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Pea Moths
Pea Moths
moths of the Tortricidae family; pests of peas and other legumes, the most harmful of which is Laspeyresia nigricana.
The wingspan of the pea moth is 13–17 mm; the forewings are dark red-brown with touches of white along the edges; the hind wings are reddish brown in the females and whitish with a reddish brown border in the males. The pea moth is found in Europe; in the USSR it does great damage in the forest and forest-steppe zones of the European part of the country during a hot summer. The caterpillars winter and pupate in the soil. The moths emerge toward the blossoming season of the peas and deposit the eggs, mainly on the leaves. The caterpillars embed themselves in the pod and gnaw around the peas. In some places the species L. dorsana harms other bean crops. Protective measures include deep autumn plowing with plow and foreplow, early sowing of quick-maturing pea varieties, mixed sowings of pea and grass crops, and introducing egg parasites (Trichogrammatidae family).
Lipskii, B. A. Gorokhovye plodozhorki i mery bor’by s nimi. Leningrad. 1938.
Einlaid. A. “Vozmozhnosti umen’sheniia vreda, nanosimogo gorokhovymi plodozhorkami.” In Sbornik nauchnykh trudov Est-onskoi sel’skokhoziaistvennoi akademii. issue I.Tallinn, 1955.
References in periodicals archive ?
A Pea moths spend the winter as caterpillars in the soil and then pupate in spring.
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2021 Stamp Programme
14 January 2021
National Parks
26 January 2021
United Kingdom: A Celebration
16 February 2021
Only Fools and Horses
16 March 2021
The Legend of King Arthur
15 April 2021
Classic Science Fiction
04 May 2021
The Wars of the Roses
28 May 2021
Paul McCartney
01 July 2021
Dennis and Gnasher
22 July 2021
Wild Coasts
12 August 2021
Industrial Revolutions
02 September 2021
British Army Vehicles
17 September 2021
19 October 2021
Rugby Union
02 November 2021
Christmas 2021
The Royal Mail can trace its history back to 1516, when Henry VIII established a “Master of the Posts”, a position that was renamed “Postmaster General” in 1710.
Upon his accession to the throne of England at the Union of the Crowns in 1603, James VI moved his court to London. One of his first acts from London was to establish the royal postal service between London and Edinburgh, in an attempt to retain control over the Scottish Privy Council.
The Royal Mail service was first made available to the public by Charles I on 31 July 1635, with postage being paid by the recipient. The monopoly was farmed out to Thomas Witherings.
In the 1640s Parliament removed the monopoly from Witherings and during the Civil War and First Commonwealth the parliamentary postal service was run at great profit for himself by Edmund Prideaux (a prominent parliamentarian and lawyer who rose to be attorney-general). To keep his monopoly in those troubled times Prideaux improved efficiency and used both legal impediments and illegal methods.
In 1653 Parliament set aside all previous grants for postal services, and contracts were let for the inland and foreign mails to John Manley. Manley was given a monopoly on the postal service, which was effectively enforced by Protector Oliver Cromwell’s government, and thanks to the improvements necessitated by the war Manley ran a much improved Post Office service. In July 1655 the Post Office was put under the direct government control of John Thurloe, a Secretary of State, and best known to history as Cromwell’s spymaster general. Previous English governments had tried to prevent conspirators communicating, Thurloe preferred to deliver their post having surreptitiously read it. As the Protectorate claimed to govern all of Great Britain and Ireland under one unified government, on 9 June 1657 the Second Protectorate Parliament (which included Scottish and Irish MPs) passed the “Act for settling the Postage in England, Scotland and Ireland” that created one monopoly Post Office for the whole territory of the Commonwealth. The first Postmaster General was appointed in 1661, and a seal was first fixed to the mail.
At the restoration of the monarchy, in 1660, all the ordinances and acts passed by parliaments during the Civil War and the Interregnum passed into oblivion, so the General Post Office (GPO) was officially established by Charles II in 1660.
Between 1719 and 1763, Ralph Allen, postmaster at Bath, signed a series of contracts with the post office to develop and expand Britain’s postal network. He organised mail coaches which were provided by both Wilson & Company of London and Williams & Company of Bath. The early Royal Mail Coaches were similar to ordinary family coaches but with Post Office livery.
The first mail coach ran in 1784, operating between Bristol and London. Delivery staff received uniforms for the first time in 1793, and the Post Office Investigation Branch was established. The first mail train ran in 1830, on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. The Post Office’s money order system was introduced in 1838.
In December 1839 the first substantial reform started when postage rates were revised by the short-lived Uniform Fourpenny Post. Rowland Hill, an English teacher, inventor and social reformer, became disillusioned with the postal service, and wrote a paper proposing reforms that resulted in an approach that would go on to change not only the Royal Mail, but also be copied by postal services around world. His proposal was refused at first attempt but he overcame the political obstacles and was appointed to implement and develop his ideas. He realized that many small purchases would fund the organization and implemented this by changing it from a receiver-pays to a sender-pays system. This was used as the model for other postal services around the world, but also spilled over to the modern-day crowd-funding approach.[20]
Greater changes took place when the Uniform Penny Post was introduced on 10 January 1840 whereby a single rate for delivery anywhere in Great Britain and Ireland was pre-paid by the sender. A few months later, to certify that postage had been paid on a letter, the sender could affix the first adhesive postage stamp, the Penny Black that was available for use from 6 May the same year. Other innovations were the introduction of pre-paid William Mulready designed postal stationery letter sheets and envelopes.
As Great Britain was the first country to issue prepaid postage stamps, British stamps are the only stamps that do not bear the name of the country of issue on them.
By the late 19th century, there were between six and twelve mail deliveries per day in London, permitting correspondents to exchange multiple letters within a single day.
The first trial of the London Pneumatic Despatch Company was made in 1863, sending mail by underground rail between postal depots. The Post Office began its telegraph service in 1870.
The first Post Office pillar box was erected in 1852 in Jersey. Pillar boxes were introduced in mainland Britain the following year. British pillar boxes traditionally carry the Latin initials of the reigning monarch at the time of their installation, for example: VR for Victoria Regina or GR for Georgius Rex. Such branding is not used in Scotland due to dispute over the current monarch’s title. Some Scottish nationalists argue that Queen Elizabeth II should have simply been Queen Elizabeth as there had been no previous Queen Elizabeth of Scotland or of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Elizabeth I was Queen only of the pre-1707 Kingdom of England). The dispute included vandalism and attacks on pillar and post boxes introduced in Scotland that displayed EIIR. To avoid the dispute, pillar boxes in Scotland were either marked ‘Post Office’ or use the Scots Crown.
A national telephone service was opened by the Post Office in 1912. In 1919, the first international airmail service was developed by Royal Engineers (Postal Section) and Royal Air Force. The London Post Office Railway was opened in 1927.
In 1941 an airgraph service was introduced between UK and Egypt. The service was later extended to: Canada (1941), East Africa (1941), Burma (1942), India (1942), South Africa (1942), Australia (1943), New Zealand (1943) Ceylon (1944) and Italy (1944).
Under the Post Office Act 1969 the General Post Office was changed from a government department to a statutory corporation, known simply as the Post Office. The office of Postmaster General was abolished and replaced with the positions of chairman and chief executive in the new company.
The two-class postal system was introduced in 1968, using first-class and second-class services. The Post Office opened the National Giro Bank that year.
In 1971, postal services in Great Britain were suspended for two months between January and March as the result of a national postal strike over a pay claim. Postcodes were extended across Great Britain and Northern Ireland between 1959 and 1974.
Postal workers held their first national strike for 17 years in 1988 after walking out over bonuses being paid to recruit new workers in London and the South East. Royal Mail established Romec (Royal Mail Engineering & Construction) in 1989 to deliver facilities maintenance services to its business. Romec is 51% owned by Royal Mail and 49% by Haden Building Management Ltd which became Balfour Beatty WorkPlace and now Cofely UK, part of GDF Suez in a joint venture.
British Telecom was separated from the Post Office in 1980 and emerged as an independent business in 1981. Girobank was sold to Alliance & Leicester in 1990 and Royal Mail Parcels was rebranded as Parcelforce. The remaining business continued under public ownership as privatization of this was deemed to be too unpopular. However, in the 1990s President of the Board of Trade Michael Heseltine began investigating a possible sale and eventually a Green Paper on Postal Reform was published in May 1994, outlining various options for privatization. The ideas though, proved controversial and were dropped from the 1994 Queen’s Speech after a number of Conservative MPs warned Heseltine they would not vote for the legislation.
The company’s subsidiary Royal Mail Group Limited operates the brands Royal Mail (letters) and Parcelforce Worldwide (parcels). General Logistics Systems, an international logistics company, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Royal Mail Group. The group used the name Consignia for a brief period in the early 2000s.
The company provides mail collection and delivery services throughout the UK. Letters and parcels are deposited in post or parcel boxes, or are collected in bulk from businesses and transported to Royal Mail sorting offices. Royal Mail owns and maintains the UK’s distinctive red pillar boxes. Deliveries are made at least once every day except Sundays and bank holidays at uniform charges for all UK destinations. Royal Mail generally aims to make first class deliveries the next business day throughout the nation.
For most of its history, the Royal Mail was a public service, operating as a government department or public corporation. Following the Postal Services Act 2011, a majority of the shares in Royal Mail were floated on the London Stock Exchange in 2013. The UK government initially retained a 30% stake in Royal Mail,[6] but sold its remaining shares in 2015, ending 499 years of state ownership. It is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.
Contact Information:
Royal Mail: Website | Facebook
Online Sales: Special Stamp Issues
Kingdom of Thailand
ราชอาณาจักรไทย (Ratcha-anachak Thai)
The term “Great Britain” is often used to refer to England, Scotland and Wales, including their component adjoining islands. Great Britain and Northern Ireland now constitute the United Kingdom. The single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the 1707 Acts of Union between the kingdoms of England (which at the time incorporated Wales) and Scotland. Most stamp catalogues and philatelists refer to the stamp-issuing entity as “Great Britain” and the stamps as “British”.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK or U.K.), or Britain, is a sovereign country located off the northwestern coast of the European mainland. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands within the British Isles. Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland. Otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east, the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland. The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles (240,000 km²).
The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 1952. The United Kingdom’s capital is London, a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million. The United Kingdom consists of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. Apart from England, the countries have their own devolved governments, each with varying powers. Other significant cities include Birmingham, Brighton and Hove, Bristol, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester and Newcastle upon Tyne.
The union between the Kingdom of England (which included Wales) and the Kingdom of Scotland in 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, followed by the union in 1801 of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The UK’s name was adopted in 1927 to reflect the change.
The nearby Isle of Man, Bailiwick of Guernsey and Bailiwick of Jersey are not part of the UK, being Crown dependencies with the British Government responsible for defense and international representation. There are also 14 British Overseas Territories, the last remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, encompassed almost a quarter of the world’s landmass and was the largest empire in history. British influence can be observed in the language, culture and political systems of many of its former colonies.
The United Kingdom has the world’s fifth-largest economy by nominal gross domestic product (GDP), and the ninth-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). It has a high-income economy and a very high human development index rating, ranking 15th in the world. It was the world’s first industrialized country and the world’s foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The UK remains a great power, with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific, technological and political influence internationally. It is a recognized nuclear weapons state and is sixth in military expenditure in the world. It has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946.
The United Kingdom is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Council of Europe, the G7, the G20, NATO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Interpol and the World Trade Organization (WTO). It was a member of the European Union (EU) and its predecessor, the European Economic Community (EEC), from 1 January 1973 until withdrawing on 31 January 2020.
Although the United Kingdom is a sovereign country, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are also widely referred to as countries. The UK Prime Minister’s website has used the phrase “countries within a country” to describe the United Kingdom. Some statistical summaries, such as those for the twelve NUTS 1 regions of the United Kingdom refer to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland as “regions”. Northern Ireland is also referred to as a “province”. With regard to Northern Ireland, the descriptive name used “can be controversial, with the choice often revealing one’s political preferences”.
The term “Great Britain” conventionally refers to the island of Great Britain, or politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination. It is sometimes used as a loose synonym for the United Kingdom as a whole.
The term “Britain” is used both as a synonym for Great Britain, and as a synonym for the United Kingdom. Usage is mixed: the UK Government prefers to use the term “UK” rather than “Britain” or “British” on its own website (except when referring to embassies), while acknowledging that both terms refer to the United Kingdom and that elsewhere ‘”British government” is used at least as frequently as “United Kingdom government”. The UK Permanent Committee on Geographical Names recognizes “United Kingdom”, “UK” and “U.K.” as shortened and abbreviated geopolitical terms for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in its toponymic guidelines; it does not list “Britain” but notes ‘it is only the one specific nominal term “Great Britain” which invariably excludes Northern Ireland.’ The BBC historically preferred to use “Britain” as shorthand only for Great Britain, though the present style guide does not take a position except that “Great Britain” excludes Northern Ireland.
The adjective “British” is commonly used to refer to matters relating to the United Kingdom and is used in law to refer to United Kingdom citizenship and matters to do with nationality. People of the United Kingdom use a number of different terms to describe their national identity and may identify themselves as being British, English, Scottish, Welsh, Northern Irish, or Irish; or as having a combination of different national identities. The official designation for a citizen of the United Kingdom is “British citizen”.
The national flag of the United Kingdom is the Union Jack, also known as the Union Flag.
The design of the Union Jack dates back to the Act of Union 1801 which united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland (previously in personal union) to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The flag consists of the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England), edged in white, superimposed on the Cross of St Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which are superimposed on the Saltire of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland). Wales is not represented in the Union Flag by Wales’s patron saint, Saint David, because the flag was designed while Wales was part of the Kingdom of England.
The flag’s standard height-to-length proportions are 1:2. The war flag variant used by the British Army has proportions 3:5.
The earlier flag of Great Britain was established in 1606 by a proclamation of King James VI and I of Scotland and England. The new flag of the United Kingdom was officially created by an Order in Council of 1801, reading as follows:
The Union Flag shall be azure, the Crosses saltire of Saint Andrew and Saint Patrick quarterly per saltire, counter-changed, argent and gules, the latter fimbriated of the second, surmounted by the Cross of Saint George of the third fimbriated as the saltire.
The royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, or the royal arms for short, is the official coat of arms of the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. These arms are used by the Queen in her official capacity as monarch of the United Kingdom. Variants of the royal arms are used by other members of the British royal family, by the British Government in connection with the administration and government of the country, and some courts and legislatures in a number of Commonwealth realms. In Scotland, there exists a separate version of the royal arms, a variant of which is used by the Scotland Office and the Judiciary. The arms in banner form serve as basis for the monarch’s official flag, the Royal Standard.
In the standard variant used outside of Scotland, the shield is quartered, depicting in the first and fourth quarters the three passant guardant lions of England; in the second, the rampant lion and double tressure flory-counterflory of Scotland; and in the third, a harp for Ireland. The crest is a statant guardant lion wearing the St Edward’s Crown, himself on another representation of that crown. The dexter supporter is a likewise crowned English lion; the sinister, a Scottish unicorn. The English and Scottish quarters and supporters are swapped in the Scottish version of the arms.
In the greenery below, a thistle, Tudor rose and shamrock are depicted, representing Scotland, England and Ireland respectively. This armorial achievement comprises the motto, in French, of English monarchs, Dieu et mon Droit (God and my Right), which has descended to the present royal family as well as the Garter circlet which surrounds the shield, inscribed with the Order’s motto, in French, Honi soit qui mal y pense (Shame on him who thinks evil). The official blazon of the royal arms is:
Quarterly, first and fourth Gules three Lions passant gardant in pale Or armed and langued Azure (for England), second quarter Or a Lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland), third quarter Azure a Harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland), the whole surrounded by the Garter; for a Crest, upon the Royal helm the Imperial Crown Proper, thereon a Lion statant gardant Or imperially crowned Proper; Mantling Or and Ermine; for Supporters, dexter a Lion rampant gardant Or crowned as the Crest, sinister a Unicorn Argent armed, crined and unguled Proper, gorged with a Coronet Or composed of Crosses patées and Fleurs-de-lis a Chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back also Or. Motto “Dieu et mon Droit” in the compartment below the shield, with the Union Rose, Shamrock and Thistle engrafted on the same stem.
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Unit 13: Motivating Others
Video Content
Written Content
This could and should be the shortest chapter in the book since there is no way that you can motivate another human being to do something they do not want to do. You can only create an environment where motivated people are drawn to be a part of your group. Think of it like a magnet.
As a leader, you act as a magnet. As a general rule, people seek to spend time with people who share their values, interests, and ideas. We tend to draw in closer and hold in high esteem those who we can identify with on a personal and academic level. The closer our beliefs align, the closer the relationship will be. While there is something to be said for “opposites attract,” in schools and in our society, we are more likely to see “likes” attract. Think about it, student council kids hang out with student council kids. Dropouts hang out with other dropouts. Smokers hang out with other smokers. Gamers hang out with other gamers, Music kids hang out with…well, I think you know the answer to that one.
In our modern world, we use magnets to keep our purses closed, hold trains to their tracks, keep paper clips in check, and keep our most cherished pieces of art stuck to the fridge. The uses for the magnet are many and mighty…Ahhhh yes, behold the magnet, a wonderful and yet simple invention.
Magnets also repel. Part of the function of the magnet is to oppose things that do not meet its values of attraction. While it opposes with equal force as it attracts, we rarely use the magnet as a repellent. Most of us see it only for its use as an attractor and overlook its equally significant other use.
As a leader, what type of person do you attract and repel? Different groups (band, choir, orchestra) attract different types of kids. Different instruments attract different types of kids. Different teachers attract different types of students. Your section is a reflection of you. Your section members to an extent are a reflection of you. Your values serve not only to attract those who share your views but to repel those people who do not.
As a leadership team, your magnet is your greatest asset.
It is important for you to have a clear and concise understanding of what you believe and what the group is about. This is not an area where you want to be ambivalent or unfocused. Think about it this way: what are you trying to teach, who are you trying to teach it to, and how are you going to teach it? Brevity and clarity are key to being able to communicate it to all that are associated with the program. The clearer you can be about what you are trying to attract as an academic, musician and person, the stronger your bond will be with those who share your program’s values and the stronger you will repel those who do not share your ideals. Prior to watching the videos, think about the questions below.
As a leader, have you ever tried to use motivation on someone who was not motivated? Did it work?
In your group, do you focus more on positive or negative behaviors?
Think about some positive behaviors, that are rewarded with time and attention.
LEADERSHIP TIP: In music, we oftentimes are so focused on attracting and recruiting new members, that we lose sight of what we are trying to repel. Before deciding on how to recruit, focus on who to recruit. Keep in mind, “music is good for everyone, but not everyone is good for music.”
Be sure to download the attachments prior to watching the video.
Downloadable Content
Email Scott directly at scott@scottlang.net.
Share this with a colleague!
© 2020 Scott Lang Leadership. All Rights Reserved.
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Social Organisation
The central organising principle of social structure throughout the continent is and has been kinship. Accounting for the variations in both terminology and the kinship systems depending on the locations, people’s rights and responsibilities have always been based on their actual classificatory kin relationships with one an other.
Some groups where membership is based on descent, as in Arnhem Land, they are called patrifilial groups or ‘clans’, where clan members trace their descent through the male line from a common ancestor. In these cases a person is not permitted to marry a member of the same clan.
“A person’s kinship relationships are egocentric – centering on the individual – because everyone has a unique set of people to whom they are related in particular ways. In addition, Indigenous social systems have a set of categories to which people are assigned on the basis of the ones to which their fathers and mothers belong. These…are called ‘moieties’, ‘sections’ and ‘subsections’. Moieties are found in many parts of the world, but sections and subsections systems are unique to Australia. These categories tend to cover a social world far bigger than an individual ‘s personal network. They allow people who have never met each other before to categorise each other as kin, so that they know how to behave towards one another.”1
“Moieties are categories that divide the social world in half. For many groups that have moieties, the natural world is also divided between the two because different species or their Dreamings also belong to one or the other moiety. Patrimoieties are so called because a person belongs to the same moiety as their father. In most systems of this type a person must marry someone from the opposite moiety. Patrimoieties are found over a wide area of northern Australia, and vary in importance in different places… Matrimoiety membership is inherited from the mother. Generally marriage between matrimoieties is the rule, and marriage within the same moiety is frowned upon. Matrimoieties are found in a large part of eastern and southern Australia, and also in parts of the north, including the Tiwi Islands. In parts of western Arnhem Land, patrimoiety and matrimoiety coexist. Generational moieties link people in alternate generations – that is grandparents and their grandchildren. In some regions, such as the Western Desert, this is the only type of moiety.”2
“In a section system people are divided between four name divisions. A person will belong to one section, their father to a second, their mother to a third, and their spouse to the fourth and final sectional that contains their cross cousins (mother’s brother’s children and father’s sister’s children)…
Subsections, often called ‘skins’, form a system with eight divisions. They are common in the central north of the continent and probably evolved from the section system spread to cover some of the area where sections already exist. Like sections, subsections were still expanding their range during the twentieth century.”3
Further References
McConvell, P. 1985. Time perspective in Aboriginal Australian culture: two approaches to
the origins of subsections. Aboriginal Culture
Morphy, H. 1991. Ancestral Connections: Art and an Aboriginal System of Knowledge,
University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Sutton. P. 1995, Country: Aboriginal boundaries and land ownership in Australia, Aboriginal
History, Monograph No.3, Canberra
Foot Notes
1. Arthur, Bill and Morphy, Frances. Macquarie Atlas of Indigenous Australia page 91.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
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Inclined Plane
Chapel-en-le-Frith, High Peak
The operating principle of the inclined plane was that loaded waggons descending under the action of gravity hauled empty waggons up it. A maximum of eight loaded waggons were permitted to descend the plane at any one time. The nett (or tare) weight of a mineral waggon was between ¾ and 1 ton and it could carry a load of between 2 and 2½ tons. Thus the gross weight of a gang of eight waggons descending the plane was between 22 and 28 tons.
Chains coupled waggons to each other and the waggon at the rear of a loaded gang at the top of the plane was coupled to the incline rope/chain. Similarly, the waggon at the front of an empty gang at the bottom of the plane was coupled to the rope/chain. In Derbyshire, the workman who made the coupling to the incline rope/chain was generally known as a 'hanger-on' and, for example, on the Cromford and High Peak Railway the hanger-on connected two special chains to the waggon, which he then plaited around the incline rope/chain and fastened them off with leather thongs. It was found that plaiting these chains in place had the effect of tightening their grip once the waggons were in motion on the plane. It is known that these chains were sometimes made with progressively smaller links, which also had the effect of tightening the grip but it is not known whether chains of this type were used on this plane. As the waggons moved on the plane, the weight of the rope/chain increased on the descending side and decreased on the ascending side. Thus, it was essential to keep waggons under control once they were in motion and this was accomplished in three ways.
1. By the skilful design of the inclined plane itself, for which full credit must be given to Thomas Brown who was the Surveyor and Resident Engineer. It was designed in such a way that the gradient at the top (1:6¼) was greater than the gradient at the bottom (1:8¼). The effect of this was twofold. It reduced the action of gravity as the waggons approached the top and bottom respectively and it offset the changing weight of the incline rope/chain.
2. By a band brake, integral with a rope/chain drum, installed at the top. A brakeman working in a wooden tower above the drum controlled this brake and from his elevated position he had a commanding view of the inclined plane.
3. By the friction between the rope/chain and support blocks/rollers placed between the rails.
In the event of the rope/chain breaking, waggon catches were provided near the top of the plane to stop runaway waggons. It is not known how these worked or how effective they were. The two running tracks on the plane were laid parallel to each other and this makes it evident that a gravel dragpit was not provided for runaway waggons to enter. On several occasions reports of rope/chain breakage were recorded and descending loaded waggons crashed into Buxton Road Bridge at the foot of the plane.
An iron post, incorporating an hexagonal disc signal and a bell, was positioned between the running tracks at the bottom of the plane. One side of the disc was white and the other side red. When everything was ready, the disc was rotated to signal to the brakeman at the top of the plane that he could release the brake and start to move the waggons over the plane. At night or in foggy conditions, a bell was used instead. When the brakeman was also satisfied that everything was ready at the top of the plane he would release the brake so that the descending waggons could be moved onto the plane. As the descending waggons approached the bottom the reduced gradient slowed them down and simultaneously this action was assisted by the increased gradient encountered by ascending waggons as they approached the top. When the brakeman was assured that the waggons had completed the full traverse of the plane, he stopped them by fully applying the brake.
At the top of the plane the rope/chain passed underground and into a pit where it was wound one and a half turns around a horizontal drum 14 feet in diameter. The groove in the drum for the rope/chain was lined with wooden blocks with the grain facing outwards to increase the friction. Above this groove there was an integral brake wheel about 5 inches wide. A wrought iron (or steel) band brake encircled this, which almost made a 360º arc of contact with the brake wheel, and this was lined with wooden blocks with the grain facing inwards to increase the friction. The band brake was anchored to the back wall of the pit and at the front, one end was cranked upwards and the other end was cranked downwards. The upward crank was attached above the fulcrum of the brake lever and the downward crank was attached below the fulcrum. The brake lever was about 15 feet long and it extended into the hut at the top of the tower. In spite of the large mechanical advantage provided by the brake lever, the brakeman was unable to apply the brake unaided. To further increase the mechanical advantage, a pulley block was fitted to the lever and the brakeman used this to apply the brake.
When the tramway was opened in 1796, a hemp rope was used on the incline but it was found that this was too weak and it was soon replaced by a wrought-iron chain. This also proved to be insufficiently strong and in 1809 it was replaced. The new chain had links 5 inches long and it was manufactured in Birmingham at a cost of £500. Records suggest that the chain was also replaced in 1817 and again in 1831. The latter was about 1,075 yards long and weighed about 7 tons. The original rope and later chains were endless and there was a horizontal drum at the top of the plane and a horizontal pulley at the bottom of the plane. It is understood that there was some form of tensioning device built into the pulley at the bottom. It is recorded that when the chain broke in 1854, two waggons carrying lime were destroyed and five more were damaged. With the development of the Bessemer steel making process it was decided to abandon the endless chain in favour of a steel wire cable system. The pulley at the bottom of the plane was dispensed with and this modification required the construction of 'scissor' crossover at the bottom of the plane. These catered for the changeover of loaded and empty waggon gangs from one side of the track to the other necessitated by the use of a non-continuous cable. The steel cable that ultimately replaced the chain was 2 inches in diameter and it weighed about 5 tons.
The technique used to attach the cable coupling to a waggon is not on record. However, it is likely that a chain with a hook at each end was attached to either side of a waggon and that the coupling was connected to this using a special bow shackle and pin.
Cable coupling from the inclined plane
Initially, the rope/chain was supported and guided on the plane by wooden blocks placed between the rails every 10 yards but it is known that steel rollers were fitted in the late 1860s or the 1870s, as it became easier to manufacture steel. While the substantial drag between the rope/chain and the original wooden blocks was put to beneficial use in the operation of the plane it must have been found that this was too great. The effect of using steel rollers, instead of wooden blocks, and the introduction of a steel cable was to reduce the drag.
The bottom of the inclined plane, early 20th century.
A gang of waggons, loaded with limestone, stands in a siding on the right. A gang of loaded waggons is descending the plane and this can be seen just above Tanpit Cottage on the right. On the left-hand track, a gang of empty waggons can just be seen approaching the top of the plane.
The brakeman's hut at the top of the inclined plane, Chapel-en-le-Frith, early 20th century.
The inclined plane, early 20th century.
Waggons are moving over the plane. The brakeman's hut is just visible at the top and the signal at the bottom can be seen between the two tracks.
The top of the inclined plane, 1927/28.
The outbuildings at the Top o' th' Plane, 1930s.
The building on the left (gable end facing) was the carpenters shop and the one on the right was the blacksmiths shop.
The outbuildings are Grade II listed, List Entry No. 1249624, date first listed 24 Feb 1987.
The blacksmiths shop at Top o' th' Plane, c.1905.
This group is the Marchington private haulage team, which operated two and three horse teams between Top o' th' Plane and the limestone quarries near Dove Holes. They carried limestone and general goods.
From left to right the men are, Edwin Swain Bagshaw, Harry Fletcher, James W Lomas, Robert Joel, Joseph Marchington (owner of the team) and William Cartledge.
Joseph Marchington was born and lived at Hallsteads Farm, Dove Holes Dale. Horses were bred at the farm for use on the tramway. Later, the haulage team diversified and motorised and Marchington Stone Ltd developed from this.
Please use the Scrollbar to pan over the map of the Inclined Plane
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Guatemala is one of only a few Latin American countries still home to a large Indigenous population: nearly 50% of Guatemala’s total population is Indigenous Mayan.
Following Guatemala’s 36-year civil war (1960-1996), which resulted in the systematic massacre of Indigenous Mayans, Guatemala has struggled with the highest rates of social and economic inequality in Latin America, and of the highest in the world: 54% of the population lives in poverty, and 13% lives in extreme poverty.
The greatest health and social disparities persist between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Guatemalans. Often, these disparities are felt most strongly by Indigenous women of reproductive age.
In a country with one of the highest maternal mortality rates in its region, the country’s highest rates occur in rural regions, particularly where the majority of residents are impoverished Indigenous Mayans. Indigenous Mayan women are twice as likely to die from preventable pregnancy-related deaths than non-Indigenous women. Devastatingly, the national statistical averages of maternal mortality in Guatemala hide the disparities that exist between the wealthier urbanites and rural, marginalized populations.
Maternity and Birth in Guatemala
In Guatemala, the national maternal mortality rate is 73 per 100,000 live births. However, that rate can more than double among rural Indigenous women. This disparity is partly due to the lack of access to healthcare centers. For instance, while approximately 65% of all births in Guatemala occur in health facilities, the number is much lower among rural and poor communities, which are often located hours away from a facility.
Most maternal deaths caused by these factors are preventable if expectant mothers are given timely access to quality prenatal care and skilled attendance during labor and delivery.
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy including eclampsia and pre-eclampsia
Source: World Health Organization (WHO)
Major causes of maternal deaths are often exacerbated by systemic healthcare issues related to marginalization and inequity, including: chronic poor health, a lack of access to health services, a lack of autonomy enabling women to make decisions about their healthcare needs, discrimination in the formal healthcare system, and a lack of knowledge about warning signs in an obstetric emergency. Maternal deaths and complications are often due to a combination of factors listed above.
Barriers to Maternal Care and Drivers of Maternal Mortality Rates in Guatemala
Although most maternal deaths are preventable in Guatemala, there are several major barriers to healthcare that ultimately perpetuate the country’s high maternal mortality rates.
Language and Cultural Barriers to Maternal Care: Though many Indigenous Mayans do not speak Spanish, the majority of medical services in the country are only provided in Spanish. Additionally, the traditional use of comadronas by Indigenous mothers is often looked down upon by medical staff at healthcare facilities. The disparagement of cultural caregivers and the discrimination against non-Spanish speakers create powerful barriers, effectively driving away expectant mothers in need of care.
Systemic Oppression of Young Women Creates Pregnancy-Related Complications: A large percentage of maternal deaths in Guatemala are the result of the widespread practice of child marriage, resulting from the systemic oppression of young women. 30% of marriages in the country involve girls under the age of 18, one of the highest child marriage rates in Latin America. Very young girls are prone to complications during childbirth and pregnancy because they have not yet reached physical or psychological maturity. In fact, pregnancy-related complications are a leading cause of death for girls aged 15-19 globally.
Unsafe Abortions Lead to Complications and Maternal Deaths: Abortion was made legal in 1973 exclusively for cases in which a pregnant woman’s life is endangered. To be legal, the procedure must be performed by a physician and approved by a second doctor, although this process remains uncommon. Non-sanctioned abortions remain common and are often unsafe; in 2003, approximately 22,000 women were treated for complications from unsafe abortions. It is estimated that about 10% of maternal deaths are due to complications from unsafe abortions.
Indigenous women who give birth without a skilled attendant: 30%
Maternal mortality rate: 73 per 1,000 live births
Primary causes of maternal mortality: hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy including eclampsia and pre-eclampsia, infections, and complications due to unsafe abortions
The country’s traditional birth attendant: comadronas
Opportunities to Overcome Barriers and Solutions to Systemic Issues
Supporting Traditional Healthcare Givers: Comadronas are trusted members of local Indigenous communities. They are the keepers of valued customs and traditions around pregnancy and birth, such as knowledge about medicinal plants and, because they come from the same communities they serve, they speak the local language. For these reasons, comadronas play an important role in Indigenous women’s healthcare. Yet they are often ostracized from the formal health system.
In many formal healthcare environments, comadronas are often looked down upon by health facility medical staff, who ignore them when they have concerns and refuse to allow them into the hospital or clinic, and may also chastise them harshly for bringing women to the hospital too late. Often, comadronas are not allowed to stay with their patient and are forced to wait outside the hospital.
Recognizing and respecting the important role of comadronas and their traditions and knowledge is a critical component to reducing preventable maternal and newborn deaths in Guatemala. Like all providers, comadronas need training and resources to be able to recognize high-risk pregnancies and identify complications when they arise. They also require the ability to develop referral systems so comadronas can successfully refer and transfer women with high-risk pregnancies and remain with their patients in hospitals and clinics should patients’ request it. The Guatemalan government has recognized that comadronas have a role to play in the formal healthcare system and has worked to give them training; however, the training is often inadequate.
Investment in formal training and job placement of midwives (parteras) in the Guatemala health system offers a significant opportunity to reduce preventable deaths and complications, and offer women respectful, skilled care while incorporating Indigenous traditions around pregnancy and birth. When trained properly and provided with the necessary resources, midwives are able to provide 87% of the health care needs of women and newborns.
Providing Healthcare and Education to Adolescent Girls: As mentioned, the practice of child marriage is responsible for many maternal deaths in Guatemala. Forced marriages persist throughout the country, narrowing life plans for adolescent girls and putting their health at risk. Though a law was recently passed to elevate the age of marriage to 18 for both men and women, its impact has yet to be felt by many young girls.
Once married, girls often face pressure to prove themselves as wives and mothers. The rate of pregnancy in young girls and adolescents 10-19 years of age is high, and early sexual initiation is common. In rural and Indigenous populations, adolescent pregnancies are up to three times more common than in urban populations. Maternal deaths occur in adolescent girls under 20 years of age at a higher rate than in adults.
Women’s and girls’ access to family planning depends on a number of factors, including geography, poverty, and the consent of a woman’s male partner. Cultural barriers also limit access to reproductive healthcare, including concern about social or religious chastisement for using family planning and fear of side effects. Most Guatemalan women under 20 years of age who are in a relationship report needing to ask their male partner for permission to use contraception. 55% of sexually active, never-married women aged 15-19, and 26% of married women of the same age, report having an unmet need for contraception, meaning they wish to avoid pregnancy in the next two years but do not have access to contraception. Skepticism of family planning is widespread, including rumors that certain methods cause cancer or infertility. In many cases, this wariness stems from a long history of Guatemalan women being subjected to unethical sexual health experimentation and coerced or forced sterilization.
Culturally-appropriate education and outreach in local languages to both men and women is necessary to give women more choices and control over their bodies.
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Researchers recently restored the first recorded electronic music, on a computer produced by Alan Turing, who was a genius pioneer, mathematician, cryptanalyst, logician and theoretical biologist as well and famous for breaking the Enigma Code. Researcher duo Jack Copeland and Jason Long say that the restoration process of the 1951 recorded music wasn't easy at all.
"A key problem facing audio archivists is how to establish the correct pitch of a historical recording. Without some independent means of knowing how the original sounded, it can be very difficult—or even impossible—to tell whether an archived recording is playing at the right pitch. An important case in point is the earliest known recording of computer-generated music."
turingb[Image source: Sound and Vision]
The recording was done in Turing's Computing Machine Laboratory in Manchester, for the BBC by a collaboration with Christopher Strachey, who was a colleague of Turing in 1952. They both worked together on the first computer-generated music; while Turing developed and programmed the musical tones, Strachey strung the actual music together. Turing just said 'Good show' when he heard the music playing on his innovation but it was a historical moment, which changed the entire journey of music.
