher.
A half century ago, medicine wasn’t the highest-paid or most prestigious profession. Top athletes, artists, actors and executives earned much more than doctors, but in those professions the likelihood of reaching the top was vanishingly small and incomes could easily crash when winds shifted. A medical career, in contrast, was attainable for hundreds of thousands. Once a medical degree and professional license were in hand, the doctor could confidently plan on steady and ample income for life.
Not everyone could enter medicine. Prospective doctors had to clear high hurdles to enter the profession. They needed advanced cognitive skills and massive accumulated knowledge. These skills and knowledge weren’t transferrable to others, and generally couldn’t be automated.
Weavers in the 18th century shared these qualities with 20th-century doctors — until they didn’t.
After 1800, the weaver’s world changed just as the world is beginning to change for doctors and other cognitive professionals today. The Jacquard process (1804) took the knowledge once locked in weavers’ brains and transferred it to punch cards that drove power looms. (Decades later, Hollerith/IBM punch cards evolved to drive computing.)
Some weavers (the Luddites) responded to their altered circumstances by smashing looms (or contemplating doing so), but automation prevailed. Ultimately, traditional weavers lost their privileged economic position and security. New professions arose to service the industry. Textiles became more affordable and quality improved across multiple dimensions. For consumers and producers, traditional hand-woven goods became esteemed niche products.
Thanks to converging digital technologies, the weavers’ history is repeating in medicine. The Qualcomm Tricorder XPrize represents an example. The Tricorder prize website described the race as a “$10 million global competition to stimulate innovation and integration of precision diagnostic technologies, helping consumers make their own reliable health diagnoses anywhere, anytime.” (Other XPrizes focus on water scarcity, space exploration, literacy, computing, oceanography, etc.)
From the XPrize website: $6 million will go to the first team to develop a “device that will accurately diagnose 13 health conditions (12 diseases and the absence of conditions) and capture five real-time health vital signs, independent of a health care worker or facility, and in a way that provides a compelling consumer experience.”
Conditions must include “Anemia, Atrial Fibrillation (AFib), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Diabetes, Leukocytosis, Pneumonia, Otitis Media, Sleep Apnea, Urinary Tract Infection.” Teams may choose three others from: “Cholesterol Screen, Food-borne Illness, HIV Screen, Hypertension, Hypothyroidism/Hyperthyroidism, Melanoma, Mononucleosis, Pertussis (Whooping Cough), Shingles, Strep Throat.” The device must measure “Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Oxygen Saturation, Respiratory Rate, Temperature.”
All must fit into a device weighing no more than five pounds. Diagnoses must be at least 70 percent accurate.
As Tricorder-like devices come on-stream, patients will be able to answer numerous questions that formerly required a doctor — and they’ll be able to ask these questions continually rather than episodically. Some doctors will find such technologies threatening. Others will see them as liberating — shifting their work from rote tasks to higher-level tasks. Echoes of bygone weavers.
The Tricorder competition itself reflects democratization of health care research. A total of 312 teams registered for the competition, 29 reached the next stage, and two (Dynamical Biomarkers Group and Final Frontier Medical Devices) now survive. The U.S. government recently established similar prizes — the Eureka Prizes — as part of the 21st Century Cures Act. One of the first such prizes was Britain’s Longitude Prize of 1714, which sought a revolutionary navigational tool around the time weaving began to automate.
The name “Tricorder” was borrowed from “Star Trek,” where a powerful diagnostic device was wielded by Dr. Leonard McCoy, whose emphatic catchphrase was, “I’m a doctor, Jim.” Depending on the tone of voice, McCoy’s phrase could convey confidence, condescension, calmness, helplessness or exasperation — sentiments doctors will feel as they seek their place in a digital world.
|
<urn:uuid:cb22006d-89e3-4044-9108-3ad6b614bd8a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.019176781177520752,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9471712708473206,
"url": "http://www.insidesources.com/doctors-weavers-qualcomm-tricorder-xprize/"
}
|
Pizza’s impact on children’s health RESEARCH
A study published in Pediatrics shows that children's and teen's consumption of pizza may negatively impact their health.
Since pizza is a top contributor to children's and adolescents' caloric intake, the researchers wanted to examine pizza consumption patterns and its impact on their energy and nutrient intake.
The researchers utilized 24-hr dietary recall data for children ages 2–11 and adolescents ages 12–19 from the 2003–2004, 2005–2006, 2007–2008, and 2009–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. They tested changes in consumption patterns, including by race/ethnicity, income, meal occasion, and source. Individual-level fixed effects regression models estimated the impact of pizza consumption on total energy intake (TEI) and intakes of sugar, saturated fat, and sodium.
The researchers found that from 2003–2004 to 2009–2010, overall energy intake from pizza declined 25% among children (110 to 83 kcal). Among adolescents, although caloric intake from pizza among those who consumed pizza fell (801 to 624 kcal), overall pizza intake remained unchanged due to slightly higher pizza consumption prevalence. For children and adolescents, pizza intake fell at dinnertime and from fast food. For children and adolescents, respectively, pizza consumption was significantly associated with higher net daily TEI (84 kcal and 230 kcal) and higher intakes of saturated fat (3 g and 5 g) and sodium (134 mg and 484 mg) but not sugar intake, and such effects generally did not differ by sociodemographic characteristics. Pizza consumption as a snack or from fast-food restaurants had the greatest adverse impact on TEI.
The researchers concluded that the adverse dietary effects of pizza consumption found in this study suggest that its consumption should be curbed and its nutrient content improved.
Η επίδραση της κατανάλωσης πίτσας στην υγεία των παιδιών
Δείτε επίσης
Ο φορέας
Η εταιρεία
|
<urn:uuid:abab229b-9dd8-4137-9e33-b8e503b65b37>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.08539384603500366,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9150645732879639,
"url": "https://logodiatrofis.gr/pizza-s-impact-on-children-s-health"
}
|
1. daily variation fluctuations that occur between one day and the next
2. alliteration use of the same consonant at the beginning of each word
3. infuriation a feeling of intense anger
4. diurnal variation fluctuations that occur during each day
5. inversion the act of turning inside out
6. information knowledge acquired through study or experience
7. denigration an abusive attack on a person's character or good name
8. congratulations an expression of approval and commendation
9. variation the process of being or becoming different
10. conversion the act of changing from one use or function to another
11. invariance the quality of being resistant to variation
12. conversation the use of speech for informal exchange of views or ideas
13. inebriation a temporary state resulting from excessive consumption of alcohol
14. conversationist someone skilled at conversation
15. divarication branching at a wide angle
16. inauguration the ceremonial induction into a position
17. vinegarishness a sourness resembling that of vinegar
18. trading operations financial transactions at a brokerage
19. conversational characteristic of informal spoken language or conversation
20. confederation the state of being allied
|
<urn:uuid:c4aadbc5-e963-4efd-b3f8-e38782b7a3cb>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.9003647565841675,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8611065745353699,
"url": "https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/tiny%20variations"
}
|
What Is Low MCHC? What Does It Mean?
Medically Reviewed By William C. Lloyd III, MD, FACS
Was this helpful?
MCHC stands for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. It describes the level of hemoglobin in your red blood cells. Having low MCHC levels could mean you have anemia. It could also signify low iron, inflammation, or hemolysis.
Symptoms of low MCHC include weakness, irregular heartbeat, and breathing problems.
Learn more about low MCHC levels, including details about typical levels, causes, symptoms, and treatment.
What is MCHC?
a woman is smiling while giving a blood sample
Nikola Stojadinovic/Getty Images
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) refers to the amount of hemoglobin in your red blood cells. MCHC is a laboratory value, not a clinical diagnosis. Many factors influence MCHC levels.
Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that transports oxygen around your body. It is also responsible for the red color of your blood.
Having low MCHC levels could mean you have anemia.
Anemia is a medical condition in which you have an unusually low number of red blood cells. This reduces your body’s ability to transport oxygen to your tissues. Anemia can result from nutritional deficiencies, alcohol use, and several other factors.
What are low and dangerously low levels of MCHC?
In some cases, a person’s MCHC levels can be severely low.
The table below lists the differences between low MCHC and severely low MCHC levels.
Low MCHCSeverely low MCHC
Test resultsA low MCHC can be slightly below the reference MCHC range of 33.4–35.5 grams per deciliter (g/dl).A severely low MCHC may be far below the reference MCHC range.
SymptomsA slightly low MCHC may show no symptoms. A severely low MCHC will cause serious anemia symptoms.
ManagementA low MCHC may improve with dietary changes.A severely low MCHC may require more aggressive treatments, such as a blood transfusion.
What can cause low MCHC levels?
Low MCHC levels commonly result from factors that cause anemia.
Several types of anemia exist, including:
• Iron deficiency anemia: This refers to a lack of iron in your blood. It can result from intestinal malabsorption, pregnancy, and other factors.
• Chronic low-grade blood loss over time: Common examples include lengthy menstruation and untreated peptic ulcers.
• Aplastic anemia: This is when your bone marrow cannot make enough new blood cells for your body to work properly. It can develop from damage to the stem cells inside your bone marrow.
• Pernicious anemia: This occurs when the intestines cannot properly absorb vitamin B12, which helps make red blood cells. Causes include a weakened stomach lining and autoimmune activity.
• Hemolytic anemia: This is when your body destroys more red blood cells than it replaces. It has several causes, including infections and bone marrow failure.
Additional factors that can cause anemia and low MCHC include:
• Parasitic infections: Parasites can feed on the blood, leading to a loss of iron and protein. Examples include hookworm and tapeworm infections.
• Kidney disease: According to the National Kidney Foundation, kidney disease can reduce the hormones that tell your body how to make red blood cells.
• Inflammatory conditions: These may prevent your body from using stored iron to produce enough healthy red blood cells. One example is Crohn’s disease.
• Cancer and its treatments: These can damage the bone marrow cells that create red blood cells. Cancer treatments include chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
• Liver disease: The liver helps regulate iron in the body. As such, liver disease can contribute to low iron and anemia.
• Chronic lead poisoning: This can increase the rate at which red blood cells disintegrate.
• Gastric bypass surgery: This is a type of weight loss surgery. It can affect the body’s ability to absorb iron.
• Other conditions: Many other health issues can contribute to anemia. They include porphyria, urinary tract infection, enlarged spleen, and vasculitis.
What are the symptoms of low MCHC levels?
People with a low MCHC often experience symptoms of anemia.
However, symptoms may not be apparent if the condition is mild.
Common symptoms include:
Report severe or persistent symptoms to your doctor for diagnosis and treatment.
Learn more about the symptoms of anemia.
How do doctors diagnose low MCHC levels?
A doctor will use the results of multiple laboratory tests to identify the cause of anemia.
An MCHC test is a standard part of a complete blood count (CBC). It measures the average amount of hemoglobin in a volume of red blood cells. It can also evaluate the type and severity of anemia.
If a doctor needs further confirmation, they may conduct additional tests, such as:
• Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) test: This is also part of a CBC. It measures the average size of your red blood cells.
• Diagnostic imaging: Routine X-ray studies, ultrasound sonograms, CT scans, and MRI scans create images of your internal anatomy. Imaging can identify sources of bleeding, tumors, and many other structural abnormalities.
• Endoscopy: This is when a doctor uses a thin, camera-fitted tube to examine the inside of your body. It can detect cancers and other causes of anemia.
What are the complications of low MCHC levels?
Having extremely low MCHC may indicate severe anemia.
Severe anemia can have serious health implications, such as:
• myocardial infarction, which is when the heart muscle begins to die because of low blood flow
• angina, which is a type of chest pain that results from reduced blood flow
• heart failure
• multiorgan failure
• death
Severe anemia can also cause low stamina that can affect your daily routine and productivity.
Be sure to get prompt treatment to lower your risk of complications.
Learn more about the potential complications of anemia.
What are the treatment options for low MCHC levels?
If clinicians identify a specific cause for the anemia, they will structure the treatment plan to address that problem. Otherwise, treatments for a low MCHC are similar to those for iron-deficiency anemia.
Your doctor may recommend a combination of dietary adjustments and medications.
These dietary adjustments may include:
• eating foods high in iron, such as peas and beans
• eating foods rich in vitamin B6, such as salmon and tuna
• eating more fiber-rich foods, such as berries and brown rice
• adding iron supplements to your diet
• moderating your intake of calcium-rich foods, such as milk and cheese
• including more protein in your diet
Medications may include:
• iron supplements to boost your body’s iron stores
• birth control pills to stop heavy bleeding in females
• intravenous or IV iron, which involves receiving iron directly into your vein to help increase your blood iron levels
• erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA) to help your bone marrow make more red blood cells
If your symptoms are severe, your doctor may order a blood transfusion.
Blood transfusions may help increase the levels of red blood cells and iron in your blood.
Learn more about treatment for iron deficiency anemia.
How can I prevent low MCHC levels?
You can take some measures to lower your risk of low MCHC.
First, try to increase your intake of iron and vitamin B6.
Iron-rich foods include:
• dried fruit, such as apricots
• iron-fortified cereals, such as wheat biscuits
• peas and beans
• red meat and seafood
• dark green leafy vegetables, such as turnip greens
Vitamin B6-rich foods include:
• some fruits, such as bananas and oranges
• tuna
• salmon
• poultry
• chickpeas
• beef liver
See your doctor before making these or any other dietary additions.
Learn when you should take an iron supplement.
A low MCHC could mean you have anemia. It could also indicate low iron, inflammation, or hemolysis.
Symptoms include irregular heartbeat, headache, chest pain, and a loss of stamina.
Doctors investigate the underlying cause by ordering some diagnostic tests, including blood tests, noninvasive imaging, and endoscopy.
Treatment focuses on treating anemia. Methods include high iron and vitamin B6 foods, iron supplements, and intravenous iron. In severe cases, a doctor may also perform a blood transfusion.
Seek treatment if you have symptoms of low MCHC.
Was this helpful?
Medical Reviewer: William C. Lloyd III, MD, FACS
Last Review Date: 2022 Sep 9
View All Blood Conditions Articles
|
<urn:uuid:27540781-38a1-4dc7-954a-aa100ca03df2>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.024305224418640137,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8898996710777283,
"url": "https://fe.prod.content.healthgrades.com/right-care/blood-conditions/low-mchc?hid=exprr"
}
|
skip to Main Content
Speech at the Beach: 15 Beach Friendly Activities that Promote Speech and Language Skills in Children
Heading to the beach this summer? Here are 15 must try activities that can be used to promote speech and language skills in children while splashing in the ocean and building that sand castle:
Ages 0-5
1. Engage the Senses:
Talk to your kids about what you see, hear, smell, taste, feel.
2. Encourage speech through fun language:
“oooooh hot hot hot!” with your toes in the sand or standing under the sun “ahhhh how refreshing is your _____?” popsicle, icecream, or ice cold water “weeeeee!” spin around in a circle in the water, the sand, or for a ride in the stroller “peeeeeek-a-boo!” with your big sun hats, sunglasses, umbrellas, or towels
3. Use early developing sounds and simple words:
Incorporate these words into beach play: pop, up, ball, boom, wee, more, bye bye, boat, water, walk, bubbles, play, wet, woohoo, waves, push, hot, me, want.
4. Incorporate early developing social skills with new vocabulary:
Utilizing a social greeting such as“Hi”, and label new things you see, such as a crab, sand, water, etc., will promote longer utterances and word combinations “Hi crab,” “Hi sand” “Hi water” “Hi bird.”
5. Practice the turn-taking
with eye contact in games like peek-a-boo, rolling a big beach ball, blowing bubbles, or playing catch. You can use phrases like “go” or “my turn” “your turn.”
