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HISTORY of Tug-of-War on the Indian Subcontinent
There is no specific time and place in history to define the origin of the game of Tug of War. The contest of pulling on the rope originates from ancient ceremonies and rituals. Evidence is found in countries like Egypt, India, Myanmar, Combodia, indicating the existence of the game. Essentially the game has been inspired from two circumstances, namely, the presence of cultivated jute fiber in the geographical area lived by a community, and that the same community was undertaking coastal shipping activity. Jute ropes were used to tie the wooden boats or string the canvas sails on the sailing boats.
Interestingly, in the interior of East India and in North Myanmar the game of Tug of War is replicated using green bamboo stocks which are very thin and supple.
The origin of the game in India has strong archaeological roots going back at least to the 12th Century AD in the area what is today the State of Orissa on the east coast. The famous Sun Temple of Konark has a stone relief on the west wing of the structure clearly showing the game of Tug of War in progress. To find this game included in a place of religious practice should indicate state patronage. The Temple was made under the supervision of King Narsimha the First, and his son King Narsimha the Second. Konark Sun Temple (Orissa).
Similarly stone wall murals in the Angkorwat Temple in Cambodia show in relief a tug of war game in progress. This temple is part of a Hindu worship complex and in all probability the people of Orissa as settlers had constructed it.
The game's presence in the Middle East region is explained by the fact that the area on the West Coast of India mainly the cities of Barruch, Surat and coastal Karachi (now in Pakistan) had flourishing industry in rope weaving. Even towns further south in Cochin were famous for rope making,but the norther towns manufactured their ropes from jute, sal leaves and cotton while those of South India,coir was used as raw material. These ropes were exported to Middle East shipping communities, and the game followed.
The Game in India does not seem to have had a widespread interest until the militia of the East India Company discovered it when they were present in the opening of the 18th Century in East India. The Militia officers found the game interesting as it led to quick results and was manly enough for acceptance.
As the rule of the East India Company extended deeper on the Sub-continent and later by the administration of Imperial Crown by the middle of the 19th Century, the game of Tug of War also moved along finding itself regularly played in police and military camps. The game finally reached rural India when the Indians employed in the army and the police, superannuating from active duty returned home taking along the knowledge of this game to their villages.
In 1902, the Indian British Army printed the first rules of the game, which were enforced on the Sub-continent until recently.
The earliest evidence in modern India indicating the widespread interest in the game is found in pictures collected by TWFI which date back to at least 1902.
The rules framed in 1958 by the English Tug of War Federation ( International Federation) have now replaced the old rule book of the Army and the Tug of War Federation of India is doing this work in India.
There is another historical reference from the Indian province of Manipur situated with the border of Myanmar (Burma)
On the sixth day of the Lal Haraoba (Pleasing of the Gods Ceremony) there is a ceremony of Lai Nonggaba meaning sojouring of Laiyingthou the Supreme God and Lairenbi,the Supreme Goddess.
One day after Lainonggaba, competitions in games and sports are organized in the courtyard of the Shrine. On this day, games like Mukna (Local style of wrestling), Kangjei (Local style of hockey), Lamjel (athletics), Sagol Kangjei (Polo) and Pou-Chingnaba are held.
The background of Pou Chingnaba (tugging of bamboo), now commonly known as Thouri Chingnaba, because of the substitution of Pou (bamboo) with thouri (rope), is described by W. Yunmao in his book Philosophy on Meitei Lal Haraoba. The tugging of the Pou indicates the competition between the heart and the mind. The women holding the bamboo at one end represent the heart and the men holding the pou (bamboo) on the other end represents the brain.
In the tugging of Pou, the mens side is made to win the competition to show that when there is a tussle between the heart and the mind, the brain representing men, always wins. This also shows that whenever the heart is arrogant, the brain can control it.
Recently the Tug of War Federation of India, in its relentless effort to add to the history of the game have been able to trace out some photographs showing the interest in the game by the soldiers of the British Indian Army. The oldest photograph in hand is dated to 1902, and another one to the year 1904. In 1904 the 8th Rawalpindi Battalion,'G' Company Royal Battalion,Delhi and Meerut Assaults,was awarded the Best Team in British Indian Army.
We appeal to internet users to inform us of any existing old photograph earlier to 1902 which could be shared with us to enlarge the history of the game in India.
The game as we know was already a part of the sports programme in the first Olympic Games in 1896. Therefore its popularity in the segment of players playing Olympic games was already there.
The knowledge and practice of the game in modern times on the Indian Subcontinent is widespread today. In the whole of the Subcontinent in the lands now within Pakistan, in Afghanistan and most of the parts of west India, the game is known by the Urdu language term - Rassa Kasi, meaning pulling the rope. In the low hills of Nepal adjoining India, the game is known as 'tung dori' or tight rope. The 'u' in tung is like'u'in but.
When the Olympic Games were revived, tug-of-war was featured on the programme of the Paris Olympic Games in 1900. International rules became necessary. They still exist today having undergone very slight modifications.Tug-of-war was always contested as a part of the track and field athletics programme, although it is now considered a separate sport.
History of TWIF
Mr GeorgeHutton, Co-Founder TWIF
History of USATOWA
History of UKTOWA
Did you know that Tug-of-War is a properly organised sport?
Its governing body in England is the Tug Of War Association (ToWA). The other UK countries have their own associations. The ToWA was founded in 1958; prior to that the sport was organised within the Amateur Athletic Association. The ToWA and the other UK associations are members of the The Tug of War International Federation (TWIF). The Tug of War Association is the delegated authority for Tug of War in England by Sport England (formerly The Sports Council).
A history of English tug-of-war
On the last day of 1599 Queen Elizabeth the first granted a charter to a group of London merchants allowing them to send ships to the east Indies to trade as The East India Company.
Those early ships were not the great tea clippers of later years, but they would have been crewed by men that had learned their seafaring ten years earlier on much more dangerous decks fighting the Spanish Armada.
In 1588 Sir John Hawkins designed and built a new type of fighting ship for the English navy. Hawkins's revolutionary design reflected a new approach to naval warfare by increasing their length, cutting down on the width and leveling off their deck lines. Along with the new hull design came new high velocity cannons placed low on the water line.
The new outline was the technological expression of a profound tactical revolution which no longer treated the sailing vessel as a means of conducting land war at sea, but as an instrument of destruction suited to the ocean.
The English sea captains in their trim new warships could outpost, out man oeuvre and out sail anything the Spanish had afloat. Their ships swept in close to the huge Spanish galleons and delivered terrible broadsides and then veered off, either to wheel about and thunder in another salvo or move on to the next one.
Spanish Gallantry was recorded by the English as magnificent, but with their ships sunk from under them and half their crews dead, they had nothing left to fight with.
You may ask how does all of this have anything to do with tug of war! The great maneuverability of these ships was supplied by teams of men on the now open decks, pulling on ropes to take in or let out sail much like a modern racing yacht does today. The only difference being that they were shot at by musket men from the Spanish ships. Imagine trying to pull on the rope and listen to orders with a hail of lead shot hitting the deck all round you.
Down below on the gun decks familiar orders where being shouted out over the noise. When a cannon was ready to fire, it was pulled up tight into the gun port with ropes and pulleys and held there to stop the recoil hurling it back across the deck. In the dark cramped space were the gun crews worked, you had to listen for the voice of the gunnery officer. When he was satisfied the aim was ready, and that depended on the rise and fall of the sea, he shouted, Take the Strain, and as the lighted wand came down on the touch powder, Steady!
It was the only way, and it is still our way, can you think of any other sport that takes four commands to start it.
For the next two hundred years ship design advanced as ever faster ships to bring tea from India were required. The fresher the new season tea the higher the price for the ship owners, as much as ten shillings a ton.
These crews were not press ganged into serving, they were hand picked and offered a share of the profits, so the faster the ship the higher the wages.
Legendary ships and captains came from these times, How good these men were we can only guess at, but one such ship was the Cutty Sark launched at Dunbarton on the Clyde in 1869. For the first 16 years of her life she made only unspectacular runs and was not considered fast enough for the tea trade, so she was employed hauling wool from Australia .
All this changed in 1885 when the 49 year old Richard Woodget, a Norfolk farmer's son, who had sailed the world as seaman, before accepting his greatest command. Woodget was an intuitive seaman and a born leader and knew exactly how to get the very best from the men, he drove them as hard as he drove the ship, but they worshipped him and strained every sinew for him.
Within a year she became the fastest ship on the sea, the records she set for sail then, still stand for sail today.
On July 26th 1889 she enjoyed her proudest moment when she swept past the crack P & O Steamer Britannia off eastern Australia and docked in Sidney Harbor a full hour before the Britannia steamed in, with her passengers and crew lining the rails to give this remarkable sailing ship a resounding cheer.
With the coming of steam our link with those tough remarkable men may have been lost, but for a young army officer who on a troop ship on his way to India , watched the sailors pulling a form of tug of war on deck while there ship was becalmed. The boson explained that it was a way of keeping the crews fit, and from the rivalry and great pleasure that the men got from it, he decide to put his men to it, to keep them fit on the long sea journey from England to India .
In India the army put it on the grass, and it quickly became a source of great rivalry between regiments. The number of men in a team, and the style of pulling culminated in a near deadlock situation, where pulls of two hours were common. Sitting , locking, anything to stop the other side taking rope were used.
The rivalry between the regiments became bitter. At the end of one pull that lasted four hours some men were near to death. The army realized it must act as the whole thing was getting out of hand. Rather than stop it altogether they set about devising rules that would ban anything that prevented the free movement of the rope, knowing that no man could pull with just his hands for anything like the times that were going on.
Now tug of war entered a golden age. It became the favorite sport of the other ranks, who brought it back to England . On leaving the army they took it with them into the police forces and the Fire brigades and into the factories. Soon it spread across the whole country, displacing anything that had been before.
The Amateur Athletic Association took it up and added to it. So popular was it that it was included in the first modern Olympics in 1900, which Sweden won, Sweden being another great seafaring nation.
The games of 1908 were won by England , as they did the last time it appeared in 1920.
On the home front all the early records of the AAA Championships show military and Police teams taking the honors.
Right up until the outbreak of the second world war the services were the driving force behind tug of war in this country. The first Village team to show in the records books were New Haw & Woodham in 1956.
In 1958 it is estimated there were in excess of six hundred teams in the country, though not all the teams joined, the English Tug of War Association was founded.
History has demonstrated the name Tug-O-War came from those crews that hauled on the ropes to power the Man-O-War Ships. Everything points to this as the one that spread across the world, by way of the English tug of war Association who were one of the founder members of TWIF.
Now over a hundred and fifty years since the army laid it down in its first form, and with many new rules. It still comes to us with much of its naval and army heritage. Army boots are still the approved footwear. The terms number one, anchorman, take the strain, and steady are all words straight off those decks of 1588.
The sheer fitness and skill of teams like those that drove the Cutty Sark into the record books can still excite us today.
Whatever it was that got into their blood, that made them love it so much, still flows through mine, and every tug of war man and woman I know.
Despite the fact that the game of tug of war has been popular on the whole of the Asian continent, with some dark pockets of ignorance on the game, yet there has never been any effort to bring about coordination between the communities participating in this sport .Presently nations like India, Pakistan, Japan, China, Taiwan have been active. There are other countries, where the knowledge of the game has existed because of historical reasons, but there has no organized activity to bring together players and sports promoters to get the game into motion.
These nations include, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore and South Korea.
The Tug of War Federation of India (TWFI) made the first attempt to spread the game beyond its borders by introducing the game in Nepal and helped create the game federation in Nepal. Thereafter the game was introduced in Sri Lanka and its game federation was created. Pakistan already had a game federation. In Bangladesh the game was introduced and its game federation was formed. Efforts are underway to introduce the game in Bhutan. Demonstration games have been played in Thimphu and a game federation is likely to come up by the end of this year.
TWFI is keen to support the local efforts of sports promoters in Afghanistan and The Maldives similarly. While undertaking all these efforts it was realized that to bring about year long game activities, it was necessary to get a calendar of game fixture created for friendly encounters which will help in improving the skills associated with the game. In this direction the representatives of the national federations of Nepal, India and Sri Lanka met and created the South Asian Tug-of-War Federation with its headquarters in Kathmandu,Nepal
This game federation has kept the SAARC nations as its original members and will add the nations in the region not yet having game federations as and when they are formed when they introduce the game., In the on going South Asian Games, the NOC-SA Games accepted the request of SATWF to allow holding of a demonstration sport event to expose the game to a wider South Asia audience. The fixture will see bouts between local Sri Lanka men and women teams pitted with composite teams of men and women created by SATWF. The total event will last not more then 15 minutes and will be telecast as part of the main sports program.
Rules : The TWIF rules for play Tug-of-War International Competition, as accepted by the South Asian Tug-of-War Federation without changing the original concept of the Tug-of-War International competition.
South Asian Tug-of-War Competition : The first South Asian Tug-of-War Championships for men & Women of the new federation was staged at the Siddhartha Nagar, Nepal in 2004, where the national Federation participated with three countries; Nepal, India and Bangladesh. After the competition in the Nepal, SATWF in 2005 organized its Gold Cup International Tug of War Championship in Gampha, Sri Lanka and Rajiv Gandhi International Tug-of-War TWFI-Cup Championships held at New Delhi , India in December,2005. The SATWF not holding the regular competition for economical reasons Continental-and South Asian Championships are not staged every year, but alternating, one year continental/goodwill meet and the other year South Asian Championships.
Guinness book of World Record
Tug of War (Guinness book of World Records.)
The longest recorded pull is one of 2 hours , 41 minutes between 'H' Company and 'E' Company of the Second Battalion of the Sherwood Foresters (Derbyshire Regiment) at Jubbulpore, India on August 12, 1889, prior to the A.A.A.rules.(Guinness Book of World Records.)
Credit: IOC Olympic Museum Collections FE PAST
Sports no longer practiced at the Olympic Games
The Olympic champions were as follows:
1900:a combined Swedish/Danish team
1904 Saint-Louis : An American club team representing the Milwaukee Athletic Club
1906 Germany/Switzerland
1908: a British team from the City of London Police Club
1912: Sweden
1920: Great Britain
Saint-Louis 1904 Olympic– Tug-of-War competition
Paris 3-4 June 1900. View of the velodrome de Vincennes during the Federal Meeting of the Union of Gymnastics Associations of France.
Women made their first appearance in the modern Games. The first to compete were Mme. Brohy and Mlle. Ohnier of France in croquet. The first female champion was in tennis: Charlotte Cooper of Great Britain. Tennis was one of five sports in which athletes from different nations competed on the same team. The others were football, polo, rowing and tug of war. Alvin Kraenzlein won four athletics events in three days and, on 16 July, Ray Ewry, who had overcome childhood polio, won three championships in one day - all in the standing jump events.
24 NOCs (Nations)
997 athletes (22 women, 975 men)
95 events
Paris 3 June 1900, Games of the II Olympiad. Gymnasts parade in the "Vélodrome de Vincennes" during the Federal Meeting of the Union of Gymnastics Associations of France.
ST LOUIS 1904
Games of the III Olympiad
The 1904 St. Louis Olympics organizers repeated all of the mistakes of 1900. The Olympic competitions, spread out over four and a half months, were lost in the chaos of a World’s Fair. Of the 94 events generally considered to have been part of the Olympic program, only 42 included athletes who were not from the United States. The 1904 Olympics did have a few highlights. They were the first at which gold, silver and bronze medals were awarded for first, second and third place. Boxing and freestyle wrestling made their debuts. Marathon runners Len Tau and Jan Mashiani, Tswana tribesmen who were in St. Louis as part of the Boer War exhibit at the World’s Fair, became the first Africans to compete in the Olympics. One of the most remarkable athletes was the American gymnast George Eyser, who won six medals even though his left leg was made of wood. Chicago runner James Lightbody won the steeplechase and the 800m and then set a world record in the 1,500m.
12 NOCs (Nations)
651 athletes (6 women, 645 men)
91 events
Games of the V Olympiad
Held in Stockholm, the 1912 Olympics were a model of efficiency. The Swedish hosts introduced the use of unofficial electronic timing devices for the track events, as well as the first use of a public address system. The modern pentathlon was added to the Olympic program. Women's events in swimming and diving were also introduced. Sweden would not allow boxing contests to be held in their country. After the Games, the International Olympic Committee decided to limit the power of host nations in deciding the Olympic program. If there was an unofficial theme of the 1912 Games, it was endurance. The course for the cycling road race was 320km (199 miles), the longest race of any kind in Olympic history. In Greco-Roman wrestling, the middleweight semifinal match between Russian Martin Klein and Finland’s Alfred Asikainen lasted eleven hours. Hannes Kohlemainen of Finland won three gold medals in long-distance running. The most popular hero of the 1912 Games was Jim Thorpe of the United States. Thorpe won the five-event pentathlon and shattered the world record in the ten-event decathlon. One member of the Austrian team that finished second in the team sabre fencing event was Otto Herschmann, who was, at that time, president of the Austrian Olympic Committee. Herschmann is the only sitting national Olympic committee president to win an Olympic medal.
28 NOCs (Nations)
2,407 athletes (48 women, 2,359 men)
102 events
Games of the VII Olympiad
The 1916 Olympics were scheduled to be held in Berlin, but were canceled because of what came to be known as World War I. The 1920 Games were awarded to Antwerp to honor the suffering that had been inflicted on the Belgian people during the war. The Opening Ceremony was notable for the introduction of the Olympic flag and the presentation of the Athletes’ Oath. In a performance unequaled in Olympic history, Nedo Nadi of Italy earned gold medals in five of the six fencing events. Ethelda Bleibtrey of the United States won gold medals in all three women’s swimming contests. Including preliminary heats, she swam in five races and broke the world record in every one. France’s Suzanne Lenglen dominated women’s tennis singles so completely that she lost only four games in the ten sets she played. At age 72, Swedish shooter Oscar Swahn earned a silver medal in the team double-shot running deer event to become the oldest medalist ever. The 1920 12-foot dinghy sailing event was the only event in Olympic history to be held in two countries. The first race was staged in Belgium, but the last two races took place in the Netherlands because both entrants were Dutch.
29 NOCs (Nations)
2,626 athletes (65 women, 2,561 men)
154 events
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Online Encyclopedia
Online Encyclopedia
Originally appearing in Volume V04, Page 246 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
Spread the word: it!
THE BORDERS, a name applied to the territory on both sides of the boundary line between England and Scotland. The term has also a literary and historical as well as a geographical sense, and is most frequently employed of the Scottish side. The line begins on the coast of Berwickshire at a spot 3 M. N. by W. of Berwick, and, after running a short distance W. and S., reaches the Tweed near the village of Paxton, whence it keeps to the river to a point just beyond Carham. There it strikes off S.S.E. to the Cheviot Hills, the watershed of which for 35 M. constitutes the boundary, which is thereafter formed by a series of streams—Bells Burn, the Kershope, Liddel and Esk. After following the last named for r m. it cuts across country due west to the Sark, which it follows to the river's mouth at the head of the Solway Firth. The length of the boundary thus described is io8 m., but in a direct line from the Solway to the North Sea the distance is only 70 M. At the extreme east end a small district of 8 sq. m., consisting of the tract north of the Tweed which is not included in Scotland, forms the " bounds " or " liberties " of Berwick, or the country of the borough and town of Berwick-on-Tweed. At the extreme west between the Sark and Esk as far up the latter as its junction with the Liddel, there was a strip of country, a " No man's land," for generations the haunt of outlaws and brigands. This was called the Debatable Land, because the possession of it was a constant source of contention between England and Scotland until its boundaries were finally adjusted in 1552. The English Border counties are Northumberland and Cumberland, the Scottish Berwick, Roxburgh and Dumfries; though historically, and still by usage, the Scottish shires of Selkirk and Peebles have always been classed as Border shires. On the English side the region is watered by the Till, Bowmont, Coquet, Rede and North Tyne; on the Scottish by the Tweed, Whiteadder, Leet, Kale, Jed, Kershope, Liddel, Esk and Sark. Physically there is a marked difference between the country on each side. On the southern it mostly consists of lofty, bleak moorland, affording subsistence for sheep and cattle, and rugged glens and ravines, while on the northern there are many stretches of fertile soil, especially in the valleys and dales, and the landscape is often romantffc and beautiful. Railway cohimunication is supplied by the east coast route to Berwick, the Waverley route through Liddesdale, the London & North-Western by Carlisle, the North British branch from Berwick to St Boswells, and the North Eastern lines from Berwick to Kelso, Alnwick to Coldstream, and Newcastle to Carlisle. At frequent intervals during a period of 1500 years the region was the scene of strife and lawlessness. The Roman road of Watling Street crossed the Cheviots at Brownhartlaw (1664 ft.), close to the camp of Ad Fines, by means of which the warlike Brigantes on the south and the Gadeni and Otadeni on the north were held in check, while another Roman road, the Wheel Causeway, passed into Scotland near the headwaters of the North Tyne and Liddel. (For early history see LOTHIAN; NORTHUMBRIA; STRATHCLYDE.) In the 12th century were founded the abbeys of Hexham and Alnwick, the priory church of Lindisfarne and the cathedral of Carlisle on the English side, and on the Scottish the abbeys of Jedburgh, Kelso, Melrose and Dryburgh. The deaths of Alexander III. (1286) and Margaret the Maid of Norway (1290), whose right to the throne had been acknowledged, plunged the country into the wars of the succession and independence, and until the union of the crowns in 1603 the borders were frequently disturbed. Berwick and Carlisle were repeatedly assailed, and battles took place at Halidon Hill (i333), Otterburn (1388), Nisbet (1402), Homiidon (1402), Piperden (r435), Hedgeley Moor (1464), Flodden (1513), Solway Moss (1542), and Ancrum Moor (1544), in addition to many fights arising out of family feuds and raids fomented by the Armstrongs, Eiiots, Grahams, Johnstones, Maxwells and other families, of which the most serious were the encounters at Arkenholme (Langholm) in 1455, the Raid of Reidswire (1575), and the bloody combat at Dryfe Sands (1593). The English expeditions of 1544 and 1545 were exceptionally disastrous, since they involved the destruction of the four Scottish border abbeys, the sack of many towns, and the obliteration of Roxburgh. The only other important conflict belongs to the Covenanters' time, when the marquess of Montrose was defeated at Philiphaugh in 1645. Partly for the defence of the kingdoms and partly to overawe the freebooters and mosstroopers who were a perpetual menace to the peace until they were suppressed in the 17th century, castles were erected at various points on both sides of the border. Even during the period when relations between England and Scotland were strained, the sovereigns of both countries recognized it to be their duty to protect property and regulate the lawlessness of the borders. The frontier was divided into the East, Middle and West Marches, each under the control of an English and a Scots warden. The posts were generally filled by eminent and capable men who had to keep the peace, enforce punishment for breach of the law, and take care that neither country encroached on the boundary of the other. The wardens usually conferred once a year on matters of common interest, and as a rule their meetings were conducted in a friendly spirit, though in 1575 a display of temper led to the affair of the Raid of Reidswire. The appointment was not only one of the most important in this quarter of the kingdom, but lucrative as well, part of the fines and forfeits falling to the warden, who was also entitled to ration and forage for his retinue. On the occasion of his first public progress to London, James I. of England attended service in Berwick church (March 27, 1603) " to return thanks for his peaceful entry into his new dominions." Anxious to blot out all memory of the bitter past, he forbade the use of the word " Borders," hoping that the designation " Middle Shires " might take its place. Frontier fortresses were also to be dismantled and their garrisons reduced to nominal strength. In course of time this policy had the desired effect, though the expression " Borders " proved too convenient geographically to be dropped, the king's proposed amendment being in point of fact merely sentimental and, in the relative positions then and now of England and Scotland, meaningless. Some English strongholds, such as Alnwick, Chillingham, Ford and Naworth, have been modernized; others, like Norham, Wark.and Warkworth, are picturesque ruins; but most of the Scottish fortresseshave been demolished and their sites built over, or are now represented by grass-grown mounds. Another familiar feature in the landscape is the chain of peel towers crossing the country from coast to coast. Many were homes of tnarauding chiefs, and nearly all were used as beacon-stations to give alarm of foray or invasion. Early in the 18th century the Scottish gipsies found a congenial home on the Roxburghshire side of the Cheviots; and at a later period the Scottish border became notorious for a hundred years as offering hospitality to runaway couples who were clandestinely married at Gretna Green, Coldstream or Lamberton. The toll-house of Lamberton displayed the following intimation—" Ginger-beer sold here and marriages per-formed on the most reasonable terms." Border ballads occupy a distinctive place in English literature. Many of them were rescued from oblivion by Sir Walter Scott, who ransacked the district for materials for his Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, which appeared in 1802 and 1803. Border traditions and folklore, and the picturesque, pathetic and stirring incidents of which the country was so often the scene, appealed strongly to James Hogg (" the Ettrick Shepherd "), John Wilson (" Christopher North "), and John Mackay Wilson (1804-1835), whose Tales of the Borders, published in 1835, long enjoyed popular favour. Besides the works just mentioned see Sir Herbert Maxwell, History of Dumfries and Galloway (1896) ; George Ridpath, Border History of England and. Scotland (1776) ; Professor John Veitch, History and Poetry of the Scottish Border (1877); Sir George Douglas, History of the Border Counties (Scots), (1899) ; W. S. Crockett, The Scott Country (1902).
End of Article: THE BORDERS
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July 24, 2000
Third Grade
Which of the following famous Americans showed courage when they helped fellow slaves get to freedom?
A. Harriet Tubman
B. George Washington Carver
C. Abraham Lincoln
D. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Courtesy of Paula Brown, Newport News Public Schools.
Friday's answer:
Which of the following is true about soil?
B. Soil is made from water moving over rocks over a long period of time.
Daily Press Articles
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Octonions & Sedenions
Home Octonions Sedenions Cayley-Dickson Algebras Site Map/Links
--->Basic Algebra ---> Representation---> Basis--->Functions
Basic Algebra:
An octonion is a hypercomplex number which can be written as a linear combination of eight basal elements. A set of octonions forms an algebra. If A, B, C represent three octonions, the algebra of octonions, denoted by O is
• Non commutative : AB is not necessarily equal to BA
• Non associative : (AB)C is not necessarily equal to A(BC)
• Alternative : A(AB) = A2 B
• Power associative : An Am = An+m
And, octonions form a
• Composition algebra : n(AB) = n(A) n(B) ,
where the norm of A , denoted n(A), is defined as
n(A) = AA* = A*A , A* is a conjugate of A
Division algebra : For a not zero octonion, A, the multiplicative inverse A-1 is also an octonion.
. .
The Beginning
What is Conjugate?
Simple Toolbox
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Wednesday, 3 April 2013
The ancient Nubian Civilization was located in Northeast Africa, what today is within the political boundaries of Sudan. The land of the Nubians was referred to as Nubia, or the Kingdom of Cush or even Ethiopia (not to be confused with what is modern day Republic of Ethiopia).
Biblical sources trace the earliest ancestory of the Nubians to Noah, and later to Noah's son Ham. Ham was the father of the greatest ever Nubian ruler Cush, who ruled from his capital city Kerma. The Genesis says, "The country Cush was named after the man Cush, the first son of Ham, son of Noah" - (Genesis 10:6). The existence of Cush's reign is tentatively estimated at around 3000 BC.
The Nubian names Ham and Cush have lead some to conjecture that their legend might have its source in the ancient Indian epic, the Ramayana. The Ramayana is the story of the great ancient Indian God-King, Sri 'Ram', who is said to have ruled the world from the city of Ayodhya. Interestingly, Sri Ram had a son by the name 'Kush'.
The Ramayana traces the lineage of Sri Ram to Manu, the first man on earth, much like how later the Nubian texts trace the lineage of Ham to Noah, the first man.
Sri Ram had two sons, Kush and Lava. In Sanskrit, 'Kush' is translated as 'grass'. It is said that 'Kush' was 'created' by Rishi Valmiki (also the author of Ramayana) from 'grass'. One morning, Valmiki is requested by Sita, the mother of Lava, to look after Lava when she goes out to the river. Valmiki is absorbed in composing the Ramayana. Noticing his pre-occupation, Sita considers it best to take Lava along as she goes out. Valmiki soon realizes that Lava is missing. Before Sita's return from the river, Valmiki creates a clone of 'Lava', from grass twigs. The clone gets the name 'Kush' (कुश), Sanskrit for 'grass'. What is interesting is that in ancient Indian texts, Africa was known as 'Kusha-dwipa' (कुश द्वीप), 'the island of grasslands'.
In the Nubian texts, the name 'Cush' has not been deciphered. However, it has been suggested that 'Cush' might mean 'dark skinned'. Some sources say that 'Cush' might mean 'spindle' but no particular reason is given for this. Uncannily, the Nubian king, Cush had a grandson by the name 'Ramaah'.
The capital city of the Sudanese Kingdom of Cush was known as 'Kerma' (dates vary from 3000 BC to 1785 BC). The name 'Kerma' is probably a distortion of the Sanskrit 'Karma' (कर्म) meaning 'action'. A close cognate 'Kurma' (कूर्म) means 'turtle' or 'tortoise'. 'Kurma' is the second incarnation of Lord Vishnu in the Indian Puranic context. 'Kurma Purana' contains a description of the self-begotten Manu, and his dynasty, the Ikshvaku's of which Lord Rama and Kush were the later descendants.
Biblical sources say that the name of the father of 'Cush' was 'Ham'. It is highly likely that these sources are inadvertently referring to Lord Rama. The name 'Ham' has never been deciphered. In Sanskrit, Rama (राम) means 'charming', 'pleasing', 'beautiful or handsome' and 'delightful' which summarizes the qualities of the God-King Rama. In fact, it has also been argued that the name 'Ham' was originally spelled as 'Rham' and later with time the letter 'H' was dropped.
Another important Nubian city was 'Meroe'. A close cognate of 'Meroe is 'Meru' (मेरु) which translates as 'Divine Mountain' from Sanskrit. Meroe is the site of the 35 ancient pyramids which were discovered in the 2010 in Sudan. The link between Meroe and Meru is not that far-fetched considering that Tanzania too has a mountain by the name of Mt. Meru, the second highest peak after Mt. Kiliminjaro.
'Uttara Ramayana' (the Indian text that traces the story of Luva and Kush) mentions that Kush had a great great grandson by the name' Nabha'. In Sanskrit , NAbha (नाभ) means 'centre', and, Nabha (नभ) means 'sky'. Many scholars from India have argued that Lord Rama's sons, Kusha expanded his empire westward. Though his capital city was 'Ayodhya', Kush also made a city by the name 'Kushapur'.
What is interesting is that there is yet another Kush in the lineage of the Ikshvaku's, the dynasty to which Lord Rama belonged. And he precedes the birth of Lord Rama. In fact, the Valmiki Ramayana, considered the oldest text in the world, says that Lord Brahma, the creator of the world had a son by the name 'Kusha', referred to as the one with the 'Highest Soul'. Kusha had four sons, who he encouraged to rule and govern piously. Kusha's four sons developed four cities including one that was named Kusha Nabha. The source of the word 'Nubia' is not clear, and it is difficult to say whether or not the word Nubia has a link to 'Kusha Nabha'.
Up north from Sudan in Egypt lies the ancient archaeological site by the name 'Nabta Playa'. Nabta Playa is an ancient stone observatory aligned to the Sun and constellation Orion. The entire sky can be mapped from Nabta Playa, and therefore the link with Sanskrit word 'Nabha' which means 'sky' is conclusively ascertained..
The Sudanese culture too has been greatly influenced by the Indian culture and much has already been written about it.
A Nubian Lady from Sudan
dressed in a sari-like wrap called 'thobe',
wearing a 'tika' and a 'nose-ring'.
Photo Courtesy: Wikipedia
Henna on the hands of a Sudanese Bride.
The hand jewelery is identical to what is
prevalent in the Indian Sub-continent culture
Photo Courtesy :
Suggested Links:
1. 'None but India' by Jagat Motwani
2. About Nubia
3. Ancient Kingdoms in Land of War
4. Ancient Sudan : Nubia
5.Dravadin, Mande and Elamite by Clyde Winters
6. Nubia and Nubians
6.Son of Ham: Cush
Post a Comment
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Texas drought will harm wildlife habitat for years
The remains of a carp is seen on the lake dried out lake bed of O.C. Fisher Lake Wednesday in San Angelo, Texas. / AP photo
CANADIAN, Texas (AP) " Wildlife biologists believe the worst yearlong drought in Texas history will have a lasting impact on entire ecosystems.
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department biologist Jeffrey Bonner says the lack of moisture harms everything from the plants to the predators at the top of the food chain. Bonner says most wildlife will suffer low reproductive rates this year as their bodies enter basic survival mode.
Since January, Texas has only gotten about 6 inches of rain, compared to a norm of about 13 inches, making it the most severe one-year drought on record.
The extremely dry conditions have also struck parts of the Great Plains. They've been made worse in Texas by weeks of triple-digit temperatures that are causing reservoirs to evaporate, crops to wither and animals and fish to die.
Barrington Broadcasting is a member of the AP Network.
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16. What was the Hadrian’s Wall curtain wall built from?
The curtain wall and associated features (forts, milecastles, and turrets) was almost exclusively built from sandstone. Although the central sector was built on the Whin Sill, that stone (a dolerite) is too hard to dress easily so it normally only appears undressed in the core of the curtain wall. One exception to this is the Peel Gap tower, where whinstone facing stones were extensively used. They are found elsewhere, as at Sycamore Gap, but otherwise sandstone was the main source of dressed stone for the wall faces.
The core was made up from rubble and boulders from rivers beds (where convenient) in a matrix of either clay or mortar. It is thought the bulk (but not all) of the original scheme of work was constructed as a clay-bonded wall with mortar pointing of the facing stones. In many cases it was necessary to repair this, possibly under Severus, and mortar bonding was used.
Further reading: Hill 2006; Picket et al. 2006; Symonds and Mason 2009
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The first people that inhabited Texas were the Native Americans in 1519. It was said that they were the first people to go to Texas. Texas first exploration was the exploration of the Cabeza de Vaca. Texas first settlement was setteled by the leader of a group called Czechs, whos name was Zimmava Cordalis, he lead his group to Texas in 1821; Present-day Lubbock. Zimmava lead them there to establish the permanent city of Guddasvill.
Inhabitants: an animal or person that live or dwell in a place
Exploration: examination, investigating, or exploring
Settlement: the settle of a person in a new state or country
Establish: to permanently bring out
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Eddington limit
The Eddington limit is the theoretical limit at which the radiation pressure of a light-emitting body would exceed the body's gravitational attraction. A star emitting radiation at greater than the Eddington limit would break up. This would happen, for example, to a star of more than about 120 solar masses, or to the Sun if its luminosity were increased by a factor of 30,000. The Eddington limit, named after Arthur Eddington, is given by
L = 4πGMmpc / σT
where G is the gravitational pressure, M is the mass of the luminous object, mp is the mass of a proton, c is the speed of light, and σT is the effective area of an electron when it is illuminated by radiation.
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In Brief
14 July 2010
Mongooses who can, teach
CAN animals teach? Not quite, but mongooses have provided the first definitive evidence that young animals learn the ropes by imitation.
Biologists have long debated whether animals learn skills from each other, as they could also be inherited genetically or shaped by the environment. Now a study of wild banded mongooses (Mungos mungo) shows that pups copy skills from “teenage” males who act as escorts.
Mongooses have two ways of breaking bird eggs: by holding and biting, or by smashing them against rocks. Corsin Müller and Michael Cant of the University of Exeter, UK, gave an artificial egg containing food to smasher and biter escorts as their respective pup companions watched.
Two to four months later, the pair gave eggs to the pups. They almost exclusively used the same technique as their escort (Current Biology, DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.04.037).
Since the two skills co-exist in the same population, environmental and
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Name: ______________________
Glass Fragment Lab Handout
In this lab, you will be required to note physical characteristics of individual glass fragments as well as determine their density. For each glass fragment, try to use a descriptive physical property that will distinguish one fragment from the next (for example, color).
In order to determine the density (d = m/v), use the following outline:
1. Weigh each glass fragment (in grams).
2. For each sample, determine the volume (in milliliters) by first adding 20 mL of water into a graduated cylinder. Next, add the glass fragment and note the volume of the water in the graduated cylinder. From this measurement, subtract 20 mL. This is the volume of the glass fragment.
3. To find the density, divide the mass by the volume.
Fill out the chart with your observations.
Physical Characteristics Mass (in grams) Volume (in mL) Density
Crime Scene #1 1.2.
Crime Scene #2 1.2.
Suspect #1 1.2.
Suspect #2 1.2.
Window 1.2.
Plexiglas 1.2.
Mirror 1.2.
Light Bulb 1.2.
Tempered Glass 1.2.
Answer the following questions:
1. List three methods used by forensic scientists to analyze glass fragments. (3 pts)
2. Describe the difference between physical and chemical properties. (2 pts.)
3. What chemicals are used to make glass? (1 pt.)
4. Where would a crime scene technician look for glass fragments? (1 pt.)
5. Describe the glass making process. What changes in this process result in the difference between windows and tempered glass? (2 pts.)
6. Why is laminated glass used for the windshields of vehicles? (1 pt.)
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The Tswana People
Only available on StudyMode
• Topic: South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho
• Pages : 6 (1963 words )
• Download(s) : 138
• Published : April 14, 2008
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The Tswana People
Tswana is the name applied to a number of groups who all speak the same language and share similar customs but have separate names. Tswana are defined as a member of the Bantu people inhabiting Botswana, western South Africa, and neighboring areas. They are also called Batswana or Bechuana. The language Tswana is defined as the Sotho language of the Tswana people and is a Bantu language. It may also be referred to as Setswana or Sechuana, and it was the first Sotho language written to have a written form. The principal Tswana clans are the: Barôlông, Bakwêna, Bangwaketse, Bamangwato, Batawana, Batlôkwa, Bakgatla, and Balete. None of these people ever knew themselves as the Tswana because foreigners gave them this name, the meaning and origin of which is unknown. The Tswana people migrated from Eastern Africa into central southern Africa in the 14th century. They lived as hunters, herders, and cultivators in the high plains where there was plenty of game and grass, no serious livestock diseases, and fertile soil. The Tswana were able to grow sorghum, beans, pumpkins, sweet melons, gourds, and after being introduced by the Portuguese, maize was also highly productive. They existed as thriving agricultural communities.
The Tswana are Bantu speaking people originated in the Katanga area that is today part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia. Between 200 and 500 CE, this group expanded across sub-Saharan Africa, crossed the Limpopo River, and entered into the area known today as South Africa. This migration occurred in two broad waves, by the Nguni and Sotho-Tswana. The Sotho-Tswana settled primarily in the Highveld, the large and relatively high central plateau of southern Africa. And, by 1000 CE, the Bantu had colonized most of South Africa, with the exception of the Western Cape and the Northern Cape, which were inhabited by Khoisan people.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Sotho-Tswana society was shaken by two major developments. First was the Difaqane or “the crushing.” This was the forced migration and upheaval caused by the rise of the Zulu nation. Within two decades, under the reign of Shaka, this nation evolved from a typical Bantu-speaking decentralized pastoral society into a highly centralized nation-state with a powerful standing army. The second disruption was the advance of Boer settlers from the Cape Colony into the interior territory that has been populated by Sotho-Tswana peoples. The settlers were called voortrekkers and sought to leave British rule after the British seized the Cape Colony from the Netherlands.
In an effort to repel attacks from the Nguni groups fleeing Zulu conquest, King Moshoeshoe of the Basotho people was able to weld numerous clans into a kingdom and reach an understanding with the Zulu to prevent their attempting to conquer his kingdom. This state was strong enough to keep the Boers at bay and maintained its independence after the formation of the Orange Free State. Then, as tensions between the Boer republics of the Orange Free State and Transvaal and the British increased, Moshoeshoe maneuvered between them and ultimately fought to a stalemate when diplomacy had failed. As a result, Britain protected Lesotho, previously Basutoland, as a Crown Colony. Thus, it never became a part of South Africa and became the independent nation of Botswana in 1965.
Further north, the less centralized Sotho and Batswana did not fare as well as the Basotho during the Difaqane. The Matabele rebelled against the Zulu and fled KwaZula, or Zululand. The Matabele killed many of the Batswana before they became better prepared to fend off invasion attempts and the Matabele finally settled in the southwest region of modern Zimbabwe.
Later, the British and Boer South African Republic divided the territory of Batswana. Then, after the British defeat of the South African Republic in the Anglo-Boer War, some of the territory became part of...
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1082: Geology
Explain xkcd: It's 'cause you're dumb.
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That's a gneiss butte.
Title text: That's a gneiss butte.
[edit] Explanation
Here we have Cueball and Megan discussing geology and the words they use are ripe with puns and double entendres which also have sexual meanings. In the end they just decide to get it on.
Specifically, the suggestive terms are "bedding," "spreading," "friction," "cleavage," "deeper in the rift," "orogeny," (perhaps a portmanteau of orgy and erogenous), "huge," and "thrust."
In the title text, gneiss (pronounced "nice") is a type of rock, and butte (rhymes with "cute") is a conspicuous isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top. "Gneiss butte" is a play on "nice butt".
[edit] Definitions
The division of usually sedimentary rocks into distinct layers.
A process in which two geological regions are moving apart, and potentially allowing for magma to rise up between them. Spreading occurs in mid-ocean ridges and in rift valleys.
Friction breccia
Breccia is a rock made of broken fragments of other rocks. When these fragments can be formed from the rubbing between rocks in a fault, it is a friction breccia.
Flow cleavage
The crystals in a rock can be aligned by the plastic flow of a rock when it is hot. This causes the rock to split (cleave) along particular planes.
A result of spreading is that rocks break, forming vertical faults, and allowing regions to sink and form valleys.
A period of mountain forming.
Thrust fault
a sloping crack in the rocks at which one region of rocks is pushing another up.
So it seems that Megan tells Cueball to ignore the layers in the rock, as there is evidence that valley they are in is in fact a recent rift valley. It was formed in cracking following the lifting up of the surrounding rocks.
[edit] Transcript
[Two people are doing a geological survey.]
Megan: Forget the bedding - we were wrong about the whole valley.
Cueball: The spreading is recent.
Megan: See the friction breccia?
Cueball: Oh - flow cleavage!
Cueball: Deeper in the rift.
Megan: Deeper.
[An idea pops into Megan's head.]
[The same idea pops into Cueball's head.]
Megan: This orogeny
Cueball: is driven by a
Megan: huge
Cueball: thrust fault
[They both drop to the ground in a fit of passion.]
Geology: Surprisingly erotic.
Actually, in the UK "gneiss" is pronounced exactly "nice", so it fits even better there.
If Wikipedia's phonetic guide is any authority, it's also said that way in the US (hover-text: 'n' as in 'nigh', long 'i' in 'bide', 's' as in 'sigh')... it doesn't make any distinctions between regions. -- IronyChef (talk) 04:51, 18 August 2012 (UTC)
Indeed. American geologists also pronounce it "nice" lcarsos (talk) 18:06, 20 August 2012 (UTC)
According to my geologist father, 'gneiss' is pronounced as "nice" and 'butte' as "beaut." He also says that buttes are almost never gneiss: gneiss is a metamorphic rock, and buttes are almost always formed from sedimentary rocks. (Gneiss can form bornhardts, which are also bumps of rock, but form by a different process and don't look very similar.) Variables won't, constants aren't. (Osborn's Law) (talk) 00:58, 29 August 2012 (UTC)
Your father is kind of a buzzkill. 16:42, 29 January 2014 (UTC)
A gniess hardt bone? Umm... 22:33, 20 September 2015 (UTC)
Rather impressive to see an erotic geology joke that doesn't even need to bring up cleavage, lol. One of my favourites. -- BruceJohnJennerLawso (talk) (please sign your comments with ~~~~)
Oops, my mistake, they did mention cleavage, but still not bad anyways. -- BruceJohnJennerLawso (talk) (please sign your comments with ~~~~)
Another gneiss butte interpretation, that Randall can't possibly have intended because of his politics, is a small hill- much like pregnancy.Seebert (talk) 12:54, 30 June 2014 (UTC)
What are you talking about? How does any political position preclude punning about pregnancy? 19:46, 7 September 2015 (UTC) This makes a odd sort of sense, but right there!?!?.... Why?! (It's not even sanitary
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Poison Pero is RIGHT!