"The Manchester computer had a special instruction that caused the loudspeaker—Turing called it the 'hooter'—to emit a short pulse of sound, lasting a tiny fraction of a second. Turing said this sounded like 'something between a tap, a click, and a thump'. Executing the instruction over and over again resulted in this 'click' being produced repeatedly, on every fourth tick of the computer's internal clock: tick tick tick click, tick tick tick click. Repeating the instruction enough times like this caused the human ear to hear not discrete clicks but a steady note, in fact, the note C6, two octaves above middle C."
alan-turing[Image source: Wikipedia]
"Turing realized that if the 'hoot' instruction were repeated not simply over and over again, but in different patterns, then the ear would hear different musical notes: for example, the repeated pattern tick tick tick click, tick tick tick tick, tick tick tick click, tick tick tick tick produced the note of C5 (an octave above middle C), while repeating the different pattern tick tick tick click, tick tick tick click, tick tick tick tick, tick tick tick click, tick tick tick click, tick tick tick tick produced the note of F4, four notes above-above middle C—and so on. It was a wonderful discovery." ~ Sound and Vision
OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA[Image source: Wikipedia]
Turing shaped the future of music with his genius mind, used his computers as analog synthesizers, and paved the way of electronic music. However, he was not really into programming his computer to play conventional music. He used the different notes to indicate the process of the computer. He used one for 'mission completed', others for 'error when transferring data from the magnetic drum', 'digits overflowing in memory', and so on.
turing_plaque[Image source: Wikipedia]
"It was a challenge to write routines that would keep the computer tolerably in tune since the Mark II could only approximate the true pitch of many notes: for instance, the true pitch of G3 is 196 Hertz but the closest frequency that the Mark II could generate was well off the note at 198.41 Hertz. We found there was enough information in Turing's wonderfully pithy Programmers' Handbook to enable us to calculate all the audible frequencies that the Mark II could produce.
However, when we ran a frequency analysis of the 1951 BBC recording (using the British Library's digital preservation copy, ref. H3942) we found that the frequencies were shifted. The effect of these shifts is so severe that the sounds in the recording often bear only a very loose relationship to the sounds that the computer would have actually produced. So distant was the recording from the original that many of the recorded frequencies were actually ones that it was impossible for the Mark II to play."
If you are interested in learning about Alan Turing, you can watch the movie called The Imitation Game based on his story as well. You can also watch the BBC Horizon Documentary about Alan Turing below.
SEE ALSO: Interesting Facts About the Man Who Broke the Enigma – Alan Turing
Via: Sound and Vision
Written by Tamar Melike Tegün
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What started the National Debt Repayment Movement?
“The 13 million won national debt is a matter of life and death for our country. If we pay it off, we will live. If not, the end of Korea is an inevitable consequence. We shall pay it off with the power of the people to protect our country and its sovereign rights.”
These were the words of Seo Sang-don that inspired hundreds of members of the Daegu County Council to join a movement to repay the stacking debt owed to Japan. The National Debt Redemption Movement is another monumental operation that has its roots in the city of Daegu. Led by Seo Sang-don and Kim Gwang-jae, they would do anything for their country and wouldn’t let Imperial Japan stop them.
What caused the national debt?
In 1905, the Korean Empire was coerced by Japan to sign the Protectorate Treaty against its will. But the year before, Foreign Minister Yun Chi-ho and Japanese envoy Hayashi Gonske signed the very first Korean-Japan protocol agreement which brought in several other foreign advisors onboard. These advisers included Megata Shigetoshi, Shidehara Hiroshi, and D.W. Stevens who all would have complete control over the state’s administration of finance, the police, external affairs, culture, and overall public education.
Japanese imperials sought out every opportunity to dominate Korea politically, militarily, and economically with the aims to colonize. Megata Shigetoshi, controller of the finances, transferred HUGE loans from Japan all the while being well aware of the embezzlement and high-interest charges that came with these loans and bonds. While this devious plan went on for years, the people of Korea finally caught on to this critical problem that had to be stopped. Thus, the movement was launched just three short years before Korea completely fell into the hands of Japan.
Two men lead an entire nation
An organization of patriotic nationalists called 'Great Eastern Literary Association' wished to open a New Education Campaign. This would include establishing brand new education facilities across the Gyeongbuk Province starting at the beginning of 1906. The problem was Japan had already built a Japanese institute --Daegu Insacheong-- that would rule the entire district. So, as a rebuttal to secure the rights of Korea as a sovereign state and to combat Japanese rule, Kim Gwang-jae and hundreds of members installed the Daegu County Council.
Later on at a January 1907 meeting, Seo Sang-don introduced the National Debt Redemption with the words that started this post off with. From then until 1910, citizens of Korea carried out the nationwide fundraiser in order to repay the debts of the nation during the financial crisis.
Who participated in the movement
EVERYONE. This wasn’t a mandatory movement; all of the donations by the citizens were completely from the heart in order to stop the annexation of Korea; a grassroots campaign launched by the people. Everyone from all walks of life was involved: thieves, prisoners, villagers, children, monks, woodcutters, rickshaw drivers, beggars, and barmaids participated to protect the country’s economic sovereignty. Small-scale traders at Seomun Market even donated their hard-earned money they got from selling products like bean sprouts and straw sandals.
For the first time in Korean history, a campaign to help smokers quit for 3 months sought out to help raise a good chunk of money. This campaign spread like a wildfire nationwide and turned the country into a full-blown movement. Even Emperor Gojong gave up smoking when he heard about the grand campaign. “My people stopped smoking and are collecting money to repay the national debt, so I will not smoke anymore.”
As you can imagine, this movement made Japan furious. It was a success in terms of bringing people together to reclaim their land. With the donated funds, Korea wanted to purchase land to establish a civil college but Japan wasn’t having that. Ultimately, the 13 million won goal wasn’t reached, but that doesn’t mean the movement was ineffective. This act of pure patriotism outrivaled social and economic division, gender differences, religion, and nationality.
The idea of independence was embedded in the minds of every citizen and it cultivated nationwide consciousness. It helped breed Korean’s harmony that started the wave for several other independence movements. The records of the movement also made its entry in the UNESCO Memory of the World as of 2017; the first of its kind in the city of Daegu. The Foreign Debt Redemption Movement Memorial Hall serves as a place for education and enlightenment.
The life and times of Seo Sang-don (Debt Repayment Movement pt. 1)
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Children's, Intermediate and Advanced Online English Dictionary & Thesaurus
Dictionary Suite
parts of speech:
noun, transitive verb
Word Combinations (noun), Word Builder, Word Explorer
part of speech: noun
definition 1: in geometry, a three-dimensional shape created by rotating a right triangle 360 degrees on its vertical axis.
definition 2: anything having the shape of a cone.
definition 3: the woody, seed-bearing structure of various evergreen trees such as the pine, fir, or hemlock, that has a shape similar to a cone.
definition 4: any of the cone-shaped cells in the retina of the human eye which register color and light.
Word CombinationsSubscriber feature About this feature
part of speech: transitive verb
inflections: cones, coning, coned
definition: to form into a cone or conical shape.
Word Builder: kinds of cones
• warning cone:
a large, bright cone placed in a road to warn drivers of danger.
• ice cream cone:
a thin cookie in the shape of a cone. You put ice cream in the open end of the cone.
Word Explorer
fruit, rodent, seed, shape, tree
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The Grid
Written by Becky Thomas
July 28, 1847
"The city can be laid out perfectly square,
north and south, east and west."
Great Salt Lake City, Great Basin, North America, was the name Brigham Young gave the new gathering place of the Mormons. Three days after the first pioneer company arrived, with the newly established the Temple Block as center, he laid out 135 ten-acre blocks, 66o feet per side, the blocks to be separated by streets, each 135 feet wide, and lined by sidewalks 20 feet wide. Young decreed that all streets would follow the cardinal points of the compass, each street name based on its distance and direction from the proposed Temple. A relationship to the temple would thus be inscribed upon the point coordinate of each location in the new city.
Richard Dawkins, in The Selfish Gene, establishes the existence of the meme, those ideas and cultural trends that propagate themselves, "spreading from brain to brain," achieving stability through penetration into our cultural environment. William Fox, in his book The Void, The Grid & The Sign, asserts that the sharp corners and defined edges make the rectilinear grid "one of the most persistent and intractable memes of the human mind." The grid turns any space into easily visualized shapes that can be easily navigated. "The grid, as meme, has proved its tenacity across both time and culture."
figure2-cityplanforhippodamusAncient ruins in the Indus Valley, c. 2600 BC, suggest a gridded pattern. In the fifth century BC, Hippodamus, considered the father of city planning, utilized a strict grid plan to rebuilt Miletus after it was sacked by the Persians. Writing in Politics, Aristotle claimed Hippodamus "invented the rectangular city-plan."
By AD 150, the grid comprising Teotihuacan, near modern-day Mexico City, covered eight square miles. China's Forbidden City, built in the early 15th century, contained a grid of long straight roads, wider than Paris boulevards. A slight misalignment between the city's northern and southern gates was engineered purposely to keep the evil spirits from moving too easily through the space.
In the new world, William Penn suggested surveyor Thomas Holme design a system of wide, right-angled streets between the Schuylkill and Delaware Rivers making Philadelphia, in 1682, the first North American city to use the grid system. Penn believed this type of city plan to be a safeguard against fire and disease and may have seen the indexical grid, which by nature contains no integral hierarchy, as supportive of his Quaker values.
The grid impressed on Los Angeles in 1781 by Colonel Felipe de Neve was described in a book in the Archive of the Indies, in Seville, Spain. That grid, the book declared, was a grid that came from God. In 2011, New Yorkers celebrated the 200-year anniversary of their 90-degree city grid, the grid that Henry James condemned as a "primal topographic curse," and people continue to blame for vehicular gridlock and defiant jaywalking.
It was Thomas Jefferson's Louisiana Purchase, however, and his creation of the Land Ordinance of 1785 that made the grid system truly American.
Art critic, Rosalind Krauss, writes that the grid "is fully, even cheerfully, schizophrenic." On one hand the grid posits a "centrifugal existence" as the area presented is really only " a mere fragment, a tiny piece arbitrarily cropped from an
infinitely larger fabric." The grid, as it extends outward, compels "acknowledgement of a world beyond the frame." The other half of the grid's "bivalent structure" is "centripetal," and acts by inserting boundaries between the world and the space contained within the gridded frame.
When Brigham Young laid out the numbered street grid for Great Salt Lake City, he followed the 1833 City of Zion plan conceived by prophet Joseph Smith for a mile-square city designed to expand into infinity, a grid functioning centrifugally. But centripetally, the grid asserted its sharp corners and defined edges, inserting a frame on the lives of those living within it. Citizens inhabiting Great Salt Lake City would look always toward the temple; they would forever walk the straight path.
A mile and a half north of the Salt Lake City Temple, Ensign Peak rises 1000 feet above the valley floor, more prominent in Mormon lore than in reality. The deceased Joseph Smith was said to have appeared to Brigham Young in a dream and shown him this very peak, a marker to be used in determining the end point of the pioneer migration, "the right place." Two days after arriving in the valley Young and his followers hiked to the top of this peak and, looking directly south, determined the site of the temple, and Salt Lake City's zero point coordinate. The peak that had determined the grid, lay outside it, a reminder of all that lies outside the rectilinear city space. It remained prominent and visible as one gazed north up the length of Main Street until recently. The construction of the City Creek Shopping Center, completed in 2012, included a controversial skybridge across Main Street connecting the mall's two lobes. The skybridge blocks most of the Main Street views of Ensign Peak, reasserting the power of the grid's containing frame.
3rdpicIt is argued that the Land Ordinance of 1785, created to provide the future design of all western land, was one of the most "far-reaching and philosophically radical pieces of legislation ever passed by Congress." Authored by Thomas Jefferson, it sent surveyors out into the wilderness. These "surveyors," the ordinance read, "shall proceed to divide the said territory into townships of six miles square, by lines running due north and south, and others crossing these at right angles." Each township divided into 36 square sections of 640 acres would be sold at the minimum price of a dollar an acre. This extensive, regular division of land channeled the paths of the intercontinental telegraph lines, made the transfer of straight corridors to the railways possible, and eventually enabled the establishment of the interstate freeway system. But Jefferson had never seen the land slated to be gridded by his ordinance; it was considered a blank slate. His national grid spread across the landscape, ignoring all topography, and traditional ownership.
John Wesley Powell, explorer of the Grand Canyon and Colorado River argued the absurdity of overlaying Jefferson's grid on the West. The standard section of 160 acres designed to support a family farm in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia could never support "even a single grazing cow" in the arid and semi-arid land of the Great Basin.
John McPhee, writing in Basin and Range, echoed the concerns of Powell. "For the last hundred and fifty million years," he wrote, "the East has been stable and conservative. The far-out stuff is in the Far West of the country—wild, weirdsma, a leather-jacket geology in mirrored's strike-slip faults and falling buildings, its boiling springs and fresh volcanics, its extension disassembling of the earth." "'Normal'" explained McPhee, "meant 'at right angles.'" "'Normal' also meant a fault with a depressed hanging wall."
Rosalind Krauss describes the grid in art as "geometricized, ordered, antinatural, antimimetic, antireal." The grid is what "art looks like when it turns its back on nature." The urban design grid is not that different from those painted by Agnes Martin, Mondrian, Sol LeWitt or Jasper Johns in that the "flatness," created from its coordinates, "crowds out the dimensions of the real, replacing them with the lateral spread of a single surface." The grid negates the claims of natural objects, "declaring itself to be final and autonomous."
But still that wild weirdsma churns beneath all the coordinates and meridians, making itself known, often in the form of disasters, both natural and man-made.
earthquakeThe 240 mile-long Wasatch Fault runs under Salt Lake City, north along Highland Drive, up 13th East and Virginia Street. It is one of the world's longest normal faults, where, during an earthquake, one side of the fault drops in relation to the other. During prehistoric times, this fault slipped as much as ten feet during one event, and over the last 17 million years, seven miles of fault slip raised the mountains that formed the Wasatch Range.
The segment of the fault under Salt Lake City averages a big quake every 1,300 years. It last ruptured 1,300 years ago. A seismic event with a magnitude approaching 7.5 could happen any day.
fig3-statestreetWhen Brigham Young laid out the Salt Lake City Temple block between two branches of the Creek flowing from the north end of the valley, he knowing chose to ignore the water's course. The Creek never figured into the city grid. Initially one branch ran west, parallel to North Temple Street, the other south, along East Temple, or Main Street. It was not long before City Creek became a serious flood threat and new and deeper channels were cut to mitigate water damage. By 1924 the entire Creek ran through an underground aqueduct beneath the gridded streets.
City Creek remained mostly out of sight and mind until spring of 1983. With the preceding year breaking all water records and a warm and wet spring, flooding became a statewide issue. A Memorial Day weekend with temperatures in the 90s sent City Creek over its banks in Memory Grove and rushing through Temple Square, and toward the Salt Palace, shopping malls and neighboring businesses and apartments. Obstructed with debris impossible to blast free, the North Temple underground channel overflowed. The intersection of South Temple and Main Street was under water. On Sunday of the holiday weekend, thousands volunteers gathered to erect sandbag walls running from Memory Grove to 4th South Street creating a river down State Street and preventing millions of dollars in property damage to the downtown business district. The makeshift river was extended to 13th South and for weeks the City Creek waters moved again through the city, down what was essentially their original southern course. Pedestrians and vehicles crossed the river on makeshift bridges, and downtown workers strolled along the river edges at lunch. Manpower proved that the water could be made to conform to the grid, but the Creek let its presence be known.
fig4-1999tornadocrossThe wind flowing west out of the mountain canyons is instrumental in cooling the hot Salt Lake summer nights. On August 7, 1999, however, the wind turned deadly when a rare tornado, following no grid, carved a diagonal path through the center of the city. Around 1pm, the F2 tornado crossed over the Delta Center (now Energy Solutions Arena) picking up pieces of roof and insulation, before destroying a block long tent constructed for the Outdoor Retailers convention and blasting out all the windows of a high-rise hotel. Cranes used in constructing the LDS conference center toppled just missing the Mormon Temple. Moving toward the State Capitol, the tornado tore up most of the trees on the Capitol grounds and in Memory grove, before crossing east to the historic avenues, where it destroyed 34 homes and severely damaged over 120 before terminating near the base of the Wasatch Mountains. This major tornado was the first ever to hit the downtown district of a major city and strike buildings upwards of 500 feet in height.
fig5-upshotDuring the Cold War era, wind, uncontained by the boundaries of the Salt Lake City grid, carried bomb blast debris and radioactive dust from the nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site over the city. The Tumbler-Snapper blast, codename Easy, detonated May 7, 1952 sent vaporized iron oxide, cobalt and silica at "almost eight million disintegrations per minute per square foot " floating and settling over Salt Lake. Nancy, of Operation Upshot-Knothole exploded March 24, 1953 produced a nuclear cloud that crossed Salt Lake, leaving each square foot of city earth emitting radiation of 15 million disintegrations/minute. The Simon test on April 25, 1953 detonated one of the highest yield weapons ever deployed by the United States. The debris from its stem crossed much of Jefferson's great American grid as it floated
over Salt Lake City; Casper, Wyoming; Omaha, Nebraska; and Davenport, Iowa. Fallout from Upshot-Knothole / Harry
detonated May 19, 1953 resulted in the heaviest "downwinder" gamma ray exposure of any U. S. continental test, its
radiation cloud passing between Salt Lake City and Ogden. The Zucchini shot of the Teapot-Dome series left hotspots in Salt Lake, as did the Boltzmann test, the Franklin test, the Wilson, and Newton tests.
In 1959, radiation experts determined that areas of southwestern Utah showed expected high levels of Plutonium and Cesium in the soil. The experts' calculations showed that residents of Salt Lake City, unexpectedly, "received greater exposures than most Utah residents who lived far closer to the Nevada Test Site.
Sir Richard Burton, donning several disguises undertook a Hajj in 1853. In 1858 he journeyed through Africa in search of the Nile's source. He translated The Kama Sutra and The Arabian Nights. In 1861 he traveled to Great Salt Lake City and recorded his observations in his book City of the Saints. "The disposition of the settlement is like that of the nineteenth century New-World cities," he writes, " —a system of right angles, the roads, streets and lanes, if they can be called so, intersecting one another." "The main features of the city," he continues, "after the free use of the pocket-compass, are becoming familiar to me." Burton elaborates on the names of the city streets. "Main Street is East Temple Street No. 1 otherwise called Whisky Street; behind it is East Temple Street 2."
The names of Salt Lake Streets are no clearer in the 21st century than they were for Burton. East Temple is still Main Street, but no longer Whiskey Street and First East is State Street or 100 East. Third South is 300 South or Broadway, and downtown addresses usually contain two directional coordinates. I live at 5 South 500 West, which is not 5th South but 5 clicks south of South Temple on 500 West or 5th West. Visitors can be initially confused, (how can a place be south and west at the same time?) until they realize as Burton did, that the city is one big Cartesian coordinate system requiring both an x and y value to determine any single point.
The white-haired man stopped on the sidewalk on South Temple, across the street from Temple Square. Holding out a bright green sticky note he asked for help finding an address:
175 South Temple
An enigma in need of decryption. Missing one part of the address left three possible locations for said CBIZ, "a tax preparation firm," the gentleman informed me. If the street was "South Temple" two possibilities; the address lacked an East/West coordinate. If the coordinate was "South" the street name had to be "West Temple" as there is no going south on either North or South Temple. No way to determine which of the three options might be correct. Enter the smart phone.
175 South West Temple
Walk west to the intersection. Turn south. Walk a block and a half down West Temple.
Today's urban citizens look at their city in terms of street life and a vibrant street life comes from walkability. A pedestrian culture fosters a social scene accessible to anyone. Urban designer Jeff Speck's General Theory of Walkability
explains a favorable walk must be useful, safe, comfortable, and interesting, and finds that cities with smaller blocks and narrower streets are best known for walkability. Cities "with the largest blocks are known as places without street life."
When questioned about the width of the streets in Great Salt Lake City, Brigham Young purportedly responded that he wanted the streets to be wide enough to turn a wagon team around without "resorting to profanity." Today, with no wagon teams, Salt Lake City's wide streets and long blocks interfere with its street life. Fewer blocks per mile decreases the number of opportunities a pedestrian has to alter her course, making paths to a coffee shop, a dry cleaner, an art venue progressively arduous. The walkable grids of Philadelphia and San Francisco consist of blocks averaging less then 400 feet. Typical blocks in Salt Lake remain over 600 feet per side and typical streets hold six lanes of traffic rendering them significantly harder to cross, easier to speed on and thus more dangerous than two-lane roads.
Downtown businessman and resident, Richard Wirick was a highly visible member of the city scene. Affectionately known as "Mr. Downtown," 82 year-old Wirick could be seen walking everywhere, and was attempting to cross 4th South when he was struck and killed by a city bus in 2012. Crosswalks on 4th South travers six lanes of traffic, one turn lane and a double set of Trax train tracks. Wirick was still in the crosswalk when the traffic light changed. The driver of the city bus failed to see him and accelerated through the now green light. She was later charged in his death, but one must consider the width of the Salt Lake streets as equally culpable in this accident.
The 21st Congress for the New Urbanism will be May 29 to June 1, 2013 in Salt Lake City, Utah, the hometown of the Mormon grid. The size of Salt Lake City's blocks is a proven challenge to its urbanism. Everything from walkability to standard development sizes has struggled with the 660' dimension: the blocks are just too big and the lots too deep. This is where you come in. You are tasked with designing a single 660' block. You may explore any aspect of urbanism you wish. While you cannot alter the surrounding 132' right-of-way, you are free to do as you please within the 660' block. Feel free to interrupt the block; you just cannot interrupt the grid.
Competition Rules
1. Design One 660' x 660' Block. You may choose to either reconfigure a particular, existing block or start with a tabula rasa.
2. Plan Drawings Only. Roof plans, floor plans, or parti plans.
3. Scale: 1"=50'-0′′
4. Black and White Only. Greyscale is OK, too.
5. Open Presentation Format. Pen, pencil, or digital; quick sketch, simple line drawing, or beautiful rendering.
6. Deadline is Friday, May 17, 2013. All submissions will be featured in digital format at
So Salt Lake City, its grid-defined long blocks and wide streets, poses numerous impediments to street life and walkablility. And it's more than simply a problem of having to always travel the straight way. In his 1980 study of New York City, The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces, William Whyte set out to determine why certain city spaces get utilized and others do not. Vibrant parks and squares had several things in common. Places to sit, whether it be chairs, benches, ledges or stairs, were paramount, and spaces where the public could move and position the chairs proved most popular which is not surprising as Paris has provided this option forever. The proximity of food and public bathrooms also contributed to the use of a given space. The initial New York study found that business owners were concerned over movable chairs, street performers, and "undesirables," but determined that the chairs were not stolen or vandalized, performers increased utilization of the space, and once a space was filled with vibrant city life, the so-called "undesirables" left. Drug dealers did not do business is spaces overflowing with people. Whyte discovered that fewer rules and a chill attitude increased the social use and life of the city space.
Whyte's study, extrapolated to Salt Lake can provide insights as to what might vitalize our grid. The two blocks in Salt Lake that allow for breaking the grid and diagonal or near to diagonal crossing, Pioneer Park and Gallivan, lack any lively
social scene expect during scheduled concerts, farmers' markets, Food Truck Thursdays, and other community events. During those events, as Whyte found in New York, "undesirables" do vacate the space, but much of the time these blocks lack energy. The Main Street Plaza, created when the city sold a block of Main Street to the LDS Church in 1999, never really became the "little bit of Paris" it was billed to be as the city eventually traded even its public access easement to the block for two acres of church-owned land in another neighborhood of the city. The plaza is now entirely private and though public access is allowed there are no guarantees of free expression, First Amendment protections or pedestrian passage. And the chairs don't move.
The Salt Lake City grid is non-revocable; it is the way the city is organized, the way it flows. We may not change the street names, or the fact that Temple Square is ground zero, but we can work to see that this manic geometry does not insist its citizens be always methodical, practical, "on the square." A landscape gardener in Minneapolis, H. W. S. Cleaveland, complained, in 1873, about the drive to grid the country. "All the naturally beautiful or picturesque features of the place have been destroyed or rendered hideous in the effort to make them conform to a rectangular system, as if the human intellect were as powerless to adapt itself to changing circumstances." The grid laid out by Brigham Young has not changed, but life in this city has. The grid does not control the people any more than it puts boundaries on the weirdsma. "Strait sided, right angled houses" may still be the cheapest to build but they are not always the best to live in. There is a growing movement that demands the grid embrace its centrifugal existence and acknowledge the infinite world beyond its frame. So Salt Lake, embrace your street life, move more chairs, support those food trucks, ride more bikes, search out more bathrooms and drinking fountains. Make more music.
Additional Info
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Coastal Access
How can we ensure enough public access to the coast?
Public coastal access is about people’s ability to view, reach, and move along the shoreline of both the mainland and nearby islands. In Nova Scotia, access to the coast provides valued recreational space for residents and visitors. It also supports local economic development, particularly for the tourism industry. In Nova Scotia the public has expressed concern about changes in land ownership and increased development in coastal areas. This is particularly true for those areas that have had more pressure from population growth and higher levels of development.
Specific issues include whether the public can:
• view or physically use the coast
• pass over land legally to reach the coast
• access coastal lands from the water
• afford to access the coast through fees or other expenses
• use coastal areas without placing undue stress on ecosystems
The public gains access to the coast through privately and publicly owned land, and through trail networks developed over both these types of land.
Access through publicly owned land
Public access in many areas is reached through public, or government-owned, land. With few exceptions, the strip of land between low and high tide is Crown land, and is an asset for the public to enjoy and explore. Public access to the coast is normally available through Crown land, harbours, public road rights-of-way, historic sites, and through national, provincial, and municipal parks. But not all publicly owned land is accessible to the general public. For example, some public land may be restricted to protect natural ecosystems or to allow for licensed extraction of natural resources, such as mining or forestry.
All National Parks in Atlantic Canada provide public access to the coast. Map courtesy of the Atlas of Canada
Access through privately owned land
The public can also access the coast across privately owned land. They can ask for permission or pay the land owner. They can pay for a service provided on private coastal land, such as renting a hotel room and accessing the beach through hotel property.
People can also purchase coastal property, ensuring private access for their families and guests.
Coastal development can make access difficult, and it’s happening more frequently along roads or highways running parallel to oceanfront lots. As more lots are subdivided and land is developed, areas of the coast that people have traditionally and informally accessed have become more restricted.
Trail Networks
Views across private property are another way that the public can access the coast, and views from roads and trails are generally plentiful. But restriction of views is an issue in urban centres like Halifax, where most of the tall buildings are built.
Trails throughout the province also provide access to coastal views, beaches, and wetlands. Community trail associations and the Trans Canada Trail system work with all levels of government to develop, maintain, and promote individual and broader trail networks. Formal trails are relatively new to the region, but more are being developed than ever before. They ensure access to many different locations, including the coast.
Segments of the Trans-Canada Trail can be found at Trans-Canada Trail website.
In Nova Scotia there are the following information gaps:
No record of public access points that is comprehensive or consistently maintained, making it difficult to create an overall picture of provincial trends and the status of coastal access.
No inventory of permitted pathways across private land.
The status or importance of these places for coastal access must be determined. Much of the conflict and public concern is about informal access across privately owned land. Many traditional pathways have been reduced or cut off as more land is developed and land owners no longer grant permission to cross their land.
Note: The text for this article relies heavily on the Nova Scotia State of the Coast Public Access Fact Sheet, which is no longer available online.The Nova Scotia Government is currently conducting consultation on Coastal Protection Legislation. Follow this link to learn more from the consultation document and submit a survey.
Provincial links
Nova Scotia's Fact Sheet on Public Coastal Access
New Brunswick Coastal Areas Protection Policy
"appropriate public access to coastal areas is secured for public purposes" was a recognized operating principle of the 2002 proposed policy
The Newfoundland and Labrador Discussion Paper on their Coastal and Ocean Management Strategy
recognizes the Department of Environment and Conservation's responsibility for "conserving natural areas and providing the public with opportunities for access and recreation".
The Government of Newfoundland and Labrador also recognizes that a provincial coastal land use plan is needed and that is should apply to land use throughout the province, ensuring public access to coastal Crown Land and limiting nearshore development.
Other Links
We All Share the Coast: A Workshop on Coastal Access 7 May 2009
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Filter by
Andean Roots and Tubers
Andean Roots and Tubers
Crop Andean Roots and Tubers Center of origin: SAM-A, SAM-Tro
Nine native Andean roots and tuber crops hold economic and nutritional importance for subsistence farmers in the Andes.
They grow at high altitudes under extremely difficult conditions of drought, freezing temperatures, and UV exposure.
These lesser-known andean roots and tubers offer high vitamin, micronutrient, and starch content; good yields, and various medicinal properties. As a result, they also hold potential for further research, adaptation and use in other regions of the world and exportation.
Andean roots and tubers occur in three altitudinally determined phytogeographic zones: the cool-temperate highlands from about 2500 to 4000 m altitude, the subtropical zone in inter-Andean valleys and on both slopes of the Andes (1000-2500 m altitude) and the inhospitably cold subarctic puna (4000-4500 m).
In rural communities and urban areas, andean roots and tubers account for only a minor fraction of caloric intake, but this alone would be a poor indicator of their role in diets. Although often and mistakenly referred to as ‘staples’, andean roots and tubers add diversity to local cuisines, especially to the diets of the rural poor who take part only marginally in the market economy. They also provide significant amounts of minerals and other essential nutrients, such as vitamins, which are in short supply to poor people in the developing world.
Information from the International Potato Center (CIP) and Bioversity International
Conserving forever in genebanks
Filter by genebanks
Number of varieties available to the public
1.5% 39
Data available in genesys
20.6% 520
Safety duplicated
8.7% 219
Breakdown of genebanks conserving Andean Roots and Tubers
• CIP 2,526 / 100%
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Memorial ceremony at the tomb of Ludwik Zamenhof, in the Jewish cemetery of Warsaw, ca. 1917. The inscription on the tombstone is in Esperanto. (YIVO)
Find more information about
at the Center for Jewish History:
NOTE: you will be redirected
to the Web site for the
Zamenhof, Ludwik
(1859–1917), ophthalmologist, linguist, and inventor of Esperanto. Ludwik Zamenhof was born in the Polish border city of Białystok. Both his father, Markus, and his grandfather worked as foreign-language instructors. Zamenhof completed heder at 13 and from 1869 on attended a public secondary school. In 1873, his parents moved to Warsaw, where he began studying at a private secondary school that specialized in languages. From his youth Zamenhof occupied himself with poetry and drama; he wrote, among other pieces, a five-act tragedy based on the myth of the Tower of Babel.
Zamenhof was fascinated by the idea of a world without linguistic or religious barriers, and thus, he believed, without war. He believed this world could come into being with the help of an international language, one that was easy to learn and accessible to all. He began to develop such a language, producing a first version in 1873 while still in secondary school. In 1879, he went to Moscow to study medicine. His time there coincided with the rise of antisemitism in Russia, which propelled him toward the Zionist camp. Upon returning to Warsaw to continue his medical studies, however, he severed his ties to the movement. In 1885 he began his residency, finally deciding to specialize in ophthalmology.
In 1887 Zamenhof married Klara Silbernik, and that same year compiled the definitive version of his “artificial” language. With financial help from his father-in-law, he presented his project to the public in the book Lingvo internacia (International Language), under the pseudonym Dr. Esperanto (Dr. One Who Hopes). Indeed, he hoped the spread of this language would eventually lead to peace among all nations.
Zamenhof incurred major expenses in popularizing Esperanto, and found himself in financial straits. In order to reduce his financial burden, he moved to Grodno. There he again began to lean toward Zionism, a movement that held a naively mystical aspect for him. He also began working on the foundations for a new religion, Hillelism, named after the rabbi Hillel, known for his gentleness and tolerance. As with Esperanto, Zamenhof intended his religion to link people internationally. He later modified Hillelism, renaming it Homaranism (the meaning of which in Esperanto referred to humanity more generally), so that it might serve as the basis for a new, universal, linguistically neutral human culture. However, the new religion found few adherents.
In 1888, Zamenhof published two new books, Dua libro de lingvo internacia (The Second Book of the International Language) and Aldono al la Dua libro (Supplement to the Second Book). The following year he produced Russian–Esperanto and German–Esperanto dictionaries. Returning to Warsaw in 1898, he opened a private medical practice. From 1889, he edited the monthly La Esperantisto, which was published in Nuremberg; he also founded the Universala Esperanto-Asocio (World Society of Esperantists). In the programmatic declaration of its first congress, held in 1905 in the French city of Boulogne-sur-Mer, Zamenhof abjured all the benefits of authorship of the new language, turning it over to the entire world. He translated many works into Esperanto, including the Torah, which he finished shortly before his death.
The outbreak of World War I crushed Zamenhof’s hopes of uniting the peoples of the world. This disappointment, along with the stress of his incessant work, took its toll on his health.
Zamenhof’s work was continued by his daughter Lidia (1904–1942), who traveled widely to lecture on and teach Esperanto. This brought her into contact with members of the Baha’i religion, which shared the universalist message of the Esperantist movement, and she became an adherent of that faith. Having returned to Poland in the late 1930s, she was arrested by the Germans and confined to the Warsaw ghetto; in 1942 she was transported to Treblinka, where she was murdered.
Suggested Reading
Norman Berdichevsky, “Zamenhof and Esperanto,” Ariel 64 (1986): 58–71; Wendy Heller, Lidia: The Life of Lidia Zamenhof (Oxford, 1985); Tomasz Wiśniewski, Ludwik Zamenhof (Białystok, Pol., 1987).
Translated from Polish by Anna Grojec
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To handle something is to control it, the way an elephant handler might handle an elephant, or the way you would use a handle to lift a suitcase. If you're panicking, a friend might suggest you "get a handle on yourself."
How to get a handle on the word handle? Start with the thumb. Much like the word “thimble” is derived from “thumb,” “handle” essentially refers to an object held "in hand," or placed under your control. Handle can also have a more abstract meaning, such as understanding or grasping a concept. You should be able to handle geometry before you start trig, right? A handle is also slang for a nickname. "What's your handle?" is another way of saying "What's your name?"
Definitions of handle
v touch, lift, or hold with the hands
“Don't handle the merchandise”
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catch or pick up (balls) in baseball or cricket
handle clumsily
hold something in one's hands and move it
handle roughly
lay hands on
manage with the hands
manipulate the mouse of a computer
fiddle with, twiddle
manipulate, as in a nervous or unconscious manner
manage, wield
handle effectively
control, operate
handle and cause to function
knead, massage, rub down
knead, work
make uniform
mix, ruffle, shuffle
mix so as to make a random order or arrangement
fiddle, monkey, tamper
play around with or alter or falsify, usually secretively or dishonestly
diddle, fiddle, play, toy
manipulate manually or in one's mind or imagination
Type of:
make physical contact with, come in contact with
v manage or wield effectively
manage, wield
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wield vigorously
sweep, swing, swing out
make a big sweeping gesture or movement
give a spurt of fuel to
Type of:
hold something in one's hands and move it
v be in charge of, act on, or dispose of
“This blender can't handle nuts”
care, deal, manage
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administer, administrate
work in an administrative capacity; supervise or be in charge of
organise, organize
cause to operate or function
come to grips, get to grips
deal with (a problem or a subject)
dispose of
deal with or settle
mind, take care
be in charge of or deal with
bring into common action, movement, or condition
deal with simultaneously
deal with in a routine way
misconduct, mishandle, mismanage
manage badly or incompetently
be in charge of
carry on, conduct, deal
direct the course of; manage or control
deal with; usually used with a form of negation
arrange, order, put, set up
arrange thoughts, ideas, or temporal events
give, have, hold, make, throw
organize or be responsible for
rationalise, rationalize
administer a pontifical office
territorialise, territorialize
organize as a territory
reorganise, reorganize, shake up
organize anew
collectivise, collectivize
bring under collective control; of farms and industrial enterprises
manage or run
guide, steer
be a guiding or motivating force or drive
head, lead
be in charge of
manage, oversee, superintend, supervise
watch and direct
operate, run
direct or control; projects, businesses, etc.
carry on illegal business activities involving crime
direct the taking of
Type of:
command, control
exercise authoritative control or power over
v interact in a certain way
Handle the press reporters gently”
do by, treat
regard or consider in a specific way
address, cover, deal, plow, treat
act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression
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bemock, mock
treat with contempt
cut, disregard, ignore, snub
refuse to acknowledge
treat unjustly; do wrong to
handle with kid gloves
handle with great care and sensitivity
treat as a criminal
treat carefully
handle roughly
ride roughshod, run roughshod
treat inconsiderately or harshly
treat snobbishly, put in one's place
treat in a rough or boisterous manner
brutalise, brutalize
treat brutally
do well by
treat with respect and consideration
gloss over, skate over, skimp over, slur over, smooth over
treat hurriedly or avoid dealing with properly
abuse, ill-treat, ill-use, maltreat, mistreat, step
treat badly
baby, cocker, coddle, cosset, featherbed, indulge, mollycoddle, pamper, spoil
treat with excessive indulgence
bait, cod, rag, rally, razz, ride, tantalise, tantalize, taunt, tease, twit
harass with persistent criticism or carping
subject to laughter or ridicule
treat or speak of with contempt
infringe on the rights of
kick around
treat badly; abuse
treat harshly or unfairly
victimise, victimize
make a victim of
Type of:
act together or towards others or with others
v show and train
“The prize-winning poodle was handled by Mrs. Priscilla Prescott”
Type of:
control, keep in line, manipulate
v act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression
address, cover, deal, plow, treat
do by, treat
interact in a certain way
comprehend, cover, embrace, encompass
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theologise, theologize
treat from a theological viewpoint or render theological in character
discourse, discuss, talk about
consider or examine in speech or writing
talk at great length about something of one's interest
talk shop
discuss matters that are related to work
Type of:
broach, initiate, moot
bring up a topic for discussion
“he grabbed the hammer by the handle
grip, handgrip, hold
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ax handle, axe handle
the handle of an ax
broom handle, broomstick
the handle of a broom
the stock or handle of a whip
haft, helve
the handle of a weapon or tool
the handle of a sword or dagger
hoe handle
the handle of a hoe
a round handle
mop handle
the handle of a mop
the handle of a pan
pommel, saddlebow
handgrip formed by the raised front part of a saddle
rake handle
the handle of a rake
the handle end of some implements or tools
gunstock, stock
basket hilt
a hilt with a basket-shaped guard for the hand
bitstock, brace
butt, butt end
thick end of the handle
doorhandle, doorknob
horn, saddle horn
pistol grip
a handle (as of a gun or saw) shaped like the butt of a pistol
Type of:
a part that is joined to something larger
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During the late 1920s, a pair of Scandinavian researchers was engaged in a unique experiment. Carl Størmer, a geophysicist and his associate Balthasar van der Pol, a physicist with the Philips Research Labs, were sending messages to one another using short wave radio, with hopes of understanding an anomaly: certain signals the men were sending appeared to have been followed by odd “echoes”, some of which arrived as much as 15 seconds later than the primary messages the researchers had sent.