Ages 5-8
6. Basic wh-questions:
Ask and answer some basic WH questions: who, where, what, when, why.
7. Write and draw in the sand
Practice drawing lines, writing letters or numbers, even short messages in the sand
8. Hide and seek with locations
Hide items and help your kids find them by giving them clues like “under the” “between the” “behind the” “next to the” “on top of the” “in front of the” inside the.”
9. Describe and discuss the weather
Is it cloudy, sunny, rainy, windy, humid, hot, cool?
10. Compare and contrast
big/little, hot/cold, smooth/bumpy, soft/quiet, long/short, near/far, happy/sad
Ages 8 and up
11. Tell & Show:
Describe an item with 2-3 clues without showing your child, see if they can guess what it is. Think about items like: water, towels, sunscreen, sunglasses, flip flops, whales, birds, umbrellas, popsicles, ice cream, swimsuits, goggles, shovels, buckets.
12. Pack the bag for direction practice
Have your kids pack their beach bag. See if they can pack 4-6 items in the order you tell them. “We need a towel, sunscreen, goggles, flip flops, and the umbrella.”
13. A listening obstacle course
Make an obstacle course with 4-6 steps and have your kiddos race to finish the challenge to work on auditory skills, following directions, and working memory.
14. Beachy sentences
Practice helping your child identify different nouns, verbs, adjectives, and at the beach, then have them use the targeted word in a sentence.
Adjectives: salty, delicious, bright, wet, slick, slow, long, loud, close, cold, wet, far, hot, exhausted
Nouns: crab, smells, ride, shoes, bird, French fries, burgers, sunscreen, gators, boat, noise, hat, tree, sand
Verbs: snoring, starving, burning, groaned, snoozing, yelled, ate, swimming, sleeping, crying, sat, waited
15. Sequence your day
Practice sequencing the events of the day by calling a family member who is not on vacation and have your child retell the events of the day.
Back To Top
Patient Reviews
LLA Therapy
Patient Reviews
Crystal Scheibe
Karrie Swan LaRock
Ron Monroe
Heather Dougherty-Pantoja
Terri Apgar
Kelli Geisler Davisson
Victoria Hansford-Price
Laura Lee Hogsett
Amy Furukawa
Jessica Havalotti
Read More
|
<urn:uuid:58a404be-f216-425e-95ad-c84091260fa9>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.953125,
"fasttext_score": 0.28996121883392334,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9581284523010254,
"url": "https://llatherapy.org/speech-at-the-beach-15-beach-friendly-activities-that-promote-speech-and-language-skills-in-children/"
}
|
How would you explain this observation?
For This or a Similar Paper Click To Order Now
Let’s get comfortable using this tool first.
Click, hold, and drag to rotate the planet.
Click, hold, and drag down the horizontal silver slider on the timeline; watch what happens to the planet and the data indicators as you move backward and forward in time.
Position the silver timeline slider at 0 MYA (top of the timeline). Click on the left “play” button at the bottom of the timeline; watch what happens. When the silver bar stops at the bottom, click on the right “play” button and watch again.
Position the silver timeline slider at 0 MYA. Click on “Charts” at the bottom of the screen.
Choose a chart. Now click on the left “play” button at the bottom of the timeline.
Watch what happens on your chosen chart as the slider moves down the timeline.
Click “pause” before the slider reaches the bottom of the timeline. Note that your chosen chart will show a demarcation in the data for that point in time.
Close your chart in EarthViewer by clicking on the “X” in the upper right-hand corner.
Make sure the timeline displays 0–540 million years and then click on “View” at the bottom of the screen; turn on “Mass Extinctions.” Click “View” again to minimize the menu.
Note the five yellow triangles that appear on the right side of the timeline. These correspond to mass extinctions.
Gather data in your notebook: Drag the slider to the Ordovician extinction, 440 MYA. Use the EarthViewer features to fill in the following chart. For Biodiversity, you will need to move the slider carefully and record the number of marine genera present just before (the peak in the chart before biodiversity slopes steeply down) and just after the extinction event (the bottom of the valley before the biodiversity slope moves upwards again). Gather data in the same manner for the remaining four mass extinctions.
We will explore 3 mass extinctions: Ordovician, Permian and Cretaceous.
We will look at Temperature, Carbon Dioxide and Biodiversity.
You can draw the table below or use the worksheet.
Do you notice any patterns or correlations from the data in your chart? Does any of the data suggest an explanation for the occurrence of a mass extinction?
Calculate the percentage of genera lost in each past extinction event: #genera just after/#genera just before
OrdovicianDevonianPermianTriassicCretaceous% Genera lost
How does the data for the present compare to past extinction events?
What trends do you see in the biodiversity graph after each mass extinction event? How would you explain this observation?
Local Conservation Organizations
The work of conserving species, actually creating and/or saving habitat, often times happens at the local level. Local groups, non-profits, or city, county, or state programs, are working to set aside habitat space, protect sensitive habitats from destruction, monitoring species populations, and restore habitat to a better state. This problem of species extinction seems massive, and it is, but it’s actions that occur in cities and neighborhoods, with the help of the community, that when added together end up having a large impact on maintaining and protecting habitat space for species.
Research a conservation organization which functions in or near PARAMOUNT CALIFORNIA In a discussion post, provide the following information:
Name of the organization and their website
Location where they work (city or county, ideally)
The mission of this organization
Main projects/activities they partake in to achieve this mission
Ways that members of the community can get involved
Why did this organization interest you?
For This or a Similar Paper Click To Order Now
Leave a comment
|
<urn:uuid:d0556d07-f10a-4186-99b4-a17d6d300bae>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.25,
"fasttext_score": 0.05694234371185303,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8591670393943787,
"url": "https://blackboardassignment.com/how-would-you-explain-this-observation/"
}
|
Above the town of Mailuu Suu in western Kyrgyzstan, the International Atomic Energy Agency is flying drones to monitor for radiation. For 22 years, from 1946 to 1968, people in Mailuu Suu mined and processed uranium ore for the Soviet Union. Decades later, waste still remains, and monitoring is essential to ensure that people can live safely in the environment actively contaminated by production of nuclear materials. The drone flights, captured in a video shared online November 4, are a way for new technology to ease the burden of monitoring risk.
The town of Mailuu Suu was intimately tied to the extraction of nuclear material in the Soviet Union, which meant that the town was unlisted on maps, closed to outsiders, and officially logged only as “Mailbox 200.” In the Cold War climate, where espionage was essential for superpowers tracking and estimating the size of nuclear weapons arsenals, this made some degree of sense. It also meant that the protective geography of the town, in a river valley in a region prone to landslides and earthquakes, helped keep residents in place, even as it led to risky decisions like burying waste nearby the village.
An accident in 1958
In 1958, heavy rainfall and seismic activity caused a dam failure that pushed 14 million cubic feet of radioactive waste into the Maylu-Suu river that runs through the town. Downstream, the river flows into the Ferghana valley of Central Asia, an area split between Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, and a region home to 14 million people. The 1958 disaster contaminated the river and areas downstream, leaving a visceral legacy in the memories of those who witnessed it.
The concern for the town, the government of Kyrgyzstan, and international observers, is that such a disaster could strike again. Much of the waste from the site exists in “tailings,” or the sludge left over from extracting uranium ore and processing it with chemicals. In addition to the 23 sites of tailings, there are 13 sites of radioactive rock around the city. Climate change can cause a shift in rain patterns and an increase in storm severity, exacerbating the risk posed by these sites to the whole region.
Eventually, remediation will be needed to tackle all of the sites, ensuring they no longer pose a threat to people in the area or elsewhere. Before that, there is the constant work of monitoring the waste, which has traditionally been done by humans on foot or, rarely, helicopters. Now, uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVS) or drones are being brought to bear on the problem.
“The tailor-made UAV-based gamma spectrometer will make it possible for experts to explore sites without the need to trek through difficult terrain with lots of gear,” Sven Altfelder, an IAEA remediation safety specialist, said in a June 2021 release. “By using the UAV to conduct monitoring duties, experts in the region will be able to easily gather the necessary data quickly, while avoiding potential physical and radiological risks altogether.”
A good job for a drone
Drone monitoring reduces the labor and risk of checking out the area on foot. Thanks to the ability of drone-borne sensors to carry and upload data, it also allows for a more complete picture of radioactive risk and sites, mapped in three dimensions by the flying robot.
Another perk is that drones can detect new or unmarked sites, since thorough scanning of the region by air makes it easier to find mislabeled or unknown waste sites. Drone piloting is also easier and cheaper than using crewed aircraft, and drone pilot training has fewer hurdles than that of pilots who actually fly inside the craft they operate.
The technology was tested in Germany in 2020, showing that the drone can produce a reliable and accurate radiation map of partially remediated sites. This work was funded by the European Union and the German government, which has a specific tie to Mailuu Suu. When the town was set up as a closed community in 1946, among the people relocated to work in it were ethnic Germans, alongside Crimean Tatars and Russian soldiers who had surrendered during World War II.
[Related: Why do nuclear power plants need electricity to stay safe?]
With proof that the drone can be used to successfully monitor the sites in Kyrgyzstan, the hope is that experts in the country, and other Central Asian countries, can be trained to take on the work. The project is supported by the governments of Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan.
“We will be able to use the results obtained by the UAV to explain remediation results to the local population and demonstrate that those areas are now safe,” said Azamat Mambetov, State Secretary of the Kyrgyzstan Ministry of Emergency Situations, in the June release.
The drone monitoring will aid in guiding remediation and proving its success. This, in turn, could expand possibilities in the region, with some hope from the IAEA that a remediated and safe Mailu Suu could not just stop being a risk, but could even become a destination for travelers and tourists, eager to behold the natural beauty.
Watch a video about it below:
|
<urn:uuid:8b413def-1221-4dc2-bd2c-f1fa8f2f60b3>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.84375,
"fasttext_score": 0.23765963315963745,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9573529362678528,
"url": "https://www.popsci.com/technology/kyrgyzstan-drone-radiation-monitoring/"
}
|
(1840–1921). Scottish inventor and veterinary surgeon John Boyd Dunlop developed the pneumatic (air-filled) rubber tire. Although it was invented as an improvement on the bicycle, the pneumatic tire arrived on the scene just in time to contribute to the success of the automobile.
Dunlop was born on February 5, 1840, in Dreghorn, Ayrshire, Scotland. In 1867 he settled in Belfast, Ireland (now Northern Ireland) as a veterinary surgeon. Twenty years later he constructed a pneumatic tire for his son’s tricycle. Patented the following year, the tire went into commercial production in 1890, with Dunlop holding 1,500 shares of the Belfast manufacturing company that developed into the Dunlop Company.
It was later discovered that the principle of the pneumatic tire had already been patented in 1845 by Scottish engineer and entrepreneur Robert William Thomson. Thomson’s invention called for a rubberized fabric tube to be filled with air and placed inside a hollow leather tire. At the time rubber was expensive, however, and the tires could not be made profitably; therefore, Thomson’s invention was largely forgotten. Thus Dunlop, though he lost the patent, is generally credited with developing the pneumatic rubber tire. Dunlop died on October 23, 1921, in Dublin, Ireland.
|
<urn:uuid:eb2202eb-eea8-42ab-8267-1da93ddfbf72>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.703125,
"fasttext_score": 0.19843536615371704,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9805399775505066,
"url": "https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/John-Boyd-Dunlop/321940"
}
|
Skip to main content
Dryad logo
Mabry, Makenzie (2021), The Evolutionary History of Wild, Domesticated, and Feral Brassica oleracea (Brassicaceae), Dryad, Dataset,
Understanding the evolutionary history of crops, including identifying wild relatives, helps to provide insight for conservation and crop breeding efforts. Cultivated Brassica oleracea has intrigued researchers for centuries due to its wide diversity in forms, which include cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, kohlrabi, and Brussels sprouts. Yet, the evolutionary history of this species remains understudied. With such different vegetables produced from a single species, B. oleracea is a model organism for understanding the power of artificial selection. Persistent challenges in the study of B. oleracea include conflicting hypotheses regarding domestication and the identity of the closest living wild relative. Using newly generated RNA-seq data for a diversity panel of 224 accessions, which represents 14 different B. oleracea crop types and nine potential wild progenitor species, we integrate phylogenetic and population genetic techniques with ecological niche modeling, archaeological, and literary evidence to examine relationships among cultivars and wild relatives to clarify the origin of this horticulturally important species. Our analyses point to the Aegean endemic B. cretica as the closest living relative of cultivated B. oleracea, supporting an origin of cultivation in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Additionally, we identify several feral lineages, suggesting that cultivated plants of this species can revert to a wild-like state with relative ease. By expanding our understanding of the evolutionary history in B. oleracea, these results contribute to a growing body of knowledge on crop domestication that will facilitate continued breeding efforts including adaptation to changing environmental conditions.
Usage Notes
Colors in transcript abudances and the module number they relate to in the manuscript:
1 grey
2 turquoise
3 blue
4 brown
5 yellow
6 green
7 red
8 black
9 pink
10 magenta
11 purple
12 greenyellow
13 tan
14 salmon
15 cyan
16 midnightblue
17 lightcyan
18 grey60
19 lightgreen
20 lightyellow
21 royalblue
22 darkred
23 darkgreen
24 darkturquoise
25 darkgrey
26 orange
27 darkorange
28 white
29 skyblue
30 saddlebrown
31 steelblue
32 paleturquoise
33 violet
34 darkolivegreen
35 darkmagenta
36 sienna3
37 yellowgreen
38 skyblue3
39 plum1
40 orangered4
41 mediumpurple3
42 ivory
43 lightcyan1
44 lightsteelblue1
45 floralwhite
46 darkorange2
47 brown4
48 bisque4
|
<urn:uuid:955ae773-d3fb-4f83-b411-14872e4f76c5>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.08820301294326782,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7961186766624451,
"url": "https://datadryad.org:443/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.5mkkwh763"
}
|
Pugachev’s Revolt Summary
• Last updated on November 10, 2022
A major rebellion in the 1770’s seriously threatened the social fabric and political institutions of Russia during the rule of Empress Catherine the Great. The crisis revealed widespread discontent and anger among the population on the southeastern Russian border.
Summary of Event
Much of Russian history consists of the story of the expansion of the small region surrounding Moscow to its eventual size as a large empire. This expansion was achieved by wresting territory from Russia’s neighbors, Sweden, Lithuania, Poland, the Ottoman Empire, and the Mongols. Russians penetrated into the regions to their southeast and east, including the Ural Mountains and two major rivers—the Don River and the Volga River—where Cossacks and other nomadic tribes lived. These groups periodically resisted the imposition of Russian control by raising the banner of rebellion. One such rebellion, conducted by Yemelyan Ivanovich Pugachev and his followers, shook the very foundations of the Russian state before the revolt collapsed. [kw]Pugachev’s Revolt (Sept., 1773-Sept., 1774) [kw]Revolt, Pugachev’s (Sept., 1773-Sept., 1774) Pugachev’s Revolt (1773-1774)[Pugachevs Revolt] Cossacks Russian Empire [g]Russia;Sept., 1773-Sept., 1774: Pugachev’s Revolt[2040] [c]Wars, uprisings, and civil unrest;Sept., 1773-Sept., 1774: Pugachev’s Revolt[2040] [c]Government and politics;Sept., 1773-Sept., 1774: Pugachev’s Revolt[2040] Pugachev, Yemelyan Ivanovich Catherine the Great Voltaire
Pugachev, born in the Cossack region near the Don River, absorbed the desire for independence from Russian authority. He had military experience as a soldier, serving in the Russian army during the Seven Years’ War and the Russian-Turkish War. However, his independent ways and controversial schemes got him into periodic trouble with the authorities, and he was imprisoned on several occasions. In May, 1773, Pugachev escaped from prison in Kazan and began a new phase of his colorful and dramatic life.