Thursday, August 03, 2017
U.S. Coast Guard's Birthday - August 4, 1790
Original content from Night Beacon (a dead link)
United States Coast Guard History and Present Role
The United States Coast Guard is this nation’s oldest and its premier maritime agency. The history of the Service is very complicated because it is the merger of five Federal agencies. These agencies, the Revenue Cutter Service, the Lighthouse Service, the Steamboat Inspection Service, the Bureau of Navigation, and the Lifesaving Service, were originally independent, but had overlapping authorities and were shuffled around the government. They sometimes received new names, and they were all finally united under the umbrella of the Coast Guard. The multiple missions and responsibilities of the modern Service are directly tied to this diverse heritage and the magnificent achievements of all of these agencies.
Aids to Navigation
One of the first acts of the young federal government was to provide for aids to navigation. On 7 August 1789, the First Congress federalized the existing lighthouses built by the colonies and appropriated funds for lighthouses, beacons, and buoys. Lighthouses generally reflect the existing technology of the time they were built. Each is also unique because their specific sites required special considerations. The earliest Colonial and Federal lighthouses were built of stone and had walls up to seven feet thick. Later advances allowed even taller structures made of brick. Screw-pile structures, reinforced concrete towers, steel towers, and caisson structures all added to the rich and unique architecture. There have been more than 1,000 lighthouses built and they provided the main guidance to mariners into the main harbors of the United States. For the first five decades there existed little bureaucracy, no tenders, only the lone keepers who kept the lights burning. The administration of the lighthouses bounced from the Treasury Department to the Commerce Department and was transferred to the Coast Guard in 1939.
Law Enforcement
The Coast Guard’s law enforcement responsibilities have been threefold. First, to ensure that the tariffs are not avoided. Second, to protect shipping from pirates and third, to intercept contraband. Today tariffs hardly seem controversial. But for the first Congress under the Constitution (1789), the imposition of these taxes was a bold act since such taxes had been a primary catalyst for the War of Independence. The young government’s need for money was urgent. Trade revenue had to be the lifeblood of the treasury if the new nation was to survive. During colonial days and the War of Independence, smuggling had been a patriotic duty of maritime America. Seamen were admired who circumvented King George’s trade laws, and later outran his fleet during the war. In 1789, a new respect for tariffs was needed.
Military Readiness
The Coast Guard, through its forefathers, is the oldest continuous seagoing service and has fought in almost every war since the Constitution became the law of the land in 1789. Following the War of Independence (1776-83), the Continental Navy was disbanded and from 1790 until 1798, when the U.S. Navy was created, the revenue cutters were the only national maritime service. The Acts establishing the Navy also empowered the President to use the revenue cutters to supplement the fleet when needed. Laws later clarified the relationship between the Coast Guard and the Navy.
Environmental Protection
The Coast Guard has helped to protect he environment for 150 years. In 1822 he Congress created a timber reserve or the Navy and authorized the President to use whatever forces necessary to prevent the cutting of live-oak on public ands. The shallow-draft cutters were well-suited to this service and were used extensively.
The ecological responsibilities of the Service were greatly expanded by the purchase of Alaska in 1867. Fur seals were being hunted into extinction due o the value of their coats. Seal herds congregated each year to breed on the Pribilof Islands. The seals had been ruthlessly slaughtered. A quarter-million were killed during the first four years of American control. In 1870 Congress restricted the number that could be killed. Beginning in 1894, small parties of Revenue Cutter Service personnel were camped on the Pribilof Islands to prevent raids on the rookeries. On 11 May 1908, Revenue Cutters were given the authority to enforce all Alaskan game laws.
In 1885 the Revenue Cutter Service cooperated with the Bureau of Fisheries in connection with "propagation of food fishes." Twenty years later, cutters enforced the regulations governing the landing, delivery, cure, and sale of sponges in the Gulf of Mexico.
Clean waters have been a concern for many decades. The Refuse Act of 1899 was the first attempt to address the growing problem of pollution and was jointly enforced by the Army Corps of Engineers and the Revenue Cutter Service. Today, the current framework for the Coast Guard’s Marine Environmental Protection program is the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972.
In 1973, the Coast Guard created a National Strike Force to combat oil spills. There are three teams, a Pacific unit based near San Francisco, a Gulf team at Mobile, Ala., and an Atlantic Strike Team stationed in Elizabeth City, N.C. Since the creation of the force, the teams have been deployed worldwide to hundreds of potential and actual spill sites, bringing with them a vast array of sophisticated equipment. Their most notable "battles" were with Metula in the Straits of Magellan during August 1974, Showa Maru in the Straits of Malacca during January 1975, Olympic Games in the Delaware River during December 1975, and Argo Merchant during December 1976.
The 200-mile zone created by the Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 quadrupled the offshore fishing area controlled by the United States. The Coast Guard has the responsibility of enforcing this law.
Search and Rescue
Ever since man has gone down to the sea in ships, great risks have been run to rescue those in danger. To improve the possibility of success, responsibility had to be delineated and means appropriated. In 1831 the Secretary of the Treasury directed the revenue cutter Gallatin to cruise the coast in search of persons in distress. This was the first time a government agency was tasked specifically to search for those who might be in danger. In 1837 Congress authorized the President "to cause ... public vessels ... to cruise upon the coast, in the severe portion of the season ... to afford such aid to distressed navigators as their circumstance and necessities may require; and such public vessels shall go to sea prepared fully to render such assistance." This addressed rescue on the high seas.
Preventive Safety
Safety at sea requires preventative and corrective measures. Too much is as bad as too little. A ship is similar to a delicately tuned instrument. If excessive cost and weight are devoted to safety, the ship will not be competitive and probably will never be built. Throughout the history of commercial vessel safety, there has been the constant struggle to provide a balance between the greatest degree of safety and reasonable cost.
As the nation's lead agency for waterways management, port safety and security, and vessel safety inspection and certification, the Coast Guard maintains a continuous and clear focus not only on the prevention of marine accidents but also on the response measures needed to cope with manmade and natural disasters. The Coast Guard also is responsible for maintaining and patrolling the safe and efficient navigable waterways system needed to support domestic commerce, facilitate international trade, and ensure the continued availability of the military sealift fleet required for national defense. Domestic icebreakers that keep shipping lanes open for commercial traffic in winter and the Vessel Traffic Services system that coordinates the safe and efficient movement of commercial vessels through congested harbors are two examples of how the Coast Guard maintains the waterways.
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• Plot Map
A plot map is used to outline the major events and ideas of a story.
Comments (-1)
• Double Bubble
A double bubble sheet is used to compare and contrast two ideas, people, events, or places.
It is important that the differences and similarities go beyond the surface and show depth of thought. As an example, if you were to compare Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr, I would not want to see a difference stating one is a woman and the other is man. A better example would be that Rosa Parks was a symbol for the civil rights movement, where as Dr. Martin Luther King was the leader of the movement.
The spot where you put your differences should also be matched up in location. Using the example above, if you put Rosa's difference on the top left, then Dr. King's matching difference should go on the top right. Or if you put Rosa's difference in the middle left, then Dr. King's matching difference goes in the middle.
Finally, no "not" statements. I don't want to see differences such as "Dr. King was born in Atlanta, Georgia." and "Rosa Parks was not born in Atlanta, Georgia."
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Recovery Strategy For Northern Riffleshell, Snuffbox, Round Pigtoe, Mudpuppy Mussel and Rayed Bean in Canada [Proposed]
6. Threats
All five mussel species are exposed to a wide range of stresses throughout their range. In the Sydenham River watershed, Jacques Whitford Environment Ltd. (2001) determined the principal anthropogenic stresses affecting populations of species at risk to be loadings of suspended solids, causing turbidity and siltation, nutrient loads, contaminants, thermal effects, and exotic species. These likely represent the most significant threats to these species across their entire Canadian range. The following discussion emphasizes threats in the Sydenham and Ausable rivers and St. Clair delta; areas where extant reproducing populations can still be found. Remnant populations of these five species, existing in the Detroit, Thames, Grand, and Niagara rivers, as well as the offshore waters of Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair are discussed under Threats in Historically Occupied Habitats.
Threats to Extant Populations
Sydenham, Ausable and St. Clair Delta Populations:
Siltation:Loading of suspended solids causing turbidity and siltation is presumed to be the primary limiting factor for most species at risk in the Sydenham and Ausable rivers. The majority of rare mussel species depends on clean gravel and sand riffles and is particularly vulnerable to siltation. Siltation can bury and smother mussels as well as interfere with feeding and successful reproduction. Clarke (1992) noted that all of the species missing from the Sydenham River during his 1991 survey were riffle-dwelling species such as the Northern Riffleshell and Snuffbox. The Snuffbox and Rayed Bean are the only two species in Ontario that burrow completely in the substrate. These species may be more sensitive to sedimentation than most other mussel species because an accumulation of silt on the streambed would reduce flow rates and dissolved oxygen concentrations below the surface (Watson et al.2001b). Although the Mudpuppy Mussel may be directly impacted by siltation due to silt settling around the flat rocks, logs and other debris under which it is found, it is more likely indirectly impacted as there is some evidence that siltation has extirpated the mudpuppy from some areas by reducing its access to nesting sites and hiding places (Gendron 1999).
Nutrient loads:Phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, primarily from agriculture, are at high levels within these watersheds and represent potential risks to aquatic fauna. Mean levels of total phosphorus at sites on the East Sydenham River ranged from 0.125 to 0.147 mg/L, with levels as high as 2.9 mg/L reported; mean total phosphorus levels for sites in the North Sydenham basin were about three times higher. Not surprisingly, nitrogen has replaced phosphorus as the limiting nutrient in the system. Although there has been no evidence of blooms of blue-green algae, which can occur when nitrogen is limiting, there is still potential for significant reductions in dissolved oxygen at night. Nutrients enter the system from several sources and long-term water quality monitoring data indicate that much of the nutrient load is bound to suspended solids and thus likely originates from farmland. Manure spills also occur and can have significant nutrient-enriching effects, as well as being acutely toxic to fish and invertebrates. Urban areas are not extensive in the watersheds but contribute to total nutrient loadings through municipal wastewater discharges. Loadings from domestic septic systems may also be significant.
Nutrient concentrations within the Ausable River typically exceed provincial water quality objectives with mean nitrate concentrations at eight stations within the watershed ranging between 3.5 and 5.6 mg/L between 1965 and 2002 (Ausable River Recovery Team 2005). Phosphorus concentrations are also high within the Ausable River watershed with large proportions (30-58% occurring in the dissolved fraction (Veliz 2003).
Contaminants:Herbicides, insecticides, etc. associated with agricultural practices and urban areas run off into the Sydenham River watershed and could have a significant impact on species at risk in that system. Roads and urban areas can also contribute significant contaminants to waterways, including oil and grease, heavy metals, and chlorides. Until about 1990, chloride levels in particular were high enough in the North Sydenham River to cause significant biological impairment. Chloride concentrations at all three monitoring sites in the north branch were as high as 1000 mg/L between 1967 and 1990, often exceeding 200 mg/L, which is the concentration estimated to cause long-term toxicity to some freshwater organisms (Evans and Frick 2002). Prior to 1990, saline formation waters produced from local oil wells were released to surface waters in the North Sydenham watershed. Since then, these waters have been injected back into the ground, and chloride concentrations have declined to levels similar to those in the East Sydenham River (10–50 mg/L). The impacts of high chloride concentrations on species at risk in the North Sydenham watershed are unknown.
Pesticide runoff (e.g., herbicides and insecticides) associated with agricultural practices and urban areas enter the Ausable River basin and could have a significant impact on species at risk in that system. For example, tributary monitoring at the mouth of the Ausable River for currently used pesticides in 2002 indicated that both atrazine and des-ethyl atrazine were found to exceed federal guidelines for the protection of aquatic life (J. Struger, Environment Canada cited in Ausable River Recovery Team 2005). The extent and impact of these and other toxic contaminants (e.g., chloride) to species at risk have not been assessed and thus, the significance of their threat is unknown. It is likely that this threat is widespread as the primary source of pesticides is from agricultural land. The risks from toxic contaminants to some species may be heightened at juvenile life stages (particularly for mussels) and at times of increased stress.
Thermal effects: The loss of riparian zones in agricultural lands increases solar radiation reaching the stream surface. Although there are riparian corridors along the Sydenham River and its tributaries, these vary in width and quality, and there are extensive reaches lacking riparian zones. Reservoirs also increase temperatures by increasing surface area and by water holding. There are six significant reservoirs in this watershed at conservation areas in Strathroy, Coldstream, Petrolia, Alvinston, Henderson, and Warwick. Finally, global climate change is expected (among other disruptions) to cause an increase in surface water temperatures in southern Ontario. Although the Sydenham River supports a warm-water environment, and many species are tolerant of warm water, higher water temperatures may be an added stress for some. Increased water temperatures may also increase algal growth, which could result in reductions in dissolved oxygen levels at night.
Exotic species: The introduction and spread of the zebra mussel throughout the Great Lakes in the late 1980s have decimated native mussel populations in the Lower Great lakes region of Ontario (Schloesser et al. 2006; Schloesser et al.1996; Schloesser and Nalepa 1994). Zebra mussels attach to a mussel’s shell and interfere with feeding, respiration, excretion ad locomotion (Haag et al.1993, Baker and Hornback 1997). The recent discovery of a refuge for native mussels including the Round Pigtoe in the delta region of lake St. Clair raises hope for their continued coexistence with the zebra mussel however, it is not known if this native mussel community is stable or simply in a slower decline than other Great Lakes communities (Zanatta et al. 2002). It is clear that zebra mussels pose the most significant threat to all native mussels within the St. Clair delta.
Currently, the zebra mussel is found only in the lower reaches of the Sydenham River. It does not threaten existing populations of these five mussel species as the river is not navigable by boats and has no significant impoundments that could support a permanent colony (Dextrase et al.2003). However, the reservoirs at Coldstream and Strathroy in the East Sydenham River headwaters are of some concern.
Zebra mussels are not currently found within the Ausable River or its reservoirs however, should they become established within the river or reservoirs (e.g., Morrison Dam reservoir) they will likely represent a significant threat to these species.
Another exotic species which may currently be exerting negative effects in the Sydenham River is the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). This species is abundant throughout the watershed and is likely to be adversely affecting sensitive species. Although they can potentially consume juvenile mussels, their uprooting of plants and feeding on sediment-associated fauna can significantly increase turbidity, which is likely a far greater impact (Dextrase et al. 2003).
The round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) has decimated populations of mottled sculpins and possibly logperch in the St. Clair River (French and Jude 2001). This species may pose a direct threat to fish species at risk and an indirect threat to mussel species if host fish populations are affected. The round goby has not yet been documented from the reaches of the Sydenham and Ausable rivers where these mussels occur, but it is abundant in Lake St. Clair and its connecting channels (Ray and Corkum 2001). This species has recently been confirmed from Running Creek in Wallaceburg near the mouth of the Sydenham River (E. Holm, Royal Ontario Museum, personal communication). Additional introductions of exotic species into these waters are most likely to occur through the movement of boats from infested areas, the use of live bait fish, or the natural invasion of species introduced into the Great Lakes basin.
Table 1. Assessment of threats to the extant populations of the Northern Riffleshell, Mudpuppy Mussel, Round Pigtoe, Rayed Bean and Snuffbox in the Sydenham and Ausable rivers.
ThreatRelative ImpactSpatial NatureTemporal NatureCertainty of Effect
Siltation and turbidityPredominantWidespreadChronic, episodicProbable
Nutrient loadsContributingWidespreadChronic, episodicProbable
Toxic compoundsContributingWidespreadChronic, episodicProbable
Thermal effectsContributingWidespreadChronicProbable
Exotic speciesContributingWidespreadChronicProbable
Threats to Host Fish Species: Due to the parasitic stages in their life cycle, the Northern Riffleshell, Mudpuppy Mussel, Round Pigtoe, Rayed Bean and Snuffbox are sensitive not only to environmental factors that limit them directly, but also to factors that affect their hosts (Burky 1983; Bogan 1993). Therefore, any factor that changes the abundance or species composition of host fauna may have detrimental effects on the mussel populations.
Until recently, the glochidial fish hosts for the Northern Riffleshell were completely unknown in Canada. Fish host determination studies at the University of Guelph (McNichols and Mackie 2002; McNichols and Mackie 2003; McNicholset al.2004) have found that the Northern Riffleshell may have seven host species, including the blackside darter, fantail, Iowa darter, Johnny darter, logperch, mottled sculpin and rainbow darter. Of these five host species, only the blackside darter, johnny darter and logperch are common in the Sydenham River. The mottled sculpin may have served as a host historically, but now is likely restricted to the colder headwater regions where the Northern Riffleshell does not occur (Statonet al.2000).
The Snuffbox was thought to have had two fish host species in Ontario, namely the blackside darter and logperch. Historical data of the distribution of these two species indicated that the logperch was likely the primary host as its distribution is more similar to that of the Snuffbox (Watson et al. 2001a). Recent records of the blackside darter show that it presently occupies the same reach of the Sydenham River as the Snuffbox. However, it is a less likely host since it was never found in the reaches of the Grand and Thames rivers where the Snuffbox historically occurred. Fish host determination studies at the University of Guelph (McNichols and Mackie 2002; McNichols and Mackie 2003; McNichols et al.2004) have found that the Snuffbox successfully transformed on six host species including the brook stickleback, Iowa darter, logperch, mottled sculpin, largemouth bass and rainbow darter. The logperch was confirmed during repetitive studies, while the three other species still require further studies. The blackside darter has been repeatedly tested at the University of Guelph but has never lead to the successful development of juvenile Snuffbox.
In the United States, the glochidial hosts of the Round Pigtoe are known to be the bluegill, spotfin shiner, bluntnose minnow, northern redbelly dace and southern redbelly dace. All but the southern redbelly dace are known to occur in the Sydenham River and are likely hosts for the Round Pigtoe. However, laboratory testing and field confirmation is required to identify the functional host(s) with certainty.
The only known host for the Mudpuppy Mussel is the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus). The status of the mudpuppy in Canada is considered “Not at Risk” (Gendron 1999). Significant limiting factors for the mudpuppy include habitat loss as a result of severe siltation and environmental contamination, particularly the use of the lampricide TFM. Indications of extirpations from formerly occupied habitats are relatively few, although Gendron (1999) did report the loss of the species from the highly impacted Hamilton Harbour and low capture rates at several localities in Lakes Ontario, Erie and St. Clair in 1995. McDaniel and Martin (2003) conducted surveys of mudpuppies in the Sydenham River in 2002-2003 and found a total of 61 animals with densities estimated at between 13-22 animals per 100m2. The highest densities were observed between Dawn Mills and Shetland with no records above Alvinston.
Until recently, the glochidial fish hosts for the Rayed Bean were completely unknown in Canada. Fish host determination studies at the University of Guelph (Woolnough 2002; McNichols and Mackie 2002; McNichols and Mackie 2003; McNichols et al.2004) have found that seven host species served as successful hosts for the Rayed Bean including the brook stickleback, greenside darter Johnny darter, logperch, rainbow darter, mottled sculpin, largemouth bass. The greenside and rainbow darters have been confirmed as hosts during repetitive studies. All of these species, except the brook stickleback, have been confirmed to inhabit the Sydenham River.
Threats in Historically Occupied Habitats
Grand and Thames rivers: The Northern Riffleshell, Snuffbox and Mudpuppy Mussel historically occurred in Thames River and the Round Pigtoe is still represented by small isolated non-reproducing populations in both the Thames and Grand rivers. The Rayed Bean was once distributed throughout the South Thames River in the area near Dorchester however this population is no longer believed to exist. Although not historically known from the North Thames River, a single live Rayed Bean was found in this river in 2004. It is difficult to attribute a cause to the historic loss of mussel populations in the Grand River although untreated wastewater inputs from major urban centres likely contributed to the declines. Aquatic species at risk in the Thames River are threatened by the highly-developed urban and rural portions of the upper watershed. The watershed is also intensively used for both livestock and row crop agriculture. The main threats faced by aquatic species at risk within the Thames River ecosystem include siltation and turbidity, nutrient loading, toxic compounds, altered water flow, barriers to movement, non-native species, disturbance and thermal pollution (Thames River Recovery Team 2004). While single threats may be associated with the decline of certain populations of species at risk, in most cases, population declines are likely a result of the cumulative effect of multiple widespread and chronic stresses. Potential colonization of these rivers with zebra mussels is a concern as large sections are impounded. Zebra mussels have recently been found in the Fanshawe and Springbank reservoirs on the Thames River (S. Hohn, Upper Thames River Conservation Authority, September 2003).
Lake St. Clair, Detroit River, Lake Erie and Niagara River:The loss of the Northern Riffleshell, Mudpuppy Mussel, Round Pigtoe, Rayed Bean and Snuffbox from historical habitat in these water bodies can be largely attributed to the detrimental effects of zebra mussels. Mussel species that are long-term brooders, such as the Northern Riffleshell, Mudpuppy Mussel, Rayed Bean and Snuffbox, are generally more sensitive than short-term brooders, as they tend to have greater energy requirements for growth and reproduction and may be more vulnerable to energy depletion caused by the zebra mussel (Strayer 1999). The Round Pigtoe is a short-term brooder and may be less susceptible to the harmful effects of the zebra mussel. The Rayed Bean and Snuffbox are the only two species in Ontario that burrow completely in the substrate and may escape serious infestation due to their preferred habitat. The Mudpuppy Mussel has several traits that suggest it may be very sensitive to zebra mussels, however, it also tends to burrow under rocks and mud which may help it escape from infestation. In the Detroit River, populations of the Northern Riffleshell and Round Pigtoe have been extirpated due to the zebra mussel.
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What does blunt instrument mean?
Definitions for blunt instrument
Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word blunt instrument.
1. blunt instrument(Noun)
An object lacking sharp surfaces, especially as used to cause injury.
2. blunt instrument(Noun)
A thing, person, method, or resource which is not sufficiently precise or not sufficiently effective for its intended role or use.
1. Blunt instrument
A blunt instrument is any solid object used as a weapon, which damages its target by applying direct mechanical force, and has no penetrating point or edge, or is wielded so that the point or edge is not the part of the weapon that inflicts the injury. Blunt instruments may be contrasted with edged weapons, which inflict injury by cutting or stabbing, or projectile weapons, where the projectiles, such as bullets or shot, are accelerated to a penetrating speed. Blunt instruments typically inflict blunt force trauma, causing bruising, fractures and other internal bleeding. Depending on the parts of the body attacked, organs may be ruptured or otherwise damaged. Attacks with a blunt instrument may be fatal. Some sorts of blunt instruments are very readily available, and often figure in crime cases. Examples of blunt instruments include: ⁕Personal implements such as walking sticks ⁕Tools such as hammers or wrecking bars ⁕Parts of tools, such as pickaxe handles ⁕Sports equipment such as cricket or baseball bats, hockey sticks, pool cues, golf clubs, etc. ⁕Weapons such as nightsticks, bâtons français, axes, spears, or guns
1. Chaldean Numerology
The numerical value of blunt instrument in Chaldean Numerology is: 5
2. Pythagorean Numerology
The numerical value of blunt instrument in Pythagorean Numerology is: 6
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
1. Kate Forbes:
These inflexible rules are a blunt instrument.
2. Angel Gurria:
We know who the enemy is, this is carbon, we should hit it on the head with a blunt instrument as hard as possible ... a big fat price.
3. Scot Reedie:
The fact that this is being discussed as a potential sanction is not entirely unhelpful, it's a very, very serious sanction because it tends to be a pretty blunt instrument. Maybe that's required. I'm not sure. It's never been done before.
4. Steve Deace:
His entire campaign is based on him being a blunt instrument he can get back at Washington with. If he dulls those edges, that would be the death knell for him. it will be interesting to see how Scott Walker performs in this environment. I think we have to see if this [debate] diminishes his stature or he is able to craft an everyman persona who is a nice contrast to the bigger personalities.
Images & Illustrations of blunt instrument
1. blunt instrumentblunt instrumentblunt instrument
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Bing - factors and multiples practice
Bing - factors and multiples practice
Grade Levels
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3 ratings
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336 KB|2 pages
Product Description
Here is a tool to faciltate playing Bing- a game where you have to recognize the factors of numbers. Here is an explanation of how to play the game. Tell the kids the factor you want to play say 3. Then go around the room having kids count out starting from 1. Every time a number is called that is a multiply of the factor you started with, the person must say Bing instead of the number. If they don't, they sit down. You can increase the difficulty by adding other factors- say 3 could be Bing, 4 could be Pow, and 5 could be Kaboom. In this game the person who was supposed to say 15 would say Bing and Kaboom. 60 would be Bing, Pow and Kaboom.
Total Pages
2 pages
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Ecologist Stefan Schnitzer with a liana, a type of woody jungle vine, on Panama's Barro Colorado Island.
Ecologist Stefan Schnitzer with a liana, a type of woody jungle vine, on Panama's Barro Colorado Island. Sean Mattson/Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Field Notes
The Strange Case of the Liana Vine and Its Role in Global Warming
Liana and other vines are proliferating in the rainforests of Central and South America, and their spread is impeding the ability of trees to sequester carbon dioxide. Now, researchers are trying to determine the impact of this phenomenon on climate change.
On a hot, buggy morning in January, Stefan Schnitzer, a Marquette University biologist, spritzed insect repellant on his forearms, tucked khakis into knee-high rubber boots, and hiked three miles from his lab at The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute to a study plot in the Panamanian jungle. Ticks and, on occasion, dengue fever-carrying mosquitos infest Schnitzer’s parcel, on Barro Colorado Island in Panama’s Lake Gatun. The site also harbors bullet ants that inflict one of the world’s most painful stings, and a host of palm-size golden orb spiders. Schnitzer picked up a PVC pipe the length of a walking stick for swatting spider webs strung across his route.
Schnitzer strode nimbly up a steep slope, where workers had carved steps into the hillside and laid cement pavers to ease access to the forest. The path leveled, the stepping-stones petered out, and the track narrowed. A howler monkey in the distance barked a warning to would-be intruders.
Reaching his study site after two hours of hiking, Schnitzer, one of the world’s leading experts on the ecology of rainforest vines, paused and studied a tangle of knotted liana vines six feet high and twice as wide, composed mostly of loops of the species Coccoloba excelsa. These are the most abundant lianas on the island, and they promiscuously sprout shoots that root in the soil, sending up a profusion of new stems. Dozens of dancing blaze-orange streamers flagged the thicket’s coils.
This was all part of Schnitzer’s research into a little-understood but important phenomenon that could impact the pace of climate change: In the jungles of Central and South America, vines are becoming more common, and as they proliferate, they are impeding the ability of tropical forests to soak up carbon dioxide and sequester it as wood.
For reasons that are not entirely clear, the abundance of liana vines has doubled in recent decades.
For reasons that are not entirely clear, the abundance of liana vines has doubled in recent decades, according to research by Schnitzer and an earlier study. As a result, these rapidly expanding woody vines are increasingly shading and choking rainforest trees, reducing the amount of carbon they sequester from the atmosphere. In his jungle study plot, Schnitzer is endeavoring to understand why vines proliferate faster than the trees that abut them, and how much carbon liana vines store compared to trees. Trees and other plants absorb about 25 percent of the CO2 that humans release from tailpipes and smokestacks.
The Smithsonian has managed the Barro Colorado forest, halfway across the Isthmus of Panama, since the 1920s. The tropical jungle there is among the most intensively studied rainforests on earth. In 1980, two ecology pioneers, Stephen Hubbell and Robin Foster, laid out what was then the world’s most ambitious tropical forest plot for intensive, long-term research. It contains roughly 125 acres and includes about 250,000 trees, each marked with a numbered aluminum tag. Several thousand are too broad for a pair of adults holding hands to reach around and touch. With a team of helpers, Hubbell and Foster have measured the diameter of each tree. They re-census the site every five years, adding “recruits” — trees that have grown big enough to be included in their study — and removing trees that have fallen.
Tropical vines, such as bauhinia (above), are increasingly outcompeting trees, reducing the amount of carbon rainforests sequester from the atmosphere.
Tropical vines, such as bauhinia (above), are increasingly outcompeting trees, reducing the amount of carbon rainforests sequester from the atmosphere. Beth King/Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
For years, Hubble and Robbins did not bother surveying lianas. “Lianas are such a small part of what you see when you look around,” says Schnitzer, noting that they contain less than 5 percent of a tropical forest’s standing carbon.
But ecologists have begun to wonder if lianas might play an outsized role in the forest. Schnitzer is particularly interested in how vines colonize gaps in the canopy left by tree falls. In 2007, he and Hubbell, by then his mentor, began a liana census of the Barro Colorado plot. It became, and remains, the largest survey of lianas in a single tract. It took 14 people working full-time for 12 months to tag, measure, and record 65,000 vines. A botanist identified each specimen, encompassing 162 species.
Foresters have traditionally calculated the number of planks they can obtain from trees using allometry, the science of how an object’s dimensions, such as linear size and cubic volume, relate to each other. Biologists adopted the same technique for calculating the carbon stored in trees and lianas. The process is straightforward for trees. Researchers plug a single measurement — by convention, the trunk diameter at roughly four feet above the ground — into a simple formula worked out through years of research.
But quantifying the volume of carbon stored in liana vines is more challenging. In his study plot, Schnitzer approached a tree-sized growth with waxy leaves that would pass as a tree for all but trained experts. It fact it was a sapling-like vine, Connarus panamensis. “It grows like a tree until it’s quite tall,” before grabbing branches and trunks for support as a normal vine does, Schnitzer says. He notes that unlike trees, which tend to grow straight up into the canopy, lianas follow a more erratic and looping path around the understory. Such factors, along with the relative paucity of studies of liana measurements, have compounded the difficulty of vine research and carbon storage. Nevertheless, Schnitzer has developed protocols — now widely adopted — for measuring lianas.
In 2015, Schnitzer published a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences revealing new evidence that vines could reduce the tropical forest’s ability to absorb CO2 and slow global warming. Wielding machetes, he and a crew of five had completely removed every liana from eight forest tracts on a spit of land near Barro Colorado. It took a week. They tallied up how much carbon was contained in wood and leaves in the vine-free jungle and in a corresponding set of normal, viney areas.
Forests cleared of vines had absorbed 75 percent more carbon than control areas where vines grew freely.
Schnitzer had predicted that, freed from shading and strangling vines, trees would grow more vigorously. Because trees support their crowns with sturdy, carbon-rich trunks that lianas don’t need, Schnitzer hypothesized that the vine-free jungle might contain far more carbon than the control forest. After three years, a re-census confirmed that. The pruned tracts had absorbed 75 percent more carbon per year than the control areas where lianas and other vines were allowed to grow freely. “It was stunning,” says Schnitzer.
In a response to Schnitzer’s paper reporting these findings, Hans Verbeeck, a biologist at Ghent University in Belgium, wrote in a subsequent issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that that “liana proliferation has a potential high impact on the future carbon cycle of tropical forests.” He called for climate researchers to include the changing prevalence of lianas in future climate models, a task he has begun himself.
Despite solid evidence that vines have become more common, Schnitzer says he’s unsure if vine proliferation will continue to increase in the world’s tropical forests. A forecast would require an explanation — so far lacking — for what’s behind the increase in vines that he and others have observed. Schnitzer suspects that one culprit might be increased treefall frequency and mortality due to such changes as enhanced storm intensity. Some scientists believe that the increased CO2 in the atmosphere might favor lianas over trees. But at least one study, by David Marvin, an ecologist at The Nature Conservancy and a former student of Schnitzer’s, suggests otherwise. Marvin raised tree and liana seedlings together in chambers with air containing twice the normal concentration of CO2. Lianas grew faster than controls — but so did trees. There was virtually no difference. However, the experiment tested only a small number of species and lasted less than a year. A longer test, with a larger group of varieties, might have turned out differently.
Schnitzer’s 125-acre plot contains so many lianas that, after the re-census is completed, he should be able to determine which particular species are most responsible for the observed increase in liana biomass. Then, he plans to investigate what characteristics give these vines their advantage. But even with his experiments, he says, making such determinations is difficult. In tropical forests, the huge diversity of species and the boundless variation in how they interact can frustrate even the most robust scientific experiments.
What if his study comes up empty-handed?
“We’ll have the most rigorous non-finding in ecological history,” he replies.
The Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting provided funding for reporting this article.
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The Worm Bin Project
gardening, science, worms
The Worm Bin Project
In this unit, students will learn about decomposition and the life cycle by creating worm bins. Through direct observation, they will develop an understanding of the effects different organisms, including humans, have on one another. They will collect scientific data.
Such activities will give students an opportunity to explore scientific concepts in a manner that makes science more personally relevant and meaningful.
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Guru Spotlight
Carma Spence-Pothitt
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<urn:uuid:450eb52e-370d-40b2-8127-9d04ab42200a>
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"url": "http://homeschool.lifetips.com/tip/53317/homeschool-curriculum/choosing-a-homeschool-curriculum/the-worm-bin-project.html"
}
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University of Illinois
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transport of something from one region to another
The term advection refers to the transport of something from one region to another. Meteorologists are most interested in the advection of variables like temperature, moisture and vorticity. Assessing advection on weather maps is dependent upon two factors; 1) the strength of the wind and 2) the angle of the wind relative to the lines of equal value (isolines) of the variable being advected. The strongest advection occurs when the winds are oriented perpendicular (at 90 degrees) relative to the isolines. No advection occurs if the winds are parallel to the isolines. The figures below depict three different examples of temperature advection. The arrows are wind vectors and the horizontal lines are isotherms (lines of constant temperature) in degrees Fahrenheit.
The wind vectors are longer in Figure A than they are in Figure B, which implies that the winds are stronger in Figure A. Since in both cases the winds are aligned perpendicular to the isotherms, stronger advection is occurring in Figure A than Figure B, because of the stronger winds in A. In Figure C, no advection is occurring because the wind vectors are parallel to the isotherms, indicating no horizontal transport of temperature.
Terms for using data resources. CD-ROM available.
Credits and Acknowledgments for WW2010.
Department of Atmospheric Sciences (DAS) at
the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
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Your Assignment
Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates into two identical daughter cells. No doubt you have learned its four phases plus cytokinesis. It is time to use your previous knowledge to help your researchers complete a task. Cancer can exploit the body a numerous ways. Your goal will be to determine some of the ways cancer commits “crimes” against the human body. For example, cancer has the ability to divide limitlessly. You will create an All Points Bulletin that list and explain five of these “crimes.” Get creative and make a video, PowerPoint, podcast, etc. that describe these crimes in a unique way. Use the All Points Bulletin project description handout below to complete your project, then upload it to the next page by clicking Next.
An All Points Bulletin (APB) is written by official law enforcement agencies to broadcast the information officers want released when looking for a suspect or missing person.
You are on the hunt for a suspect that is guilty of many crimes and is difficult to stop… Cancer!
Directions: Create a 60 second All Points Bulletin (APB) video or podcast that is ready for broadcast. Your APB should include at least five of the crimes cancer is guilty of along with a description that will help identify the suspect. Include reasoning that demonstrates why each of these crimes is so dangerous!
An example of a crime of cancer might be: Cancer cells are guilty of limitless cell divisions. They bypass regulatory signals and inhibition factors that usually prevent unlimited cell growth. This causes a rapid growth of cells in a small area that manifest in the form of a tumor, and can eventually spread to the rest of the body.
Mitosis Assignment
Drop a file here or click to upload Choose File
Maximum upload size: 2.1MB
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9336228966712952,
"url": "http://www.kydataseam.com/cancer-research-mod2assign"
}
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Thursday, December 18, 2008
Mora (plural moras or morae) is a unit of sound used in phonology that determines syllable weight (which in turn determines stress or timing) in some languages. Like many technical linguistics terms, the exact definition of mora is debated. The term comes from the Latin word for "linger, delay", which was also used to translate the Greek word chronos (time) in its metrical sense.
A syllable containing one mora is said to be monomoraic; one with two moras is called bimoraic.
In general, moras are formed as follows:
1. A syllable onset (the first consonant(s) of the syllable) does not represent any mora.
3. In some languages (for example, Japanese), the coda represents one mora, and in others (for example, Irish) it does not. In English, it is clear that the codas of stressed syllables represent a mora (thus, the word cat is bimoraic), but it is not clear whether the codas of unstressed syllables do (the second syllable of the word rabbit might be monomoraic).
In general, monomoraic syllables are said to be light syllables, bimoraic syllables are said to be heavy syllables, and trimoraic syllables (in languages that have them) are said to be superheavy syllables. Most linguists believe that no language uses syllables containing four or more moras.
Japanese is a language famous for its moraic qualities. Most dialects including the standard use moras (in Japanese, onji) as the basis of the sound system rather than syllables. For example, haiku in modern Japanese do not follow the pattern 5 syllables/7 syllables/5 syllables, as commonly believed, but rather the pattern 5 moras/7 moras/5 moras. As one example, the Japanese syllable-final n is moraic, as is the first part of a geminate consonant. For example, the word NIPPON ('Japan' in Japanese) has four moras (NI-P-PO-N)
See Geiger p. 63 on the "Law of Mora":
In Pali, a syllable can contain only one mora or two moras but never more. The syllable is thus either 1. open with short vowel (one mora), or 2. open with long vowel (two moras), or 3. closed with short vowel (two moras). Every syllable with a nasal vowel is considered as closed. Due to this law, where Skt. has a long vowel before double-consonance, Pali has there either 1. short vowel before double-consonance or 2. long vowel with the following double-consonance simplified.
In Prakrit (Pali, etc.) there are not allowed more than two morae for one syllable. If a word has a long vowel (2 morae) and is followed by two consonants, the vowel is often shortened, i.e., Pali ettha-, etc. mārga- (Skt.) is not allowed in Pali for this reason.
Pendent Nominatives
A pendent nominative (nominative pendens, 不完全主格構文) is a type of grammatical construction found in Greek and other languages in which a nominative given at the beginning of a sentence is the logical rather than syntactical subject of the sentence. The nominative is later replaced in the sentence by a pronoun in the case required by syntax. It is given the name "pendent" (懸垂的) because it "hangs in midair," not having a finite verb.
Rev 3:12
The one who overcomes: I will make him a pilla. (The pendent nom. is replaced by the acc.)
Luke 8:21 (could be interpreted as a pendent nom.)
My mother and my brother are these: the ones hearing and doing the word of God.
RV 10.108.7
aya/ṃ nidhi/ḥ sarame a/dribudhno
go/bhir a/śvebhir va/subhir n(i/)yṛṣṭaḥ
ra/kṣanti ta/m paṇa/yo ye/ sugopā/
re/ku pada/m a/lakam ā/ jagantha
This treasure trove, O Saramā, having a rock as its bottom,
Filled with kine, horses, and wealth: that the Paṇis, who are cowherders, will guard...
A Web of False Assumptions
It is often said that questioning things is good, but we have to be careful that we are approaching things not just with questions but with the right questions.
Students often come away from a lecture on Buddhist thought saying, "That sounded so complex and difficult."
A asserts x
B also asserts x, but adds to x (x1, x2, x3...)
C refutes x2, for example, but accepts x, x1, x3, etc.
D comes along and redefines x as y
E adds onto y (y1, y2, y3...)
And so on...
Until you get a complicated web of speculations about A's original assertion of x and its later developments. These speculations are often extremely difficult to unravel, especially when they have happened over the course of hundreds of years. Simply unraveling such a mess could take you your whole life, but the important thing to note is that all of the complication is just smoke and mirrors that is preventing you from seeing that A's first assertion may be completely unfounded.
This reminds me of creationist arguments where so much misinformation is thrown out that an honest scientist has to work so hard to clear through the mess just to make a rebuttal. This is why some scientists believe that it may be a waste of time, or even worse, detrimental, to publicly debate with a creationist.
It is also a common tactic applied by pseudoscience and bad researchers: the argument ad footnotium! (what's it called?). It goes like this: when making an argument in text, include as many cherry-picked references to papers and research in your footnotes as possible. When applicable, go into great detail in your footnotes to obscure the issue. Having lots of detail, even if it's irrelevant, makes ones argument appear more convincing.
Buddhism and the Brain
Recent fMRI studies of the visual cortex: what is surprising is not that they were able to recreate these images, but that the images are so accurate a representation of the visual object.
Neural-plasticity and Buddhist arguments
The brain as a "magical" entity. Why do they want it to be this way?
Subjectivity and self-consciousness: Buddhist accounts
The Buddhist logicians and philosophers had no understanding of the brain or evolution.
Friday, December 5, 2008
Throwing it all away for the ideal
During my four years at Antioch, I have to admit that I felt quite wary of all the ultra-liberal political ideology that completely dominated the campus. There was something that didn't sit well with me, although I couldn't articulate what it was at the time.
I have since realized that what troubled me about Antioch was that it often put ideology before reason and empirical evidence. If you didn't accept the dogma you were branded as a racist/bigot/sexist. This fear of being rejected was sufficient to keep everyone in our smug little community in line. It also meant that we didn't have to provide real arguments in response to real criticisms. We could just lump our critics in with the evil "conspirators." Sounds cultish, eh?
Don't get me wrong--I am certainly not opposed to liberal ideas or movements such as feminism or gay rights. It's just that so much of the ultraliberal ideology is based on irrational arguments.
Gender differences is a good example. At Antioch we were led to believe that gender differences were largely the result of cultural conditioning. Some teachers and students even went so far as to say that gender differences were entirely socially constructed. While this may have some truth to it, we get nowhere when we try to ignore our obvious biological differences, our human nature.
Michael Goldfarb, an alumnus of Antioch, summed up these problems well in his June 17, 2007 opinion piece in the New York Times:
I was reminded of Antioch's lack of perspective once again this evening when I watched a video on Youtube about the Nonstop Institute, a movement by former Antioch professors and students to continue giving classes despite the loss of the campus.
The video (there are only four so far) I watched was on permaculture/organic gardening. Gardening's great, and be organic if that floats your boat! But what kind of audience is this going to appeal to? In your gardening workshop do you discuss the demerits of organic farming, the reasons why it is not feasible or even desirable for most of the world? Are the pseudoscientific arguments for organic foods debunked or blindly supported?
Most alumni and residents of Yellow Springs seem to support Nonstop's efforts. I'm not sure I'm convinced. At this point they are unaccredited, yet they are asking students to enroll, all the while falsely promising the students that their efforts may be credited sometime in the future. Is this an honest way to run an educational institution?
I understand that the courses may be of the same quality as Antioch college, and I feel bad about the despair the professors and students have had to go through.
The ship has sunk and it is time to let go and move on. It isn't ethical to draw young people, people who need an education to get ahead, under the waters with you as you go down. Responsible educators shouldn't be creating any more damage by madly clinging to something that is no longer. If the college is revived someday, then invite students to attend.
And if you do reopen your doors, Antioch, may you have learned your lesson that your ultraliberal conformist academic environment is only going to keep away students.
Friday, November 28, 2008
Some meme to die for?
I was flipping through a pamphlet I found the other day at my university and came across the following well known hymn written by the Buddhist thinker Shinran:
Such is the benevolence of Amida's great compassion,
Such is the benevolence of the masters and true teachers,
The introduction to the pamphlet states that this hymn expresses the fundamental spirit of Shin Buddhism. Read the hymn again carefully--do you feel a twinge of discomfort?
Doesn't anyone around me see that these ideas are only a few steps away from the death cult mentality? Are religious ideas worth dying for? I'm glad that the Shin Buddhists I know only play lip service to their religious beliefs. They sure get a kick out of propagating these memes though.
Maybe you think I'm going too far. What's wrong with repaying gratitude? I can comprehend working hard to repay the generosity of one's "master" or "true teacher," whatever that means, but the benevolence of Amida? Where is this benevolence? I haven't seen it. What does a statement like "the benevolence of Amida" even mean? Are empty concepts like Amida worth "breaking our bodies" for? Is this any different from saying you will die for the ideals of scientology?
Sunday, November 23, 2008
Today's Rig Veda (RV 2.12.8)
RV 2.12.8
ya/ṃ kra/ndasī saṃyatī/ vihva/yete
pa/re a/vara ubha/yā ami/trāḥ
samāna/ṃ cid ra/tham ātasthivāṁsā
nā/nā havete sa/ janāsa I/ndraḥ
Traduction par Renou:
Celui que les deux armées-hurlantes, se heurtant, appellent de façon distincte,
étant (l'une) en deçà, (l'autre) au-delà, l'une et l'autre ennemies (entre elles),
--bien que les deux (hommes) soient montés sur un même char,
ils appellent (Indra) séparément-- celui-là, gens, c'est Indra.
Geldners Übersetzung:
Den zwei Schlachthaufen, wenn sie aneinander geraten, anrufen,
die beiderseitigen Feinde hüben und drüben--
auch die zwei, die den gleichen Wagen bestiegen haben,
rufen ihn jeder besonders an--der, ihr Leute, ist Indra.
My translation:
Whom the two roaring armies call on [in their various ways] when they clash;
[Whom] both foes, [being] far and near, [call on];
Though [they both] have mounted the self-same chariot,
They call [on him] in separate ways: He, O men, is Indra!