Størmer and van der Pol knew that these were long delays — too long, really, to be easily explained as merely being atmospheric or climatic anomalies. So what was their cause?
An earlier incident had actually been what prompted Størmer to seek answers to this mystery. Earlier in 1927, an amateur radio operator named Jørgen Hals had been had been noticing odd echoes from radio transmissions near his home in Oslo, Norway. Unable to determine the unusually long “echos” that followed certain transmissions, Hals wrote to Størmer, explaining his conundrum:
Hence, Størmer enlisted the help of van der Pol, and set about attempting to solve the mystery of the long-delayed radio echoes, or LDEs as they are commonly called today. And yet, despite their best efforts, no conclusive solution to the problem was ever determined.
Fredrik Carl Mülertz Størmer
The problem persisted over the decades, and a number of possible solutions have been offered. Perhaps the strangest among these had surfaced in 1973, when the 27-year-old Scottish researcher and science writer Duncan Lunan graphically plotted the echo delay times of the signals, hoping to spot any hidden messages they might contain. This led to the publication of an article in Spaceflight (published by the British Interplanetary Society), which allegedly contained the following message about an alien space probe emanating from Arcturus:
Lunan presented his paper before the British Interplanetary Society in London, relying on the history of radio transmissions to bolster his case. However, Lunan’s article was highly scrutinized, as one might imagine, and the author later retracted the majority of his theory, though maintaining a portion may have been correct in a later reassessment.
A number of other theories have been offered over the years, with hope of explaining the phenomenon. Reflection from distant plasma clouds emanating from the sun, as well as the more complex combination of two transmitted signals, which in theory may create an entirely different frequency, capable of traveling as a plasma wave that is subsequently converted back into the original signal, are among the range of possibilities.
In his 1979 paper “Generation of Long-Delay Echoes,” which appeared in the Journal of Geophysical Research, researcher D.B. Mudrew proposed an equally compelling theory he called “ionospheric memory.” In it he discussed “ducts” in the ionosphere, in which radio signals may become trapped. While these ducts might explain one or two-second delays, radio signals lasting much longer would require a more elaborate explanation. Muldrew proposed that natural conditions might be conducive to the formation of electrostatic waves capable of forming and moving throughout the ionosphere, which might function similar to a natural memory device. Thus, the signals might appear to return much later, with delays of up to 40 seconds made possible by this natural, electrostatic form of “ionospheric memory.”
Despite the completeness of some of the existing theories, as well as the suggestion of possible “alien” explanations for the phenomenon, scientists still recognize the LDEs as a valid mystery. To date, no single proposed solution has been able to account for the odd, lengthened delays, which are still reported by both amateur and professional radio operators.
READ 2002: Total Population Control
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dairy industry
Do animals have feelings? A new study by the University of British Columbia study says yes, having found that dairy calves do, in fact, have and express feelings.
The study was authored by Ph.D. candidate Benjamin Lecorps and co-authored by Marina von Keyserlingk and Daniel Weary. It was funded by a Discovery Grant that was awarded to von Keyserlingk from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
The authors hoped to look at the individual animal as opposed to dairy calves as a whole. Von Keyserlingk, who led the research team, wanted to look at individual personality differences to make sure that all animals were being treated as well as they could be given the conditions that they were in on a farm.
Sometimes we are tempted to see only the herd, even though this herd consists of different individuals who cope differently with stressful events,” said von Keyserlingk. “It’s important to consider the individual’s perspective, because even if conditions are good, on average, some animals may still suffer.”
A New Study Finds Dairy Calves Have Feelings, Too
To gauge optimism and pessimism, the researchers set up an experiment involving 22 calves. Before they started the experiment, they trained the calves to understand which of their choices would lead to a reward,” reads a public release of the study. “In the training, each calf entered a small pen and found a wall with five holes arranged in a horizontal line, two-and-a-half feet apart. The hole at one end contained milk from a bottle, while the hole at the opposite end contained only an empty bottle and delivered a puff of air in calves’ faces. The calves learned quickly which side of the pen held the milk reward.”
Once the calves were used to this arrangement, changes were made to gauge different reactions. For example, milk would instead be placed in an intermediate hole, between the two sides of the pen. Calves showed optimism if they were willing to try the intermediate hole, even if it was near the location where they had before received an empty bottle and a puff of air. Calves who showed pessimism, however, wouldn’t try the intermediate hole, regardless of the reward, presumably because of its proximity to a potentially negative experience.
The study also assessed fearfulness through standard personality tests that monitor how calves react to unfamiliar situations, such as the presence of a stranger or a foreign object. Fearfulness and pessimism turned out to be closely related.”
The research aims to make the lives of farmed animals less traumatic and stressful. “The next step in our research will be to understand what type of rearing conditions help ensure that an individual animal has a good life,” von Keyserlingk explained. “For example, more pessimistic calves may require different types of housing and management than we currently provide.”
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I have been fascinated by this week’s Google Doodle.
Google Doodle
Intrigued to know more about it, this is what I found
Countess Eva Ekeblad was a Swedish noble and agronomist who discovered how to extract starch from potatoes, paving the way for gluten-free baking and alcohols such as vodka, moonshine and potato wine.
Ekeblad, who was born in Sweden on July 10, 1724. On Ekebald’s 293rd birthday, Google has created a doodle to commemorate her contributions to science.
Who was Eva Ekeblad?
• Ekeblad was the first woman to be admitted to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for her discovery of how to use potatoes to make flour and alcohol.
• Potatoes first arrived in Sweden in 1658, but for a century would only be available to the aristocracy. Before Ekeblad’s discovery, potatoes weren’t considered to be edible for humans, but were reserved for animals.
• Eva Ekeblad was a countess from Sweden who discovered potato starch
Eva Ekeblad
Eva Ekeblad was a countess from Sweden who discovered potato starch CREDIT: WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
• Ekeblad grew her own set of potatoes and began experimenting, having heard that in Germany it had been used to create alcoholic drinks. In 1746, Ekeblad discovered that the rare vegetables could be cooked, crushed and dried to create a form of flour.
• At 24 she submitted her findings to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and became the first female to be admitted. The discovery helped solve a food crisis in Sweden, freeing up traditional cereals for food as it could be used to make alcohol.
• It came at a time when Sweden had a shortage of cereals, such as oats and barley, which were necessary for the country’s food and alcohol supplies. But it also contributed to a spike in alcohol consumption.
• The vegetable wouldn’t become a common food staple in Sweden until later in the 19th century, around the same time it rose to prominence in British cooking and underpinned economic progress and the Industrial Revolution.
• After her death in 1786, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences wouldn’t elect another woman until 1951.
How to make your own potato flour?
Potato flour
Potato flour Image credit- Wikimedia Commons
To start you will need around 4kg of potatoes, which will make around 1kg of flour, according to Real Foods
Peel the potatoes, boil them until soft and then mash them
Spread the mash on a dehydrator and leave for 12-20 hours until all moisture has been removed
Put the dried potatoes in a blender or pestle and mortar and crush until it creates a fine powder
Make sure to keep the flour in an airtight container
Have you been fascinated by Google Doodles in the past?
Do share it in the comments section…
Source- The Telegraph
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Identifying Characteristics of Renaissance Art
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This collection will teach you about how Renaissance artists changed the style and focus of art in the period between 1300 and 1600 CE. When you are done, you should be able to thoroughly answer the question: How did the art of the Renaissance reflect the new emphasis on humanism and science?
First, review the painting, Raphael's School of Athens, and learn about the new techniques used.
Then study the additional works in the collection and try to use them as examples of the different techniques. Some of the works are from the Renaissance period and others are more modern interpretations. A worksheet is included at the end of this collection to record your work.
Finally, test your knowledge with a quick quiz. Use your worksheet to help!
Lapis Polaris pl. 2 of Nova Reperta
Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum
Perspectiva: Corporum Regularium
Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum
Leonardo da Vinci
Smithsonian American Art Museum
Renaissance Triptych: Bellini, Piero, Bellini
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Lions Juggling the Medici Balls
Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum
St. Anthony Reading
Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum
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Chemical Holds Water
Representation of synthetic opabactin showing two binding locations (yellow dotted lines)
Sean Cutler, UC Riverside
The pores, or stomata, in plant leaves allow the gas exchange necessary for both photosynthesis and respiration. Open stomata also allow water to escape, which can be detrimental in times of drought. Researchers have developed a powerful new agrochemical that mimics a natural hormone, abscisic acid (ABA), which shrinks the size of stomata and allows plants to better retain water.
An earlier ABA-mimic called, “quinabactin,” had been developed in 2013 by Sean Cutler, a plant cell biology professor at the University of California Riverside, and his research team. That chemical was only moderately effective at boosting plant drought tolerance because it only bonded with one of two handle-like structures in the relevant plant hormone receptor, whereas ABA more securely attaches to both handles.
To find a better alternative that could bind with both hormone receptors, the team combed through a database of millions of hormone-mimicking molecules, searching for promising candidates. They identified a potential precursor and used X-ray crystallography to image its structure deeply. The process revealed regions where some structural tweaks could render the molecule more effective. The researchers dubbed the resulting fine-tuned chemical, “opabactin,” or OP for short. (The name pays homage to slang used by video game players for “overpowered,” meaning a dominant weapon or character.)
Wheat plants under drought stress without (left) and with opbactin treatment (right)
Sean Cutler, UC Riverside
OP has demonstrated seven times the receptor-bonding strength of naturally produced ABA, and plants treated with OP show increased water retention within hours of application. This rapid responsiveness means farmers can deploy the chemical when urgently needed—a useful attribute because the tradeoff for improved water retention is slowed growth—instead of pre-emptively treating crops well in advance of unpredictable weather. OP was also effective in boosting the drought tolerance of wheat and tomatoes, two plants that quinabactin could not help. Before ever reaching farmer’s fields, however, OP will have to undergo significantly more development, as well as safety testing for regulatory approval. (Science)
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Two new studies published recently in Chelonian Conservation and Biology and Herpetologica find that two turtle species vocalize when they reproduce and during some social interactions, and that their vocalizations are many and varied.
But why exactly did researchers go so long without discovering this aspect to turtle behavior? According to Richard Vogt, a herpetologist and turtle conservationist with the Brazilian Institute for Amazon Research and Director of the Center for Amazon Turtle Conservation, dogmatic assumptions are to blame.
"Because no one studied it, because some of the literature on reptiles published back in the 1950s claimed that turtles were deaf as a stump and did not vocalize, and everyone just believed [it] without investigating it," Vogt, who is a coauthor of both studies, told mongabay.com.
However, Vogt wasn't very surprised when he and his colleagues discovered that turtles were making sounds. He had long suspected this to be the case, but circumstance prevented him from studying it.
"While filming courtship behavior of false map turtles (Graptemys pseudogeographica) in captivity in the mid 1970s for part of my PhD thesis at the University of Wisconsin-Madison I noticed that the males were opening and closing their mouths while they were titillating the females with their vibrating foreclaws, and not trying to bite," Vogt said.
"At that time only the Navy had hydrophones and since the war protesters had blown up the army math research center at the UW. I did not think it a wise idea to be associated with the military, so my ideas laid fallow until 2005 when an inquisitive Australian student had access to underwater recording equipment and dropped a hydrophone in an aquarium with side necked turtles and found out they were vocalizing."
But Vogt held on to his curiosity, and later investigated the phenomenon with one of his students while studying turtles in the Amazon River. He attributes part of the reason for the knowledge lag about turtle vocalizations to technological limitations and the fact that the noises turtles produce are low and quiet.
"One of the reasons the sounds were not detected before was the lack of proper recording equipment," Vogt said. "The sounds are at the lower end of the human audible range, so hard for people over 40 to hear, but young people can hear hatchlings turtles as them emerge from the nest. The sounds besides being low frequency are also low in volume and infrequent, thus easy to overlook. Just the movement of someone swimming in the waster is enough noise to block out the sounds of turtles to the swimmer."
The studies respectively looked at two very different species: giant Amazon river turtles (Podocnemis expansa) and leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea). They found that the river turtles vocalized in all sorts of situations, from interactions between adults to hatchling communication. Leatherbacks, less social turtles, were also found to vocalize as when hatching and as they dispersed from their nests into the sea.
The giant Amazon river turtle is one of the largest freshwater turtles in the world, often reaching one meter (more than three feet) in length and 200 pounds in weight. It is found in the Amazon Basin and is quite social, with females gathering in large groups to lay eggs along the riverbanks. Because of this, it can be vulnerable to poaching, with reports of reductions in some populations due to over-harvesting of eggs and hatchlings. While is not currently considered threatened by the IUCN, it is listed as Conservation Dependent.
0725 riverturtle copy
A giant river turtle.
Wikimedia Commons/Whaldener Endo
The leatherback sea turtle is the largest turtle alive today, with lengths averaging 2.2 meters (7.2 feet). It is also the fourth-heaviest reptile species, with an average weight of about 380 kilograms (850 pounds). The largest leatherback ever found was more than three meters (9.8 feet long) and weighed 916 kilograms (2,019 pounds) — more than some small cars. Leatherbacks are currently listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN, with adults threatened by the fishing industry and plastic garbage in the ocean. They may mistake plastic bags and balloons for jellyfish and consume them, potentially causing intestinal blockages. Hatchlings are also sometimes collected and eaten by people.
The studies found both species vocalized when hatching, with sounds described by Vogt as "chirps, clicks, meows, and clucks." He believes many other species also make sounds as they hatch, and that they do so to coordinate their hatching.
"I think all turtles are vocalizing underwater to some extent. Some species of turtles are more social than others and thus communicate more," he said.
"Hatchlings of several species of marine turtles as well as the giant Amazon river turtles (Podocnemis expansa) begin making sounds in the egg up to 10 days before they hatch to stimulate synchronous thatching and afterwards synchronous digging out of the nest, and continue vocalizing as they enter the water."
But why would they evolve this behavior? According to Volk, emerging from a nest en-masse allows more hatchlings to survive the perilous first minutes of their lives. Without any other defenses, the babies are easy pickings for hungry predators.
"If the hatchlings all leave the nest at once there is safety in numbers, a swamping of predators, thus a few turtles will make it though to the sea," Volk said. "There they keep communicating to migrate off in cohesive groups, which again should be safer than trying it alone.
Giant Amazon river turtles have an additional incentive to vocalize.
"The hatchlings of the giant Amazon river turtle respond to the vocalizations of their mothers and migrate with the large adult females away from the nesting beaches to feeding grounds 70 to hundreds of kilometers away," Volk said.
But with these new findings come new questions and concerns. Noise pollution at beaches may interfere with nestlings' abilities to hear each other and synchronize their hatching, thus making them more vulnerable to predators. With many turtle populations declining around the world, this could further hurt many species' chances of long-term survival. It also is not known how exactly turtles are producing sounds.
According to Volk, there is "a lot yet to do."
• Ferrara, C. R., Vogt, R. C., Sousa-Lima, R. S., Tardio, B. M., & Bernardes, V. C. D. (2014). Sound Communication and Social Behavior in an Amazonian River Turtle (Podocnemis expansa). Herpetologica, 70(2), 149-156. Chicago
• Ferrara, C. R., Vogt, R. C., Harfush, M. R., Sousa-Lima, R. S., Albavera, E., & Tavera, A. (2014). First Evidence of Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) Embryos and Hatchlings Emitting Sounds. Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 13(1), 110-114. Chicago
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How Do Gorillas Defend Themselves?
When in need of a defense mechanism, gorillas generally rely on their powerful arms, which are fully developed with strong muscles. Gorillas have strong and muscular arms, which allow them to fight off predators, grasp and break twigs and branches and move through trees. A strong upper torso distinguishes gorillas from many other animals, including humans.
While gorillas use their arms for support and defense, the opposite is true for humans. Humans have long and powerful legs, which have evolved to be the most powerful parts of the human skeleton after humans transitioned to living exclusively on the ground instead of trees. While the longest muscles and bones of humans are found in the legs, the arms of gorillas contain the longest muscles and strongest bones. The sturdy build of their upper torsos provide gorillas with tremendous amounts of strength. Their upper body strength, on average, is six times more than the upper body strength of humans, which allows them to easily lift and crush heavy objects. Despite their large size and muscular build, gorillas are generally docile and shy animals, and attack only when threatened or provoked. In addition to long arms, gorillas have sharp and powerful teeth, which are used for biting through tough vegetation rather than for defense.
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Coenzyme Q10 deficiency
From SNPedia
Primary coenzyme Q10 deficiency is a disorder that can affect many parts of the body, especially the brain, muscles, and kidneys. As its name suggests, the disorder involves a shortage (deficiency) of a substance called coenzyme Q10. The severity, combination of signs and symptoms, and age of onset of primary coenzyme Q10 deficiency vary widely.GHR
Coenzyme Q10 deficiency is usually caused by recessively inherited mutations in genes that provide instructions for making proteins involved in the production (synthesis) of a molecule called coenzyme Q10. Collectively, they are called the COQ genes. Most of the identified mutations have occurred in the COQ2, COQ4, COQ6, COQ8A, and COQ8B genes
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Skip to main content
Lesson Plan
Designed by: Sandra Sanchez
University of Miami
Puerto Rican culture is a representation of the diverse heritages of three cultural groups: Taíno Indians, Africans, and Spaniards. This lesson focuses on the Spanish influences found in Puerto Rico’s musical culture by studying jíbaro music.
Suggested Grade Level: Grades 3-5, 6-8
Country: Puerto Rico
Region: Caribbean
Culture Groups: Puerto Rican, Spanish
Instruments: Cuatro, Orff Instruments, Güiro
Language: Spanish
Co-curricular Areas: Language Arts, Social Studies
National Standards: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9
Prerequisites: Students should have had some experience using Orff instruments.
• Students will be able to create lyrics using an assigned rhyming structure.
• Students will be able to create rhythms to the lyrics of a décima.
• Students will be able to improvise a melody with a given rhythm on an Orff instrument.
• Students will be able to sing the response section to a call-and-response song.
Lesson Segments:
1. La Mula (National Standard 9)
2. Jíbaro Music (National Standards 6, 7, 8, 9)
3. Décima (National Standards 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8)
Lesson Segment 1: La Mula
1. Introduce this lesson with a story written by Mohr and Martorell (1995) in the book, The Song of El Coquí and Other Tales of Puerto Rico.
2. This tale is about a mule that was sold in Spain and brought to Puerto Rico. She befriended and helped Los Cimarrones in the mountaintops of Puerto Rico.
1. Review terms used in the story (found in back of book):
• Los Cimarrones - a name given to the captive African slaves who escaped into the mountains and formed villages where they lived as free people
• El Bohio - a round cabin made of stalks or palm fronds that used to be common in Puerto Rico
• El Batey - Taíno word adapted to Puerto Rican vocabulary; a front yard made of solidly packed dirt, primarily found in rural areas
• La curandera/el curander o- a healer or wise person of the village
2. Discuss La Mula’s journey to Puerto Rico and relate it to the journey that many Spaniards took across the seas.
3. Discuss where La Mula lived and who her friends were.
Lesson Segment 2: Jíbaro Music - Puerto Rico’s “Country Music”
Click to view recording details
“Y amo la libertad (And I Love Freedom)”
from Jíbaro Hasta el Hueso: Mountain Music of Puerto Rico by Ecos de Borinquen (2003) | SFW40506
1. Explain to students that musica jíbara comes from the mountain regions of Puerto Rico. This style of music comes from music brought to the island by early Spanish settlers during the 17th century.
2. Listen to an excerpt from “Y amo la libertad (And I Love Freedom)” (Track 108) by Ecos de Borinquen from Jíbaro Hasta el Hueso: Mountain Music of Puerto Rico
3. Ask students to write down what they think hear in the song (instruments, tempos, style, emotion, etc.). Then share and discuss.
4. Point out that you heard one singer featured in the song.
1. That singer is called a Trovador (an improvisatory singer/poet).
2. Trovadors improvise phrases called “décima.”
• A décima has a poetic structure of 10 lines with eight syllables in each.
• Many times the topic of a décima in a jíbaro song is philosophical (love, patriotism, freedom, and dignity).
5. Point out that one of the string instruments that you heard was the cuatro.
1. This string instrument is unique to Puerto Rico and is often used for countryside folk music.
• Ask: Can you guess how many strings it has?
• Say: You might have thought it had four strings because of the instrument’s name, and most cuartros in Venezuela do have four strings, but in Puerto Rico, cuatros often have ten strings!
2. The cuatro is a variant of traditional Spanish stringed instruments. It is smaller than the guitar and is shaped more closely to a violin than a guitar. Explain to students that the cuatro is a symbol of Puerto Rican people and their music. (Show students a photo here: http://www.i2clipart.com/clipart-puerto-rican-cuatro-02ea (public domain clipart).)
1. Go to website: http://www.musicadelpueblo.org/, and click on the “Improvising” section of the mural. Then, select “Jíbaro Music.” Read the short article and watch the video.
2. Point out the cuatro in the video and direct students to listen to the different phrases called décimas.
Lesson Segment 3: Décima
Click to view recording details
“Seis Salinés”
from Puerto Rico in Washington (1996) | SFW40460
1. Explain to students that a décima is a poetic structure used in most verses. It includes:
1. 10 lines of eight syllables
2. A rhyming formula
• 1st line rhymes with the 4th, 5th, 8th, and 9th.
• 2nd line rhymes with the 3rd, 6th, 7th, and 10th.
2. Introduce Seis Salinés by reading this excerpt from the liner notes:
3. “Here the theme is the trovador’s own imagined death, and the role of the jíbaro singer himself. The poet tells us that on the day of his burial he wants a jíbaro ensemble with a trovador to improvise. He pleads with his countrymen not to abandon this vital musical art.”
4. Display lyrics from excerpt ofSeis Salinés by Cuerdas de Borínquen
1. Y yo sé que mis familiares
2. Sufrirán porque me quieren
3. Cuando eschuchen que me hieren
4. Criticando mis cantares
5. Y cuando en fiestas populares
6. Eschuchen a otro cantando
7. Ellos estarán pensando
8. En dónde estará el cantor
9. Que simbolizó el valor
10. De un jíbaro improvisando
• (Translation)
1. And I know my family
2. Will suffer because they like me
3. When they hear my pain
4. Criticizing my songs
5. And in popular parties
6. When they hear another singer
7. They will be thinking
8. Where am I “the singer”
9. This symbolizes the value
10. Of improvising Jíbaro
5. Play an excerpt, Seis Salines by Cuerdas de Borínquen (Track 110), from Puerto Rico in Washington
6. Highlight words that rhyme using the “rhyming formula.”
1. Y yo sé que mis familiares
2. Sufriran porque me quieren
3. Cuando eschuchen que me hieren
4. Criticando mis cantares
5. Y cuando en fiestas populares
6. Eschuchen a otro cantando
7. Ellos estarán pensando
8. En dónde estará el cantor
9. Que simbolizó el valor
10. De un jíbaro improvisando
7. Create a décima as a class by deciding on a poem theme or subject (write down suggestions from the class and vote on one), and using the “rhyming formula.”
Escape My Troubles
I love the sand on the island
When I walk around with no shoes
I’ll walk and walk ‘cause I can’t loose
The beach welcomes me to the sand
Telling me to stay on this land
Want to ignore any bad news
And stay here without any shoes
Since when I stay here on the beach
Nothing I dream is out of reach
Standing here without any shoes
1. As a class, pay attention to:
1. Rhythm:
• Model an example of a rhythmic way that you could speak the newly created décima.
• Split the class into five groups. Assign two lines of the newly created décima to each group and ask each group to create a rhythmic way to speak their assigned lines.
• Put the whole décima back together by having each group recite their lines
2. Melody:
• Model an example of how you would improvise a melody for the rhythm and lyrics of the décima using an Orff xylophone.
• Select two lines from the décima.
• Ask group to recite their spoken rhyme for the lines.
• The rest of the class should then repeat the lines.
• Do this a couple of times until everyone knows the rhyme.
• Speak the rhyme and clap the rhythm created by each syllable, then have students echo.
• Speak the rhyme while playing the rhyme on the low C on a pitched Orff instrument.
• Speak the rhyme again, but improvise the melody by playing the same rhythm using any notes from C to C’.
2. Split class into small groups and have them create their own décima.
1. Randomly assign groups with the leftover themes suggested earlier or let groups choose their own theme.
2. Follow the steps done as a class to complete the project.
• Use the rhyming formula.
• Once décima lyrics are created, you may want to assign each student in each group certain lines so that each individual creates a way to speak, play, and perform their lines.
• Create a “way to speak” your décima.
• Create a rhythm to go with the lyrics.
• Create a “way to play” your décima.
• Practice improvising melodies using the rhythm created in previous step.
3. Invite each group to perform their décima for the class.
• Let students display their lyrics (using white board, poster board, or smart board).
• Each student performs their lines of the décima by speaking their lines and improvising a melody to the rhyme on an Orff instrument.
Extension: Students could add instrumental accompaniment to the décima performance. Students could all compose a melody for their décima and sing the lyrics for their assigned lines. Students could also notate their rhythms and/or melodies.
Assessment: Assess each individual student while they perform their lines in the décima.
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.28125,
"fasttext_score": 0.4504620432853699,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8436405062675476,
"url": "https://folkways.si.edu/jibaro/music/tools-for-teaching/smithsonian"
}
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Lesson 3 Activity 1 - Add CO2
In this lesson, the students will modify the Greenhouse Gas base model by adding a factory that emits CO2 to answer the question, “Does adding CO2 affect the temperature?”
• View the video of the challenge
• Review code and concepts useful for modifying the model
• Review human greenhouse gas emission sources
• Identify and code essential aspects of the model to modify
• Test your model
• Compare your solution to one provided.
View the video of the challenge
Review code and concepts
• Breeds: We’ll be adding a factory that emits CO2 into our Greenhouse Gas model. Both the factory and the CO2 are new “breeds” or types of agents, because they behave differently from the other breeds or agents in the model at present.
• CS Review: code and concepts useful for the modification.
• Adding breeds (a factory and CO2) and using create and do block
• Giving breeds new traits (defining and setting user-defined traits)
Use the Edit Breeds button in the Spaceland area to create a new breed.
Click on “Add Breed” to add a new breed.
In the “New Breed” dialog box, give the breed a name and press OK.
Review human greenhouse gas emission sources
• Have the students use the Model Design Form to guide their modification process.
• What are we missing from this model? Greenhouse gases!
• Let’s make this model into a representation of greenhouse gases coming from human activities. How about a factory that emits CO2? (Practice 2: Developing and using models) (Practice 6: Constructing explanations and designing solutions)
Identify the essential aspects of the modification to include in the model and code them.
• In this lesson plan, one potential way to add a factory that emits CO2 is presented. However, this activity allows for student freedom in terms of breed traits, number of factories, and also the way they emit CO2. Incorporating this freedom in the lesson can allow students to have more control over their learning.
• Let’s think about factories emitting CO2 and what are the essential parts of that we might be able to include in our model. Keep it simple! Factory – it’s a building that emits a lot of CO2 while it’s running. CO2 - it comes from the factory and rises. It blocks heat from escaping. It eventually decays if left alone for enough time. Both the CO2 and the Factory will be new breeds.
• In pairs, open up your Greenhouse Gas model or start from the base model (www.slnova.org/GUTS/projects/22078). We don’t need the albedo slider for this. Take turns driving and navigating.
• Remix it and call it "Greenhouse Gases with Factory and CO2".
• Add a breed for CO2 and a breed for the factory.
• Navigate to the code. Are there tabs for CO2 and factory now? Great! Now it’s time to code some behavior for our new agents.
• Add a factory, give it a location, size and color. Then give it a behavior: emitting CO2. [Hint: use a create]
• Add CO2. Once the CO2 are created, they need some behavior. See if you can make the CO2 move upwards in the atmosphere, hover then decay.
Testing your model
• Run the code. Hit setup. Did the factory appear as well as the Sun? Did it go to a random location? Yes? Now hit forever. The sun shoots out solar energy that bounces back as reflected energy and heat. Wait until the heat graph shows that the heat is more or less stable, then push run factory. Did the factory emit CO2? Yes? Great! Did the CO2 rise to a certain height and then stop? Yes? Great! (Practice 3: Planning and carrying out investigations)
• How much CO2 do we have? We don’t know! So, what do we need to add to the model to be able to monitor the CO2 levels? A graph and a data box. Add these in. Test the graph and data box – do they change when we add CO2 now? Does the CO2 slowly decay with time? (Practice 4: Analyzing and interpreting data)
View the video of a model with CO2 (note: there are many possible solutions).
Upload a link to your new model and your model design form to your portfolio in the section "SL Nova projects- Earth" under the heading "Greenhouse gas model with Factory and CO2". Reflect on how you could make this model more realistic. For example, in your community, what would be a relevant example of something that emits CO2?
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.03125,
"fasttext_score": 0.034046053886413574,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8706696629524231,
"url": "https://guts-cs4hs.appspot.com/unit?unit=40&lesson=78"
}
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Concepts / Managing results / Typo tolerance
May. 10, 2019
Typo Tolerance
Typos and Spelling Errors
What is a typo?
• A missing letter in a word, “hllo” → “hello”
• An extraneous letter, “heello” → “hello”
• Inverted letters: “hlelo” → “hello”
• Substituted letter: “heilo” → “hello”
What is Typo Tolerance?
Typo tolerance allows users to make mistakes while typing and still find the records they are looking for. This is done by matching words that are close in spelling.
Tolerating typos is extremely important in modern search experiences for two reasons. First of all, typos are inevitable on mobile devices. Secondly, because products and services are growing in both complexity and global reach, not everyone knows the right way to spell a word.
Algolia provides typo tolerance out-of-the-box, along with some important ways to customize just how tolerant a search experience should be. This is what we’ll discuss on this page.
How Typos Are Calculated
Algolia’s typo tolerance algorithm is based on distance. Distance refers to the difference in spelling between a typed word and its exact match in the index. A perfect match is distance = 0. When there is a perfect match, or the distance is low (one or two letters mistakenly typed), then a match is made, and the record is added to the results.
For example, if the engine receives a word like “strm”, this can mean “storm” or “strum” (distance=1 / one letter incorrect), or “star” or “warm” (distance=2 / two letters incorrect).
Distance essentially establishes a threshold of tolerance. The threshold is at 2: when a word is distant by 3 or more mistakes, it will not be tolerated (i.e., not included in the results).
Calculating Distance
Distance involves a precise logic: it is the minimum number of operations (character additions, deletions, substitutions, or transpositions) required to change one word into another. This is known as the Damerau–Levenshtein distance.
michael // 0 typos
mickael // 1 typo (substitution: h → k)
micael // 1 typo (deletion: h)
mickhael // 1 typo (addition: k)
micheal // 1 typo (transposition: a ⇄ e)
mickaell // 2 typos (substitution: h → k, addition: l)
Tichael // 2 typos (substitution: m → T, first letter)
Tickael // 3 typos (substitution: m → T, first letter, substitution h → k)
Important Considerations
• The last two examples (“Tichael” and “Tickael”) represent an exception to the distance=2 threshold. Because typos on the first letter are relatively uncommon, such typos are counted as 2, and in this case only, the threshold is distance=3.
• Typo tolerance is not case-sensitive.
• Accented letters and other special characters are ignored.
• Typo Tolerance only works with phonemic languages, which use single characters to represent sound to form a word. Spelling errors are possible for these languages. Logogram-based languages (e.g., Chinese and other Asian languages) do not use single letters to represent sound; instead, they rely on pictures to represent words (or partial words). Thus, typo logic is not used for these languages.
• In addition to typos, Algolia handles splitting and concatenation - the insertion or removal of spaces or punctuation between two words. This way, “entert ainment” will match with “entertainment”, and “jamesbrown” will match with “James Brown.” These splits and concatenations are not considered typos, and they only work when there are no other typing mistakes.
• When a user places words within quotes, and you have set the advancedSyntax setting to true, then typo tolerance will not apply to the text within the quotes. Quotation marks require exact matching.
Impact of Typos in Ranking Formula
Typo count is the very first criterion in Algolia’s default ranking formula. Therefore, words with perfect matches are ranked higher than words with 1 typo, and 1 typo words are ranked higher than words with 2 typos.
Configuring Typo Tolerance
Every search experience and user base is different. That’s why Algolia makes it easy to configure exactly how typos are handled.
For alphabet-based and phonemic languages (English, French, Russian, ..), we offer many ways to configure the engine to improve typo tolerance. Usually, just enabling it is sufficient. However, for some queries or data sets, you’ll need to fine-tune its settings.
Did you find this page helpful?
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.09886020421981812,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8889155983924866,
"url": "https://www.algolia.com/doc/guides/managing-results/optimize-search-results/typo-tolerance/"
}
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The United Nations’ definition of genocide contains five different criteria. If a nation commits one, they have committed genocide. Canada has committed all five. This crime is not a “dark chapter in Canadian history” that has passed. Canada continues to fulfill every one of these criteria today.
1. Killing members of the group
scalping proclamation Bryce Report residential schools
Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
Raymond Cormier Gerald Stanley
Residential Schools
4. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group
5. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.09824955463409424,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7696774005889893,
"url": "https://nandogikendan.com/genocide/"
}
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November 20, 2008
Extinction of the Ethiopian Languages Qemant Geez Weyto Quaregna and Gafat
The progressive extinction of the indigenous Ethiopian languages of Qemant,Geez, Gafat, Quaregna and Weyto is discussed. The focus will be on the language of Geez. The extinction of the other four minor languages will reinforce and prove that the cause of the extinction of Geez many centuries ago is still valid today due to the emergence and dominance of Amharic. The main anthropological concepts of culture, language, ethnicity (ethnic group) and environment (adaptation) of these five major extinct languages is discussed.
The QUAREGNA language may have been similar to Qemant or archaic Amharic. There is little information about this language and the people of that area now identify themselves as Amharas. Some still identify themselves as Quara or Quarey due to oral history that identifies them as such.
GEEZ is one of Ethiopia’s oldest languages is Geez and the Ethiopians believe that this language was given to them by God. The speakers of Geez were known as the Agazians and their origin is obscured in the mist of time. Nevertheless, it is very difficult to pinpoint the causes of the decline and extinction of Geez but the hypothesis can be conjectured by analyzing the development of the culture, language, environment, and adaptation of the Agazian people during the changes that took place around 700 A.D. Cultural, ethnic, and environmental aspects of Amharic (South of Geez area) contributed to why this language slowly headed into extinction. The Ethiopians believe that their multi-ethnic society existed during the era of the Pharaohs about 4000 years ago. During this time period, the Ethiopian Agazian (Axumite) tribe spoke their unique Semitic (more correctly Ethiopic) language called Geez. In addition, the Agazians built monuments and governed distant colonies of Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen. The Agazian Empire extended into certain parts of southern Ethiopia too and as a result, much of southern Ethiopia’s population, language, and culture were influenced. According to historians, the Agazian Empire (Axumite Empire) was a world power comparable to the ancient empires of Greece, Rome, Egypt, and Persia. The Agazian tribe eventually evolved into three separate major branches of ethnic groups. The following is the list of the three major Ethiopian Semitic languages in the order of being most closely related to Geez: Tigre, Tigringa, and Am(h)arigna (Amarigna) among others. Amharic, the most Southern of these three languages expanded further south while Tigre expanded to the West and Tigrigna remained at the locality where the Geez people originally lived where it was confined by the Red Sea and the lowlands of the Western region of Axum.