Pugachev returned to Cossack territory and recruited followers who had grievances against the established order. He built on the effects of discontent in the region that the Russian military had ruthlessly suppressed in 1771 and 1772, so his message of resistance found a receptive audience. By the peak of his revolt, it is estimated that Pugachev had as many as fifteen to twenty thousand men under his command. These included Cossacks who sought to maintain their traditional ways, army deserters, serfs who had fled their owners to escape the hardships of life as virtual slaves on landed estates, and tribal groups in the region (such as the Bashkirs and Kirgiz) who wished to maintain their nomadic way of life.
Yemelyan Ivanovich Pugachev.
(Library of Congress)
Workers in the oppressive mines and factories in the Urals also looked to Pugachev as a leader who could improve their lives. Those who opposed the prevailing dogmas of the Russian Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church Orthodox Church, Russian known as the Old Believers, rallied to his cause, as did tribal Muslims who resisted Christianity as the official faith of Russia. His supporters represented a wide range of social and ethnic types, but they all agreed in the desire for freedom from discrimination and oppression. They hoped this would come through a popular and sweeping revolt that would oust the government and existing authority. Pugachev issued several manifestos promising the end to serfdom, free land to everyone, ethnic rights, and religious tolerance. He also claimed to be Czar Peter III, the deposed and murdered husband of Catherine the Great, whom he declared to be a usurper of the throne. Although not true, his royal claim was believed by many who joined his movement.
The uprising began in September, 1773, when Pugachev’s forces attacked government outposts at the important towns of Yaitsk and Orenburg on the Yaik River, east of the Volga River. The rebellion quickly spread, gaining support and volunteers. Although most were militarily untrained, his men obtained many weapons, including more than one hundred cannon, to use in their campaigns against government centers and Russian forces sent to crush the revolt. In a number of engagements in late 1773 and early 1774, the rebels defeated troops sent to capture them.
Widespread violence against landowners and their families became a common and tragic aspect of the rebellion, for the rebels saw them as visible and handy symbols of oppression and hardship in their daily lives. Accounts of pillage, rape, and murder created widespread panic when the rebels approached. At one point, the rebel army appeared to be heading toward Moscow. In response to this imminent threat, Catherine seriously considered leaving her capital of St. Petersburg and going to Moscow to assist in its defense.
The rebels’ successful attack on the important city of Kazan in July, 1774, dealt a blow to the government, but the occupation was brief. The signing of a peace agreement with Turkey that summer ended one of the Russian-Turkish Wars (1768-1774), permitting the government to give more attention to the internal crisis. From that time, Russian forces were generally successful in their confrontations with the rebels, as they moved southward toward the Volga River region. Although Pugachev did capture Samara later in the year, he failed to take Tsaritsyn. The end of the rebellion came in mid-September, 1774, when several of Pugachev’s commanders seized Pugachev and turned him over to the Russian authorities with the promise that they would be spared from punishment.
Pugachev was taken to Moscow in an iron cage and extensively questioned about the origins and purposes of the rebellion. He admitted the falsity of his claim to be Peter III. Tried secretly in December, Pugachev was sentenced to death by beheading and cutting his limbs from his body, to be displayed in Moscow as a warning to other possible dissidents. Catherine agreed to this judgment, saying that Pugachev “lived like a scoundrel and will die like a coward,” but she also admitted that he was “a bold and determined man.” The sentence was carried out in Moscow on January 10, 1775, before a large crowd, along with several of Pugachev’s associates. After the gruesome execution and public display, the body parts were burned.
The government sought to eradicate the memory of Pugachev and the revolt. Punishments were severe, including slitting noses and cutting out tongues. Many went to Siberian exile camps for the remainder of their lives. In the spring of 1775, Catherine issued an amnesty for the lesser participants and ordered that the rebellion should never be mentioned again. Other government decrees ordered the total obliteration of his Cossack village and prohibited the use of the Pugachev name, even by members of his family, who were sent into exile. Several town and river names in areas involved in the rebellion also were changed to names still used today.
Catherine the Great hoped to be recognized and remembered as an “enlightened monarch” who adopted progressive reforms for Russia. The empress worried that the Pugachev Rebellion and her response would jeopardize the positive reputation she tried to establish. She was very well read and knew the views of Western intellectuals regarding philosophical, political, legal, and social issues. In Catherine’s correspondence with the noted French philosopher Voltaire and other Westerners, she sometimes admitted the need to make changes in her country. Her fame in this regard, however, generally rests more on what she said than what she did in practice. Catherine realized that talking of reform was far easier than its implementation. Philosophers could write on paper, she wrote, while her policies affected millions of people. In fact, during her long reign, the repressive laws expanding the harsh conditions of serfdom actually increased.
Serious outbreaks such as Pugachev’s revolt greatly reduced Catherine’s willingness to consider meaningful social and political reforms for Russia. She feared that making concessions to her opponents might create more unrest, with possible fatal consequences for the nation. Catherine’s correspondence with Voltaire revealed that she would suppress any threats to her autocratic power. She realized the danger this revolt created but characterized Pugachev as little more than a common robber or thief. This attitude failed to recognize or accept that the rebellion represented far more serious social problems that had to be resolved to avoid repetition. By the time of Catherine’s death in the 1790’s, the violence of the French Revolution further convinced her of the need to maintain complete power over the population. The result was that any chance of reform in Russia had virtually ended.
The Pugachev rebellion illustrated the severe problems the peasantry and other lower social classes faced in Russia. Despite its suppression, the long-term impact of this violent upheaval failed to eliminate discontent among large segments of the population. Later radical leaders, such as Vladimir Ilich Lenin, asserted that the best solution to numerous problems was to eliminate the monarchy. Thus the memory of this eighteenth century crisis indirectly played a role in the final catastrophe of the early twentieth century, when the 1917 Revolution overthrew the last Russian czar, Nicholas II.
Further Reading
• citation-type="booksimple"
xlink:type="simple">Alexander, John T. Autocratic Politics in a National Crisis: The Imperial Russian Government and Pugachev’s Revolt, 1773-1775. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1969. Describes the government’s response to the rebel threat.
• citation-type="booksimple"
xlink:type="simple">_______. Catherine the Great: Life and Legend. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Puts the rebellion in the broader context of Catherine’s rule and her desire to be known as an enlightened despot.
• citation-type="booksimple"
xlink:type="simple">_______. Emperor of the Cossacks: Pugachev and the Frontier Jacquerie of 1773-1775. Lawrence, Kans.: Coronado Press, 1973. Detailed coverage of the rebel army and military aspects of the revolt, within the broader context of European revolutions.
• citation-type="booksimple"
xlink:type="simple">Avrich, Paul. Russian Rebels, 1600-1800. New York: Schocken, 1972. Excellent coverage of the topic in manageable length.
• citation-type="booksimple"
xlink:type="simple">De Madariaga, Isabel. Catherine the Great: A Short History. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2002. Solid summary of the rebellion in paperback.
• citation-type="booksimple"
xlink:type="simple">Dixon, Simon. Catherine the Great. New York: Longman, 2001. Analysis of Catherine’s governing principles, objectives, and effects.
• citation-type="booksimple"
xlink:type="simple">Troyat, Henri. Catherine the Great: A Biography. New York: Meridian, 1994. Colorful portrayal of the monarch and her nation.
Great Northern War
Ottoman Wars with Russia, Venice, and Austria
Voltaire Advances Enlightenment Thought in Europe
Treaty of Kiakhta
Russo-Austrian War Against the Ottoman Empire
Seven Years’ War
Catherine the Great’s Instruction
Ottoman Wars with Russia
Russo-Swedish Wars
Catherine the Great; Peter the Great; Peter III; Voltaire. Pugachev’s Revolt (1773-1774)[Pugachevs Revolt] Cossacks Russian Empire
Categories: History Content
|
<urn:uuid:a61c5ac3-a7f5-490a-a335-97b3f86b6b34>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.026371300220489502,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9574565887451172,
"url": "https://wikisummaries.org/pugachevs-revolt/"
}
|
Question 1
Primary documents comprises of original materials from those who witnessed or experienced the events. They may also be written materials during the time of study. The documents above are primary documents as the writers happened to witness the events.
A corridois a primary source, it is a narrative and a poetry. Usually written very soon after an event has occurred which is the case of primary sources.
The main target audience of ballads is a sophisticated audience. An audience that has the knowledge to understand a narrative.
Relying on corridos as a source of history all times can cause problems as the information displayed can be bias the real information is covered up with a false one.
Question 2
Joaquin Murieta was a gold miner. His life was associated with the novel of life and adventures of Joaquin. Juan Cortina was a Mexican politician, he was also a military leader who controlled Mexican state as a governor.
Juan Cortina was a folk hero while Joaquin Murieta was an outlaw leader, he sought the revenge of the killing of his brother and also killed all men that assaulted him.
Question 3
Legacy is history that has been passed from ancestors to the predecessors.
Losing legacy means losing the roots of one’s own origin. Their history has not been put into writing it is forgotten, they are learning about their culture from other people who don’t even know their history.
Question 4
Most Mexican Americans who joined the union lived in the US while the rest who joined the confederacy lived in Texas, when the outbreak of civil war occurred thousands of Mexican Americans served the union army. In Texas things were different at first as the Tejanos were afraid to serve the confederacy as they had been accused as the main cause of war outbreak.
Tejanos in the underground railroad mainly helped the runaway slaves escape into Mexico.
Surprisingly after the outbreak of the war the number of Mexicans was reduced by half while many people as well as the US troops died of diseases such as dysentery.
Looking for help with your homework?
Grab a 30% Discount and Get your paper done!
30% OFF
Turnitin Report
Title Page
Place an Order
Calculate your paper price
Pages (550 words)
Approximate price: -
|
<urn:uuid:5be68fb2-5907-4a90-9480-151db0fb7003>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.953125,
"fasttext_score": 0.1215701699256897,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9781215190887451,
"url": "https://www.elitehomework.com/samples/history/"
}
|
Chapter 24
Home Again
Children’s story by L. Frank Baum
Vintage illustrations by W. W. Denslow
Header illustration by W. W. Denslow
Let’s Chat About The Stories ~ Ideas for Talking With Kids
1. The lion believes that he has no courage, the tin man believes that he has no heart, and the scarecrow believes that he isn’t smart. Is this true, from the way you see them behave in the story?
2. When did the lion, the tin man and the scarecrow begin to feel better about themselves? Did the Wizard of Oz really change them? What might this say about the way we sometimes feel about ourselves?
3. Dorothy manages to get to the Emerald City with the help of her friends. Do you think she would have managed to do it without them? Why or why not?
4. How do you think friendship helps us in real life?
5. Oz is a wonderful land filled with many beautiful things. Yet Dorothy wishes to go back home to Kansas, which is not nearly so wonderful. But there is something special about it all the same? Why is Kansas special to Dorothy?
6. What does ‘home’ mean to you?
|
<urn:uuid:5b83e87c-97ae-44e9-9088-2c0b93794e3f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.7213134765625,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9523857235908508,
"url": "https://www.storyberries.com/bedtime-stories-The-Wonderful-Wizard-of-Oz-by-L-Frank-Baum-chapter-24/"
}
|
Skip to main content
Did the Anglo-Saxon Invasion Really Happen?
Caleb has been researching ancient British history for years and has published a book on the origins behind the tales of King Arthur.
The Sutton Hoo Helmet. How did the Saxons arrive? Through peaceful migration, or through invasion?
In recent decades, there has been a trend among scholars to claim that there was not really a full-scale, Anglo-Saxon invasion in the fifth and sixth centuries. Rather, they claim, there was just a semi-peaceful migration with a few conflicts here and there. This obviously has a huge impact on the study of Dark Age Britain, as it concerns the era in which Arthur and his father were supposed to have lived and fought the Saxons.
There was a recent BBC documentary called King Arthur's Britain: The Truth Unearthed. This documentary was primarily about the Anglo-Saxon invasion, and it went through numerous different pieces of evidence that supposedly proved that there was not an invasion, but a migration and integration of cultures. Let's examine this supposed evidence in detail and see how well it stands up to scrutiny.
The Lack of Violence
One specific detail mentioned in the documentary is that, apparently, the number of skeletal remains from this period which display signs of violence is less than 2% (for the purpose of this discussion, let's simplify things and say it's precisely 2%). That doesn't sound like much. But what does this statistic actually show? Well, consider the fact that the armies that would have fought in the Anglo-Saxon invasion (if it really happened) would have been composed primarily of men. We should not really expect to see many signs of violence among the female remains. So to get an accurate idea of how much violence was really occurring in this era, it would be logical to remove the female remains from the statistics. So if we take away 50%, then the 2% of remains that show evidence of violence actually becomes 4%.
However, we also need to take away the children from the equation, because as with the women, we would also not expect the Saxon armies to have been composed of children. So taking away the skeletal remains of children from the calculation would probably remove another 50% at least, though probably more given that each couple probably had multiple children. So now the 4% should actually be, most likely, about 10% or more.
So even though only 2% of skeletal remains display signs of violence, the percentage of remains of those whom we would actually expect to contain said signs of violence (i.e. the adult men) is +10%. And that is quite high. In addition to that, consider the fact that a huge proportion of men slain on the battle field probably received no burial whatsoever and just became food for animals or rotted away. So that 10% only includes the bodies that were actually preserved, which is likely only a relatively small fraction of those who were actually slain in battle.
It should be clear now that even though 2% sounds small at first, the above-mentioned facts demonstrate that this figure is actually in perfect agreement with the notion that there was an invasion.
Cultural Integration
Another piece of evidence mentioned in the documentary is the fact that certain works of pottery found among ostensibly Germanic sites were created using native processes, which indicates that there were actually natives living there among the culturally-Germanic villages. This was taken as evidence, again, that there was no real invasion but just a migration and integration of cultures. Is this valid? Well, let us take by way of example the well-documented Roman invasion. This absolutely was an invasion. The Romans attacked Britain, invaded with large armies, and took over the country. Did they wipe out the natives? No, they did not. Did they totally erase all of the previously-present native British culture? No, they did not.
The Romans came, took over the country, imposed their society and culture and way of living on the native Britons - the native Britons, for their part, continued living where they were but now with new overlords. With that situation, obviously we see innumerable examples of native British customs being continued into the Roman era.
The documentary presents a false dichotomy, in that it claims or at least implies that there was either a wholesale massacre of the native Britons, or there was no invasion. This is obviously absurd. The fact that there is some evidence of native British pottery-making techniques within Germanic villages simply shows that the natives were not all massacred. Instead, the Saxons invaded and conquered, imposing their society and culture and way of living on the native Britons, as the Romans had done centuries before them. Obviously there were still Britons living in towns that are now recognised as culturally-Germanic. In fact, if the Roman precedent is anything to go by, there may well have been plenty of 'Germanic' villages that were entirely inhabited by natives Britons, and this would do nothing at all to contradict the invasion theory.
DNA Evidence
Similarly to the previous point, an argument was made that there was no invasion on the basis that Anglo-Saxon DNA does not constitute the major part of the DNA found in the population inhabiting England. And in fact, DNA studies have shown that people are very closely grouped to how they were in pre-Saxon, and indeed pre-Roman, times. This shows that the natives were not wiped out, nor, perhaps, were particularly forced out of their area of the country.