This verse reminds me of two sports teams (or two political parties!) who conceitedly pray to the same Christian god in the hope that he will bring about their victory. Isn't it odd that you never see the losers get pissed off at the sky daddy after the game--the hypocrisy is quickly and conveniently forgotten.
Thursday, November 20, 2008
White noise
Just got back this evening from a series of presentations at my university. Three 3rd-year PhD students gave their presentations on different aspects of Buddhist Studies. Some of the presentations were mildly thought-provoking but nothing really eye-opening.
Buddhism has a long history, and an incredible variety of philosophical speculation has been done in its name. But it strikes me that this speculation is nothing more than that--just empty speculation. The worldview of Buddhism could be seen as being internally consistent, but that is not saying much. One has to accept on face value the existence of certain propositions to make the system seem viable. This is what bothers me about Buddhism and the field of Buddhist Studies.
Another thing that gets on my nerves is that many scholars of Buddhism see it as something with great significance for our so-called "material" age. They have the attitude that there is something really meaningful that Buddhism has to say, and we should get down to the bottom of it. So many of us are programmed to see the "spiritual," whatever that is, as all that is meaningful and good in the world.
A surprising number of humanities scholars have views about human nature that don't stand up to what modern scientific research is uncovering about us. Buddhism essentially sees the human mind as something that can be freely molded through certain processes of mental training, a process that leads, according to some sects, to complete emancipation from subjective forms of suffering. But is this really how the mind and our subjective states really are? Are there actually "enlightened" people? It seems like so much empty speculation, but it is something that so many people want to believe is true. We want to believe that it all has a meaning and that we won't have to face annihilation.
The rhetoric of Buddhism is misleading. By creating a detailed fantasy realm with concepts about the world and human experience, by giving complex definitions and classifications of concepts that have no real referents and then debating and refining these concepts over the course of history, Buddhism gives the believer the illusion that these concepts are describing an actual reality. If you repeat the memes over and over again, they start to take on a life of their own!
But all of this is just white noise to me now. And it seems pointless to research white noise. While I grant that studying Buddhism academically is important to find out about how people have thought about things over time, in terms of relevance to real life, it is like painstakingly researching the history of the hobbit community in the Lord of the Rings series. I simply can't help but feeling this way about religious white noise such as this.
Saturday, November 15, 2008
Today's Rig Veda (RV 2.12.7)
RV 2.12.7
ya/syā/śvāsaḥ pradi/ṣi ya/sya gā/vo
ya/sya grā/mā ya/sya vi/śve ra/thāsaḥ
ya/ḥ sū/r(i)yam ya/ uṣa/saṃ jajā/na
yo apā/ṁ netā/ sa/ janāsa I/ndraḥ
Traduction par Renou:
Celui sous le commandement duquel (sont) les chevaux, duquel les vaches,
duquel les fantassins, duquel tous les chars,
qui a engendré le soleil,
qui (est) le guide des eaux, celui-là, gens, c'est Indra.
Unter dessen Befehl die Rosse, die Rinder,
die Dorfmannschaften und alle Wagen stehen,
der die Sonne, die Morgenröte erschaffen hat,
der der Leiter der Gewässer--der, ihr Leute, ist Indra.
My translation:
Under whose command the horses, the kine,
The village troops, and all chariots [lie];
Who has engendered the sun and the [red] dawns;
Who is the leader of the waters: He, O men, is Indra!
Thursday, November 13, 2008
Today's Rig Veda (RV 2.12.6)
RV 2.12.6
yo/ radhra/sya coditā/ ya/ḥ kṛśa/sya
yo/ brahma/ṇo nā/dhamānasya kīre/ḥ
yukta/grāvṇo yo/ avitā/ suśipra/ḥ
suta/somasya sa/ janāsa I/ndraḥ
Traduction par Renou:
Celui qui (est) l'incitateur du lent, qui (l'est) du maigre,
qui (l'est) du tenant de formules qui implore, étant faible(ment inspiré),
qui est l'auxiliaire de (l'homme) qui a attelé les pierres-presseuses,
qui a pressé le soma, (ce dieu) aux belles lèvres, celui-là, gens, c'est Indra.
Der dem Schwachen, der dem Kranken,
der dem notleidenden armen Priester Mut macht,
der dem beisteht, der die Preßsteine in Gebrauch nimmt und Soma keltert,
mit der schönen (Trinker-)Lippe -- der, ihr Leute, ist Indra.
ソーマを搾りたる者の、髯美しき支援者、〜 彼は、人々よ、インドラなり。
My translation:
Who is the inciter (prime mover?) of the obedient, who [is the inciter] of the feeble,
Who [is the inciter] of the poet priest [who prays] seeking aid,
Who, with beautiful [flushed] lips, is the protector of the joiner of the pressing stones,
He who has extracted the soma: He, O men, is Indra!
Monday, November 10, 2008
Today's Rig Veda (RV 2.12.5)
RV 2.12.5
ya/ṃ smā pṛcha/nti ku/ha se/ti ghora/m
ute/m āhur na/iṣo/ astī/ti enam
so/ 'rya/ḥ puṣṭī/r vi/ja ivā/ mināti
śra/d asmai dhatta sa/ janāsa I/ndraḥ
Traduction par Renou:
Lui sur lequel on s'interroge: "où est-il?"
et l'on dit de lui (en réponse): "il n'existe pas"
c'est lui qui amenuise comme des enjeux (mauvais) les prospérités de l'étranger,
faites lui crédit! celui-là, gens, c'est Indra.
Nach dem sie fragen: Wo ist er?
--nach dem Furchtbaren, und sie sagen von ihm: 'Er ist nicht'--
er läßt die Reichtümer des großen Herrn verschwinden wie (der Glücksspieler) die (schlechten) Würfel,
glaubt an ihn-- der, ihr Leute, ist Indra.
~しかして彼につき人々はいう、「彼は存在せず」と ~
彼を信ぜよ ~ 彼は、人々よ、インドラなり。
My translation:
The terrible one about whom they (unbelievers) [skeptically] ask: "Where is he?"
And the one about whom they have said: "He is not."
He, like a [lost] wager [of a gambler], whittles away the wealth of the enemy,
Place [your] trust in him--he, O men, is Indra!
Rig Veda 10.136.1-7
Recited from memory (I made a few mistakes, but this stuff is tough!)
Meter: Anuṣṭubh (iambic cadence)
My rough translation:
(1) The long-haired one [carries] the fire, the long-haired one [carries] the poison (potion), the long-haired one supports both heaven and earth (the "weepers"), the long-haired one shows the sunlight to all--[thus] the long-haired one is called this light.
(2) The ascetics, wind-belted, are wearing brown and dirty [garments]; they follow the rush of the wind as soon as the gods take possession [of them].
(3) Ecstatic in [our] state as ascetics, we are standing on the winds; You mortals look only at our bodies.
(4) He flies through the atmospheric space, peering down on all forms; the ascetic, companion of god after god, [is] fit for benevolent acts.
(5) The horse of the wind, the companion of the breeze, and also the ascetic sent by the gods. [He] dwells [in peace] over both oceans--that in the east and that in the west.
(6) Moving around the stomping grounds of the nymphs, the gandharvas, and the wild animals, the long-haired one knows [their] intention. He is the sweet companion, the most intoxicated one.
(7) The breeze churned [the soma] up for him. Kunamnamā used to grind [the grain for the drink]. The long-haired one just drank of the poison from [his] bowl, when Rudra [drank] with him.
Saturday, November 8, 2008
Agua e Vinho
I recorded my arrangement of Egberto Gismonti's Agua e Vinho, a lovely ballad from his 1972 album of the same name.
Unfortunately, I have never heard the original composition. It's hard to get one's hands on older Gismonti recordings. I made this arrangement by ear based on some piano and guitar performances that I heard.
The piece is tricky to pull off well on the guitar, yet I believe it is relatively simple for the piano.
I'd like to do some other arrangements of Gismonti's music. Loro is one of my favorites right now.
Tuesday, November 4, 2008
Recent Performances
Our guitar duo had a couple of concerts over these last few days.
On Friday we played at the reception of Yamazaki Ryo's sculpture exhibition. It was at a gallery near Mototanaka Station called Sukaboro. Around 30-40 people showed up. We performed for about 20 minutes at the beginning of the reception. This was our program:
1. Granados: Spanish Dance No. 2
2. Morricone: New Cinema Paradise
3. Fujii Keigo (arr.): Jag vet in Delig Rosa
4. Fujii Keigo (arr.): Genkotsu Yama no Passacaglia
On Monday we played at Entokuin, a subtemple of Kodaiji. We played the same program as above before the priest's lecture. There were around 70-80 (?) people there. The setting was quite lovely. To our front was a smallish rock garden surrounded by mossy rocks and small trees.
It has been a while since we have played in public, so I felt a bit stiff. But the performance was fairly good overall. I was reminded of the importance of performing regularly in public.
Our next performance will be on the 25th of this month!
Saturday, November 1, 2008
Today's Rig Veda (RV 2.12.4)
RV 2.12.4
ye/nemā/ vi/śvā cya/vanā kṛtā/ni
yo/ dā/saṃ va/rṇam a/dharaṃ gu/hā/kaḥ
śvaghnī/va yo/ jigīvā/ṁ lakṣa/m ā/dad
arya/ḥ puṣṭā/ni: sa/ janāsa I/ndraḥ
Traduction par Renou:
Lui par qui tous ces exploits (ont été) faits,
qui a fait (en sorte que) la race dāsa (fût) en bas (comme) en cachette,
qui, comme un joueur-heureux qui a vaincu (enlève) la mise,
a enlevé les prospérités de l'étranger, celui-là, gens, c'est Indra.
Durch den alle diese Umwälzungen geschehen sind,
der die dasische Rasse unterworfen und verdunkelt hat,
der die Reichtümer des großen Herrn wegnahm wie ein
siegreicher Glücksspieler den hohen Einsatz -- der, ihr Leute, ist Indra.
-- 彼は、人々よ、インドラなり。
My translation:
By whom all these transformations were made;
Who subjected and pushed into hiding the Dāsa race;
Who, like a victorious dice-player [winning] the prize,
Took the wealth of the enemy: He, O men, is Indra!
Thursday, October 30, 2008
Today's Rig Veda (RV 2.12.3)
RV 2.12.3
yo/ hatvā/him a/riṇāt sapta/ si/ndhūn
yo/ gā/ udā/jad apadhā/ Vala/sya
yo/ a/śmanor anta/r agni/ṃ jajā/na
saṃvṛ/k sama/tsu sa/ janāsa I/ndraḥ
Traduction par Renou:
Celui qui ayant tué le dragon a fait couler les sept fleuves,
qui a poussé les vaches au-dehors, pour dé-couvrir Vala,
qui entre les deux pierres a engendré le feu,
lui qui rafle (l'enjeu) dans les combats, celui-là, gens, c'est Indra.
Der den Drachen erschlug und die sieben Ströme laufen ließ,
der die Kühe heraustrieb nach Beseitigung des Vala,
der zwischen zwei Steinen Feuer erzeugte,
der Spielgewinner in den Kämpfen -- der, ihr Leute, ist Indra.
戦闘における[獲物の]収斂者 -- 彼は、人々よ、インドラなり。
My translation:
Who, having slain the dragon, released the seven rivers;
Who drove the cows from the pen of Vala;
Who has given birth to fire between the two stones;
The appropriator in battles: He, O men, is Indra!
Thursday, October 23, 2008
Pāli Love Poetry from the Dīgha Nikāya
DN II: 265
vande te pitaraṃ bhadde, Timbaruṃ Suriya-vaccase |
yena jātā 'si kalyāṇi, ānanda-jananī mama ||
I laud your father Timbaru, O lovely Suriyavaccasā ("Radiant as the Sun"), who gave birth to you, [such] a lovely woman [who is] the source of my joy.
vāto va sedakaṃ kanto, pānīyaṃ va pipāsino |
aṅgīrasī piyā me 'si, dhammo arahatām iva ||
Like the pleasant wind to one who is perspiring, like drink to one who is thirsty, like the Dhamma to an arahant, you are my dear woman of the Aṅgiras ("Radiant Ones").
āturass' eva bhesajjaṃ, bhojanaṃ va jighacchato |
parinibbāpaya bhadde, jalantam iva vārinā ||
Like medicine for the sick, like food for the hungry, O lovely one, extinguish with [your] waters [my] burning [passion].
sītodakiṃ pokkharaṇiṃ, yuttaṃ kiñjakkha-reṇunā |
nāgo ghammābhitatto va, ogāhe te thanūdaraṃ ||
Like the elephant [that], overcome with heat, [plunges into] the cool waters of a lotus pool with its [lotus flowers with their] stamen and pollen (*image of the phallus; this is out of place here in this poem! Perhaps stamen and pollen is just a synecdochical expression for the lotus flower as a whole.), I plunge into your breasts and vagina (belly, insides?).
accaṃkuso va nāgo ca, jitaṃ me tutta-tomaraṃ |
kāraṇaṃ na ppajānāmi, sammatto lakkhaṇūruyā ||
Or like the unmanageable elephant [that knows] he has overcome the [elephant driver's] goad and lance, I am intoxicated by the sight of [your] thighs [and] know not what to do!
tayi gathita-citto 'smi, cittaṃ vipariṇāmitaṃ |
paṭigantuṃ na sakkomi, vaṅka-ghasto va ambujo ||
My mind is bound up in you, [my] mind is all bent out of shape [over you]; I cannot get away [from this passion], like a fish that has swallowed the hook.
vāmūru saja maṃ bhadde, saja maṃ manda-locane |
palissaja maṃ kalyāṇi, etam me abhipatthitaṃ ||
Embrace me, O lovely one with voluptuous thighs! Embrace me, O one with tender eyes! Completely embrace me, O beautiful one! That is what I wish for!
appako vata me santo, kāmo vellita-kesiyā |
aneka-bhāgo sampādi, arahante va dakkhiṇā ||
Aah! My desire for [this] woman with wavy hair knows little rest! Like the donations for arahants, [my desire] increases manifold.
yam me atthi kataṃ puññaṃ, arahantesu tādisu |
tam me sabbaṅga-kalyāṇi, tayā saddhiṃ vipaccataṃ ||
That merit that has been performed by me towards these sorts of arahants, that has ripened for me [in that I can be] together with you, O beautiful woman [who is] perfect in all aspects.
yam me atthi kataṃ puññaṃ, asmiṃ paṭhavi-maṇḍale |
tam me sabbaṅga-kalyāṇi, tayā saddhiṃ vipaccataṃ ||
That merit that has been performed by me on this piece of earth, that has ripened for me [in that I can be] together with you, O beautiful woman [who is] perfect in all aspects.
Sakya-putto va jhānena, ekodi nipako sato |
a-mataṃ muni jigiṁsāno, tam ahaṃ Suriya-vaccase ||
Like the son of the Sakyas [who], with meditative trance, is concentrated, wise, and mindful, a sage striving for immortality, [so] I [strive for] you, O Suriyavaccasā.
yathā pi muni nandeyya, patvā sambodhim uttamaṃ |
evaṃ nandeyyaṃ kalyāṇi, missī-bhāvaṃ gato tayā ||
And as the sage would delight, having attained highest awakening, so I would delight, O beautiful woman, having entered into sexual union with you.
Sakko ca me varaṃ dajjā, Tāvatiṁsānam issaro |
tāhaṃ bhadde vareyyāhe, evaṃ kāmo daḷho mama ||
If Sakya, the lord of the 33 gods, would grant me a wish, I would surely choose you, O lovely one, so steadfast is my desire!
sālaṃ va na ciraṃ phullaṃ, pitaraṃ te su-medhase |
vandamāno namassāmi, yassa s' etādisī pajā ||
O wise one, I shall reverently pay praise to your father, [who is as beautiful] as the sāla [tree that] will soon bloom, for [having] such offspring as you.
Wednesday, October 22, 2008
Yeti: Santa Claus for grown-ups?
I have been bedridden for the past few days due to a cold. I finally started feeling better today and should be on my feet tomorrow.
These past few days, I haven't been able to do much except surf the net, where I found some weird sites and lectures that I may blog about sometime. One of the amusing sites I came across this evening is the Yeti Project Japan. The first thing that caught my eye is that the project is backed by some major companies, which you can see at the bottom of the top page of their site.
According to their website, this year's project involved a team of seven guys who spent a couple of months in the mountains of Nepal trying to get a good shot of the elusive yeti. It is obvious from their site that they are true believers.
Looking at the official blog for their project, it appears that they have returned home with no good evidence other than something that looked like yeti footprints (whatever they may look like!). It seems like they got into this in 2003 when some people of their group spotted three human-like figures in the mountains and then rushed to the conclusion that they were indeed yeti.
The blog is a good example of the attitude of true believers: They have essentially returned empty-handed but consider their trip a complete success. They purport to have found more yeti-like footprints on this trip, and one of the members announced that (even though he has absolutely no convincing evidence) he still wants to believe (!) in the existence of yetis.
They report on their blog that NHK has done an interview with them that should be aired soon. With all the pseudo-science and fortune-tellers/aura-readers on TV in Japan these days, people will eat this up.
Saturday, October 18, 2008
More from Castelnuovo-Tedesco's Platero y yo
First movement of Castelnuovo-Tedesco's Platero y yo (op. 190), a collection of twenty-eight pieces written in 1960 for narrator and guitar. The donkey Platero makes his first entrance here, trotting along and enjoying the idyllic sights of the meadow.
The lyrics for the narrator (pasted below) were written by the Spanish poet Juan Ramón Jiménez (1881-1958).
Platero es pequeño, peludo, suave; tan blando por fuera, que se diría todo de algodón, que no lleva huesos. Sólo los espejos de azabache de sus ojos son duros cual dos escarabajos de cristal negro.
Lo dejo suelto, y se va al prado, y acaricia tibiamente con su hocico, rozándolas apenas, las florecillas rosas, celestes y gualdas... Lo llamo dulcemente: «¿Platero?» y viene a mí con un trotecillo alegre que parece que se ríe en no sé qué cascabeleo ideal...
Come cuanto le doy. Le gustan las naranjas mandarinas, las uvas moscateles, todas de ámbar; los higos morados, con su cristalina gotita de miel...
Es tierno y mimoso igual que un niño, que una niña...; pero fuerte y seco por dentro como de piedra. Cuando paso sobre él, los domingos, por las últimas callejas del pueblo, los hombres del campo, vestidos de limpio y despaciosos, se quedan mirándolo:
-Tien' asero...
Tiene acero. Acero y plata de luna, al mismo tiempo.
Some Pāli Poetry from the Dīgha Nikāya
DN III: 199-200
yen' Uttarakurū rammā, Mahā-Neru su-dassano |
manussā tattha jāyanti, a-mamā a-pariggahā ||
In the beautiful [land] of the Uttarakurus, [where] the majestic [mountain] Mahāneru [is found], there men are born, [men] free from selfishness [and] attachment to possessions.
na te bījaṃ pavapanti, na pi nīyanti naṅgalā, |
akaṭṭha-pākimaṃ sāliṃ, paribhuñjanti mānusā ||
They (those men) don't sow seeds, nor are ploughs drawn; the people [there] partake of rice that [can] mature [even] in unploughed [earth].
a-kaṇaṃ a-thusaṃ suddhaṃ, su-gandhaṃ taṇḍula-pphalaṃ |
tuṇḍikīre pacitvāna, tato bhuñjanti bhojanaṃ ||
[Those men], cooking in a gourd the kaṇa-less, husk-less, pure, aromatic [rice that] ripens [in a form] that doesn't need threshing, [they] then partake of [their] food.
DN III: 201-02
tattha nicca-phalā rukkhā, nānā-dija-gaṇāyutā |
mayūra-koñcābhirudā, kokilābhi hi vaggubhi ||
There, the trees are always in fruit, inhabited by flocks of various kinds of birds, filled with the songs of peacocks, curlews, [and] lovely cuckoos.
jīvaṃ-jīvaka-sadd' ettha, atho oṭṭhavacittakā |
kukkuṭakā kuḷīrakā, vane pokkharasātakā ||
There, the sounds of partridges, oṭṭhavacittakas, wild cocks, kuḷīrakas, and cranes [fill] the forest(s).
suka-sālika-sadd' ettha, daṇḍamānavakāni ca |
sobhati sabba-kālaṃ sā, Kuvera-nalinī sadā ||
There, [accompanied by] the songs of parrots, mynas, and daṇḍamānavakas, Kuvera's lotus pond is lovely at all times.
ito sā uttarā disā, iti naṃ ācikkhatī jano |
yaṃ disaṃ abhipāleti, mahārājā yasassi so ||
People [often] refer to that [location] (Uttarakuru) [by saying], "The area [that lies] north of here." [The person] who safeguards that area is a particularly illustrious king.
yakkhānaṃ ādhipati, Kuvero iti nāma so |
ramati nacca-gītehi, yakkhehi purakkhato ||
He is called Kuvera [and] is the lord of the yakkhas. [He] is revered by [those] yakkhas [and] delights in [their] song and dance.
Today's Rig Veda (RV 2.12.2)
RV 2.12.2
ya/ḥ pṛthivī/ṃ vya/thamānām a/dṛṃhad
ya/ḥ pa/rvatān pra/kupitāṁ a/ramṇāt
yo/ anta/rikṣaṃ vimame/ va/rīyo
yo/ dyā/m a/stabhnāt: sa/ janāsa I/ndraḥ
Traduction par Renou:
Celui qui a consolidé la terre vacillante,
qui a fait s'arrêter les montagnes qui s'étaient mises en mouvement,
qui a mesuré plus au loin l'espace-médian,
qui a étayé le ciel, celui-là, gens, c'est Indra.
Der die schwankende Erde festigte,
der die tobenden Berge zur Ruhe brachte,
der das Luftreich weiter ausmaß,
der den Himmel stützte -- der, ihr Leute, ist Indra.
天を支えたる彼 -- 彼は、人々よ、インドラなり。
My translation:
Who made fast the wavering earth,
who set to rest the raging mountains,
who meted out the atmospheric space more widely,
who supports Heaven: He, O men, is Indra!
Friday, October 17, 2008
Today's Rig Veda (RV 2.12.1)
RV 2.12.1
yo/ jāta/ eva/ prathamo/ ma/nasvān
devo/ devā/n kra/tunā parya/bhūṣat
ya/sya śu/ṣmād ro/dasī a/bhyasetāṃ
nṛmṇa/sya mahnā/: sa/ janāsa I/ndraḥ
Traduction par Renou:
Celui qui, à peine né, doué de pensée (sage), le premier,
en dieu, a environné les dieux par son pouvoir-spirituel,
lui devant la fougue duquel les deux Mondes ont eu peur,
par la puissance de sa force-virile, celui-là, gens, c'est Indra.
Der Gott, der eben geboren besonnen als Erster
mit Umsicht die Götter beschirmte,
vor dessen Wut beide Welten Furcht hatten
ob der Größe seiner Manneskraft--der, ihr Leute, ist Indra.
天地両界の怖れたる彼、-- 彼は、人々よ、インドラなり。
My translation:
Who, as the foremost celestial being [of those] endowed with powers of mind,
surpassed [all other] celestial beings in insight [even when he had] just [been] born;
at whose [hissing/terrifying] vehemence the two worlds (Heaven and Earth, "the weepers") were trembling,
[trembling at] the might of [his] manly power: He, O men, is Indra!
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
Today's Rig Veda (RV 1.1.9)
RV 1.1.9
sa/ naḥ pite/va sūna/v[e
A/]gne sūpāyano/ bhava
sa/casvā naḥ s(u/)vasta/ye
Traduction par Renou:
Tel (étant), sois nous d'accès facile
comme (l'est) un père pour le fils, ô Agni;
tiens toi à nos côtés, pour (notre) salut!
Sei du Agni uns zugänglich
wie ein Vater dem Sohne!
Sei mit uns zum Heile!
My translation:
As such, O Agni, be easily approachable to us,
like a father to his son.
Accompany us for [our] prosperity!
Tuesday, October 14, 2008
Today's Rig Veda (RV 1.1.8)
RV 1.1.8
rā/jantam adhvarā/ṇāṁ
gopā/m ṛta/sya dī/divim
va/rdhamānaṃ s(u/)ve da/me
Traduction par Renou:
...toi qui régis les rites
(comme) gardien de l'Ordre-sacré, (dieu) éclatant,
qui prends croissance en ta propre maison.
Dem Walter der Opferhandlungen,
dem Hüter des rechten Brauches, dem leuchtenden,
der im eigenen Hause heranwächst.
My translation:
[We respectfully approach thee], the ruler over the sacrifices,
the guardian of natural order, the radiant [celestial being],
[who] is growing in thine own house.
Monday, October 13, 2008
Today's Rig Veda (RV 1.1.7)
RV 1.1.7
u/pa tvāgne dive/-dive
doṣā/vastar dhiyā/ vaya/m
na/mo bha/ranta e/masi
Traduction par Renou:
Nous t'approchons jour après jour, ô Agni,
grâce à la vision-poétique, ô toi qui éclaires durant les nuits, nous-mêmes,
en t'apportant l'hommage,
Dir, Agni, nahen wir Tag für Tag,
du Dunkel-Erheller, mit Andacht,
Huldigung darbringend,
My translation:
O Agni, O illuminer of darkness,
by the [power of our] prayer
we [respectfully] approach thee day-after-day to convey [to you our] reverence.
Sunday, October 12, 2008
Today's Rig Veda (RV 1.1.6)
RV 1.1.6
yad aṅga dāśuṣe t(u)vam
Agne bhadram kariṣyasi
tavet tat satyam Aṅgiraḥ
Traduction par Renou:
En vérité, quand tu décideras toi(-même),
ò Agni, de faire du bien à l'adorateur,
c'est à toi (qu'en reviendra le mérite) réel, ò Aṅgiras.
Wenn du wirklich dem Spender
Gutes tun willst, Agni,
so wird bei dir das wahr, o Aṅgiras.
My translation:
Indeed, O Agni, the good you [deem to] do
for the worshipper,
that [good] of yours [becomes] real, O Angiras.
Saturday, October 11, 2008
Today's Rig Veda (RV 1.1.5)
RV 1.1.5
Agnir hotā kavikratuḥ
satyaś citraśravastamaḥ
devo devebhir ā gamat
Traduction par Renou:
Agni, oblateur ayant le pouvoir-spirituel d'un poète,
(Agni) réel au renom très éclatant,
dieu (lui-même), qu'il vienne avec les dieux!
Agni, der wahre Hotṛ mit Sehersinn
und am meisten ruhmglänzend,
der Gott soll mit den Göttern herkommen.
My translation:
O Agni, the sacrificer [endowed with] the spiritual power of the poet,
the true one of utmost brilliant glory,
the celestial being (Agni himself) shall come hither [to us] with the [other] celestial beings!
Friday, October 10, 2008
Daniel Dennett: Elbow Room
Daniel Dennett
Elbow Room
The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting
The following is a short summary of my impressions after reading Daniel Dennett's thought-provoking Elbow Room, a medium-length (172 pages) philosophical inquiry into the perennial problem of free will.
What I have always appreciated about Dennett's methodology is that he takes the findings of science seriously, using it to fuel much of his philosophical speculation. As he says:
"[The fear of science] survives on ignorance. It is fostered by oversimplified visions of what science has to tell us about ourselves and the rest of the universe, about causation, about time, about possibility. So long as we refuse to look closely at the details of what the scientific image of humanity might be—for fear of what we might find—the suspicion will always persist that abstract philosophical arguments purporting to prove the compatibility of freedom and science are just so much whistling in the dark." (p. 170)
"I know that the naturalistic attitude I have espoused, the attitude that encourages us to think of ourselves, imaginatively, as organic robots, as designed portions of the material universe, is odious to many humanists. I have tried to show them that in shunning it, they turn their back on a fruitful source of philosophical ideas." (p. 171)
Dennett's argument is that while "we are afraid of not having free will" (p. 5), when we examine the "bogeymen" (The Invisible Jailer, The Nefarious Neurosurgeon, The Cosmic Child Whose Dolls We Are, The Malevolent Mindreader, The Disappearing Self, The Dread Secret, as he calls them) a world devoid of free will is purported to entail, there is not as much cause for concern as we may think. Dennett urges us to think of the issue in the following way:
"Ask yourself: can I even conceive of beings whose wills are freer than our own? What regrettable feature of our lot as physical organisms is not a feature of their lot? If the ideal of freedom we hold out for is simply self-contradictory, we should hardly feel bereft when we learn we cannot have it. There's no sense wringing our hands because we can't undo the past, and can't prevent an event that actually happens, and can't create ourselves ex nihilo, and can't choose both alternatives at a decision point, and can't be perfect." (p. 172)
Another section I found interesting was Dennett's discussion of the issues of agency, deliberation, and the limits of self-knowledge. Micro-knowledge of how these processes occur within ourselves is likely impossible—indeed, these are areas to which we have "underprivileged access." Because of this, we are prone to attributing a center of agency (a self) to our mental processes:
"Faced with our inability to 'see' (by 'introspection') where the center or source of our free actions is, and loath to abandon our conviction that we really do things (for which we are responsible), we exploit the cognitive vacuum, the gaps in our self-knowledge, by filling it with a rather magical and mysterious entity, the unmoved mover, the active self." (p. 79)
"...there is something like an illusion of scale caused by magnification of effects by the nervous system. Whatever else we are, we are information-processing systems, and all information-processing systems rely on amplifiers of a sort. Relatively small causes are made to yield relatively large effects." (p. 76)
With regard to the mental activity of deliberation, which could be described as running various scenarios in our heads to determine optimal ways of acting (the "inner game of tennis" in which conflicting options compete in our heads), Dennett has some interesting things to say about why such a strategy may have arisen during the course of the brain's evolution:
"Under what conditions would the activity of asking oneself questions be useful? All one needs to suppose is that there is some compartmentalization and imperfect internal communication between components of a creature's cognitive system, so that one component can need the output of another component but be unable to address that component directly. Suppose the only way of getting component A to do its job is to provoke it into action by a certain sort of stimulus that normally comes from the outside, from another creature. If one day one discovers that one can play the role of this other and achieve a good result by autostimulation, the practice will blaze a valuable new communicative trail between one's internal components, a trail that happens to wander out into the public space of airwaves and acoustics." (p. 40)
Maybe this explains why our heads are filled with so many (often superfluous) thoughts!
Today's Rig Veda (RV 1.1.4)
RV 1.1.4
Agne yaṃ yajñam adhvaraṃ
viśvataḥ paribhūr asi
sa id deveṣu gachati
Traduction par Renou:
O Agni, le sacrifice, le rite
que tu environnes de toutes parts,
celui-là seul va chez les dieux.
Agni! Nur die Anbetung und das Opfer,
das du ganz zusammenhältst,
gelangt zu den Göttern.
My translation:
O Agni, the worship
[and] the sacrifice that you completely envelop,
only that [can] reach to the celestial beings.
Thursday, October 9, 2008
Today's Rig Veda (RV 1.1.3)
RV 1.1.3
Agninā rayim aśnavat
poṣam eva dive-dive
yaśasaṃ vīravattamam
Traduction par Renou:
Grâce à Agni puisse (le sacrifiant) atteindre richesse
(et) prospérité jour après jour,
(richesse et prospérité) honorable, très abondante en hommes d'élite!
Durch Agni möge er Reichtum
und Zuwachs Tag für Tag erlangen,
ansehnlichen, der die meisten Söhne zählt.
My translation:
Thanks to Agni, [the sacrificer] will [surely] attain riches
day-after-day [and] nothing less than prosperity most abundant
in glorious offspring.
Wednesday, October 8, 2008
Today's Rig Veda (RV 1.1.2)
RV 1.1.2
Agniḥ pūrvebhir ṛṣibhir
īḷio nūtanair uta
sa devāṁ eha vakṣati
Traduction par Renou:
Agni est digne d'être invoqué par les Prophètes antiques
ainsi que par ceux de maintenant:
qu'il convoie les dieux ici!
Agni war von den früheren Ṛṣis
und ist von den jüngsten zu berufen;
er möge die Götter hierher fahren.
My translation:
Agni, worthy of being praised by the ancient Seers
and also [the Seers of] the present--
he shall [surely] lead the celestial beings here!
Tuesday, October 7, 2008
Castelnuovo-Tedesco: Melancolía
This is movement no. VII (Melancolía) from Castelnuovo-Tedesco's Platero y yo (opus 90), a set of pieces written in 1960 for narrator and guitar. The lyrics to be read by the narrator are from Juan Ramón Jiménez's poem of the same name. The Spanish poet Jiménez (1881-1958) received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1956. This poem was written in 1914 as a reflection on his hometown in Andalusia.
Tedesco's composition style is programmatic, and this movement depicts the narrator's visit to the grave of Platero, his beloved donkey. The narrator asks Platero if he still remembers him down here on earth. As a sign from heaven, a white butterfly flutters by. This is the "fluttery" passage that you can hear at the end.
Here is the section of the poem (section no. 135 of 138 sections) that goes with this movement:
Esta tarde he ido con los niños a visitar la sepultura de Platero, que está en el huerto de la Piña, al pie del pino redondo y paternal. En torno, abril había adornado la tierra húmeda de grandes lirios amarillos.
Cantaban los chamarices allá arriba, en la cúpula verde, toda pintada de cenit azul, y su trino menudo, florido y reidor, se iba en el aire de oro de la tarde tibia, como un claro sueño de amor nuevo.
Los niños, así que iban llegando, dejaban de gritar. Quietos y serios, sus ojos brillantes en mis ojos, me llenaban de preguntas ansiosas.
—¡Platero amigo!—le dije yo a la tierra— ; si, como pienso, estás ahora en un prado del cielo y llevas sobre tu lomo peludo a los ángeles adolescentes, ¿me habrás, quizá, olvidado? Platero, dime: ¿te acuerdas aún de mí?
Y, cual contestando a mi pregunta, una leve mariposa blanca, que antes no había visto, revolaba insistentemente, igual que un alma, de lirio en lirio...
The 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics
I just saw on the news this evening that three Japanese researchers, Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, and Toshihide Masukawa have received the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics. This is great news! I hope this will inspire younger generations in Japan to pursue the sciences.
With the increasing number of pseudoscience/antiscience books seen on the market in Japan recently, it is refreshing to know that Japan can still kick some butt in these areas.
Today's Rig Veda (RV 1.1.1)
RV 1.1.1
agnim īḷe purohitam
yajñasya devam ṛtvijam
hotāraṃ ratnadhātamam
Traduction par Renou:
J'invoque Agni (en tant que) préposé (au culte),
dieu du sacrifice, officiant,
oblateur conférant les trésors par excellence.
Agni berufe ich als Bevollmächtigten,
als Gott-Priester des Opfers,
als Hotṛ, der am meisten Lohn einbringt.
My translation:
I praise Agni, the presiding priest,
the celestial ministrant of the sacrifice,
the sacrificer, the greatest bestower of treasures.
And here I start...
Had a good meeting today at Kyoto Univ. with the linguistics professor. I am hoping to get into the program next April if everything goes as planned.
I'd like to keep this blog as a record of my thoughts and experiences I'll have over the next few years. I made a big change in my life recently--that's a topic I'll write about later.
After the meeting, I came back to Otani and spent an hour or so reading Daniel Dennett's Elbow Room, a philosophical inquiry into the issue of free will. It looks like it should be interesting.
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Evo-Ed: Integrative Cases in Evolution Education
Cases for Evolution Education
Molecular Genetics
The round seed phenotype is derived from the R allele of the SBE1 gene in Pisum sativum pea plants. This allele codes for a functional starch branching enzyme that converts amylose into amylopectin. Conversely, the wrinkled seed phenotype is derived from the recessive r allele. This allele is a variant of the R allele of the SBE1 gene that codes for a non-functional starch branching enzyme.
Round, starchy peas are represented by the little r allele. Wringkled sweet peas are respresented by the big R allele.
Effect of the Alleles
The R allele of the SBE1 gene is comprised of 3550 nucleotides. These nucleotides code for a chain of 960 amino acids that form the starch branching enzyme. The r allele is identical to the R allele with one notable exception – there is an extra segment of 800 nucleotides that has been inserted into the middle, making is nearly 4400 nucleotides in length. This insertion mutation means that the enzyme formed by the resulting amino acid chain is essentially non-functional and unable to convert amylose into amylopectin.On the left, the round starchy peas's code of 3550 nucleotides. On the right the wrinkled sweet peas with the same 3500 nucleotides plus and extra 800 nucleotides.
Instead, the presence of the r allele results in excess glucose that combines with fructose to produce sucrose. The additional sucrose means that homozygous rr pea seeds taste sweeter. Any pea plant that has at least one R allele will be able to make functional starch branching enzymes for use within pea plant seed cells. This explains why the R allele is considered dominant over the r allele.
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Rule of Law
Australian democracy is underpinned by the ‘rule of law’. This means that all Australians are protected by the law and have access to the courts for justice. The rule of law also ensures that no-one is above the law, including the rulers.
This trail explores the history of the rule of law in Australia. It traces the development of Australia’s court system, and maps places associated with landmark decisions by the High Court of Australia.
The Museum of Australian Democracy would like to thank the High Court of Australia for its assistance in the development of this trail.
A message to Indigenous Australians
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Dinosaur-Era Shark With 300 Teeth Discovered at Algarve coast
A team of European Union researchers has discovered a Dinosaur-Era shark. It has 300 teeth and snake-like head. The team has found it at Algarve coast in Portugal. The shark was swimming at a depth of about 701 meters. The researchers say that there were absolute darkness and extreme cold at this depth. The researchers also say that the shark has frilled teeth that allow it to trap squid, fish, and any other prey. The scientists have named it Chlamydoselachus anguineus. They have named it so because of its gill arrangement having 300 teeth. These teeth were in the form of 25 lines.
The researchers were conducting research on how to minimize the unwanted catches during commercial fishing. The scientists are saying that this species of shark is about 80 million years old. The scientists are also saying that the peers of this shark had died long ago. They consider Tyrannosaurus rex and triceratops as its peers. The Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere says that the fish has a length of about 1.5 meters.
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Here, it is important to mention that Shark live in the Atlantic and in waters near Japan, New Zealand, and Australia. Still, the scientists are unable to carve out the reason for its being alive. Earlier this year, the scientists have discovered a lot of deep sea creatures. A toothy faceless fish, a thorny red crab, and blue-eyed coffinfish are some of those discoveries. Still, the experts say that more than 90% of deep sea waters are unexplored.
The European Researchers have caught this shark with the help of trawler. They were conducting research and ended up on the discovery of the rarest and the most ancient creature.
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The History of Birmingham
Britain’s second-largest city, Birmingham, has a long history that dates back thousands of years. It was no more than a small hamlet in the 7th century, lying on the edge of the ancient and once vast Forest of Arden. This small hamlet had turned into a medium-sized market town by the Middle Ages and then, skipping forward a few hundred years, became an important cultural and industrial center.
The two events that most shaped modern Birmingham were the Midlands Enlightenment of the late 18th century and the Industrial Revolution, which extended into the first half of the 19th century.
Birmingham became England’s progressive hub during the Age of Enlightenment, to the extent that a parallel movement called the “Midlands Enlightenment” (aka “Birmingham Enlightenment”) was recognized. At the center of this movement was the Lunar Society of Birmingham, which brought together great thinkers from all areas of life to exchange ideas with each and with the intellectual elites of Europe.
The Birmingham area was pivotal to England’s advancement during the 18th century. It was the lens through which the country began to see momentous change and it played a leading role in executing that change. The Midlands Enlightenment was a movement that linked great thinking with more practical concerns, such as scientific and technological advancement. It paved the way for Britain’s Industrial Age and created huge economic growth.
Today, Birmingham is a city that is being modernized, regenerated and renovated. It is dubbed, like several European cities, as the “Venice of the North”, because of its system of canals. There are many attractive waterside resting places and walks around Birmingham, and the architecture is ever being improved. There are modern shopping centers like the Mailbox and the Bullring. The latter includes the famous and oft-photographed Selfridges building with its bubble wrap facade.
Outside of London, there are few more enthralling places to visit than Birmingham, with its deep sense of history and dedication to innovation and growth.
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what is the summary of the chapter indigo by Louis fischer? this story portraits Gandhi's struggle for the poor peasants of champaran. A sharecropper named rajkumar shukla compelled him to visit champaran because of the long term injustice of landlords.Then the two of them boarded a train for the city of patna in bihar. From there shukla led him to the house of a lawyer named rajendra prasad. Mahatma Gandhi's humble and simple attire made the servants mistook him as another poor peasant. He surveyed before taking any vital step in order to get those peasants justice. It was the time when british government punished those who in any condition gave shelter to national leaders or protesters. Gandhi's arrival and the nature of his mission spread like a wildfire. Many lawyers and peasant groups came in large numbers to support him. The lawyers accepted the fact that their charges were high and for a poor peasant it will be an irk. Gandhiji rebuked them for collecting big fee from the sharecroppers. He stressed on counseling as this would give the peasants enough confidence to fight their fear. Most of arable land in the champaran district was divided into large estate owned by Englishmen and worked by Indian tenants. The chief commercial crop was indigo. The landlords compelled all tenants to plant 15% of their indigo and surrender the entire indigo harvest as rent. This was done by long term contract.The British didn't need the indigo crop any more when Germany had developed synthetic indigo. Just to release the peasants from the 15% agreement they demanded compensation. some illiterate peasants agreed but the others refused.
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TY - BOOK DB - /z-wcorg/ DP - http://worldcat.org ID - 29549000 LA - English T1 - How mountains are made AU - Zoehfeld, Kathleen Weidner, AU - Hale, James Graham, PB - HarperCollins CY - New York, NY Y1 - 1995/// SN - 0060245093 9780060245092 0060245107 9780060245108 0064451283 9780064451284 AB - Even though Mount Everest measures 29,028 feet high, it may be growing about two inches a year. A mountain might be thousands of feet high, but it can still grow taller or shorter each year. Mountains are created when the huge plates that make up the earth's outer shell very slowly pull and push against one another. Read and find out about all the different kinds of mountains. The earth's continents rest on plates that move slowly across our planet's molten center. Over time, the motion of these plates causes mountains to form. Packed with diagrams and maps, this engaging book thoroughly describes plate tectonic theory and how the forces of nature shape our world. ER -
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Public Release:
Why can hot water freeze faster than cold water?
Spanish researchers have discovered this effect in granular media, opening the door to the theoretical understanding of the Mpemba effect
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
IMAGE: A team of researchers from Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, the Universidad de Extremadura and the Universidad de Sevilla have defined a theoretical framework that could explain the Mpemba effect,... view more
Credit: UC3M
The researchers, who have recently published the findings in Physical Review Letters, have confirmed how this phenomenon occurs in granular fluids, that is, those composed of particles that are very small and interact among those that lose part of their kinetic energy. Thanks to this theoretical characterization, "we can simulate on a computer and make analytical calculations to know how and when the Mpemba effect will occur," said Antonio Lasanta. Lasanta is from the UC3M Gregorio Millán Barbany University Institute for Modeling and Simulation on Fluid Dynamics, Nanoscience and Industrial Mathematics. "In fact," he said, "we find not only that the hottest can cool faster but also the opposite effect: the coldest can heat faster, which would be called the inverse Mpemba effect."
The fact that preheated liquids freeze faster than those that are already cold was observed for the first time by Aristotle in the 4th century AD. Francis Bacon, the father of scientific empiricism, and René Descartes, the French philosopher, were also interested in the phenomenon, which became a theory when, in 1960, a Tanzanian student named Erasto Mpemba explained to his teacher in a class that the hottest mixture of ice cream froze faster than the cold one. This anecdote inspired a technical document about the subject, and the effect began to be analyzed in educational and science magazines. However, its causes and effects have hardly been studied until now.
"It is an effect that, historically, has not been addressed in a rigorous manner but merely as an anomaly and a didactic curiosity," said Antonio Prados, one of the researchers from the Universidad de Sevilla Department of Theoretical Physics. "From our perspective, it was important to study it in a system with the minimum ingredients to be able to control and understand its behavior," he said. This has enabled them to understand what scenarios it is easier to occur in, which is one of the main contributions of this scientific study. "Thanks to this, we have identified some of the ingredients so that the effect occurs in some physical systems that we can describe well theoretically," stated researcher Francisco Vega Reyes and Andrés Santos, from the Universidad de Extremadura Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (Institute of Advanced Scientific Computation).
"The scenario that the effect will most easily occur in is when the velocities of the particles before heating or cooling have a specific disposition--for example, with a high dispersion around the mean value," he said. This way, the evolution of the temperature of the fluid can be significantly affected if the state of the particles is prepared before the cooling.