GAFAT is another language that slowly headed into extinction due to the emergence and dominance of Amharic. During the reign of Emperor Fasilida in the 17th century, Gafat was the common language spoken among the Ethiopians who lived in the Blue Nile area of the province of Begemder which is now present day province of Gonder. Unlike Geez, the Gafat language is classified as being Afro-Asiatic Semitic while some classify it as Cushitic. The cultural, ethnic, and environmental interaction of the Gafat language with Amharic culture and dominance contributed to why this language slowly headed into extinction. First, the Gafat people were known for being the bravest of soldiers; for this reason, the Amharic speaking Amhara Emperors recruited them as soldiers. Thus, their career as soldiers for the Emperor of Ethiopia (and allies of the Amhara people (Amhara Culture), eroded the Gafat language and culture. Second, since the Gafat people were surrounded by the Amhara people from the North and East, the Gafat people had no choice but to adapt to the culture and environment of the Amhara people. These are very significant anthropological facts because culture is a result between the environment and human beings; therefore, culture is knowledge. Also, culture is a way of survival if human beings are able to adjust to their environment and with each other.
QEMANT is the third major ancient Ethiopian language that slowly headed into extinction due to the emergence and dominance of Amharic. The Qemant are an ancient Cushitic people living in Northwestern Ethiopia near Lake Tana. This language is a branch of another "almost" extinct Ethiopian language called Agaw. Nevertheless, the Amharic language and culture of the Amhara people slowly forced the Qemant people to abandon their language along with their pagan Hebraic religion. The scripts they use is Ethiopic but earlier travellers have reported that there was a script used by the Qemant. In addition there are remamnts of their language within the Amharic type they use in their daily conversations today.
Finally, WEYTO is the fourth major ancient Ethiopian language that slowly headed into extinction due to the emergence and dominance of Amharic. The Weyto lived near Lake Tana where their language was spoken. The hippopotamus dwelt in this region and these animals were used for food and their skins were used as shields for the Amharas (some classify these Weyto as Hippopotamus Culture people). The Weyto tribe practiced their traditional pagan religion and they were not Christians like the Amhara ethnic group. For this reason, the Weyto were not allowed to enter the homes of the Christian Amhara peoples because they believed that their presence would bring them bad luck. The Amharas never learned or adapted to the language of the Weyto. In a sense, the Weyto language was kept a secret from the Amhara peoples so that they could use it as a secret language. Thus, the language of the Weyto people died out and today they are an indistinguishable ethnic group from the Amhara people. This is true because the Weyto adapted to the culture and language of the Amhara. The classification of this language is uncertain; however, it is probably classified as being Eastern Sudanic or Cushitic. In sum, since the Weyto people were surrounded by Amharic speakers, they had no choice but to conform to the major language of Amharic and their Cushitic culture was absorbed by the Amhara culture.
In conclusion, the indigenous dominant language of Amarigna and its Ethiopic scripts expanded from the central province of Amhara. Ethiopia is a multiethnic society with over eighty languages and with over two hundred dialects. Thus, Ethiopia is an excellent country to study the evolution of new languages and the extinction of old ones. In addition, the Ethiopians viewed Amharic as being a language of nobility; for this reason, many Ethiopian tribes desired to speak it, aside for use as trading communication. In other words, the Ethiopians highly esteemed and glorified Amharic and considered it as the language of Kings (Lisane Negus). It is important to know that language is described as being a very complex system of symbols. Language in some sense defines culture; however, language does not define cultural identity. For this reason, it is not possible to know a language without knowing the culture.
References; Emperor Tewodros Ethiopian Library, Washington DC
Anonymous said...
this is intersting
Anonymous said...
ah at last, I found this article again. You have few [url=]useful tips[/url] for my school project. This time, I won't forget to bookmark it. :)
Anonymous said...
Anonymous said...
Ethiopians are Agews who adopted Agazian culture from Eritrea. It's an oxymoron to call Ge'ez an "Ethiopian language" when the first Ge'ez script was found in Logo Serda, Akele Guzay Eritrea.
Amharic is only an 800 year old language. Nothing ancient about. Just a composite of Agew languages mixed with Oromo and Tigrinya.
Ethiopedia said...
Eritrea is a Political Entity created by Italian Colonizers and Greek reference to the Red Sea. The people of Eritrea (previously known as Mereb Melash, Medri Baher or Baher Medri and in Amharic Baher Meder)are Ethiopians in language, culture, ethnicity and origin. It could very well be part of the Ethiopian Nation in less than a day.
Anonymous said...
this is another woyane-TPLF propoganda to dehumanize the amharas.
Anonymous said...
Thank You! This article was really informative without the typical political overview. To those who want to downplay the significance of an 800 year old language due to the new found independence of Eritrea, a former province of Ethiopia, are greatly misguided! Keep up the wonderful work Ethiopedia
Markos said...
There is considerable time gap between Geez and Amharic. Likely, there were post Geez or Proto-Amharic transitional languages that served for over thousand years. Gafat or Proto-Gafat, now extinct, may be taken as proto-Amharic and Proto-Argobba. A proto-Gafat type language likely splitted from Geez sometime around 4th century A.D. and expanded south wards along the central and eastern parts of modern Ethiopia to finally settle some where around south wollo, north of the blue Nile. These people had a religious culture of early christanity. True Christanity from Axum expanded later but following the central western part, started converting the Agaws in Lasta. The decline of the Agaw in Lasta gave the way to convert the Gafat rooted ancient settlers of southern wollo to form the first Amharas at Amhara Saint.
Markos said...
I suspect, early christian settlers of proto-Gafat origin around Amhara Saint (some time around 4-5th century), might have felt they are the true genealogic descendants of the ancient Axum as compared to the lasta Agaw (considered as usurpers of the true Solomonic dynasity). Some of them might have already crossed the blue nile to establish churches at Mertule Mariam. Initially, they served as soldure for Lalibela to finally manage to overthrow the Agaw dynasity and establish the new Amhara solominic dynasity...against all other less christian Gafats and pagan Agaws. The new leadership demanded not only religious compitency but loyality. Lasta Agaws were most devoted christians but were less loyal to the emerging leadership.
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{
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"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.7313213348388672,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9643467664718628,
"url": "http://ethiopedia.blogspot.com/2008/11/extinction-of-ethiopian-qemant-geez.html?showComment=1461673004375"
}
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Main article: Korean Peninsula
The southern and western parts of the peninsula have well-developed plains, while the eastern and northern parts are mountainous. The highest mountain in Korea is Mt. Baekdusan (2744 m), through which runs the border with China. The southern extension of Mt. Baekdusan is a highland called Gaema Gowon. This highland was mainly raised during the Cenozoic orogeny and partly covered by volcanic matter. To the south of Gaema Gowon, successive high mountains are located along the eastern coast of the peninsula. This mountain range is named Baekdudaegan. Some significant mountains include Sobaeksan (2,184 m), Baeksan (1,724 m), Geumgangsan (1,638 m), Seoraksan (1,708 m), Taebaeksan (1,567 m), and Jirisan (1,915 m). There are several lower, secondary mountain series whose direction is almost perpendicular to that of Baekdudaegan. They are developed along the tectonic line of Mesozoic orogeny and their directions are basically northwest.
Unlike most older mountains on the mainland, many important islands in Korea were formed by volcanic activity in the Cenozoic orogeny. Jeju-do, situated off the southern coast, is a large volcanic island whose main mountain Mt. Halla (1950 m) is the highest in South Korea. Ulleung-do is a volcanic island in the Sea of Japan (East Sea), whose composition is more felsic than Jeju-do. The volcanic islands tend to be younger, the more westward.
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.660401463508606,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.951216995716095,
"url": "http://visitkorea.com/book/export/html/5"
}
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Tag Archives: area of a circle
Visuals for Area Formulas
March came and went in a blur! And now it is the last week of April already. During the month of April, the 7th graders were studying the area formulas for rectangles, parallelograms triangles, trapezoids, and circles. Instead of just giving students a formula, I wanted them to understand where the formula came from.
We started with the area of a rectangle and parallelogram. Since I was out that day, I changed this activity to a step-by-step instruction from illuminations.org so students could work independently to discover the formula for a parallelogram. When I got back the next day, we reviewed the activity and I put a large visual on one of my bulletin boards that I made from poster board.
Then we found the area of a triangle and trapezoid by cutting the parallelogram in half.
Finally, we cut a circle into equal-sized sectors and arranged them to resemble a parallelogram. Since the circle has an area closely related to the parallelogram, we used the formula for the area of a parallelogram to find the area of a circle.
Whenever we did an activity involving the formulas and students asked me what a specific formula was, I pointed to the bulletin board and asked them what they thought it would be. We continually referred back to the visuals and talked about how the formulas were derived. The visuals will stay up through our unit on volume. Hopefully, students will understand the formulas rather than just memorize them.
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.2557544708251953,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9225191473960876,
"url": "https://cindyflim.wordpress.com/tag/area-of-a-circle/"
}
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2014-12-01. Ability to consume alcohol may have shaped primate evolution.
posted Dec 7, 2014, 9:11 AM by Alan Gould
By Sarah C. P. Williams, Science. For GSS Losing Biodiversity chapter 3. Excerpt: ...desire to consume alcohol, as well as your body’s ability to break down the ethanol that makes you tipsy, dates back about 10 million years, researchers have discovered. The new finding not only helps shed light on the behavior of our primate ancestors, but also might explain why alcoholism—or even the craving for a single drink—exists in the first place. ...the human ability to metabolize ethanol—allowing people to consume moderate amounts of alcohol without getting sick—relies on a set of proteins including the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme ADH4. ...Matthew Carrigan, a biologist at Santa Fe College in Gainesville, Florida, and colleagues sequenced ADH4 proteins from 19 modern primates and then worked backward to determine the sequence of the protein at different points in primate history. ...the most ancient forms of ADH4—found in primates as far back as 50 million years ago—only broke down small amounts of ethanol very slowly. But about 10 million years ago, the team reports online today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas evolved a version of the protein that was 40 times more efficient at ethanol metabolism. “Around this same time, the Earth cooled off, food sources changed, and this primate ancestor started to explore life on the ground,” Carrigan says. And this new way of life meant that, for the first time, primates started eating not only fruit picked from trees, but also the fallen fruits below. And fallen fruits, when they’re exposed to bacteria in the environment that convert sugars to alcohols, will begin to accumulate ethanol. “If you were the ancestor without this new mutation in ADH4, the ethanol would quickly build up in your blood and you’d get inebriated much faster,” Carrigan says. “You’d be a cheap date.” This easy inebriation, he says, would have been a disadvantage to the monkeys without the mutation, making them more easily get sick—or drunk—off fruit, enough so that they couldn’t defend their territory and seek out food. Primates with the new mutation could get more food, his group hypothesizes, and the gene was selected for in the human and chimpanzee lineage.... http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2014/12/ability-consume-alcohol-may-have-shaped-primate-evolution.
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{
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"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.13495957851409912,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9436449408531189,
"url": "http://www.globalsystemsscience.org/uptodate/2014-12-01abilitytoconsumealcoholmayhaveshapedprimateevolution"
}
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Carthage: The Roman Holocaust
In 146 BC the city of Carthage located in Tunisia had been under siege for three years when the Roman General Scipio and his army broke through the gates of the city and from that moment on innocent people had only weeks to live, no one would be spared. The orders were precise, “leave not one building standing, not one person alive” what followed was a holocaust. Along with a new archaeological dig by Dr. Richard Miles of Cambridge University, this film uncovers new evidence of these atrocities from examining the unearthed burned layer which has remained buried for millennia.
From The Web
Join The Conversation
• shinz
The romans caught carthage off guard. They put a lot of effort into building the ships they learned how to build from carhthage and used their technology to defeat them. Carthage should have been more prepared for potential war or invasion to keep a grip on the trade routes, mines, and the seas.
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<urn:uuid:5d70edf8-4cae-4c34-9150-5ce9b54ec75f>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.06034785509109497,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.966823160648346,
"url": "http://documentaryheaven.com/carthage-roman-holocaust/"
}
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This enormous national lab helped give birth to the nuclear age — here's what's going on inside now
Lydia Ramsey
LEMONT, Illinois — I thought my first visit to a Department of Energy lab would be reminiscent of the Hawkins National Laboratory, the top-secret facility depicted in "Stranger Things."
The Argonne National Laboratory, founded in 1946, is roughly 30 miles from downtown Chicago in Lemont, Illinois. It grew out of the Manhattan Project at the University of Chicago, which resulted in the development of the atomic bomb.
I recently toured the facility, and though I didn't find any demogorgons or teens with telekinetic abilities, I watched scientists work with sponges that can soak up oil and longer-lasting next-generation batteries.
Here's what it was like inside.
At Argonne National Laboratory, more than 1,600 scientists and engineers research basic biology and chemistry, and tackle major challenges like finding new sources of energy and protecting the environment. Argonne's campus takes up 1,500 acres, and houses the Advanced Photon Source, a circular structure that's 1.1 kilometers in circumference.
Wikimedia Commons
The Advanced Photon Source, or APS, is essentially a powerful X-ray machine that can see a lot more than the technology doctors use to diagnose broken bones. Inside the APS's big ring-shaped facility, metal tubes carry high-energy X-rays that scientists can use to image materials from cancer drugs to butterfly wings.
Lydia Ramsey
The X-rays are split up into beams so that a number of researchers can use them at the same time in separate areas around the building.
Lydia Ramsey
Inside the rooms where the APS's X-ray beams go, scientists can run experiments. Researchers from around the world come to Argonne to work. This set-up is for researching battery materials.
Lydia Ramsey
Because the Advanced Photon Source is so big, researchers can ride around on tricycles, which get their own parking spots.
Lydia Ramsey
Since Argonne's nuclear beginning, the lab has played a role in developing and inventing the nuclear reactors available today.
Lydia Ramsey
This full-size model shows what the first nuclear reactor looked like. In its initial test, the reactor was able to power up four light bulbs.
Lydia Ramsey
In some of the lab space on Argonne's campus, scientists are working on the organic materials for a new generation of batteries that could be safer and more efficient than the ones we use today.
Lydia Ramsey
Batteries have three main components: the anode and cathode (the negative and positive ends), and the electrolyte through which a charge can pass. Researchers in this part of the lab are working on the electrolyte component of next-generation batteries.
Scientists at Argonne develop large batches of new materials for battery experiments. Some of those materials get shipped to other research labs around the US.
A researcher holds up a jar that's almost empty of an experimental material.
Lydia Ramsey
Researchers have also developed the Oleo sponge, a material that soaks up oil (even underwater) and can be re-used. In this clip, the oil is dyed blue.
Elsewhere at Argonne is an office full of supercomputers, which make an almost deafening noise. Katherine Riley, director of science at the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, said one supercomputer's power is equivalent to tens of thousands of laptops.
Lydia Ramsey
Argonne also has environmental researchers who do climate-change modeling and soil research. The experiment shown below demonstrates what happens when carbon is removed from soil as part of the plowing process.
Lydia Ramsey
The soil on the left came from a field that's been farmed for more than a century, so it doesn't have much carbon. It immediately lost its shape once it came in contact with the water. The soil on the right, meanwhile, came from a restored prairie and managed to stay intact.
Containing carbon within soil keeps it from being released into the air and contributing to climate change.
Once soil has lost its carbon, researchers found it takes 100 years to get back to 50% of the level it started with, and 400 years to get to 95%.
With new technology like a new supercomputer in the pipeline, it's likely the lab will continue to be behind some of the biggest scientific works in the US.
U.S. President Barack Obama delivers remarks on energy at the Argonne National Lab near Chicago, March 15, 2013.
SEE ALSO: 12 everyday stretches that will help you stay flexible and fit at any age
More: Features Argonne Laboratory tour
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Online Encyclopedia
Online Encyclopedia
Originally appearing in Volume V17, Page 587 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
Spread the word: it!
MANLIUS, the name of a Roman gens, chiefly patrician, but containing plebeian families also. I. MARCUS MANLIUS CAPITOLINUS, a patrician, C0nsul392 B.C. According to tradition, when in 390 B.C. the besieging Gauls were attempting to scale the Capitol, he was roused by the cackling of the sacred geese, rushed to the spot and threw down the foremost assailants (Livy v. 47; Plutarch, Camillus, 27). Several years after, seeing a centurion led to prison for debt, he freed him with his own money, and even sold his estate to relieve other poor debtors, while he accused the senate of embezzling public money. He was charged with aspiring to kingly power, and condemned by the comitia, but not until the assembly had adjourned to a place without the walls, where they could no longer see the Capitol which he had saved. His house on the Capitol (the origin of his surname) was razed, and the Manlii resolved that henceforth no patrician Manlius should bear the name of Marcus, According to Mommsen, the story of the saving of the Capitol was a later invention to explain his surname, and his attempt to relieve the debtors a fiction of the times of Cinna. Livy vi. 14-20; Plutarch, Camillus, 36; Cicero, De domo, 38. 2. TITUS MANLIUS IMPERIOSUS TORQUATUS, twice dictator (353, 349 B.C.) and three times consul (347, 344, 340). When his father, L. Manlius Imperiosus (dictator 363), was brought to trial by the tribune M. Pomponius for abusing his office of dictator, he forced Pomponius to drop the accusation by threatening his life (Livy vii. 3-5). In 36o, during a war with the Gauls, he slew one of the enemy, a man of gigantic stature, in single combat, and took from him a torques (neck-ornament), whence his surname. When the Latins demanded an equal share in the government of the confederacy, Manlius vowed to kill with his own hand the first Latin he saw in the senate-house. The Latins and Campanians revolted, and Manlius, consul for the third time, marched into Campania and gained. two great victories, near Vesuvius, where P. Decius Mus (q.v.), his colleague, " devoted " himself in order to gain the day, and at Trifanum. In this campaign Manlius executed his own son, who had killed an enemy in single combat, and thus disobeyed the express command of the consuls. Livy vii. 4, 10, 27, viii. 3; Cicero, De off. iii. 31. 3. TITUS MANLIUS TORQUATUS, consul 235 B.C. and 224, censor 231, dictator 208. In his first consulship he subjugated Sardinia, recently acquired from the Carthaginians, when the temple of Janus was shut for the second time in Roman history (Livy i. 19). In 216 he opposed the ransoming of the Romans taken prisoners at Cannae; and in 215 he was sent to Sardinia and defeated a Carthaginian attempt to regain possession of the island. Livy xxiii. 34; Polybius ii. 31. 4. GNAEUS MANLIUS VULSO, praetor 195, consul 189. He was sent to Asia to conclude peace with Antiochus III., king of Syria. He marched into Pamphylia, defeated the Celts of Galatia on Mt Olympus and drove them back across the Halys. In the winter, assisted by ten delegates sent from Rome, he settled the terms of peace with Antiochus, and in 187 received the honour of a triumph. Polybius xxii. 16-25; Livy xxxviii. 12-28, 37-50; xxxix. 6.
End of Article: MANLIUS
HORACE MANN (1796-1859)
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Safety-barrier diagrams
Safety-barrier diagrams show the safety barriers that are in the way between adverse, initiating events and a real accident. From the diagram it can be seen how many barriers have to fail before the accident occurs. Although the diagram shows the worst case (all safety barriers fail), the interesting thing from the diagram is that it shows all the opportunities that the barriers provide to stop the accident.
So a barrier diagram can be displayed as follows:
An arbitrary safety-barrier diagram
An arbitrary safety-barrier diagram with barriers numbered 1-6
Safety-barrier diagrams show accident scenarios. The fact that the safety-barrier diagram shows a scenario means that the order of the safety-barriers from left to right is important. The order of the barriers shows the sequence in which the barriers would be triggered in a real incident, so the left-most barrier is activated first, and the right-most barrier last.
The information in a safety-barrier diagram is the same as in a fault tree or event tree. The advantage of safety-barrier diagrams is that they are much easier to understand than a fault tree, because the complex description of the behaviour of the barrier is captured in this single symbol of a barrier blocking the path from one event to the next.
a safety barrier as a fault tree
The complex fault tree of a safety barrier
A safety barrier in a safety-barrier diagram
Presentation of a safety barrier in a safety-barrier diagram
The principles of identifying barriers is identical to the method of finding Independent Layers of Protection in the Layer-Of-Protection-Analysis (LOPA, see the AIChE book). (The correspondence between LOPA and safety-barrier diagrams will be described in another page – pending)
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Enormous Metalworking System, Including Bronze Age Weapons, Discovered Underneath Pyramid-Shaped Greek Island
A pyramid-shaped hill on the Greek island of Keros has revealed a complex system of drainage tunnels and metalworking from the 3rd millennium B.C. that was ahead of its time.
Researchers from the University of Cambridge worked with members of the Ephorate of the Cyclades and the Cyprus Institute on an Early Bronze Age site called Dhaskalio, according to a new University of Cambridge press release. Rising sea levels have turned Dhaskalio into an island, but a thin land bridge (now underwater) still connects it to Keros, a "not so popular" island, according to the Greek community newspaper, Neos Kosmos. The promontory is a protected site and uninhabited today, but was once widely known for ritual activities, according to the Guardian.
The island's ancient inhabitants painstakingly sharpened the promontory's natural pyramid shape by carving it into terraces, which they covered entirely with more than 1,000 tons of white stone imported from the neighboring island of Naxos. The end result was one of a "gleaming," unified monument looming over the Aegean sea. It's the largest known man-made structure built anywhere in the Cyclades during that time period, according to the University of Cambridge.
Yet the pyramid's striking exterior didn't tell its full story. When excavating staircases built into the lower terraces, the researchers realized that the site had been engineered with extraordinarily technical sophistication. They also discovered two metalworking sites, one of which still contained a lead axe and a mold used to make molten copper into daggers. Another room revealed the top of a clay oven—still intact—hinting at an additional workshop waiting to be discovered.
Because Keros contains no metal ore of its own, all the raw materials must have been imported from other islands or from the mainland.
“At a time when access to raw materials and skills was very limited, metalworking expertise seems to have been very much concentrated at Dhaskalio," excavation co-director Michael Boyd told the University of Cambridge. "What we are seeing here with the metalworking and in other ways is the beginnings of urbanization."
kerosweb The pyramid-shaped promontory on the Greek island of Keros. University of Cambridge
Boyd went on to explain that the finds signified the early days of distant populations becoming interdependent and an increase in agricultural and architectural development. Those more modern elements gradually replaced the original, more ritualistic uses for the site, meaning that archaeologists and anthropologists studying Dhaskalio will gain a better understanding on how and why its society evolved the way it did during what Boyd refers to as its "middle years."
The construction of the drainage tunnels preceded the advent of nearby Crete's renowned indoor plumbing system by 1,000 years, according to the Guardian. Whether the tunnels were meant for draining clean water or for draining sewage, the archaeologists are still figuring out.
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What is the story?
19 May
This book should be required reading for all scientists, new and old. No exceptions.
Houston we have a narrative.jpeg
Bunny Blankets
8 Apr
A bunny in bear’s clothing? Yes, it is. A team of researchers in China developed a fabric that mimics the fur coat of a polar bear. A live rabbit was wrapped in a ‘blanket’ made img_6854-1of this prototype fabric and used infrared imaging (thermal imaging camera) to measure the difference between the rabbit’s body and ambient temperatures. The body of the rabbit under the blanket was almost completely undetected. Where the body was exposed to the changing temperatures (14-104 degrees Fahrenheit), thermal imaging detected only those exposed areas. This demonstrates good thermal insulation.
Like the fur of polar bears, the fabric also reflects infrared light. The blanket fabric reflected light up to twice that of commercial textiles and can’t be detected by night-vision scopes and cameras, just like polar bears.
What makes polar bear’s fur so special? A fiber from the fur of a polar bear is a
Polar bear fiberS
simple cylinder. The interior core of the fibers are hollow, which helps traps their body heat and insulate them from Arctic winters. This hollow trait of the bear’s fibers also reflect back infrared light, but the transparency of those same fibers scatter UV light to neighboring hairs, via light scattering. Their black skin absorbs and stores heat from that UV light. All these factors help insulate the polar bear from cold, even when wet. Think of passive solar energy and storage.
Despite being so porous, the fibers are strong because a thick layer of keratin surrounds the hollow core. Keratin is a protein common in nails and hair. Keratin protein molecules form a helix, and two keratin helixes wind around each other conferring both strength and elasticity. You can think of animal fiber as a thick rope containing many stings of these entwined keratin filaments. In the case of the polar bear, these keratin layers surround the hallow core.
So how did those scientists mimic the fur of a polar bear? They did so through a very complex process of spinning a mixture of compounds found in silk and crustaceans (like shrimp and crabs). A solution of fibroid, a protein in silk, and chitosan, a structural carbohydrate made from chitin, was spun in freezing conditions. Ice particles separated the fibers leaving air spaces when warmed. These resulting fibers, which had both properties of thermal insulation and strength, were aligned and then woven into a fabric, and tested on the bunny.
Being a fiber artist, I wondered how fibers from sheep compare to the properties of polar bear fibers. The variability of fiber between breeds and individual sheep is immense. So many factors influence the characteristics of wool fibers: breed, age, nutrition, and weather. However, the primary composition of wool fibers is fairly consistent.
Because I raised sheep in Oregon (decades ago) and spun their wool, I was familiar with the overall structure – overlapping scales in varying lengths – of wool fibers. However, I wanted more details on its morphological structure. I can quickly draw and label the structure of muscle fibers and fibrils, but not a wool fiber! So I searched online for a diagram and electron micrographs, longitudinal and cross-sectional, of a typical wool fiber. From these we can see how polar bear fibers are structurally different, but they both have insulating properties.
Mammal, silk, and plant fibers
Most animal fibers contain exterior scales (except polar bears, remember). You can see the difference in scales, or lack of, in the image to the right, in both animal, silk and plant fibers. Also apparent are the sizes of the scales, and their distance apart. These are the images most of us are familiar with when we think of fiber structure. But it’s more complex than this.
If we compare the fibers in this image to that of the polar bear fiber, we can see that fiber structure of wool is more complex. You don’t see slightly rough exteriors and hollow centers! Instead, wool has irregular and overlapping scales. But that’s not where the differences end.
Let’s look at the interior morphological structure of wool. Wool fiber contains three
Morphological structure of a wool fiber.
primary parts: the outer cuticle, the cortex (divided into two sections), and the medulla. The cuticle includes the scales and several layers that surround and protect the cortex.
The cortex is the bulk of a fiber. In that cortex are many macro- and microfibrils, similar to a muscle fiber. A similarity to the polar bear fiber, and that of most mammals, is keratin. The medulla is not really distinct, depending on the mammal species. It is empty space and arranged in a honeycomb fashion within the cortex. That space can be tiny, as in sheep breeds with fine fiber, or larger, which is more typical in medium and coarse fiber breeds.
The structure of the wool fibers, and the fiber ‘community’ (meaning the collective grouping of fibers in what we sheep folks call ‘fleece’), contribute to the insulating properties. Another structural component is fiber crimp. Wool fiber can be long and straight, or short with many crimps. The number of crimps, how they are spaced along the length of the fiber, and how close they are to neighboring fibers, greatly influence how much air a fleece can hold within it. That air also contributes to its insulating properties.
But it doesn’t stop there! At least for humans that shear those fleeces, wash and prepare them to spin into yarn that is eventually knitted or woven into fabric to wear or for other domestic purposes. The natural structure and characteristics of those fibers determine how we process the fleeces, how we spin them, use the yarn for a final product.
We could even knit a blanket for a bunny.
Writer’s Block
27 Mar
I really need to get rid of this block. CA595853-ED63-47D8-9C69-FBBAC89A0B8D
2018 Year of the Birds
8 Feb
Like Jonathan Franzen (author of this article), birds were just simple pleasures in my life until my fourth decade. Watching groups of evening grosbeaks chatter and bully each other in the large feeder outside my cabin’s picture window was often the amusement of my winter days in Maine. As was observing parental red-tailed hawks on fir tree branches teach their fledglings to fly by taunting them next to the pastures in Oregon.
Thinking back, the enchanting swans in the fog that occasionally visited the small ponds of spring melted snow in the field next to the house I grew up in, the majestic snowy owl that often perched on a large tree branch in our back yard looking at me while I sat in my snowsuit and looked at it……. These are still vivid memories that probably contributed to my path to become a biologist so many decades ago.
Learning about their evolution (and ties to dinosaurs), their adaptive biology and physiology, the unique complexity of colorful plumage, the often amusing social interactions with each other and within their ecosystems, their impressing tenacity to migrate thousands of miles, their inherent traits that we covet as amusing (such as the burrowing owls clownish movements), and even ornithologist’s taxonomy, which reveals more about ourselves than the animals; it all deepened my respect and wonderment for the world of birds.
Now, in my retirement and no longer in the whirlwind of academic life, birds have become more personal and intimate, which has increased my passion for them. Holding a six-week golden eagle nestling while working with two USFWS biologists to band and collect data was like holding an angel in my hands. Bird surveys allow glimpses into aspects of their lives: breeding, migrating, feeding, competing, parenting, and housekeeping. Handling birds while banding them with metal ‘bracelets’ is more than just data collection; it is a rare and privileged opportunity to share a moment of respectful interaction between bird and human.
This winter by a lake in west-central New York State has provided me with the same fascination and enjoyment of my childhood. Instead of purposeful counting, naming, banding, and poking, I have been simply a bystander observing and enjoying that simple delight. When the small group of four trumpeter swans expanded to 19 swans, I was out on the edge of the lake with binoculars searching for them every day. When an adult bald eagle swerved down from the air to instantly grab a fish from the water barely 25 feet from the side of my kayak, I was a giddy kid again. Watching the antics of house finches play hide and seek in the weeping elm tree next to the deck made me smile and laugh. While I stood on the edge of the Genesee River gorge this past fall, a male American kestrel flew and kited below me with the sun gleaming off its blue feathers. It was like watching a ballet in the air.
Many people share a passion for birds. For some its about ticking off names on lists, some fans have favorites and spurn other non-favorites, others travel around the world to see exotics, and many colleagues think about them mostly when they are a component of their research. Others delight in watching birds out their windows, and I know a few that give them their own names. Many avid birders organize and participate in bird watching groups, which sometimes amusingly reminds me of bird social behavior.
We all have our own source of what birds bring to our lives. And there is a growing number of us that work towards improving the world in which birds live. In today’s human-contructed world, we attempt in diverse ways to protect them from disappearing. Part of this mission entails educating people on how wonderful and important birds are, part is “boots on the ground” activism, such as volunteering with groups that rescue and rehabilitate injured and orphaned birds, or participating in bird counts that provide numbers from which we can estimate populations and movement. The importance of the latter is information to help us manage and improve habitat for birds.
This year is dedicated to the birds. Learn about birds, all birds. Let birds expand your world and share it with others. You don’t even have to learn their names. It’s just that simple.
Happy Anniversary Plate Tectonics!
5 Dec
Fifty years ago, the ideas of plate tectonics crashed into the earth science arena. First proposed in the early 1900’s by Alfred Wegener, the hypothesis that continents drifted around the planet like floating icebergs was naysayed. He could not explain how or why.
In 1967, while many of us were wearing flowers in our hair and inciting a revolution, Dan McKenzie and his colleague Bob Parker at Scripps Institute in California (and independently, Jason Morgan at Princeton Univsersity) put together pieces of the puzzle and described how plates move and continents drift. They started their own revolution.
Geology was changed, like a volcano erupting in the field. Not only does geological evidence confirm plate tectonics, but also biological. Fossils of some species of plants and animals are located within specific areas on continents where they adjoined each other. Those continents are now separated by thousands of miles of ocean.
Plate tectonics and continental drift have awed me since I was a child. I have no idea why, except that they are like a memory of deep time. And seeing examples and remnants of plate tectonics and continental drift is like looking at old family photos. I’m captivated.
In honor of the anniversary of plate tectonics theory, follow the link to a poem I wrote years ago. Ode to Plate Tectonics. Meanwhile, enjoy your daily ride on your continental plate.
12 Mar
Its aroma is almost an aphrodisiac.
It is the timeless scent of an ancient organism
that evolved with the sand and deserts
of the Great Basin.
In a harsh land where sun and sand cover the earth,
in the shadow of the mountains,
sagebrush provides shade for sage grouse,
structure for fly nymphs,
caterpillar homes,
and an aroma that
between the fingers
of the Ancient Ones.
all Artemesias,
are my spiritual plants.
Coyote Woman
21 Jan
We, the Coyote Women, stand together today.
Viva la donna selvaggia!
Coyote Woman
by Carolyn Dunn
From the deep hills
and dark wet
a bay moon of time
and after-rain, she moves glistening
past wild alata
jimson smoke, cedar
and sage.
He has called her
one last time
and it is in her blood
to answer.
he calls,
will you ever
heed me?
baring her eyeteeth,
she moves the rough
the burning sky
cloaking the black earth
with fur.
Tell me a story,
she whispers,
a sound only
he can hear,
a sound about the crying
of last night’s
Coyote Woman Waits, artist Susan B. Boulet
A story,
he says,
about a dog of a woman
who won’t answer
the call
of the one who
tamed her first
by voice,
then by touch,
then by song.
A story,
she whispers,
of land
and longing
and winds
that terraced over mountains,
across plains,
bringing madness
from the land
of our birth.
These are our worlds,
yet from within
the story of my heart,
the part of me
you could not take
I’m dying,
he said
and there will be nothing
left but willows,
palm bark,
and voices
in the trees.
What will you sing
when my bones
in the ground
turn to dust?
A cry to the moon,
she answered,
the wind
a breath from
a fire’s touch
upon your skin.
I’ll sing a song
of death,
a toll for you
who trapped my voice
with your pale touch.
My voice is my own
and no wax,
no sealing string,
no empty hole
can keep it from moving
on the wind
across simmering
black canyons, pine, and
And my voice
will never leave
this land,
lighting fires
and fountains,
from here
to your
From The Coyote Road: Trickster Tales, ed. Ellen Datlow and Terri Windling.
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P is for Punishments
Years ago we visited the Criminal Museum in picturesque Rothenberg, Germany. Typical Americans who tour Europe visit royal palaces and grand museums unaware that these ostentatious sites and elegant objects likely are not part of most peoples’ heritage. Relatively few royals immigrated to America. Most of us descended from the persecuted peasant class. This unique museum was my introduction to the cruel world my peasant ancestors had to endure.
rothenburg_ob_der_tauber-41 p2005-01-05-14-26-15-4523-01
The Criminal Museum displayed hundreds of fascinating punishment devices used in medieval times. I recall a heavy wooden rosary that had to be worn for missing Sunday mass. There was metal contraption (shown below) resembling a flute that was secured around the neck and inserted into the mouth. Every breath produced a shirll, strident sound announcing that the flutist was a disgraceful musician.
The creativity of these brutal devices revealed the perverse nature of torture. Even in the Middle Ages, inventors were striving to be more and more ingenious in perfecting their instruments of punishment. What kind of devious mind delighted in the inventions of The Iron Maiden, dunking stools and thumb screws?
The devices and instruments the Puritans used to punish sinners and criminals originated in Europe. It seems strange to describe the Puritan approach as more civil, but they did show some restraint and retained just a few old world “favorites.”
The Bilboes
The first Puritans brought over the bilboes as a way to punish sinners and lawbreakers. It was named after its place of origin, Bilboa, Spain, and was shipped with the Spanish Armada in anticipation of all the English prisoners they would have a need to shackle.
The Bilboes were a simple but effective restraint. The device had a long heavy bolt or bar of iron with two sliding shackles, something like handcuffs, and a lock. The legs of offenders were thrust into the shackles and then locked with a padlock. A chain at one end attached both the bilboes and prisoner to the floor or wall.
In 1629, Thomas Morton erected a Maypole right under the noses of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Colony. Myles Standish led a raiding party, arrested Morton and put him in the bilboes. The pilgrims obviously didn’t appreciate Morton’s intended recreation. Bilboes were eventually replaced with wooden stocks.
Cleft Stick
Slanderers, scolds, and liars were liable to have a cleft stick – a stick split at the end – placed onto their tongues while they stood on display in public. Mild offenses such as whispering during church services could earn the cleft stick. Children in school could also have a cleft stick for their tongues for “ill words or untimely words in school.”
Branding and Maiming
Branding and maiming were common punishments, especially for those accused of being a Quaker. George Bishop gave this account of a fellow Quaker’s punishment.