The refutation for this point is exactly the same as it was for the previous point. An invasion does not mean a totally annihilation. To say that the Saxons invaded and took control of huge parts of Britain does not mean that they wiped out the natives, any more than saying that the Romans invaded and took control of huge parts of the country means that they wiped out the natives. In fact, it is most revealing to note that the DNA studies revealed that the population of Britain is basically still divided into the tribal areas that existed before the Roman era. Yet we know that the Roman invasion happened. This being the case, it is evident that a large-scale invasion by a foreign force does not necessarily change the population dynamic of the country.
Another point that should be noted is that these DNA studies primarily use mitochondrial DNA, which passes through the mother's line, not the father's line. So these studies are basically just seeing whether or not the line of descent through females changed due to the Saxons or not. With this fact in mind, it should be pointed out that it was not uncommon for an invading force to keep the women as wives even if they wiped out the men. So that would contribute to explaining the DNA studies, though as mentioned in the previous paragraph, an invasion does not necessarily mean a massacre of the male natives anyway (just a defeat of their armies).
On the other hand, what evidence is there that a proper invasion did take place? One such piece of evidence is the written testimony of the Gallic Chronicle of 452. For the year 441, this reports that Britain had fallen under the power of the Saxons. This is a contemporary record, and as such is an incredibly valuable source. It wholly supports the later written evidence, such as that from Gildas or Bede (both of whom should not be dismissed in their own right anyway).
It is absurd to dismiss the whole corpus of surviving written evidence on the weak basis that there is no evidence of a total genocide of the native Britons. Sure, maybe the later records such as Gildas and Bede are exaggerated (we know that Gildas was not writing a history, but was writing a message that was meant to motivate his readers). But that does not mean that the fundamental fact that there was an invasion of Anglo-Saxons who took over much of the country is a lie. There is good evidence of its veracity, and more could be written in support of it, though this article is written primarily to refute the apparent negative evidence.
Scroll to Continue
Related Articles
|
<urn:uuid:4bb0c2bc-9a28-4c33-9449-1dfe46742a7e>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.6875,
"fasttext_score": 0.6972705125808716,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9842324256896973,
"url": "https://discover.hubpages.com/education/Did-the-Anglo-Saxon-Invasion-Really-Happen"
}
|
• CATEGORY: Heritage cities, Patrimonio mundial
State of Campeche
Category: Historic city
Cultural criteria: (i) (iv)
Inscription: 04/12/1999
Campeche is a model of harbour town from the Spanish colonial period whose historic centre is still surrounded by defensive walls. Its system of fortifications,
settled down by the Spaniards to protect the ports on the Caribbean Sea from pirate attacks, is an eminent example of the military architecture of the 17th and 18th centuries. Campeche is the only of the two fortified Mexican cities that conserves that system almost complete, and one of the four of the Caribbean that had defensive purposes, together with Cartagena de Indias, San Juan and Santo Domingo.
, Campeche, Campeche
|
<urn:uuid:161c130d-b3e5-4516-9d7a-6cf1aa50cb3d>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.03278696537017822,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8629897832870483,
"url": "https://www.mexicoescultura.com/recinto/67098/en/.html"
}
|
Huong Quynh
In the autumn, the terraced rice fields in Vietnam’s rugged northern mountains turn golden
H’mong children on the terraced fields of Mu Cang Chai in Yen Bai
As cradles of wet rice civilization, many countries in Asia have terraced rice fields. This style of rice cultivation is typical of highland people. On several occasions, international media have ranked regions in Asia with the most beautiful terraced rice fields. Places in Vietnam, including Mu Cang Chai (Yen Bai), Hoang Su Phi (Ha Giang), and Sapa (Lao Cai) often make those lists, and are sources of pride for Vietnamese people. Here, mother nature is in perfect harmony with the working spirit and skillful hands of people living in some of the most remote regions of the country.
The H’Mong people in Sapa (Lao Cai)
Researchers believe that the history of terraced fields in Vietnam’s northern highlands is tied to the settlement history of ethnic minority groups. About 500 years ago, most of these people followed a nomadic lifestyle in the highlands. They chose places with favorable natural conditions for farming. As time passed, they began to settle in villages, leading to important changes in rice farming. Since they depended heavily upon nature, fields near water sources produced better yields and the soil was less subject to erosion. Thus, highland people grew rice near valleys, low hills, and near streams or underground springs. At first, their rice plots were small. As their needs grew, they expanded these plots by building bigger and longer banks. These early terraced fields gradually led to larger crops. After perfecting this farming method over time, the area devoted to rice was expanded to steeper slopes and higher mountains. To create new land on which to cultivate rice on the sides of hills and mountains, farmers built embankments, creating “walls to hold water”.
Terraced paddies in Sapa, Lao Cai
Farmers use hoes to rake the soil into a bank. With their feet or the backs of their hoes they compress the soil to make the embankment stable. Each field is generally 1 to 1.5m apart. In the midst of great forests, highland communities cleared the land and built fields high up the sides of seemingly unreachable mountains, creating terraced fields that look like steps on a stairway to heaven.
Year by year, generation by generation, over 300 to 400 years, ethnic groups like the H’mong, Dao, Nung, Ha Nhi etc. formed and developed the heritage left to them by their ancestors, namely a system of terraced fields like excellent artworks among the mountains. As the seasons come and go, during the flooding season, the season of young rice, the season of golden rice, and the harvest, these masterpieces change color.
A farmer tends to her fields in Hoang Su Phi, Ha Giang
In September, as fall comes, another season of golden rice attracts people from far and wide to the highlands. They travel along winding roads with sharp turns that are no longer an obstacle but a challenge to admire the masterpieces of the terraced fields. The Khau Pha Pass (Yen Bai) once again welcomes thousands of visitors who pass by to reach communes high in Mu Cang Chai district, which has long been famous for terraced fields such as La Pan Tan, De Su Phinh, and Che Cu Nha. Right at the foot of the pass, hundreds of paragliders from Vietnam and abroad join the “Flying over the Golden Fields” paragliding festival.
The terraced fields in Sapa also turn golden as fall comes, welcoming tourists and thousands of athletes who participate in a marathon, running through terraced fields and peaceful villages of H’mong people. The soft smooth curves of the terraced fields in Hoang Su Phi also deserve mention when discussing the golden season in Vietnam’s northern mountains. The mountains are majestic yet dreamy, with golden steps extending to the high heavens. These golden fields hold the essence of nature and the pure souls of local people. Visitors who explore the harvest season in these upland regions will leave with unforgettable memories.
|
<urn:uuid:fb3fcc04-a8be-4233-9b7a-666cf4d2abdd>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.09613192081451416,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9537858366966248,
"url": "https://heritagevietnamairlines.com/en/a-stairway-to-heaven/"
}
|
Eight Shocking Facts About CSU’s West Nile Experiments on Birds
At Colorado State University (CSU), experimenters led by Gregory Ebel have been capturing wild birds—healthy robins, crows, and sparrows—and infecting them with deadly viruses. In CSU labs, these birds as well as hundreds of newly hatched chicks are infected with West Nile virus (WNV) to observe its spread through their bodies and the way it changes as it replicates. Even though confinement alone causes the birds tremendous stress, their discomfort is only compounded when they’re injected with strains of WNV and subjected to multiple blood draws, including from their jugular veins. Watch this short video to learn more:
Studies published in prestigious medical journals have shown time and again that animal experimentation wastes precious resources and lives—both animal and human. More than 90 percent of studies on animals fail to lead to treatments for humans. Yet, around the world, millions of animals—like the birds captured by Ebel’s team at CSU—continue to be killed after being used in experiments.
Here are eight reasons why CSU’s West Nile experiments on birds are cruel and useless:
To capture these intelligent crows, robins, and sparrows, experimenters lure them with food or deploy mist or canon nets to entrap them. Then they snatch them away from their families and natural environment.
2. Crows who are infected with WNV become lethargic, and their heads and wings droop. They develop a fever and multiple organ failure. Workers let some of the infected birds in this laboratory die that way. Others are killed days after being infected.
3. The fear and stress experienced by these trapped wild birds, who are held in captivity and subjected to invasive and painful laboratory procedures, dramatically alters the functioning of their immune system. It’s impossible for experimenters to study natural infection or immune response using terrified and traumatized animals.
4. In 2018, 37 wild crows were captured illegally by Ebel and his colleagues. By the time this was brought to the attention of authorities, some of the birds had already been killed in experiments. The Ebel laboratory is currently under investigation by Colorado Parks and Wildlife for illegally trapping birds.
5. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases has given the Ebel laboratory more than $4.5 million to conduct these deadly experiments on healthy birds, even though the experiments are not designed to help humans with WNV.
6. After 13 years of capturing, infecting, and killing hundreds of healthy birds and spending millions of dollars of taxpayer money, the Ebel laboratory has not developed a cure, vaccine, or any clinical treatments for WNV—either for humans or birds.
7. Numerous scientists are already successfully studying WNV in vitro (using mosquito, avian, and human cell lines) as well as directly in infected human patients, with the goal of developing new WNV treatments for humans and animals.
8. Crows, robins, and sparrows are highly intelligent, sentient animals, with complex communication systems and social structures. They experience physical and psychological pain, and they value their freedom, their families, and their lives. A growing body of work indicates that crows are able to solve complex problems, understand analogies, use tools, delay gratification, and recognize individual human faces—distinguishing between friend and foe. To use any of these birds in experiments that cause pain and psychological distress is wrong.
In response to a PETA complaint, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has confirmed that Ebel—whose experiments are funded by NIH—captured and likely experimented on dozens of wild crows illegally. PETA has also determined that CSU failed to include the birds who were trapped, used, and killed by Ebel in its reports to the federal government, as required by law.
What You Can Do
Join PETA in demanding that any surviving birds be released immediately and that no future permits be issued to Ebel.
Get PETA Updates
Ingrid E. Newkirk
|
<urn:uuid:002b1cb4-d44f-438a-b6ea-821c012c52b0>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.07171773910522461,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9563137888908386,
"url": "https://www.peta.org/features/eight-shocking-facts-about-csus-west-nile-experiments-on-birds/"
}
|
Categories Recipe
Often asked: How do you identify colony morphology?
Colony morphology is a method that scientists use to describe the characteristics of an individual colony of bacteria growing on agar in a Petri dish. It can be used to help to identify them. A swab from a bin spread directly onto nutrient agar. Colonies differ in their shape, size, colour and texture.
How do you identify a colony?
A colony is defined as a visible mass of microorganisms all originating from a single mother cell, therefore a colony constitutes a clone of bacteria all genetically alike. In the identification of bacteria and fungi much weight is placed on how the organism grows in or on media.
How do you identify a colony of microorganisms?
Identification by Shape Different types of bacteria produce different-looking colonies, some colonies may be colored, some colonies are circular in shape, and others are irregular. A colony’s characteristics (shape, size, pigmentation, etc.) are termed the colony morphology.
How would you describe a colony characteristics?
Bacterial colonies are frequently shiny and smooth in appearance. Other surface descriptions might be: veined, rough, dull, wrinkled (or shriveled), glistening. 1c. Color – It is important to describe the color or pigment of the colony.
You might be interested: Often asked: What is the role of a teacher in 21st century?
What is the morphology of a bacterial colony?
Its definition is simple: colony morphology is simply the appearance of the colony once it grows on an agar plate. The visual cues provided by a cultivated bacterial colony serve as an important way for microbiologists to identify and isolate them via colony picking for other applications.
What is meant by colony morphology?
Colony morphology is the visual culture characteristics of a bacterial colony on an agar plate. Observing colony morphology is an important skill used in the microbiology laboratory to identify microorganisms.
What is the relationship between morphology and colony?
Explain. cellular morphology shows the difference of the individual cells that is seen under the microscope. Morphology of colonies can be defined as their color, shape, edge and elevation. These features are observed with the naked eye by looking at the colony itself.
What are the 5 basic categories of colony morphology?
Colony Morphology
• Size.
• Shape.
• Color (also known as pigmentation)
• Texture.
• Height (a.k.a. elevation)
• Edge (a.k.a. margin)
What does colony mean in microbiology?
In microbiology, a “colony” is a group of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms grown on a solid agar medium.
Why is it important to determine colony cultural characteristics?
It is important in microbiology to determine the characteristics of bacteria such as colonies, the rapidity of their development, their action upon the medium, size, shape, and appearance to identify the bacteria.
What are the categories of colony morphology?
Colony morphological characteristics may be viewed with the naked eye, a hand lens, a stereo (dissecting) microscope, or a colony counter (Fig. 2.3). The seven basic categories include colony size, shape, margin (edge), surface, elevation, texture, and optical properties (Fig.
You might be interested: Quick Answer: How to cook dry beans in a pressure cooker?
How reliable is colony morphology?
Colony morphology was found to be a reliable method of screening for different enterococcal strains in the clinical samples tested. In every case, the four representative colonies of each colony type were shown to be indistinguishable by antibiogram, biochemical profile, and PFGE.
What is the colony morphology of E coli?
Traditionally, the colony morphology of Escherichia coli is identified as either a rough or a smooth form. The two forms are readily distinguished, as the colonies of the former are rough, flat, and irregular and colonies of the latter are smooth, high, and circular.
What are five characteristics of bacterial colony morphology?
Colonies are described on the basis of size, shape, texture, elevation, pigmentation, and effect on growth medium. In this blog post, you will find common criteria that are used to characterize the bacterial growth.
How do you identify bacteria?
1 звезда2 звезды3 звезды4 звезды5 звезд (нет голосов)
Leave a Reply
|
<urn:uuid:73accf6b-19dd-404c-83ba-e184443aa1c2>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.125,
"fasttext_score": 0.6523993611335754,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9070260524749756,
"url": "https://www.dekooktips.com/recipe/often-asked-how-do-you-identify-colony-morphology.html"
}
|
Skip to main content
Culture and Creativity
Ventotene (Italy)
An area of confinement since ancient times, Ventotene has always been a place where cultures meet, becoming a political laboratory for reflection on European values of democracy and freedom. The outcome of this encounter was the Ventotene Manifesto, which, by envisaging a federal government, laid the foundations for the modern idea of a united Europe. The Ventotene Manifesto, officially entitled “For a free and United Europe”, was signed in 1941 by Altiero Spinelli and Ernesto Rossi who both were kept in the prison camp in Ventotene that was built in 1939 to exile opponents of the fascist regime. The Ventotene Manifesto is a key document, encompassing values such as democracy, solidarity and freedom into a future foundation of a common and strong Europe. Nowadays, the city of Ventotene continues to develop initiatives that confirm this role so as to become a place of education on Europe and of reflection on how to develop the federalist perspective suggested in the Manifesto itself.
|
<urn:uuid:a6912e64-40fa-4dac-853a-33a68a386eb2>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.022488713264465332,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.93866366147995,
"url": "https://culture.ec.europa.eu/lt/cultural-heritage/initiatives-and-success-stories/european-heritage-label/european-heritage-label-sites/ventotene-italy?"
}
|
Research highlight
Biomechanics: How frog tongues stick to prey
Scientific Reports
June 12, 2014
The horned frog (Ceratophrys sp.) can consume very large prey items relative to its own body dimensions thanks to the strong pulling action of its sticky tongue. Tongue adhesive forces can be greater than their own body weight and clearly outweigh any potential prey item, a study in this week’s Scientific Reports suggests.
Many frogs have mucus covered sticky tongues that can catch and pull prey into their mouths, although the strength of this action and the mechanism that causes attachment are poorly understood. To measure the adhesive performance of the tongue in frogs of the genus Ceratophrys (Ceratophryidae), Thomas Kleinteich and co-workers coaxed the frogs into firing their tongues by displaying prey behind a pressure sensitive glass panel. They found that the found that the pulling forces are up to three times the body weight of the animals, and show that the strength of the pulling force increases with higher impact pressures and shorter impact durations. Stronger adhesion was associated with lower mucus coverage of the contact area, which suggests that mucus itself may not add simply as some sort of liquid adhesive or glue, and indicates that the surface of the tongue has and important contribution to adhesion.