This research of "basic science," in addition to contributing to improving fundamental knowledge, might have other applications in the mid or long term. In fact, this group of researchers is planning to carry out an experiment that verifies the theory. Learning to emulate and use this effect might have applications in our daily life, according to scientists. For example, it could be used to make electronic devices which we want to cool faster.
Video (spanish and english subtitles):
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Angular Speed vs Actual Speed.docx - Section 2: Angular Speeds and Actual Speeds
Angular Speed vs Actual Speed.docx
Angular Speed vs Actual Speed.docx
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Ferris Wheel Speeds
Unit 9: Ferris Wheels
Lesson 5 of 11
Objective: SWBAT determine the actual speed of a rider on a Ferris wheel given the angular speed of the wheel and vice versa.
Big Idea: How fast is the rider actually moving as the wheel turns? How do changing the angular speed and the radius of the wheel affect the speed of the rider? Students make a generalization about how these changes affect the rider's speed.
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Explorer and Artist William Bartram
William Bartram
On February 9, 1739, William Bartram, America’s first native-born naturalist, was born near Philadelphia.
In 1761, Bartram moved to Bladen County, where his uncle owned a plantation called Ashwood on the Cape Fear River. He opened a store and spent his free time exploring the flora and fauna of the region.
Bartram, demonstrating his significant artistic talent, provided patrons in England with drawings of American plants and animals as early as 1753. In 1773, John Fothergill, a London physician and proprietor of the largest botanical garden in England, commissioned Bartram to travel through the southeast collecting objects of natural history. That March he set out on the trip outlined in his book, Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida.
One of Bartram’s drawing. Image from the Natural History Museum, London.
While on his travels in May 1776, in what is now the Nantahala National Forest, Bartram encountered a Cherokee band led by chief Attakullakulla. In his writings, he described not only the flora and fauna but also the native Indians, cataloging forty-three towns and villages of the Cherokee nation. Bartram returned to Philadelphia after his expedition in 1777. His book,Travels, published in 1791, became the most important description of the southeastern United States during the eighteenth century.
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The African Meeting House on Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts
The African Meeting House on Beacon Hill is the oldest African American extant church in the United States. Built in the Colonial style in 1806 largely by black laborers in the heart of Boston’s African American community, the meetinghouse was a magnet for the free and self-emancipated black community in the new republic’s formative years. The African Meeting House served as a center for the community as a church, school, and public space for celebrations, political and social reform meetings. Its walls hosted key figures in the Abolitionist Movement including William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, Maria Stewart, and Colonel Robert Gould Shaw. As the black community migrated to other neighborhoods in the late nineteenth century, the African Meeting House became a Jewish synagogue until 1972 when the Museum of African American History acquired it. Returned to its mid-nineteenth century appearance, the African Meeting House is a testament to black craftsmanship and a symbol for equality and freedom of speech.
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Bleating Tree Frog (Litoria dentata)
The Bleating Tree Frog is smallish species up to 45mm long and creamish brown to pale grey in colour, often with a darker patch running down the spine. The groin and backs of the thighs are frequently yellow and the belly is a yellowish white colour. The upper part of the eye is red and both the fore and hind limbs have large toe discs to aid in climbing.
It is often seen in coastal lagoons, ponds and swamps and particularly favours those locations with a grassy edge or beneath bark and large stones where it can hide. The males call from the ground close to water and are often only heard after heavy spring and summer rain. Locally uncommon, and possibly extinct, although some historical records of it being in the local government area (LGA) exist.
Size: up to 5cm
Status: Locally uncommon
Eggs: Once the eggs are fertilised the female kicks the water with her back legs dispersing the eggs. They spread out and sink, landing on the substrate.
Tadpoles: Are medium sized and are usually dark brown in colour. These tadpoles feed throughout the water column, but are often seen at the surface. They have also been observed swimming in groups.
Call: A high pitched bleat, almost painful in its pitch and volume.
Known Localities: Historical records exist from St Ives, Lindfield and Roseville
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Saturday, December 25, 2004
Twin and Triple Peaked Mountain
The earliest shell mound people did not apparently have any special usage for the mounds they built. As time goes by, we see they eventually use the artifices as religious platforms and burial sites.
Possibly the religious nature of the mounds is linked directly with the worship of mountains. The first Sumerian ziggurats were constructed upon large mounds and they were models of the sacred mountain.
The idea of the dueling volcanoes is often contained in a hybrid motif. These types of motifs were quite common among the ancients. The dragon in Chinese art, for example, can contain features of the snake, crocodile, fish, bird, goat and bull. Each part of the hybrid motif might have very important symbolic significance. Unfortunately, in many cases this significance is lost.
The twin-peaked mountain could represent both a single volcano with its caldera, and two closely positioned volcanoes, at the same time. Mandara, the mountain involved in the Milky Ocean story, is described in the Ramayana as having two peaks.
There are a number of symbols of a three-peaked mountain showing either the middle peak collapsed or with the Sun representing the third peak and, at the same time, a volcanic eruption. In the image below we see the Sumerian cuneiform representation of "mountain," the Chinese character Shan with the same meaning and possibly the higher middle peak also representing a volcanic dome, and the Egyptian hieroglyph Akhet representing the twin-peaked mountain in which the Sun resides and from where it arises. The lower part of the image shows the sun god Shamash standing between the twin peaks of Mashu.
Similar types of symbols can also be found among the Moche of Peru and at Teotihuacan in Mexico.
The Chinese geographer Chau Ju-Kua states that in Sanfotsi a "Buddha" known as the "Hill of Gold and Silver" was worshipped. This may be a symbolic reference to the double volcano. Gold often represents the Sun and Yang polarity, while silver represents the Moon and Yin polarity, although sometimes this order is reversed.
In Southeast Asia, the names of two early kingdoms, the Sailendra and probably Funan, both translate to "King of the Mountain." Similar titles are found throughout the region.
These titles derive ultimately from the priest-king of the clan confederacies.
Paul Kekai Manansala
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He probably didn't wear this hat: Francis Salvador was an unsung hero of the American Revolution (reenacted here)—the "Southern Paul Revere" who galloped to warn of British attacks and the first Jewish person elected to office in the United States.
Photograph by George F. Mobley, National Geographic
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On January 11, 1775, Francis Salvador, nicknamed the “Southern Paul Revere,” took his seat as part of the South Carolina Provincial Congress in Charlestown (now Charleston). Salvador was the first Jewish person elected to office in what would become the United States.
Salvador was a Sephardic Jew from a prosperous family in England. His family had recently lost much of their wealth. Salvador moved to South Carolina in 1773, seeking a better, more independent life for his wife and children. They remained in London until Salvador’s plantation in western South Carolina (what was called “Jews’ Land”) was settled.
Salvador quickly joined the Revolutionary War. He earned his nickname, the “Southern Paul Revere,” in the summer of 1776, when his horse galloped nearly 45 kilometers (28 miles) to warn settlers of a planned attack by Cherokee and Loyalist (pro-British) forces.
Soon after completing his famous ride, Salvador became the first Jewish soldier killed in the Revolutionary War when he was shot and scalped by Loyalist-Cherokee troops near the Keowee River.
• Term Part of Speech Definition Encyclopedic Entry
Cherokee Noun
people and culture native to the southeastern United States.
Congress Noun
legislative branch of the government, responsible for making laws. The U.S. Congress has two bodies, the House of Representatives and the Senate.
elect Verb
to choose by vote.
gallop Verb
to ride a horse at full speed.
independent Adjective
free from influence, threat, or support.
Jewish Adjective
plantation Noun
large estate or farm involving large landholdings and many workers.
prosperous Adjective
financially successful.
Revolutionary War Noun
(1775-1783) conflict between Great Britain and the colonies that became the United States. Also called the American War of Independence.
rural Adjective
having to do with country life, or areas with few residents.
scalp Verb
to tear the skin from the head.
Sephardic Adjective
having to do with the Jewish communities of the Iberian Peninsula, expelled from Spain and Portugal in 1492.
settler Noun
person who migrates and establishes a residence in a largely unpopulated area.
troop Noun
a soldier.
wealth Noun
amount of money or other valuable materials.
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Leapfrog – Solution
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If you’ve played with this problem for a while, you might have noticed that getting to (1, 1) is quite troublesome. Every time the frogs seem to get close, they just miss the mark.
There’s a reason for that!
To see why this is so hard, let’s take a closer look at what a leap looks like.
Leap Analysis 1
To get from one frog’s location to another frog’s location, you can always take some number of steps to the right and some number of steps up. Let’s call these changes x and y. If the first frog’s coordinates are (a, b), we can write the coordinates of the second frog in terms of a, b, x, and y: the second frog is at (a + x, b + y). (Take a minute to convince yourself this still works when x and y are negative or zero. Draw a picture to see what that looks like.)
Now to get from the first frog’s location to its landing place, we take that x and y and go twice as far right and twice as far up:
Leap Analysis 2
So our landing place is at (a + 2x, b + 2y).
Now here’s the key: 2x and 2y are both even, and odd + even = odd and even + even = even. So, for instance, if a is even and b is odd, a + 2x will be even and b + 2y will be odd, no matter what x and y are. In other words, it doesn’t matter where the leapee is relative to the leaper: a frog starting at (even, odd) coordinates such as (0, 1) will always land at (even, odd) coordinates such as (4, -1). Likewise, a frog starting at (even, even) coordinates such as (0, 0) will always land at (even, even) coordinates such as (2, 0), and a frog starting at (odd, even) coordinates such as (1, 0) will always land at (odd, even) coordinates such as (-1, 2). (The technical term here is parity, meaning evenness or oddness. Leaps preserve the parity of the leaper’s coordinates.)
But (1, 1) is (odd, odd). That doesn’t match the pattern for any of the frogs’ starting coordinates in this game. So no matter how long the frogs play this game of leapfrog, they won’t be able to get to (1, 1) – it’s actually impossible given the starting configuration.
Can you add one more frog – not at (1, 1) – so that getting to (1, 1) is possible?
As an extra challenge: we’ve proved there are some coordinates the frogs can’t get to, but we haven’t proved what they can get to. (Notice that if we put all three frogs on a line, they’ll stay on the line no matter what jumps we make.) If the frogs start at (0, 0), (1, 0), and (0, 1), what coordinates can they reach?
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Students in this unit analyze the novel The Reader for its standpoints on human rights and the concept of coming to terms with the past. They reflect on the concept of guilt and justice after human rights violations/crimes against humanity and relate the German past to a more personal present.
Lesson Plan
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Actinomycosis is a rare type of bacterial infection caused by actinomyces bacteria. The four main types are oral cervicofacial, thoracic, abdominal and pelvic.
Actinomycosis is a rare type of bacterial infection caused by a group of bacteria called actinomycetaceae.
Most bacterial infections are confined to one part of the body because the bacteria are unable to penetrate the body's tissue.
However, actinomycosis is unusual in that the infection is able to move slowly but steadily through body tissue.
Symptoms of actinomycosis vary depending on the type of infection, but can include:
• swelling and inflammation of affected tissue
• tissue damage that results in scar tissue
• formation of abscesses (pus-filled swellings)
• small holes or tunnels that develop in tissue and leak a type of lumpy pus
Read more about the symptoms of actinomycosis.
Types of actinomycosis
In theory, actinomycosis can develop almost anywhere inside the tissue of the human body. But the condition tends to affect certain areas of the body and can be classified into four main types.
They are:
• oral cervicofacial actinomycosis
• thoracic actinomycosis
• abdominal actinomycosis
• pelvic actinomycosis
These are described below.
Oral cervicofacial actinomycosis
Oral cervicofacial actinomycosis is where the infection develops inside the neck, jaw or mouth. In the past, if the condition developed in the jaw it was known as lumpy jaw.
Most cases of oral cervicofacial actinomycosis are caused by dental problems, such as tooth decay or a jaw injury.
Oral cervicofacial actinomycosis is the most common type of actinomycosis, accounting for 50-70% of all cases.
Thoracic actinomycosis
Thoracic actinomycosis is where the infection develops inside the lungs or associated airways.
Most cases of thoracic actinomycosis are thought to be caused by people accidentally inhaling droplets of contaminated fluid into their lungs.
Thoracic actinomycosis accounts for an estimated 15-20% of cases.
Abdominal actinomycosis
Abdominal actinomycosis is where the infection develops inside the abdomen (tummy).
This type of actinomycosis can have a range of potential causes. It can develop as a secondary complication of a more common infection, such as appendicitis, or after accidentally swallowing a foreign object, such as a chicken bone.
Abdominal actinomycosis accounts for an estimated 20% of all cases.
Pelvic actinomycosis
Pelvic actinomycosis is where the infection develops inside the pelvis.
It usually only occurs in women because most cases are caused when the actinomyces bacteria are spread from the female genitals into the pelvis.
Most cases of pelvic actinomycosis are thought to be associated with the long-term use of an intrauterine device (IUD). This type of contraceptive is often known as the coil.
Pelvic actinomycosis usually only occurs if the coil is left in for longer than the manufacturer recommends.
Pelvic actinomycosis accounts for an estimated 10% of all cases.
What causes actinomycosis?
Actinomycosis is caused by a family of bacteria known as actinomycetaceae. In most cases, the bacteria live harmlessly on the lining of the mouth, throat, digestive system and vagina (in women).
The bacteria only pose a problem if the tissue lining becomes damaged by injury or disease, allowing the bacteria to penetrate deeper into the body.
This is potentially serious because these are anaerobic bacteria, which means they thrive in parts of the body where there isn't much oxygen, such as deep inside body tissues.
However, an advantage of actinomyces bacteria being anaerobic is that they can't survive outside the human body. This means that actinomycosis isn't a contagious condition.
Read more about the causes of actinomycosis.
Diagnosing actinomycosis
In its initial stages, actinomycosis can be a challenging condition to diagnose correctly because it shares symptoms with other more common conditions. It's often only discovered during tests or surgery to check for other conditions.
For example, many cases of actinomycosis are detected when biopsies are carried out to check for cancer. A biopsy is where a small tissue sample is removed so it can be examined under a microscope.
Actinomycosis can usually be more confidently diagnosed in its later stages, after the sinus tracts have appeared in the surface of the skin.
This is because the sulphur granules produced by the sinus tracts during an actinomycosis infection have a distinctive shape that can be identified under a microscope.
Treating actinomycosis
Actinomycosis usually responds well to treatment, which involves taking a long-term course of antibiotics.
An initial course of antibiotic injections is usually recommended for 2 to 6 weeks, followed by antibiotic tablets for another 6 to 12 months.
A nurse should be able to teach you how to administer antibiotic injections at home so you don't need to stay in hospital for the duration of the course.
The preferred antibiotics for treating actinomycosis are benzylpenicillin, which is used for the antibiotic injections, and amoxicillin tablets.
In some cases, other bacteria are also present and more than one antibiotic or other antibiotics will need to be given.
Side effects of these antibiotics include:
• diarrhoea
• nausea (feeling sick)
• skin rash
• increased vulnerability to fungal infections, such as oral thrush (a fungal infection that occurs in the mouth)
If you're allergic to penicillin, alternative antibiotics such as tetracycline or erythromycin can be used.
Read more about antibiotics.
In some cases, minor surgery may be required to repair the damaged tissue and drain pus out of the abscesses.
Complications of actinomycosis
Abscesses that develop as a result of actinomycosis may form in many parts of your body, including your lungs. They can spread easily from one part of your body to another.
If the original site of the infection is located in the skin of your face, it may spread to nearby parts of your body, such as your scalp or ears.
If the original site of the infection is your mouth, it may spread to your tongue, larynx (voicebox), trachea (windpipe) and salivary glands, and the tubes that connect your throat to your nose.
If the infection spreads to your brain, a brain abscess could develop.
Preventing actinomycosis
Most cases of oral actinomycosis occur as a result of poor dental hygiene. This means practising good dental hygiene is the best way to prevent actinomycosis.
Read about preventing tooth decay and dental health for more information and advice about good oral hygiene practices.
Your Neighbourhood Professionals Dr Ian Hart - Pain Management Consultant Tula Health - Kinesiology
© Neighbourhood Direct Ltd 2017
Wentworth Avenue, Britwell Estate, Slough, SL2 2DG
Practice Website supplied by Oldroyd Publishing Group
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Jim Thorpe
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• Published : March 6, 2007
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James Francis Thorpe of the Sac and Fox Tribe, was born May 22, 1887, on the Sac and Fox Indian Reservation, Prague, Oklahoma. His Indian name is "Wa-Tho-Huk" which meant "Bright Path."
Being Indian brought some challenges with it in his early life. When Jim started primary school, he hated it because of the discipline. "The government believed that the only way to break in Indians to white culture was through a strict regime" (Richards 21). The discipline was used if Indians used Indian language, were caught roughhousing, came late to meals or had a sloppy appearance (Richards 24). Those years were not fun for him. He only enjoyed the game of baseball. Jim and his twin brother Charlie, who died of pneumonia when Jim was nine years old, had outdoor adventures like swimming, fishing, camping, hunting and Indian games like "Follow the Leader", "Fox and Geese" (Richards 20). "That kind of life-style was the foundation of Jim's athletic development," says Gregory Richards. There were no organized sports or any coach to train him at that time. So he learned what agility, stamina, and endurance meant in competition by these games.
When Jim turned eleven, he was sent to Haskell Institute in Kansas to face tough challenges like living alone, and learning to be an Indian in the society. He also met with a new white man's game that let him rise above the rest, was football. His mother passed away when he was seventeen years old. He left Kansas and signed up for Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania. Then his father passed away. So he had no parents to go back to Oklahoma. The government found him a guardian to help his payments. He took part in the "outing system," which was placing Indian students to white citizens for a few months to learn more about white's way of life. "He cleaned the house, helped out the kitchen but it was not a happy situation for someone who enjoyed outdoors so much" (Richards 34). Jim had to do house work instead of practicing baseball or football because of his economical status. Three years was enough for teenage Thorpe in the program, he had to play football, so he ran back to Carlisle in 1907.
He made track squad and worked hard for football after he came back to school. In 1908, he was the main player of the football team. He also won gold medals with track field program. In the summer, instead of going to home, he went to North Carolina to play baseball. He found a team in Eastern Carolina Leagues that paid him fifteen dollars a week. He loved baseball enough to forget about the low pay. He enjoyed playing baseball and did not return to Carlisle. When he heard that team was not doing well, he went back before the season games started. He had very a successful season that even the newspapers say "the star of the meet". Once, Thorpe and the rest of the Carlisle football team didn't think they stood a chance against the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, which was a much more accomplished team. Then the Carlisle coach reminded the team that the fathers and grandfathers of the West Point players made up the army that had fought and defeated the Indians. Carlisle won the game, twenty-seven to six.
That same year Jim met with Iva Miller. Everything was going very well with him. He was probably country's most famous college football player. Then he made it to the United States Olympic Team when he was twenty-four years old, when he entered the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm. By the end of a week's Olympic activity, he had become the world's most acclaimed athlete as well (Halberstam).
Reporting for the New York Herald Tribune in 1953, Red Smith wrote that in the pentathlon, Jim had won the broad jump, and the 200-meter hurdles. He broke the records in 1,500-meters. He also was second in the discus throw, 1,500 meter run and was third in javelin throw, in pole vault and 100-meters. In the decathlon he was first in the high hurdles, the shot-put, the high jump and the 1,500. He also placed...
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The F-Scale (also known as the Fascist Scale)is a personality inventory that was created in California in 1947 as a measure of authoritarian traits or tendencies, as well as capacity for independent thought and self-will.
The F-scale was, in the wake of WWII, designed and named for identifying and measuring the negative and aggressive human traits that had been encouraged by the Fascist political movement that had swept through Europe in the early 20th century; aggression, conformity, cynical attitudes, susceptibility to superstition and stereotypes, conventionalism (belief in blind obedience and "fitting in"), and positive attitudes towards power, toughness, and destructiveness. The scale is still clinically used to measure prejudice and attitudes about power and authority.
Add flashcard Cite Random
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Open Educational Resources
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Displaying 1 - 50 of 131 results
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3/28/2014 Scott Adamson
Creating an Exponential Model - The Salary Problem
This video is a short demonstration of how a constant percent change can be represented using an exponential function. The context is an individual is given a salary and gets a 5% annual raise.
3/28/2014 Phillip Clark
HSF-LE.A.1c HSF-LE.A.2 MP.7 HS Video
3/29/2014 Trey Cox
Exploring the Function Definition and Notation
4/1/2014 Phillip Clark
Modeling with Exponential Functions
A worksheet involving exponential modeling.
6/2/2014 Phillip Clark
HSF-LE.A.4 MP.1 MP.4 HS Activity
Growth Factors
This short video describes where a growth factor comes from and how to use it for a percent increase.
6/3/2014 Phillip Clark
6.RP.A.3c MP.7 HS 6 Video
System of Inequalities
6/5/2014 Tami Carr
Problem Solving Template
6/5/2014 Matthew Perales
5 6 7 8 HS Resource
Quadratic - Fence Problem
This is an activity designed to introduce a lot of concepts tied to quadratic functions. A piece of advice, make sure each group uses TWO pieces of pipe cleaners.
6/5/2014 William Zimmerer
To Rent or Not to Rent....
An real world intro activity to solving systems of equations using a graph.
6/5/2014 Ashley Morris
8.EE.C.8c 8.EE.C.8b HSA-CED.A.2 HSA-REI.C.6 MP.1 MP.3 MP.4 MP.6 8 HS Activity
Transforming a Sine Function
This applet allows the user to transform the coefficients of a sine function and see how it changes the resulting graph.
6/5/2014 Phillip Clark
HS Resource
6/5/2014 Jacelyn O'Roark
Definite Integral using Substitution
6/11/2014 Phillip Clark
Inside Mathematics Educator Resource Site
6/13/2014 Phillip Clark
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Resource
Mathematics Vision Project Website
6/13/2014 Phillip Clark
HS Resource
Average Athletics
One of the measures of central tendency is the mean/average. Many do not know much about the average other than it is calculated by "adding up all of the numbers and dividing by the number of numbers". This activity is designed to help students get a conceptual understanding of what an average is and not just how to calculate a numerical value.
9/4/2014 Trey Cox
6.SP.A.2 6.SP.A.3 6.SP.B.5c 6.SP.B.5d MP.2 MP.4 6 7 Activity
SRS vs. Convenience Sample in the Gettysburg Address
Students have an interesting view of what a random sample looks like. They often feel that just closing their eyes and picking “haphazardly” will be enough to achieve randomness. This lesson should remove this misconception. Students will be allowed to pick words with their personal definition of random and then forced to pick a true simple random sample and compare the results.
9/4/2014 Trey Cox
6.SP.A.1 6.SP.B.4 6.SP.B.5 7.SP.A.1 7.SP.A.2 MP.1 MP.4 MP.5 6 7 Activity
Roll a Distribution
The purpose of this lesson is to allow the students to discover that data collected in seemingly similar settings will yield distributions that are shaped differently. Students will roll a single die 30 times counting the number of face up spots on the die and recording the result each time as a histogram or a histogram. Students will be asked to describe the shape of the distribution. Combining work with several students will yield more consistent results.
9/4/2014 Trey Cox
6.SP.A.2 6.SP.A.3 6.SP.B.4 6.SP.B.5d 6.SP.B.5c MP.1 MP.2 MP.3 MP.4 MP.5 MP.8 6 Activity
Who’s the Best Home Run Hitter of All time?
This lesson requires students to use side-by-side box plots to make a claim as to who is the "best home run hitter of all time" for major league baseball.
9/4/2014 Trey Cox
6.SP.B.4 6.SP.B.5 6.SP.B.5a 6.SP.B.5b 6.SP.B.5c 6.SP.B.5d 6.SP.A.3 6.SP.A.2 7.SP.B.3 MP.1 MP.2 MP.3 MP.4 MP.5 MP.7 6 7 Activity
Why do we need MAD?
Students will wonder why we need to have a value that describes the spread of the data beyond the range. If we give them three sets of data that have the same mean, median, and range and yet are clearly differently shaped then perhaps they will see that the MAD has some use.
9/4/2014 Trey Cox
6.SP.A.3 6.SP.B.4 MP.1 MP.2 MP.3 MP.4 MP.5 MP.7 6 Activity
The Forest Problem
Students want to know why they would ever use a sampling method other than a simple random sample. This lesson visually illustrates the effect of using a simple random sample (SRS) vs. a stratified random sample. Students will create a SRS from a population of apple trees and use the mean of the SRS to estimate the mean yield of the trees. Students will then create a stratified random sample from the same population to again estimate the yield of the trees. The use of the stratified random sample is to control for a known source of variation in the yield of the crop, a nearby forest.
9/4/2014 Trey Cox
6.SP.A.1 6.SP.B.4 6.SP.B.5 7.SP.A.1 7.SP.A.2 MP.1 MP.2 MP.3 MP.4 MP.5 MP.6 MP.7 6 7 Activity
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Sign 5. The bedrock
23.10.201818:44 Kjell Sigurd Jørgensen
The bedrock tells of large-scale geological processes that took place about 470-430 million years ago when Norway and Greenland collided. The bedrock was folded and a great mountain range, the Caledonian, was formed (see figure). It was just as long and just a tall, if not taller, than today's Himalaya.
The Caledonian mountains have since eroded, but the bedrock surface that remains today is a window into what once was. We can, in many places in this area, see the folded mountains in miniature. Try to find examples in the bedrock.
The folding of the bedrock can be compared to the folding of a paper.
google map
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"language_score": 0.9458796381950378,
"url": "https://saltstraumen-museum.no/?id=869544605&Article=52"
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Definition - What does Jaggies mean?
Jaggies is a term for various kinds of anomalies in computer graphics outputs or display imaging. The result displays shape edges composed of small squares or “steps” instead of a smoothly contoured line.
Techopedia explains Jaggies
An effect called aliasing occurs when multiple sampled signals become confused. This is one reason for jaggies to occur. Jaggies can also happen when a display device lacks resolution, or a bitmap is converted into some other format.
Techniques like anti-aliasing or smoothing can help to reduce jaggies. Some of these techniques reduce the pixel size of the display image or try to straighten out programming problems that lead to blocking edges or jaggies.
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Clark L. Hull
Clark L. Hull
Clark Leonard Hull (May 24, 1884 – May 10, 1952) was an influential American psychologist who sought to explain learning and motivation by scientific laws of behavior. Hull is known for his debates with Edward C. Tolman. He is also known for his work in drive theory.
Hull spent the mature part of his career at Yale University, where he was recruited by the president and former-psychologist, James Rowland Angell. He performed research demonstrating that his theories could predict behavior. His most significant works were the Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote Learning (1940), and Principles of Behavior (1943), which established his analysis of animal learning and conditioning as the dominant learning theory of its time. Hull’s model is expressed in biological terms: Organisms suffer deprivation; deprivation creates needs; needs activate drives; drives activate behavior; behavior is goal directed; achieving the goal has survival value.
Read more about Clark L. Hull: Background, Formula To Determine Motivation, Drive Theory, Studies On Hypnosis, Recognition and Death
Famous quotes containing the word clark:
—Ramsey Clark (b. 1927)
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How do you determine abnormal spoilage?
How do you determine abnormal spoilage?
What is considered normal vs abnormal spoilage in the wine making process?
It’s a normal part of the production process. Because normal spoilage always shows up, you spread the cost over the good units you sell. Good units are those that meet your standards — items that are sellable to a customer. Abnormal spoilage is spoilage beyond what you normally expect in production.
What is the difference between normal spoilage and abnormal spoilage?
Normal spoilage is just that—normal—and is expected in the ordinary course of manufacturing or business operations, especially for companies that make or handle perishable products (i.e. food and beverage). Spoilage beyond what is historically standard or expected is considered abnormal spoilage.
How do you account for normal spoilage?
The normal spoilage rate is calculated by dividing the units of normal spoilage by the total units produced. For example, assume a firm produces 100 widgets per month. Historically, 2 of those widgets have not been up to standards.
Is abnormal spoilage a period cost?
In accounting, normal spoilage is included in the standard cost of goods, while abnormal spoilage is charged to expense as incurred. This means that the cost of normal spoilage may initially be recorded as an asset and then charged to expense in a later period.
What are the types of spoilage?
The main cause of food spoilage is invasion by microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria.
• 1 Microbial spoilage. Microbial spoilage is caused by microorganisms like fungi (moulds, yeasts) and bacteria.
• 2 Physical spoilage.
• 3 Chemical spoilage.
• 4 Appearance of spoiled food.
Why is abnormal spoilage a period cost?
What are the 3 types of spoilage?
What are the 5 causes of food spoilage?
Various factors cause food spoilage, making items unsuitable for consumption. Light, oxygen, heat, humidity, temperature and spoilage bacteria can all affect both safety and quality of perishable foods. When subject to these factors, foods will gradually deteriorate.
Which of the following is an example of spoilage?
Defective aluminium cans recycled by manufacturer is an example of spoilage. Spoilage is waste or scrap that occurs during the manufacturing process.
What is the difference between spoilage and reject?
Answer: rejects is dismiss as inadequate, inappropriate, or not to one’s taste. while spoilage is waste produced by material being spoiled, especially paper that is spoiled in printing. the action of spoiling, especially the deterioration of food and perishable goods.
What are the 4 types of food spoilage?
What are the signs of food spoilage?
Foods that deteriorate and develop unpleasant odors, tastes, and textures are spoiled. Spoilage bacteria can cause fruits and vegetables to get mushy or slimy, or meat to develop a bad odor. Most people would not choose to eat spoiled food.
What are signs of food spoilage?
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Welcome to Ducklings Class
Reception Class
Class Teacher: Mrs J Grostate
Teaching Assistant: Mrs M Roberts
Duckling Class have been doing some really exciting things in class during Science week
Growing Cress
We experimented to find out what cress needs to grow.
We grew cress in three different ways.
We watered one but placed it in the dark. Then, we placed one in the sun but didn’t water it. Finally, we placed one in the sun and watered it every day.
We found out that the cress that we didn’t water, didn’t even start to grow. The cress in the dark didn’t grow either. The cress that we watered and placed in the sun grew very quickly.
We found out that cress needs air, sunlight and water to grow.
Why do Zebras have stripes?
Some scientists think that a zebra’s stripes help to keep insects away, stopping them from getting nasty bites and diseases.
To find out if this is true, we placed black and white striped paper alongside brightly-coloured plain paper on a flat surface in a warm, sunny spot in the wildlife area. We went to look at the pieces of paper at different times to see what happens.
We found out that most of the insects stayed away from the stripy paper and liked the bright yellow paper the best.
If they (seeds) are in the dark in a cupboard they don’t grow…because they need sunlight and water and air to grow.
Plants need water so if we don’t water them it will be dead….or it won’t grow.
The Zebra stripes…well…the bugs definitely don’t like them. It confuses them….maybe they like the bright colours the best because they are the same colour as flowers.
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Math Insight
Discrete dynamical systems as function iteration
A discrete dynamical system models the evolution of state variables of the system over discrete time steps. We imagine that we take a snapshot of the state variables at a sequence of times. The dynamical system model describes a rule for how to evolve from one snapshot to the next.
The simplest case
In the simplest case of a discrete dynamical system, the state space consists of just one state variable, which we'll denote by $x$. For this type of system, all the snapshots mentioned above are just records of the value of $x$ at different times. In this simplest case, the rule for time evolution is also exceedingly simple. The value of $x$ at each snapshot depends just on the value of the previous snapshot of $x$. This value isn't influenced by the actual time of the snapshot, or any earlier values of $x$. If I look at what $x$ is in any given snapshot, I have enough information (given the rule) to know exactly the value of $x$ in the next snapshot.
Since the times of the snapshots don't matter, let's label the sequence of times by integers, so that the snapshots occur at times $t=0,1,2,3, \ldots.$ We'll denote the value of $x$ in the snapshot at time $t=n$ by $x_n$, so the sequence of snapshots is $x_0,x_1,x_2,x_3, \ldots.$ The simple evolution rule for producing this sequence must involve a process that determines each snapshot $x_n$ by looking just at the previous snapshot $x_{n-1}$.
The evolution rule therefore requires a machine that takes in one snapshot as the input and produces the next snapshot. In other words, the evolution rule must be based on a function, which is well described as a function machine, that takes the snapshot $x_n$ at time $t=n$ and produces the next snapshot $x_{n+1}$ at time $t=n+1$.
Let's denote the function that gives the next snapshot by $f$. Then, the evolution rule can be written simply as \begin{gather} x_{n+1} = f(x_{n}) \quad \text{for $x=0,1,2,3, \ldots.$} \label{recursion}\tag{1} \end{gather} Using the function machine metaphor, our evolution rule looks like the following figure, where the snapshots are represented by spheres.
Function machine single iteration
To get the dynamical system going, we have to specify the initial conditions, meaning the state variable $x_0$ at time $t=0$. Given the initial snapshot $x_0$ and the rule $f$, we have now determined all the future snapshots. The snapshot $x_1$ at time $t=1$ is the result of appling $f$ to the initial conditions, \begin{gather*} x_1 = f(x_0). \end{gather*} The snapshot $x_2$ at time $t=2$ is the result of applying $f$ to the snapshot $x_1$ at time $t_1$, which is equivalent to applying $f$ to the initial condition, then sticking the result back into $f$ for a second pass through the function machine, \begin{gather*} x_2 = f(x_1) = f(f(x_0)). \end{gather*}
We can continue this process: \begin{align*} x_3 &= f(x_2) = f(f(x_1))=f(f(f(x_0)))\\ x_4 &= f(x_3) = f(f(x_2))=f(f(f(x_1)))=f(f(f(f(x_0)))). \end{align*} It's a pretty simple process, but writing it out like this gets a bit messy. That's why it easiest to just leave it in terms of the original rule of equation \eqref{recursion}. Equation \eqref{recursion} captures all the steps of the process. We can call it a recurrence relation because it tells us to keep applying $f$ over and over again recursively, using the previous output as the next input.
The process of using the output of a function as the input of another function is called composing functions. Function composition is well illustrated by function machines. The following figure shows that if we start with the snapshot $x_n$ at time $t=n$ and apply $f$ twice, we get the result $x_{n+2}$ for two time steps later, at time $t=n+2$. The whole process of evolving this discrete dynamical system could be visualized as a huge chain of these identical function machines hooked together. Since we are composing the same function over and over again, the process is often called function iteration.
Function machine two iterations
This simple case seems pretty straightforward. Since we have only one state variable, we have a one-dimensional state space, which we can view as just a number line. The state $x_n$ at time $t=n$ is just a point the number line. At the next time step, the point just jumps to a new position $x_{n+1}$.
Two steps of function iteration on the number line
The following applet lets you explore this function iteration to obtain the sequence of snapshots $x_n$ for a discrete dynamical system. You can specify the two ingredients, the function $f$ and the initial condition $x_0$, and then iterate the function to produce the resulting sequence of snapshots $x_1,x_2,x_3,\ldots$ or the trajectory of the initial point $x_0$. In this applet, we've turned things around a bit, as we are plotting the state space for the snapshots $x_n$ as the vertical axis (which we've highlighted in blue to stress that's where all the action is taking place). We've reserved the horizontal axis to represent time $t$. As you iterate the function and the point jumps around the vertical state space, the temporal sequence of these jumps is illustrated with a plot of the points $(n,x_n)$ in the left panel and a list of these points in the right panel.
Function iteration. The effect of repeatedly applying the function $f(x)$ to the starting value $x_0$ is shown both by the list at the right and the graph at the left. At first, only the initial value $x_0$ is shown in the list and just the point $(0,x_0)$ is shown on the graph. (In the list heading, $x_n$ is written as x_n.) Each time you click the “iterate” button, the function is iterated by applying $f$ to the previous value, using the recursion $x_n = f(x_{n-1})$. Then, the new iterate $x_n$ appears in the list and the new point $(n,x_n)$ appears on the graph. Note that the iteration number $n$ is plotted on the horizontal axis (what you may normally think of as the $x$-axis), and the values of $x_{n}$ are plotted on the vertical axis (what you may normally think of as the $y$-axis). The values of each $x_{n}$ are also marked with horizontal lines and the last value $x_{n}$ is labeled. You can change the function $f(x)$ by typing a new function in the box. You can change the initial point $x_0$ by typing a new value in the box or dragging the blue point. You can zoom the vertical axis with the + and - buttons and pan up and down with the buttons labeled by arrows.
More information about applet. Video introduction.
Although a discrete dynamical systems in one variable may seem simplistic, it turns out that these systems are surprisingly mathematically rich. One-dimensional discrete dynamical systems can exhibit a large variety of dynamical behavior. We can easily create systems that demonstrate the following behaviors.
• Simple evolution to a fixed point: use the default function $f(x)=1+0.8x$ in the above applet.
• Blow up: set $f(x)=2x$ to get the bacteria doubling system discussed here.
• Periodic orbits: try $f(x)=1-0.8x^2$, or for a more complicated periodic orbit, try $f(x)=3.55x(1-x)$.
• Chaos: try $f(x)=4x(1-x)$ and change the initial conditions $x_0$.
Extensions to the simplest case
Dependence on actual time
One possible way to extend the simplest case is to allow the evolution to depend on the time as well as the state variable. For example, the dynamics might be influenced by something that depends on time day, such as the amount of light, by something that depends on the time of year, such as average temperature, or by some external force that varies with time. In this case, the actual time of the snapshots might matter, so let's denote the time of the $n$th snapshot by $t_n$. Then, the state variable at the next snapshot could depend not only on the previous value of the state variable $x_n$ but also on the time $t_n$ and equation \eqref{recursion} would be replaced by \begin{gather*} x_{n+1} = f(x_n,t_n) \quad \text{for $x=0,1,2,3, \ldots,$} \end{gather*} where the function $f(x,t)$ depends on both state $x$ and time $t$.
Dependence on more snapshots
Another extension to the model is to allow the evolution to depend not only on the current state but also on the state of some previous snapshots. For example, imagine that $x_n$ represented the number of individuals in a population of some species and that individuals couldn't reproduce until they were one time step old. Then, the evolution of the population at time $t=n$ would depend not only on the current population size $x_n$ but also on the population size $x_{n-1}$ of the previous time step $t=n-1$, as $x_{n-1}$ represents those that were at least one time step old at time $t=n$ and could reproduce. In this case, the recurrence relation \eqref{recursion} would be of the form \begin{gather*} x_{n+1} = f(x_{n},x_{n-1}) \quad \text{for $x=1,2,3,4, \ldots,$} \end{gather*} where $f(x,y)$ is a function that depends on two inputs.
Higher dimensions
In all the above cases, each snapshot was just a single number $x_n$. A discrete dynamical system may be based on additional state variables that evolve together in time and whose dynamics are interrelated. For example, in a predator-prey system, one variable may describe the population size of the predator and the other may describe the prey. If the snapshot at time $t=n$ consists of two variables $x_n$ and $y_n$, the discrete dynamical system may have the form \begin{align*} x_{n+1} &= f(x_{n},y_{n})\\ y_{n+1} &= g(x_{n},y_{n}) \quad \text{for $x=0,1,2,3, \ldots,$} \end{align*} where the functions $f(x,y)$ and $g(x,y)$ determine how the two components evolve through the two-dimensional state space together.
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[French, from Old French, from Latin ūnicus; see oi-no- in Indo-European roots.]
u·nique′ly adv.
u·nique′ness n.
1. being the only one of a particular type; single; sole
2. without equal or like; unparalleled
3. informal very remarkable or unusual
4. (Mathematics) maths
a. leading to only one result: the sum of two integers is unique.
b. having precisely one value: the unique positive square root of 4 is 2.
[C17: via French from Latin ūnicus unparalleled, from ūnus one]
uˈniquely adv
uˈniqueness n
2. having no like or equal; unparalleled; incomparable.
4. not typical; unusual: She has a very unique ability to inspire people.
5. the embodiment of unique characteristics; the only one of a given kind.
[1595–1605; < French < Latin ūnicus, derivative of ūn(us) one]
u•nique′ly, adv.
u•nique′ness, n.
usage: Many usage guides, editors, teachers, and others maintain that such “absolute” words as complete, equal, perfect, and esp. unique cannot be compared because the condition they denote cannot be more or less than it already is. However, all such words have undergone semantic development and are used in a number of senses, some of which can be compared by words like more, very, somewhat, and totally and some of which cannot. The earliest meanings of unique when it entered English around 1600 were “single, sole” and “having no equal.” By the mid-19th century unique had developed a wider meaning, “not typical, unusual,” and it is in this wider sense that it is compared: The foliage on the late-blooming plants is more unique than that on the earlier varieties. Such comparison, though criticized, is standard in all varieties of speech and writing. See also a1, complete, perfect.
1. used to mean 'the only one'
If something is unique, it is the only thing of its kind.
This is a unique opportunity.
Humans are unique because they have the capacity to choose what they do.
For emphasis, you can use words such as totally or absolutely in front of unique.
By the late 1930's the country had full employment -- an absolutely unique achievement.
You can say that something is almost unique.
You suffer from an almost unique mental condition.
2. used to mean 'unusual'
Some people use unique to mean 'unusual'. They say, for example, that something is very unique or rather unique.
Oh, I say, that's rather unique, isn't it?
I realized I had hit on something pretty unique.
These uses of unique are generally thought to be incorrect.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
2.unique - (followed by `to') applying exclusively to a given category or condition or localityunique - (followed by `to') applying exclusively to a given category or condition or locality; "a species unique to Australia"
3.unique - the single one of its kindunique - the single one of its kind; "a singular example"; "the unique existing example of Donne's handwriting"; "a unique copy of an ancient manuscript"; "certain types of problems have unique solutions"
single - existing alone or consisting of one entity or part or aspect or individual; "upon the hill stood a single tower"; "had but a single thought which was to escape"; "a single survivor"; "a single serving"; "a single lens"; "a single thickness"
4.unique - highly unusual or rare but not the single instanceunique - highly unusual or rare but not the single instance; "spoke with a unique accent"; "had unique ability in raising funds"; "a frankness unique in literature"; "a unique dining experience"
1. distinct, special, exclusive, peculiar, only, single, lone, solitary, one and only, sui generis The area has its own unique language, Catalan.
2. unparalleled, unrivalled, incomparable, inimitable, unmatched, peerless, unequalled, matchless, without equal, nonpareil, unexampled She was a woman of unique talent and determination.
3. (with to) exclusive to, particular to, peculiar to, found only in, characteristic of, typical of This interesting and charming creature is unique to Borneo.
Usage: Unique with the meaning `being the only one' or `having no equal' describes an absolute state: a case unique in British law. In this use it cannot therefore be qualified; something is either unique or not unique. However, unique is also very commonly used in the sense of `remarkable' or `exceptional', particularly in the language of advertising, and in this meaning it can be used with qualifying words such as rather, quite, etc. Since many people object to this use, it is best avoided in formal and serious writing.
فَرِيدفَريد، فَذ، مُنْقَطِع النَّظير
duy nhất
[juːˈniːk] ADJ
1. (= exclusive) [style, collection, combination] → único
to be unique to sth/sb: it is a species unique to these islandses una especie que se da únicamente en estas islas
the experience is unique to each individualla experiencia es única (e irrepetible) en cada individuo
this behaviour is not unique to meneste comportamiento no se da únicamente en los hombres
2. (= exceptional) [opportunity] → único; [ability, talent] → sin igual, excepcional; [insight] → único, de excepción; [relationship] → especial
[juːˈniːk] adj
(= one of a kind) → unique
Each person's signature is unique → Chaque signature est unique.
(= exceptional) [talent, opportunity, voice] → unique
Katy was a woman of unique talent → Katy était une femme au talent unique.
(= exclusive) unique to sth → unique à qch
to be unique to a place → être unique à un endroit
This creature is unique to Borneo → Cette créature est unique à Bornéo.
to be unique to sb → être unique à qn
unique to each individual → unique à chaque individu
adjeinzig attr; (= outstanding)einzigartig, einmalig (inf); (Math) → eindeutig; you are not unique in thatda bist du nicht der/die Einzige; such cases are not unique to Britainsolche Fälle sind nicht nur auf Großbritannien beschränkt; unique among …einzigartig unter … (dat); unique selling pointeinzigartiger Verkaufsanreiz
[juːˈniːk] adjunico/a
(juːˈniːk) adjective
being the only one of its kind, or having no equal. His style is unique.
فَرِيد jedinečný unik einzigartig μοναδικός único ainutlaatuinen unique jedinstven unico 独特の 독특한 uniek unik wyjątkowy único уникальный unik มีลักษณะเฉพาะ eşsiz duy nhất 独特的
a. único-a; solo-a; que se distingue de otros.
References in classic literature ?
To the senator this unique arrangement had somehow become identified with the higher verities of the universe.