“The Drum was Beat, the People gather’d, Norton was fetch’d and stripp’d to the Waste, and set with his back to the Magistrates, and given in their view thirty-six cruel stripes with a knotted cord, and his hand made fast in the Stocks where they had set his Body before, and burn’d very deep with a Red-hot Iron with H. for Heresie.”
Puritans preferred to banish the Quakers after meting out the punishments. A male Quaker, for the first offense, would have one of his ears cut off and his other ear cut off for the second. The third offense resulted in having their tongues bored through with a hot iron.
Stocks and Pillories
Stocks and pillories were staples of New England punishment. A stock is simply a wooden board with one or more semicircles cut into one edge. When joined to another stock, the semicircles form holes and become “stocks.” A pillory is a set of stocks with three holes: one for the neck in the center and small holes on each side for the wrists.
036-rothenburg-medieval-crime-museum the_branks_from_curious_punishments_of_bygone_days_1896_-_02
Although popular in Europe, there are no records of the use of branks or a dunking stool in colonial America. Branks were an iron cage that went around the head with a spiked plate over the tongue making speaking painful. The dunking stool, a chair that encaged the whole person, was hung from the end of free moving arm near the side of a river. The dunking could last for a few seconds, or the process could be continuously repeated. Severe crimes such as witchcraft or prostitution warranted the dunking stool, but it was also used with women considered to be gossips or bad tempered. Bakers who slighted their customers might also justify a dunking.
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Spectrum is a range of frequencies, usually related in some fashion, but not always. Spectrum usually refers to the spectrum or range of light frequencies.
"The names of these particles is of no import here, but the fact that one end of cobalt atoms ejects big particles, and the other ejects small particles, is important. Also, the statement that it was never known before that one end of an atom is different from the other end is also important for it is not true. It has been known as long as electricity has been known that each end of a polarized body is different, and all matter is polarized. Each end of a balanced atom - which means equally paired - will emit the same sized particles from each end, because polarized, or divided pairs, are male and female and belong to the red and blue sides of the spectrum. The important fact that has been overlooked is the fact that an unbalanced particle of matter cannot emit equal potentials from both ends. [Atomic Suicide, page 274-275]
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Quaker Oats
Photo of Quaker Oats mill in Peterborough, Ontario, Ca. 1912. ISSN 1206-4394. Used with permission of Trent Valley Archives.
In June 1902 construction of the new Quaker Oats Company started on Hunter Street in Peterborough. At first called The American Cereal Company, it was originally attracted to the county of Peterborough because of the Otonabee River. This location would facilitate the importation and the exportation of goods, while the London Street Dam would support the electrical needs of the building. When the building was constructed in 1902, the mill consisted of a basement and the first 3 floors, and in 1907 a fourth floor was added to the warehouse. A few years later in early 1916, a fifth and sixth floor were added to the concrete warehouse. The plant housed mostly grain storage and saw to the production of flour. However, through the years developed into the production of rolled oats, oatmeal, puffed rice, puffed wheat and corn puff. This was because of the availability of Canadian wheat crops in the Peterborough area.
In 1916 Peterborough had a population of about 19, 816 people, at this time Quaker Oats employed between 500 and 600 people. Approximately half of their employees were women, totaling to about 250. The women worked in the packaging department or as administrators. They contributed to the war efforts and replaced the men who went off to serve in the military and helped their families financially during the tough economic times.
Quaker received and shipped out approximately 40 carloads of product every day, as war raged on the demands went up. To meet the growing demands, the shifts went up to a rotation of 3 crews running the plant 24 hours a day. These crews were producing a huge number of relief boxes as well as meeting the demands of the home front population in Canada. As the war went on the cost of living in Canada went up. Quaker Oats produced products such as flour to make bread, and oats that was a filling and nutritious source of food for children and families at an affordable price. Many of Quaker's advertisements boasted the affordability of their product using slogans like “Meat Costs 8 times as much as luscious Quaker Oats” and “Measured by cost it looms very much higher. Bacon and Eggs cost five times as much. Steak and Potatoes cost Five times as much…. For the same nutrition, Quaker Oats costs 75% less than the average of your foods…”
Photo of men working in Quaker mill, Ca.1916-1918. Photo by Lee. F16. Used with permission of Trent Valley Archives
Quaker held many overseas contracts, and they were sending many shipments of oats that made their way into the trenches to keep the men feed. In some cases the families would send care boxes to their loved ones fighting the war. A man named Albert Fereday who received a Quaker care package from his family wrote to them in July 1918 “... I received your second Quaker Oat box parcel this morning with the British Weekly and a letter from Daisy Waller. So far I have only just opened the parcel - the "gingers" look "extra"!” Men overseas fighting the war looked forward to receiving care boxes from their families filled with goods from Quaker and letters to remind them there were people waiting for their return. The boxes may have given them food but it also brought hope, love and a purpose to keep fighting:
“The boys say now that our army is top-dog watching Fritzie in the shell hole. We are issued with plenty of charcoal and coke for fuel and plenty to eat. Then we can buy things at the Y.M.C.A. huts to change the menu. For instance a tin of Quaker Oats and some condensed milk and 10, we have hot porridge in a short time, or vegetable extracts and make some hot soup. We are getting to be some cooks? Well, I should say so. Just wait until we come home and we will show you how to concoct a stew or a pudding, and incidentally lower the cost of living. We have hip rubber boots for the trenches and have been issued with new clothing for the cold winter. Au Revoir.”
With the war raging, the company worked hard running 24 hours a day, split into three, eight hour shifts to meet demands. The cleaning suffered, and as a result the grain dust built up in the warehouse. On December 11, 1916 the Quaker plant in Peterborough caught fire, and exploded killing 24 men, injuring many others. The fire was caused by a spark at 10:00 am in the warehouse from one of the grain grinders, this set off an explosive reaction in the grain dust in the air. This fire hindered the plants ability to contribute to the war effort. The employees were paid through December even if there was no work to be done, to ease the financial stress of the holiday season. The company had a choice to make, either rebuild or move.
Even with this hitch, Quaker had a duty to the country and to the men overseas who were counting on them for strength and energy; they rented spaces all over the city and got their production to resume as soon as possible. The capacity of production was not as large as it was prior to the fire but they kept moving product. Quaker also employed the men who worked in the factory to clean up the debris from the fire so that they could rebuild and resume full production as fast as possible.
Images of the Quaker Oats Fire Memorial in Millennium Park. Images taken by Megan Solomon and edited by Victoria Pelky.
After the war the company continued their production and expansion of the mill, by 1929 the Peterborough mill could produce over 2500 barrels of oat good, 1 000 cases of Puffed Goods, 4500 barrels of flour and so much more depending on the products. Canadian made product was taking over in a short time with the recovery of the war effort in Europe and Quaker Oats was in the middle of it all. In 2017 the city of Peterborough and Quaker oats dedicated a memorial to the victims who lost their lives in the fatal fire on 1916.Today the company stands tall over the Otonabee River in Peterborough continuing to bring employment and prosperity to the city.
Research by Victoria Pelky and Megan Solomon
‘Arthur Jenkinson Photographic Fonds 14’, Trent Valley Archive, Archive Ref: F16
‘Arthur Jenkinson Photography Fonds 14’, Trent Valley Archive, Archive Ref: ISSN 1206-4394
‘Heritage Gazette of the Trent Valley’, Trent Valley Archive, Archive Ref: ISSN 1206-4394
Fereday,, Albert Henry. Letter, July 18, 1918. The Canadian Letter and Image Project. http://www.canadianletters.ca/content/document-1327
Letter, "Cobourg World Newspaper Article," July 12, 1917. the Canadian letter and image project. http://www.canadianletters.ca/content/document-3048
‘Quaker Oats Fonds’,Box 5, Peterborough Archives, Archive Ref: 1982-04- MG4-16(c)#1B
‘Quaker Oats Fonds’,Box 5, Peterborough Archives, Archive Ref: 1982-021-5-7
‘Quaker Oats Fonds’,Box 5, Peterborough Archives, Archive Ref: 1982-04-49-74-2b
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Black history
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Black history
1. 1. Done By: Leow Wei Sheng 2P315<br />Black History<br />
2. 2. Agenda<br />Slavery<br />Civil War<br />Jim Crow Laws<br />Civil Rights Movement<br />Montgomery Bus Boycott and Scottsboro Trials<br />Traits of a true Southern Belle and Southern Gentlemen<br />Harper Lee<br />
3. 3. Slavery<br />Started in the 1400s<br />Started in northern Mauritania in Africa<br />Whites traditionally bought and owned slaves<br />Rules included not allowed to carry arms<br />Punishments included being crippled<br />
4. 4. Slavery<br />Slavery began in the Southern States when farmers needed slaves to help in their huge plantations<br />Slavery is related to “To Kill A Mockingbird” as Atticus Finch also hires a slave to work for him<br />The study of slavery helps us to understand why blacks are treated unfairly by the Whites<br />
5. 5. Civil War<br />The Southern States are: Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Missouri, Arkansas and Texas <br />The US president who proclaimed war against the South was Abraham Lincoln<br />The Civil War was fought as the North wanted to abolish slavery in the South<br />
6. 6. Civil War<br />The war was fought from 1861-1865 <br />In the end the North won, and slavery was abolished in the South<br />The Civil War is related to “To Kill A Mockingbird” as in both cases people were fighting for rights for the Blacks<br />
7. 7. Jim Crow Laws<br />Jim Crow is pejorative expression meaning “Africa American”<br />The Jim Crow Law were laws which separate the Whites from the Blacks<br />The Laws shaped a segregated culture<br />The Blacks were unhappy as that meant that the Whites would have an unfair advantage over the Blacks<br />
8. 8. Jim Crow Laws<br />The Jim Crow Laws surfaced in the novel “To Kill A Mockingbird”<br />In the novel, the Whites sit downstairs of the courthouse while the Blacks sit at the balcony on top of the courthouse<br />
9. 9. Civil Rights Movement<br />The Civil Rights Movement began on 1 December 1955<br />The Civil Rights Movement was a national movement of resistance to racial segregation<br />In December 1955, the Montgomery Bus Boycott started and it ended in December 1956, this led to the US Supreme Court declaring the Alabama and Montgomery segregation laws unconstitutional<br />
10. 10. In August 1963, all the major civil rights organizations marched on Washington and it was a success; the Kennedy Administration was sincerely committed to passing the bill about outlawing segregation<br />John F. Kennedy supported the movement<br />In the end segregation was outlawed<br />The movement is related to the novel as both show that racial discrimination could get out of control <br />Civil Rights Movement<br />
11. 11. Montgomery Bus Boycott and Scottsboro Trials<br />Fighting for the rights of Blacks in the transport sector as the transport system was biased to the Whites <br />Nine Black teenagers were accused of rape in Alabama in 1931<br />Both trials are similar as both trials are about Blacks fighting for their rights<br />
12. 12. Traits of a True Southern Belle and Southern Gentleman<br />Southern Belle: a young upper class woman<br />Southern Gentleman: a polite man with respect<br />A Southern Belle sews to pass her time<br />Atticus is an example of a Southern Gentleman as he is righteous and polite<br />Bob Ewell is an example of a non-Southern Gentleman as he is very violent and cunning <br />
13. 13. Harper Lee<br />Born on 28 April 1926<br />Published “To Kill A Mockingbird” in July 1966<br />The novel was the only novel she published<br />Awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1961<br />She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom for her contribution to literature in 2007<br />The book was significant to her as it was the only book she published and it describes the impact of racism on the Blacks<br />
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To buckle or not to buckle
Credit: OIST
Magnetic balls provide exciting avenues for exploring many fundamental phenomena in physics. They can be assembled by hand into chains and more complex structures and used to model the properties of unstretchable materials that, like paper, crumple under certain loading conditions.
Magnetic balls stacked on top of each other into vertical chains remain stable, but only for certain choices of salient parameters. Professor Eliot Fried and Dr. Johannes Schönke from the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) examined the maximum length of a chain of magnetic balls that can be balanced vertically without toppling – a simple but important phenomenon related to the stability of magnetic chains. Using theory and mathematical analysis in combination with experimental data, they determined the critical parameter values at which chains lose stability under various circumstances.
The findings, published in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A, could provide insight into the stability of unstretchable materials used in large-scale architectural design. This has many practical applications in construction, from concrete power plant chimneys to the outer shells of rocket ships.
First, they considered a single chain fixed at its base made from 5mm diameter magnetic balls, each weighing 0.5 grams and having a magnetic flux density of 1.19 Tesla (T). A chain of nine balls remains stable, but a chain of 10 balls buckles under its own weight.
"It is a competition between magnetic force and gravity," says Dr. Schönke. "When the chain reaches 10 balls, gravity wins over magnetic force, and the chain loses stability."
Next, the team looked at the case of two chains, one being attached to the ground and the other hanging above with a gap of prescribed length in between. When the magnetic fields were aligned such that the upper chain and lower chain were magnetically attracted to each other, the upper chain stabilized a lower chain of 10 balls in length. In other words, the presence of an upper magnetic chain increases the length at which a chain clamped at its base remains stable.
"As the number of magnetic balls in the lower chain increases, the gap between the upper and lower chains needs to be narrowed for the lower chain to remain stable," explains Dr. Schönke.
Even if the bottom chain is unfixed, the magnetic interaction with the upper chain provides stability – an impossible scenario for a single unfixed chain. However, in this case, if the distance between the upper and lower chains is too small, the unfixed bottom chain lifts off and attaches to the upper chain.
In the final experimental setup, the researchers reversed the orientation of the magnetic balls in the upper chain so that the direction of the magnetic field of the upper chain opposed that of the fixed lower chain. Due to the resulting repulsion force between the two chains, the lower chain only remains stable with eight balls, one ball fewer than a stable single fixed chain and two balls fewer than a stable fixed lower chain attracted to a suspended upper chain.
"We found that the stability of magnetic chains is determined by the number of balls in a chain, the size of the gap between the upper and lower chain, and the strength of the magnetic forces relative to gravity," says Professor Fried, who heads OIST's Mathematical Soft Matter Unit.
"It may seem like a bit of fun with toy magnets, but in fact, we have performed nontrivial mathematical calculations that allow us to explain the stability of magnetic chains with extreme precision," says Dr. Schönke.
These findings provide a basis upon which to study more complex structures of magnetic balls, such as cylindrical tubes comprised of stacked circular rings. If the rings are square packed such that each ball is in contact with only its four immediate neighbors, it can be deformed in many ways.
Compared to square packed rings, hexagonally packed rings in which each ball is in contact with its six neighbors, are more stable. Maintaining the connections between the balls in this way creates a system that is incapable of extension or contraction. As such, structures configured in this way provide a model for understanding unstretchable materials like paper.
"One of the next steps is to conduct more dynamic simulations using cylindrical tubes of magnetic balls and determine the critical parameter values at which structures configured in this way lose stability," says Dr. Schönke.
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Reproduction in humans teaching resources
Worksheets and lesson ideas to challenge students aged 11 to 16 to think hard about human reproduction (GCSE and Key Stage 3)
The fact that we are here is a miracle! Human reproduction is a fantastic topic to teach and students are always very keen to know more! Obviously this is a potentially sensitive topic so tread carefully. The use of an anonymous question box can help students ask the questions they are too embarrassed to say out loud.
Reproduction in humansThe reproduction roulette – stages in human reproduction
GCSE and Key Stage 3 worksheet on the stages of human reproduction. Students play a board game to help them understand the steps involved in human reproduction. The game recaps the main stages of reproduction in humans: fertilisation, implantation,growth and birth.(PDF)
1. Digestive system
2. Heart and the circulatory system
3. Nerves and hormones
4. Respiratory system and lung structure
5. Human reproduction
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Adventitious Bud
Definition - What does Adventitious Bud mean?
In botany, adventitious buds refers to the roots or buds that emerge in areas where they do not usually develop. They usually arise from latent or dormant buds located in the leaf axils of younger stems and will remain indefinitely until they are removed.
In older plants, adventitious buds tend to develop from the plant’s meristem or secondary tissues, which normally arise from mature organs.
In most cases, adventitious buds grow from the stems and leaves, but they can occasionally form new plants that sprout directly from the roots.
MaximumYield explains Adventitious Bud
According to botanists, adventitious buds can emerge at any moment in a plant’s life, regardless of its age. In some cases, these buds have been known to boost the plant’s growth and overall health if the apical meristem is damaged.
Tree stumps have been known to produce a whole new tree from adventitious budding. Additionally, dormant buds can emerge if the plant’s stem receives any kind of injury. This often happens from the plant’s upper stem after pruning.
As far as mature tree trunks are concerned, they can produce adventitious buds if a usually-shaded trunk is suddenly exposed to sudden sunlight on a daily basis.
The word adventitious comes from the Latin root advenire, which means "to come to". In English, the meanings also translate to "accidental/casual occurrence", "arising from without; supervenient, accidental, casual".
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Orientation: 5
Orientation – Orientation describes facing such as front, back, top, and bottom. Orientation requires recognition of a figure in order to be described. A portrait with the subject looking directly into the camera would have frontal orientation while a portrait looking at the top of the subject’s head would have top orientation.
* Alternate terms: attitude
Frontal Orientation
Front Orientation
Side Orientation (specifically, Left)
Side Orientation
In this example, the square to the right becomes the primary figure within the sequence because of motion. The motion is a change of orientation. Orientation requires a sense of top/bottom, front/back, or left/right. A series of three squares would not illustrate orientation because there is no distinct top or bottom, front or back, left or right. The faces of the cube are colored differently to provide some sense of facing -- red is front-back, green is top-bottom, and blue is left-right. Once again, if you stop the movie at the beginning or end, there is no clear primary figure due to all three squares being fundamentally identical.
Master Concepts List - alphabetical glossary
Master Concepts List - grouped by category/course
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Home > Silk Road Travel Guide > Cities Along the Silk Road >
Located in the southern part of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Hetian area was known as “Khotan” in ancient times,meaning “land of jade”. The area hosted some of the thirty-six Western Region countries such as Khotan,Pishan,Qule,Jingjue,Xulu. In the Qing Dynasty,Khotan changed its name to “Hetian” in 1959,the character Tian was simplified to its current format. Hetian in ancient times enjoyed vast land and rich resources. The residents there mainly engaged in agriculture ,farming and animal husbandry. Hetian was the first area of Western Region that acquired the sericulture technology from the Central Plains.The area produced mulberry,hemp,jade,silk,carpets,etc.
Khotan area was one of the areas where Buddhism was introduced earliest in China. As early as during the 1st century B.C. Buddhism was introduced to Khotan which became one of the earliest Buddhist cultural centers in the Western Regions. Khotan was known as “Buddhist Kingdom Khotan”. Famous monks such as Faxian of the Jin Dynasty,Xuanzang of Tang Dynasty and others had all left their footprint in Khotan. The prosperity of Buddhist Kingdom Khotan left many ancient towns and Buddhist sites, such as Niya Ruins, the Teyuegan Ruins, where a large amount of precious cultural relics were unearthed. In the 11th century,with the eastward spread of Islamism,People in Khotan area gradually converted to believed in Islamism.
With fertile land and adequate sunshine,Hetian was very suitable for sericulture development. As a famous town for silk road,Hetian was the earliest production base of sericulture in Xinjiang and brocade and fine silk producing center. Archaeological findings proved thar as early as 2000 years ago,Hetian people already mastered the process of sericulture,sinning and dyeing. Silk trade flourished.Atals silk is a specially of Hetian.In Han Chinese,it id commonly referred to as “Hetian flowery silk”,meaning “tie-dyed silk”. Its soft texture and gorgeous colors are made using the old tie-dye method. It is light and elegant with unrestrained and rough patterns of many variations.
Hetian is also known as the hometown of “carpets”. As early as during the Tang Dynasty ,there were shops dealing in Hetian felts and carpets in Chang’an. During the Qing Dynasty,local officials from Hetian included Hetian carpets in the list of tributes to the imperial court. Hetian carpets have eye-catching colors,elegant tones,delicate patterns,exuding unique Uygur artistic styles and oriental charm,and have high practice value.
The most famous specially of Hetian area is jade. As early as during the Neolithic Period,Hetian man found gem quality jade in the Kunlun Mountain and made it a media for communication between central and western China,as well as for East-West cultural and economic exchange. Transport passage for jade from Hrtian emerged as the oldest “Jade Road”,some 1000 years earlier than the Silk Road. It can be said that the Jade Road was the predecessor of Silk Road. During the Western Han Dynasty,Zhang Qian who traveled to Western Region countries and opened the Silk Road was guided bu the Jade Road in the first place. Since then, the Jade Road became all the more smooth. Central Plain merchants shipped to Western Region large amount of silk and medicinal herbs and brought back jade and native products from the Western Regions on their return. The imperial court built in Gansu the Yemenguan(Jade Gate) Pass,implying that the jade is entering the country as of this pass.
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Blue arrow right Go to the Food article
20xPopulation5 Population is a term used in Civilization V to represent the Citizens living in each of the population centers (cities) of the civilization. Citizens are the main laborers of the empire, working the tiles of terrain around the city to obtain yields, as well as the specialist slots. As such, they're paramount for the productivity of each city, and the empire as a whole.
Population is represented by a number that indicates both the number of Citizens inhabiting a city and its general size. This number is not literal, and is instead used for gameplay purposes (for example, an individual Citizen can occupy a single job slot). If a city has 1 Population, or a single 20xPopulation5 Citizen, it does not mean there is literally only one person living there; it means the city is a very small village. A city with a Population of 10 is a concentrated urban area, and a city with a Population of 20 or more is a major metropolitan area. The size differences between cities are represented graphically as well – whereas a newly founded village will barely occupy the middle of its tile, a sprawling metropolis will appear to spill over into neighboring tiles.
Each new city starts with a 20xPopulation5 Population of 1, or 1 Citizen. This means that it can work one nearby tile (in addition to the tile the city is placed upon, which is worked for free). It can subsequently grow or shrink its 20xPopulation5 Population according to the rules of 20xFood5 Food consumption and distribution, though it will always have at least 1 Citizen.
Apart from producing tile yields, citizens also contribute to 20xScience5 Science production at the rate of 1 20xScience5 Science per 20xPopulation5 Citizen without additional buildings. Each unit of 20xPopulation5 Population produces 1 Unhappiness (Civ5), and so happiness serves to cap the number of citizens in the empire.
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Category Archives: Subtraction
In Kindergarten we’ve been learning about how to subtract. We started off with playing a subtraction game on http://www.starfall.com where students practiced learning how to take away a quantity and solve the equation.
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We then read the story “Will You Be My Valentine?” and then created subtraction story problems about getting valentine candy.
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Today we read the story “Bear Stays up For Christmas” which is a book that is from the same Author’s and the same characters as one of our favorite books “Bear Snores On”. Both books also has the same kind of format with its repetitive text and rhyming.
As we read “Bear Stays up for Christmas” we used our prior knowledge of “Bear Snores On” to predict what would happen next in the story. Together then we made a whole class venn diagram about how both stories were the same and different.
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For math we continued on with our topic of composing and decomposing the number 10. Kindergarteners wrote addition story problems about baking Christmas cookies, and the 1st graders wrote subtraction problems about baking and eating Christmas cookies.
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We read the story The Great Turkey Race and discussed problem and solution in the story. For math we learned how to connect math with story problems and then wrote our own math story problems. The Kindergarteners learned how to write addition math problems while the 1st graders reviewed subtraction.
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What a busy and fun few days we had for Valentine’s this year! We started off by making subtraction stories about chocolate candies.
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Then for our Valentine’s Day party we decorated envelopes for our friends to put Valentines in, passed out Valentines cards, had snacks, and made Valentines with our friends and wrote why they were our friends.
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We read the story The Great Turkey Race and created our own subtraction story problems to connect it to the story we just read. Students cut out how many turkeys started out on the farm. They crossed how many turkeys ran away and wrote how many turkeys were left.
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Sometimes a black sharpie and a copier can be your best friend as a teacher. We have been learning commutative property of addition and fact families of addition and subtraction. So I made the following worksheet along with number cards (three cards for each number sentence) that students could cut out and glue onto the correct spots. It turned out well I think!
977418_10100357350064801_405756892_o Math Fact Families of Addition
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Fly Ash Silo Failure: Why Did the Collapse Happen?
• Industries: Energy & Power, Mining & Minerals
• Main Bulk Solids: Fly Ash
The Need
A new bolted steel storing 9,000 tons of fly ash from the adjacent coal fired power generation station split apart two weeks after it was first filled to capacity. Up to this point, no ash had ever been discharged. Curiously, the silo collapse occurred at night when the silo was being neither filled nor emptied.
• Need Addressed: Investigate Silo or Equipment Failures
• Bulk Material Handled: Fly ash
• Equipment: Storage, feeder, conveyor
The Solution
During the investigation into this failure, calculations showed that the silo was underdesigned and did not identify or account for a phenomenon called “Thermal Ratcheting”. The walls of outdoor metal silos expand during the day and contract at night as the temperature drops. If there is no discharge taking place and the material inside the silo is free flowing, it will settle as the silo expands. However, the material cannot be pushed back up when the silo walls contract, so it resists the contraction, which causes increased tensile stresses in the wall. The effect is repeated each day that the material sits at rest.
Also revealed were some cost-cutting measures taken by the silo supplier during the construction of the silo that contributed to the failure. The design specified that bolts of a particular classification, size and strength be used in the construction. These specified bolts have a distinct marking on their head that identifies them as having been tested and meeting recognized standards. Less than 1% of the bolts that were recovered from the failed fly ash silo had the specified marking and none of the marked bolts had been used in the critical vertical seams. Strength tests on the unmarked bolts revealed that some had tensile strengths less than the specified minimum.
The Result
There were many contributing factors to the collapse that acted together, and if any one had not been present, the collapse of the silo might have been avoided. If proper bolts had been purchased and used, the silo collapse may have been avoided. If the silo had been inspected by an independent silo expert, either during the construction or after construction was complete, perhaps the incorrect bolts would have been noticed and corrective action could have been taken. Had the operation of the silo been such that material was discharged more frequently, the condition of accumulated stresses that precipitated the collapse could have been prevented.
The life of a silo can be divided into three distinct phases:
[+] more
• Design
• Construction
• Utilization
In each of these phases there are numerous opportunities for errors that can result in structural failure. As in the fly ash silo failure described above, the majority of structural failures of bins and silos can be attributed to a combination of several deficiencies or errors.
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Definition of Echo
1. Noun. The repetition of a sound resulting from reflection of the sound waves. "She could hear echoes of her own footsteps"
Exact synonyms: Replication, Reverberation, Sound Reflection
Generic synonyms: Reflection, Reflectivity, Reflexion
Specialized synonyms: Re-echo
Derivative terms: Reverberate
2. Verb. To say again or imitate. "Followers echoing the cries of their leaders"
Exact synonyms: Repeat
Specialized synonyms: Recite, Cuckoo, Reecho, Parrot, Regurgitate, Reproduce
Generic synonyms: Emit, Let Loose, Let Out, Utter
3. Noun. (Greek mythology) a nymph who was spurned by Narcissus and pined away until only her voice remained.
Category relationships: Greek Mythology
Generic synonyms: Nymph
4. Verb. Ring or echo with sound. "The woods echo with many kinds of birds "; "The hall resounded with laughter"
Exact synonyms: Resound, Reverberate, Ring
Generic synonyms: Go, Sound
Specialized synonyms: Consonate, Reecho, Reecho, Bong
Derivative terms: Resonant, Reverberance, Reverberant, Reverberation, Reverberative, Ring, Ringing
5. Noun. A reply that repeats what has just been said.
Generic synonyms: Reply, Response
Specialized synonyms: Echolalia
6. Verb. Call to mind. "His words echoed John F. Kennedy"
Exact synonyms: Recall
Generic synonyms: Resemble
7. Noun. A reflected television or radio or radar beam.
Generic synonyms: Reflection, Reflectivity, Reflexion
Category relationships: Electronics
8. Noun. A close parallel of a feeling, idea, style, etc.. "Napoleon III was an echo of the mighty Emperor but an infinitely better man"
Generic synonyms: Analog, Analogue, Parallel
9. Noun. An imitation or repetition. "The flower arrangement was created as an echo of a client's still life"
Generic synonyms: Imitation
Definition of Echo
2. v. t. To send back (a sound); to repeat in sound; to reverberate.
3. v. i. To give an echo; to resound; to be sounded back; as, the hall echoed with acclamations.
Definition of Echo
1. Proper noun. (Greek god) An oread, punished by Hera by losing her own voice and only being able to mimic that of others. ¹
2. Noun. A reflected sound that is heard again by its initial observer. ¹
3. Noun. (computing) : The displaying on the command line of the command that has just been executed. ¹
4. Noun. The letter ''E'' in the ICAO spelling alphabet. ¹
5. Verb. (context: of a sound or sound waves intransitive) To reflect off of a surface and return to someone who has heard it already. ¹
6. Verb. (by extension transitive) To repeat back precisely what another has just said: to copy in the imitation of a natural echo. ¹
7. Verb. (by extension transitive) To repeat (another's speech, opinion(,) etc.). ¹
¹ Source:
Definition of Echo
1. a repetition of sound by reflection of sound waves [n ECHOES or ECHOS] / to produce an echo [v -ED, -ING, -ES]
Medical Definition of Echo
1. Origin: L. Echo, Gr. Echo, sound, akin to, sound, noise; cf. Skr. Va to sound, bellow; perh. Akin to E. Voice: cf. F. Echo. 1. A sound reflected from an opposing surface and repeated to the ear of a listener; repercussion of sound; repetition of a sound. "The babbling echo mocks the hounds." (Shak) "The woods shall answer, and the echo ring." (Pope) 2. Sympathetic recognition; response; answer. "Fame is the echo of actions, resounding them." (Fuller) "Many kind, and sincere speeches found an echo in his heart." (R. L. Stevenson) 3. A wood or mountain nymph, regarded as repeating, and causing the reverberation of them. "Sweet Echo, sweetest nymph, that liv'st unseen Within thy airy shell." (Milton) A nymph, the daughter of Air and Earth, who, for love of Narcissus, pined away until nothing was left of her but her voice. "Compelled me to awake the courteous Echo To give me answer from her mossy couch." (Milton) Echo organ, a stop upon a harpsichord contrived for producing the soft effect of distant sound. To applaud to the echo, to give loud and continuous applause. "I would applaud thee to the very echo, That should applaud again." (Shak) Source: Websters Dictionary (01 Mar 1998)
Echo Pictures
Lexicographical Neighbors of Echo
echo (current term)
echo-planar imaging
echo beat
echo boomer
echo chamber
echo chambers
echo planar
echo poem
echo poems
echo reaction
echo sounder
echo sounding
echo speech
echo vowel
Other Resources Relating to: Echo
Search for Echo on!Search for Echo on!Search for Echo on Google!Search for Echo on Wikipedia!
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Know your brain: Superior colliculus
Where is the superior colliculus?
posterior view of the brainstem showing the superior colliculi.
There are two superior colliculi in the midbrain. They are symmetrically positioned, one on either side of the midline of the brainstem; they form two bumps on the posterior external surface of the brainstem. The superior colliculi are just below the thalamus and above the two inferior colliculi. The superior colliculus is often referred to as the tectum or optic tectum in non-human vertebrates.
What is the superior colliculus and what does it do?
Although the complete scope of functions that can be attributed to the superior colliculi has not been fully delineated, the superior colliculi are understood to be important to directing behavioral responses toward stimuli in the environment. In other words, the superior colliculus seems to be able to receive information from the environment and then use that information to initiate a behavioral response appropriate to the current environmental context. For example, if you were sitting in the stands at a baseball game and someone hit a home run, you would follow the ball with your head and eyes. This behavioral response to an environmental stimulus would involve the superior colliculi. In fact, eye and head movements like this are the most-studied function of the superior colliculus, but the structure is thought to be involved in a variety of other responsive movements as well.
The superior colliculus is made up of several layers of cells, which anatomists have divided into what are called superficial and deep layers. The superficial layers seem to primarily receive visual information from the retina and the visual cortex, while the deep layers receive information from the auditory, visual, and somatosensory systems. The deep layers also appear to be where the motor functions of the superior colliculus originate, as stimulation of neurons in these layers can produce a variety of movements.
The different layers of the superior colliculi contain what are known as topographic maps for the sense modalities they process information from. The term topographic map in neuroscience is used to refer to an organization where sensory input from a particular region of the body is sent to a specific area of the central nervous system. For example, information from a particular part of the visual field is sent to a corresponding region of the superficial layers of the superior colliculus. Because all of the layers of the superior colliculus have a similar topographic arrangement, it allows for the rapid integration and enhancement of signals that arrive via multiple sense modalities (e.g. vision and hearing). Additionally, because the motor areas of the superior colliculus have the same topographic arrangement as the sensory areas, it allows for the rapid initiation of motor responses to incoming sensory information.
In many other vertebrates (e.g. fish, birds), the superior colliculus is one of the largest brain regions. In humans this is not the case, as it is dwarfed by a number of other structures. Despite its relatively small size, however, the superior colliculus plays a very important role in integrating sensory information and quickly triggering behavioral reactions to it.
King AJ. The Superior Colliculus. Current Biology. 2004;14(9):R335-8.
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If First Nations people in Kenora, Ontario, ever need to be reminded of how their traditional land has been lost to make room for white settlers, they only need to look up at street signs. Many of these in Kenora are named after settler families, but one is a particularly striking reminder of an ugly past. That street sign reads: Colonization Road.
“There are Colonization Roads all over the north,” says the Rev. Meg Illman-White, Youth and Outreach Minister at Kenora’s Knox United Church. “Each sign makes it seem as if colonization is somehow a past to celebrate.”
Filmmaker Michelle St. John made a documentary about the impact of the history of colonization, aptly titled Colonization Road. She interviewed settler and Anishnaabe residents living near or in Kenora and Fort Frances, plus lawyers, historians, researchers and policymakers.
After watching the documentary on CBC, Illman-White wanted more people in Kenora to see the film and engage in conversation about it, so she met with three of the people interviewed. Those discussions led to the formation of a series they named: “Roads to Reconciliation,” held over six weeks at Knox United. Moderated by Illman-White and Anishnaabe Elder Cathy Lindsay, its goal was to give participants a better understanding of colonization and its impact on Kenora’s Indigenous peoples and on the relationships between cultures that is so tenuous today.
“This thing evolved as it went along,” said Illman-White. “We were trying to help settlers understand the story of colonization, which is a story that Canadians really don’t know.”
At the first meeting, approximately 50 people took part in the KAIROS Blanket Exercise, covering more than 500 years of Indigenous history in a 90-minute workshop. The exercise had tremendous impact on participants. At the second meeting, participants viewed the Colonization Road documentary, followed by a discussion.
A mural in Kenora, Ontario focuses on settler-colonial history.
Hodnett Canoe, Wikipedia
Another meeting, titled “Built in Colonization,” had participants walk around Kenora and view the town’s murals and signs. In discussion afterwards, it was agreed that that majority of the downtown murals focused on settler-colonial history, with only one mural reflecting the town’s Indigenous heritage.
For this walk, participants split into small groups. One of the clusters was led by a homeless man who shared a wealth of knowledge of the area and the impacts of colonization with the group.
Illman-White recalls that in several meetings, the “sharing circle became a really sacred story-telling space. Many settlers in attendance heard stories about Indigenous trauma and resilience that they never heard before. At the same time, they began to come into relationship through the circles and time together.”
As Indigenous participants told their stories, everyone listened carefully and silently. When it was over, Illman-White recalled that one Anishinaabe woman noted that while talking circles happen all the time in Indigenous communities, this was the first time she has experienced the stories “being held with such respect and sacredness in a mixed group.”
“We’ve all heard the facts about reconciliation, but when you hear a person’s story firsthand, that changes everything,” Illman-White said. “It shouldn’t have to be the job of our Indigenous people to educate us, as in a way it re-traumatizes. But then again, maybe talking helps. I’m amazed at their willingness to put themselves out there. This is a people who don’t have an Ojibway word for reconciliation. But a healthy moving forward is based in love and respect for the land which leads to healthier relationships among cultures.”
After the series ended in May, Illman-White that one of the participants told the group that he once believed that Indigenous people, “just need to get over it … now I know there is a whole lot more to it than that.”
Illman-White praised this honesty and transformation. “To own your own racial bias in a circle, and say, ‘I have moved,’ takes tremendous courage. Racism is embedded in all of us. It is awareness that allows us to live into a different truth. We witnessed a lot of moments that were very powerful and sacred. It was a great learning experience for all of us.”
When asked about future reconciliation work, Illman-White said she hopes to form a group that will work with the town for a new name for Colonization Road. “Let’s change the name of this thing to something that has meaning, like an Anishinaabe word that speaks to a different kind of road we can walk together into the future.”
-Paul Russell is Communications Coordinator with the Office of the Moderator and General Secretary.