The authors note that it remains to be seen if frog tongues achieve similar adhesive strengths on surfaces with variable structures and surface chemistries that more closely resemble the properties of natural prey surface materials, such as fur, feathers, or cuticle. However, the experimental data shows that frog tongues can be best compared to pressure sensitive adhesives that are of common technical use as adhesive tapes or labels.
doi: 10.1038/srep05225
Return to research highlights
PrivacyMark System
|
<urn:uuid:6a3378b7-0c02-417a-862a-bc8313c85ef0>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.8125,
"fasttext_score": 0.08816283941268921,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9316704869270325,
"url": "https://www.natureasia.com/en/life-sci/research/9315"
}
|
Selected Plants of Navajo Rangelands
Take care of our Navajo Rangelands
(a.k.a. Rocky Mountain penstemon, beardtongue, penstemon strictus)
Pinkish white, tubular blossoms of Penstemon ambiguus
Penstemon species are native to the United States, with different species occupying different geographical areas. The plants are common in the west, where they provide forage for wildlife, particularly deer, antelope, and birds. They are considered of minimal grazing value for livestock, but they provide erosion control and diversity in grass and range ecosystems.
Penstemons display a variety of colors, but red, purple, and pink are the most common in the Navajo rangelands. The flowers can be distinguished by their consistent shape, which is tubular with a two-lobed upper lip and a three-lobed lower lip. The flowers have five stamens, four of which are fertile (pollen-bearing). The common name "beardtongue" derives from the fuzz or hair often found on the sterile stamen, though not all species of pentstemon display this trait.
Species of penstemon on the Navajo Endangered Species List:
• Penstemon navajoa, Navajo penstemon (Group 3, Navajo Endangered Species List)
Pink flowers and growth habit of Penstemon thurberi
Purple flowers and growth habit of Penstemon fendleri
Tubular purple flowers of Penstemon fendleri
A hummingbird gathering nectar from the red flowers of Penstemon barbatus
|
<urn:uuid:229994ed-5558-4e32-8775-d129c2bb6fb6>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.0274236798286438,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8866193890571594,
"url": "https://navajorange.nmsu.edu/detail.php?id=163&autoplayAudio=1"
}
|
Celebrating Hispanic Culture for Grades PreK-12 by Carson Dellosa CD-104040
Celebrating Hispanic Culture Activity
1200 B.C. to 300 A.D.
Not much is known about the original inhabitants of what we know today as Mexico and Central America. One of the earliest Indian tribes discovered is the Olmecs. They are well-known for many amazing contributions as an early civilization, including three religious centers that they created. The Olmecs excelled in architecture, pottery, art, math, and astronomy. Their skills in astronomy helped them to design a calendar that is almost as accurate as the one used today. The Olmec civilization mostly inhabited the areas of La Venta and San Lorenzo on the Gulf of Mexico.
One of the most significant artifacts left behind by the Olmecs were huge sculpted stone heads Some are as large as 8′ (2.4 m) tall and weigh as much as 40 tons (36 metric tons). These huge pieces were carved and moved to the hilltops. Like the pyramids in Egypt, scientists do not know how the Olmecs moved the stones or why they were placed on the hilltops to overlook the land. The stones are sculpted into various combinations, mixing features of humans and animals, such as jaguars. Some have suggested that the stones were meant to be symbols of their rulers.
WORKSHEET & Sample PDF Activity
Sample PDF Activity
Olmec Stone Head
Much has been said about the amazing. huge stone heads made by the Olmecs. Create your own using the instructions below. Make a large one to represent the entire class or have each student design a small stone head for herself.
Newspaper strips.
2″ x 12″ (5 cm x 30.5cm)
Chicken wire (optional)
Glue and water mixture
(1:1 ratio) or liquid starch
Craft paints
Craft paintbrushes
Teacher Note:
If making one very Large stone head as a class use chicken wire to form the stone head shape.
1. Form a large piece of newspaper into a rounded, head shape.
2. Dip the newspaper strips into the starch or glue mixture and wrap them around the head shape. Allow 1his layer to dry before adding a new one.
3. Keep wrapping the newspaper strips until there is a shape of a large stone head
4. Using newspaper, build up facial features, such as a nose, mouth, chin, and forehead.
5. Let it dry, then paint the head to represent yourself or another important figure.
About Carson Dellosa Education
Carson Dellosa Education was established in 1976 by Patti Carson, Janet Dellosa, and Steve Carson. Carson Dellosa Education provides excellent educational materials that "Educate, Motivate, and Decorate" in classrooms around the world. Carson-Dellosa’s complete line of classroom decorations, supplemental books, and other resources feature bright artwork and sound educational principles designed to aid teachers, parents, and students from preschool through the twelfth grade.
Carson Dellosa Education, takes pride in providing teachers, parents, and children around the world with the best possible educational materials.
Stay Connected
Coupons, sales and latest free apps
Apple App Store (iPhone & iPad)
Google Playstore (Android)
Amazon Appstore (Android)
FAX School Purchase Orders
|
<urn:uuid:caa380e7-d79a-40f8-b820-db9e90f0d99b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.921875,
"fasttext_score": 0.08735299110412598,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9381132125854492,
"url": "https://www.teachersparadise.com/samples/celebrating-hispanic-culture-for-grades-prek-12-by-carson-dellosa-cd-104040/"
}
|
Well-preserved hand of Grauballe Man.
Well-preserved hand of Grauballe Man. ( Public Domain )
To everyone’s surprise, further scientific examinations, such as radiocarbon dating, revealed that the Grauballe man had lived in the late Iron Age, probably around 310 BC to 55 BC. Scanning the body with an electron microscope confirmed the visual suggestion that the man’s hands were unaccustomed to manual labor as his fingerprints were relatively smooth. Analysis of the contents of his stomach showed that his last meal was corn porridge; there were also seeds from over 60 different herbs and grasses. The researchers were able to determine that the herbs and berries in his stomach were not fresh, suggesting that the man died during the winter or early spring. His stomach showed traces of poisonous fungi called fungi ergot.
Most striking of all was the forensic analysis that revealed the injuries to the body, notably the throat being cut from ear to ear. The study also disclosed that the man was missing four lumbar vertebrae. At first, scientists thought he had been beaten up, as his skull was fractured and right tibia broken; however, these injuries were determined to have happened after the Grauballe man’s death, perhaps by pressure from the bog, perhaps by the locals who found him.
The body of the Grauballe Man upon his discovery.
The body of the Grauballe Man upon his discovery. ( Public Domain )
Theories abound as to what caused the Grauballe man’s death. No items were found with nor any articles of clothing. It is entirely possible that the man was wearing clothes at the time of this death but they dissolved in the watery bog over time. Two prominent theories have emerged, both of which rely on present knowledge of life in northern Europe in the 3rd century B.C.
The first theory argues that the man was a criminal who paid for his crimes with his life. According to the contemporary Roman historian Tacitus, the tribes of the north were very strict and routinely put to death violators of the law. The smooth hands could support this theory as in ‘he never worked an honest day in his life’. The northern tribes also engaged in frequent warfare amongst themselves, leading to another theory that the Grauballe man was a prisoner of war (such men were also routinely killed).
Facial reconstruction of the Grauballe Man's face
Facial reconstruction of the Grauballe Man's face ( Fair Use )
But why then was this man in the bog and not disposed of with the other criminals? The second prominent theory may have an answer for this. Some experts believe that the Grauballe man was killed for sacrificial purposes. His hands are smooth because he never did work a day in his life – he had always been destined for holy purposes. Tacitus also describes the deep connections the northern Europeans felt for mother earth- “during spring she visits these tribes and upon departing, a selection of people are sacrificed” (Nicholson Museum).
The theory of a holy man destined for sacrifice to mother earth dovetails with another theory that is based on the ergot fungus found in his stomach. Ergot is probably best known as the fungus from which LSD was first synthesized from. However, it is also the fungus consumed by the ancient Greeks in their Eleusinian Mystery rituals and possibly (accidently) consumed by the original accusers of the Salem Witch Trials. Ergot causes people to convulse and hallucinate. Other symptoms include a sensation of burning in the mouth, hands and feet and severe stomach cramps. Collectively, the symptoms are called St. Anthony’s Fire after the 1095 hospital of monks that first began to treat the disease.
Grauballe-Man at Moesgaard-Museum, Denmark
Grauballe-Man at Moesgaard-Museum, Denmark ( CC BY-SA 3.0 )
The Grauballe man would have been too sick to work but he may perhaps have been used by a holy order to make predictions similar to the Oracle of Delphi, thus supporting the holy man theory. He then would have been deposited in the bog in reverence. The related theory says that the consumption of ergot and resulting ergotism would have him a village pariah, one who was possessed by an evil spirit and who brought about nothing but woe and misfortune. In such a case, the victim would have to be killed in order to save the village from his (or her) evil influence. He then would have been deposited in the bog to keep him far away from the village.
Researchers today will probably never know the truth for certain.
Top image: The face of the bog body known as Grauballe man. Public Domain
By Kerry Sullivan
Jackson, Nicholas. "Grauballe Man." Atlas Obscura. Atlas Obscura, 2016. Web. 01 Nov. 2016.
Nicholson Museum. "Bog Bodies: The Grauballe Man." Human Remains from the Dawn of History. The Nicholson Museum, 2016. Web. 01 Nov. 2016.
Silkeborg Public Library. "Grauballe Man: A Face from Prehistoric Denmark." The Tollund Man. Silkeborg Public Library, 2004. Web. 01 Nov. 2016.
Here you say, “Most striking of all was the forensic analysis that revealed the injuries to the body..”
I have to strongly disagree. The most striking aspect of this report is without a doubt the assertion that:
"Analysis of the contents of his stomach showed that his last meal was _corn_porridge_, there were also seeds from over 60 different herbs and grasses."
Has no one thought to explain how man from the 3rd century B.C. would have eaten corn porridge more than a thousand years before Europeans encountered corn, which was entirely a crop of the New World and wasnt brought back to Europe until after Christopher Columbus’ voyages?
Clearly something is wrong here. Is the age of the Grauballe Man body or the alleged contents of his last meal? Or do we need to rewrite our history books of European contact with the Americas?
Next article
|
<urn:uuid:89bdfb52-e2f7-40ad-bae9-c626b800f335>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.734375,
"fasttext_score": 0.037940263748168945,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.982202410697937,
"url": "https://www.ancient-origins.net/history/grauballe-man-006935"
}
|
Prothorax Explained
The prothorax is the foremost of the three segments in the thorax of an insect, and bears the first pair of legs. Its principal sclerites (exoskeletal plates) are the pronotum (dorsal), the prosternum (ventral), and the propleuron (lateral) on each side. The prothorax never bears wings in extant insects (except in some cases of atavism), though some fossil groups possessed wing-like projections.[1] All adult insects possess legs on the prothorax, though in a few groups (e.g., the butterfly family Nymphalidae) the forelegs are greatly reduced. In many groups of insects, the pronotum is reduced in size, but in a few it is hypertrophied, such as in all beetles (Coleoptera). In most treehoppers (family Membracidae, order Hemiptera), the pronotum is expanded into often fantastic shapes that enhance their camouflage or mimicry. Similarly, in the Tetrigidae, the pronotum is extended backward to cover the flight wings, supplanting the function of the tegmina.
See also
Notes and References
1. Medved . Victor . Marden . James . Fescemyer . Howard . Der . Joshua . Liu . Jin . Mahfooz . Najmus . Popadic . Aleksander . Origin and diversification of wings: Insights from a neopteran insect . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . December 2015 . 112 . 52 . 19 November 2020.
|
<urn:uuid:2c71978f-87a0-46e7-8dff-0ba7711f653e>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.20412635803222656,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8633947968482971,
"url": "https://everything.explained.today/Prothorax/"
}
|
A new form of contact printing has been developed
A new form of backwards printing has been developed with a very high resolution
23 September 2012
Making a stamp and then printing from it is a very old technology dating back to half potatoes and before, but it has been being used for more and more high-tech processes recently. Many of these require a very high precision. This is a problem when you are dealing with normal printing because the surface tension of the ink you are adding tends to make the edges rounded and blurry.
Rubber stampThis is a problem that Wei-Ssu Liao and collegues at the University of California were trying to solve for the neuroscientist Anne Andrews, who wants to be able to stamp neurotransmitters with biomolecules.
The present approach is to subtract materials rather than add them. So they have covered a surface with gold, then covered it with a thin layer of a material, and then made a rubber stamp with a hydrophillic surface. When the stamp comes into contact with the material on top of the gold it reacts sticking it and the gold onto the stamp, the stamp can then be peeled off leaving a pattern, with a feature size down to 40nm - less than a 1000th of the width of a human hair. The stamps can be cleaned and then reused many times, making the process possibly very cheap.
It still isn't good enough for the stamping of neurotransmitters, but it is close to the feature size on modern computer chips. This means it could be useful for some of those processes, or the gaps could then be filled with useful material such as proteins for automated tests, or research processes.
Add a comment
|
<urn:uuid:0fe2cfff-0c67-4148-873f-e2e191926b5f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.6875,
"fasttext_score": 0.13279473781585693,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9605787992477417,
"url": "https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/science-news/new-form-contact-printing-has-been-developed"
}
|
How does Keats personify the Nile River in "To the Nile"?
Keats personifies the Nile River by addressing the river directly, asking it questions and suggesting that it has the capacity for experience, intention, and emotion.
Expert Answers
An illustration of the letter 'A' in a speech bubbles
Keats personifies the Nile first by addressing the river directly in the second person. He does this insistently throughout the poem, calling the Nile "thee" and "thou," terms that were already rather archaic at the beginning of the nineteenth century but that also suggest familiarity.
The poet gives the Nile various human functions. It is a son, a chief, and a nurse. He questions the Nile and endows it with emotion and intention as well as the capacity for experience when he says that the river "tastes" the "pleasant sunrise."
Throughout the poem, Keats contrasts the great river itself with those who observe and comment on it. He asks if the Nile, which is surrounded by desert, is truly fruitful, or if it merely beguiles the traveler into thinking so. This questioning is itself a form of personification, but Keats goes beyond this effect to make the river wiser than the men, who fail to understand it.
Keats, therefore, personifies the Nile in a number of ways but ultimately presents the river as something that has human qualities but goes beyond humanity in some mysterious way. This gives the poem the quality of a prayer, which is increased by the use of thee and thou, forms of the second-person pronoun often reserved for God.
Last Updated by eNotes Editorial on
|
<urn:uuid:37528c9a-ce12-4b7a-96ba-cfa31fbbaca2>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.765625,
"fasttext_score": 0.08659583330154419,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9616500735282898,
"url": "https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-does-keats-personify-the-nile-river-in-to-the-2859677"
}
|
Liberian Children's Games
Liberia is almost unique amongst the central African countries in that it was not colonized by European powers. Instead, Liberia's formation began in 1822 when freed slaves from the Americas began to return to Africa. The freed slaves then set up an independent republic in 1847. While Liberia has, and continues to have, problems concerning stability, democracy and peace, its children try to go about their lives as normal and enjoy playing just like any other children.
• Like children worldwide, Liberian children enjoy playing tetherball. Tetherball is similar to volleyball or tennis in that two players must hit a ball back and forward to each other without letting the ball drop. The difference in tetherball is that the ball is attached to a rope, which is a attached to a stake in the ground. This means the ball never gets lost but it also means that after a short rally the ball is traveling at a great speed and can be difficult to hit back to your opponent. In some areas of Liberia, local children call this game "Toil."