Counties, towns, hilly ribs and ridges, wide stretches of green meadow, great forest tracts, winding streams, a dozen blue lakes, a block of busy steamboats--we saw all this little world in unique circumstantiality of detail--saw it just as the birds see it--and all reduced to the smallest of scales and as sharply worked out and finished as a steel engraving.
When she had entirely forgotten the facts which would enable her to answer a question fully and conclusively, she commonly had some original theory to expound; it was not always correct, but it was generally unique and sometimes amusing.
It certainly did make some difference to Nancy that the lover she had given up was the young man of quite the highest consequence in the parish--at home in a venerable and unique parlour, which was the extremity of grandeur in her experience, a parlour where she might one day have been mistress, with the consciousness that she was spoken of as "Madam Cass", the Squire's wife.
So we return to the Perfect Woman, having gained this much knowledge of her,--that her perfection is nothing more or less than her unique, individual, charming imperfection, and that she is simply the woman we love and who is fool enough to love us.
In this foundry he had seen a unique machine that could be made to mould hot lead around a rope of twisted wires.
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Definition of valence
Definition of valence
1. valence Noun An extract; a preparation.
2. valence Noun The combining capacity of an atom, radical or functional group determined by the number of electrons that it will lose, gain, or share when it combines with other atoms etc
3. valence Noun The number of binding sites of a molecule, such as an antibody or antigen
4. valence Noun The number of arguments that a verb can have, including the subject of the verb in the counting, ranging from zero (for the likes of "It rains") to three (for the likes of "He gives her a flower").
5. valence Noun A one-dimensional value assigned to an object, situation, or state, that can usually be positive or negative
6. valence Noun Alternative spelling of valance
7. valance Noun Short curtain that hangs along the top edge of a window.
8. valance Noun A decorative framework used to conceal the curtain mechanism and so on at the top of a window.
9. valance Noun A short, decorative edging of cloth that hangs from the mattress to the floor.
Need more help? Try our forum NEW
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8710448145866394,
"url": "http://crosswordpuzzlehelp.net/dictionary.php?q=valence"
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ABACUS means, calculations using Brain & Fingers..
Use Abacus
This video which was down tells you what is Abacus..
action picture
Color full ABACUS
Level 1 in ABACUS Introduction
To learn abacus first we should learn small and big friends.That means it is a part of abacus of basics
There will be a table for small and big friends:-
1.[4-1],2.[3-2],3.[2-3],4.[1-4].these are the small friends because if we add any pair the answer is 5 so we call small friends.
How to use small friends?
To use small friends first the introduction:the small friends are used in abacus on time of adding and lessing in abacus.for Ex:3+2 mean that first you will take 3 and to add 2 the friend of the 2 is 3 so we less 3 and add more:4+3 mean first you will take 4 and to add 3 the friend of 3 is 2 so we less 2 and add 5.
How to use big friends?
To use big friends first we need the table of big friends:-
These are the big friends in the abacus because if we add any pair it is 10 so we call them as big friends.
To use big friends for Ex:9+9=first you will take 9 in abacus and to add another 9 the friend of 9 is 1 so you less 1 and add 10.
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"url": "http://kids4u.weebly.com/mind-calcalutions.html"
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Unto Dust by Herman Charles Bosman
Unto Dust - Herman Charles BosmanIn Unto Dust by Herman Charles Bosman we have the theme of mortality, war, equality, meaning and loyalty. Narrated in the first person by an unnamed narrator the reader soon realises after reading the story that Bosman may be exploiting the theme of mortality. There are several deaths in the story and each one leaves the narrator thinking differently about death. Particularly the deaths of those who are older. This may be important as the narrator finds it easier to identify with the deaths of the men and women he knew who were either of a similar age to him or older. The deaths of the young people also leave the narrator uneasy. As though the young have not lived their lives. What is also interesting about the story is the fact that the narrator begins to wonder is there any difference between people. Stoffel Oosthuizen finds it difficult to distinguish between the bodies of Hans Welman and the black Africans when they are collecting the bones. So similar are the bones that the Oosthuizen doesn’t know if he has all of Welman’s body in the casket. This may be significant as symbolically it is possible that Bosman may be suggesting that when it comes to war no one is different. Each and every man is exactly that a man. Who happened to be fighting on different sides’ but each have families and loved ones.
The fact that Oosthuizen has difficulty with being sure that the body he is putting in the casket is Welman suggests that war may have no meaning. Those who died cannot be identified and as such their lives can’t be celebrated or their bravery and skills as soldiers associated to their cause. If anything Bosman may be suggesting that war in meaningless. That there is no real reason for Oosthuizen to fight the black Africans. Though it is clear as to why both groups fight. One is protecting a land they see as their own while the other group is attempting to protect that land they invaded. One interesting thing that might also be important is the fact that due to the fact that Oosthuizen can’t identify the bones of both white and black men may suggest that all men are equal. Something that would not have been the doctrine at the time the story was written. In the history of Africa white men invaded and attempted to subdue the native black population. Black people were not seen as equals to white people.
There is also a sense of loyalty in the story. Oosthuizen believes it is his responsibly to bury Welman even though he knows that not all the parts of Welman that he is burying belong to Welman. Similarly the yellow dog stays by Welman’s grave because he knows that his black master or parts of him are buried in the same grave as Welman. It would appear that the yellow dog has more surety about who is in the grave than Oosthuizen. It is also highly unlikely that Oosthuizen told Welman’s wife that the bones in the grave where mixed or that he could not distinguish between bones. Should Oosthuizen have told Welman’s wife not only would he have upset her but there might also be feeling that the grave is tarnished due to the fact that a black man (his bones) were also in the grave with a white man. With war comes uncertainty and Oosthuizen is unsure or has his doubts about the legitimacy of the contents of Welman’s grave.
The fact that the black man is not named throughout the story and is only described as being a ‘kafir’ may also important as there is no sense of equality. White men who invaded Africa did not consider black men to be their equal. Though ironically after Welman’s death the black man becomes his equal by being buried in the same grave as Welman. Oosthuizen also appears to be determined to win the war carried by his own belief that he is superior to the black men in Africa. It does not register with Oosthuizen that the land he now calls his own is in fact land that was owned by black people for several centuries if not thousands of years. There is no sense that Oosthuizen or men like him will change their outlook. For them they are thinking of what money can be made from farming the land without any regard for the previous occupants. In today’s terms Oosthuizen may be considered to be a mercenary or tyrant though Oosthuizen most likely saw himself as a business man. A white business man bringing the practices of Europe to Africa without consideration for those who were already there. When black Africans were given the possibility of the vote Oosthuizen and his men went to war rather than give back to those who had their land stolen. The driving factor for Oosthuizen’s decision was two fold. One he knew he would lose what he had gained and secondly he would have to accept black African’s as his equal. Something Oosthuizen was no prepared to do.
Cite Post
McManus, Dermot. "Unto Dust by Herman Charles Bosman." The Sitting Bee. The Sitting Bee, 31 Aug. 2017. Web.
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Wednesday, June 28, 2017
Looking back 150 million years ago through a fossil plant, the Equisetum or Horsetail
Dr Abe V Rotor
What makes a living fossil is a puzzle. But extreme adaptability is the general concept of survival through time and space. For the natural gene to be preserved is not only a matter of strict isolation from other genes. In fact the mechanism of gene exchange is the key, only that it is narrowed down - in the case of the horsetails - within the only surviving genus, belonging to a single family, and a single class. The proliferation of horsetails did not go stray and lose their genetic identity as to have evolved into indistinguishable species even if there are sub-genera, sub-family and hybrids.
While horsetails grow in swampy places and considered wild, horticulturists have learned to plant them as ornamental purposes, admiring their unique characteristics displaying variations according to sub-types and hybrids. In Japan and Germany, the stems are bundled and used for scouring utensils and metals. They are used in the final process in woodwork to produce a smoother finish than any sandpaper.
Horsetails are a nuisance weed, unaffected by many herbicides designed to kill seed plants. They have the ability to regrow from the rhizome after being pulled out. And because they prefer acidic soil, lime may be used to assist in eradication efforts. They have been declared noxious weeds in Australia, New Zealand, Oregon in the US, and other countries, although they are considered useful as food plant largely as alternative source, and likely influenced by ethnic background.
Here is a report on horsetail as food.
For its medicinal uses the same source reports.
Some Equisetum preparations are reported to have a high content of thiaminase, which may induce edema and cause lack of motor control (e.g., limb coordination), putting a person at risk of injury from fallingbradycardia (slowed heart-rate) and cardiac dysrhythmia are further negative side effects. Since horsetail contains nicotine, it is not recommended for young children." (Wikipedia, with citations and more data needed.)
Invisible Wall
Dr Abe V Rotor
Fish to butterfly danger in the open
harmless between a wall;
Humans behave like friend to friend
between an invisible wall.
Wednesday, June 21, 2017
Cranefly or daddy-long-legs
If you can detect a cranefly, you must have a third eye.
Dr Abe V Rotor
Crane Fly (Tipula sp), Family Tipulidae, Order Diptera
This is a rare specimen I caught at home. It is a very curious one, although it is quite familiar; it is a relative of the mosquito. It is also rare because its size is much bigger than the ordinary cranefly we often called daddy-long-legs.*
Compound eye of cranefly, typical of insects which have a pair of multi-facet eyes in addition to a simple eye or two. Right, closeup of a similar specimen of Tipula sourced from the Internet
The cranefly undergoes four stages - egg, larva called maggot, pupa and adult. The maggot feeds on crops and pasture grass but it inflicts little damage. The adults emerge and swarm in the evening. They have queer body structure and movement.
Craneflies are clumsy fliers, mainly because they have only one pair of wings for flying. That is why they are classified Diptera - two wings. The pair of hindwings are reduced into halteres or balancers which look like stubs or knobs.
When at rest, craneflies shake continuously in all directions that they become virtually invisible to their enemies. This unique mechanism has not been fully studied.
Among the Arachnids, members of the Pholcidae family are also called daddy-long-legs spiders. Their presence is known to be worldwide. Here are two species of harvestman spiders. The one at the right appears hazy and blurred as seen when it is in continuous shaking motion. (Acknowledgement: Internet, Wikipedia)
Return of Balloon Frog Symbolizes Nature's Victory
But Nature’s victory does not mean man’s defeat; rather it humbles man to be obedient to Nature’s laws and rules which is the key to his very survival.
Dr Abe V Rotor
Views of the Balloon Frog - Uperodon globulosus (U. systoma?)
Friday, June 16, 2017
Would you kill a firefly?
Dr Abe V Rotor
Living with Nature School on Blog []
Closeup of the firefly (Internet photo)
Entomology team from UST Graduate School headed by the author.
Man is the insect buster; self proclaimed, strong and bold; he conquers his greatest enemy, wasting no time. He has read enough books, and turned away from the old. He’s Pied Piper now in new adventure in his prime.
To the rescue, he rid the world of aliens and all their kin; "I am Gulliver," he said to the imagined Lilliputians. With gloves and boots, armed with tools of the modern kind, he saw himself riding to the West against the Indians.
Make way for this nemesis, the bugs run for your lives; they dropped dead, crushed, unbearable was the pain. Their shelter stormed, their nests torn, so with their hives. It’s reminiscent of Pompeii where the ruins reign.
The air is stilled, there’s no more music in the night; the pond is clear, but where have the fishes gone? Plants still bloom, but their flowers are no longer bright. Where are the bees and butterflies that meet the sun?
Frogs no longer croak, silent are the fields and the trees; Where’s the cicada shrilling with joy, the cricket at night, the melodious songs and calls of birds that never cease, the mayfly’s visit, or the moth’s over a candlelight?
Suddenly the world became still. Didn't Rachel Carson tell in Silent Spring the birds didn't arrive one spring? Or in biblical times, didn't a cloud of death over a zone killed creatures one by one, the survivors migrating?
Where have all the sweetest sugar and flowing silk gone? Their makers, the busy bee and the the naive worms? They too, have been stilled forever by the same poison that killed the evil ones and their ugly forms.
Didn't Alexander the Great die on the Euphrates of malaria? Or the Pharaoh Menes of bee venom? Thousands died building the Panama Canal and Suez Canal, and more death blamed to insects still unknown.
Who would like the fly around? But without it the dead would litter the ground, more so without the Scarabid beetle. Who would eat remnants of an enemy, diseases they spread? For certain man doesn't like to die first? God forbid.
His joy to conquer lies in his genes, even against his kind, much less the lowly crawlers, for revenge or just game. Yes, man is insect buster, self righteous, self-proclaimed - but would he dare to kill a firefly just the same? ~
Wednesday, June 14, 2017
Living with Nature - the Lighter Side in 30 Ways (Article in Progress)
Dr Abe V Rotor
Young artists turned environmentalists;
Give them a wall unkempt and empty,
paint brush, splash of sun and breeze;
how the world rejoices but what a pity.
Break away from old tradition the classroom;
Yonder free school the mind and spirit roam.
Frolic rough bane freedom best
the coy bold ugly all to the test
A balikbayan wonders at a fruiting tree,
once a sapling the world young and free.
a story forgotten in the land of the free
at sunset in fading sight and memory.,
Where dreams come from shade and sky
the mind roams boundless and free;
over the stonewall onto the country,
learning best in the shade of a tree.
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<urn:uuid:a3800229-dfe2-4903-982c-fcee3f510181>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.05020546913146973,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9381412863731384,
"url": "http://avrotor2.blogspot.com/2017/06/"
}
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A Look at Lua
An overview of the compact yet powerful Lua programming language.
Object-Oriented Programming
Lua has some basic OOP capabilities. The self parameter is an integral concept in any object-oriented language, and it is one of the few OOP concepts that Lua has. Many object-oriented languages tend to hide the self mechanism from you so that you do not have to declare this parameter. Lua hides this parameter with the colon operator. You also can use the colon, a function and a table to emulate a class. Because Lua does not have the class concept, each object defines its own behavior and shape:
Earth = {martians = 5389}
function Earth:casualties (survivors)
Earth.martians = Earth.martians - survivors
print("Earth is free! "..Earth.martians.." martians survived!")
The colon in the above example is used to add an extra parameter in the method definition. It also adds an extra argument in the method call. You don't have to use the colon. Lua programmers can define a function with the dot syntax and call it with the colon syntax, or vice versa if they add an extra parameter:
Earth = {martians = 5389,
casualties = function (self, survivors)
self.martians = self.martians - survivors
print("Earth is free! "..self.martians.." martians survived!")
Earth.casualties(Earth, 5380)
Earth.martians = 5389
In this case, the function had to be part of the table so that it could be called via the dot or the colon syntax. Note that I also had to give the function the self parameter for either calling method to work. Although these are simple OOP examples that scratch only the surface of OOP, you can find out about inheritance and other OOP implementations in the Lua Reference Manual or in the book Programming in Lua (both are available for free from the Lua Web site).
Show and Tell
Now, let's compare programming in Lua to programming in Python. First, let's write a trivia game. Here is some simple Lua code that uses a table as a dictionary to store both the questions and the answers:
print("What's your name?")
name = io.read()
questions = {
["Which came first? Minix or Unix?"] = "Unix",
["Who created Linux?"] = "Linus Torvalds",
["In what year was Linux created?"] = "1991"
correct_answers = 0
for key,value in pairs(questions) do
answer = io.read()
if answer == value then
correct_answers = correct_answers + 1
if correct_answers == 0 then
print("You need to browse Wikipedia!")
print("\nGood job, "..name.."!")
print("Correct answers: "..correct_answers..")
Next, let's break it down and analyze it line by line. On the second line, the variable name is given the value io.read(). The io library has many functions that handle all sorts of input and output, but I'm using it only for keyboard input.
On the next line is the variable questions. The questions variable's value is a table that I have used like a dictionary to store both the questions and the answers. The questions are in brackets to tell Lua that they are the table's key.
Skipping the third line, there is a for loop whose function here is to use pairs() to find the key and the values of each item in the table. It then needs to place the value of the key and the value of the key's value into the variables key and value.
After printing the key (which contains the question), Lua places the user's answer through io.read() into the answer variable and checks to see whether it equals the proper answer. If the answer is correct, it adds 1 to the value of the correct_answers variable and repeats the process until there are no more items in the table to go through.
Next, Lua checks to see whether users got any of the questions correct and then prints a message telling users to learn more about UNIX (and its variants) hacker history or congratulates users on how many questions they answered correctly. Notice the concatenation operators on the 16th line.
In Python, the easiest way to do the above game would be like this:
questions = {"Which came first? Minix or Unix?":"Unix",
"Who created Linux?":"Linus Torvalds",
"In what year was Linux created?":"1991"}
correct_answers = 0
for key in questions:
print key
answer = raw_input()
if answer == questions[key]:
correct_answers += 1
if correct_answers == 0:
print "You need to browse Wikipedia!"
print "\nGood job, " + name + "!"
print "Correct answers: ", correct_answers
You may notice that it's easier to get keyboard input in Python than in Lua, but dictionaries are easier to identify and look much prettier in Lua. The for loop is a little more complex in Python than it is in Lua, because Python needs to know the key to be able to get the key's value. In Lua, the pairs() function breaks apart the key and its value from the dictionary table, making it much cleaner and easier to get data from tables than in Python. As for lines of code, not counting the many “ends”, Lua wins hands down with 13 lines of code versus 17 in Python. Even though Lua programmers would be typing more, their code is much easier to sift through, especially when it's thousands of lines long, because of Lua's use of end rather than colons (as in Python).
Now, how about a GUI? Is programming a GUI in Lua the same, easier or more difficult than in Python? Before you try to answer that question, determine which program in the two languages will be easier to maintain, read and understand without comments. Here, I use the WxGTK library for a GUI. The only hitch with wxLua is that it is an entirely separate program. A wxLua application will not run with the regular Lua interpreter, so you must run it with the wxlua program.
Here's a GTK GUI program made with wxLua:
frame = wx.wxFrame(wx.wxNull, wx.wxID_ANY,
"wxLua App", wx.wxDefaultPosition,
wx.wxSize(250, 50),
Now, here's the code for a program that does the same job in GTK, but with wxPython:
from wxPython.wx import *
class Main(wxApp):
def OnInit(wxApp):
frame = wxFrame(NULL, -1, "wxPython App")
return true
This time, Lua's lack of necessary formatting and full-fledged OOP makes an easy job easier. Rather than create a class and function, wxLua incorporates everything needed for this GUI application in a single system function, whereas Python and wxPython require a Class as well as a function. Also note that Lua imports system libraries automatically. This wxLua application exercises some of Lua's OOP features that I discussed previously. The application creates the frame, sets the frame's name and the frame values, and then it calls the Show() function from within the wxFrame method using the colon. You also can call the frame with the period syntax rather than the colon:
frame.Show(frame, true)
Comment viewing options
Not really a fair treatment of Python though, is it?
magnus's picture
def frac(n):
if n == 0: return 1
else: return n * frac(n - 1)
for k, v in h.iteritems():
print k, v
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<urn:uuid:f00784e4-0b4e-4ddd-abb7-3a372c89b6c8>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.796875,
"fasttext_score": 0.9017807841300964,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.878022313117981,
"url": "http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/9605?page=0,2&quicktabs_1=1"
}
|
You are here
» Escondida Mine, Chile
Isolated in Chile’s northern Atacama Desert, the open-pit Escondida Mine is the world’s largest source of copper.
Escondida means “hidden” in Spanish, and hidden it was. The copper ore was buried under hundreds of meters of rock. The only way it was found was by drilling along a line of other known copper finds that stretched hundreds of kilometers.
Copper represents a substantial part of Chile’s economy. In 2013, copper mine production was valued at just over $30 billion. Chile is the world’s leading producer of copper, accounting for nearly 32% of world copper production.
Map of featured area.
Production in the Escondida Mine began in 1990. In 2012, Escondida produced just over 1 million tons of copper. Chile has approximately 24% of the world’s known copper reserves. Therefore, a multi-billion dollar expansion is planned at the Escondida Mine, which will boost production to 1.3 million tons per year and keep it at that level for the rest of the decade.
It’s easy in these images to see the extent to which the open-pit mining operation is expanding. But it’s harder to appreciate how deep the pits are. The main pit at Escondida is 645 meters deep. If you could stack two Eiffel Towers inside the pit, the top one would just barely peek over the edge.
To conserve water and minimize environmental impacts, Escondida created a tailings impoundment that has expanded along with its mining operations. The tailings material is left over after the majority of the valuable metals have been removed from the ore.
This copper-bearing waste is poured into the impoundment area as a liquid (dark region at the bottom of the 2011 and later images); it dries to the lighter-toned spoil seen in the images. The spoil is held behind a retaining dam, just more than 1 kilometer long, visible in the 2011 and later images as a straight line on the northwest corner of the pond.
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<urn:uuid:ba989ea8-ea73-4125-8a71-dc3c6cedb00d>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.796875,
"fasttext_score": 0.018397390842437744,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9511604309082031,
"url": "https://earthshots.usgs.gov/earthshots/node/58"
}
|
Clark's nutcracker Facts
Clark's nutcracker Facts
Clark's nutcracker is a songbird that belongs to the crow family. It can be found in the western parts of the USA and southwestern parts of Canada. Clark's nutcracker inhabits coniferous forests on the altitude from 3.000 to 12.000 feet. Major threat for the survival of Clark's nutcracker is lack of food due to fungal infections and increased number of pest insects which reduce number of conifers in the wild. Clark's nutcracker is also sensitive to climate changes and habitat destruction (deforestation). Despite these factors, number of Clark's nutcrackers is still large and stable in the wild.
Interesting Clark's nutcracker Facts:
Clark's nutcracker can reach 10.6 to 11.8 inches in length and 3.7 to 5.7 ounces of weight.
Clark's nutcracker has pale grey body and black wings with white patches. Tail is black in the middle and white on the edges.
Clark's nutcracker has medium-sized body and long, sharp, dagger-shaped bill.
Clark's nutcracker got its name by William Clark, famous explorer who discovered this bird at the beginning of the 19th century.
Clark's nutcracker is an omnivore (it eats both plants and meat). Its diet is mainly based on the various types of pine seed. Besides that, Clark's nutcracker eats insects, toads, small mammals and carrion.
Clark's nutcracker uses special pouch under the tongue to carry 30 to 150 seed that are stored in the ground for the later use. Each bird is able to collect and store up to 98.000 seed per year.
Clark's nutcracker has excellent memory. It can find almost all hidden seed 6 to 9 months from the moment of storing. Many species of pines have evolved (changed the shape of the tree and cones) to facilitate extraction of seed and their dispersal in the wild by Clark's nutcrackers.
Clark's nutcrackers are gregarious birds. They travel in large flocks and produce rolling calls for the communication.
Natural enemies of Clark's nutcrackers are hawks, eagles and owls.
Mating season of Clark's nutcrackers takes place during the January and February. Clark's nutcrackers are monogamous birds. They produce one brood per season.
Clark's nutcracker uses twigs, moss, grasses, bark and animal hair for the construction of the nest. These birds build nest in the trees on the side that is protected from the wind.
Female lays 2 to 6 pale green eggs covered with brown spots. Both parents participate in the incubation of eggs which lasts 18 days. Male uses brood patch on the chest to generate the heat required for the incubation of eggs.
Hatchlings are helpless at birth. They can survive harsh weather conditions thanks to stored seed rich in calories.
Young Clark's nutcrackers are ready to leave the nest (for the first time) 20 days after hatching. They stay with their parents until the age of 3.5 to 4 months.
Clark's nutcracker can survive around 17 years in the wild.
Related Links:
Animal Facts
Animals Facts
|
<urn:uuid:02fbedf5-d645-4eeb-a2b9-18f4e6ea8d08>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.953125,
"fasttext_score": 0.03503948450088501,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9386159777641296,
"url": "http://www.softschools.com/facts/animals/clarks_nutcracker_facts/1803/"
}
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home | 18-19th centuries index
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Beethoven and Goethe Confront Nobility
Europe was struggling with modernity, with Napoleon championing an end to feudalism. A German composer from the city of Bonn, Ludwig van Beethoven, was a progressive, thirty-year-old when Napoleon came to power in 1800. He was a cosmopolitan who had believed that Napoleon stood for Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. He had been impressed by Napoleon's opening opportunities to people regardless of their social position. He saw Napoleon as representing the Enlightenment. But in 1804, when Napoleon crowned himself emperor, Beethoven went into a rage and tore up the title page of what he had called Symfonia Buonaparte. This was his third symphony and had been subtitled the Symfonia Eroica, eroica meaning heroism. And it is by this name, Symphony No. 3, the Eroica, that it later became known.
Beethoven's belief in equality surfaced in 1812 when he was annoyed with his friend, the German poet Goethe, for using humble expressions when conversing with nobles. You shouldn't do that, Beethoven said to Goethe, "It's not right." While strolling that year in the town of Teplitz, Beethoven suggested to Goethe that they let approaching royalty get out of their way. Beethoven strode through the crowd of princes, touching his hat in greeting, while Goethe moved to the side of the road, removed his hat and bowed.
Beethoven wrote that Goethe was "much too fond of court atmosphere... fonder than is compatible with the dignity of a poet."
Copyright © 2002-2015 by Frank E. Smitha. All rights reserved.
|
<urn:uuid:10fa6202-c06a-4768-b878-dd301236f416>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.890625,
"fasttext_score": 0.02649027109146118,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9747740030288696,
"url": "http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/beethoven.html"
}
|
aesthetic movement definition
An English movement from the later part of the 1800s that promoted the philosophy of art for art's sake. The movement sproated as a reaction against the train of thought that art needs to have a purpose for its creation. In essence, the movement was a form of art appreciation. James Whistler, Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater were key advocates of the movment.
|
<urn:uuid:b947fe4c-422e-4adc-be37-8d7850562cf8>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.6617076396942139,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9761583209037781,
"url": "http://www.creativeglossary.com/art-stylesmovements/aesthetic-movement.html"
}
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Math 321.001: Ordinary Differential Equations
Special Problem:
Consider the differential equation
y' = FA(y)
where A is a parameter that runs from 0 to 5. In the following animation you will see the graph of FA move as A varies. Your problem is to describe the bifurcations that occur as A changes. Also sketch the bifurcation diagram for this family of differential equations. Click here to see an animation of the graph of FA.
Note: the link is to a wmv file that opens in windows media player.
|
<urn:uuid:e22659b8-0ce0-410b-aaea-b7432c583074>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.17383790016174316,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.934784471988678,
"url": "http://www.dankalman.net/AUhome/classes/classesF16/odes/assignments/hwk-bifn.html"
}
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A 20-square-mile corner of the Lin Xian valley in eastern China was a tragic pocket of cancer for at least 2,000 years. One in every four persons died of cancer of the esophagus, the tube leading to the stomach - a rate 250 times greater than the Chinese average. But in one of the few instances in which a cancer cause has been unmistakably identified, Chinese scientists traced the disease to its origin and began to control the ancient terror of Lin Xian.
The program started in 1958 with attempts to isolate the cause. Local residents blamed the cancer on a habit of eating steaming hot food. Food, it turned out, was involved, but not its temperature. The soil of Lin Xian is low in the element molybdenum. Without it, crops accumulate nitrite compounds; normally an enzyme containing molybdenum limits nitrites in living organisms. The plants also produce less vitamin C, which helps eliminate nitrites. Hence the people of Lin Xian were building up high nitrite concentrations. At the same time, the foods they dried or pickled grew mold, considered a delicacy. The molds contain substances known as amines, which combine with nitrites to form nitrosamines. And nitrosamines cause esophageal cancer.
In early stages the cancer can be cured by surgery. In China train technicians were assigned to screen residents of Lin Xian for treatment. And an educational campaign promoted preventive steps. It will be years before results can be gauged in lives saved, but villagers quickly began to treat fields with molybdenum and improve preserving techniques - measures to block the nitrosamines that had cursed Lin Xian with cancer.
Custom Search
|
<urn:uuid:dcf44ad5-3655-4e1b-93d1-164d29e7935a>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.09505623579025269,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9621388912200928,
"url": "http://cancerandmankind.blogspot.com/2011/03/esophageal-cancer-in-lin-xian-valley.html"
}
|
National Science Foundation
Special Report
design element
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MATH: What's the Problem? — Text-only | Flash Special Report
Can You Solve the Train Problem?
Over several days, fifth-graders at the summer Elementary Mathematics Laboratory at the University of Michigan worked on a mathematics problem that called for creative thinking and persistent effort. The problem asked them to try to build a train that would meet a set of specific conditions in the arrangement of its cars and numbers of passengers that each could carry. Here’s the problem:
The Train Problem
The EML Train Company makes five different-sized train cars: a 1-person car, a 2-person car, a 3-person car, a 4-person car, and a 5-person car. These cars can be connected to form trains that hold different numbers of people.
[graphic of white box] -- 1-passenger car
[graphic of red box] -- 2-passenger car
[graphic of green box] -- 3-passenger car
[graphic of purple box] -- 4-passenger car
[graphic of yellow box] -- 5-passenger car
A customer named Mr. Howe wants to order a special 5-car train that uses exactly one of each of the different-sized cars. He wants to be able to break apart his 5-car train to form smaller trains, one to hold exactly each number of people from 1 to 15. In addition, he wants to be able to form these smaller trains using cars that are next to each other in the larger train.
For example, if he purchased this train:
[graphic of white box, red box, green box, purple box, yellow box lined up horizontally]
He would be able to make a white-red-green train, or a red-green-purple-yellow train, but not a red-yellow train.
Can the EML Train Company fill Mr. Howe’s order? Explain how you know.
In the end, the students had answered the question.
So how about you? Try the problem yourself and see in more detail the challenge that these fifth graders were facing.
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<urn:uuid:d742f1c9-c16f-4bd2-a160-4809df75951c>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.125,
"fasttext_score": 0.11882060766220093,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9146338105201721,
"url": "https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/math/textonly/classroom_train.jsp"
}
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Carbocation or Carbonium ion
Carbocation or Carbonium ion
All carbocations also known as carbonium ions carry a positive charge on a carbon atom. The name tells you that – a cation is a positive ion, and the “carbo” bit refers to a carbon atom. However there are important differences in the structures of various types of carbocations.
Some university-level textbooks discuss carbocations as if they were only carbenium ions, or discuss carbocations with only a fleeting reference to the older terminology of carbonium ions or carbenium and carbonium ions. One textbook retains the older name of carbonium ion for carbenium ion to this day, and uses the phrase hypervalent carbenium ion for CH+5.
The orbitals of carbocations are generally sp2 hybridized so that the three full orbitals are arranged in a trigonal planar geometry about the carbon nucleus. The remaining p orbital is empty and will readily accept a pair of electrons from another atom. Because of the symmetry of this geometric arrangement, nucleophilic attack is equally favorable above or below the plane formed by the full orbitals.
Carbocation Classification
In order to understand carbocations, we need to learn some basic carbocation nomenclature. A primary carbocation is one in which there is one carbon group attached to the carbon bearing the positive charge. A secondary carbocation is one in which there are two carbons attached to the carbon bearing the positive charge. Likewise, a tertiary carbocation is one in which there are three carbons attached to the carbon bearing the positive charge.
If the carbon bearing the positive charge is immediately adjacent to a carbon-carbon double bond, the carbocation is termed an allylic carbocation.
Carbocation Stability
The stability of carbocations is dependent on a few factors. The first factor to look at when deciding the stability of a carbocation is resonance. Resonance is a stabilizing feature to a carbocation because it delocalizes the positive charge and creates additional bonding between adjacent atoms. Decreasing the electron deficiency increases the stability.
Carbocations can also be stabilized through resonance by neighboring lone pairs or pi-electrons. In general, this stabilization is greater than one degree of substitution, so a secondary carbocation stabilized by resonance will be more stable than a tertiary carbocation with no resonance stabilization, and a primary carbocation stabilized by resonance will be more stable than a secondary carbocation with no resonance stabilization.
==Formation of Carbocations==y Carbocation intermediates are formed in three main types of reactions: additions to pi bonds, unimolecular eliminations, and unimolecular nucleophilic substitution. On a bridge head a positive carbon is rare. The 3-cyclopropyl carbocation is the most stable carbocation.
Three Fates of a Carbocation
Now we consider how carbocations behave in reaction mechanisms. Generally speaking, carbocations are unstable due to their open octets and positive charges. Thus, their reactions will be strongly influenced by filling the octet of the carbon bearing the positive charge, or at least making this positive charge more stable. There are three common mechanism pathways (or fates) by which carbocations may achieve this stability. These fates are (a) capture a nucleophile, (b) lose a proton to form a π bond, and (c) rearrange.
Capture a Nucleophile. The carbocation is electrophilic because it has a positive charge and (in most cases) a carbon atom with an open octet. The positive charge is neutralized when an electron pair is accepted and a new covalent bond is formed. By definition, a species that donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond is a nucleophile.
Because carbocations are very reactive, even weak nucleophiles such as water can be captured with ease.
Lose a proton to form a π bond. Accepting an electron pair from an adjacent bond to a hydrogen atom neutralizes the positive charge or fills the open octet and forms a new π bond. (The carbocation carbon now has four bonds and a full octet, so its formal charge is zero.) The hydrogen atom must be removed by a base, but because carbocations are generally very reactive species and very strongly driven to dispose of the positive charge even a weak base such as water or iodide ion can accomplish this deprotonation.
Rearrangement. The bonding electrons of a carbocation may shift between adjacent atoms to form a more stable carbocation. For example, rearrangement will occur if a secondary carbocation can be formed from a primary carbocation because a secondary carbocation is more stable than the primary carbocation. There can be two types of rearrangements. Shift of an alkyl group is called a 1,2-alkyl shift. The most common carbocation rearrangements involve a carbocation rearranging into a more stable carbocation, such as 2o → 3o with resonance.
Rearrangements that transform a carbocation into another of apparently equal stability are less common, but they do occur. So before invoking this kind or rearrangement ask yourself if a better rearrangement, or some other mechanism step, is possible. Rearrangement to a less stable carbocation is very unusual, but also does occur. This is the pathway of last very last resort. All other reasonable options must be ruled out first.
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720 Words3 Pages
Q1. Evaluate the title of Alexander II as 'The Czar Liberator.' A1. 'Czar' commonly also known as 'Tsar' was an official title given to a supreme ruler in Russia. And 'Liberator' as we all know is a person who frees or liberates someone from a situation especially imprisonment and slavery. Alexander II was given the title of, 'The Czar Liberator' as he was well known for his achievement in abolishing Serfdom in Russia during his prosperous reign from 1855-1881. When Nicholas I, Alexander's father died and left the throne for Alexander to ascend, Russia was in deep crisis. The first year of his reign he devoted to the Crimean War. After the fall of Sevastopol he smartly negotiated for peace under his trusted counselor, Prince Gorchakov. Alexander then thought of beginning a period of radical reforms. He soon started reforms and was backed and encouraged by the public whole heartedly, but he once again smartly and wisely carried out these reforms with autocratic power. Alexander realized the backwardness of Russia in the military and technological aspects during the Crimean War and thought of emancipating the serfs to prevent a peasantry uprising. He also took this step as he thought serfdom was hampering the growth of Russia in various sectors. These realizations especially the 'Edict Of Emancipation' earned Alexander II the title of, 'The Czar Liberator.' The Edict Of Emancipation is regarded as one of the greatest liberating acts in the history of Europe. This edict set up a wave of reforms all throughout Russia and pleased the serfs to a great extent. According to the Edict of Emancipation the serfs were allowed to own one-thirds of the land of the landlords and were free to do anything they desired on the land. But there was one condition put forward by the Government, that was the money which the Government had paid on behalf of the serfs to acquire the land
More about ALEXANDER Essay
Open Document
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Why the "foreseeable future" matters
two arctic species, two different outcomes
In March 2019, the State of Alaska petitioned to have the Arctic ring seal removed from the Endangered Species Act. Only seven years earlier, the NOAA Fisheries listed the species as "threatened" based on how climate change will reduce the sea ice and snow cover the species relies on. NOAA estimated this threat out to the year 2100, stating that it was able to reliably "foresee" that far into the future based on models of how global greenhouse gas levels would affect the Arctic environment.
In its petition, Alaska claims that NOAA's projections to 2100 were too speculative and that 2055 is the longest that "reliable predictions may be made regarding climate-related effects." To support this claim, Alaska cites the 2017 U.S. Fish and Wildlife decision not to list the Pacific walrus, which is also threatened by Arctic sea ice loss. There, the agency limited the foreseeable future to 2060, because "beyond 2060 the conclusions concerning the impacts of the effects of climate change on the Pacific walrus population are based on speculation, rather than reliable prediction."
Two mammal species face the same threats from climate change, but the outcomes under the ESA differ remarkably, partly because of how each agency interprets the foreseeable future. Adopt a shorter timeframe for the foreseeable future and threats far out into the future don't need to be considered, making listing less likely. Adopt an extended timeframe and those same threats factor into the listing decision. This is one way that the foreseeable future matters. As climate change continues to affect more species, how the two agencies interpret the foreseeable future will become only more important.
Major Changes to the Foreseeable Future?
In August 2019, the Trump administration finalized extensive changes to the regulations and policies for the ESA. One change was to codify into the regulations a definition of foreseeable future that's based on a 2009 Fish and Wildlife Service memo that explained the phrase and that both agencies have followed since then. The memo limits the foreseeable future to a timeframe over which predictions are "reliable." The Trump administration's codification is based on a "likely" standard, which the agencies explain means "more likely than not." Many commentators have already claimed that this definition will restrict the ability to list species under the ESA, especially those affected by climate change. We are skeptical of these predictions because the "more likely than not" standard is more permissive than those we've seen in a handful of ESA decisions on controversial species. But rather than speculate about the effects of this change, we'll use science to determine whether the foreseeable future will change. Continue reading to learn how.
Using real-world data to understand change
Despite the importance of the foreseeable future concept, hardly anyone has evaluated how the Services have interpreted the phrase in practice. How often do the Services assign a timeframe to the foreseeable future? What is that timeframe and does it change over time? A 2009 study addressed these questions, but since then no one had continued the work.
If the definition of foreseeable future will change how this phrase is interpreted, the best way to understand that change is to compare foreseeable future analyses before and after the definition takes effect. That's what we're doing. We’ve located and analyzed all 420 ESA decisions from 2010 through July 2019 that interpreted the foreseeable future. With this baseline established, we'll track future decisions to determine whether the foreseeable future changes and, if so, by how much and why.
Click on the thumbnail image to the left to see our main findings on the foreseeable future.
our findings to date
The five visualizations below summarize our main findings to date. Click on each tab to see the visualizations. Click on the check boxes to display/remove data layers.
We'll periodically update the visualizations below with our interpretation of the most recent foreseeable future decisions, and we plan to publish our comprehensive results in a journal soon.
We found several straightforward ways for the Services to improve how they apply the foreseeable future. In fact, NOAA has already been applying most of these recommendations in many of their ESA decisions.
1. Quantify the foreseeable future whenever possible. The Services are not legally required to specify the timeframe for the foreseeable future, but doing so usually improves public understanding of how the agencies decided on the timeframe. Further, many decisions we reviewed specified timeframes implicitly--we often had to read a decision several times to identify which timeframe corresponds to the foreseeable future. Both of these problems are easily fixable. Unclear decisions undermine the legitimacy of ESA decisions, encourage litigation, and build the case for reforms to the ESA that are overly broad.
2. Specify the maximum foreseeable future timeframe. Many ESA decisions specified the minimum timeframe for the foreseeable future rather than the maximum. The maximum, however, is almost always more informative than the minimum. For example, explaining that the foreseeable future is "at least" 10 years doesn't reveal how far the foreseeable future extends--and whether a species is still secure at the end of that timeframe. This is most problematic for decisions to delist a species and to not list one, because they assume that a species will be secure for the entire length of the foreseeable future.
3. Be consistent about climate change projections. One of the murkiest aspects of the decisions we reviewed pertained to how the Services determine the foreseeable future for climate change impacts. There are multiple scales at which the agencies can project these impacts. At the broadest scale, global greenhouse gas levels are well modeled and support reliable projections to the end of the century. But such extended projections become more difficult as scientists try to project how climate change will impact specific regions or locations in the world, such as the talus slopes of western Arkansas. Thus, the length of the foreseeable future is closely tied to how "downscaled" the Services require their climate change analysis to be. The challenge is that the agencies have not developed guidance on how they decide when to use global, regional, or local climate change predictions for any particular type of decision. Lack of consistency on this issue has led to litigation including over whether to list the wolverine in the Northern Rockies.
4. Develop national guidance on interpreting the foreseeable future. To ensure that the Services apply best practices to interpreting the foreseeable future, they should develop national guidance for these analyses. Recommendations like the ones we've offered should be part of the guidance, helping to ensure that the hundreds of biologists who draft listing decisions have standards to help them arrive at consistent and legally-defensible decisions.
Analyses and webpage by Jake Li and Angus McLean.
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1 in stock
It is believed that crocodiles would find slow moving water to hatch and raise their young in a shallow pool where large predators were less likely. This juvenile crocodile tooth measures .35 inches and has a worn tip from feeding before being shed.
As crocodiles eat, they break off the teeth as new ones are erupting through the jaw. The teeth are constantly growing. These small broken teeth without the roots are called “spitters”. They are broken from a live animal. When a creature dies the teeth fall out with the roots, they are called “rooted teeth”.
Crocodile tooth
Harding County, South Dakota
Hell Creek Formation
collected 2004 by one of our trusted paleo partners who has collected teeth for many years.
collected from private property on a pay-to-dig site.
New Shop Order Delays
Due to recent events, no orders will be shipped until the stay home order is lifted. You may still place orders and will be contacted afterwards.
Thank you for understanding, and stay safe!
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Jumbo Content
Ocean Color Demo at NASA Goddard’s Science Jamboree
Aimee Neeley demos the "Little Bits" ocean color activity.
Credit: Bryan Franz (NASA/GSFC). Download this image (PNG, 582 KB).
[27-July-16] At NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Science Jamboree, Aimee Neeley demonstrates an ocean color activity to a participant. The "Little Bits" activity includes instructions for constructing a simple spectrophotometer and measuring different colors of water to observe their spectral differences. Green water is used to represent spectra of more productive water (i.e., high in chlorophyll) and the red/orange water represents water high in dissolved organic materials such as leaves or bark.
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Did you ever complain to your parents about a sibling getting better treatment than you? Well, then you know how this monkey feels.
In the following excerpt from primatologist Frans de Waal’s popular TEDTalk, we see how monkeys are susceptible to anger from perceived unfairness. In a now-famous experiment, researchers taught two monkeys to hand them a rock in exchange for a reward. In this case, each monkey received a cucumber.
However, after several exchanges, the researchers began rewarding one of the monkeys with a grape. The other monkey still received a cucumber. (Like any normal person, the monkeys prefer grapes to cucumbers.) In the video, we see that one of the monkeys does not like the situation at all. The once-cucumber-loving monkey now wants nothing more than to receive a grape!
De Waal's full talk features other examples of animals demonstrating traits we think of as very human: empathy, cooperation, reciprocity. He titles it "Moral Behavior in Animals." For as he puts it, as the cucumber-receiving monkey protests not getting a grape, "So this is basically the [Occupy] Wall Street protest that you see here."
Woah. We are flattered you shared our blog post!
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新版剑桥少儿英语二级下 lesson14
2011-7-26 11:07
新版剑桥少儿英语二级下 lesson14
Unit 14 You've got to see it.
[00:15.44]3.Look,read and find.
[00:22.83]Many years ago,a pirate and some sailors came to an island.
[00:31.43]They wanted to find the lost treasure.
[00:36.02]They had an old map.
[00:39.71]They looked for the treasure for many days,but they still couldn't find any.
[00:46.32]They knew there was something wrong.
[00:50.31]They looked at the map and went back to their ship again.
[00:55.41]First,they got out of the ship.
[01:01.00]Then they came to an old tree and looked for the gold around the tree.
[01:08.60]Later on they went to a broken ship and found an empty treasure box.
[01:16.70]Next they came to a big rock and found nothing under the rock.
[01:23.80]There was a broken bowl next to the rock.
[01:28.08]No one wanted that broken bowl.
[01:32.19]They went on and saw a big knife and took it back.
[01:37.59]They saw another tree.But there was no gold there.
[01:43.29]Where is the gold?Can you tell them?
[01:49.19]4.Let's chant.
[01:55.80]1.We've got to find the box.It's behind the big rocks.
[02:05.81]We've got to open the box,the box has two locks.
[02:10.90]2.We've got to find the gold.It's buried deep in the hole
[02:16.20]We've got to dig the hole,get the treasure and sail home.
[02:23.39]4.A play.(A pirate and two sailors)
[02:32.58]Sailor 1:Look!It's an island!
[02:36.68]Pirate:Yes,we can find the treasure soon.