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Immortal germline—disposable body
At the end of the 19th century, the German biologist August Weismann realized that complex organisms consist of two cell types: the “immortal” germline—eternally young cells that give rise to sperm and eggs—and the “disposable” somatic cells that form the rest of the body.
Germline cells form lineages starting with a fertilized egg all the way to the production of new reproductive cells, preserving genetic information and transferring it to the succeeding generations. Soma, on the other hand, contribute no hereditary material and merely form a protective shell that is discarded after reproduction.
Weismann envisioned a simple organism model with a strict separation between germline and soma—the so-called Weismann barrier—in which no age-related deterioration acquired by somatic cells could ever be transmitted via germline to the next generation, which is always born young.
More recently, Weismann’s ideas were given an overhaul by Thomas Kirkwood in his “disposable soma” theory of aging. Inspired by the ideas of Medawar and Williams, Kirkwood argued that the force of natural selection declines with age, as most organisms in their natural environments die due to external hazards such as predators, parasites and starvation.
At the same time, organisms must invest resources into both the reproductive effort and the maintenance and repair of their somatic cells. But because the probability of surviving external threats declines with time, the optimal strategy is to allocate less and less resources into somatic maintenance as time goes by. Lack of cell repair in the later stages of the life cycle results in the progressive loss of function and gradual decay—aging.
Crucially, Kirkwood realized that his “disposable soma” theory works only if there is a strict distinction between germline and soma. Organisms in which the Weismann barrier is violated—if somatic cells are also used for reproduction, for instance—should not age.
And indeed, the real-world picture turned out to be more complex than Weismann’s model could have predicted.
In complex animals like mammals, birds and insects, Weismann’s assumption of the rigid germline-soma distinction holds true: only a relatively small group of cells in an adult retain reproductive potential, while the rest become irreversibly differentiated into somatic tissue cells—liver, skin, muscle—that cannot give rise to a new organism.
But this is not the case in the most ancient members of the kingdom, such as hydrae, corals and sponges. Even in their adult forms, these organisms maintain large populations of universal stem cells that can generate both somatic and reproductive cells, that is, germline and soma never really segregate. It is the lack of germline sequestration that gives corals and their relatives the power of regeneration and vegetative plant-like reproduction.
Equally impressive is the variation of animal life spans and the rates of aging.
A typical human life expectancy of some 70-odd years is much longer than the 2-year lifespan characteristic of house mice, but humans are no match for coral colonies that live for millennia with no signs of senescence. Organisms that do not age exist in a state in which chronologically old and young individuals are essentially identical, with universal stem cell populations constantly renewing their somatic and reproductive tissues.
Rather than being universal to all animals, the Weismann barrier appears to be a relatively recent innovation of complex organisms, evolving together with somatic aging and death. What drove the evolution of the separation between germline and soma is not clear, but the answer will also shed light on the origin of mortality in complex animals.
Cellular energetics behind the evolution of aging
Animal cells produce energy through respiration in their mitochondria—the organelles of bacterial origin that retain their own tiny genomes, distinct from the chromosomes housed within the nucleus. Each cell contains tens and hundreds of mitochondria, and each mitochondrion has several DNA molecules. This tiny genome regulates mitochondrial function; its integrity is crucial to cellular respiration, as defective mitochondrial genes often lead to debilitating diseases, neuromuscular degeneration and early death.
A large part of mitochondrial gene defects arise from random copying errors in imprecise DNA replication. As cells in a developing organism divide, their mitochondria replicate too, each time introducing new DNA mutations.
In our recent PLOS Biology article, we show that in organisms with fast mitochondrial defect accumulation, natural selection favors segregation of an isolated germline with a lower number of cell replication cycles, as it minimizes the damage to the energy-producing organelles that could potentially be transmitted to the next generation. If the pace of error accumulation is slow, however, the strict germline-soma barrier should not evolve.
Our model therefore suggests that “disposable” soma that gave rise to aging and mortality, has evolved as a strategy to maintain mitochondrial quality in complex organisms with multiple tissues and high energy requirements, in which mitochondrial defects accumulate relatively fast.
The frequency at which DNA copying errors arise (mutation rate) varies among animal groups, but this variation is strikingly consistent with the predictions of the new hypothesis.
Mutation rates in higher animals such as mammals, reptiles and birds are remarkably high, 10-50 times the error accumulation rates typical for genes in the nucleus. On the other hand, extremely slow mitochondrial mutation rates are characteristic of the most ancient animal groups and plants that are capable of clonal reproduction, regeneration and seemingly unlimited longevity, and, critically, do not have a strict distinction between the germline and soma.
We believe that the earliest-evolving animals developed and reproduced much like modern-day corals and sponges do: they were sessile filter feeders, had large populations of undifferentiated stem cells continuously producing both somatic and germ cells, and they could regenerate their body parts and reproduce clonally, for example, by separating groups of cells from their somatic tissues, like plants and hydrae do.
Thanks to their low mitochondrial mutation rates, they did not have a true soma and were virtually immortal.
But rising atmospheric oxygen levels at the boundary between the Ediacaran and Cambrian periods around 550 million years ago increased metabolic and physical activity in some primordial animal lineages and induced the shift from sessile filter-feeding to higher motility and predation. This must have increased the risk of defect accumulation in their mitochondrial genomes and drove the evolution of secluded and protected germline cells.
The separation of germline and soma enabled the evolution of the staggering complexity in higher animals, but also marked the origin of aging and death.
No longer restrained by the need to maintain immortality, somatic cells gained the power of virtually unrestricted differentiation into highly specialized tissues such as intestine, brain or skin.
Incidentally, the increase in atmospheric oxygen levels at the end of the Ediacaran coincides with the sudden appearance of diverse and complex animal body plans in the fossil record—the so called Cambrian Explosion, that is believed to have given rise to most modern complex animal classes.
A consequence of increasing mitochondrial mutation rates, the strict Weismannian separation of germline and soma enabled the evolution of the staggering complexity in higher animals, but also marked the origin of aging and death.
Only in complex animals do we see disposable tissues with high energy requirements that accumulate high levels of mitochondrial defects but are no longer renewed or regenerated. Neural cells within the human brain, for instance, are often the first ones to be affected by mitochondrial diseases, but are generally not replaced, as this would alter the network of synaptic connections that is ultimately responsible for our memories, personality and intelligence.
Animal complexity, strong somatic differentiation into many types of specialized tissues and organs, and even consciousness were all made possible by the strict germline-soma dichotomy, and so are intrinsically linked to mortality.
Longevity has long been the pursuit of humankind, and even though our life expectancy is currently on the rise, there is a limit to what is possible—immortality could be fundamentally incompatible with the biological complexity of animals with high-energy lifestyles.
Image Credit: Shutterstock
I am a theoretical biologist at University College London, where I study the origin and early evolution of complex life, sex and sexes. At the core of my research is the ancient symbiosis between bacteria and archaea that gave rise to mitochondria and modern eukaryotes. My long-term goal is to explain why the life on Earth is the way it is and also offer predictions on the possible signatures...
Follow Arunas L:
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Early Toronto
The Town of York (now Toronto) expanded rapidly beyond the 10 small blocks laid out by Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe in 1793. The town’s role as the capital of Upper Canada made it a centre of government, law, education and finance. The harbour and roads that had served so well during the War of 1812 became shipping routes for raw and manufactured goods between Toronto and its markets, transforming the town, and then the city, into a commercial centre.
The stories and sites gathered under the theme of “Roots of Urban Toronto” focus on the original town of York and the City of Toronto, which was incorporated in 1834, as well as early sites in the former townships of Etobicoke, North York and Scarborough. Those townships grew into cities in their own right before being amalgamated with Toronto in 1998.
This trail highlights the original core of the old City of Toronto and its predecessor the town of York. It starts at the location of the first purpose-built parliament buildings in York, which were also the first brick buildings in the town. Their destruction during the Battle of York in 1813 was reciprocated by the burning of the White House in 1814.
The Stories
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"url": "http://citiesintime.ca/toronto/trail/early-toront/"
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Latest in Bacillus pasteurii
Image credit:
Research shows live bacteria can lessen earthquake damage
Jeannie Choe
Bacteria aren't lookin' too shabby these days, aiding in digestive health and even moonlighting as a fuel source. Recent studies also show that the use of live bacteria could very well solidify deep, sandy soils that make for treacherous grounds when an earthquake strikes. The new findings hint at a promising alternative to the use of bonding epoxy chemicals, which can boost toxicity levels in soil and water. The mighty microbe, Bacillus pasteurii to be exact, essentially transforms loose sand back into sandstone by depositing calcite (calcium carbonate) throughout the grains, fusing them together. Buildings sitting atop soils treated with the bacteria are predicted to experience considerably less devastation than those on the loose soil that tends to liquefy beneath them in the event of a quake, typically resulting in collapse. The research, partially being developed at UC Davis, is restricted to the lab at the moment, however plans to scale up are on the table. So the next time all you coast-dwellers fall violently ill from some ratfink bacteria, remember that his cousin might save your apartment, or even one day, your life.
[Thanks, Sid]
From around the web
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"url": "https://www.engadget.com/2007/03/01/research-shows-live-bacteria-can-lessen-earthquake-damage/"
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Adhiraj’s Question
1. Narrator
2. Student- Adhiraj
3. Teacher- Shilpa Ma’am
Narrator– It is 15th of August and the independence day of India and the principal of the school delivered a very motivating and cheerful speech on Independence Day. Children with great enthusiasm made their independence day. There was one kid Adhiraj who was a little eccentric. He always thought something which was out of the box. He by reading novels and articles had a thought on what independence means to us. Let’s see what Adhiraj thinks………..
Adhiraj:- (sitting on a chair) Today principal ma’am gave a very enthusiastic speech but what does independence mean to us? Is it only getting freedom from British or is something else? I’ll talk to my social teacher regarding this let’s have her thoughts on this.
Narrator– Adhiraj goes to his social teacher and asks her about this…..
Adhiraj:- Ma’am, do you have a minute to talk?
Teacher:- Yes, yes Adhiraj ?
Adhiraj:- Ma’am I wanted to ask that what does independence mean to you?
Teacher:- For me, independence is the freedom of the soul, a perception of the mind and a feeling understood by the heart. This freedom, perception and more importantly, this feeling is that of liberation, patriotism, self-dependence and other such things.
Adhiraj:- But Ma’am I believe that India though called independent is independent only by definition. Problems like corruption, poverty, unemployment, terrorism, caste realted violence still exist in our nation.
Teacher:- But Adhiraj we need to understand the fact that we constitute our nation, it does not constitute us.
Adhiraj:- But Ma’am I strongly believe that Independence is not our right to express but our right to be heard. What fun is that people are speaking for the improvement of the nation but no one gives importance to it?
Teacher:- Independence is not what we feel, but what we make of it and most importantly, independence is not about rights, but our duties towards them.
Adhiraj:- Independence from my point of view is not only the sense of belonging, but a sense of contribution and existence in every step that our nation takes.
Teacher:- I agree to you Adhiraj. If your point of view becomes the point of view of the youth India would become a much better country.
Adhiraj:- Ma’am what do you think we can do about problems like corruption, poverty etc. ?
Teacher:- See we can always take out campaigns, make people aware about the harms of corruption and for poverty we can always donate money and things which are necessary for survival. We can always give ideas to the government for solving these problems. Your idea may get selected.
Adhiraj:- Will this make India a better country?
Teacher:- It surely will.
Adhiraj:- Thank you ma’am for your precious time.
Teacher:- No problem Adhiraj I found it a very fruitful debate.
Narrator– With such a lot of brainstorming over Independence and its importance in our lives, it is not difficult to believe that the youth are concerned about the issues of the nation, as long as they are given platforms. The need of today’s youth is to be heard, not passed off. The need of today’s youth is to be free, not restrained. The need of today’s youth is realization of values and not imposition. The need is not a need, but a want that must be satisfied.
One Comment to Adhiraj’s Question
1. soumalya says:
A very well written piece
Leave a Reply
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Linguistic Features
HideShow resource information
Linguistic Features
Frameworks of language and the building blocks of our texts
1 of 113
The specific way words are pronounced according to a geographical region e.g. Geordie, Glaswegian
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Adjacency Pairs
Automatic Responses e.g. "Hello" "Goodbye"
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Back Channeling
Going back to something someone previously said, form of feedback
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Putting words together, used to appear more informal e.g. "can+not=can't"
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Deictic Utterance
Saying something without a gesture e.g. "that" "those"
6 of 113
Laguage variety or a geographical region or social background, different forms of grammar, lexis, phonology and semantics.
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False Start
When someone starts to talk but stops mid sentence to correct themselves
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Letting someone know you are listening e.g. "Yeah" "oh yes" nodding or a noise e.g. laugh, sigh
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Something used to extend thinkng time e.g. "um" "err" "like" "y'know"
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Go around what you want to talk about
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Someone/somethingthat stops someone from talking
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Non-Fluency Features
Pauses, False Starts, Hesitations
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Paralinguistic Features
Gesturing, Body Language
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Gaps between speech shown in transcripts with (.) or ('number in seconds')
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Phatic Utterances/Expressions
Small talk e.g. talking aout the weather
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Relates to the implied meaning of lexis, reading between the lines. Hidden messages, underlying meanings
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Pragmatics - Politeness
Being tactful,modest and nice to others most relevant concept is "Face"
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Pragmatics - Politeness - Face
In pragmatics Face is a persons public self-image. This is the emotional and social sense of self that every person has and expects others to recognise
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Prosodic Features
Tone, Pitch, Volume, Stress
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False start/Fixing the way something has been said
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When the speaker repeats something
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False start/Fixing the way something has been said
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Talk of a group of people e.g. Ethnicity,age,gender,proffession and intelligence play a part in this
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Language that is unique to a person e.g. patterns in vocabulary, grammar and punctuaton
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Tag Questions
Tag a question onto the end of a statement e.g. "Isn't it?" "Dont you/I?"
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Topic Loop
Go back to the original topic e.g. "Anyway...."
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Topic Shift
Change in topic
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Turn Taking
Taking turns to talk - shows it is a cooperative conversation
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Shortening of a word e.g. " 'cos"
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Background -what we need to kow e.g. ages, gender,
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Topic Marker
Nouns and pronouns should link e.g. "My car" "It"
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Regster is better, sound more well off e.g. telephone voice
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Changing your language to fit in with the people you're talking to
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Speaks the most
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Presentational devices e.g. pictures
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Graphology - Grapheme
Letter or Letter combo that make up a sound
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Graphology - Symbols
Logos,Signs,Pictures - Iconic: direct representation, Symbolic:relies on association
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Graphology - Serif
Formal e.g. Times New Roman
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Graphology - Non-Serif
Informal/Colloquial e.g. Comic Sans
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Graphology - Punctuation
Key feature of any written text e.g. "." "," "?" "!" "..."
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Vovabulary, Word choices
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Lexical Fields
Groups of words tied to a particular topic
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To do with the sound of words
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Phonology - Monosyllabic
1 Syllable - short and sharp
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Phonology - Polysyllabic
More than one syllable - elongated
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Phonology - Onomatopoeia
Word imitates the sound e.g. buzz,pop,snap
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Phonology - Assonance
Repetition of vowels
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Structure and organisation of text
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Grammar - Word Classes
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Grammar - Sentences
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Dictionary definintion
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Ideas that a word provokes
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Word order
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Main word e.g. Animal
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Associated word e.g. Elephant
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Situational variation and how language varies in relation to audience, purposes and contexts
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Register Drift
Slang -> Formal or Formal -> Slang
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How language may vary as a consequence of the channel of communication (speech writing and mixed modes)
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Habitually linked group of words - a kind of lexical partnership e.g. "Salt and pepper" "Fish and chips"
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Verbs - Dynamic
Visual e.g. run,jump,lugh,take
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Verbs - Stative
Mental actions/states e.g. think,seem,anticipate.felt
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Verbs - Auxilary
A verb infront of another verb e.g. I have done, these are placed infront of the main verb
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Verbs - Modal
Go with another verb and changes the meaning e.g. should,could,would,must,will (obligation or morality)
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Verbs - Primary
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Verbs - Finite
no auxilary, no "-ing", main on its own e.g. I was,I rode,We walked
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Voice - Active
The active voice of the verb will have a recognisable subject which performs the action of the verb e.g. The government issued a statement
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Voice - Passive
The passive voice changes the object to the subject and places it at the beginning of the sentence e.g. A statement was issued by the government.
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Reference - Anaphoric
Looks back in time
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Reference - Cataphoric
Looks forward in time
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Words used that you must already understand or have prior knowledge about e.g. a teacher asks for homework and says "get it out of your bag" "it" is the homework
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Words such as "The", "A" or "An" that proceed nouns are known as determiners. Qualify nouns. 5 main types - Articles,Numbers,Possessive determiners, Demonstrative and Indefinite
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Determiners - Article
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Determiners - Article - Definite
"The" is known as the defininte article, can be used before a singular or plural noun
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Determiners - Article - Indefinite
"A" or "An" are indefinite, only used before a singular noun
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Determiners - Numbers - Ordinal
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Determiners - Numbers - Cardinal
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Determiners - Possessive
Ownership - Ours,My
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Determiners - Demonstrative
Contrast - This,These
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Determiners - Indefinite
Quantities - Some,Several,More
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Main/Independant Clauses
A main clause is a group of words which contain one verb and make sense on its own e.g. He walked to the end of the road. I shivered.
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Subordiante/Dependent Clauses
.Does not make sense on it own therefore cannot stand on its own and may come before or after the main clause
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Coordinating Conjunctions
e.g. but,or,nor,either,neither,and
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Sentences - Types - Simple
A sentence which contains only one main clause, often short and simple e.g. the boy ran fast. not always short and simple e.g. the boy wearing the black and white padded jacket ran quickly down the road at lunchtime.
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Sentences - Types - Compound
Consists of 2 main clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction e.g. I shivered and turned up my collar. We must hurry or we'll be late
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Sentences - Types - Complex
Consists of a main clause plus one or more subordinate clauses e.g. I lent her my savings [MC] because she was short of money [SC]. When the weather improves [SC] we are going on holiday [MC]
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Sentences - Types - Minor
Single words (isnt technically a sentence) e.g. Enjoy. Great.
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Sentences - Forms - Interrogative
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Sentences - Forms - Declarative
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Sentences - Forms - Imperative
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Sentences - Forms
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Modify a verb (or other adverbs),usually follows verb and preceeds adjectives. take an adjective and add "-ly" e.g. slowly,quickly
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Adverbial Clause
Phrase or clause around the verb, time place or manner (optioal information) e.g.Mr Jones ate the burger hungrily, Mr Jones at the burger last week
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Adverbs of manner
e.g. well, slowly
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Adverbs of place
Prepositions e.g. everywhere,up,out
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Adverbs of time
When something happens e.g. now afterwards,today
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Adverbs of frequency
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What type of text is it? e.g. advert,story,information
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Who is it aimed at? e.g. children,adults,men,women,specialists,general public
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What is it for? e.g. persuasion,inform,instruct [ADVERTISE IS NOT A PURPOSE]
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Tenor/Implied Speaker
What is the tone of the text? e.g. friendly,angry,serious,lihhthearted,forceful. What kind of person does the voice of the text belong to? Why is he/she speaking to the reader in this way?
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Implied Reader
What kind of person is being addressed? does the text seem to assume the reader is a certain type of person? Do you feel included or excluded in the way it communicates?
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Adjectives - Descriptive
Add a factual description of the physical properties of the noun e.g. metal,red
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Adjectives - Evaluative
Add an opinion (positive or negative)of the value of the noun e.g. Excellent film
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Adjectives - Emotive
Add an emotional opinion of the value of the noun e.g. devestating typhoon
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Adjectives - Comparative
Formed by adding "-er" to the adjectives, or by putting "more" infront of the adjective
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Adjectives - Superlative
Formed by adding "-est" to the adjective or putting "most" infront of the adjective
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Social beliefs
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[Gender] Marked Terms
Feeling the need to put gender infront of a term e.g. female surgeon, male nurse
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[Gender] Generic He
He/Him/Man used to refer to all genders, less so in modern times.
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[Gender] Word Endings
Females tend to have special endings e.g. -ette, -ess (actor-> actress, manager-> managaress, lad->ladette)
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[Gender] Word Order
Male comes first e.g. Mr&Mrs
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Card 3
Automatic Responses e.g. "Hello" "Goodbye"
Preview of the back of card 3
Card 4
Going back to something someone previously said, form of feedback
Preview of the back of card 4
Card 5
Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards
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Chapter 8: Implications for Everyday Systems
Section 6: Growth of Plants and Animals
History of phyllotaxis
The regularities of phyllotaxis were presumably noticed in antiquity, and were certainly recognized in the 1400s, notably by Leonardo da Vinci. By the 1800s various mathematical features of phyllotaxis were known, and in 1837 Louis and Auguste Bravais identified the presence of a golden ratio angle. In 1868 Wilhelm Hofmeister proposed that new elements form in the largest gap left by previous elements. And in 1913 Johannes Schoute argued that diffusion of a chemical creates fields of inhibition around new elements—a model in outline equivalent to mine. In the past century features of phyllotaxis have been rediscovered surprisingly many times, with work being done quite independently both in abstract mathematical settings, and in the context of specific models (most of which are ultimately very similar). One development in the 1990s is the generation of phyllotaxis-like patterns in superconductors, ferrofluids and other physical systems.
From Stephen Wolfram: A New Kind of Science [citation]
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"url": "http://wolframscience.com/nks/notes-8-6--history-of-phyllotaxis/"
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Gregor Reisch and Robert Fludd
Gregor Reisch (d. 1525) and Robert Fludd (1574–1637)
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Click on an image to enlarge
Gregor Reisch, Margarita philosophica (Argentine, 1512)
This popular early 16th-century encyclopaedia by Gregor Reisch exemplifies the way music had since ancient times been conceived as a part of mathematics. Arranged in sections according to the seven liberal arts, music is grouped together with three other mathematical subjects: arithmetic, geometry and astronomy (the remaining three being grammar, logic, and rhetoric).
This edition contains woodcuts with allegorical representations for each of the seven disciplines. Here we see the title page of the music section. Alongside Lady Music and practical music making, Pythagoras is shown in the foreground with a blacksmith's forge behind. According to legend, Pythagoras had discovered the mathematical basis of music when he passed by a blacksmith's shop. Hearing consonance between the sounds of hammers striking the anvil he later found that octave sounds were achieved by hammers whose weights differed by a ratio of 2:1. Whilst, in reality musical ratios apply to lengths of sounding strings rather than hammers, this tale nevertheless proved influential.
Reisch divided his music section into two parts. The first concerns the 'principles' of music, citing such authorities as Pythagoras, Plato, Boethius and al-Fārābī. Fundamental here are mathematical definitions underlying the materials of music, including scalic intervals and the causes of consonance and dissonances. The second part relates to practical music.
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Robert Fludd, Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica, physica atque technica historia (Oppenheimii, 1617–1621)
In the 17th century Johannes Kepler, Marin Mersenne, Athanasius Kircher and Robert Fludd published key works in which music was presented as both a practical art and organising system of the universe. The Whipple Library holds part 2 of Robert Fludd's Utriusque cosmi.
This was intended as a history of the 'macrocosm and microcosm', the ancient conception that saw common patterns reproduced across the cosmos, from the level of universe (macrocosm) down to atom or even metaphysical-level (microcosm). According to Fludd's Platonic view, practical music represented but the shadow of the true and deeper music of the world and of man's place in the cosmos.
Striking illustrations predominate throughout Fludd's publications. Here we see the title page of De naturea simia (the section held by the Whipple) in which Man, the 'Ape of Nature' points to an arithmetic book, indicating that all the subjects included here are based on number. To the left of Arithmetic is Music; due to its close affinity with mathematics and mechanics, music is also discussed under several of the other subject areas.
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Fludd’s Temple of Music
Here the elements of practical music are depicted along with their basis in number. Spirals of the big tower denote the movement of air caused by sound. On the left is the monochord, mathematically divided to create a musical scale. Above Pythagoras and the blacksmith's forge in the basement is a triangular graph showing the ratios of perfect and imperfect measures, and thus the relationship between rhythm and number. A second triangular graph demonstrates how Pythagorean numbers equate with actual harmonised music as shown in the musical score above it. Amongst the columns on the right may be seen the system of musical scales as used in Fludd's time.
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"url": "https://www.whipplelib.hps.cam.ac.uk/special/exhibitions-and-displays/exhibitions-archive/universal-harmony/reisch"
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Fruit flies use skylight to stay on course
Fruit flies have been found to keep their bearings by using the polarisation pattern of natural skylight. The finding bolsters the belief that many, if not all, insects have that capability.
Insects such as monarch butterflies and locusts maintain a constant heading while migrating thousands of miles across continents, while bees and ants hunting for food successfully find their way tens of metres back to the nest without a problem.
Demonstrating that fruit flies can navigate using cues from natural skylight makes it easier to use genetics research to better understand this complex capability and exactly how it is implemented in the brain.
Read more at University of Washington
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Additional measurements
The first measurement made by the floats, in addition to tracking ocean current velocities, was temperature (Pochapsky, 1963). This was followed by the customisation of some floats with angled fins. These fins meant that as water passed the float vertically, the float would rotate. This rotation was sensed by a magnetic compass and this was used to the study internal waves and upwelling through the measurement of vertical water velocities (Voorhis, 1968). Some floats were able to adjust their buoyancy, allowing them to measure vertical temperature gradients and the separation of density surfaces. This enabled scientists to study changes in stratification (Price, 1996; Rossby et al., 1994). Among these derivatives of the SOFAR and RAFOS floats were floats that could also measure electromagnetic fields (Sanford et al 1995).
Extensive use of both SOFAR and RAFOS floats was made primarily by research groups in the USA, France (Ollitrault,1994) and Germany (Zenk et al 1992).
Content disclaimer —
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The border builder
In our Literature class we analyse the poem “The Border Builder” by Carol Rumens and made some questions of our booklet. I worked with Bautista Olaizola and Catalina Grosso.
1. The themes of the poem are racism, segregation, clash of culture, immigration problems and displace. Other stories related to this poem are “The Lemon Orchard” and “A horse and two goats”.
2. There is a builder doing his job and suddenly starts criticising and questioning the man who is building. The second man suspect that he doesn’t have the rights to be there so he checked his passports and color for example.
3. The poem has only one stanza and 22 lines and there is no rhyme in the poem that can call our attention.
4. The tone of the poem is aggressive and starts in a proud way. Also, the protagonist feels intimidated while the other person ask for his personal things.
5. Some keywords “which side”, “border”, “no colour”, “began building again” and “blood”
6. main literary devices are alliterations such as “what would we ne without border”. Another is rhetorical questions such as “birth certificate?” “passport?”
7. Imageries “bloody hand”, “borders likes blood”
1. How can we relate this poem with racism and discrimination?
2. Why the other person starts to ask the builder for his personal things?
3. What effects produce in the reader the repetition of “which side?”
4. Why the other person says “This is a border”?
5. What separation is doing the narrator when says “Which colour are you?”
6. What would we be without borders?
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Walking Small: The First Bipedal Molecule
Different views of the molecule striding along, as visualized in a computer simulation.
Credit: Ludwig Bartels, UC Riverside
Scientists have created a molecule that walks on two feet when it feels hot or when lured by the tip of scanning tunneling microscope.
The molecule, called 9,10-dithioanthracene (DTA), walks in such way that only one "foot" rests on a surface at any one time. When heated, the body of the DTA molecule pivots forward, causing one leg to lift up and the other to plop down.
In this hot-potato fashion, it plods along in a straight line without veering off course or stumbling.
Bipedalism like this is, of course, the preferred mode of natural movement for humans, but it's not easy to accomplish even in the realm of human-sized robots.
DTA can also be lured by the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope serving as a sort of carrot. In tests on a standard copper surface, DTA took 10,000 steps without faltering once.
Ludwig Bartels, lead researcher of the project at the University of California, Riverside, said the tiny walker could one day be used to guide the movements of molecule-based information storage or even computation.
The bipedal molecule joins a growing list of recently manufactured oddities at the molecular level:
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PRI's Environmental News Magazine
Field Note: Red-Tailed Hunter
Published: November 2, 2018
By Mark Seth Lender
A red-tailed hawk heads out for the hunt. (Photo: Mark Seth Lender)
Living on Earth’s Explorer-in-Residence Mark Seth Lender shares this field note with his thoughts on the predatory habits and special adaptations that make a Red-Tailed hawk a skilled and stealthy hunter.
Beginning in October, all along the shoreline of Southern New England, the presence of Red-Tailed hawks increases. You see them coasting from cover to cover, perched above marsh lands, appearing, disappearing into the fall colors of birches and maple, and hickory.
As the leaves fall, and the cold of winter settles in, Red-Tails give themselves away. After the chill of night they are greedy even for the scant heat of sunrise. If they turned their dark backs to the sun instead of that nearly white breast it would be harder. But their backs are cloaked by wings that keep the heat out of the core. The breast is not.
Why then isn’t the breast dark also? They would certainly absorb more thermal energy. The reason is, a bird that is light from below is harder to see. That light breast means prey are less likely to detect a soaring Red-Tail, unless the shadow passes directly over them. Apparently, to the Red-Tail, camouflage matters more from a survival standpoint than keeping warm.
When Red-Tails perch camouflage is not their concern. Then they prefer an unobstructed view. A dead limb. The high point of a juniper. Or better yet, the top of a telephone pole from which Red-Tail only has to spread her wings to take flight. Seeing means being seen, so that the favorite strategy of close ambush is out of the question. Instead the target must be at some distance -- a mouse in a field perhaps --and then the killer is not seen until it is too late.
I think the purpose of a high plain perch is as much defense as offense. Most hawks (and eagles too) will choose similar resting places. If you find a spot frequented by Red-Tails, it is likely that over time, you will find other hunters using it as well. You cannot sneak up on a bird of prey with a 360 degree view and consequently, for the birds of prey clerestory feels like safety.
Except from us.
For some time there was a Red-Tailed Hawk nailed to a pole near on the Metro North line into New York. There were chickens in an enclosure beside the tracks and the owner killed her and left her there as a warning.
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The Full Wiki
More info on Bohorič alphabet
Bohorič alphabet: Wikis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Zdravljica by France Prešeren, first version in the Bohorič alphabet
The Bohorič alphabet (Slovene: bohoričica) was an orthography used for the Slovenian between the 16th and 19th centuries. Its name is derived from Adam Bohorič, who codified the alphabet in his 1584 book Articae Horulae Succisivae.
The Bohorič alphabet was first used by Primož Trubar, the author of the first printed book in Slovenian. However, Trubar did not follow strict rules and often used alternate spellings for the same word.
The alphabet consists of 25 letters (including 3 digraphs) in the following order:
a b d e f g h i j k l m n o p r ſ ſh s sh t u v z zh
The Bohorič alphabet differs from the modern Slovene alphabet in the following letters:
Bohorič alphabet
majuscule minuscule IPA modern Slovenian
Z z /ts/ c
ZH zh /tʃ/ č
S, Ş ſ /s/ s
SH, ŞH ſh /ʃ/ š
S s /z/ z
SH sh /ʒ/ ž
(In these cases, the values of the Bohorič letters somewhat resemble German.)
In the early Bohorič alphabet, some letters shared majuscule forms:
• I was the majuscule form of i and j
• V was the majuscule form of u and v
• S was the majuscule form of s and ſ
• SH was the majuscule form of sh and ſh
The Bohorič alphabet was quite successful, but it suffered from a number of flaws:
• Slovenian has eight vowels, but the Bohorič alphabet only has five vowel characters (this flaw is shared by modern Slovenian orthography).
• The combination "sh" could be read as two separate letters or as a digraph (although this is relevant for only a handful of words, such as shujšati 'to lose weight').
• It did not distinguish vowel length (nor does modern Slovenian orthography).
• It did not distinguish tone (nor does modern Slovenian orthography).
A debate over orthographic reform (known in Slovenian as the abecedna vojna 'the alphabet war') took place in the 1830s. After experiments with the Metelko and Dajnko alphabets, around 1850 Slovenians began using the Gaj alphabet already in use in Croatian (and modeled on Czech and Polish).
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Grammar Guide
Part A: The Simple Sentence
4. Modifiers of Nouns
Demonstrative words are used to modify nouns. These occur before the noun just the same as in English.
yuwe deneyu 'that man'
yuwe øü ‘that dog'
diri deneyu 'this man'
diri øü 'this dog'
Note that yuwé refers to objects that can be seen. Another demonstrative word, eyi is used when the person or thing spoken about cannot be seen.
eyi deneyu 'that man'
Demonstrative words can also be used by themselves as the subject of the sentence.
diri deneyu nechá 'this man is big'
diri nechá 'this one is big'
The Denes¶øiné numerical system is based on ten and is used more or less in the same manner as in English.
üøághe øü ‘one dog'
náke øü chogh 'two horses'
taghe øuwe 'three fish'
When combined with demonstratives, the order of words is still the same as in English.
diri nake bes 'these two knives'
yuwe düghü dechen 'those four logs'
yuwe düghü dechen betßü 'He has those four logs.'
Adjectives, which occur before the noun in English, occur after it in Denes¶øiné.
Deneyu øq 'many men'
Tßékwi ttvi 'the woman too'
Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre
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Classification of Rivers
This classification is based on the international rapid grading system. Grades are approximate, rather than definitive measures of a rapid's seriousness or difficulty. The difficulty and seriousness of any section of river can alter dramatically within a short space of time, through factors such as increased or decreased flow, new obstacles and changes in river bed topography.
Grade 1
Grade 2
Rapids have regular, medium sized waves (less than 1 metre), low ledges or drops, easy eddies and gradual bends. The passage is easy to recognise and is generally unobstructed although there may be rocks in the main current, overhanging branches or log jams.
Grade 3
Rapids with fairly high waves (1-2 metres), broken water, stoppers, and strong eddies, exposed rocks and small falls. The passage may be difficult to recognise from the river and manoeuvring to negotiate the rapid is required.
Grade 4
Difficult rapids with high, powerful, irregular waves, broken water, often boiling eddies, strong stoppers, ledges, drops and dangerous exposed rocks. The passage is often difficult to recognise and precise and sequential manoeuvring is required.
Grade 5
Very powerful rapids with very confused and broken water, large drops, violent and fast currents, abrupt turns, difficult powerful stoppers and fast boiling eddies; numerous obstacles in the main current. Complex, precise and powerful sequential manoeuvring is required. A definite risk to personal safety exists.
Grade 6
All previous difficulties increased to the point of practicability. Very confused and violent water, so difficult that controlled navigation by raft is virtually impossible. Significantly life threatening if swimming and unrunnable by all but a few experts
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Extension menu-early humans unit
Download 116,07 Kb.
Date conversion17.09.2017
Size116,07 Kb.
Make a video of a famous archeologist, anthropologist or paleoanthropologist
In the style of an A & E Biography
Create a 5 entry (3 paragraphs each) diary of a famous anthropologist, anthropologist or paleoanthropologist in the style of an A & E Biography
Imagine you are Lucy or Ardi or a Neanderthal human and draw 6 frame cartoon using 10 vocabulary words. Set your cartoon in a specific place and time.
”I’m an idea man”
Considering the Benefits and Controversies of the Human Genome Project,
Choose 1 subtopic and make a 4 slide powerpoint using the DNA link on your teacher’s website.
Museum Artifact
Recreate an artifact or fossil from
Prehistory and place it in an exhibit that you design and label. See rubric and directions on your teacher’s website.
Make a drawing of Stonehenge . Label it with the date of its creation, the place and its name. Place 10 notes around it or on the back of your drawing. See your teacher’s website for more directions and website links.
Defend one theory about why Stonehenge was originally created. Support this theory using facts and analysis in 3 paragraphs. See you teacher’s website for more detailed directions and a rubric.
Movie Review
Pick a popular movie set in Prehistoric times and review it for entertainment value and as an historical resource.
What is historically accurate about this movie? What was added for entertainment value?
See your teacher’s web site for further directions and a rubric.
The database is protected by copyright ©sckool.org 2016
send message
Main page
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Understanding Magnetism DVD
Discovery Education
SKU: DC905034
Format: DVD
Grade Level:
Runtime: 51
Copyright: 2004
Alt Formats:
Free Resources
Marc Record
Without magnetism we would not have music as we know and experience it today; we would not have computers, motor vehicles, compasses, or MRI scans. Magnetism literally shapes our modern-day world. Learn how magnetic forces were first discovered and how magnetism affects both humans and other animals. Explore the role of magnetism in computers, audio recording, medicine, and travel.
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Facebook Pixel Image
Ulster American Folk Park
Single Room Cabin
Old World, building 4
Exit Menu
How the other half lived
It is hard to believe that only 200 years ago many of our ancestors lived in simple one-room cabins in families of 6-8 people.