• Lapa is a Liberian variation on dodgeball and is played using a ball or sandbag and lapas, which are Liberian sandals. One child goes in the middle of the circle and arranges the lapas into a specific pattern while the children around the edge of the circle take turns to throw the ball or sandbag at him. Whenever the children miss, the child in the middle has the chance to further arrange the lapas. If he is hit by the ball then he leaves the circle and the child who threw the winning ball takes his place in the middle of the circle.
• This game--popular worldwide--originated in central Africa and was known as Wrah in the traditional Kru language spoken in parts of Liberia. The game uses a wooden board with 12 indentations in two rows of six, with two larger indentations at each end. Each of the 12 indentations are filled with small stones. To move a player must take all the stones out of one of the pits and deposit them one by one in the indentations moving either left or right until she runs out of stones. The key is to try to land stones in the large indentation on your end of the board, which symbolizes that you have captured it. The player who captures the most stones is the winner.
• Queah is a strategy-based board game that originated in ancient Liberia. It is used to teach children tactical and logical skills. Similar to checkers, queah uses a grid of 13 slanted squares around which wooden discs move and try to capture each other. As with checkers, the winner of queah is the player who captures all of his opponent's wooden discs.
• Photo Credit Hemera Technologies/ Images
Promoted By Zergnet
Read Article
19 Trendy Breakfast Recipes You'll Want to Instagram
What's for Dinner, Pinner?
Get recipes based on your pins!
|
<urn:uuid:28027e71-ef9a-4e61-9bc8-18914cab7b33>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.14036399126052856,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9569480419158936,
"url": "http://www.ehow.com/info_8603092_liberian-childrens-games.html"
}
|
Coordination polyhedra are dictated by the relative sizes of the cation and the anion. Consider a silica tetrahedron again. If we remove the silicon and insert a smaller cation, the structure may be stable, although the cation might rattle around a bit. But eventually the cation will be so tiny that it can pull three anions around itself and squeeze the fourth one out entirely. On the other hand, if we insert a bigger cation, it will push the anions apart. Eventually it will create enough extra room that an additional anion or more can be pulled in. So each coordination polyhedron is (theoretically) stable only within certain geometrically-defined radius limits.
However, real cystals aren't as simple. To obtain a different coordination number, a cation has to pull anions away from other cations. Whether that can happen will depend on the numbers of cations, their radii and charges, extent of covalent bonding, and so on. Studies of real crystals show that most of the time coordination number corresponds to the theoretical geometrical limits but there are exceptions at both the upper and lower limits.
32coord.gif (3060 bytes) Left: very tiny cations (bottom) only have room for two adjoining anions, but slightly larger cations force anions apart enough to allow threefold coordination (top).
Right: If R is the larger ionic radius and r the smaller, we can see that (R+r) cos 30 = R, or (1+r/R) cos 30 = 1, or r/R = (1-cos30)/cos 30 = 0.155
4-coord.gif (3618 bytes) Fourfold (tetrahedral) coordination is the hardest case to visualize coordination criteria. The center diagram shows the base of the tetrahedron and the right diagram shows a cross-section through the apex.
In the center diagram, AE = CE = R/cos30=1.1547R (This equals 1/3 AD). On the right diagram sinG = AE/AG = 1.1547/2 = 0.5773. Cos G = 0.8165 = R/(R+r). Thus 1 + r/R = 1/0.8165 = 1.225 and r/R = 0.225.
Since AG = 2R and cosG = 0.8165, EG = AGcosG = 1.633R. Now GF = R+r = 1.225 R, so EF=0.408R=EG/4.
Since tetrahedra crop up so often in crystallography, these are two handy tidbits to remember: DE=AD/3 and EF=EG/4. Both relations are exact.
6-coord.gif (2554 bytes) Six-fold coordination has a simple radius criterion. AD = 2(R+r) and AB = 2R=ADcos45. So 2R=2Rcos45+2rcos45 and r/R=(1-cos45)/cos45=0.414
8-coord.gif (3084 bytes) Eight-fold coordination also has a simple radius criterion. AB=2Rsqrt(2) and AD=2Rsqrt(3)=2R+2r. So 2r=2R(sqrt(3)-1) and r/R=(sqrt(3)-1)=0.732
12coord0.gif (3551 bytes) Twelve-fold coordination is easiest of all. r/R=1.
12coord1.gif (8308 bytes) Top: for cubic close packing, the coordination polyhedron is a solid with square and triangular faces called a cuboctahedron. It can be derived equally by truncating the vertices of a cube or an octahedron.
Bottom: for hexagonal close packing, the coordination polyhedron is similar to the cuboctahedron, but the bottom half is rotated 60 degrees. The resulting solid has only three-fold symmetry.
Other coordination geometries are possible, though less common.
Return to Crustal Materials Index
Return to Professor Dutch's Home Page
Created 18 September 1999, Last Update 14 December 2009
Not an official UW Green Bay site
|
<urn:uuid:19959e28-2ecd-41a9-9370-b0c2f5e168ff>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.7646998763084412,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8305028676986694,
"url": "http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/Petrology/coordination.htm"
}
|
Description & Technical information
The central power in Persia was always depending on political agreements between the confederated tribes.
Khamseh, Afshari, Baluchi Bakhtiari, Turkoman were often sharing or fighting to get the leading part.
Qashqay, mostly nomads, constituted one of those strong confederations. They resided in Southern Iran, Fars and Kuzistan, but originally came from the North as they were Turkish tribes which had left Central Asia from the XIth century on. This explains why they make their rugs with a Turkish knot and speak a Turkish language.
Today most of them have settled in villages or cities. Their main clans or families are the Amalah, Dara Shuri, Kashkuli, Sish Baluki, Farsimadan, Qaracha, Rahimi en Safi Khani.
Approximately one and a half million Qashqays live and still are famed for their skill in handicrafts.
Date: Around 1930
Period: 20th century
Origin: Iran
Medium: Warp: cotton, Weft: wool, pile: wool
Dimensions: 74 x 65 cm (29¹/₁₀ x 25³/₅ inches)
Categories: Textiles
|
<urn:uuid:a9db1172-fefe-4d08-a77f-e9cd836a8574>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.02122020721435547,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9437207579612732,
"url": "https://www.masterart.com/artworks/3237/qashqay-saddle-rug"
}
|
Leave a comment
What is Armizare?
L’arte d’Armizare (The Art of Arms) is the medieval Italian term for knightly martial arts that were employed by the aristocratic warrior class of Europe – the knights. During the medieval era, the ruling classes and the upper echelon of the fighting classes were the same people, and they developed sophisticated martial arts systems to pursue what was in fact a large part of their role in society: fighting. Armizare (are-mit-TZAR-ay) is divided into combat on foot and on horseback, in and out of armour. It includes wrestling and techniques when armed with a dagger, sword, pollax or spear. The art survives in four illustrated manuscripts attributed to Fiore De’ Liberi, a minor nobleman from the town of Premariacco, near Cividale del Friuli.
He finished the work, Fior di Battaglia (The Flower of Battle) in 1410. Italy in this period was rife with warfare: city-states often enforced political goals by force of arms using condotierri, professional warriors who led mercenary armies to make money and as a means to social advancement. The book was written for Niccolo III d’Este, the ruler of the principalities of Ferrara, Modena, and Parma – a powerful early Renaissance prince, knight, and commander of armies. The four copies of Fior di Battaglia, the earliest surviving Italian source on the martial arts, form the basis for the modern study of armizare.
The Fior di Battaglia
Four copies of the Fior di Battaglia survive today, and they have important similarities to and differences from each other. The key similarity is the organization of the material, which systematically covers, abrazare (wrestling & hand-to-hand fighting), daga (dagger, with an emphasis on self-defense and armoured combat techniques), spada a una mano (single-handed sword), spada a due mani (two-handed sword), spada in arme (sword used in armour), azza in arme (poleaxe used in armour), lanza in arme (spear used in armour), and finally all weapons “a cavallo,” or on horseback. Also, the key plays (martial techniques, called “zoghi” or “plays” by Fiore) are identical between manuscripts. However, each manuscript contains plays and key information not seen in the others, and each is done in a different artistic style. Two of them start with abrazare and proceed through the weapons to mounted combat, while two others go in the reverse order: from horseback down to ground combat. These two manuscripts reflect the order of combat in a judicial duel of the time.
Surviving Fiore Manuscripts:
MS Ludwig XV 13 Held by the J. Paul Getty Museum in California.
Pisani-Dossi manuscript Held privately by the Italian family of the same name. A fascimile was produced in 1902 by Francesco Novati, along with an extensive introduction.
MS M.0383 Held by the Pierpoint Morgan Library in New York.
MS.Latin 11269 or Florius de Arte Luctandi Held by the French Bibliothèque Nationale.
Missing Fiore Manuscripts:
Two now-lost manuscripts by Fiore dei Liberi existed in the Estense family library during and after Niccolo d’Este III’s reign. The larger is almost certainly the presentation copy given to Niccolo. The smaller manuscript is something of a puzzle. Neither of them matches the four surviving manuscripts in physical description or page count:
Codex LXXXIV is noted in two catalogs of the Estense family library in Ferrara, one from 1436 and one from 1508, after which no information is known. The manuscript is described as 58 folios bound in leather with a clasp, with a white eagle and two helmets on the first page. This contains more pages than any of the surviving copies.
Codex CX is noted in the same two surveys of the library. This manuscript is described as 15 small folios on unbound parchment, with each page having two columns. This MS has smaller pages, and fewer of them, than any of the surviving copies.
Manuscript Structure
All 4 manuscripts share a generally similar structure, but with important differences in contentand style. MS XV Ludiwg 13 begins with an introduction that covers folio 3, recto and verso, and folio 4, recto only. The 315 pen and ink illustrations, executed in a Northern Italian, possibly Venetian style, begin on 8 recto and continue to 49 recto9. Most pages have a grid of four images on them, with occasional groupings of two and three images, three instances of a single image and single a grouping of five images. The script is Batarde, a variation on Gothic script that was popular in the 14th through the 16th centuries.
The text of the Fior di Battaglia is organized into logical units of related actions, beginning with abrazare (wrestling and grappling arts), moving to dagger combat (with a large proportion of unarmed defenses against attacks), and then a bridging section of dagger against sword to bring us to techniques for the use of the sword in one hand, which is followed by the use of the sword in two hands10. After this is a short section showing various combinations of sword, spear, and stick. At this point, at folio 34 recto, there is a thematic diagram of the key principles of the art.
The material to this point has shown unarmored combatants. The next three sections show the use of techniques for fighting in and against a harness composed of mail and plate, using sword, poleaxe, and spear. After this we are shown equestrian combat principles, with the armored figures now on horse. They begin with the lance and progress to the sword, followed by techniques for wrestling from horseback, including a means of throwing the other man’s horse to the ground. The manuscript concludes with a statement from Fiore pointing out that he is really a humble old man, and an entreaty to recall his virtue and nobility. The final folio shows a single image of two horses tied to a tree.
Fiore’s introduction explains the visual program of his manuscript. He discusses key elements of the first section, the abrazare or wrestling, and then explains the visual notation he will use throughout the manuscript. Briefly, he employs a system of masters, scholars and players to demonstrate key principles and techniques of his system. Each section of the manuscript begins with one or more crowned “Fight Masters” who show principles and poste (or guard positions); these figures are unopposed. They are followed by one or more crowned “Remedy Masters” who show defenses against attacks, with the attacks being made by a “Player.” The Remedy Masters are followed by their Scholars, who wear a “device” or garter on one leg. The Scholars show the plays that stem from the defensive technique of the Remedy Master, and they execute these against the Players. Then follows is a “Counter Master,” who wears both a crown and a garter, who shows the technique that defeats the original Remedy Master, and thus all of his Scholars. Fiore also refers to a Counter to the Counter Master, who is rare.
Weapons of Armizare
L’arte dell’Armizare (the art of arms) is more than just fencing with the medieval sword: it is a comprehensive martial arts system useful in a variety of contexts.
Abrazare: wrestling & hand-to-hand
Daga: the dagger
Spada a una mano: sword in one hand
Spada a due mani: two-handed sword
Spada in arme: armoured combat with sword
Azza in arme: armoured combat with poleaxe
Lanza in arme: armoured combat with spear
A Cavallo: mounted combat
Fiore also covers use of improvised weapons, such as heavy sticks.
Maestro d’armi Fiore dei Liberi
Most of the biographical information we have on Fiore comes from his own manuscripts, though there is important information found in civic records. Fiore is believed to have lived between 1350 and 1420, but the exact dates of his birth and death are not known.
In the introduction to MS LUDWIG XV 13, he begins:
“In his youth, Fiore the Friulan from Cividale d’Austria, son of the late Sir Benedetto of the noble family of Dei Liberi of Premariacco in the dioceses of the Patriarch of Aquileia, wanted to learn the arts of arms and of combat in the lists. He wished to learn how to use the lance, the axe, the sword, the dagger and how to wrestle; he wanted to learn combat on foot and on horseback, both with armor and without.” (Translation: Tom Leoni, Fiore de’ Liberi’s Fior di Battagliaavailable on-line)
After this rather formal beginning, in which he also extols the virtues of his patron, Niccolo d’Este III, ruler of the principalities of Ferrara and Modena, his tone shifts to a more colloquial note for the rest of his manuscript. He tells his audience of his years of training with Italian and German masters, how he became sought after as a teacher of arms, and of the five duels he fought:
“Out of envy, some Masters challenged me to combat with sharp swords in a gambeson and without any other defensive weapon besides a pair of chamois gloves. The reason was that I had refused to associate with them or to reveal to them any parts of my art. This happened no less than five times, and all five times I was compelled by honor to fight in strange places, far away from relatives or friends and without anything to rely upon besides God, the Art, myself, Fiore, and my sword. By the grace of God, I came through each time with my honor intact and without any physical injuries. ” (Translation: Tom Leoni, Fiore de’ Liberi’s Fior di Battagliaavailable on-line)
In 1383, a Maestro Fiore de Cividale, dimicator (“fencer”) was listed in Udine as a commander in the civil war on the side of the alliance of towns in the Friulian Civil War (an allianace which included his birthplace of Premariacco). Fiore was placed in charge of the crossbowmen and town artillery, and his duties included procuring arms for the defense of the towns. In Udine, Cividale and Premariacco today there are streets named “Via de Fiore dei Liberi” in his honor, though specifically what the towns are grateful for is unclear.
In 1395 he can be placed at a duel fought in Padua between one of his students, Galeazzo da Montova, and the famous Marshall Bouccicault of France. The duel was over an insult delivered by Bouccicault, accusing the Italians of cowardice. The lords of Padua and Mantua were in attendance, and intervened, ending the fight. The two met again in a duel in 1406, fighting with lances on horseback, and Galeazzo was the victor. Bouccicault recovered from his wounds, and was captured by the English at Agincourt in 1415 and died an English prisoner in 1422.
In 1399 Fiore was recorded in civil records in Pavia. After this his association with Niccolo III d’Este begins, although the nature of their relationship is unclear. Fiore’s manuscripts, dedicated to Niccolo, entered the Estense library, but there are no payments or land grant receipts citing Fiore in the Estense records.