[02:40.57]Here we are.Let's get off the ship.
[02:44.18]Sailor2:Where is the treasure?
[02:47.78]Pirate:It must be in the treasure box.
[02:51.08]You've got to look for it carefully
[02:57.87]Pirate:We've got to find the treasure.
[03:01.16]Listen,you go this way and you go that way!
[03:06.85]Sailor1:Hey!Come here. I've found a treasure box.
[03:12.94]Pirate:What's inside? Sailor1:I don't know.
[03:17.62]Pirate:You've got to open it.
[03:20.10]Sailor1:OK.Look,there are some clothes,but there is no treasure.
[03:28.09]Pirate:The treasure's got to be somewhere.
[03:31.98]Sailor2:Hey,come here. I've found a small treasure box.
[03:37.36]Pirate:You've got to open it.
[03:39.85]Sailor2:But I'm afraid Pirate:Let me try. (He opens the box!)
[03:47.76]Sailors:Gold!We've found the gold!
[03:52.25]Pirate:There's got to be more.Let's go back to the ship first.
[03:56.85]We can come back here tomorrow.
[03:59.86]Sailors:We've found the gold!We've found the gold!
[04:04.95]8. Mini dialogues.
[04:13.86]1.A:Oh,it's six o'clock now.I've got to go.
[04:22.06]B:Don't worry.Please stay for supper.
[04:26.06]A:My parents are waiting for me.I'm sorry.I've got to go.
[04:33.95]B:All right.Come here again when you have time.
[04:38.94]2.A:We've got to do our homework now.
[04:44.03]B:You are right.What's the homework?
[04:48.24]A:The teacher asked us to make sentences.
[04:52.34]B:Now,I remember.Let's do it.
[04:56.93]3.A:You've got to buy a new bike.
[05:02.45]B:Is there anything wrong with my old bike
[05:06.73]A:Look here.It's broken.I almost fell off the bike
[05:11.85]B:Were you hurt? A:No,I wasn't.B:Thank goodness!
[05:17.13]Exercises 14 3.Listen and tick.
[05:24.91]1.What did Bob do yesterday?
[05:29.72]Fred,what did you do yesterday?
[05:30.74]I did nothing.I stayed at home reading books.
[05:35.41]Did you go anywhere yesterday,Bob?I went to a park.We played football there.
[05:42.88]Who played with you?Sam and Tom.It's too bad that you were not there.
[05:49.57]My mum asked me to stay at home and read books.it was very boring.
[05:56.36]Next time,you come with me.It's a lot of fun.I'm sure I will.
[06:03.76]2.What does Jane like to play?
[06:09.24]Do you go to the piano lessons every Thursday?
[06:14.26]Yes,I like to play the piano.Jane,what do you like?
[06:19.95]I like to play the guitar.I like singing.
[06:24.24]I can play the guitar while I'm singing.
[06:28.41]Is it easy to learn?It's not difficult.
[06:32.80]I'm sure you can learn.You can play better than me.Thanks.
[06:38.60]Maybe I can learn to play guitar some day.
[06:42.70]3.When does the circus start?
[06:47.90]There is a circus in our town today.
[06:51.69]I know.There're already a lot of people there.
[06:56.26]When does it start?I don't know.But I heard it starts at 7:30.
[07:03.16]It usually starts at 7:30.Maybe you are right.
[07:07.76]Let's go.We shouldn't be late for the first part.
[07:12.95]4.What was the weather like yesterday?
[07:19.14]Did you go out yesterday? No,I didn't.Why?
[07:25.54]It rained very hard.I was walking on the street at that time.
[07:31.45]Did you bring an umbrella with you?Yes I did.
[07:35.86]But It didn't work.I get wet all over the body.
[07:41.24]I was lucky.I stayed at home watching TV then.
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Researchers make world's smallest tic-tac-toe game board with DNA
(Nanowerk News) Move over Mona Lisa, here comes tic-tac-toe.
Now, the Caltech team has made another leap forward with the technology. They have created new tiles that are more dynamic, allowing the researchers to reshape already-built DNA structures (Nature Communications, "Information-based autonomous reconfiguration in systems of interacting DNA nanostructures").
An animation showing how a game of DNA origami tic-tac-toe is played through tile swapping. (Video: Qian Lab/Caltech)
Putting the Pieces Together
Three panels relate the concept of DNA strand displacement through the breakup of a relationship
Three panels relate the concept of DNA strand displacement through the breakup of a relationship. (Image: Caltech)
Let's Play
To get the tic-tac-toe game started, Qian's team mixed up a solution of blank board tiles in a test tube. Once the board assembled itself, the players took turns adding either X tiles or O tiles to the solution. Because of the programmable nature of the DNA they are made from, the tiles were designed to slide into specific spots on the board, replacing the blank tiles that had been there. An X tile could be designed to only slide into the lower left-hand corner of the board, for example. Players could put an X or and O in any blank spot they wanted by using tiles designed to go where they wanted. After six days of riveting gameplay, player X emerged victorious.
DNA Strand Pairing
A pair of images show complementary DNA strands bonded, and partially paired DNA strands bonded. In partial pairing, unmatched sequences dangle off the ends. (Image: Caltech)
Obviously, no parents will be rushing out to buy their children a tic-tac-toe game that takes almost a week to play, but tic-tac-toe is not really the point, says Grigory Tikhomirov, senior postdoctoral scholar and co-first author of the study. The goal is to use the technology to develop nanomachines that can be modified or repaired after they have already been built.
"When you get a flat tire, you will likely just replace it instead of buying a new car. Such a manual repair is not possible for nanoscale machines," he says. "But with this tile displacement process we discovered, it becomes possible to replace and upgrade multiple parts of engineered nanoscale machines to make them more efficient and sophisticated."
Source: California Institute of Technology
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Taxus baccata
Yew family (Taxaceae)
(all credits and rights of the Wikipedia source apply)
Taxus baccata is a conifer native to western, central and southern Europe, northwest Africa, northern Iran and southwest Asia. It is the tree originally known as yew, though with other related trees becoming known, it may now be known as common yew, English yew, or European yew. Primarily grown as an ornamental, most parts of the plant are poisonous, and consumption of the foliage can result in death.
Taxonomy and naming
The word yew is from Proto-Germanic *īwa-, possibly originally a loanword from Gaulish *ivos, compare Breton ivin, Irish ēo, Welsh ywen, French if (see Eihwaz for a discussion). In German it is known as Eibe. Baccata is Latin for bearing berries. The word yew as it was originally used seems to refer to the color brown. The yew (μίλος) was known to Theophrastus, who noted its preference for mountain coolness and shade, its evergreen character and its slow growth.
Most Romance languages, with the notable exception of French (if), kept a version of the Latin word taxus (Italian tasso, Corsican tassu, Occitan teis, Catalan teix, Gasconic tech, Spanish tejo, Asturian texu, Portuguese teixo, Galician teixo and Romanian tisă) from the same root as toxic. In Slavic languages, the same root is preserved: Polish cis, Russian tis (тис), Serbian-Croatian-Bosnian-Montenegrin tisa/тиса, Slovakian tis, Slovenian tisa. Albanian borrowed it as tis.
In Iran, the tree is known as sorkhdār (Persian: سرخدار, literally "the red tree").
The common yew was one of the many species first described by Linnaeus. It is one of around 30 conifer species in seven genera in the family Taxaceae, which is placed in the order Pinales.
It is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree, growing 10–20 metres (33–66 ft) (exceptionally up to 28 metres (92 ft)) tall, with a trunk up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) (exceptionally 4 metres (13 ft)) in diameter. The bark is thin, scaly brown, coming off in small flakes aligned with the stem. The leaves are flat, dark green, 1–4 centimetres (0.39–1.57 in) long and 2–3 millimetres (0.079–0.118 in) broad, arranged spirally on the stem, but with the leaf bases twisted to align the leaves in two flat rows either side of the stem, except on erect leading shoots where the spiral arrangement is more obvious. The leaves are poisonous.
The seed cones are modified, each cone containing a single seed, which is 4–7 millimetres (0.16–0.28 in) long, and partly surrounded by a fleshy scale which develops into a soft, bright red berry-like structure called an aril. The aril is 8–15 millimetres (0.31–0.59 in) long and wide and open at the end. The arils mature 6 to 9 months after pollination, and with the seed contained, are eaten by thrushes, waxwings and other birds, which disperse the hard seeds undamaged in their droppings. Maturation of the arils is spread over 2 to 3 months, increasing the chances of successful seed dispersal. The seeds themselves are poisonous and bitter, but are opened and eaten by some bird species including hawfinches, greenfinches and great tits. The aril is not poisonous, it is gelatinous and very sweet tasting. The male cones are globose, 3–6 millimetres (0.12–0.24 in) in diameter, and shed their pollen in early spring. The yew is mostly dioecious, but occasional individuals can be variably monoecious, or change sex with time.
Taxus baccata can reach 400 to 600 years of age. Some specimens live longer but the age of yews is often overestimated. Ten yews in Britain are believed to predate the 10th century. The potential age of yews is impossible to determine accurately and is subject to much dispute. There is rarely any wood as old as the entire tree, while the boughs themselves often become hollow with age, making ring counts impossible. Evidence based on growth rates and archaeological work of surrounding structures suggests the oldest yews, such as the Fortingall Yew in Perthshire, Scotland, may be in the range of 2,000 years, placing them among the oldest plants in Europe. One characteristic contributing to yew's longevity is that it is able to split under the weight of advanced growth without succumbing to disease in the fracture, as do most other trees. Another is its ability to give rise to new epicormic and basal shoots from cut surfaces and low on its trunk, even at an old age.
Significant trees
The Fortingall Yew in Perthshire, Scotland, has the largest recorded trunk girth in Britain and experts estimate it to be 2,000 to 3,000 years old, although it may be a remnant of a post-Roman Christian site and around 1,500 years old. The Llangernyw Yew in Clwyd, Wales, can be found at an early saint site and is about 1,500 years old. Other well known yews include the Ankerwycke Yew, the Balderschwang Yew, the Caesarsboom, the Florence Court Yew, and the Borrowdale Fraternal Four, of which poet William Wordsworth wrote. The Kingley Vale National Nature Reserve in West Sussex has one of Europe's largest yew woodlands.
The oldest specimen in Spain is located in Bermiego, Asturias. It is known as Teixu l'Iglesia in the Asturian language. It stands 15 m (49 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of 6.82 m (22.4 ft) and a crown diameter of 15 m. It was declared a Natural Monument on April 27, 1995 by the Asturian Government and is protected by the Plan of Natural Resources.
A unique forest formed by Taxus baccata and European box (Buxus sempervirens) lies within the city of Sochi, in the Western Caucasus.
The oldest Irish Yew (Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata'), the Florence Court Yew, still stands in the grounds of Florence Court estate in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. The Irish Yew has become ubiquitous in cemeteries across the world and it is believed that all known examples are from cuttings from this tree.
The entire yew bush, except the aril (the red flesh of the berry covering the seed), is poisonous. It is toxic due to a group of chemicals called taxine alkaloids. Their cardiotoxicity is well known and act via calcium and sodium channel antagonism, causing an increase in cytoplasmic calcium currents of the myocardial cells. The seeds contain the highest concentrations of these alkaloids. If any leaves or seeds of the plant are ingested, urgent medical advice is recommended as well as observation for at least 6 hours after the point of ingestion. The most cardiotoxic taxine is Taxine B followed by Taxine A – Taxine B also happens to be the most common alkaloid in the Taxus species.
Yew poisonings are relatively common in both domestic and wild animals who consume the plant accidentally, resulting in "countless fatalities in livestock". The taxine alkaloids are absorbed quickly from the intestine and in high enough quantities can cause death due to cardiac arrest or respiratory failure. Taxines are also absorbed efficiently via the skin and Taxus species should thus be handled with care and preferably with gloves. Taxus baccata leaves contain approximately 5 mg of taxines per 1 g of leaves.
The estimated lethal dose (LDmin) of taxine alkaloids is approximately 3.0mg/kg body weight for humans. "The lethal dose for an adult is reported to be 50 g of yew needles. Patients who ingest a lethal dose frequently die due to cardiogenic shock, in spite of resuscitation efforts." There are currently no known antidotes for yew poisoning, but drugs such as atropine have been used to treat the symptoms. Taxine remains in the plant all year, with maximal concentrations appearing during the winter. Dried yew plant material retains its toxicity for several months and even increases its toxicity as the water is removed. Fallen leaves should therefore also be considered toxic. Poisoning usually occurs when leaves of yew trees are eaten, but in at least one case a victim inhaled sawdust from a yew tree.
It is difficult to measure taxine alkaloids and this is a major reason as to why different studies show different results.
Minimum lethal dose, oral LDmin for many different animals were tested:
Chicken 82.5 mg/kg
Cow 10.0 mg/kg
Dog 11.5 mg/kg
Goat 60.0 mg/kg
Horse 1.0–2.0 mg/kg
Pig 3.5 mg/kg
Sheep 12.5 mg/kg
Several studies have found taxine LD50 values under 20 mg/kg in mice and rats. (For symptoms of human toxicity, see Taxine alkaloids.)
Male and monoecious yews in this genus release toxic pollen, which can cause the mild symptoms (see Taxine alkaloids). The pollen is also a trigger for asthma. These pollen grains are only 15 microns in size, and can easily pass through most window screens.
Allergenic potential
Yews in this genus are primarily separate-sexed, and males are extremely allergenic, with an OPALS allergy scale rating of 10 out of 10. Completely female yews have an OPALS rating of 1, and are considered "allergy-fighting". Male yews bloom and release abundant amounts of pollen in the spring; completely female yews only trap pollen while producing none.
Uses and traditions
In the ancient Celtic world, the yew tree (*eburos) had extraordinary importance; a passage by Caesar narrates that Cativolcus, chief of the Eburones poisoned himself with yew rather than submit to Rome (Gallic Wars 6: 31). Similarly, Florus notes that when the Cantabrians were under siege by the legate Gaius Furnius in 22 BC, most of them took their lives either by the sword, by fire, or by a poison extracted ex arboribus taxeis, that is, from the yew tree (2: 33, 50–51). In a similar way, Orosius notes that when the Astures were besieged at Mons Medullius, they preferred to die by their own swords or by the yew tree poison rather than surrender (6, 21, 1).
The area of Ydre in the South Swedish highlands is interpreted to mean "place of yews". Two localities in particular, Idhult and Idebo, appear to be further associated with yews.
The yew is traditionally and regularly found in churchyards in England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and Northern France (particularly Normandy). Some examples can be found in La Haye-de-Routot or La Lande-Patry. It is said up to 40 people could stand inside one of the La-Haye-de-Routot yew trees, and the Le Ménil-Ciboult yew is probably the largest at 13 m diameter. Yews may grow to become exceptionally large (over 5 m diameter) and may live to be over 2,000 years old. Sometimes monks planted yews in the middle of their cloister, as at Muckross Abbey (Ireland) or abbaye de Jumièges (Normandy). Some ancient yew trees are located at St. Mary the Virgin Church, Overton-on-Dee in Wales.
In Asturian tradition and culture, the yew tree was considered to be linked with the land, people, ancestors and ancient religion. It was tradition on All Saints' Day to bring a branch of a yew tree to the tombs of those who had died recently so they would be guided in their return to the Land of Shadows. The yew tree has been found near chapels, churches and cemeteries since ancient times as a symbol of the transcendence of death. They are often found in the main squares of villages where people celebrated the open councils that served as a way of general assembly to rule village affairs.
It has been suggested that the sacred tree at the Temple at Uppsala was an ancient yew tree. The Christian church commonly found it expedient to take over existing pre-Christian sacred sites for churches. It has also been suggested that yews were planted at religious sites as their long life was suggestive of eternity, or because, being toxic when ingested, they were seen as trees of death. Another suggested explanation is that yews were planted to discourage farmers and drovers from letting animals wander onto the burial grounds, the poisonous foliage being the disincentive. A further possible reason is that fronds and branches of yew were often used as a substitute for palms on Palm Sunday.
Some yew trees were actually native to the sites before the churches were built. King Edward I of England ordered yew trees to be planted in churchyards to offer some protection to the buildings. Yews are poisonous so by planting them in the churchyards cattle that were not allowed to graze on hallowed ground were safe from eating yew. Yew branches touching the ground take root and sprout again; this became a symbol of death, rebirth and therefore immortality.
In interpretations of Norse cosmology, the tree Yggdrasil has traditionally been interpreted as a giant ash tree. Some scholars now believe errors were made in past interpretations of the ancient writings, and that the tree is most likely a European yew (Taxus baccata).
In the Crann Ogham—the variation on the ancient Irish Ogham alphabet which consists of a list of trees—yew is the last in the main list of 20 trees, primarily symbolizing death. There are stories of people who have committed suicide by ingesting the foliage. As the ancient Celts also believed in the transmigration of the soul, there is in some cases a secondary meaning of the eternal soul that survives death to be reborn in a new form.
Certain compounds found in the bark of yew trees were discovered by Wall and Wani in 1967 to have efficacy as anti-cancer agents. The precursors of the chemotherapy drug paclitaxel (taxol) were later shown to be synthesized easily from extracts of the leaves of European yew, which is a much more renewable source than the bark of the Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia) from which they were initially isolated. This ended a point of conflict in the early 1990s; many environmentalists, including Al Gore, had opposed the destructive harvesting of Pacific yew for paclitaxel cancer treatments. Docetaxel can then be obtained by semi-synthetic conversion from the precursors.
Woodworking and longbows
Wood from the yew is classified as a closed-pore softwood, similar to cedar and pine. Easy to work, yew is among the hardest of the softwoods; yet it possesses a remarkable elasticity, making it ideal for products that require springiness, such as bows. Due to all parts of the yew and its volatile oils being poisonous and cardiotoxic, a mask should be worn if one comes in contact with sawdust from the wood.
One of the world's oldest surviving wooden artifacts is a Clactonian yew spear head, found in 1911 at Clacton-on-Sea, in Essex, UK. Known as the Clacton Spear, it is estimated to be over 400,000 years old.
Yew is also associated with Wales and England because of the longbow, an early weapon of war developed in northern Europe, and as the English longbow the basis for a medieval tactical system. The oldest surviving yew longbow was found at Rotten Bottom in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. It has been given a calibrated radiocarbon date of 4040 BC to 3640 BC and is on display in the National Museum of Scotland. Yew is the wood of choice for longbow making; the heartwood is always on the inside of the bow with the sapwood on the outside. This makes most efficient use of their properties as heartwood is best in compression whilst sapwood is superior in tension. However, much yew is knotty and twisted, and therefore unsuitable for bowmaking; most trunks do not give good staves and even in a good trunk much wood has to be discarded.
There was a tradition of planting yew trees in churchyards throughout Britain and Ireland, among other reasons, as a resource for bows. "Ardchattan Priory whose yew trees, according to other accounts, were inspected by Robert the Bruce and cut to make at least some of the longbows used at the Battle of Bannockburn."
The trade of yew wood to England for longbows was so robust that it depleted the stocks of good-quality, mature yew over a vast area. The first documented import of yew bowstaves to England was in 1294. In 1350 there was a serious shortage, and Henry IV of England ordered his royal bowyer to enter private land and cut yew and other woods. In 1423 the Polish king commanded protection of yews in order to cut exports, facing nearly complete destruction of local yew stock. In 1470 compulsory archery practice was renewed, and hazel, ash, and laburnum were specifically allowed for practice bows. Supplies still proved insufficient, until by the Statute of Westminster in 1472, every ship coming to an English port had to bring four bowstaves for every tun. Richard III of England increased this to ten for every tun. This stimulated a vast network of extraction and supply, which formed part of royal monopolies in southern Germany and Austria. In 1483, the price of bowstaves rose from two to eight pounds per hundred, and in 1510 the Venetians would only sell a hundred for sixteen pounds. In 1507 the Holy Roman Emperor asked the Duke of Bavaria to stop cutting yew, but the trade was profitable, and in 1532 the royal monopoly was granted for the usual quantity "if there are that many." In 1562, the Bavarian government sent a long plea to the Holy Roman Emperor asking him to stop the cutting of yew, and outlining the damage done to the forests by its selective extraction, which broke the canopy and allowed wind to destroy neighbouring trees. In 1568, despite a request from Saxony, no royal monopoly was granted because there was no yew to cut, and the next year Bavaria and Austria similarly failed to produce enough yew to justify a royal monopoly. Forestry records in this area in the 17th century do not mention yew, and it seems that no mature trees were to be had. The English tried to obtain supplies from the Baltic, but at this period bows were being replaced by guns in any case.
Today European yew is widely used in landscaping and ornamental horticulture. Due to its dense, dark green, mature foliage, and its tolerance of even very severe pruning, it is used especially for formal hedges and topiary. Its relatively slow growth rate means that in such situations it needs to be clipped only once per year (in late summer).
Well over 200 cultivars of T. baccata have been named. The most popular of these are the Irish yew (T. baccata 'Fastigiata'), a fastigiate cultivar of the European yew selected from two trees found growing in Ireland, and the several cultivars with yellow leaves, collectively known as "golden yew". In some locations, e.g. when hemmed in by buildings or other trees, an Irish yew can reach 20 feet in height without exceeding 2 feet in diameter at its thickest point, although with age many Irish yews assume a fat cigar shape rather than being truly columnar.
European yew will tolerate growing in a wide range of soils and situations, including shallow chalk soils and shade, although in deep shade its foliage may be less dense. However it cannot tolerate waterlogging, and in poorly-draining situations is liable to succumb to the root-rotting pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi.
In Europe, Taxus baccata grows naturally north to Molde in southern Norway, but it is used in gardens further north. It is also popular as a bonsai in many parts of Europe and makes a handsome small- to large-sized bonsai.
In England, yew has historically been sometimes associated with privies (outside toilets), possibly because the smell of the plant keeps insects away.
Musical instruments
The late Robert Lundberg, a noted luthier who performed extensive research on historical lute-making methodology, states in his 2002 book Historical Lute Construction that yew was historically a prized wood for lute construction. European legislation establishing use limits and requirements for yew limited supplies available to luthiers, but it was apparently as prized among medieval, renaissance, and baroque lute builders as Brazilian rosewood is among contemporary guitar-makers for its quality of sound and beauty.
Clippings from ancient specimens in the UK, including the Fortingall Yew, were taken to the Royal Botanic Gardens in Edinburgh to form a mile-long hedge. The purpose of this "Yew Conservation Hedge Project" is to maintain the DNA of Taxus baccata. The species is threatened by felling, partly due to rising demand from pharmaceutical companies, and disease.
Another conservation programme was run in Catalonia in the early 2010s, by the Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), in order to protect genetically endemic yew populations, and preserve them from overgrazing and forest fires. In the framework of this programme, the 4th International Yew Conference was organised in the Poblet Monastery in 2014, which proceedings are available.
There has also been a conservation programme in northern Portugal and Northern Spain (Cantabrian Range).
See also
• List of plants poisonous to equines
Further reading
• Chetan, A. and Brueton, D. (1994) The Sacred Yew, London: Arkana, ISBN 0-14-019476-2
• Hartzell, H. (1991) The yew tree: a thousand whispers: biography of a species, Eugene: Hulogosi, ISBN 0-938493-14-0
• Simón, F. M. (2005) Religion and Religious Practices of the Ancient Celts of the Iberian Peninsula, e-Keltoi, v. 6, p. 287-345, ISSN 1540-4889 online
• Casals, Pere; Camprodon, Jordi; Caritat, Antonia; Rios, Ana; Guixe, David; Garcia-Marti, X; Martin-Alarcon, Santiago; Coll, Lluis (2015). "Forest structure of Mediterranean yew (Taxus baccata L.) populations and neighbor effects on juvenile yew performance in the NE Iberian Peninsula" (PDF). Forest Systems. 24 (3): e042. doi:10.5424/fs/2015243-07469.
External links
• Images and location details of ancient yews
• Life+ Taxus conservation programme in Catalonia
• Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia (CTFC)—Biology Conservation Department
• Taxus baccata—distribution map, genetic conservation units, and related resources from the European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)
WWW info
Continu searching
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Taxus baccata [L.]
Тис ягодный
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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/March 12, 2020
Ethiopian historiography embodies the ancient, medieval, early modern and modern disciplines of recording the history of Ethiopia. Ethiopian historical writing can be traced back to the Kingdom of Aksum (c. AD 100 – c. 940). The writing of history became an established genre in Ethiopian literature during the early Solomonic dynasty (1270–1974), when written histories were usually in the form of royal biographies, dynastic chronicles, hagiographic literature and universal histories in the form of annals. These reinforced the genealogical traditions of Ethiopia's rulers, who claimed descent from Solomon. Modern Ethiopian historiography was developed by native Ethiopians and by Hiob Ludolf (1624–1704), the German orientalist. The traditionalist Heruy Wolde Selassie (1878–1938) employed Western historiographic methods. Historiography of the 20th century focused largely on the Abyssinian Crisis of 1935 and the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. (Full article...)
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Pine martens used to be found all over Britain. there are records of them throughout england in the 19th century. By 1850, they were absent or scarce in large areas of southern England, but still present in heavily wooded parts of Sussex, Devon and Cornwall. By 1915, the pine martenwas extinct in almost all of England, although very small numbers remained in Cumbria and north Wales. even in Scotland, they survived only in the far northwest.
They used to be trapped for their beautiful fur. However, Medieval law decreed that only royalty might wear this. Clearance of forests probably caused substantial declines in pine marten numbers. The popularity of the shooting estate in the 19th century that led to the loss of pine martens from nearly all of Britain. Studies have shown that it was the number of gamekeepers (and therefore trapping intensity), but not woodland abundance that accounted for the timing of the extinctions in different counties. Trapping and persecution also resulted in the loss of polecats, wildcats and several species of birds of prey.
Since the first world war, the number of gamekeepers in Britain has declined enormously. This can be correlated with an increase in its area of distribution in Scotland.
Despite hopes in the 1980s, recent research shows that there is no scientifically credible evidence that pine martens have naturally re-colonised parts of England or Wales.
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In Guadalajara History
History of Guadalajara
Guadalajara is a Mexican city, Jalisco state capital and largest town of the urban area called ZMG Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara. It is located in western Mexico, the center of Jalisco, in the geographical area known as Valle de Atemajac.
Its territory delimited to the north by the municipalities of Zapopan and Ixtlahuacán River, on the east by Tonala and Zapotlanejo, on the south and west with Tlaquepaque Zapopan.
The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (composed of 8 municipalities of Jalisco) brings together a total of 4,434,252 inhabitants, seven being the second most populous country after the Metropolitan Area of Mexico, 8 and the ninth largest urban agglomeration Latin America.
Its name comes from the Arabic word وادي الحجارة (Wadi al-Hiyara) which means river of stones or river running among stones or strengths Valley The founder Cristobal de Oñate named the town in honor of western Mexico conquistador Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán, who was born in Guadalajara, Spain. In Mexico it is known by the nickname La Perla de Occidente, 13 La Perla Tapatía14, Jalisco Bride or The City of Rosas.15.
Also common is the use of letters GDL to refer to Guadalajara city, although its official abbreviation is Guad. Natives of Guadalajara are called Tapatios or guadalajaran but we preffer being called ¨Tapatios¨
Until August 1542, reached its destination, the royal decrees issued by Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and I of Spain, in November 1539, in which the title granted to Guadalajara city and coat of arms, That same month, proclaimed both bonds in the main square of Guadalajara and final novel.
In 1560 Pope Paul III authorized Guadalajara establish the bishopric of Nueva Galicia, and in that same year the audience’s reign was also transferred to that city, which by the time harbored some 500 Spanish, to as many black slaves and a 2200 Indian families scattered over an area of five kilometers around the first foundations of the Cathedral.
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Elephants, Horses, and the Proportions of Paradise
Does each species have an optimal form? An ideal beauty that existed prior to the Fall? These were questions that concerned both artists and breeders alike in the 17th century. Dániel Margócsy on the search for a menagerie of perfect prelapsarian geometry.
Crispin van de Passe’s perfect elephant as featured in his ‘t Light der teken en schilderkonst (1643) — Source.
What does a perfect elephant look like? This was a question that occupied the Flemish artist Crispijn van de Passe II in the years around 1620. By then, several elephants had visited the European continent. In the 1510s, an elephant named Hanno was brought to Portugal from India and then presented as a gift from King Manuel I of Portugal to Pope Leo X. In the 1550s, Suleiman traveled through the Iberian peninsula and Italy, died in Vienna, and was stuffed and exhibited in Munich for centuries. A couple of years after Suleiman’s death, Emmanuel traveled through the Low Countries and Austria, and the list goes on, relentlessly, until we reach Hansken, the elephant that Rembrandt famously pictured, and whose skeleton is still exhibited in Florence’s Museum of Natural History.
Before de Passe, no one thought to establish an ideal norm for what the average or canonic elephant might look like. Not that Passe’s aim was to synthesize previous sightings of the animal. While an extensive number of elephant prints survive from the sixteenth century, it is unlikely that he was familiar with all of them. Instead, Passe relied on the rules of geometry. With the use of squares and circles, he constructed an animal that conformed to the laws of mathematical proportions and published the results in his book ‘t Light der teken en schilderkonst.
Crispin van de Passe’s grids for his perfect elephant as featured in his ‘t Light der teken en schilderkonst (1643) — Source.
By the 1620s, artists had long used the laws of proportions to construct human figures. Their aims were often twofold. The use of squares and circles allowed apprentice artists to quickly learn how to sketch convincing figures, and it also helped establish a standard and idealized understanding of what the human body should look like. Most of us are familiar with Leonardo’s drawing of the Vitruvian Man, which illustrates the idea that the relationship between the body parts of the ideal human being could be expressed in simple, mathematical terms. From the early days of the Renaissance, art theorists such as Albrecht Dürer discussed in great detail how the ideal human being’s height was equivalent to seven, eight, or nine times the length of his head, and how the length of the arm, the legs, the chest, and other body parts could also be expressed as integer multiples (or simple fractions) of the head.
Painters applied the same insights to the study of animals. Dürer’s Knight, Death, and the Devil famously pictures a geometrically constructed horse, and he even intended to publish a whole treatise on the topic, which was pirated soon after his death in 1528 by Hans Sebald Beham. Beham’s Maß oder proporcion der ross would soon be followed by the model books of the German printmakers Erhard Schön and Hans Lautensack. Each of these artists came up with a subtly different solution to picturing a proportionate horse. For Beham, the abstract horse could be constructed in a few steps, starting with a large square, divided into nine small squares. Into this grid he introduced numerous smaller geometrical forms and then inscribed his ideal horse into the carefully measured plane.
Image from Hans Sebald Beham’s Maß oder proporcion der ross (1528) — Source. (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
While Beham was interested in establishing the mathematical proportions of the lateral horse across a plane, Erhard Schön extended these considerations to three dimensions. Unlike Beham and Schön, Lautensack did not think that the horse needed to be inscribed in a previously established geometrical plane or space. One could simply construct it by drawing two circles of equal size next to each other, one for the frontal part and one for the buttocks, and then by drawing a set of straight lines that determined the length of the legs, the neck, and the head.
Image from Lautensack’s Perspectiva (1618) — Source. (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
Passe’s innovation was to extend the repertory of animal figures to elephants as well as to bears, lions, or rabbits. Yet, for Passe, as for his predecessors, the question of the horse was even more pressing than that of the elephant. Building upon his predecessors, he carefully analyzed the proportions of the horse in a series of images, both in two and three dimensions, paying special attention to the shape of the head.
Grids for a horse from Crispin van de Passe’s ‘t Light der teken en schilderkonst (1643)— Source.
Grids for a horse’s head from Crispin van de Passe’s ‘t Light der teken en schilderkonst (1643)— Source.
The geometry of the horse was crucial for Passe, whose personal life and profession brought him into daily contact with the animals. He was earning his living by offering lessons at the renowned riding academy of Antoine Pluvinel in the old palace of the Louvre. One may venture the thought that his students were probably more interested in riding than in limning elephants. Passe was also the illustrator of Pluvinel’s Maneige Royal, the crowning achievement and theoretical condensation of the riding master’s work; he saw it through the press after the author’s untimely death. Our Flemish artist peppered the Maneige Royal with images of perfectly proportionate horses, on occasion explicitly borrowing from his ‘t Light der teken en schilderkonst.
King Louis XIII on horseback, illustration by Passe for second edition of Antoine de Pluvinel’s Maneige Royal (1625)
Considering Passe in his time, his focus on horses makes a lot of sense. Horses were, after all, the most important animal in the early modern period. They were the primary means of transportation, a significant source of agricultural labour, and, for aristocrats, a prime fashion object. Picturing them, therefore, was an essential part of any artist’s repertoire. Moreover, horses were highly diverse. By the end of the sixteenth century, Europeans were familiar with dozens of different breeds, ranging from Frisian, Burgundy, and Crete horses to Barbs, Turks, and Arabs. When the Flemish artist Jan van der Straet (Stradanus) was commissioned to portray the horses in the stable of Don Juan d’Austria, he was able to picture forty different breeds, including Armenians, Apulians, and Saxons. While in those days, nobody made a distinction between Asian and African elephants (even Linnaeus, the eighteenth-century founder of taxonomy, would remain ignorant of their differences), Passe was surely familiar with the dozens of horse breeds that his customers were riding.
Pictures of proportionate horses offered the hope of establishing an ideal type for the species. Early in the sixteenth century, Lautensack had already pondered this possibility. He admitted that his geometric horses could not be representative of all breeds. While Italian horses were “rather handsome, with round, broad bodies and a small head”, the Turkish horses were “scrawny”, and the bodies and haunches of Frisian horses were large and heavy. Lautensack’s beautiful, proportionate horse could stand in for a beautiful race, such as the Italian, or posit an as yet unattainable ideal, but it did not represent the species in all its diversity.
Yet if not all horses followed the ideal rules of geometry, could they be remade to conform? This was the key issue for horse breeders in the decades before Passe came onto the scene. Consider, for instance, the polymath Thomas Blundeville from Elizabethan England. Like Lautensack, Blundeville’s aim was to determine how the geometrical abstraction of the ideal horse related to the observed variability amongst actual horses. What made a species a species?
Blundeville’s solution appears to have relied on the idea of an ancestral horse from whom all other horses descended and diverged. This idea is rooted in the story of Noah’s flood. In the Ark each species was represented by only one couple, and it was their offspring, dispersing in all directions, that came to populate the Earth once the waters had subsided. As Blundeville wrote, focusing on humans,
though God almightie hath created all men of one selfe bloode, and that all doe take their beginning from the Arke of Noah, and that all men be one selfe qualitie and shape of the bodie, yet they differ in greatnesse, in proportion of members, and in colour.
As animals multiplied and dispersed after the Flood, their size, proportions, and colour began to diverge. It was thus imperative to figure out which breed had the best, most beautiful proportions. In his Foure Chiefest Offices belonging to Horsemanship, Blundeville investigated the characteristics of horses from Turkey, Barbary, and Europe, and concluded that the courser of Naples was the best, as “his limmes are so well proportioned in euerie point”. Because of this quality, the Neapolitan horse stood out from the rest, and Blundeville proposed to import this breed to England to rejuvenate local stock.
Detail from Noah’s Ark (ca. 1628) by Roelant Savery — Source.
But why was the Neapolitan endowed with perfect proportions? The answer built on the commonly accepted Galenic theory of four humours and its relationship to climate. Following tradition, Blundeville believed that the external proportions and the behavior of the horse reflected the internal proportions of the four bodily humours of blood, phlegm, and black and yellow bile. Every animal’s body and character was determined by the particular humoural mix of these four fluids. In turn, it was the climate of a land that determined the humoural make-up of a creature. In hot and dry lands, creatures tended to have an overabundance of yellow bile. In wet and cold lands, like England, creatures tended to have too much phlegm and, as a result, had a rather phlegmatic character. Clearly, the land with the best, most moderate climate produced the best horses, and what could beat the balmy weather of the bay of Naples? That was the reason why the Neapolitan courser was perfect, beautiful, healthy, and strong, ready to withstand any adversity. As Blundeville wrote,
the Napolitan although he be bred under a hotter climat, yet that region is very temperate of it self, and so fruitful, as it is called the Garden, or Paradise of Itale: and the Horses there bredde, be of so strong and healthful complexion, as they wil not quaile wheresoeuer they go: and that they prosper so wel heere in this land, as in any other foyraine country.
Neapolitanus (ca. 1624) from the workshop of Philips Galle — Source.
Blundeville probably did not call the city of Naples the “Paradise of Itale” without a reason. The Bible had a huge influence on horse breeding in Elizabethan and Stuart England. In the 1610s, for instance, Michael Baret would argue that the ultimate aim of breeders was to restore the horse from the Garden of Eden. In the era before Darwinian evolution, horse breeders desperately needed a religious narrative that contradicted the widespread theory that species were permanent, which would have left little room for breeders’ attempts to improve upon nature. The Biblical story of the Fall of Man provided such an alternative. As Baret claimed, while the ideal, abstract, universal horse once existed in Paradise, the original sin of Adam and Eve brought corruption to this species as well. Horses devolved into various degenerate breeds and could not return to their Edenic condition without the intervention of breeders. Baret wrote that,
For although God gaue unto Horses such excellent qualities at their Creation, now are they changed in their use and are become disobedient to man, and therefore must bee subjected by Art.
The art of horsemanship could reverse the fall of humankind and create anew the perfect horse that obeyed humans — a horse that was proportionate, of course. Baret therefore set out to determine which horses were the most proportionate and most beautiful. Unlike Blundeville, he argued that the Edenic horse would be recreated by the careful, racial mixing of hot and dry Turkish or Barb stallions with cold and wet English mares. The combination of the humoural mixes of hotter and colder climates would lead to a new balance manifest in a perfectly shaped horse.
Detail from The Entry of the Animals into Noah’s Ark (1613) by Jan Brueghel the Elder — Source.
Baret’s suggestions about racial mixing had a large impact on English horsemanship. His contemporaries warmly embraced the idea that English horses could be improved by the injection of foreign blood. The author Gervase Markham imported one of the first Arabian horses, the Markham Arabian, during these very years, and he sold it to King James I. One hundred years later, renewed imports of Turks, Barbs, and Arabians led to the establishment of the English thoroughbred, which would remain the most valuable British horse into the present day. While early modern Englishmen increasingly protected their national identity by refraining from marriage with foreigners, they had no such compunction about having their mares bear children from stallions of distant lands.
Baret’s example has revealed the practical impact of artistic theories of proportion on contemporary breeding practices. Such a story shows that breeders and horse aficionados didn’t merely marvel at the skills of artists in producing naturalistic images. They also seriously engaged with the geometrical underpinnings of contemporary art theory and used these theories as a blueprint for their eugenic design.
Moreover, the reception of proportional theory among horse breeders might also find a resonance with the original context in which artists like Dürer, Passe, and Lautensack operated. From the vantage point of Baret, Dürer’s renowned print of Adam and Eve, with its perfectly proportionate humans, is a most appropriate manifestation of the ideal beauty of humankind before the Fall. Just before they have eaten from the apple, Adam and Eve still have a perfect internal balance of the four bodily humours (which, as some claim, are symbolized by the ox, rabbit, elk, and cat in the foreground). That is why their external proportions are so perfect, a characteristic that no other human will ever have, again.
Adam and Eve (1504) by Albrecht Dürer — Source.
This post was previously published on Publicdomainreview.org and is republished here under a Creative Commons license CC BY-ND 3.0.
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Photo credit: Public Domain Review
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how were indians portrayed in the paintings by european painters
1) Scenes from mythology were a recurrent theme because they reinforced superiority of Hindu culture over western thought.
2) Many painting sought to portray heads of British soldiers at the feet of Gods so as to tell people that they will prevail over the British.
3) These themes also spread the message that British rule was unjust and the religions should rise against the British.
• 5
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Onion enquiry
This page is dedicated to understanding what happens when an onion begins to grow leaves and photosynthesise. It could be used to explore students’ understanding of cells, respiration, photosynthesis and transpiration and how these important processes work together. Or, it could be used to explore how scientists gather data to generate knowledge about the natural world. Either way, this cheap, safe and intriguing context can provide a platform to ask and answer some interesting questions using important scientific concepts.
The onion enquiry
Take a shop bought red onion and place it in the light until it begins to grow shoots. Once the onion has leaves, students can then decide what they want to investigate. I used a red onion but have no idea if other onions will produce similar results.
the question: what happens to the mass of an onion overtime?
the method: an onion was placed on the kitchen table and the mass was recorded every day or so at roughly the same time. The onion was not given any water.
There was some growth but the mass continued to decrease
The final results are open access
So, it appeared that over a three week period the onion lost mass, although there were a few anomalies along the way. Possibly my kitchen balance needs upgrading. Download results and graph of the onion enquiry.
If you are keen to contribute to our growing understanding of onions please post comments below or share findings on twitter using #onionenquiry. Results will be collated here.
Questions we still need answers to:
• what happens to onion cells during this period?
• what dry mass changes take place during this period?
• how does mass change throughout the day and night?
• what % of mass lost is due to water loss?
• what effect does temperature have?
1. Photosynthesis
2. Reproduction in plants
3. Transpiration
4. Onion enquiry
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Additional Math Pages & Resources
Thursday, September 24, 2009
Which Center of the United States?
I saw a play recently at Lamb's Players Theatre, entitled Leaving Iowa. One of the scenes discussed the "Center of America", which is outside Lebanon, Kansas. But it turned out the Kansans disagreed with each other on where it should be.
Thinking math, I wondered, How did they find the center(s)?
It's not so easy to do with a country as large as ours. Here are some alternatives:
1. One story says the surveyors made a cardboard replica of the country, glued a map to one side and balanced it on a stake. The center was noted and that was it.
It appears they wanted to find the centroid, or the center of mass of a planar region - where it would balance if made of a flat material of uniform density. To do it mathematically takes serious work. Here:
2. You could find the centers of the east and west coasts, and the centers of the northern (Canadian) and southern (Mexican) borders. Draw lines between those points. That could be the center. Here we do it with straight lines.
Measuring the actual borders and finding the center point is a lot harder. Do you use low or high tide? What about rocks, inlets, bays and islands? Let's show both the coastline (no little details when measuring) and then the shoreline (every little curve and bump)
The top and bottom measure 3987 miles on the Canada border, and 1933 on the Mexican border plus we have to add 1631 miles of coastline (17,141 shoreline) for the Gulf.
The sides measure 2069 miles of coastline (28,673 shoreline) on the Atlantic and 1293 coastline (3863 shoreline) on the Pacific.
Just find the middles and connect the dots.
3. As an alternative approach, we could find each of the corner points (NE, SE, SW, NW), draw lines between the opposite corners, and make an X in the middle where the lines cross. But where exactly are the corner points? I'll spare you the details. Here I did it visually with lines. You can see there are issues with the corner point in Maine.
The problems with these two criss-cross solutions are many. First, the US is not flat, it's on a curved globe. How do we account for that? Second, what about the water? Do we go to the edge of the continental US or do we include our territorial waters? Do we "round off" any inlets or bays? Skip islands like Santa Catalina or the Florida Keys?
4. If you look for the center using your browser and Google's map, zoom in all the way and you'll be in a field near Coffeeville, KS. It's said to be an arbitrary choice. The center shown by the separate Google Maps software is in Lawrence, KS instead - allegedly because a Maps executive went to school there...
5. The geodedic center is where all the surveyors assume the center is. It was chosen in 1891. The point didn't have to be the "real" center. It's just a defined spot from which everyone starts as they survey the land. It's in Osborne, Kansas.
6. What about finding the population center, the economic center, the etc. center? If this intrigues you, check out this report from a college calculus class.
When Hawaii and Alaska attained statehood, the geographic center moved out of Kansas up to a field outside Belle Fourche, SD.
Of course, the population center moves, whenever enough of us do.
It would be safest to say the center is in the middle of the country, ok?
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A Brief History of Denali National Park
They call Denali the crown jewel of the north for a reason. There is a lot to learn about the park’s creation, why they changed the name from “Mount McKinley” to “Denali,” and more. We explore the most interesting aspects of this fabled park’s history here.
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• Denali has quite a reputation. It’s the tallest mountain in all of North America, and the Denali National Park that surrounds the peak includes more than 6 million acres of wilderness. To many people, the word Denali is synonymous with Alaska. But there’s probably lots you don’t know about this famous mountain and the land around it!
Geological History
Denali National Park has been home to major tectonic shifts, extreme weather conditions, and a vast array of plant and animal life for millennia. There has been an ice age and even a period of tropicalia. Dinosaurs once roamed these lands, and we can still see their fossilized footprints alongside the relics of early cultures.
The peak of Denali sits midway along the Alaska Range, a 600-mile stretch of mountains created by the convergence of the North American and the Pacific Plates. In fact, the peak of Denali is still growing by about 1 millimeter a year because these plates are still pressing together!