This cabin came from Altahoney townland in the Sperrin Mountains near Park. It dates from the late 1700s to early 1800s and is an excellent example of the type of dwelling occupied by many poor tenant farmers. Many single room cabins had clay sod walls instead of stone walls.
The only furniture in the cabin would have been a crude table and a few 'creepies' (small stools). For most of the time potatoes would have been the staple food of the family but in good times they may have fattened a pig. The downside to this was that the pig would have shared the same living space as the family!
From 1800 to 1845, as the population of Ulster increased, lesser tenant farmers occupied smaller and smaller plots of land making subsistence a daily battle. As if these conditions weren’t tough enough, by 1845 a famine spread across Ireland caused by the failure of the potato crop bringing starvation and death to people who struggled to survive in the best of times.
The Devine family owned the cabin but we do not know who lived in it during the famine years. They may have paid the Devine family by working for them for a number of days throughout the year. As with so many other victims of the famine the family left no trace of who they were.
Look out for the the bed outshot - it is an alcove with a built-in bed extending into the back wall of the house, beside the fireplace.
Potatoes grew in the ‘lazy beds’ in front of the house. Potatoes were the principal source of food for the occupants.
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"url": "https://www.nmni.com/our-museums/ulster-american-folk-park/Things-to-see/Single-Room-Cabin.aspx"
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planar graph
A planar graphMathworldPlanetmath is a graph which can be drawn on a plane (a flat 2-d surface) or on a sphere, with no edges crossing. When drawn on a sphere, the edges divide its area in a number of regions called faces (or “countries”, in the context of map coloring). When drawn on a plane, there is one outer country taking up all the space outside the drawing. Every graph drawn on a sphere can be drawn on a plane (puncture the sphere in the interior of any one of the countries) and vice versa. Statements on map coloring are often simpler in terms of a spherical map because the outer country is no longer a special case.
The number of faces (countries) equals c+1 where c is the cyclomatic number, c=m-n+k (where m is the number of edges, n the number of vertices, and k the number of connected componentsMathworldPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmath of the graph). All this holds equally for planar multigraphsMathworldPlanetmath and pseudographsMathworldPlanetmath.
No complete graphsMathworldPlanetmath above K4 are planar. K4, drawn without crossings, looks like :
Hence it is planar (try this for K5.)
A drawing of a planar graph is a drawing in which each edge is drawn as a line segmentMathworldPlanetmath. Every planar graph has a drawing. This result was found independently by Wagner, Fáry and Stein. Schnyder improved this further by showing how to draw any planar graph with n vertices on an integer grid of O(n2) area.
Ideally, this definition would just formalize what was described above. It will not, exactly. It will formalize the notion of a graph with an embeddingMathworldPlanetmath into the plane.
Let M be a topological manifoldMathworldPlanetmathPlanetmath. Then a graph on M is a pair (G,ι), where
1. 1.
G is a multigraph,
2. 2.
ι is a function from the graph topology of G into M, and
3. 3.
ι is a homeomorphismMathworldPlanetmathPlanetmath onto its image.
A plane graph is a graph on 2.
A planar graph is a graph G that has an embedding ι making (G,ι) into a plane graph.
Normally, the only manifolds M that are of interest are two-dimensional.
The most usual question for which this definition finds a use is “can the following graph G be made into a graph on M?”. When M is the plane, this is usually phrased as “Is G a planar graph?”. Wagner’s theorem provides a criterion for answering this question. When M is a torus, the answer changes: the complete bipartite graphMathworldPlanetmath K3,3 can be made into a graph on the torus.
A graph on a manifold has a notion of “face” as well as the usual graph notions of vertex and edge.
Title planar graph
Canonical name PlanarGraph
Date of creation 2013-03-22 12:17:37
Last modified on 2013-03-22 12:17:37
Owner archibal (4430)
Last modified by archibal (4430)
Numerical id 12
Author archibal (4430)
Entry type Definition
Classification msc 05C10
Synonym planar
Related topic WagnersTheorem
Related topic KuratowskisTheorem
Related topic CrossingLemma
Related topic CrossingNumber
Related topic FourColorConjecture
Defines plane graph
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Chigi (architecture)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Chigi with katsuogi billets, Sumiyoshi-jinja, Hyōgo
Chigi (千木, 鎮木, 知木, 知疑), Okichigi (置千木) or Higi (氷木) are forked roof finials found in Japanese and Shinto Architecture. Chigi predate Buddhist influence and are an architectural element endemic to Japan.[1] They are an important aesthetic aspect of Shinto shrines, where they are often paired with katsuogi, another type of roof ornamentation. Today, chigi and katsuogi are used exclusively on Shinto buildings and distinguish them from other religious structures, such as Buddhist temples in Japan.
Chigi are thought to have been employed on Japanese buildings starting from the 1st century AD.[2] Their existence during the Jōmon period (250–538) is well documented by numerous artifacts.[3] Measurements for chigi were mentioned in an early document, the Taishinpō Enryaku Gishikichō (太神宝延暦儀式帳), written in 804 AD.
The evolutionary origins of the chigi are not known. One theory is that they were simply interlocking bargeboard planks that were left uncut. Another is that they were part of a support system anchored on the ground to stabilize the roof.[4] Yet another theory proposes that they were used to "pinch" and hold thatch roofing together.[5] Evidence of this can be seen in minka, or common traditional homes, where two interlocking timbers are often found at the roof gables. However, the only certain fact is that chigi were originally a working part of the structure, but as building techniques improved, their function was lost and they were left as decorations.
Chigi were likely only to have decorated the homes and warehouses of powerful families, and more decorations signified higher rank. This traditional continued until relatively recent times. In the 17th to 19th centuries, the legal code dictated how many chigi were allowed on a building roofs in accordance with the owner's social rank. Today, chigi are found only on Shinto shrines.
Chigi may be built directly into the roof as part of the structure, or simply attached and crossed over the gable as an ornament. The former method is believed to closer resemble its original design, and is still utilized in older building methods such as shinmei-zukuri, kasuga-zukuri, and taisha-zukuri.
Bargeboard chigi at Ise Shrine
Chigi that aren't built into the building are crossed, and sometimes cut with a slight curve. While chigi are predominantly placed only at the ends of the roof, this method allows them to sometimes be placed in the middle as well.
More ornate chigi, such as at Ise Shrine, are cut with one or two kaza-ana, or "wind-slots", and a third open cut at the tip, giving it a forked appearance. Gold metal coverings serve both protective and ornamental purposes. Usually, if the tops are cut vertically, the enshrined kami is a male, otherwise a female.[6]
The katsuogi, a short decorative log, is often found behind the chigi. Depending on the building, there may be only one katsuogi accompanying the chigi, or an entire row along the ridge of the roof.
Names for chigi can vary from region. In Kyoto, Nara Prefecture, and Hiroshima, they are called uma (馬). In parts of Toyama, Osaka, Kōchi, Tokushima and Miyazaki prefectures, they are called umanori (馬乗); in some areas of Yamagata, Miyagi, Yamanishi, Hiroshima and Kōchi prefectures, they are called kurakake (鞍掛).
See also[edit]
1. ^ Fletcher (1996), page 724
2. ^ "chigi 千木." JAANUS. Retrieved on May 09, 2009.
3. ^ Watanabe, Yasutada (1974). Shinto art: Ise and Izumo shrines. New York, Tokyo: Weatherhill/Heibonsha. p. 123. External link in |publisher= (help)
4. ^ "Japanese Shinto Shrine". Retrieved May 9, 2009. [dead link]
5. ^ Lucas (2002), page 5
6. ^ Bocking, Brian (1997). A Popular Dictionary of Shinto. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1051-5.
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Well not much if you put fences up between them.
But what if you only have 3 fences – can they all have a paddock of their own?
The Chickens and the Foxes is a great example of how you can take one concept and differentiate to make it a task suitable for Prep through to Year 9.
Prep – Year 2. Read the Mem Fox’s Hattie and the Fox. Why is Hattie worried? How could you keep Hattie safe? What would a farmer do? Introduce the concept of creating two smaller paddocks from one large paddock by putting up a fence. Can you put up two fences? Etc.
Students in Year 3 – 4 should be given the opportunity to explore the number of paddocks that can be made with one fence, then with two and onto 3 fences rather than starting with the original problem. This will enable them to gain familiarity with the problem with small numbers.
Discuss the different paddocks that students make: Is it the same solution if 2 rulers create 4 paddocks but the solutions look different? (eg if you create square paddocks versus triangular paddocks)
Was one student able to make more paddocks out of the same number of fences? How did they do it? Point out the number of times the rulers overlap.
Are we sure we have the most number of paddocks for that number of fences? How could you find out?
Students in Year 5 – 6 should be given the problem as stated and asked to investigate in pairs or small groups. How are they tracking their attempts to create paddocks? Are they making predictions, testing and reflecting or randomly guessing? For example, do they place rulers parallel or perpendicular or a combination of both? Does this work? Why? Why not?
How many overlaps are possible with 3 rulers? How do you know? Does more overlaps create more paddocks?
Students in Year 7 – 9 should be encouraged to investigate patterns by recording in tables the number of fences and the number of paddocks. Investigating 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 rulers will provide the foundations for a pattern. Is there a relationship?
What is the rule?
You can download a powerpoint and instructions for using this in the classroom in the following link.
The Chickens and the Foxes Teaching Ideas
Leave a Comment
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Summary Article: Stokes, George Gabriel
from The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide
Irish physicist who studied the viscosity (resistance to relative motion) of fluids. This culminated in Stokes' law, F = 6πηrv, which applies to a force acting on a sphere falling through a liquid, where η is the liquid's viscosity and r and v are the radius and velocity of the sphere. He became a baronet in1889.
In 1852 Stokes gave the first explanation of the phenomenon of fluorescence, a term he coined. He noticed that ultraviolet light was being absorbed and then re-emitted as visible light.
This led him to use fluorescence as a method to study ultraviolet spectra.
Stokes was born at Skreen, in County Sligo, Ireland. He was educated at Bristol and Cambridge, where he was appointed Lucasian professor of mathematics in 1849.
Stokes's investigation into fluid dynamics in the late 1840s led him to consider the problem of the ether, the hypothetical medium for the propagation of light waves. He showed that the laws of optics held if the Earth pulled the ether with it in its motion through space, and from this he assumed the ether to be an elastic substance that flowed with the Earth.
Stokes realized in 1854 that the Sun's spectrum is made up of spectra of the elements it contains. He concluded that the dark Fraunhofer lines are the spectral lines of elements absorbing light in the Sun's outer layers.
Stokes's works include Mathematical and Physical Papers 1880–1905, On Light 1884–87, and Memoirs and Scientific Correspondence 1907.
Stokes, George Gabriel
© RM, 2018. All rights reserved.
Related Articles
Full text Article Stokes, George Gabriel (1819-1903)
The Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography
Place: United States of America Subject: biography, physics Irish physicist who is mainly remembered for Stokes's law, which relates the force movin
See more from Credo
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Hasiya krish.jpg
Nepalese sickle from Panchkhal
Classification Cutting
One of 12 roundels depicting the "Labours of the Months" (1450-1475)
A sickle, bagging hook or reaping-hook, is a hand-held agricultural tool designed with variously curved blades and typically used for harvesting, or reaping, grain crops or cutting succulent forage chiefly for feeding livestock, either freshly cut or dried as hay. Falx was a synonym but was later used to mean any of a number of tools that had a curved blade that was sharp on the inside edge such as a scythe.
Since the beginning of the Iron Age hundreds of region-specific variants of the sickle have evolved, initially of iron and later steel. This great diversity of sickle types across many cultures can be divided into smooth or serrated blades, both of which can be used for cutting either green grass or mature cereals using slightly different techniques. The serrated blade that originated in prehistoric sickles still dominates in the reaping of grain and is even found in modern grain-harvesting machines and in some kitchen knives.[citation needed]
Ancient Greek iron sickle, Kerameikos Archaeological Museum, Athens.
Neolithic sickle
Bronze Age[edit]
Iron Age[edit]
The sickle played a prominent role in the Druids' Ritual of oak and mistletoe as described from a single passage in Pliny the Elder's Natural History:
Due to this passage, despite the fact that Pliny does not indicate the source on which he based this account, some branches of modern Druidry (Neodruids) have adopted the sickle as a ritual tool.
Congolese sickle, or Trumbash, (left) and replica throwing knife (right) at Manchester Museum
Sumerian harvesting sickle, circa 3000BC
Serrated or "toothed" sickles[edit]
Modern harvesting sickle
As a weapon[edit]
Like other farming tools, the sickle can be used as an improvised bladed weapon. Examples include the Japanese kusarigama and kama, the Chinese chicken sickles, and the makraka of the Zande people of north central Africa. Paulus Hector Mair, the author of a German Renaissance combat manual also has a chapter about fighting with sickles. It is particularly prevalent in the martial arts of Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. In Indonesia, the native sickle known as celurit or clurit is commonly associated with the Madurese people, used for both fighting and as a domestic tool.
Other uses[edit]
Bagging hook[edit]
A bagging hook, badging hook, fagging hook, reap hook or rip hook, is a large sickle usually with an offset handle so that the user's knuckles do not make contact with the ground. The Oxford dictionary gives the definition of the word to bag, or badge, as the cutting of grain by hand. The blade is heavier than that of a normal sickle and always without serrated blades. It is usually about 1.5" (40 mm) wide with an open crescent shaped blade approx 18" (450mm) across. It developed from the sickle in most parts of Britain during the mid to late 19th century, and was in turn replaced by the scythe, later by the reaping machine and subsequently the swather. It was still used when the corn was bent over or flattened and the mechanical reaper was unable to cut without causing the grain to fall from the ears and wasting the crop.
It was also used in lieu of the bean hook or pea hook for cutting field beans and other leguminous crops that were used for fodder and bedding for livestock.
Sometimes confused with the heavier and straighter billhook used for cutting wood or laying hedges. While the scythe or bagging hook blade was heavy enough to remove young growth instead of, say, shears for clipping a hedge, it was not strong enough to cut woody material for which the stronger, similarly shaped, but longer handled, staff hook was used. Many variations in blade shape were used in different parts of England and known under a variety of names. Its close relations in shape and usage are the grass hook and the reap hook.
See also[edit]
• Scythe
• Billhook, a version of the sickle used for cutting woody stems
• Grain cradle, for aligning grain stems
• Harpe, a Greek or Roman long sickle or scythe
• Khopesh, an Egyptian long sickle or scythe as a weapon
• Aruval, an Indian instrument similar to the billhook
• Kaiser blade or sling blade
3. ^ Unger-Hamilton, Romana (1989). "The Epi-Palaeolithic Southern Levant and the Origins of Cultivation". Current Anthropology. 30 (1): 88–103. doi:10.1086/203718.
5. ^ Pliny the Elder. Natural History XVI, 95.
6. ^ a b Heizer, Robert F. (1951). "The Sickle in Aboriginal Western North America". American Antiquity. 16 (3): 247–252. doi:10.2307/276785. JSTOR 276785.
7. ^ Works, Martha A. (1987). "Aguaruna Agriculture in Eastern Peru". Geographical Review. 77 (3): 343–358. doi:10.2307/214125. JSTOR 214125.
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domingo, 12 de xuño de 2016
Hello guys,
Ready to learn something about animation?
Watch this video carefully.
How many cut-outs are there?
Imagine, each cut-out is a photo. Then you put all the photos together. You need 24 pictures per second. That makes 144 different pictures to have a one minute movie!!!
Public Domain,
Would you like a try?
Public Domain,
The red ball bouncing, moves at a speed of 12 photograms per second!!!
Now, watch it in slow motion.
The film maker drew 6 times the ball, in a bouncing sequence. He took different photos (each picture is a photo) and put them together.
You can try doing it in a tiny notebook or post-it. You need at least 12 pages.Draw an object, for example a sailing boat, or a car or a bird flying. Make 12 pictures,each one in a different pages. Then, pass the pages as fast as you can, and... WHAT HAPPENS???
Public Domain,
bouncing sequence
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In a quiet, grassy field isolated by the tallest sea cliffs in the world, scientist Robin Tinghitella crouched in search of the Pacific field cricket.
What she found on Molokai’s remote Kalaupapa peninsula that night in May 2017 was a rare exhibition of real-time evolutionary change in the cricket’s courtship song.
Instead of the animal’s typical honeyed trill, the Kalaupapa crickets reverberated a sound that Tinghitella likens to a cat’s low, guttural purr.
Scientists have discovered a rapid evolutionary change in the sound of the Pacific field cricket’s long-distance call and courtship song. They liken the new evolved sound to a cat’s purr; others compare it to the clink of a typewriter.
E. Dale Broder
“I started looking around for a cat, and then I realized the sound was coming from the crickets,” said Tinghitella, who studies animal mating signals.
In a knock to Darwin’s theory of evolution as a slow, gradual process, the purring crickets are evidence of evolution as a rapid, adaptive response to environmental change. Capping a year of research, Tinghitella and her colleagues published their findings this month in the scientific journal The American Naturalist
“Evolution is not something that happened in the past,” said Tinghitella, a researcher and assistant biology professor at the University of Denver. “It’s happening now. It’s something that we can actually observe in real time and dig our teeth into and understand.”
Resonating From The Wing
Pacific field crickets are found on Oahu, Kauai, the Big Island and Molokai. Native to Australia, they are thought to have arrived in Hawaii around the same time the Polynesian voyagers made landfall. Possibly they were intentional cargo on the voyagers’ sailing canoes, Tinghitella said.
The species’ wing structure dictates the sound it makes. Courting songs and long-distance calls generate through a file and scraper mechanism, similar to how a human might produce sound by dragging a thumb across the teeth of a comb.
The crickets’ file, or comb, is located on the underside of one of its wings. The other wing sports a hardened region. When those two body parts rub together, a harp-shaped structure on the wing resonates the sound, broadcasting it into the environment.
The defining difference between the purring cricket and the typical cricket is that these features are smaller.
What triggered the change is still unclear. It could be that the song preferences of female crickets in this isolated population have morphed, and the new courting song is an attempt by male crickets to develop a more appealing tune to lure mates.
Only about half of the female crickets in the Kalaupapa population respond to the new purring song, Tinghitella said. Those that don’t either can’t hear it or don’t like it.
Tinghitella said she expects the sound preferences of the females to continue to shape the song over time.
“There’s a lot of variation among the courtship songs of the different males in this group, from the sound of a cat purring to what some of my friends describe as Skeletor crickets, because the sound is like bones hitting together,” said Tinghitella, who has been studying the Pacific field cricket in Hawaii for 15 years. “Others sound like typewriters. So we think we caught this new sound in one of its earliest stages. Evolution hasn’t really had time yet to narrow in on what this sound is going to be like for the longer term.”
The Silent Treatment
There’s also evidence to suggest that the trigger could be less about the fickle tastes of female crickets and more about survival.
In addition to the purring crickets in Kalaupapa, there are some small populations of Pacific field crickets on Kauai and Oahu that have gone silent. No longer able to produce sound, these crickets have evolved in response to the parasitoid fly, which has learned the typical courtship song of the male cricket. The pregnant female fly will use the song to locate the cricket and then spray larvae on and around its body. The larvae burrow into the cricket’s body cavity, eating the cricket from the inside out — organs and all.
Scientists think the male cricket’s evolved purring song could be a response to changing sound preferences of female crickets.
E. Dale Broder
“This always results in death for the male cricket,” Tinghitella said. “So it could be that as another way of avoiding the fly, instead of going silent, these crickets have developed the new purring noise as their own private mode of communication where they can communicate with their own species but avoid being detected by this predatory fly.”
Natural examples of rapid evolution are rare, but they are becoming more common as plant and animal life responds to human-induced environmental factors like urbanization and climate change.
Another rapid evolution change Tinghitella is studying occurs in the threespine stickleback, a small, freshwater fish found across the Northern Hemisphere. A typical male threespine stickleback has a bright red throat. But in several populations in Washington state, males have shed the red coloration, which functions to attract a female mate.
Tinghitella is studying why the female fish are willing to mate with these males that have completely lost one of the species’ signature mating signals. She’s also trying to answer whether the fish will eventually split into two distinct species — one with a red throat, and another with a uniformly dark body.
The cause of the threespine stickleback’s evolutionary shift is still unknown.
“One of the things that climate change is doing, in addition to changing the climate itself, is leading changes in species distribution,” Tinghitella said. “And that means that species that wouldn’t have encountered one another previously are coming into contact and interacting with one another — and those interactions can cause rapid evolution.
“So it’s hopeful, in a sense, because it suggests that sometimes animals and plants can keep up with our rapidly changing environment.”
In recent months, Tinghitella has located more purring crickets in Hawaii. There’s a population of purring crickets in Wailua on Kauai and another on the campus of Brigham Young University-Hawaii.
“Are we going to end up with multiple, isolated groups of these Pacific field crickets that only mate with crickets that put out a certain mating signal — purring, silent or typical?” asked Tinghitella. “Because if we do, that’s what leads to speciation and the origins of biodiversity. Instead of a single species, we could end up with three.”
A note to readers . . .
About the Author
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What Does "Caucus" Mean? The Buzzword Has A Few Different Definitions
The words "caucus" and "caucuses" have been thrown around a lot lately because the crucial Iowa caucuses will be held on Monday. The caucuses are a big deal for the presidential election, as the results could determine the success or failure of particular candidates. It's one thing to understand what happens at the Iowa caucuses and why they matter, but it's another thing entirely to understand what "caucus" means.
As a word, "caucus" is defined as "a meeting of members of a political party for the purpose of choosing a candidate for an election," according to Merriam-Webster. And that is exactly what happens at the Iowa caucuses: The candidates' supporters gather together in their respective precincts to select their party's candidate for the upcoming general election. Pro tip: Since "caucus" means a singular meeting, the Iowa caucuses (plural) refers to the political meetings held in all 1,681 precincts across the state of Iowa.
The first known use of "caucus" appeared in 1763, according to Online Etymology Dictionary, and it originated in New England. It is thought that "caucus" emerged from the Algonquian word "caucauasu," which means counselor, elder, or adviser. Although the Iowa caucuses refer to the noun form of "caucus," it means something slightly different as a verb. Technically, to caucus means to meet in or hold a caucus. However, the colloquial use of "to caucus" has changed that meaning a bit, as candidates and supporters now use it to mean to campaign for a certain candidate.
In fact, hashtags have surfaced on Twitter that promote caucusing for the different presidential candidates. Usually #CaucusFor_____, each hashtag shows numerous tweets that demonstrate the colloquial use of "caucus" and how it actually means to individually campaign for a certain candidate.
In many ways, though, "to caucus" for someone still typically means to show up to one of these political party meetings to show your support and cast your vote for your preferred candidate.
So there you have it: "Caucus" means a meeting for members of a political party in which they decide on a single candidate for the general election. It also means to hold or attend one of these meetings, where you can then cast your vote for your favorite presidential hopeful. In some instances, however, to caucus for a candidate can mean to individually support and campaign for that person, rather than participating in a caucus meeting.
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Astrophysics (index)about
relativistic beaming
(Doppler beaming, Doppler boosting, headlight effect)
(directional relativistic effect on light from relativistic speeds)
Relativistic beaming (or Doppler beaming or Doppler boosting or headlight effect) is a factor in the apparent luminosity of an object when it is moving at relativistic speed relative to the observer, due to an exaggerated Doppler effect. When an object is moving at relativistic speeds toward or away from you, its electromagnetic radiation, in turn, appears brighter or dimmer than would be seen by an observer stationary relative to the same object.
This effects relativistic jets, e.g., from quasars and active galactic nuclei, making them appear brighter or dimmer according to the direction of the jets.
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Oude artikelen van mijzelf: Introduction to delegates
Weer een, waar volgens mijn stats nog steeds hits op komen. Deze lap tekst heb ik in 2005/2006 geschreven over delegation en events. De code voorbeelden zijn in C# .Net (geschreven op .Net framework 1.1). Blijkbaar linkt een of ander forum nog steeds naar dit artikel. Vandaar dat ik hem heb opgezocht in de “Way Back Machine” en hier heb geplaatst.
Delegation and Events
I never really understood how to delegates worked, until I received a very basic and simple explanation of someone. I’ll try to explain it to you by creating a light bulb and switch. In real life, when you flip a switch the light goes on or off. In the basic setting, you need three objects, the light bulb, switch and a wire. The light bulb and switch are connected by the wire.
What is a delegate?
Well, basically a delegate can call a method of a class (ClassA) on the request of another class (ClassB), while ClassB doesn’t know which method is called. The delegate stores a pointer to the method of ClassA and is called by ClassB.
In our example, the wire is the delegate. It transfers the signal from the switch to the light bulb.
Creating the delegate : Wire
The delegate in this example will act as the wire between the switch and light bulb.
1: public delegate void Wire(bool b);
Creating the classes : the light bulb
The light bulb class contains a state property, the light bulb can be on or off and it contains a counter. When the light is turned on and off 9 times or more, the light bulb will break.
1: class LightBulb
2: {
3: private bool _state;
4: private int flipCount = 0;
5: public bool State
6: {
7: get {return State;}
8: set {this._state = value;}
9: }
10: public void turnOnOff(bool newState)
11: {
12: this._state = newState;
13: flipCount++;
14: if(flipCount<10)
15: Console.WriteLine("The light is {0}", (_state)?"ON":"OFF");
16: else
17: Console.WriteLine("You've broken the light!!");
18: }
19: }
Creating the classes : the switch
Well, the switch contains a method, called flipSwitch. This changes the state of the switch to on or off, and raises an event called “onflipSwitch”. The switch will raise an event called onflipSwitch and uses the delegate Wire. If the switch is flipped 14 times or more, the switch breaks.
1: class Switch
2: {
3: private bool _state = false;
4: private int _flipCount = 0;
5: public event Wire onflipSwitch;
7: public void flipSwitch()
8: {
9: _state = !_state;
10: _flipCount++;
11: if(_flipCount < 15)
12: {
13: OnSwitchFlipped(_state);
14: }
15: else
16: {
17: Console.WriteLine("You've broken the switch!!");
18: }
19: }
21: protected virtual void OnSwitchFlipped(bool state)
22: {
23: //Call delegate
24: if (onflipSwitch != null)
25: onflipSwitch(state);
26: }
27: }
The trick of using events is to create an object of the type “Wire” (or your delegate) and add the keyword event. If the event is triggered (from the method “OnSwitchFlipped”) the delegate calls any methods subscribed to the delegate.
1: public event Wire onflipSwitch;
Creating the classes : The program
In this example a console application is created to show the workings of delegates and events.
1: class Program
2: {
3: [STAThread]
4: static void Main(string[] args)
5: {
6: LightBulb lb = new LightBulb();
7: Switch sw = new Switch();
8: sw.onflipSwitch += new Wire(lb.turnOnOff);
10: Console.WriteLine("Currently it is very dark in here");
11: Console.WriteLine("Press [enter] to flip the switch:");
12: while(Console.ReadLine().IndexOf("x") == -1)
13: sw.flipSwitch();
15: }
16: }
In the Main method, two objects are created (one for the light bulb and one for the switch. If the switch is flipped the light bulb has to turn on or off. This is done by the delegate. See line 8. The rest of the code is a (very) simple user interface to flip the switch.
When/Where to use events/delegates?
Well, delegates are used when you don’t know which methods should be called when an event happens. Look at the webcontrols for instance. The linkbutton control doesn’t know which method(s) should be triggered when the button is clicked. The button contains an event called “Clicked” which can be subscribed to using the System.EventHandler delegate.
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Short Chains
From Montessori Album
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Short Chains
Math - Linear Counting
5 Short Chain 8.JPG
Level Primary
Age 4.5 - 5
Prerequisites Teens Board
Tens Board
Association of Beads and Cards
Hundred Board
Also called the Square Chains.
This activity teaches the child skip counting which is preparation for multiplication. It also indirectly prepares the child to understand squaring numbers.
1. Bring the chain to a mat.
5 Short Chain 1.JPG
2. Bring a square of the number to the mat.
5 Short Chain 2.JPG
3. Bring the labels and sort them into columns.
5 Short Chain 3.jpg
4. Fold the chain in a square.
5 Short Chain 5.JPG
5. Compare to the square to show that they are the same.
5 Short Chain 6.JPG 5 Short Chain 7.JPG
6. Stretch the chain back out. Count and label it.
5 Short Chain 8.JPG
Points of Interest[edit]
Control of Error[edit]
Variations and Extensions[edit]
Make Your Own[edit]
Where to Buy[edit]
Thinkamajigs $38.95
Thinkamajigs (AMI) $129.95
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Oxford University Press's
Academic Insights for the Thinking World
Beethoven in space
Katie Paterson has always wanted to shoot Beethoven to the moon. In Earth-Moon-Earth (2007) the Scottish conceptual artist translated a performance of Beethoven’s Moonlight Sonata into Morse code, sent the radio signals to the moon, and recaptured the reflection. What came back of the transmission, having traveled 230,000 miles and back, was refracted on the irregularities moon’s crooked surface, and re-translated into a fragmentary and partial “score” of Morse code, which was then re-sonified and performed on a modern player piano. The absences and gaps in the resulting performance are remnants of the music’s impossible journey to the moon and back.
Paterson has made a name for herself for creating artworks that give concrete material shape to the unfathomable dimensions of the universe, of geological time and galactic space. The nickname of Beethoven’s piano sonata Quasi una fantasia op. 27 no. 2 – “Moonlight” – which goes back to the music critic Ludwig Rellstab in the nineteenth century, makes this piece an obvious choice, an artistic quip. But there is more to using Beethoven in conceptual art projects than just a clever word association. Paterson’s work is part of a wider trend in conceptual art that has embraced music and its curious ability, despite its evanescent materiality, to make time and space manifest.
Perhaps the most celebrated instance of Beethoven in outer space is on the Golden Record of the Voyager mission that recently celebrated its 40th anniversary and that has left the solar system, on its way to a galaxy far, far away. The Golden Record is not an artwork in the strict sense, but an interstellar mix tape that Carl Sagan and his team curated for the use of extra-terrestrials in 1977. While the Golden Record had nothing to do with the scientific goals of this space mission, it did manage to capture the collective imagination, by humanizing the idea of outer space. While the disc jockeys that put together the Golden Record made an effort at assembling a collection of different musical traditions from across the world, from Japanese gagaku to Louis Armstrong, and from Mexican mariachi to Indian raga, they deviated slightly from their attempts at inclusiveness and balance by allowing a special place for Bach and Beethoven, who represent Western classical music with multiple compositions. The record includes Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony, as one might expect, but also the Cavatina from the String Quartet op. 130, perhaps a less obvious choice. Apparently, this movement was a favorite of Carl Sagan’s—the intense humanity of this piece, underlined in the famous performance indication beklemmt (stifled, inhibited) for the first violin in the contrasting middle section, makes this piece such an intriguing choice. Music critic Alex Ross called it “a wistful farewell” from earth. But second-guessing intentions behind the inclusion of specific pieces matters less than the fact that there is music traveling to the farthest reaches of the universe, as a sign that we humans exist.
“The Voyager Golden Record”, by NASA. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
Over time, the significance of the record has changed: as critics pointed out at the time, the record rests on huge assumptions (for starters: do aliens have ears?); but by now there is a sense that if extra-terrestrials have the technology to explore our spacecraft, they are unlikely to learn much from our technology—but they will probably be interested to find out more about human culture. And we have time: there is every reason to believe that Voyager, and the Golden Record, will continue their voyage for millions of years. As Evander Price has pointed out, the Golden Record traveling away from earth at 35,000mph into the future will likely be the most lasting testimony of human culture, a piece of space trash still flying into the unknown, long after earth itself has disappeared.
If Paterson’s Earth-Moon-Earth and the Golden Record take Beethoven on journeys exploring unimaginable dimensions in time and space, giving concrete shape to the transcendent, the Norwegian ideas-based artist Leif Inge manipulates musical time in his digital artwork 9 Beet Stretch (2002) without the intervention of distant planets. This piece, which has been performed as sound installations all over the world and also exists online on a permanent loop, takes a recording of the ‘Ninth Symphony’ and decelerates it so as to last exactly twenty-four hours. Thanks to the technology of granular synthesis, the pitches in this rendition remain the same; the music just slows down tremendously. The resulting sounds coalesce in a soundscape that moves past us gradually and granularly, with smooth contours, in continual, barely perceptible transformation. If we choose to, we can be permanently enveloped by the sounds of this endless slowed-down Ninth, every day the earth circles the sun, in perpetuity.
In terms of the space music surrounding ‘9 Beet Stretch’, admittedly, this digital artwork is a mere blip on the radar of the geological (or rather intergalactic) clock. Other musical installations that play with extreme durations last 539 years1000 years, or even close to 40 billion years—longer than the lifespan of the universe itself. But there is something very apt about the rate of deceleration (the 74-minute recording is “stretched out” by a factor of 22.15): at the resulting tempo it is just about possible to make out some individual changes in the day-long symphony, to recognize the dotted rhythms of the Scherzo thundered on the timpani, the descending void fourths and fifths that open the symphony, and which are stretched out to last many seconds, but that still (barely) fall within our attention span. In this way, we can hear slowness; we can perceive how time passes through the music persistently and glacially.
Why Beethoven? One part of the fascination with Beethoven is certainly related to the centrality of his music in our culture. Even the Voyager mission made two slots available for him, in the extremely limited space on the grooves of the Golden Record that was supposed to represent all of earth’s musical cultures. For us earthlings, meanwhile, we know Beethoven so well that we can even restore the original sounds under extreme circumstances: we hear the resonances in the gaps of the moon-reflected Moonshine Sonata and the otherworldly slow sublimity of the Ninth, even where the sounds go beyond what our senses are able to perceive.
Featured image: “ Hubble Monitors Supernova In Nearby Galaxy M82” by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. CC BY 2.0 via Flickr.
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Syrian Alawites: Their history, their future
Syrian Alawites: Their history, their future
Nusayris’ religious duties are also interpreted on the basis of gnostic cosmogony. Because people sin, they are no longer splendid stars and must redeem themselves by knowing God through ma’rifainner knowledge from one’s own direct experience of reality, something not possible through books. Consequently, traditional ritual and literal reading of scripture are not essential and can even lead to perdition.
Alawite men in Antioch in 1938. >Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, [LC-DIG-ppmsca-17416-00061]
The chameleon Nusayris
Nusayris fled Iraq into the inhospitable coastal mountains of northwestern Syria after being threatened with three fatwas in the 14th century by Ibn Taymiyya, who declared that the “Nusayris are more infidel than many polytheists” and “war and punishment in accordance with Islamic law against them are among the greatest of pious deeds” for a Muslim. Thereafter, Sunnis used the term “Nusayri” to mean “pariah.” During this period, Mamluk authorities killed 20,000 Nusayris. An Ottoman decree in 1571 treated them as non-Muslims and Alawite transgressors were beheaded.
In this hostile environment, Nusayris practiced taqiyya, allowing them to act as if they were Sunnis. For Nusayris, the “body” is not corrupted or affected by putting on the “clothing” of other sects. Jihad then implies a struggle to conceal the secrets of Nusayrism from unbelievers. It is a chameleon-like capacity to flex their practices in a manner that complies with their religion and allows them to survive in the face of oppression. Thus pragmatism became a Nusayri trait as they adapted to changing powers. When Crusaders raged through the region with massacres, Nusayris emphasized their Christian-like aspects and were spared from genocide. Under Sunni Ottomans, Nusayris accepted that mosques would be built with a Sunni Hanafi formula of prayer.
When the Ottoman Empire crumbled and France claimed Syria, Nusayris again stressed affinity with Christianity and achieved an independent state under French mandate in 1922. The French policy was “divide and rule” — they encouraged separatism and set the Nusayris against the Sunnis over fears of Pan-Arabism and Syrian Sunni nationalists fighting for independence. A Nusayri state was thus a perfect solution. The French also decided that the name of the sect should be changed to Alawite (followers of Ali). With a new name indicating Shia Islam, Alawites acquired equal standing with Sunnis, and thus deserving of their own independent state.
"French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon map en" by Don-kun, TUBS, NordNordWest - Own work, based on File:Syria, administrative divisions - de - colored.svg. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Commons
“French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon map en” by Don-kun, TUBS, NordNordWest – Own work, based on File:Syria, administrative divisions – de – colored.svg. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Commons
By the end of the French mandate, Alawite notables sent a memorandum to the Jewish prime minister of France, Léon Blum, in a final attempt to secure independence. The letter compared the fate of Alawites with that of Jews as a marginalized minority, indicating that identification of Alawites as a mainstream Muslim sect is a product of the modern era.