Famous Students of Fiore
Fiore tells us of six of his students, all knights or squires (squires were fighting noblemen who were not knighted; in equipment, training and employment they were virtually indistinguishable from knights). Each of the six was well-known in his day, and are still known to history, as condotierri – mercenary captains of arms in late Medieval Italy. They are:
• The previously-mentioned Galeazzo da Mantova: “the famous, valiant and hardy knight Galeazzo di Capitani from Grimello, better known as Galeazzo da Mantova,” who fought Marshall Bouccicault in Padua. Galeazzo was a member of the famous and powerful Gonzaga family, and his relative, Francesco Gonzaga, was the lord of Mantua.
Piero del Verde, a German knight, who fought Piero della Corona, also German, in Perugia.
• Nicholas von Urslingen, another German knight, who fought Nicholas the Englishman in Imola.
Lancilotto da Beccaria, a squire from Pavia, who fought six passes of the blunted lance on horseback, “against the valiant
• Giovannino da Baio, a squire from Milan, “who had to face the valiant German squire Schramm for three passes of the blunted lance on horseback in the castle of Pavia. The same also had to fight three blows of the axe, three of the sword and three of the dagger—on foot—in the presence of the noble prince and lord the Duke of Milan and her ladyship the Duchess, as well as numerous other lords and ladies.”
• Azzo da Castelbarco, knight, who fought in separate combats Giovanni Ordelaffi and the knight Jacomo di Boson.
In claiming these men as his students, Fiore is assuring Niccolo that his claims to skill as a teacher are not boasts, but grounded in a reality that his patron could readily understand – and as readily verify. You don’t use a powerful and important man such as Galeazzo da Montova as a reference if you can’t back it up.
Context of Medieval Martial Arts
Martial arts are developed as a response to cultural needs, and these needs intersect with the technology of the culture to produce an art appropriate to the context in which it will be used. Some common contexts in which martial arts are used include war, cases of civil unrest, duel, sport, and the need to demonstrate prowess in these areas. A given art can actually encompass all of this: it is clearly stated by Sigmund Ringeck, a 15th century German master, said that “Princes and Lords learn to survive with this art, in earnest and in play.” Other masters and authors have written about use of their arts both in potentially lethal and in sportive contexts also. It is well-documented that European society from the medieval, Renaissance and modern eras have employed various forms of law-enforcement officials, and in the ordinary course of their duties these men would have needed martial expertise that was scalable – that could be used to subdue rather than kill, but also to kill if necessary. And even the use of the arts of war does not necessarily dictate an all-or-nothing “scorched earth” policy: the condotierri of medieval Italy were businessmen who practiced war as a trade, and frequently resorted to less than total war in the execution of their battles, the better to preserve the assetts (soldiers) that allowed them to do business in the first place.
Leave a Reply
WordPress.com Logo
Google+ photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s
%d bloggers like this:
|
<urn:uuid:c575c450-034c-4179-b61b-237880874150>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.02214503288269043,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9493593573570251,
"url": "https://chivalricfighting.wordpress.com/2012/09/10/what-is-armizare/"
}
|
History of the Wedding Ring
Published: Nov 2010
by Carrie Fox, In the Loupe Editor
from In the Loupe Volume VII
Origins of the Wedding Ring
Ancient Egyptians
Though the exact origin is unknown, historians primarily believe ancient Egypt started the tradition most like our modern wearing of a wedding band. Archeological discoveries, some dating back more than 3,000 years ago, led them to this conclusion. Imagery on artifacts, such as papyrus scrolls, reveal an ancient culture that exchanged rings braided from reeds and hemp. Through translated hieroglyphics, experts learned how this society viewed the circle as a symbol of endless love between a man and woman. Additionally, Egyptians wore wedding bands on the ring finger of their left hands. They believed this finger held a special vein directly connected to the heart. The concept was passed down to other cultures, and centuries later, it was coined by the Latin term vena amoris or vein of love.
Ancient Romans
In ancient Rome, there were several types of recognized marriages, categorized by social class. They included Usus, Coemptio, and Confarreatio. Usus was an informal union reserved for the lowest class. It is often compared to today's common law marriage. Coemptio was a marriage that involved purchasing one's bride. While historians believe this was symbolic and not a true sale, fathers were paid for the hands of their daughters. Confarreatio was reserved for the elite class and was the only legal form of marriage at the time. This union was officiated with the groom presenting a ring to his bride. Most rings were made of iron, which led to the tradition of metal wedding rings. Unlike the Egyptians' symbols of love, however, historians believe the Romans viewed these bands as symbols of possession. The wife now belonged to the husband.
Interesting Wedding Rings Throughout History
Puzzle Rings
Centuries ago in the Middle East, a man would give his wife a puzzle ring. This complex piece of jewelry was several rings, that when worn together correctly, formed one cohesive band. Faithfulness was the idea behind this design. It was believed that if a woman took off her ring, she would not be able to put it back on. Therefore, her husband would know she'd been unfaithful.
Gimmel Rings
The gimmel ring was popular in Europe during the 1500s and 1600s. Somewhat built like a puzzle ring, its design was meant to signify marriage and unity. Typically, it was comprised of two interlocking metal bands. After becoming engaged, a bride and groom-to-be would each wear one. Then at their wedding, the couple would reconnect their bands and form one ring for the bride to wear.
Poesy Rings
A poesy is a poem or ballad, which makes the name of this style highly appropriate. Very popular during the Renaissance, a poesy ring was an engraved sterling silver band. The inscription was typically a love poem or other expression of love.
In the early days of Colonial America, a groom would give his bride a thimble. Not very exciting! However, it seems that was the point. The trend started with Puritans who felt jewelry was frivolous. The thimble was acceptable because it was a practical item. Many women would eventually remove the tops of their thimbles, making them bands.
|
<urn:uuid:72f55576-cc85-47fa-b52d-e15c7d9a3edc>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.7820274233818054,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9834592938423157,
"url": "https://www.jtv.com/library/article/jewelry-wedding-ring-history"
}
|
7.4 Message Digest Functions
Message digest functions distill the information contained in a file (small or large) into a single large number, typically between 128 and 256 bits in length. (See Figure 7-4.) The best message digest functions combine these mathematical properties:
• Every bit of the message digest function's output is potentially influenced by every bit of the function's input.
• If any given bit of the function's input is changed, every output bit has a 50 percent chance of changing.
• Given an input file and its corresponding message digest, it should be computationally infeasible to find another file with the same message digest value.
Figure 7-4. A message digest function
Message digests are also called one-way hash functions because they produce values that are difficult to invert, resistant to attack, effectively unique, and widely distributed.
Many message digest functions have been proposed and are now in use. Here are a few:
Message Digest #2, developed by Ronald Rivest. This message digest is probably the most secure of Rivest's message digest functions, but takes the longest to compute. As a result, MD2 is rarely used. MD2 produces a 128-bit digest.
Message Digest #4, also developed by Ronald Rivest. This message digest algorithm was developed as a fast alternative to MD2. Subsequently, MD4 was shown to have a possible weakness. It may be possible to find a second file that produces the same MD4 as a given file without requiring a brute force search (which would be infeasible for the same reason that it is infeasible to search a 128-bit keyspace). MD4 produces a 128-bit digest.
Message Digest #5, also developed by Ronald Rivest. MD5 is a modification of MD4 that includes techniques designed to make it more secure. Although MD5 is widely used, in the summer of 1996 a few flaws were discovered in MD5 that allowed some kinds of collisions in a weakened form of the algorithm to be calculated (the next section explains what a collision is). As a result, MD5 is slowly falling out of favor. MD5 and SHA-1 are both used in SSL and in Microsoft's Authenticode technology. MD5 produces a 128-bit digest.
The Secure Hash Algorithm, related to MD4 and designed for use with the U.S. National Institute for Standards and Technology's Digital Signature Standard (NIST's DSS). Shortly after the publication of the SHA, NIST announced that it was not suitable for use without a small change. SHA produces a 160-bit digest.
The revised Secure Hash Algorithm incorporates minor changes from SHA. It is not publicly known if these changes make SHA-1 more secure than SHA, although many people believe that they do. SHA-1 produces a 160-bit digest.
SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512
These are, respectively, 256-, 384-, and 512-bit hash functions designed to be used with 128-, 192-, and 256-bit encryption algorithms. These functions were proposed by NIST in 2001 for use with the Advanced Encryption Standard.
Besides these functions, it is also possible to use traditional symmetric block encryption systems such as the DES as message digest functions. To use an encryption function as a message digest function, simply run the encryption function in cipher feedback mode. For a key, use a key that is randomly chosen and specific to the application. Encrypt the entire input file. The last block of encrypted data is the message digest. Symmetric encryption algorithms produce excellent hashes, but they are significantly slower than the message digest functions described previously.
7.4.1 Message Digest Algorithms at Work
Message digest algorithms themselves are not generally used for encryption and decryption operations. Instead, they are used in the creation of digital signatures, message authentication codes (MACs), and encryption keys from passphrases.
The easiest way to understand message digest functions is to look at them at work. The following example shows some inputs to the MD5 function and the resulting MD5 codes:
MD5(The meeting last week was swell.)= 050f3905211cddf36107ffc361c23e3d
MD5(There is $1500 in the blue box.) = 05f8cfc03f4e58cbee731aa4a14b3f03
MD5(There is $1100 in the blue box.) = d6dee11aae89661a45eb9d21e30d34cb
Notice that all of these messages have dramatically different MD5 codes. Even the second and third messages, which differ by only a single character (and, within that character, by only a single binary bit), have completely different message digests. The message digest appears almost random, but it's not.
Let's look at a few more message digests:
MD5(There is $1500 in the blue bo) = f80b3fde8ecbac1b515960b9058de7a1
MD5(There is $1500 in the blue box) = a4a5471a0e019a4a502134d38fb64729
MD5(There is $1500 in the blue box!) = 4b36807076169572b804907735accd42
MD5(There is $1500 in the blue box..)= 3a7b4e07ae316eb60b5af4a1a2345931
Consider the third line of MD5 code in this example: you can see that it is exactly the same as the second line of the first MD5 example. This is because the same text always produces the same MD5 code.
Message digest functions are a powerful tool for detecting very small changes in very large files or messages. Calculate the MD5 code for your message and set it aside. If you think that the file has been changed (either accidentally or on purpose), simply recalculate the MD5 code and compare it with the MD5 that you originally calculated. If they match, you can safely assume that the file was not modified.[17]
[17] For any two files, there is of course a finite chance that the two files will have the same MD5 code. Because there are 128 independent bits in an MD5 digest, this chance is roughly equal to 1 in 2128. As 2128 is such a large number, it is extraordinarily unlikely that any two files created by the human race that contain different contents will ever have the same MD5 codes.
In theory, two different files can have the same message digest value. This is called a collision. For a message digest function to be secure, it should be computationally infeasible to find or produce these collisions.
7.4.2 Uses of Message Digest Functions
Message digest functions are widely used today for a number of reasons:
• Message digest functions are much faster to calculate than traditional symmetric key cryptographic functions but appear to share many of their strong cryptographic properties.
• There are no patent restrictions on any message digest functions that are currently in use.
• There are no export or import restrictions on message digest functions.
• Message digest functions appear to provide an excellent means of spreading the randomness (entropy) from an input among all of the function's output bits.[18]
[18] To generate a pretty good "random" number, simply take a whole bunch of data sources that seem to change over time?such as log files, time-of-date clocks, and user input?and run the information through a message digest function. If there are more bits of entropy in an input block than there are output bits of the hash, all of the output bits can be assumed to be independent and random, provided that the message digest function is secure.
• Using a message digest, you can easily transform a typed passphrase into an encryption key for use with a symmetric cipher. Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) uses this technique for computing the encryption key that is used to encrypt the user's private key.
• Message digests can be readily used for message authentication codes that use a shared secret between two parties to prove that a message is authentic. MACs are appended to the end of the message to be verified. (RFC 2104 describes how to use keyed hashing for message authentication. See Section 7.4.3.)
Because of their properties, message digest functions are also an important part of many cryptographic systems in use today:
• Message digests are the basis of most digital signature standards. Instead of signing the entire document, most digital signature standards specify that the message digest of the document be calculated. It is the message digest, rather than the entire document, that is actually signed.
• MACs based on message digests provide the "cryptographic" security for most of the Internet's routing protocols.
• Programs such as PGP use message digests to transform a passphrase provided by a user into an encryption key that is used for symmetric encryption. (In the case of PGP, symmetric encryption is used for PGP's "conventional encryption" function as well as to encrypt the user's private key.)
Considering the widespread use of message digest functions, it is disconcerting that there is so little published theoretical basis behind most message digest functions.
7.4.3 HMAC
A Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC) function is a technique for verifying the integrity of a message transmitted between two parties that agree on a shared secret key.
Essentially, HMAC combines the original message and a key to compute a message digest function.[19] The sender of the message computes the HMAC of the message and the key and transmits the HMAC with the original message. The recipient recalculates the HMAC using the message and the secret key, then compares the received HMAC with the calculated HMAC to see if they match. If the two HMACs match, then the recipient knows that the original message has not been modified because the message digest hasn't changed, and that it is authentic because the sender knew the shared key, which is presumed to be secret (see Figure 7-5).
[19] The simplest way to create an HMAC would be to concatenate the data with the key and compute the hash of the result. This is not the approach that is used by the IETF HMAC standard described in RFC 2104. Instead of simply concatenating the key behind the data, RFC 2104 specifies an algorithm that is designed to harden the HMAC against certain kinds of attacks that might be possible if the underlying MAC were not secure. As it turns out, HMAC is usually used with MD5 or SHA, two MAC algorithms that are currently believed to be quite secure. Nevertheless, the more complicated HMAC algorithm is part of the IETF standard, so that is what most people use.
HMACs can be used for many of the same things as digital signatures, and they offer a number of advantages, including:
• HMACs are typically much faster to calculate and verify than digital signatures because they use hash functions rather than public key mathematics. They are thus ideal for systems that require high performance, such as routers or systems with very slow or small microprocessors, such as embedded systems.
• HMACs are much smaller than digital signatures yet offer comparable signature security because most digital signature algorithms are used to sign cryptographic hash residues rather than the original message.
• HMACs can be used in some jurisdictions where the use of public key cryptography is legally prohibited or in doubt.
However, HMACs do have an important disadvantage over digital signature systems: because HMACs are based on a key that is shared between the two parties, if either party's key is compromised, it will be possible for an attacker to create fraudulent messages.
Figure 7-5. Using an HMAC to verify the authenticity and integrity of a message
7.4.4 Attacks on Message Digest Functions
There are two kinds of attacks on message digest functions. The first is finding two messages?any two messages?that have the same message digest. The second attack is significantly harder: given a particular message, the attacker finds a second message that has the same message digest code. There's extra value if the second message is a human-readable message, in the same language, and in the same word processor format as the first.
MD5 is probably secure enough to be used over the next 5 to 10 years. Even if it becomes possible to find MD5 collisions at will, it will be very difficult to transform this knowledge into a general-purpose attack on SSL.
Nevertheless, to minimize the dependence on any one cryptographic algorithm, most modern cryptographic protocols negotiate the algorithms that they will use from a list of several possibilities. Thus, if a particular encryption algorithm or message digest function is compromised, it will be relatively simple to tell Internet servers to stop using the compromised algorithm and use others instead.