The mountain is the centerpiece, but the whole area has a fascinating natural history. For example, Polychrome Pass is a geological wonderland, where a mixture of ash, sedimentary deposits, and heat have created a many-colored clash of rock. A whopping 16% of the park is glacier, and the “untrammeled” areas of Denali—where humans never affect the forces of nature—are constantly reshaped by wildfires, earthquakes, landslides, and more.
Early Denali Culture
It’s easy to imagine Denali as existing apart from mankind, but humans have been living in Denali National Park for more than 11,000 years. The harsh winters mean that only a few archeological sites or artifacts have been preserved, but we know enough to know that the story of Denali’s human inhabitants is a long one.
In the last 500 years, the park was inhabited primarily by the Koyukon, Tanana and Dena’ina people. They all called Denali mountain by a different word in their own languages. It was the Koyukon Athabaskans who referred to the huge, towering mountain as Dinale, which means “tall one.”
These cultures were mostly hunter-gatherers, subsisting off the land and trapping. Their trapping proficiency led to their first interactions with Russian traders. Unfortunately, many of the native peoples of Denali were exposed to smallpox and other infectious diseases to which they had no immunity through trade, and their numbers in the region were greatly reduced. Yet there is still a strong cultural presence of native communities in Denali and many opportunities for visitors to learn more about the region’s ancestral inhabitants.
Name Controversy
Denali was originally named Mt. McKinley in 1896 by a gold prospector who wanted to pay homage to the presidential candidate William McKinley. When the Mount McKinley National Park Act was signed into law in 1917, the name was made official, thanks in part to bolstered public sentiment for McKinley’s legacy after his 1901 assassination.
However, local people continued to call the mountain Denali, its native name. The Alaskan Board of Geographic Names declared an official change to Denali in 1975, though the request was blocked at the federal level by the United States Board on Geographical Names and never adopted.
It wasn’t until 2015 that the Secretary of the Interior under the Obama administration finally declared an official and final naming convention. The mountain that had been known for thousands of years as Denali is now recognized again by that word again today, both locally and nationally.
The physical history of Denali National Park and its tallest peak is being re-written by natural forces every year, and its cultural history is changing, too. Don’t miss a chance to visit this natural landmark and learn more about its history.
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St. Maurice (ca. 250-ca. 287)
Statue of St. Maurice, Magdeburg Cathedral of St. Maurice and St. Catherine, ca. 1240-1250
Images @ 1979 Menil Foundation, Houston, Texas
St. Maurice is commemorated throughout churches in modern Germany as a black African dressed as a Roman Solider. That depiction originated with the renowned statue in the Cathedral of St. Catherine and St. Maurice in Magdeburg, Germany. However, according to some historical authorities, he was probably not black and possibly never existed. What is known is the date he became a saint and when he first became depicted as black.
In 287 AD, a Theban Legion of Christian Roman soldiers in Egypt led by Maurice was commanded by Emperor Maximian Hereculeus (ca. 250-ca. 310 AD) to march to Agaunum, now the modern day St-Maurice en Valais in Switzerland. Exactly what Maurice’s Legion was ordered to do there by the Emperor is disputed: they were either required to participate in pagan rites or to harass and kill local Christians.
As a faithful Christian, Maurice led the Theban Legion in refusing to obey the Emperor’s commands. In response the Emperor punished the rebellious soldiers by dividing them into groups of ten and selecting one soldier from each group to be killed. When they continued to refuse the Emperor’s order, the remaining soldiers were again divided by ten with every tenth man selected for execution. When the soldiers continued their defiance of the Emperor’s orders, he, frustrated at their ongoing resistance, had the entire Legion killed. The earliest written accounts of this incident appeared nearly 150 years later, by which time the Church had declared Maurice a saint for his defiance of the Emperor’s orders.
Although many historical authorities claim the entire episode is a pure fabrication of Medieval Christian Church leaders, the image of a Christian solider refusing to denounce his faith and defying a pagan Emperor resonated with Medieval Christians. To them Maurice’s sainthood was well deserved and the Church correctly venerated him. Maurice later became the patron saint of the Holy Roman Empire and an altar dedicated to his memory was placed in the Vatican.
Until the mid-thirteenth century St. Maurice was depicted as a white Roman solider in full battle dress. Following the refurbishment of Magdeburg’s Cathedral in 1240-1250 after it was damaged by fire, he was portrayed as a black African. Why an unknown artist purposely changed the racial identity of Maurice is unknown. Some have speculated that because he and his men were from Thebes in Upper Egypt and near Nubia, they were considered “Ethiopians” which in the Medieval European world was a generic description of all dark skinned people on the African continent. Whatever the reason, the change marked the first artistic depiction of a black African in Medieval Europe.
The black St. Maurice iconography spread across German states but not across all of Europe. In churches in modern Germany the image of the black St. Maurice endures while in churches in Switzerland, France, and Italy he continues to be depicted as white.
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Khadi from India
Khadi is a hand-woven natural fiber cloth made from cotton, and sometimes wool and silk, spun into yarn on a charkha, the famous indian spinning wheel. Most of the Khadis have a contrasting border along the selvendges. The term Khadi is derived from khaddar, which means a handwoven and handspun textile cloth. The textile becomes softer and suppler with using it.
The production and trade with fabrics has a very long history in India, which goes back to ancient times. The Roman Empire was also supplied with calicos, printed cotton fabrics, like China or Indonesia. Later, due to the discovery of the sea path by Vasco da Gama, Europe came into focus. With the support of the British Crown, the East India Company established an incomparable trade monopoly in India and gradually took control and rule of the country. The textile trade was only one of the building blocks of a policy whose only goal was profit. Beginning of the 18th century Great Britain declared a ban on Indian substances, before other European countries did, because they were cheaper and more beautiful than its own goods, thus destroying the domestic industry. During the rule of the East India Company, the British used to ship the raw cotton from India to England and the finished material would come back to India to be sold at exorbitant prices, thus causing Indian farmers and commoners to suffer from huge losses and poverty.
The country was flooded with machine-made fabrics from Europe and hand-woven fabrics were no longer needed. India became more and more dependent and became a British colony in 1858. At this time the Swadeshi movement started, which later took over Mahatma Ghandi. The word derives from the ancient Indian svadeśin, sva my own and deśa country. The struggle for independence was about the boycott of British products and the promotion of their own goods, in particular cotton. Gandhi made khadi, the livery of the freedom movement. He believed every yard of khadi bought would put food in the mouths of the starving and the poor of India. Along with the small hand-spinning wheel, the Charkha, Khadi became THE symbol of the nonviolent struggle for independence that Ghandi led. The charkha was a means of nonviolently undermining the foundation of foreign rule, economic and political domination, uniting people politically and socially and bringing dignity to manual labour as a symbol of total Swaraj. Mahatma Ghandi explained it like this: „If we have the ‘khadi spirit’ in us, we would surround ourselves with simplicity in every walk of life. The ‘khadi spirit’ means illimitable patience. For those who know anything about the production of khadi know how patiently the spinners and the weavers have to toil at their trade, and even so must we have patience while we are spinning ‘the thread of Swaraj. The spinning wheel represents to me the hope of the masses. The masses lost their freedom, such as it was, with the loss of the Charkha. The Charkha supplemented the agriculture of the villagers and gave it dignity.“
Ghandi dressed only in his own made fabrics, and sat every day for at least half an hour at his Charkha, which he took along on trips. A picture of the spinning wheel was part of the national flag designed by Gandhi in 1921. Later, the charkha on the flag was transformed into the religious motif of Dharmachakra, the wheel of law. It is actually a symbol of the teachings of Buddha, also occurs in Hinduism, as an image for the eternity of the world, without beginning and end.
Until today it is forbidden by law to produce the Indian flag from any material other than from Khadi. On September 19, every year, is the day of Khadi in India. Since 2016 the largest high spinning wheel in the world is located at the Indira Ghandi Airport in Delhi.
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Meaning of Calamity
The word calamity comes from the Latin language: calamĭtas. The concept is used to refer to a disaster or a catastrophe that affects a large number of individuals.
For example: “The earthquake last year was a calamity: there were hundreds of deaths and many families lost their houses”, “If the company closes its doors it will be a calamity for the whole town “, “We have not had electricity for five days! ! It’s a calamity! ” .
According to DigoPaul, the idea of calamity is usually linked to a tragic or very negative event. Suppose a tsunami wipes out an island, leaving many injured and dead, and destroying local infrastructure. It can be said that this natural phenomenon is a calamity, or that it caused a calamity in the island population.
Sometimes the term calamity is used to refer to a situation that causes some pain, anguish or discomfort, without becoming a tragedy. If the Club Atletico San Vicente lost 8-0 to Deportivo La Carolina, footballers and supporters of the team loser may consider that the result is a calamity. This malaise, however, cannot be compared with the suffering experienced by the victims of a true tragedy.
It is important to note that the misfortune, adversity and misfortune that this concept represents can affect both a group of living beings (ranging from a few to entire communities) and just one in particular. For example, we can say that “the tsunami represented a real calamity for the entire country”, but also that “this child has seen nothing but abuse and calamities in his short life.
Calamity, finally, can refer to a subject who is clumsy, inept, or annoying: “You are a calamity! Once again you have forgotten to attend the meeting with the directors ”, “ This waiter is a calamity, he mixed up all the dishes and brought them cold ”, “ Today I am a calamity, I better go to take a nap ”.
Continuing with the etymology of the term calamity, we know that it derives from the Latin calamitas, calamitatis, which means “damage, blow, scourge.” Precisely, these words that can define the original closely linked with the sense that today we give to the concept, figuratively unfortunate that ruin someone’s life can also be seen as a blow or scourge that He gives him life, something terrible that causes him a very deep and irreparable damage.
The root of the Latin term is * kel-2, of Indo-European origin and has the connotation of “beat, cut.” Other Latin words that share it are gladius, which can be translated as “sword,” and incolumis, “intact, safe and sound, without damage”; gladiolus and gladiator derive from the first, and from the second we obtained unscathed.
If we go back to the time when the Italic peoples (Latin, Umbrian, Oscan) actually used the word calamitas, the history of its evolution and its meaning becomes much clearer. It turns out that these communities, in times of harvest, had to invest a lot of time in the task called threshing, which consists of separating the harvested wheat from the calamus, that is, from the “straw” or ” cane “.
At that time, since in the Mediterranean the winds that blow in a northerly direction are normal at harvest times, sometimes it happened that the wheat was mixed again with the calamus, absolutely useless for the harvest. Such a situation was a real calamity, since the fruits of the threshing were fading, and the work had to be done again. If we take into account that even today a poor harvest can put the economy at risk, it goes without saying that the consequences in the days of the Old Empire were not exactly mild.
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Spiegelman’s Maus
Spiegelman’s Maus
When small children cannot read yet, parents show them pictures and tell about different animals or boys and girls depicted to develop their future interest in reading. Comic books are the next stage. They combine pictures and simple phrases. However, modern art proves that comic books can be very serious literature, and illustrations work for adults and reveal eternal topics. This essay compares Art Spiegelman’s famous Maus and Harvey Pekar’s American Splendor and proves that though the main themes of these comic books are different, the ideas of both authors are original and important to readers.
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Comic books have recently become quite popular with adults because they do not spend much time to read them. At the same time, people can learn more about how modern comic writers see the solution to different social problems. If to compare Spiegelman’s Maus and Pekar’s American Splendor series, it is important to note that though both authors invented the plot for their stories themselves, Spiegelman made the drawings for the comic book himself (“Why mice,” 2011), and Pekar hired different artists (Bodell, n.d.). However, the quality of the work of the second writer did not suffer, as he tried hard to find a strong correlation between the ideas, which he wanted to convey, and the illustrations (Bodell, n.d.). Thus, Spiegelman’s Maus and Pekar’s American Splendor are well-known because of their high quality drawings and deep meaning.
The elements of the books of the discussed authors, namely theme, plot, and conflict, are mostly different. Spiegelman’s main theme in his famous Maus is the Nazi’s oppression of the Jewish people. He draws the Jewish as mice with their eyes wide-open, whereas Nazis look like cats (“Why mice,” 2011). Spiegelman got interested in the theme of the Nazi’s holocaust of the Jewish because he had some memories from childhood about the stories, which he was told by his relatives about the period of WWII (“Why mice,” 2011). He conveys the conversation with his grandfather and writes: “All our friends went through the camp” (Spiegelman, 2003). In his interview, Spiegelman said that “this cat-mouse metaphor of oppression could actually apply to my more immediate experience” (“Why mice,” 2011, para. 6). To compare, “Harvey Pekar’s American Splendor Collection explores the complexity of human identity as it chronicles his life as a blue collar worker and jazz lover” (Bodell, n.d., para.1). With his work, Pekar supports the psychological theory that there is not actually a single identity of a person and it changes, depending on the circumstances (Bodell, n.d.). Pekar (1991) writes: “My name has been a matter of some concern to me over the years.” Thus, the themes of both authors differ but are important to all people from the historical and social perspectives.
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It is clear that the plots of the analyzed comic books are different because the writers develop them around the main themes. For example, Spiegelman demonstrates how Jewish people were humiliated and tortured by the Nazi, who considered them to be rats and not humans: “No mouse could go out from the ghetto, no food or medicine could go in” (Spiegelman, 2003). By contrast, Pekar positions his characters in different situations and checks how their identity is revealed. Moreover, the author gives different names to the same characters and examines their feelings of self-identity in different situations (Bodell, n.d.). Being a character of his comics, Harvey writes how he tried to change his identity to satisfy the editors, but he received such messages about his comics: “Look, Harvey, we don’t want interesting, we want funny” (Pekar, 1991). Thus, simple words conveyed the essence of the inner conflicts of the characters.
The main conflicts revealed in Spiegelman’s Maus are based on extreme racial disparity promoted by the Nazi regime (“Why mice,” 2011). To compare, Pekar demonstrates a number of conflicts related to people’s identity problems, namely social isolation and lack of understanding between people, because they have to change their character and manner of behavior because of a simple change of the name (Bodell, n.d.). Overall, the conflicts demonstrated by the authors are skillfully unfolded in their comic books.
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In spite of the fact that themes, plots, and conflicts of Spiegelman’s Maus and Pekar’s American Splendor are different, it is impossible to omit one detail of their comics that is the basis of similarity between the writers. As it was distinctly stated, Spiegelman conveys the topic of the Jewish-Nazi oppression and outermost racial discrimination. Pekar correlates his topic of identity with the theme of racial disparities: “Pekar examines the creation of stereotypes and their role in racial issues” (Bodell, n.d., p. 5). He chooses the racial minority groups of black and Jewish people and demonstrates the stereotypes of their look, behavior, and wealth, which white people may have (Bodell, n.d.). A single similarity between the comic books of both authors lies in the fact that Pekar’s works are about social conflicts and stereotyping related to racial groups. Likewise, Spiegelman reveals the issue of the extreme Nazi oppression of the Jewish people, which refers to a sad page in the world history.
Regarding illustrations for the analyzed works, Pekar’s drawings are more traditional and may depict people with certain elements, namely caricatured parts of their faces or second-plan details, which are used for revealing the main ideas of the authors. Spiegelman drew the Nazi and the Jewish, using animal images, and was successful in his technique. The author says that drawing mice with their mouths wide open and always screaming is the way to reveal the Jewish tragedy and “it’s a way of making that face human” (“Why mice,” 2011). Spiegelman’s success in his original illustration forms is that his comic book will be understood by middle-aged people because of important historical and social topics. Furthermore, young generations will also admire his work because their understanding of the tragedy of the Jewish nation will be facilitated by the animal metaphors.
To conclude, both Spiegelman and Pekar are talented creators of comic books, who managed to depict serious topics with visual pictures and concise phrases. The main difference between their books is that Spiegelman was interested in the topic of the Nazi oppression of the Jewish people, and Pekar was focused on the theme of national identity. Though Spiegelman’s format of comic books was more unfamiliar and non-traditional than Pekar’s, he skillfully managed to convey his ideas and arouse the readers’ interest in the historical theme of extreme racial discrimination.
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Five marine ecosystem types on Svalbard are threatened, all due to climate change. Polar sea-ice has been assigned to the highest category and is assessed as Critically Endangered due to a significant decline.
The current assessments comprise all marine ecosystem types in the coastal and fjord areas of Svalbard, including Bjørnøya (Bear Island) and the island of Hopen. The area covered by the assessments extends to the territorial border (12 nautical miles from land), which corresponds to the area under Norwegian jurisdiction. The assessments include Polar sea-ice I2, Circulating fjord, estuary, lagoon and rock pool waterbody H2, Euphotic marine rock M1, Aphotic marine rock M2, Littoral rock M3, Euphotic marine sediment M4, Aphotic marine sediment M5, Tidal rock pool seabed M9, and Marine cave and overhang M10. The marine ecosystems of Svalbard differ substantially from Norwegian coastal areas and the continental shelf, and a number of major and minor ecosystem types do not exist there. Furthermore, many minor types are less well-delimited, and some do not fit into the current NiN-system (version 2). In cases concerning minor types which are ambiguous or poorly delimited, and which could be under threat, there is scope for adopting a pragmatic approach.
At the major type level, Polar sea-ice (I2) is assessed as Critically Endangered CR due to a significant decline in occurrence (distribution, thickness). The remaining major types are assessed as being of Least Concern LC. Under the major types H2, M1, M3 and M4, eight minor types have been singled out and assessed. Some of these types are combinations in accordance with selection criteria 1.2 (few occurrences) or 1.3 (qualitatively different impact factor than the major type and which can result in a higher Red List category). Four of these eight types are assessed as Endangered EN or Vulnerable VU, and four are placed in the category Data Deficient DD due to insufficient information.
Natural conditions and marine ecosystem types of Svalbard
Under the terms of the Svalbard Treaty, Svalbard comprises the large islands of Spitsbergen and Nordaustlandet, all the surrounding islands, as well as Bjørnøya (Bear Island) and the island of Hopen. These have a combined area of approximately 63 000 km2. Svalbard is bordered in the west by the Greenland Sea (north-eastern Atlantic Ocean), in the north by the Arctic Ocean, and in the east and south by the Barents Sea. The climate is arctic but there are significant differences between Bjørnøya and the west coast of Spitsbergen, which are influenced by northward flowing mild Atlantic waters (the West Spitsbergen Current which is a branch of the Gulf Stream), and the areas in the north and east which are influenced by extremely cold waters from the Arctic Ocean which flow southward. In the west and north of Spitsbergen and Nordaustlandet in particular, there are many large and deep fjords that carve their way inland. As much as 60 % of the land mass is covered by ice. In winter most of the fjords and ocean areas in the north and east freeze over, although there are large variations from year to year. The areas in the north and east are influenced moreover by multi-year ice and pack ice from the Arctic Basin. Bjørnøya lies roughly halfway between Norway and Spitsbergen. There are no fjords on Bjørnoya and the coastline is mostly steep and exposed to waves.
The current assessment comprises marine ecosystems in the fjords and coastal areas of Svalbard. Within these areas there are relatively deep waters both on Svalbard's shelf and in the fjords. Isfjorden fjord has for example depths close to 400 m. This indicates that both shallow and deep ecosystem types are included in the assessments.
Jan Mayen is a part of the Kingdom of Norway and not included in the Svalbard Treaty. Marine ecosystems on Jan Mayen are not included in the current Red List assessment but the natural conditions are described in a separate section below.
The coastal areas of Svalbard are to a large degree characterised by two factors that have little significance on the Norwegian coast; ice and discharges of glacial mud. The sea-ice on Svalbard can be divided into three types: annual ice that is formed in the fjords; multi-year ice in the Arctic Ocean and the Barents Sea; and annual ice in the Arctic Ocean and the Barents Sea. Annual ice in the fjords is generally quite stable, with few ice floes, and an even surface. The maximum distribution of ice in the fjords usually occurs in the period from April – June. Annual ice in the Arctic Ocean and Barents Sea forms between channels in the ice and along the edges of the multi-year ice. It can also form channels in the ice and pressure ridges. Multi-year ice (polar sea-ice) is several metres thick (3 – 5 m) and to a large degree is broken up in ice floes that can also form pressure ridges. In the 1980s and 90s it was estimated that 50-90 % of the ice was older than five years. Both annual ice and multi-year ice have decreased considerably in recent years. While the majority of fjords on Spitsbergen froze over each winter in the 1970s and 80s, and annual ice could remain for the entire year in the northeast; in recent years the largest fjords in the the west have generally been ice-free. Satellite observations since 1979 indicate that there has been a decline in multi-year ice of around 30 %. In addition to sea-ice, the fjords are exposed to ice bergs that calve from glaciers.
Discharges of glacial mud occur in the summer half-year and are transported with meltwater from glaciers and precipitation over land. These discharges lead to reduced visibility in the fjords; in the most exposed areas down to some few centimetres, at the same time as particles are deposited on the seafloor where they can form a layer of several centimetres. The discharge of glacial mud is a dynamic and predominantly seasonal impact factor on the flora and fauna. Particles which are deposited on marine rock substrate areas can be washed away with currents and/or waves, dependent on the depth and degree of exposure to water currents and waves.
Marine ecosystem types on Svalbard differ in several respects from the ecosystem types on the Norwegian mainland and in the ocean areas beyond the Norwegian coast. For example, the major types Coral reef seabed M6, Seagrass bed M7, Tidal swamp M8, Anoxic marine sediment M13 and Anoxic marine waterbody H3 are not represented. Within the commonly occurring major types of marine rock, marine sediment and marine waterbody systems there are many minor types that do not exist due to the special environmental conditions created by factors such as low temperature, ice, and particle sedimentation. Examples of this are found under Littoral rock M3 where it is most likely that there are only a few minor ecosystem types and where brackish types probably do not exist. Correspondingly there appear to be many minor types under Euphotic marine rock M1 and Euphotic marine sediment M4 which do not exist. With regard to the littoral zone and very shallow waters, four characteristic organism communities on Svalbard are described; Fucus-Balanus communities on marine rock substrates and in rocky littoral zones; Gammarus (Amphipoda) communities on sheltered shorelines; Onisimus (Amphipoda) communities on mudflats with brackish water in estuaries and lagoons, and Oligochaeta communities on exposed sand and gravel substrate (Weslawski et al. 1993, Moe et al. 2000, Ravolainen et al. 2018).
With regard to the assessment entities, it is a challenge that the delimitation of ecosystem types using the environmental gradients (LECs) in NiN2 is based on the ecosystem types found on the Norwegian mainland. In addition to the fact that many minor types do not exist on Svalbard, a consequence of this is that a number of minor types are less well-delimited and in many cases ambiguous. An example is Ice-scoured boulders M1-29 which on Svalbard also needs to be interpreted so as to include crags and rock faces. Likewise there are ecosystem types on Svalbard that do not fit into the current NiN system (version 2.0). In cases with ambiguous or poorly delimited minor types that could be under threat, there is scope for adopting a pragmatic approach, e.g. by suggesting adjustments to the segmentation of relevant LECs. Examples include Arctic fjord waterbody which has been defined by adjusting segments in the LEC "SA" (marine salinity: salt-enriched), and Arctic lagoons which have been placed under the major type Circulating fjord, estuary, lagoon and rock pool waterbody H2 but which differ in size, formation, and environmental conditions from the ecosystem types on the mainland.
Assessment entities
At the major type level a total of nine major types are assessed. These are Circulating fjord, estuary, lagoon and rock pool waterbody H2, Polar sea-ice I2, Euphotic marine rock M1, Aphotic marine rock M2, Littoral rock M3, Euphotic marine sediment M4, Aphotic marine sediment M5, Tidal rock pool seabed M9 and Marine cave and overhang M10. All major types that comprise seabed systems can be found across Svalbard in its entirety, whilst Circulating fjord, estuary, lagoon and rock pool waterbody H2 is primarily found on Spitsbergen, and Polar sea-ice I2 is particularly frequent in the areas in the north and east. In strict terms Oceanic waterbody H1 also exists within the territorial border surrounding Svalbard, but it is a very narrow zone that is unnatural to assess separately from the general assessment of the ocean areas and is therefore not included here.
At the minor type level the following have been created: three assessment entities of type 1.2 (few occurrences) and five assessment entities of type 1.3 (an impact factor that is qualitatively different from the major type and which can result in a higher Red List category than that which applies to the major type). The three entities of type 1.2 are Arctic fjord waterbody under the major type H2, Sheltered brackish littoral rock under the major type M3, and Shell sand substrate under the major type M4. The assessment entities of type 1.3 are Ice-scoured boulders under major type M1 and Ice-scoured littoral rock under the major type M3 where ice-scour is a factor for both; Brackish sand and gravel substrate under major type M4 where erosion due to climate change is a factor; Maerl beds under major type M4 where ocean acidification is a factor; and Estuarine inlet and lagoon under major type H2 where climate change is a factor.
Arctic fjord waterbody H2-2, H2-3, H2-7, H2-8 refers to cold water bodies in sill fjords where the basin waters are characterised by very low temperatures (minimum temperature -1.86° C at 35 ppt but which can fall below – 2 ° C with higher salinity) and higher salinity than in the waters above the sill basin. Water renewal ("bottom water formation") occurs with the local formation of very cold and salty water (brine) at the surface during ice formation. This heavy, hypersaline water sinks and forms bottom water. The oxygen conditions are good as a result of frequent water renewal and because cold water can contain a large amount of oxygen. The fjord basins are characterised by a benthic community with high species richness and often a high biomass, as well as a characteristic element of high Arctic species (Weslawski 2010, Ravolainen et al. 2018). Arctic fjord waterbodies can be found in Magdalenefjorden, Wijdefjorden and Billefjorden among others. It is assumed that the number of 10 x 10 km grid cells with Arctic fjord waterbodies is less than 20 on Svalbard.
Sheltered brackish littoral rock M3-11, M3-12, M3-13, M3-18 can be found in river outlets where discharges of freshwater create an estuarine area with reduced salinity. In the meantime it is uncertain whether the ecosystem type exists on Svalbard. This is due to large discharges of terrigenous matter which form a sediment substrate in the river outlet, at the same time as there is a significant probability of ice-scour on rock substrate. If the ecosystem type exists, which can be the case at the outlet of small watercourses in sheltered areas, it is expected that these will be rare. It is assumed that the number of 10 x 10 km grid cells with possible occurrences of the ecosystem type will not exceed 20.
Shell sand substrates M4-10, M4-19, M4-37 are not common on Svalbard. It is likely that smaller occurrences could exist in areas with maerl beds which are assumed to be the most important source material of shell sand along with the shells of snails and bivalves (mussels, scallops etc.), and the skeletons of sea urchins and bryozoans. The delimitation with the ecosystem type maerl beds is therefore somewhat ambiguous. In areas without a significant influence of currents, it is assumed that possible occurrences are occasionally covered by terrigenous sedimentation, especially during the meltwater season. Shell sand substrates will be threatened by ocean acidification which can lead to a future loss of calcareous organisms and the bottom substrates that these create. Shell sand substrates are selected as an assessment entity of type 1.2 as it is presumed that only a few, patchy occurrences can exist on Svalbard.
Ice-scoured boulders M1-29 and Ice-scoured littoral rock M3-19 consist of marine rock substrates in shallow waters and the littoral zone that are exposed to annual ice-scour. Ice-scour is caused by drifting polar sea-ice (multi-year ice in coastal areas in the north and east), icebergs calving from glaciers (marine-terminating glaciers) and ice that forms each year (annual ice in fjords, coastal areas and between floes of multi-year ice). Ice-scour is generally deeper on the north side of Svalbard, due to ice drift and discharges of multi-year ice from the north and north-east. The multi-year ice is usually thicker than the annual ice. Both annual ice and multi-year ice become compacted along the coast by wind and water currents and deeply scour the seabed, not uncommonly down to depths of approximately 10 m along the northernmost islands (Sjuøyene). The ice does not gouge as deeply in fjords that only have annual ice. Ice from glaciers has little significance for flora and fauna in the broader context, but ice-scour tracks on the sea bed due to icebergs are not infrequently observed near glaciers, also at depths greater than 10 m. Ice-scoured rock substrates are characterised by clean surfaces without organisms, but sessile species can survive in crevices, hollows, and cavities between cobbles on boulder substrates. Ice-scoured substrates are in decline due to reduced polar sea-ice and less annual ice in the fjords of Svalbard.
Climate change is a factor for the assessment entity Brackish sand and gravel substrate M4-38, M4-40. Brackish sand and gravel substrate includes larger flat, sandy beaches and mudflats in river outlets that dry out at low tide (Onisimus community sensu Weslawski et al. 1993). These areas freeze in winter, but temperature increases due to climate change will lead to less ice formation. This provides an opportunity for perennial species to become established, while the areas become simultaneously vulnerable, and more exposed to erosion from waves at times of the year with rough weather conditions (Weslawski et al. 2011, Ravolainen et al. 2018). Increased freshwater discharges in the summer half-year can also lead to increased erosion of dried-out surfaces.
Ocean acidification is a factor for the assessment entity Maerl beds M4-11 and M4-20. Maerl beds are occurrences of coralline algae (red algae) that grow on sand, mud or gravel in areas with moderately strong water movement, but protected from powerful waves. On the coast of Svalbard the species Lithothamnion glaciale and Phytmatolithon tenue are the most frequent examples (Teichert 2013). Maerl beds are known to exist in Floskjæret, Krossfjorden, Moselbukta, Nordkappbukta, Rijpfjorden, Duvefjorden and around the Sjuøyene islands (Teichert 2013, Gulliksen pers. comm.). Ocean acidification is thought to be severe in the Far North. Brodie et al. (2014) estimate that in 2100 there will be a significant loss of dead maerl (gravel as well as living algae) due to lower pH-values in the ocean, but there is considerable uncertainty associated with this and the degree to which the species will be able to adapt to gradual changes (AMAP2018).
Artic lagoons are a characteristic ecosystem type on Svalbard that are defined as being shallow, saline waterbodies that are completely or partially separated from the sea by a barrier of sediments (Haug and Myhre 2016). The salinity varies according to the degree of freshwater discharge and can vary considerably throughout the year. Wind and currents contribute to the waterbodies often being homogenous and with little separation of layers, in contrast to the situation in estuarine inlets which have permanent contact with the ocean. Large parts of the water masses in Arctic lagoons can freeze solid during winter. There is very little knowledge about the organism communities in Svalbard's lagoons, but in general, Arctic lagoons are often characterised by pioneer communities with a small number of tolerant and robust species (Haug and Myhre 2016). The lagoons will be threatened by climate change in the future, both as a result of changes in freshwater discharges, contact with the sea and processes that can influence the sediments that delineate the lagoons.
Existing knowledge
In general, the knowledge about ecosystem types on Svalbard is deficient. The areas which have been researched best are Bjørnøya (Bear Island), and the west coast of Spitsbergen, especially the fjord areas at Hornsund, Isfjorden and Kongsfjorden where scientific research has been conducted since the 1800s. The areas on the east side of Spitsbergen and around Nordaustlandet are much less familiar. There are still ocean areas that have not been adequately surveyed and for which detailed nautical charts are unavailable. Information on bathymetry and seabed types is therefore of varying quality and coverage. For ecosystem types that require registration in the field, either by taking samples or direct observation, the information is scattered and patchy. This applies in particular to areas that are inaccessible for research vessels due to the unavailability of nautical charts. This is also an important reason for the significant uncertainty regarding the existence of a number of ecosystem types (minor types), apart from those that are most common, or where the delimitation of these when divided into minor types is poor.
With regard to determining ecosystem type areas, there is reasonably good data available for the total area of certain ecosystem types that are visible from the surface, such as polar sea-ice, lagoons and to some degree seabed types in the littoral zone. For sublittoral ecosystem types there is no existing mapping that gives exact data for either distribution or total area. However, for the major types Euphotic and Aphotic marine rock and Euphotic and Aphotic marine sediment (M1, M2, M4, M5) a rough estimate has been made based on the Norwegian Mapping Authority's bathymetric data for Svalbard and an expert opinion of the ratio between marine rock and sediment substrates. For areas within the territorial border (12 nautical miles outside the baseline) around Svalbard, Bjørnøya, Hopen, Kong Karls Land and Kvitøya, and with a selected dividing line of 40 m between shallow and deep ecosystem types, (roughly the lower limit of the euphotic zone), it is estimated that 20 % of the areas are shallow and 80 % are deep, based on the bathymetric data. The ratio of marine rock to sediment substrates is set at 60/40 % for shallow areas and 40/60 % for deep areas according to an expert opinion. For Norwegian coastal areas the ratio of marine rock to sediment substrate is modelled on water depth and the angle of the bottom substrate (erosion bottom versus accumulation bottom), but the basemap data for large parts of Svalbard, especially on the east side, is unsuitable for the application of this method. It is presumed here that the same ratio between seabed types can be used for all ocean areas around Svalbard.
For most of the more widely distributed ecosystem types there is no basis on which to estimate the total area. In practice therefore only the distribution area is estimated for a large number of the assessment entities, using convex polygons around known and presumed occurrences. For more rare occurrences, where the number of 10 x 10 km grid cells is important for establishing assessment entities, there is also significant uncertainty in many cases, not least for ecosystem types that do not perhaps exist. In such cases an expert-derived assessment is used.
At the major type level Polar sea ice I2 is assessed as Critically Endangered CR. All other major types are assessed as being of Least Concern LC. For the major types Euphotic marine rock M1, Littoral rock M3, Euphotic marine sediment M4 and Aphotic marine sediment M5 the assessment of Least Concern LC is dubious due to future developments that can exceed the threshold values for Near Threatened NT or a threat category. It is changes in climate, invasion of alien species, bottom trawling, and ocean acidification that can impact the ecosystem types at the major type level in particular.
Polar sea-ice with ice fauna I2 is assessed as Critically Endangered CR due to a considerable decline in multi-year ice in the Arctic. This is determined on the basis of criterion A (reduction in geographic distribution) with the highest category obtained under subcriterion A2 (future) due to a projected reduction of more than 80 % of the present-day total area over the next 50 years. At the same time the ice is getting thinner and ice-free periods in summer are becoming longer which also leads to a qualitative change with reduced fauna (criterion C) (Arndt et al 2009). For this assessment the distribution of polar sea-ice in the 1970s and the amount which lay within the territorial border of Svalbard was used as a starting point (Den Norske Los 1988, Lønne 1992). The distribution of polar sea-ice has decreased by about 30 % in 30 years (Meier et al. 2014). The reduction is greatest in the outer areas and with a continued decline the loss in the Svalbard area, in terms of a percentage, will increase in the future. The current total area is roughly estimated to be 14 000 km2 within the territorial border. There are large variations in the area covered by ice both throughout the year and between years. In this case it was decided to estimate the ice-covered area as a maximum distribution in seven or more months per year.
At the minor type level Arctic fjord waterbody is assessed as Endangered EN, while Ice-scoured boulders, Ice-scoured littoral rock and Brackish sand and gravel substrate are assessed as Vulnerable VU. Arctic fjord waterbody is threatened by climate-driven temperature increases due to reduced local ice formation in the fjords and subsequent decreased renewal of bottom water (Weslawski et al. 2010). Over time the decreased water renewal (reduced bottom water formation) will lead to poorer oxygen conditions, perhaps also a temperature increase with loss of species as a consequence (criteria B and C). Ice-scoured boulders and Ice-scoured littoral rock are in decline due to a reduced distribution of polar sea-ice and a decrease in sea-ice formation in the fjords. Polar sea-ice affects the areas at Nordaustlandet and east of Spitsbergen, and is estimated to comprise about a third of the ice-scoured areas. In fjords and coastal areas the formation of annual ice is also in decline, while calving from glaciers will probably continue for quite some time. It is therefore estimated that areas where ice-scour is in decline total more than 50 % of the ice-scoured area. The decline is assessed as somewhat less than for polar sea-ice (around 1 % per year) and is set at 30 % over a 50 year period (criteria A and C). Brackish sand and gravel substrate will be exposed to increased erosion with reduced sea-ice formation in the winter season. There is significant uncertainty concerning both the extent and degree of severity but it is expected that both a reduction in area and changes in the composition of organisms can occur. The assessment entity is categorised as Vulnerable VU based on criterion B2 that the number of occurrences in 10 x 10 km grid cells is limited.
Four assessment entities are categorised as Data Deficient DD due to insufficient knowledge. This applies to Sheltered brackish littoral rock, Shallow shell sand substrate, Maerl beds, and Estuarine inlet and lagoon. Sheltered brackish littoral rock and Shallow shell sand substrate are assigned to DD because their existence is uncertain. If they should exist, both would be threatened by factors that are expected to impact all occurrences; altered freshwater runoff and ocean acidification. Maerl beds will be threatened by ocean acidification which is presumed to be severe in the Far North. It is uncertain how Maerl beds have evolved in the past 50 years and neither is it possible to predict the degree of degradation that can be expected in a future 50 year period. Maerl beds can also be threatened by bottom trawling for scallops. The category DD is selected because the uncertainty is too great to determine a threat category. For Estuarine inlet and lagoon the knowledge about the organism community is extremely poor. The lagoons are affected by many processes that are completely or partially dependent on climate but it is very uncertain what this can lead to, both in terms of the geodynamic processes that form the lagoons and the hydrological conditions that shape the physical environment (Haug and Myhre 2016). A shorter ice season and varying glacier dynamics can impact lagoons both positively and negatively. The category DD is selected because both the minor types in lagoons are unknown and the consequences of climate change are unknown.
Key impact factors
Climate-driven temperature increase is the most important factor that influences Svalbard. In reality, all marine ecosystems on Svalbard can be more or less influenced by climate change. In shallow waters reduced ice cover and increased precipitation in the form of rain will lead to less ice-scour, yet simultaneously increase erosion due to longer ice-free periods, increased particle sedimentation from mud discharged in freshwater runoff and altered water exchange dynamics in fjords (Weslawski et al. 2011, Quillfeldt and Øseth 2016). Communities of algae and fauna associated with ice (ice algae in fjord ice, ice fauna in polar sea ice) will experience a severe decline. At the same time, increased sea temperatures provide better conditions for boreal and low Arctic species which are expanding their distributions ('borealisation' of organism communities). Species that are currently found on the Norwegian coast will be able to become established on Svalbard, as is already the case for blue mussel Mytilis edulis. Biotic interactions in communities can also change, where a possible scenario on marine rock substrates is increased grazing of sea urchins in kelp forests if 'alien species' of sea urchins invade the coastal areas of Svalbard.
In deeper waters the effects of climate change will be less pronounced, but increased particle sedimentation and increased temperatures may impact the communities. New northern distribution limits for motile species such as Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and other types of fish are reported on a regular basis (Quillfeldt and Øseth 2016) In the fjords, the formation of sea-ice can lead to a decrease in local bottom water formation, threatening the presence of high Artic species in Arctic fjord waterbodies.
A future threat is the introduction of alien species. The two most likely species for the current situation are snow crab Chionoecetes opilio which is established in extensive areas north and east in the Barents Sea and red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus which is established in the coastal areas of Finnmark and northern Troms. The snow crab is expected to establish a population on Svalbard within a few years, while the future of the red king crab is more uncertain. Both species are so-called 'ecosystem engineers' that influence communities of natural organisms to a considerable degree. Climate change leads moreover to more favourable conditions for the establishment of alien species in shallow waters. This applies first and foremost to alien species which are currently spreading in northern Europe, but even local species from the Norwegian coast, with limited abilities to self-disperse, will be alien on Svalbard if they are transported either intentionally or unintentionally (see Alien Species list).
Another future risk factor with widespread impact is ocean acidification. Ocean acidification is expected to have more pronounced effects in Arctic areas than in boreal and southern areas (Brodie et al. 2014, AMAP 2018). Ocean acidification will threaten all calcareous organisms such as maerl; molluscs, crustaceans, bryozoans, and echinoderms. The acidification threatens maerl beds but can also lead to considerable changes on rock substrates, where flat maerl (smooth) and crustose maerl (calcareous crusts) form a hardened layer on stone and bedrock.
Pollution, noise and rubbish associated with human activity will mostly have local effects in the vicinity of human settlements. In general physical encroachments will also be local, but possible dredging of sea lanes and removal of sills will influence the water exchange in affected fjords (Ravolainen et al. 2018). Oil spillage from shipping traffic or shipwrecks can threaten extensive areas in the littoral zone but the impact will generally be of limited duration.
Fishing with bottom trawl gear for resources such as shrimp and cod, as well as other demersal fish and Iceland scallop Chlamys islandica can impact areas with sediment substrates to a considerable degree. Currently, the effects of bottom trawling on Svalbard (Isfjorden and northeast in Hinlopen) appear to be slight (Øseth et al. 2016) but this can change in the future if shrimp fishing increases and other commercial demersal fish species migrate further north with continued rising temperatures. This activity can be expected to grow with longer ice-free periods and increased stocks of commercial species.
Jan Mayen
Jan Mayen island lies 550 km north of Iceland in a fault zone on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It is 53 km long, 16 km at the widest point, and has an area of 373 km2 and no fjords. The island primarily consists of alkaline lava and volcaniclastic rocks. The surrounding seabed is predominantly sand of volcanic origin and a mixed bottom substrate with coarse gravel and bedrock. There is no pronounced continental shelf around the island, but in a few places the lava has flowed out from the mountainsides and built up shallow lava plateaus. Otherwise there are depths of 2000 – 3000 m in the immediate vicinity of the island, especially on the northern side. South of the island there are somewhat shallower areas. There is relatively little discharge of freshwater and terrigenous particles from the island into the sea.
Jan Mayen is situated in a boundary area between the Arctic and Atlantic waters and is therefore influenced by both the cold southward flowing East-Greenland Current and the northward flowing Atlantic Ocean current. The Polar Front is usually localised south of the island, something that indicates that there is a predominance of Arctic water masses around the island (Østerhus and Gammelsrød 1999). In the 1970s and 1980s Jan Mayen was surrounded by pack ice in the period January/February to April, but the reduced ice sheet in the Arctic has in recent years has also influenced and reduced the amount of sea-ice around Jan Mayen.
The littoral zones of Jan Mayen consist of volcanic lava which weathers quickly under the influence of frost, precipitation, wave action and ice scour. The algal vegetation along the shoreline is therefore sparse and exists only in protected inlets. Ice scour and strong wave action, which ensures that cobbles and gravel are in constant motion, limits the development of rich algae communities in the depth range from 0 to approximately 6 metres deep.
Nevertheless, on bedrock from approximately 10 m and deeper there can be well-developed kelp forest dominated by the brown algae Alaria pylaii. The lower limit for sessile algae lies at a depth of around 30 metres.
In marine rock substrate areas in the immediate vicinity of the island, a rich fauna has been registered with sponges, cnidarians, molluscs, echinoderms and ascidians (Gulliksen 1974, Gulliksen et al. 1980). The mussel which is most frequently observed, the wrinkled rock-borer Hiatella arctica, can have a density of greater than a thousand individuals per m2. In bottom areas with elements of more fine particulate matter, the amount of polychaetes and crustaceans increases. Commercially important fishing species have at times included Iceland scallop Chlamys islandica and the northern prawn Pandalus borealis. With regard to the ecosystem types in NiN it is to be expected that only a few major types and a limited number of minor types are represented on Jan Mayen. The degree to which the minor types fit into the current NiN system is unknown.
A volcanic eruption occurred on the northern part of Jan Mayen in 1970 and lava flowed out into the ocean and formed a new coastline of almost 4 km. Studies of the colonisation and succession on the 'new' lava areas in the period 1972-1999 (Gulliksen et al. 2004) show that in shallow waters there are greater similarities between the 'old' and 'newly established' areas after a few years, while in deeper waters (> 15 m) it takes at least 30 years for the development of a community that resembles established communities in 'old' areas. In shallow waters the living conditions are determined to a large degree by the harsh physical conditions, that lead to the organism communities being characterised by small and motile organisms. In deeper waters the conditions are more stable and favour sessile slow-growing species that have a long lifespan.
Group of experts
The expert group for Svalbard – marine areas was composed of Hege Gundersen (chair), Trine Bekkby, Eivind Oug and Bjørn Gulliksen. In addition, a number of persons and institutions contributed to the work. Stein Fredriksen provided valuable input.
AMAP (2018). AMAP Assessment 2018: Arctic Ocean Acidification. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Tromsø, Norway. vi+187 p.
Arndt C, Gulliksen B, Lønne OJ, Berge J (2009). Sea Ice Fauna. Pp. 296-322 in Sakshaug E, Johnsen G, Kovacs K (eds.) “Ecosystem Barents Sea”. Tapir Academic Press. 587 pp.
Brodie J, Williamson CJ, Smale DA, Kamenos NA, Mieszkowska N, Santos R, Cunliffe M, Steinke M, Yesson C, Anderson KM, Asnaghi V, Brownlee C, Burdett HL, Burrows MT, Collins S, Donohue PJC, Harvey B, Foggo A, Noisette F, Nunes J, Ragazzola F, Raven JA, Schmidt DN, Suggett D, Teichberg M, Hall-Spencer JM (2014). The future of the northeast Atlantic benthic flora in a high CO2 world. Ecology and Evolution 4: 2787-2798.
Den Norske Los (1988). Farvannsbeskrivelse Svalbard-Jan Mayen.Norges Sjøkartverk. A.s. Verbum/Aase Grafiske A.s. Stavanger. 419 pp. [in Norwegian]
Gulliksen B (1974). K. norske Vidensk. Selsk. Miscellanea 19: 1-46.
Gulliksen B, Haug T, Sandnes OK (1980). Benthic macrofauna on new and old lava grounds at Jan Mayen. Sarsia 65:2.
Gulliksen B, Beuchel F, Brattegard T, Palerud R (2004). The marine sublittoral fauna of Jan Mayen Island. Pp. 159-171 in Skreslet S (ed.) Proceedings: NATO Advanced Research Workshop: Jan Mayen Island in Scientific Focus. Oslo. November 2003. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Nederland.
Haug FD, Myhre PI (2016). Naturtyper på Svalbard – laguner og pollers betydning, med katalog over lokaliteter. Norsk Polarinstitutt kort rapport 040. 174 p. [in Norwegian]
Lønne OJ (1992). Doktorgradsavhandling. [PhD thesis] Norges arktiske universitet, Akvatisk biologi.
Meier WN, Hovelsrud GK, van Oort BEH, Key JR, Kovacs KM, et al. (2014). Arctic sea ice in transformation: A review of recent observed changes and impacts on biology and human activity. Reviews of Geophysics 52:3.
Moe KA, Skeie GM, Brude OW, Løvås SM, Nedrebø M, Weslawski JM (2000). The Svalbard Intertidal Zone: A Concept for the Use of GIS in Applied Oil Sensitivity, Vulnerability and Impact Analyses. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin 6: 187-206.
Quillfeldt CH, Øseth E (2016). Klimaendringer på Svalbard. Effekter på naturmangfold og konsekvenser for den fremtidige naturforvaltningen. Norsk Polarinstitutt, kortrapport 42. 103 pp + appendix [in Norwegian].
Ravolainen V, Strøm H, et al. (2018). Kunnskapsgrunnlaget for Sentral-Spitsbergen. Norsk Polarinstitutt rapportserie 150. 325 pp. [in Norwegian].
Teichert S (2013). Rhodoliths (Corallines, Rhodophyta) as a biosedimentary system in Arctic environments (Svalbard archipelago, Norway). Doktorgradsavhandling. Universitetet Erlangen, Tyskland. 160 p.
Weslawski JM, Wiktor J, Zajaczkowski M, Swerpel S (1993). Intertidal zone of Svalbard. Polar Biol 13, 73–79.
Weslawski JM, Wiktor J, Kotwicki L (2010). Increase in biodiversity in the arctic rocky littoral, Sorkappland, Svalbard, after 20 years of climate warming. Marine Biodiversity 40: 123-130.
Weslawski JM, Kendall MA, Wlodarska-Kowalczuk M, Iken K, Kedra M, Legezynska J, Sejr MK (2011). Climate change effects on Arctic fjord and coastal macrobenthic diversity – observations and predictions. Mar Biodiv 41: 71-85.
Øseth E, Jørgensen LL, Renaud PE, Andrade H (2016). Benthos vulnerability to bottom trawling. Norsk Polarinstitutt, kortrapport 37. 22 s.
Østerhus S, Gammelsrød T (1999). The abyss of the Nordic Seas is warming. Journal of Climate 12 (11): 3297-3304.
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<urn:uuid:a82f9d49-7ca3-4e47-baca-b6a7adb6e8d3>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.03930699825286865,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.921238124370575,
"url": "https://www.biodiversity.no/Pages/317607/Svalbard___marine_areas?Key=246"
}
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Humans Evolved by Sharing Technology and Culture
160202121246_1_540x360New findings from Blombos Cave show that Stone Age man in Africa exchanged technology to a large extent. The more contact between groups, the stronger technology developed. The exchange of tools can explain humans journey from Africa to Europe. “The pattern we are seeing is that when demographics change, people interact more. For example, we have found similar patterns engraved on ostrich eggshells in different sites. This shows that people were probably sharing symbolic material culture, at certain times but not at others” says Dr Karen van Niekerk, a UiB researcher and co-author.
Read the full article here.
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<urn:uuid:2a29de3d-888d-42a5-8352-f110c7017169>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.48000216484069824,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9158867597579956,
"url": "https://socgen.ucla.edu/2016/02/02/humans-evolved-by-sharing-technology-and-culture/"
}
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Meter Reading
Locate your meter box, generally found toward the front of a property, near the street. The box is typically in the direct line with the main outside faucet. It is housed in a meter box usually marked "water". Remove the lid by using a tool such as a large screwdriver, insert the tool into one of the holes and pry the lid off.
Once you open the meter box lid, lift the protective cap on the meter. On the face of the meter, there is a large dial and a display of numbers. For the residential meter, each rotation of the dial measures 10 gallons. Read the number display from left to right. The stationary zero on the meter is printed where the reading is placed on the bill. Meters measure water in gallons. Charges fro the amount of water consumed are rounded to the nearest 100 gallons of water used during a billing period. Compare that reading to what your bill states as present reading. This number will give you the amount of water used since the last reading.
Submit your Meter Reading
Meter Image
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<urn:uuid:d3607db7-52eb-4cff-b73d-206ae7ffe083>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.0416606068611145,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.926980197429657,
"url": "https://jamesforkwater.com/meter-reading"
}
|
Digging deeper summary chapter 2
Beoordeling 4.9
Foto van een scholier
• Samenvatting door een scholier
• 2e klas tto vwo | 563 woorden
• 29 juni 2015
• 15 keer beoordeeld
• Cijfer 4.9
• 15 keer beoordeeld
1600-1700: Regents and Dukes
Absolute rulers
Spain and Portugal built colonies
World-wide trade and colonisation
Scientific revolution
Dutch East India Company
VOC 1602
-Economic: to do with trade and money
-Political: to do with the way countries are run and interact
-Religious: to do with faith
-Technological: new machinery or equipment
-World view: how people look at the world
Dutch Republic controlled parts of:
• Brabant
• Flanders
They wanted all southern provinces.
Dutch Republic after start of truce→ accepted as independent state.
-Official government
Most important part of the republic: states general: all seven united provinces.
Stadholder ran the army + navy.
Government: based in The Hague
Dutch Republic was the greatest sea power of the 17th century, but England was catching up fast.
A strong sea power needed a large number of merchant ships and many expert sailors.
New economic idea:
Merchantalism: showed how countries could use their colonies to become stronger and richer.
Colonies must only:
• Trade with home country
• Produce raw materials
• Import manufactured goods from the home country
• Trade could only be done own ships
Law of Navigation Acts:
-Goods imported had to be carried in English ships
-Export could only go to England
-Only English ships could land fish in England
Michiel de Ruyter started to reform the navy:
• He built many new war ships
• He set up an system of supplies and provisions
• He made sure the navy had professional officers who were good seamen
Since 1500 the Dutch started to use dykes, sluices and drainage canals to drain land and keep it drained.
To keep the land below sea level drained:
-Workers built a dyke around the area
-Put windmills on top of it to pump the water away
-They used ditches to carry the water away
Best type of windmill: tower scoop windmill.
The Dutch Republic grew rapidly because of:
• Guilds had never been very powerful in Amsterdam; this allowed merchants and other craftspeople to trade more freely
• The Exchange Bank made it easy for foreigners to trade
• Services provided by the city, form rubbish collection to care for the poor. Improved health and so the death rate decreased
Amsterdam always had many foreigners living there, often more than half the city’s population.
To enlarge the city people built main canals looping around it.
Dam square was the focus of trade. In the middle of Dam Square was the Weighing House where all goods had to be brought. Merchants paid the city council a tax on the weight. The town hall, where all city business was carried out, was also in the square. The Exchange Bank was there and the merchants’ exchange, where merchants met to trade.
The rarest most expensive tulip was the Semper Augustus, a white tulip with red flames on the petals.
There were lots of versions of the Dutch translation of the Bible, but the Dutch Reformed Church wanted a new translation. The new version was called the Statenbijbel.
Benedictus Spinoza was a Dutch Jewish philosopher. Many of his ideas were about religion, which upset many people.
He believed everything was made out of the same thing; called substance. He also believed in predestination; your life was decided before you are born. He said ideas had to be proved to be useful.
• Explained gravity
• Explained how planets moved
• Theory of probability
• Pendulum clock
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<urn:uuid:46633f7b-7201-4d15-bade-d11312cde0d6>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.734375,
"fasttext_score": 0.018800735473632812,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.894631564617157,
"url": "https://www.scholieren.com/verslag/samenvatting-geschiedenis-digging-deeper-summary-chapter-2"
}
|
Math Games and Logic Puzzles
Move balls to make all except two white. See below in comments the proof why it is not possible to make all balls except one white.
• Select one position, then another. If the two balls selected have no colors in common, then a ball with the colors combined will be placed in the second position selected, and a ball with the second color will appear in the first position. For example, if you move red to green, then on the second place there will be red/green and on the first place - green. So, the order of moving matters.
• A white ball appears when a two-colored ball is merged with a ball of the remaining color (e.g., a red/green ball merged with a blue ball).
• Merging with a white ball does not change the color, and on the place of white the second color will appear. For example, white and green will give green and green.
Fill in the cells with numbers to make all equalities correct.
Cells with the same background should have the same values.
Start from the top left corner and move (as a knight in chess) to get the highest score.
Click on a cell to make a move.
You can't move on cells with zero values.
Avoid cells with negative values!
You can only make a move like a knight in chess:
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<urn:uuid:ead07850-1907-4282-ab5c-54deaff2cc75>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.6875,
"fasttext_score": 0.08585214614868164,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8963828086853027,
"url": "https://www.emathhelp.net/math-games-and-logic-puzzles/"
}
|
Jongmyo Jerye means the grand ancestral rite observed in Jongmyo
It is the largest of various ancestral rites in terms of scale and importance, and so it is also called Jongmyo Daeje, or the Grand Ancestral Rite at Jongmyo. National ancestral rituals during the Joseon Dynasty days were classified into three categories of grand rituals, medium rituals and minor rituals, and Jongmyo Jerye was classified as a solemn grand rite, together with services at Sajikdan, with the reigning king in person observing the services. In Confucian society, it was believed that when people die, their spirits go to heaven and their bodies to earth. So, they preserved the bodies in graves, while they observed memorial services at shrines where the spirits were worshipped. "Yegi," or a code of propriety and rituals, one of the Confucian scriptures, classified his teachings on the subject into five categories: gilrye (auspicious rite), hyungrye (funeral rites), gunrye (military rites), binrye(reception ceremonies), and garye (wedding ceremonies).
Out of the five, it most valued gilrye, which concerned about ancestral rites, and emphasized that the ancestral rites constituted the basic act of filial piety. In the Joseon Dynasty days when Confucianism was the fundamental philosophy in governing the state, the act of ancestral worship was considered the most important virtue, and the ancestral rite was especially valued. From the ancient days, therefore, it was customary when a dynasty was founded and its palace site determined, Jongmyo and Sajikdan were constructed without fail to pay homage to the ancestors for thier favors and indebtednesses, and pray for the blessings of Heaven and various gods for national security and abundant crops for the people. In addition, the national prayer services included Cheonshinje, or services for Heaven, and Sajikje, prayer services for Jishin, or the God of Earth and Grains. The first historic Jecheon (Rite for Heaven) in the Joseon Dynasty was recorded as having occurred in 1398, the 7th year of King Taejo's reign, and when the dynasty declared a state of empire in 1897, the Jecheon ritual was observed at Wongudang (Historic Site No. 157). Sajik Daeje (Important Invisible Cultural Property No. 111), meanwhile, is being observed every year at Sajikdan.
Tel. 02-765-2124 | Fax. 02-742-1676 | rfo2124@naver.com
서울 종로구 돈화문로 89 이화회관 4층
© 2020 국가무형문화재 종묘제례보존회. All Rights Reserved.
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<urn:uuid:407ec512-2f45-433a-bf17-a650b7ec1058>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.6875,
"fasttext_score": 0.10502517223358154,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9556812644004822,
"url": "http://jongmyo.net/111"
}
|
In this experiment we are diving into learning about friction – the resistance to motion between two objects. Friction is all around us in our everyday life – it’s the reason we can walk, ride bikes, hold things – the list goes on!
We’re exploring how it works by lifting a bottle of rice with just a dowel and making two books difficult to pull apart. It might seem like magic, but it all boils down to friction!
Want to duplicate these experiments at home or in your classroom? Watch the video for an overview, gather the materials listed at the right, and follow the instructions below!
Required Materials
• plastic bottle
• rice
• dowel
• 2 books
Step-By-Step Instructions
Step 1
Fill the bottle with rice, leaving a little bit of space at the top.
Step 2
Push the dowel stick into the bottle of rice. Note how easily the dowel can be removed from the bottle.
Step 3
Slam the bottle of rice onto the table a few times so that the grains of rice are compressed and forced to stick together.
Step 4
Put the dowel in the bottle again, and see if you can lift it with just the dowel! Repeat steps 3 and 4 until it works. When you’re successful, you have created enough friction between the grains of rice that the dowel can’t slide through!
Step 5
Onto experiment number two! Take two books and place one inside the other. How easy is it to pull the two books apart?
Step 6
Do this again, but this time interweave the pages so that almost every other page in the two books is overlapping. Try to pull the books apart (don’t pull on an angle!). Note how easy or hard it is to do. By layering the pages in the middle of the books, you’re increasing the force and friction between them, making it difficult to separate them when you pull from the edges. In the video, you’ll see why this changes when you move your hands to the middle!
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<urn:uuid:9b938c3c-f077-4839-bf8d-9435681cdfec>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.01962268352508545,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9186998009681702,
"url": "https://handsonstem.rosieriveters.com/resources/friction/"
}
|
Denison, Texas, Grayson County, 1886
Denison became a city in 1872, after the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad crossed into Texas. The company constructed a roundhouse, yard, and shops on the south side of the Red River, and named the site for George Denison, the Vice-president of the railroad company. Fourteen years later, this bird’s-eye view of the city by Henry Wellge shows how much it had grown.
Bird’s-eye-view maps were popular from the 1860s until the introduction of aerial photography around 1920. An artist like Henry Wellge would visit a city or village and walk its streets while sketching its buildings, and then assemble it all into a drawing of the city as it might appear from the air. Thus, the term “bird’s-eye view.” Local residents expected their city or village to be presented as thriving and prosperous. Once completed by the artist, the view was printed and sold to local residents who took pride in the depiction of their home city in all its individuality. For municipalities and businesses, the views provided a popular and positive way to promote themselves.
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<urn:uuid:167899a1-8b45-4bd3-a55c-3d70a72b9314>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.12314695119857788,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9802354574203491,
"url": "https://maps.museumofthebigbend.com/map/denison-texas-grayson-county-1886/"
}
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Finds and History from a 1690 Colonial American Shipwreck
The attack on Quebec was a failure. They encountered bad weather, which delayed their arrival until mid-October. By this time, None of the forces ever came within a kilometer of the city walls. Several of the ships were damaged by cannon fire from the city. They Count Frontenac, the Governor General of New France, had assembled around 2,700 defenders. The fleet suffered brutal cold weather and smallpox had broken out. Accomplishing nothing, they gave up and headed home, up the St. Lawrence and out to sea. But their misfortunes continued. They encountered storms, separating the fleet and blowing some off-course as far as the West Indies. Four of the ships were wrecked, with two companies of men completely lost.
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<urn:uuid:adb39c14-46b9-4713-b14d-bd0b35ab7bd1>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.4236380457878113,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9881417155265808,
"url": "https://scavengeology.com/tag/native/"
}
|
Yamato is a Japanese word meaning "big unity." It is also a term used to describe things from the Yamato Empire in Japan. It currently is used to describe things that are purely Japanese, and not "loaned" from other cultures. For instance Yamato Kotoba means Japanese words which are not Chinese, pseudo-Chinese, or other loan words.
Length = 265.8 m
Width = 34.6 m
Height= 77 m
Missles = Countermeasure missles, side assault missles,stack missles.
Airpower = Black Tiger space fighter squadron
The name of the largest battleship ever built.
Commissioned in December, 1941, just days after the start of the Pacific War the Yamato was a 65,000 ton behemoth that sported nine 18.1-inch guns as her main armament. As the flagship of the Japanese Pacific Fleet throughout World War II, the Yamato served as a mobile command center, and did not see significant action until the battle of Leyte Gulf in 1944, when she suffered light damage. The Yamato met her inglorious end in 1945 when she was ordered to take part in a kamikaze mission to defend Okinawa. This bizarre plan called for the ship to beach herself to serve as a stationary gun platform against the impending American attack. Yamato was still 200 miles north of Okinawa when she was discovered by the Americans and sunk by an overwhelming force of carrier-based aircraft on April 7, 1945.
Yamato is a plain in central Japan, around the ancient city of Nara: while most of Yamato is in Nara Prefecture, parts of it spill over into Kyoto Prefecture. The Yamato Plain is where modern Japanese civilization began in the first few centuries CE, and was the sociopolitical hub of the country until Heiankyo (Kyoto) was chosen as the Emperor's seat in 794. The Nara Period, centered around Yamato, was one of Japan's golden ages: the Kojiki and Manyoshu, Japan's earliest literary works, were written at this time, and that is how Yamato came to refer to Japan.
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<urn:uuid:7eaf0256-35cd-4c89-9503-bec4b2115980>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.703125,
"fasttext_score": 0.7624959349632263,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9646684527397156,
"url": "https://everything2.com/title/Yamato"
}
|
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Motif 2.1 Programmer's Guide
User Overview of Drag and Drop
Drag and drop allows the user to "pick up" objects on the screen, "drag" them around the display, and "drop" them at a new location, possibly in another application.
With drag and drop the user can
1. Move text or other information between windows.
2. Cause application-specific actions to occur.
3. Obtain help information about drop sites.
This section describes what the user does and sees during a drag and drop transaction.
4. Overview of User Interaction
A drag and drop transaction consists of the following actions:
1. To start a drag transaction, a user typically presses and holds Btn2, over a source object. The application owning that object is the initiator of the drag. The current pointer is replaced by a drag icon--a picture representing the item being dragged.
2. The user moves the pointer. From now until a drop occurs, the drag icon replaces the mouse pointer. The user may move the pointer by moving the mouse, or with the arrow keys.
3. The user drops the object, usually by releasing the mouse button.
Locations on the screen that can accept drops are drop sites, and the application owning that drop site is the destination or receiver.
The drag icon can be dropped anywhere on the screen. However, only certain widgets have registered themselves as drop sites and are able to process the drop.
The receiver application usually performs some action on the information represented by the dragged icon. The initiator application may also perform some action based on the results of a drag transaction.
A drop can be between applications or within the same application. An application can be both source and destination of a drop, source only, destination only, or not participate in drag and drop at all.
The user can request help about a drop site, if available, by dragging to the drop site and pressing osfHelp (usually F1).
The user can cancel the drag at any time by pressing osfCancel, usually Escape.
4. Overview of Drag-Over Effects
The drag icon consists of three parts:
1. The source icon is a picture representing the type of the source object, such as text.
2. The state icon can be used to show whether or not the object being dragged can be dropped at its current location on the screen.
3. The operation icon can be used to show what action should happen when the drop takes place.
In the following illustration, the running figure is the source icon, the arrow in the upper left is the state icon, and the rectangles with the corner folded over indicate a Copy is desired.
Figure 16. A Drag Icon.
View figure.
These parts can be combined (blended) and attached to each other in different ways. The default blending and attachment are shown in the previous illustration.
Parts of the drag icon may change shape or color as it is being dragged through potential drop sites, providing visual feedback about possible drop sites to the user. These changes are drag-over effects.
Applications can use the default drag icon effects, or provide more sophisticated or custom drag icons. The application or user can customize these drag-over effects in resource files.
This chapter contains several illustrations of default Motif drag and drop icons. In reality, there are two different sets of default Motif icons. The XmNenableDragIcon resource of XmDisplay determines which set is used. If XmNenableDragIcon is False (the default), the traditional Motif drag and drop icons are used. If XmNenableDragIcon is True, alternate Motif drag and drop icons are used. We have used only the traditional Motif drag and drop icons for the illustrations in this chapter.
4. Drag States
During a drag, there are three states that describe the relationship of a drag icon to what is under it at the time:
Valid drop site
The drag icon is over a drop site on which it can potentially be dropped (this is only a hint; when the drop is actually attempted, further processing may show that the drop cannot actually be done).
Invalid drop site
The drag icon is over a drop site, but it cannot be dropped there.
No drop site
The drag icon is not over a registered drop site.
The default state icon for all three states is the same: an arrow in the upper left corner of the drag icon. Because the icon is the same for all three states, it appears not to change during the drag. The application or the user can provide custom state icons or colors in a resource file.
Drag Operations
The user specifies what action is to take place when the drop occurs by pressing certain keys when the drag starts or while the drag is in process:
Shift only
Force a move from the initiator to the receiver client (Move)
Ctrl only
Force a copy from the initiator to the receiver client (Copy)
Shift and Ctrl
Force a link between the initiator and receiver clients (Link)
The operation chosen by the user must be valid for both the drag source and the drop site, or the drop site will be considered invalid.
If the user does not specify an operation, one is chosen by the toolkit. It choses an operation that is valid for both the drag source and drop site. Move is the first choice, Copy is the second, and Link is the third. If the system cannot find a valid operation, the drop site is considered invalid.
The operation icon reflects the operation chosen by the user or by the system. If the operation is changed by the user during the drag, the operation icon changes also.
The operation icon may change as the drag icon moves to different drop sites if the drop sites accept different operations.
Overview of Drag-Under Effects
A widget registered as a drop site may change visually as a drag icon passes over it. These visual cues are drag-under effects. The sensitive area of the widget is the part that responds to drag and drop. By default it is the whole widget, but applications can specify that only parts of the widget respond to drag and drop.
In addition, a widget may support pause drag. This means that if a drag icon pauses over a specifed part of a widget, some action will occur, such as scrolling. See Section for more information about this feature.
Various highlighting styles are possible:
1. A border around the sensitive area of the drop site widget. This is the default value.
2. The sensitive area of the drop site widget looks pushed out.
3. The sensitive area of the drop site widget looks pushed in.
4. A special pixmap is displayed within the sensitive area of the drop site widget, overwriting what is normally there.
5. No drag-under effects are used for the drop site widget.
Applications can use the default drag-under visual effects, or create more sophisticated or custom effects, such as special animation or sound effects.
6. Overview of Drop Effects
Visual effects also take place during the drop:
1. The drag icon appears to sit over the drop site while the processing for the drop is finishing, but the standard cursor is restored and can be used normally.
2. The source icon appears to melt into the drop site if the drop is successful.
3. The source icon appears to snap back to the source if the drop is unsuccessful.
4. The source icon appears to snap back to the source and the previous X cursor returns if Cancel is requested. All drag-under and drag-over effects are removed.
These drop effects cannot be changed by the application or the user. However, if the receiver wants to cancel these effects completely, the receiver should ask the source to convert the special _MOTIF_CANCEL_DROP_EFFECT target. For example, the receiver can make a call like the following to cancel the effects:
XInternAtom(XtDisplay(wid), XmS_MOTIF_CANCEL_DROP_EFFECT, False),
NULL, NULL, XtLastTimeStampProcessed(XtDisplay(wid)));
The Motif toolkit will intercept this request and fulfill it by cancelling all visual effects. The drag source should not provide any code to handle this target.
The application or widget should supply a DialogBox containing information about a drop site if the user has requested help and the receiver client provides help.
5. [ Previous | Next | Contents | Glossary | Home | Search ]
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<urn:uuid:223d28a1-23e3-4519-8f5d-7d97500585f6>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.040260255336761475,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9003275632858276,
"url": "http://ps-2.kev009.com/tl/techlib/manuals/adoclib/motif/motifpg/motiftp6.htm"
}
|
Egmont, Lamoral, count of
Egmont, Lamoral, count of lä˝mōräl´, ĕg´mônt [key], 1522–68, Flemish general and statesman, member of one of the noblest families of the Netherlands. In the service of Philip II of Spain he helped defeat the French at Saint-Quentin (1557) and Gravelines (1558) and was governor of Brabant and Artois. Although a devout Catholic, Egmont protested against the persecution inflicted on the Protestants of the Low Countries, and he helped force the removal of Cardinal Granvelle. In 1565 he journeyed to Madrid to persuade Philip II to change his policy but he failed. When the duke of Alba arrived (1567) at Brussels, he quickly had Egmont and Count Hoorn arrested. Although they had sympathized with William the Silent, they had actually never entertained the thought of treason against their king. Egmont held that Philip was the rightful ruler of the Netherlands and believed he would agree to a compromise with his subjects. Nevertheless, Alba meant to spread terror among the population by securing a death sentence. Egmont and Hoorn, both knights of the Golden Fleece, vainly sought to be tried by a court of their order or even to obtain a fair trial by the judges Alba had appointed. In 1568, Egmont and Hoorn were publicly beheaded in Brussels. Their deaths plunged the Low Countries into a state of unrest and upheaval and are generally considered the immediate cause of the outbreak of open rebellion against Spanish rule. Egmont is the central figure of Goethe's tragedy, Egmont, for which Beethoven composed an overture and incidental music.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Benelux History: Biographies
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<urn:uuid:7af2823d-6c62-4da8-b284-848d13bd33db>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.734375,
"fasttext_score": 0.05648326873779297,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9687333703041077,
"url": "https://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/people/history/benelux/egmont-lamoral-count-of"
}
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スターズ&ストライプス イングリッシュ
国分寺｜インターナショナルキンダーガーデン｜own version of a camera
To end our last science project for our Sights and Sounds Series we made our own version of a camera.
In this project, we wanted to find out what kind of image is formed as we take a peek from the small hole of our camera. Also, we wanted to make the kids ask why is it that we see this kind of image.
Our materials for this project include: a magnifying glass, cardboard papers, scotch tape or packaging tape and colorful washi tapes to decorate.
As the kids finished assembling and decorating their cameras, they noticed that the image they see is inverted. “Ah! You’re upside down!”
Then one kid started asking, “Eh! Why?” But his curiosity did not end there. He tried tilting his head hoping that by doing so the inverted image that he had seen will go back to its orginal position but to no avail.
We found out that the camera operates in the same way that our eyes work. When light enters through the magnifying lens, it bends and this bending makes an image appear upside down. However, our brain processes the image in such a way that we see things upright. In the case of a real camera, there is a mirror inside that projects the image upright so that we do not see it in an inverted position.
And there goes that “Aaaaah!” once again.
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<urn:uuid:d06a22bd-c9ce-4cf5-8417-8e7aa9b896ee>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.661033034324646,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.6958591938018799,
"url": "http://starsfamily.jp/post-7819/"
}
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The Surprising Reason that Some Cave Fish are Blind
The Mexican blind cave fish (click for credit)
The Mexican tetra (Astyanax mexicanus) can be found living in fresh water above or below ground. The ones living in water above ground are “normal,” but the ones living in water below ground (where light is scarce or nonexistent) are blind. As you can see from the picture above, they don’t even have noticeable eyes. Why? The standard view has always been that seeing things takes a lot of energy, so if you can’t see anything because it is always dark, it doesn’t do any good to waste energy on a visual system. However, if you can see things, it is worth the energy, because a visual system allows you to more easily find food, avoid predators, find a mate, etc.
So, if you are a Mexican tetra living in the waters on the surface of the earth and disabling mutations occur in the genes of your visual system, your fellow Mexican tetras will out-compete you, and you will probably die without passing on those mutations to the next generation. However, if you are a Mexican tetra living in the dark and get the same disabling mutation, it will not affect your ability to survive and pass that mutation on to the next generation. As a result, mutations in the visual systems of underground Mexican tetras accumulated over time, leading to blind cave fish.
A couple of years ago, a study confirmed the first part of this story. By comparing the blind version of the species to the version that can see, they showed that the energy “cost” of having a visual system was 5%-15% of the fish’s total metabolism, depending on the size of the fish. As a result, it makes sense that fish who do not use their visual system (like cave fish) would be better off not having one. However, the second part of the story (mutations building up to disable the system) seems to have been falsified, at least for this particular species.
The authors of the study looked at the genes that are known to be responsible for producing eyes in normal Mexican tetras and found that they are not significantly different from those in blind Mexican tetras. In other words, the genes for eyes in blind Mexican tetras have not been disabled by mutations. Instead, the authors found that those unbroken genes have been “turned off” through a process called methylation.
What is methylation? One of the simplest chemical components in organic chemistry is called the “methyl group.” It is a carbon atom attached to three hydrogen atoms. Methylation is a process that adds this group to a molecule, changing its chemistry. With the proper chemical machinery, a methyl group can be added to any molecule, including DNA. When a methyl group is added to DNA, it doesn’t change the genes in any way, but it affects how much they are used. If done correctly, adding a methyl group to the right places on DNA can keep the genes from being used at all. In other words, DNA methylation can “turn off” genes without changing them.
That’s what seems to have happened in these cave fish. It is called an epigenetic change, because the genes themselves don’t change. Instead, something “on top” of the genes (a methyl group) causes the change. Geneticists have known about epigenetic changes for a long time. It is probably one way an organism adjusts to changes in its life and environment. However, it was originally thought that epigenetic changes aren’t passed on from generation to generation. As time has gone on, however, there have been a lot of studies that indicate such changes can be passed on to subsequent generations. Indeed, this seems to be one of those studies. Rather than mutations disabling the genes of blind Mexican tetra, epigenetics has simply turned them off, and that “off” switch has been passed down through the generations.
If this study is confirmed (I haven’t seen a peer-reviewed version yet), it will probably be hotly contested for a while. Why? Because we know that epigenetics is influenced by an organism’s surroundings. Thus, this study seems to say that the blind cave fish’s surroundings caused its evolution from having eyes to not having eyes. This is anathema to the standard NeoDarwinian view of evolution, which sees all evolutionary change as random, because it is caused by random mutations in the DNA. It isn’t “directed” by anything, including the organism’s surroundings. Of course, once this random change happens, it is subjected to natural selection, and the surroundings play a role in that process. However, the actual change itself is supposed to be completely random.
This study seems to indicate that the surroundings play a role in the change itself, before natural selection has a chance to act. Creationists have argued that many adaptations we see in nature are caused this way. The Creator designed into His creation the ability to adapt, and He designed mechanisms that would allow that adaptation to be directed by the organism’s surroundings. Epigenetics may be one of those mechanisms.
Please note that this is not the first adaptation that has been shown to be directed by an organism’s surroundings. Lenski’s famous Long Term Evolution Experiment has demonstrated that gene changes can also be directed by the environment, at least in the case of bacteria adapting to eat a food that they don’t normally eat in presence of oxygen. Thus, the creationist idea of the surroundings influencing adaptive change seems to be getting more and more confirmation as time goes on.
16 thoughts on “The Surprising Reason that Some Cave Fish are Blind”
1. Hi Dr. Wile. Wouldn’t this story be an example of Lamarckism? And wasn’t that (i.e. acquired characteristics) disproven by August Weismen in 1889?
1. Jadan, you are certainly correct that it would be a form of Lamarckism, however, Lamarck’s view was much more direct. He basically said if you use something a lot, the next generation has a stronger/longer/faster version of it. If you don’t use something a lot, the next generation has a weaker/shorter/slower version of it. That, of course, is easy to demonstrate false. This version of Lamarckism is quite different. It isn’t about use and disuse. It is about a known mechanism (epigenetics) allowing the surroundings to make a heritable change in the organism.
Weismen claimed to test Lamarckism by cutting off the tails of mice, mating them, and observing the offspring and the offspring’s offspring. He saw that all of them had tails. However, this didn’t really disprove Lamarckism. It just showed that one form of outside-induced change (having a tail cut off) isn’t heritable.
1. Dr Wile, Do you see evidence of Lamarckism in inherited instincts / behaviors / skills ?
I read an article about beavers which showed that they will build a dam if you simply play the sound of running water through a pair of speakers! I think I read somewhere that even a beaver that was raised in captivity and has never seen a dam will do this.
I sort of like Lamarckism when applied to “behavioral” inheritance. I’m sure you’ve read about this but for anyone that hasnt, there’s a pretty interesting article about mice inheriting smell memory too..
1. There are many examples of that, John. Monarch butterflies, for example, migrate to a destination that they have never seen, and they often end up resting in the same tree as their ancestors. I am not sure that’s Lamarckism. Most scientists think of it as instincts that are hardwired into the organism. However, I suppose you could call it some sort of behavioral Lamarckism.
The mice study you linked was one of the more convincing early studies that epigenetic changes can be inherited.
2. Wow.. that bit about the Monarchs is poetic!
I think inherited “ideas” are extremely intriguing. I’m trying to distinguish between the idea of “genetic memory”, instincts, and why neo-darwinists insist nothing is Lamarckian – seems like a thin line. This wiki article on genetic memory is extremely vague –
Also stumbled on this study human infants pupil response to snakes and spiders. Pretty interesting.
2. This is fascinating, thank you for sharing. This goes in line with why Christian evolutionists like Perry Marshall believe evolution was purposefully guided as animals were designed to respond to environmental changes and challenges, not just mutate randomly. In fact, as you also consider the work of YEC baraminologists, it seems there is more and more agreement that God designed animals with amazing capacities to change, and it’s simply a matter of disagreement about *how much* they were designed to change and have changed.
I am very interested to see what impact these sorts of discoveries will have on standard neo-Darwinianism in the coming years (FYI, if you want to get more of this kind of stuff, Perry Marshall is a recent champion on his blog and his book Evolution 2.0, which has value even if you disagree with his position – it includes a positive blurb from a YEC who appreciated his contributions on the wonderful complexities of cell’s adaptive abilities and their exceptional challenges to Darwinian evolution.)
1. I do think that if you believe in evolution, you have to admit that it is guided in some way. Random mutations producing new genetic information has never been a plausible scenario for macroevolution.
3. Awesome post. I’ve read about these fish here and there but I have yet to hear the term methylation before today. It’s pretty cool.
What I find interesting is that (and correct me if I’m wrong) these fish can grow their eyes back in just a few generations when brought back into sunlit waters. To me that’s incredible. It also speaks some volume about the type of mutation. Disabling or damaging the gene which controls the eyes might be a permanent or VERY long term change. But placing a blocker around the gene is a great way to “save it for later”. More evidence of foresight in Creation!
1. Ahhh. you’re right. I was going off memory. Still pretty cool how quickly sight gets restored when brought back into the fold. Do you think the ability for the hybridized fish to produce seeing offspring so quickly has anything to do with the fact that the mutation exists in the methyl group as opposed to a change in the gene?
4. Blind cave species all over the world really tax the idea of random DNA replication errors saving the day. This article:
acknowledges that evolutionists recognize the problem:
They offer an interesting proposal:
In other words, saving up mutations for a rainy day.
5. Once turned off by epigenetic switches the genes for eyesight would then be free to accumulate deleterious mutations unhindered by natural selection until eventually they become non functional. However this is of no support to the theory of evolution since it would only show how genes can be destroyed, not created.
1. But that hasn’t happened. The genes have been turned off, but they haven’t mutated at all, according to this study. You might say that there hasn’t been enough time yet, but old-earthers claim the fish have lived in that environment for 2-3 million years. According to one source, that’s 5 million generations. Those genes might be free to mutate, but they haven’t.
1. However that lack of mutation is consistent with young earth where these blind cave fish are only a few hundreds or thousands of years old.
Comments are closed.
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<urn:uuid:dcb93d11-8eab-4c20-8796-a035dee777e8>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.14032500982284546,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9638349413871765,
"url": "https://blog.drwile.com/the-surprising-reason-that-some-cave-fish-are-blind/"
}
|
Variations among column and struts
This construction video tutorial highlights the following topics :- Different types of columns, Definition of column and struts, Variations among column and struts.
Both strut and column belong to compression members. They can withstand the compressive forces inside the structure instead of the tensile forces. Struts are mostly found in roof trusses, steel bridges, and other structures that combine trusses for their structural development.
Columns are found in buildings and related type of structures, where the structure directly takes care of the gravitational force. The materials used to construct these compressive members are built with various materials like steel, concrete, timber.
What is a Strut?
Strut stands for an inclined compressive member or component of a truss type structure. The two ends of a strut are set to other members of the truss, and usually the objective of the strut is to sustain the hardness of the structure, which otherwise prone to move freely. Besides, it is can include more strength to the structure. A strut may be defined as a long, inclined column.
A specific value named “Slenderness Ratio” is set, that ascertains whether the specific member comes into the category of Struts or into Columns. If the slenderness ratio becomes higher, the structure element will be more slender. If the slenderness is higher, the structural element will come into the category of struts, and the less slender ones will come into the category of columns. Struts may collapse because of buckling. It signifies that they bend off if compressed apart a specific limit.
Variations among Strut and a Column
1. Both Strut and Column belong to compression structural members.
2. Slenderness ratio of struts is elevated, while it is low for columns.
3. Struts collapse because of buckling, but columns collapse due to crushing.
4. Columns are dependent on bending moments and shears additionally and are considered as the primary supports in a building or structure while the Struts are short members in an assembly of members that get compressed, in place of ties which are stretched (ie subjected to tension)
5. Column is vertical member that is dependent on axial compressive load whereas strut belongs to the inclined member that is dependent on the axial load.
6. The objective of the column is to withstand compressive load only whereas the objective of the strut is to withstand both compressive and tensile load.
7. The column is usually supported with fixed supports at both ends whereas the strut is set by hinged or pin joint at both ends.
8. Slenderness ratio is high for column whereas slenderness ratio is lower for strut.
To get more details, watch the following video tutorial.
Variations among column and struts
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<urn:uuid:b334ad9d-bdff-4af9-9d76-cbf24a9ed823>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.828125,
"fasttext_score": 0.7763564586639404,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9164808392524719,
"url": "http://www.constructioncost.co/variations-among-column-and-struts.html"
}
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About Seesaw Sign Up
Students use creative tools in the Seesaw app or website to complete classroom activities like "Demo activity (Evapo…"
Mr. Wagner Guy Pierre
Student Instructions
Demo activity (Evaporation + Condensation) – Gas Trap
1. Ask yourself - Where do clouds come from? Are clouds: a gas or a liquid? 2. Watch this video - https://mysteryscience.com/weather/mystery-1/water-cycle-phases-of-matter/46?r=41189953&t=student 3. Complete a Note and answer the questions from the attached worksheet 4. Record your voice and explain what you observed and learned from this activity Additional resource https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHjDT9pYxRA https://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Cloud-in-a-Bottle
8th Grade, 7th Grade, 6th Grade, Science
54 teachers like this
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<urn:uuid:0408428e-5d19-4ca7-8293-c4f3dcc8f5ff>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.05052453279495239,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8024246692657471,
"url": "https://app.seesaw.me/activities/1kcx62/demo-activity-evaporation-condensation-gas-trap"
}
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Defending a breeding territory is fairly common among males. The territory contains desirable features such as a sunlit stretch of flowing or stagnant water or a particular substrate necessary for egg-laying, according to the necessary breeding habitat of that particular species. A female must mate with the territory holder before laying her eggs.
Some species defend their territory by a particular perch having good visibility or flying to and fro continuously in a particular area according to their behavioural type (perchers or fliers). Some defend a territory against others of their own species, some against other species of odonates too. Some odonates signal ownership with striking colours on their face, abdomen, legs, or wings. Other behaviours observed include wing-warning, wing-clapping, chasing and abdominal bobbing.
Day flying odonates actively defend their territory a few hours in a sunny day. Crepuscular species are active primarily during twilight.
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<urn:uuid:ae8fdec1-69d9-49cb-be72-6701b3ed1139>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.703125,
"fasttext_score": 0.4565863609313965,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9517402052879333,
"url": "https://odonatesociety.org/territoriality/"
}
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Why games are important in learning process?/Oyunlar neden öğrenme sürecinde önemlidir?
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Why games are important in learning process?/Oyunlar neden öğrenme sürecinde önemlidir? by Mind Map: Why games are important in learning process?/Oyunlar neden öğrenme sürecinde önemlidir?
1. They develop their personality and sense of loyalty.Nurdan Bilgin Ateş /Madran İlkokulu
2. Games make students more enthusiastic and engaged in the lesson. (Huriye Uluöz/TOKİ Malazgirt Primary School)
3. games make learning easier
4. Games provide an enjoyable learning for children.
5. games take students' attention easily. (Duygu Karakuş/Cengiz Han Primary School)
6. Game is an interlanguage between children. (Yasemin TÖREN / Kızılırmak Primary School)
7. Games increase motivation. Alyona Kelleci, Kepez ilkokulu
8. Games help students to Learn better.
9. How we can't get delight of meal without tasting ; kids can't get pleasure of knowledge without GAME ...
10. Learning by doing is the best way of learning. We can teach English with Games in an enjoyable way. ( Özlem Akgün/ Mengen Cumhuriyet Primary School)
11. games are a natural way of learning ( Esra Ertaş / Cide Atatürk Primary School )
12. You can make your classroom fun with games
13. You can make your classroom fun with games. F. Sibel ÖZ SARAÇOĞLU
14. You can make your classroom fun with games (F. Sibel ÖZ SARAÇOĞLU)
15. Play is an important part of the learning process Childish games of 'let's pretend'help children to rehearse for the real world and give them an opportunity to try out situations in order to learn to cope with them.Other games help to develop conceptual awareness,physical co-ordination,creativity,and social skills.(Hatice Kadıoğlu/KTSO Primary School)
16. playing games is funny, and it makes learning funnier, and permanent
16.1. They are easily motivated and can learn in a funny way with the help of games. Besides, it is a good way to focus their attention and actively immerse them in language teaching.
17. Games take attetion of children more easily and they will enjoy the learning process actively
17.1. Games help students to collaborate , communicate , interact and work together. Elif KOYUNCU/ Demirci Primary School
18. Games provide language practice and make students eager to communicate.(MUJDE SUNGERICLIOGLU /Firuzkoy ilkokulu)
19. Students get chance to enjoy, practice and communicate with their classmates by means of games.So, we should enable lots of games in the classes for students to enhance their learnings. Begüm BALABAN /Eskişehir İlhan Ünügür Primary School
19.1. With a game children can learn collaboration and teamwork, and critical thinking. (Nimet ELVER Sofular Primary School)
19.1.1. Oyunlar, öğrencileri İngilizce öğrenmeye daha istekli hale getirir . Çünkü onlar eğlencelidir. Öğrenciler oyun oynarken dili daha kolay öğreniyorlar. (Nahide Elçin Yıldız-Aziz Günden İlköğretim Okulu) It makes the child more active, patient and disciplined.(Anıl Akgün Yörük-Abdullah Bozbağ Primary School Giresun)
20. For kids playing games is the first step and the best to get answers to real life problems both individually and collaboratively (Elif Dilek Oğuzhan-Milas Atatürk Primary School)
21. games encourage students to communicate easily and improve their problem skills .Saadet Bulut/Kükürtlü Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası Primary School Osmangazi/Bursa
22. Games play important role in teaching by making students to collaborate, communicate, interact and work in teams. Students also learn and memorize better through the process of playing a game. Kıymet Gezerler / Özbey İlkokulu
23. Games motivates students.They feel better in their learning environment. Games lower their level of stress.They are the best way to make them revise the language. Semiha ERUYANIK/Gazi Mahmut Primary School
24. Children have fun during the game.Since they are not afraid of making mistakes, they relax while playing and naturally get a lot of experience from this process. The child recognizes his / her environment and himself through the game, acquires new knowledge and skills, establishes relationships with his friends. Through the roles he takes in the game, he learns to look at the world through the window of others, establish a cause-effect relationship and express his own ideas. The game is an important tool of learning.(Naciye BÜTÜN Sazlıpınar Primary School)
25. Students can learn subjects easily with games ( Özlem ŞENER CIRIK - MEHMET AKER PRİMARY SCHOOL )
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<urn:uuid:dcefeeb1-1fe2-41bd-b989-f5e7920f0273>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.765625,
"fasttext_score": 0.033651113510131836,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9108211994171143,
"url": "https://www.mindmeister.com/1392517356/why-games-are-important-in-learning-process-oyunlar-neden-renme-s-recinde-nemlidir"
}
|
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