Part VI: Appendixes
|
<urn:uuid:5df36c92-7806-401b-9af8-f9f496cdbe1b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.18120425939559937,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8977228999137878,
"url": "http://etutorials.org/Linux+systems/unix+internet+security/Part+II+Security+Building+Blocks/Chapter+7.+Cryptography+Basics/7.4+Message+Digest+Functions/"
}
|
Definitions of solid
3. a three- dimensional shape
5. a substance that is solid at room temperature and pressure
7. incapable of being seen through; " solid blackness"
8. having three dimensions; " a solid object"
9. acting together as a single undiversified whole; " a solid voting bloc"
10. turned into or covered with thick ice; " a brook frozen solid"
11. of one substance or character throughout; " solid gold"; " a solid color"; " carved out of solid rock"
13. entirely of one substance with no holes inside; " solid silver"; " a solid block of wood"
16. Having all the geometrical dimensions; cubic; as, a solid foot contains 1, 728 solid inches.
20. Sound; not weakly; as, a solid constitution of body.
23. Not having the lines separated by leads; not open.
27. Capable of withstanding pressure; opposite to fluia; compact; cubic; as, solid contents; not hollow; weighty; as, a solid argument; colloquially, continuous; as, a solid hour; firm; as, a solid foundation.
28. A body capable of resisting pressure; a substance not fluid; a body having length, breadth, and thickness.
29. Solidly.
30. Solidness.
31. Having the parts firmly adhering: hard: compact: full of matter: not hollow: strong: having length, breadth, and thickness ( opp. to a mere surface): cubic: substantial: weighty.
32. A substance having the parts firmly adhering together: a firm, compact body, opposed to fluid.
33. A firm substance; solid body.
34. Firm; compact; not hollow; substantial.
35. Compact, firm, and unyielding; substantial; not hollow.
36. A hard substance; something that has length, breadth, and thickness.
37. Having its particles so close as to resist impression; firm; compact; not hollow; cubic; strong; sound; valid; grave; profound.
38. The bones, flesh, and vessels of annual bodies as distinct from the fluids.
39. A firm compact body; a body with length, breadth, and thickness.
40. Hard; firm; compact; impenetrable; not liquid or fluid; not hollow; healthy; strong; valid; just; not light or superficial.
41. A firm compact body; a body not liquid or fluid; in geom., a magnitude which has length, breadth, and thickness.
Usage examples for solid
1. " Bless my-" began Mr. Damon, but he got no farther, for suddenly the solid ground began to tremble and shake. – Tom Swift and his Wizard Camera or, Thrilling Adventures while taking Moving Pictures by Victor Appleton
2. She was a common- sense Christian woman, without many fancy ideas, but with plenty of good solid work in her. – Dear Enemy by Jean Webster
3. " It would make me solid with the prince. – Rose MacLeod by Alice Brown
4. Over this he climbed, finding solid footing at last, and then rest and a breathing space within the broken walls. – The Secret Witness by George Gibbs
5. The business of the country is now on a solid basis. – Complete State of the Union Addresses from 1790 to the Present by Various
6. It consists of a hardened piece of steel having flutes, at the top of which are the cutting edges, the general form of solid reamer for lathe work being shown in Fig. – Modern Machine-Shop Practice, Volumes I and II by Joshua Rose
7. The clouds went their way; the hills were solid, but like a blue smoke; the scene here made them very distant and strange. – The Complete Project Gutenberg Works of George Meredith by George Meredith
8. So I will ask you this question, and I expect from you a faithful answer: Have you those solid qualities which alone can make a husband, a true husband? – Parisian Points of View by Ludovic Halévy Commentator: Brander Matthews
9. Lefty broke in: " You mean to say you've been working two solid years and all on a trail that you ain't even found?" – Gunman's Reckoning by Max Brand
10. Nevertheless, the tall and solid Clairdyce was conscious of him, but only, it proved, as one is conscious of something to rest upon. – Gentle Julia by Booth Tarkington
11. For this purpose a suit of lower value than the solid suit, should, if possible, be selected. – Auction of To-day by Milton C. Work
12. He flew out and dropped it into the water, and it became solid land. – Myths and Legends of the Great Plains by Unknown
13. They have recently discovered there is no such thing as solid matter. – The Universe a Vast Electric Organism by George Woodward Warder
14. The air was burning and solid. – Balloons by Elizabeth Bibesco
15. When she started for the wall there was no closet apparent there, but when she arrived it was there, solid, and open. – Pagan Passions by Gordon Randall Garrett Laurence Mark Janifer
16. I hope they gave you a good education yonder; a solid practical education, that will stand by you. – The Lovels of Arden by M. E. Braddon
17. He said it so seriously that Dick never thought of laughing, though Josh seemed solid and hard as wood, which in truth he was. – Menhardoc by George Manville Fenn
|
<urn:uuid:1173c6b6-1f28-4ab9-82a3-3cd7517b5bc7>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.025804519653320312,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9189565777778625,
"url": "http://www.dictionary.net/solid"
}
|
Make your own free website on
Editing Lesson 8
(1) For years the Inuit people passed down their storys.
(2) One story I read is called "Raven and the geese."
(3) Raven was lonely and he wanted a wife.
(4) One day he seen eight fine geese fly toward the North Pole.
(5) Raven called, "let me marry your daughter and come with you."
(6) The leader said, "Raven, your too weak for this trip."
(7) Why did Raven fly with the geese on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday.
(8) Well, he was conceited, and he thinked he was very, very strong.
(9) On Thursday, Raven shrieked, "I cant fly anywhere else!"
(10) He stopped for relief, and the geese flied on without him.
Editing Paragraph
|
<urn:uuid:38ca69e5-d4c7-45df-a243-de08128a9079>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.796875,
"fasttext_score": 0.0271989107131958,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9612704515457153,
"url": "http://odonaldtx.tripod.com/EA4thDOL8.html"
}
|
Siddham 11580—115FF
• Number of characters: 128
Siddhaṃ, also known in its later evolved form as Siddhamātṛkā, is the name of a script used for writing Sanskrit during the period ca 600-1200 CE. It is descended from the Brahmi script via the Gupta script, which gave rise to the Assamese script, Bengali script, Tibetan script and also inspired Japanese kana script. There is some confusion over the spelling: Siddhāṃ and Siddhaṃ both common, though Siddhaṃ is preferred correct. The script is a refinement of the script used during the Gupta Empire. The name arose from the practice of writing the word Siddhaṃ, or Siddhaṃ astu (may there be perfection) at the head of documents. The word Siddhaṃ means «accomplished» or «perfected». Other names of the script include siddhông, siḍ·ḍhaṃ bonji (Japanese: 梵字) and Chinese: 悉曇文字; pinyin: Xītán wénzi. Siddhaṃ is an abugida or alphasyllabary rather than an alphabet because each character indicates a syllable, but it does not include every possible syllable. If no other mark occurs then the short 'a' is assumed. Diacritic marks indicate the other vowels, the pure nasal, and the aspirated vowel. A special mark can be used to indicate that the letter stands alone with no vowel, which sometimes happens at the end of Sanskrit words.
Text is also available in the following languages: Русский;
|
<urn:uuid:b8269c89-60d9-40e7-9302-13eb45967c18>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.3845180869102478,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.885545015335083,
"url": "https://unicode-table.com/en/blocks/siddham/"
}
|
Euro Pierres
Extraction of natural stone
Cleaved stone
Cleaved stone is recrystallized rock formed by pressure or by successive deposits and features strata that are more or less regular.
Cleaved stone Cleaved stone
Cleaved stone is not extracted in blocks like marble and granite, but by shearing using hydraulic excavators or by mining methods.
The stone masses extracted are split into sheets of variable thicknesses and irregular dimensions, for use in crazy paving.
Quarry work
Cleaved stone
Splitting cleaved stone
Splitting cleaved stoneSplitting cleaved stoneSplitting cleaved stone
Did you know?
A stratum is a homogeneous layer of sedimentary rock with a thickness that may vary by a few centimeters to hundreds of meters. Stratification indicates how the rock deposits in strata. The rock's homogeneity is relative and is the result of differentiating facies.
In geology,the term facies designates the category in which a mineral or rock can be classified according to its properties. It may refer to the exterior aspect and be descriptive (brecciated, petrographic, acicular, etc.) or have genetic connotations (metamorphic facies).
More information on this subject
1. Site map
2. Partners
3. Credits
4. Contact
Mont du moulin 30750 Lanuejols FRANCE.
|
<urn:uuid:88c454d4-2162-4755-8d94-3f3a685f7a38>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.02083808183670044,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9056593179702759,
"url": "http://euro-pierres.fr/en/exctraction-cleaved-stone.php"
}
|
About MRHS Music Programs > Bands >
Marching Terms Dictionary
The definitions below are only the specialized terms for the marching activity.
Accent: The special emphasis or stress applied to a note or beat in the music.
Alignment: Straight lines in ranks, files and diagonals.
As You Were: Oral command that tells the group: Cancel the last command.
At Ease: Oral command that tells the group: Keep the right foot in place and remain silent. Other movement is allowed.
At Rest: Oral command that tells the group: They may move about and talk, but must remain in the area. (Same as Stand Easy)
Attention: The motionless, silent, waiting for the next command while standing with heels together, back straight, correct instrument carriage.
Backwards...March: Oral command that tells the group: Begin marching in the direction of your back.
Band Block: The formation of a marching band, usually used while parade marching. The files and ranks are evenly spaced setting the band up in a large rectangle formation.
Battery: Drum section that marches on the field as a group. The Battery usually consists of snare drums, bass drums, tenor drums, and cymbals.
Box (The Box): A slang term for the judge's box at the top of the football stadium.
Cadence: The tempo, or number of beats per minute. Also a drum beat used while marching.
Carriage: How a person carries their body.
Cleaning: Slang term that means to make each movement well defined and precise. Each has a definite point where the movement starts, changes and stops.
Color Guard: Originally the armed guards who protected the U.S. Flag (the Colors). Since drum and bugle corps evolved from the military, they also carried colors and had a guard. As drum corps got more elaborate, the color guard began to include teams of rifle spinners, tall flag performers and dance teams. The name is still used for these teams by drum corps and corps styled bands, even though the national flag is rarely used in performance.
Company Front: A formation where the entire band or corps is in one large line, marching side by side.
Contraction: Movement which produces smaller intervals between members.
Counter March: A precise drill that has the band turn, rank by rank, and march the other direction.
Cover: Straight line in a column or file, aligned on the front person.
Cover Down: Oral command that tells the group: Straighten the column or file.
Diagonals: The 45 degree lines established by the band block.
Dismissed: Oral command that tells the group: They are released from the rehearsal or drill.
Distance: Spacing between individuals front to back.
Double Time: A step where the band members moves at twice the speed of the music or cadence. It is also is a command that tells the group to move at twice their current tempo.
Down Beat: A musical term used in conducting to identify the first beat of a measure of music.
Dress: Straight line in a rank, aligned on either the left, center or right person.
"Dress Left/Center/Right...Dress":
Oral command that tells the group: Straighten the rank to the center person. Usually the instruments are raised to the playing position, and each person's head snaps towards the alignment point. This may be done in either one or two counts. Members then dress the rank. The command is called, "Dress - Center - Dress." To return to their original position, "Ready - Front" is called.
Drum Line: The field drums collected together in a single marching unit. This unit often includes; snare drums, tenors, bass drums, cymbals and/or timpani. The drum line is most often used by drum and bugle corps and corps-styled marching bands.
Drum Major: A person who leads a marching band or drum & bugle corps.
Eight and Eights: A training drill that is used to develop a smooth marching stride. The student marks time for eight counts and then forward marches for eight counts. This is done while holding a glass of water filled almost to the brim. To pass, the student must complete ten sets of "eight and eights" in a row without spilling any water.
Eight to Five: Marching at a stride of eight steps to five yards (22.5" stride).
Execution: How well or precisely something is done. This is often a key part of a judge's evaluation for the performance.
Execution Command: The last part of a command that tells the band to do the movement. It follows a preparation command.
Expansion: Movement which produces larger intervals between members.
Fall In: Oral command that tells the group: to get into a formation. example: "Fall in... at the beginning of the show."
Fall Out: Oral command that tells the group: to leave a formation. example: "Fall out...and go into the band room."
Field Show: A performance done by the marching band on a football field. It may or may not, be done during the half-time of a football game.
File: Two or more people standing behind on another. (Same as Column.)
Follow the Leader: Movement including a lead performer marching a specified pattern with the remaining performers following the same path.
Glide Step: A gliding style of marching where the leg swings forward, (similar to a walking step) the heel contacts first, and the weight is smoothly rolled to the toe.
Guide: Correcting the alignment of the ranks, files or diagonals while moving.
Guiding on the Diagonals: Aligning the position of a band member by matching the 45 degree lines set up by the band block.
Ictus: (In music) the stress or accent marking the rhythm. (In conducting) the movement made by the conductor's hands or baton to show the accent of each beat. (In drum majoring) the movement made by the baton or mace to show the accent of each beat.
In-Place Turns: A marching movement where the person rotates either right or left while marking time. This usually takes four counts to turn 90 degrees for a slow turn and four counts to turn 180 degrees for a fast turn. (Same as Rotations)
Interval: The distance between two people standing side by side.
Leg Lift Step: A high-knee style of marching where the leg lifts with the foot coming to the opposite knee and then comes down to the ground. The toe of the foot contacts first and the weight is then rolled to the entire foot.
Mace: A traditional British/Scottish staff carried by a drum major. A mace is usually about 60 inches long. The shaft is made of Malacca cane, wood or fiberglass, is about one inch thick and tapers down to a metal tip called a ferrule. There is a hollow, decorative metal ball or crown at the top.
Moving Gate: A line or curve which rotates around a moving point at the end of the form.
Oblique Shift: Movement at a specified angle with the upper body remaining to the front. This movement can be done either backward or forward.
Oral Command: A spoken instruction given to the band. It has two parts, the preparation, which tells the band what to do, and the execution, which tells the band to do the command. It is said loudly and clearly so the entire group can understand the command. Palm
Parade Rest: A relaxed position of attention. Usually done with left foot moving about 18 inches to the left. Instrument/hand positions vary between bands.
Pit (The Pit) A slang term for the percussion equipment and players who do not march on the field, but are stationary on the sideline. This also describes the area where those percussion instruments are set.
Preparation Command: The first part of a command that tells the band what they are about to do. It is followed by the execution command.
Preparatory Beat: The rest just before the first note to be played by the band. It allows the band to take a starting breath, and it indicates the tempo and style of the music.
Rank: Two or more people standing side by side.
Ready...Front: Oral command that tells the group: Move from the dress position back to facing front. Example: "Dress Center Dress........Ready, Front".
Release: A signal that tells the band to stop playing. (Same as Cut Off)
Reset A direction that tells the group to return to an early point and get ready to do the action again. Example: "Reset to the start of the show."
Reshape: Movement during the formation constantly changes. Step size will vary during the movement. All performers will complete the movement at the same time.
Roll Around: A smooth change of direction as opposed to a one count flank.
Roll Off: A drum cadence that tells the band to play.
Rotation: For an individual: Person turns either right or left while marking time. This usually takes four counts to turn 90 degrees for a slow turn and four counts to turn 180 degrees for a fast turn. For marching band movement: A gate or wheel of an entire formation with the shape remaining consistent.
Salute: To show respect or show honor by some formal act. This may be a hand salute as in the military or a salute done with the baton or mace.
Show: Another term for a performance. "The Show" is usually a slang term for a band or drum major's field performance. Example: "What is the theme for the Show this year?"
Showmanship: The overall effect created by the performance, the originality displayed and how well the performers "sell" their performance to the audience. It is also the name of the judging caption that evaluates the band's showmanship.
Slide Marching: A style of marching where the band member marches in one direction and twists the upper body so they can play in another. (Same as Twist or Shift Marching.)
Step Off: The command that tells the band to start marching forward.
|
<urn:uuid:2dbc3c0a-2363-4cb5-9c5a-09b5653251c6>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.78125,
"fasttext_score": 0.4027039408683777,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9000895619392395,
"url": "http://www.mrhsmusic.net/music-programs/bands/marching-terms-dictionary"
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.