Despite their efforts, Alawites lost their autonomy and several revolts ended in failure. But a chameleon always blends itself with its changing environment. Seeing that uniting with Syria would be their best option, Alawites gave up their dream of independence. For Sunnis, this was a win-win situation since the Alawite stronghold of Latakia is the only gateway to the sea. Politics then focused on placing Alawites in the Muslim mainstream, and fatwas from Alawite and Sunni leaders confirmed that “just as the Catholic, the Orthodox, and the Protestant are yet Christians, so the Alawi and Sunni are nevertheless Muslims.”
From chameleon to lion
So how did Alawites rise to power? It started when the French gave them open access to the army. With “divide and rule,” the French ensured the army was diverse in an effort to prevent any sect from dominating and endangering French power. They also favored minorities not taking part in mainstream Arab nationalists’ fight for independence. Alawites, being a poor community, happily joined the army. By the end of the French mandate, Alawites formed half of the eight infantry battalions. Since the Sunni majority considered army jobs as reserved for the poor, they made a critical mistake at this point by letting this powerful political vehicle to be occupied by a minority, which later was able to turn the table and take control of the state. Alawite membership to the Baath party quintupled in the year after the party assumed power in 1963, transforming from a “political ideology” to a “sectarian affiliation.”
Hafez al-Assad >Wikipedia Commons
Hafez al-Assad >Wikipedia Commons
For ordinary Alawites, it’s not power but equality that they have, albeit with a great amount of what has been their way of life: taqiyya. When Hafez al-Assad came to power in 1970, he pursued a policy of de facto Sunnification. He “forbade Alawite Shaykhs to venerate Ali excessively, and set the example for his people by adhering to Sunni practice. He built mosques in Alawite towns, prayed publicly, fasted and encouraged his people to do the same.” The dictator previously changed his family name from Wahsh (wild beast) to Assad (lion), and had married a Sunni woman. Only a fraction of Alawites transformed from a marginalized backward group into a well-to-do community, though mostly in urban areas. For the most part, ordinary Alawites have sacrificed their religious idiosyncrasy for a share of political power and social security. Nusayrism has Islamized itself, making it possible for a prominent family of its sect to stay in power in a country where the constitution states that the president must be a Muslim.
The trump card of sectarian insecurity: Divide to rule
In the context of the Syrian conflict, however, there is one problem with Alawites’ chameleon strategy. They were never supposed to be linked with the ruling elite and thereby expose themselves. A chameleon is supposed to blend into the background, silent and camouflaged from threat. Its survival depends on its patience and avoidance of a loud, vivid, specific identity. This is impossible in Syria, where no matter how much assimilation ordinary Alawites achieve, there will always be ruling Alawites who stand out as “lions,” for good and bad. Since the chameleon has donned an orange hazard jacket complete with reflective strips, all Alawites — the ruling elite, soldiers, paramilitary thugs (shabiha), and most importantly, commoners — are targets. Islamist rebels are clear on this: “Every Alawite killed is one Alawite killed because of Assad.”
Sectarian insecurity is the norm in the Middle East. In Iraq, where Saddam Hussein himself belonged to a Sunni minority in a Shia country, the unwritten agreement was: “If you don’t interfere with politics, then you can have a good life.” In Egypt, Hosni Mubarak would use both stick and carrot to stoke sectarian tension just enough to subtly signal to the 8 million Coptic Christians what might happen if the political system changed.
Hence, most Alawites do not perceive themselves as being well-connected to the regime, but rather fear for their survival. In fact, they have every reason to feel aggrieved with the regime. While Bashar Assad rules Syria with power and wealth, most rural Alawites are impoverished. People say, “We never asked for anything, we don’t want anything, we just want security.” Periodic sectarian fighting acts as a reminder of what it would be like if Assad was ousted. The ruling family has cut itself off from its Alawite connection and manipulates sectarian fear to silence their voice. The family’s best interest lies in a nation with persistent sectarian tensions, with all minorities living in constant fear of Sunni fundamentalism.
In this politic of sectarian insecurity, Alawites have become a pawn like other minorities, and have even received harsher punishment than non-Alawites. The wholehearted loyalty that Hafez enjoyed in his early stage of rule has switched to another type of connection for Bashar based on sectarian insecurity. That is the case of Loubna Mrie, an Alawite woman whose mother was murdered because Loubna supported the opposition: “[Assad] doesn’t care if you are Alawite, Christian or Shia. If you are against him, he will kill you.”
The recent killing of an Alawite officer by Assad’s cousin is yet another example. However, this time, the crime by Assad’s family provoked an intense protest. Many Alawites say they are being betrayed by a leader who will cling to power until the last drop of Alawite blood is shed and by a regime that is losing the war. Alawites — who in 2011 chanted “Assad! Or we set the country on fire” — now chant a different tune: “God willing, we will witness the funeral of your sons.”
Alawite women and children in the fields in Syria in 1938. >Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, [LC-DIG-ppmsca-17414-00190]
The next genocide
Alawites are in a difficult situation. They are trapped among three forces — Assad’s “If I die, you will die a worse death,” Islamists’ “Freedom! Freedom! Until all Alawites are crushed to the bottom,” and civilians and opposition groups linking all Alawites with the dictator and violent shabiha militia. The most horrific evidence of this animosity aired on Al-Jazeera, which broadcast an extremely hostile debate over why Alawites deserve to die. Hatred runs deep in the next generation, with even children saying, “We will never live together. … After the revolution, we want to kill them.”
Threats to Alawites also come from the influx of 200,000 refugees into Latakia, most of them Sunnis fighting Assad. Many can’t wait for revenge, and there is a high chance that rebels have infiltrated the refugee population and plan to attack from inside. In light of a recent offensive near Idlib, the war will surely reach Latakia at some stage.
A possible solution is for Alawites to apply taqiyya in a brutally practical way, by detaching themselves from the regime. Radical as it may sound, Alawite history proves this is possible. In 1858, when Alawite rebel leader Ismail Khayr Bey refused to surrender, the Ottomans warned they would flatten their territory. To save the community, Ismail was killed and beheaded by his own uncle. Never before has resentment against Assad been so high among Alawites, but how big is the chance that they would overthrow their co-religionist leader to save themselves?
In July, Assad admitted that his troops were losing ground. His staunch ally — Russia — recently intervened, which signals that Assad can no longer protect his Achilles’ heel of Latakia. Russia is the biggest arms supplier for Syria, and port Tartus south of Latakia is its only naval direct access to the Mediterranean. While Russia says it is fighting ISIS, observations on the ground indicate that Russia is targeting Sunni rebels as part of its support of Assad, Iran and Hezbollah. This is similar to the situation in Afghanistan, where Russia protected its ally, which led to a wave of Sunni mujahedeen pouring into Afghanistan, more than 13,000 dead Soviet soldiers, the collapse of Soviet Union, and the creation of extremist groups such as al-Qaida. Russian President Vladimir Putin’s swift military action in Syria may be welcomed by Assad’s army, but it can cause more harm to Alawite civilians. On October 12, Abu Mohamad al-Golani, head of al-Qaida-affiliated Nusra Front, called for attacks on areas controlled by Alawites in retaliation for indiscriminate Russian airstrikes on Sunni targets. “There is no choice but to escalate the battle and to target Alawite towns and villages in Latakia and I call on all factions to … daily hit their villages with hundreds of missiles as they do to Sunni cities and villages,” he said.
This signals a grim situation for Alawites, for they will be in danger regardless of whether they support Assad. If we understand the nature of their faith, then we also understand why they fight: not for Assad but for their own survival. As distrust and despair against Assad becomes increasingly intense, some Alawites realize they are dying for a leader they hate. Many others are fleeing their heartland. This very significant momentum that should not be wasted as it can effectively be mobilized to create new cooperation. Alawites are practical, and once-rare defections have become more common. They can ditch the regime but need to be sure that it is not a suicidal move and there is a guarantee of safety. As soon as their concern of survival is addressed, we may be lucky enough to see some trust building. Alawites are a main actor in Syria, and whatever decision they make could potentially change the landscape of this conflict.
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Ice cap
From Wikipedia, de free encycwopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
An ice cap is a mass of ice dat covers wess dan 50,000 km2 of wand area (usuawwy covering a highwand area). Larger ice masses covering more dan 50,000 km2 are termed ice sheets.[1][2][3]
Ice caps are not constrained by topographicaw features (i.e., dey wiww wie over de top of mountains). By contrast, ice masses of simiwar size dat are constrained by topographicaw features are known as ice fiewds. The dome of an ice cap is usuawwy centred on de highest point of a massif. Ice fwows away from dis high point (de ice divide) towards de ice cap's periphery.[1][3]
Ice caps have significant effects on de geomorphowogy of de area dat dey occupy. Pwastic mouwding, gouging and oder gwaciaw erosionaw features become present upon de gwacier's retreat. Many wakes, such as de Great Lakes in Norf America, as weww as numerous vawweys have been formed by gwaciaw action over hundreds of dousands of years.
On Earf, dere are about 30 miwwion km3 of totaw ice mass. The average temperature of an ice mass ranges between −20 °C and −30 °C. The core of an ice cap exhibits a constant temperature dat ranges between −15 °C and −20 °C.[citation needed]
A high-watitude region covered in ice, dough strictwy not an ice cap (since dey exceed de maximum area specified in de definition above), are cawwed powar ice caps; de usage of dis designation is widespread in de mass media[4] and arguabwy recognized by experts.[5] Vatnajökuww is an exampwe of an ice cap in Icewand.[6]
See awso[edit]
1. ^ a b Benn, Dougwas; David Evans (1998). Gwaciers and Gwaciation. London: Arnowd. ISBN 0-340-58431-9.
2. ^ Bennett, Matdew; Neiw Gwasser (1996). Gwaciaw Geowogy: Ice Sheets and Landforms. Chichester, Engwand: John Wiwey and Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-471-96345-3.
3. ^ a b Greve, R.; Bwatter, H. (2009). Dynamics of Ice Sheets and Gwaciers. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03415-2. ISBN 978-3-642-03414-5.
4. ^ "TIME Magazine Onwine: Arctic Ice Expworers". CNN. 2009-03-11. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
5. ^ The Nationaw Snow and Ice Data Center Gwossary
6. ^ Fwowers, Gwenn E.; Shawn J. Marshaww; Hewgi Bjŏrnsson; Garry K. C. Cwarke (2005). "Sensitivity of Vatnajŏkuww ice cap hydrowogy and dynamics to cwimate warming over de next 2 centuries" (PDF). Journaw of Geophysicaw Research. 110: F02011. Bibcode:2005JGRF..11002011F. doi:10.1029/2004JF000200. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
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You are here
Criminal Law
Sources of Criminal Law
Learning Outcomes
2. Explain why the model penal code is studied.
This exercise is designed as a review for students taking the basic first year course in criminal law. Suspendatur! (Latin for “let him be hanged”, the final entry in medieval plea rolls in capital cases) is patterned after the familiar game of hangman, in which each wrong answer adds a part to a stick figure on the gibbet. The student must answer multiple choice and true-false questions based on hypothetical situations. Each right or wrong answer provides substantive feedback in what aims to be at least a mildly humorous fashion.
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Dissolution of the Monasteries (Commentary)
This commentary is based on the classroom activity: Dissolution of the Monasteries
Q1: Study source 1. What is Eadwine doing? Why were monks doing this task less important during the Tudor period than previous centuries?
A1: Eadwine is shown as a scribe producing the text of a book. This painting is in fact inaccurate. He is shown writing directly into a bound volume. We know that medieval books were, instead, written page-by-page, then assembled into a book after completion. This work was usually done by monks living in monasteries. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440 reduced the need for handwritten books.
Q2: Read source 2. Explain why there was a decline in the number of monks and nuns between 1350 and 1500. It will help you to read about the Black Death before answering the question.
A2: The Black Death arrived in England in September 1348. The author of source 2 points out that the disease killed an estimated 50% of all monks and nuns living in England.
Q3: Study sources 3, 4, 5 and 6. What criticisms do these sources make of the monks and nuns?
A3: These sources make several criticisms of the monks and nuns. This includes: drunkenness (Lincoln, Pershore); gambling (Lincoln); monks fathering children (Bradley); nuns giving birth to children (Lampley, Lichfield); monks selling monastery timber (Peterborough, Abbotsbury); homosexuality (Leicester); monasteries not providing beds for travellers (Peterborough); laziness (Peterborough); criminal activity (Whitby).
Q4: Study sources 8, 11 and 14. How do these images help us understand what happened to the abbeys after they were closed down by Henry VIII?
A4: Lacock Abbey (sources 8 and 11) was sold to Sir William Sharington, who converted it into a house. Whitby Abbey (source 14) was just left and over the years local people dismantled it and used it as building material.
Q5: Give as many reasons as you can why Henry VIII closed down the monasteries. You will need to read the introduction and all the sources before answering this question.
A5: There were several reasons why Henry VIII closed down the monasteries: (i) He needed money because he was bankrupt (sources 9, 10, 12, 15 and 16); (ii) By selling off the monastery land for low prices he gained the support of the people who benefited from these sales (source 13); (iii) It was an attempt to stop monks and nuns being corrupted by their growing wealth (source 2); (vi) Henry VIII wanted to punish monks and nuns for their immoral behaviour (sources 3, 4, 5 and 6); Henry VIII wanted to show the Pope that he was now the head of the Church of England (source 7, 12 and 16).
Q6: Study your list of reasons why Henry VIII closed the monasteries. Select those reasons that were (i) the most important to Henry (ii) the least important to Henry.
A6: Most historians tend to believe the main reason why Henry closed down the monasteries was because he needed the money. As George M. Trevelyan points out in source 10: "Henry VII's... foolish wars in France had emptied his treasury". Hugh Arnold-Forster argues in source 9 that the criticism of monks and nuns behaviour was just "an excuse for taking away their property". Or as G.W.O. Woodward puts it: "The alleged state of the house's morals was quite irrelevant. It was the wealth that mattered." (source 12)
A. L. Morton, the author of A People's History of England (1938) agrees that Henry VIII did this partly for the money. However, he feels that the political reasons were just as important as economic factors. "Much was resold by them to smaller landowners and capitalist farmers, so that a large and influential class was created who had the best of reasons for maintaining the Reformation settlement. This dispersal of the monastic lands by the government was poor economics, but politically it was a master-stroke." (source 13)
Historians generally take the view that the corruption and immorality of the monks and nuns were not very important reason in persuading Henry to take this action. However, it is impossible to know the exact reasons why people behave in the way that they do.
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History of the Leadbeater’s Possum
Leadbeater’s possum evolved about 20 million years ago. There is no known documentation of Leadbeater’s Possum by the indigenous people’s of Victoria. It was first documented in 1867 and was originally known only through five specimens, the last one collected in 1909. From that time on, the fear that it might be extinct gradually grew into near-certainty after the swamps and wetlands around Bass River in south-west Gippsland were drained for agriculture in the early 1900s. By the time of the devastating 1939 Black Friday fires, the species was thought to have been extinct.
On 3 April 1961, a member of the species was rediscovered by naturalist Eric Wilkinson in the forests near Cambarville, and the first specimen in more than 50 years was captured later in the month. At this time a colony was discovered near Marysville. Extensive searches since then have found the existing population in Victoria’s Central Highlands. However, the availability of suitable habitat is critical: forest must be neither too old nor too young, with conservation efforts for Leadbeater’s possum involving protection of remaining old-growth stands, and maintenance of younger stands that are allowed to attain hollow-bearing age.
The combination of 40-year-old regrowth (for food) and large dead trees left still standing after the fires (for shelter and nesting) allowed the Leadbeater’s possum population to expand to an estimated peak of about 7500 in the early 1980s. From its peak in the 1980s, the Leadbeater’s possum population was expected to further decline rapidly, by as much as 90%, due to a habitat bottleneck. The population has dropped sharply since 1996. Particularly, the February 2009 Black Saturday bushfires destroyed 43% of Leadbeater’s possums habitat in the Central Highlands, halving the wild population to 1,500. A study in 2014 concluded there is a 92% chance the Leadbeater’s ecosystem in the Victoria central highlands will collapse within 50 years.
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"Fight or Flight" May Be More Literal Than We Thought
When faced with a threat to survival, animals default to "fight or flight," also known as an "acute stress response." That triggers a set of physiological changes, preparing the body to either either fight or flee from danger. From the smallest insects to the largest mammals, all members of the animal kingdom are wired to protect themselves from injury or death. Now a team of scientists from the University of Utah are claiming that at the individual level, we may be built for only one response or the other.
Fight, Flight, or Freeze
"Fight or flight" was first identified in the 1920s by physiologist Walter Canon, as a series of immediate changes in the nervous systems and other body systems in response to a perceived threat, in order to avoid or lessen the possibility of bodily harm. Eventually, a sequence of activities (set in motion by the hypothalamus) was pinpointed, including changes in the autoimmune, endocrine system, and immune systems. In turn, those changes and accompanying surge of hormones (including cortisol) may result in a number of physical symptoms including rapid heartbeat, anxiety, sweating, dry mouth, and increased sensitivity to sounds, among others.
All of these physiological changes result in an overarching, automatic response: "fight," confronting the threat, "flight," fleeing the threat. There is also a third response, "freeze," or playing dead in order to be less enticing to a predator looking for something to eat.
The Mouse-Olympics
Noting that some body types are better suited for certain activities over others, the team from the University of Utah wanted to determine if body shape influenced the tendency to fight or flee. For example, Olympic wrestlers tend to have a different body shape than Olympic runners. Would they be equally likely to choose fight and flight? And does greater strength come at the price of quick mobility?
To find out, they took a group of mice put them through a sort Olympics of their own. Over an 8-week study, they tested how males responded while fending off other males from an area containing female mice, as well as how they performed on treadmills before and after the exercise.
They discovered that the mice most likely to fight were the worst runners - they burned more oxygen while running. Mice who fled the scene when confronted were better runners, consuming less oxygen as they skittered along. The fighter mice were poor runners before and after the confrontation, while the runner mice trotted along more efficiently before and after the conflict. That seems to suggest that some of us are built for fighting while others are built for running away.
Getting back to our Olympians, does body type matter in our innate fight vs. flight ability? It doesn't seem so. Unlike the human Olympians, both running mice and fighting mice had about equal body mass. This points to physiological changes at play during when the mice sensed the threat.
Is Human Survival Selfish? Fight Or Flight Explained
Written by Curiosity Staff August 18, 2017
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Canadian high
atmospheric phenomenon
Alternative Title: North American high
Canadian high, also called North American high, large weak semipermanent atmospheric high-pressure centre produced by the low temperatures over northern Canada. Covering much of North America, its cold dense air does not extend above 3 km (2 miles). The high’s location east of the Canadian Rockies shelters it from the relatively warm Pacific Ocean and helps it maintain its identity. Its average January sea level pressure at its centre is about 1,020 millibars (30.12 inches of mercury). The Canadian high often moves southeastward until it eventually reaches the Atlantic Ocean, where it merges with the Azores high. In the summer the Canadian high is intermittent. When it occurs, it occasionally provides refreshing cool dry air to the eastern and central United States and parts of southern Canada.
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Elliptical Planforms: A Capsule History
Frederick Lanchester, an Englishman born in 1868, discovered high efficiency elliptical planforms. In 1897 Lanchester presented a paper on the origin and nature of lift generated by an aerofoil (a term he coined). The Physical Society of London immediately rejected his idea.
Not accepting defeat Lanchester continued to work and 10 years later published Aerodynamics. In his book Lanchester presented the concept of the elliptical distribution of lift, and the vortex theory of the finite aerofoil. The vortex theory predicted the existence of the tip vortex. Lanchester predicted all of this with no testing or evidence to guide him; he didn’t use models or wind tunnels.
Lanchester also secured a patent for bent up wing tips to control tip vortices, in 1897. Lanchester devised these theories about the same time the Wright brothers were learning to fly. 20 years later other aerodynamicists proved his theories correct.
During WWII the English exploited elliptical lift distribution in the design of the Spitfire airplane wing. This arrangement was chosen because it gives the most lift for the least amount of drag.
Racing yacht designers began to use the elliptical planform in their mainsails during the 1930’s and now designers use elliptical sails that can sometimes be almost rectangular.
Planform- the shape of an object when viewed from the top-down perspective (plan view).
As a note, this is a brief history of this shape. I am by no means an expert.
Aerohydrodynamics of Sailing, C. A. Marchaj
Eric Sponberg
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In the Supreme Court's white marble courtroom, the nine sitting justices are not the only presiding presence. At the center of the nation's legal system, high above the justices' mahogany bench, the great lawgivers of history are depicted in marble friezes. From Hammurabi to Moses to John Marshall, the stone sculptures commemorate written law as a force for stability in human affairs. The larger-than-life artworks, designed by architectural sculptor Adolph A. Weinman as the courthouse was being built in the early 1930s, convey the idea that, while the law begins with individuals, its principles never die. The 18 lawgivers looking down on the justices are divided into two friezes of ivory-colored, Spanish marble. On the south wall, to the right of incoming visitors, are figures from the pre-Christian era -- Menes, Hammurabi, Moses, Solomon, Lycurgus, Solon, Draco, Confucius and Octavian (Caesar Augustus). On the north wall to the left are lawmakers of the Christian era -- Napoleon Bonaparte, Marshall, William Blackstone, Hugo Grotius, Louis IX, King John, Charlemagne, Muhammad and Justinian. Interspersed with the lawgivers are angels representing concepts such as philosophy, liberty and peace. Occupying nearly the highest point of the luminous, gold-edged room, above the 30-foot Ionic columns, the friezes inspire awe. When Sherman Minton, a Supreme Court justice from 1949 to 1956, pointed out the friezes to his grandson, the 10-year-old asked the predictable question, "Granddaddy! Where's God?" John Paul Stevens, a justice since 1975, once reflected on the friezes' mingling of the religious and secular. "{A} carving of Moses holding the Ten Commandments, if that is the only adornment on a courtroom wall, conveys an equivocal message, perhaps of respect for Judaism, for religion in general or for law," Stevens wrote in a 1989 case involving the First Amendment's prohibition on some religious symbols in government buildings. "The addition of carvings depicting Confucius and Muhammad may honor religion, or particular religions, to an extent that the First Amendment does not tolerate. Placement of secular figures such as Caesar Augustus, William Blackstone, Napoleon Bonaparte and John Mar-hall alongside these three religious leaders, however, signals respect not for great proselytizers but for great lawgivers." George Gurney, a curator of sculpture at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American Art, notes that a certain "vocabulary" existed for courthouses and other architecture of the Beaux Arts period. "The idea of tracing the history of law or of justice was an important feature in spelling out the purpose of the building," he said recently, adding that architects preferred some standard law figures, notably Hammurabi. The 60-year-old choice of notables in the friezes has held up over time. Other than a brief controversy about Muhammad last year, the friezes have generated little public complaint. A coalition of Muslim groups asked the court to sandblast or otherwise remove the depiction of Muhammad, contending that it was a form of sacrilege because graven images are forbidden in Islam and that believers might be encouraged to pray to someone other than God, or Allah in Arabic. Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist rejected the request, saying the Muhammad sculpture "was intended only to recognize him, among many other lawgivers, as an important figure in the history of law; it is not intended as a form of idol worship." The friezes, overall, reflect the ideal of certainty in the law. "As you sit in the courtroom, perhaps looking up as you wait for the justices to come into the room, you see these friezes," said Dennis Hutchinson, a University of Chicago law professor. "And it strikes you that there is some relationship between Charlemagne and {Justice Antonin} Nino Scalia. The two individuals, whether dressed in armor {as in the frieze} or a sitting justice, are both engaged in a very earnest struggle for clarity and wisdom." Here then, are the individuals in the friezes and their contribution to the law, starting with those on the south wall, left to right: Menes (c. 3100 B.C.) The first figure in the depiction on the south wall, Menes founded Egypt's first dynasty. As the first king of the earliest nation-state, Menes personifies the idea of a centralized government and political system -- the necessary basis for any coherent set of laws. Menes also was known as Narmer and is credited with founding the first imperial city, Memphis, near modern Cairo. Hammurabi (c. 1792-1750 B.C.) Reigning in Babylon, Hammurabi produced the first surviving set of laws. A compilation of legal procedure and penalties, the Code of Hammurabi covered all civil and criminal disputes and reflected the then-novel belief that law can be fixed and certain, rather than a series of random responses by political leaders to various forms of conduct. Underlying his criminal penalties was the idea of equal retaliation, such as "an eye for an eye." French explorers unearthed a black stone slab containing the code in Susa, Persia, around the turn of this century. The slab is on display in Paris at the Louvre. Moses (c. 2250 B.C.) According to biblical accounts, the great Hebrew prophet delivered his people from slavery and received the Ten Commandments. His figure on the frieze is meant to suggest existence of a higher authority, beyond human control. The Ten Commandments are a recurring theme at the Supreme Court building, appearing in the brass doors to the courtroom. Some of the ancient commandments have descendants in modern law, such as penalties against murder and theft. Solomon (c. 992-953 B.C.)* Regarded as a great king of Israel, Solomon's name is synonymous with judicial wisdom. The Bible says that, when two harlots claimed to be the mother of the same child, Solomon determined who was the mother by watching the women's responses to his suggestion that he cut the baby in half and give each a share. It was a test, designed to reveal the true mother. One woman agreed to the plan while the other yielded her claim. Lycurgus (c. 800 B.C.)* A leading statesman of Sparta in ancient Greece, Lycurgus guided reform of the Spartan constitution and instituted more efficient public administration. According to legend, he believed that the most serious crime of all was retreat in battle. Solon (c. 638-559 B.C.)* The Athenian, whose name survives as a synonym for "legislator," codified the laws of the Greeks and is credited with laying the foundation for the world's first democracy. Solon ended exclusive aristocratic control of the government, substituting an early and limited form of democracy in which wealthier citizens governed. Draco (late 600s B.C.) Another prominent legislator in Athens, Draco was the first to write an Athenian code of laws. But his harsh rules punished some trivial crimes with death, and Draco was known as an absolutist, hence the word "Draconian," meaning extremely severe or cruel. Confucius (551-479 B.C.) The Chinese lawgiver taught a comprehensive system of ideas for government and society that drew on religious, ethical, political and social influences. At the core of his teachings was belief in balance and an assertion that individual dedication to basic virtues, such as family loyalty, thrift and hard work, would cure social ills. He said people in government should lead by example and emphasized a morality embodied in the idea that a person should not do to others what he would not want done to him. This so-called golden rule has arisen in many cultures worldwide. Octavian (63 B.C.-14 A.D.) The first emperor of Rome, also called Caesar Augustus, restored order to the republic and modernized many aspects of Roman life. He gave judges a new professional, authoritative role and supported their following decisions of previous cases to determine the outcome of new disputes. Adherence to precedent, one of the overriding principles of the modern Supreme Court, builds integrity in the law and inspires public respect for the court as an institution. The nine lawgivers on the north wall, right to left, are: Justinian (c. 483-565) The Byzantine emperor codified Roman law and published Corpus Juris Civilis ("Body of Civil Law"), a coherent code that became the basis for modern civil law. His comprehensive work, in addition to efforts to root out corruption and make the law more understandable and accessible, inspired the term "justice," a play on his name. Muhammad (570-632) In Muslim tradition, this great prophet received the sacred scriptures of the Koran from God. The fundamental tenet of Islam, which covers all private and public behavior, is submission to the will of God. After last year's controversy about the image of Muhammad, the Supreme Court included this explanation in tourist materials: "The figure is a well-intentioned attempt by the sculptor to honor Muhammad, and it bears no resemblance to Muhammad. Muslims generally have a strong aversion to sculptured or pictured representations of their Prophet." Charlemagne (c. 742-814) The Roman emperor and king of the Franks, also known as Charles the Great, conquered and Christianized much of western Europe in the Middle Ages, restoring order and learning to the fragmented Roman Empire. As he amassed military and political power, he forged a cultural renaissance crucial in development of modern Europe. King John (1166-1216) Ruler of England from 1199 to 1216, King John signed the Magna Carta, which elevated the importance of individual rights and the concept of due process -- the idea that laws must be administered in the same way for all. Magna Carta eventually inspired American colonists to create a government of fixed laws that would protect people from the caprice of a nation's leaders. King John's signature on the document in 1215 came only after a revolt, but by sealing it, he ensured that neither he nor any future sovereign in England would be above the law. Louis IX (1213-1270) King of France from 1226 to 1270, Louis IX led the seventh crusade to the Holy Land. He instituted a regular court of justice and, among his administrative reforms, sought to end abuses by legal officials in his domain. The right to appeal a verdict in all cases traces to his reign. He was canonized as Saint Louis. Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) A Dutch lawyer, Grotius wrote De jure belli ac pacis ("Concerning the Law of War and Peace") in 1625, the basis of modern international law. Grotius personifies the idea that nations are bound by common interests and mutual, enforceable agreements. He also believed that nations were compelled by a "natural law," that is, a law based on humanity's nature. William Blackstone (1723-1780) The author of the four-volume Commentaries on the Law of England, Blackstone made the law more accessible to common people. His writings, a clear and systematic description of the state of English law, had a major influence in his country and in American colonies. Blackstone is considered one of the first to intellectualize and explain the law. American courts continue to cite his work. John Marshall (1755-1835) Fourth chief justice of the United States, Marshall is considered the court's greatest leader. His opinion in Marbury v. Madison (1803), the first of his great cases, established the power of the Supreme Court to review laws for constitutionality, establishing the court's power to say what the law is. During his 35 years on the court, Marshall was instrumental in developing a unified body of constitutional law, strengthening the federal system and, most significantly for justices to come, generating public respect for the nascent Supreme Court. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) Emperor of France, Napoleon is celebrated and demonized for his warfare. But his legacy in the law is an 1804 civil code that influenced laws in Europe, Latin America and, to a lesser degree, the United States. Louisiana's unique civil code traces to the Napoleonic Code. Among its overriding principles were personal freedom, the ability to make contracts, equality among citizens and an end to church control of civilian institutions. Bernard Schwartz, the late University of Tulsa law professor and an expert on court history who believed that the choice of the 18 lawgivers held up, observed that Napoleon once said, "My true glory is not to have won 40 battles . . . . Waterloo will erase the memory of so many victories . . . . But what nothing will destroy, what will live forever, is my Civil Code." Staff researcher Heming Nelson contributed to this report. CAPTION: Charlemagne CAPTION: Muhammad CAPTION: Justinian CAPTION: Philosophy CAPTION: Light of Wisdom CAPTION: Draco CAPTION: Confucius CAPTION: Octavian CAPTION: History CAPTION: Fame CAPTION: Menes CAPTION: Hammurabi CAPTION: Moses CAPTION: Napoleon Bonaparte CAPTION: John Marshall CAPTION: William Blackstone CAPTION: Right of Man CAPTION: Hugo Grotius CAPTION: Louis IX CAPTION: King John CAPTION: Bronze gates lead from a hallway into the Supreme Court's courtroom. The bench, behind which the nine justices sit, is to the right. One "Lawgivers" frieze is directly ahead.
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<urn:uuid:3dc14b0b-eb75-4fbc-97d2-6e1d738cb924>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.17386364936828613,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9509403705596924,
"url": "https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/1998/03/11/lawgivers-from-two-friezes-great-figures-of-legal-history-gaze-upon-the-supreme-court-bench/b9372b89-5b94-4fa2-81d9-300ee24913db/"
}
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County Basics
County Characteristics
Some counties are small. Other counties are huge! You can measure a county by its size and its population.
No matter the size, counties are made up of people. The people in a county are usually the ones who work in the county government. Many county officials get their jobs by being elected by voters.
• In the same popup box you were looking at for Slide 1, click the name of your county. (If you closed the web page, go back to Slide 1 and follow the link and directions again.)
• When you click the name of your county, you will see detailed information about your county. Use this information to answer the questions below.
Do not close the web page when you’re finished! You’ll continue on the next slide.
Response Question:
1. Do the math to see how many people have moved in to your county since 1980. (Hint: Start with the most recent population figure, then subtract the 1980 population figure from that number.)
2. List three types of elected officials in your county.
3. Click the link to the Google map of your county in the upper right corner. Is your county mostly made up of cities and towns? Is it mostly open space? A mixture of both?
Response not required
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<urn:uuid:74fe79b6-4b49-46a8-ac86-821599e73f8b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.859375,
"fasttext_score": 0.13684672117233276,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9469871520996094,
"url": "https://www.icivics.org/web-quests/county-basics?page=1"
}
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John Knox
John Knox is believed to have been born in Giffordgate, on the opposite bank of the of the River Tyne from St Mary's around 1514. He trained as a priest in St Mary's but never held a parish. Instead, he became a notary and then a tutor to landowning families near Haddington. These lairds supported the Reformer, George Wishart and Knox became a guide to Wishart as he travelled in the Lothians.
In January 1547, Wishart preached at two services in St Mary's with Knox standing guard, below the pulpit bearing a two handed sword. He was prepared to defend him against Cardinal Beaton's armed men but Wishart sent him away, saying "One's enough for the burning". Wishart was captured and burned at the stake at St Andrews. Knox was exiled for his non-conforming beliefs but was able to return to Scotland in 1558.
The Siege of Haddington in 1548 left St Mary's roofless for 14 years. The Catholic Church was not in a position to restore it as support for reformation grew. As the town council, with limited resources was considering what it could do, Knox is reputed to have suggested a barrier wall to restrict the church to the area of the nave, leaving the crossing and choir open to the sky. It may have suited Knox to shut from view of the congregation the high altar and its associations with popery. Things remained that way until the full restoration of 1972/73.
There is no record of Knox having preached in St Mary's, but, as he was ordained priest there and the inventory of his estate showed that he had a pension from the Kirk in Haddington, it seems likely.
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<urn:uuid:31cdf951-b7ea-4dfe-bf9e-ebe6f6fd4ff3>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.02189922332763672,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9896427989006042,
"url": "http://stmaryskirk.co.uk/default.asp?page=history_johnknox"
}
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BackBright Hub EducationBrowse
By Keren Perles
If you’re working on a teddy bear theme for a group of toddlers, this article should give you some great ideas.
Introduce the teddy bear theme to toddlers by showing them two very different teddy bears. If possible, encourage children to bring their own teddy bears to class and use two of them. Draw a Venn diagram on the board, and model how to compare and contrast the two bears. Pick easy similarities and differences, such as “big” and “small,” “brown” and “blue,” or “hat” and “no hat.” Even though children cannot read yet, this activity will help them become familiar with words, as well as the concepts of graphic organizers and comparing two objects.
Books About Bears
Introduce the book “Corduroy,” by Don Freeman. Ask children where teddy bears come from, and make sure they understand that people buy teddy bears at a store. Explain that you will be reading a book about a teddy bear at a store who is waiting for a little boy or girl to buy him. Read the book aloud. At the end, make sure that children understand that a child finally bought Corduroy.
Then read them another book about real bears, such as “When Will It Be Spring,” by Catherine Walters or “Bear Snores On” by Karma Wilson.
Help students to differentiate between real bears and teddy bears by discussing the two books you just read. Ask students which book is real and which book is make believe. Then discuss what real bears can do, such as eat, sleep, or catch fish. Comment that you can pretend that teddy bears do the same thing, but that real bears do these things in real life. Let the children discuss the difference between real life and make believe. Then have them use a different Venn digram to compare and contrast real bears to teddy bears.
Teddy Bear, Teddy Bear
This classic teddy bear song is an excellent way to end off a teddy bear toddler theme. Teach children the following song, along with the appropriate motions:
Teddy bear, teddy bear, turn around.
Teddy bear, teddy bear, touch the ground.
Teddy bear, teddy bear, touch your nose.
Teddy bear, teddy bear, reach your toes.
Teddy bear, teddy bear, turn out the light.
Teddy bear, teddy bear, say “goodnight!”
Teddy Bear Crafts
You can do some great teddy bear crafts for a teddy bear toddler theme. You can build on the Corduroy idea by letting children glue buttons onto a teddy bear. Alternatively, you could give them two large paper circles and six small paper circles and show the kids how to arrange them to make their own teddy bears. If you'd like, have them glue the circles to the front of a card (paper folded in half), and let them "write" a letter - either to their own teddy bear or to someone else. Then let them read their letters aloud to the class. You can also use some of these other fun teddy bear craft ideas.
A teddy bear toddler theme is a great way to help kids share information about the teddy bears that they love. These ideas will make your teddy bear theme unique and exciting for toddlers.
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<urn:uuid:4c12ae39-b109-4b01-bddd-e2727e389cd3>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.028376460075378418,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9377327561378479,
"url": "https://m.brighthubeducation.com/toddler-activities-learning/44162-teddy-bear-theme-books-song-crafts/"
}
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is copyright Michael Curtis 2010-2016. All Rights Reserved.
Acrostics are phrases or sentences where you are using a memorable phrase to prompt you the concept which you really want to remmember. So, for instance, a simple sentence might contain a prompt of the planets of the solar system;
This is an acrostic for memorising the planets and the dwarf planets:
Murky conVention's Efforts Mar *Series;
Jury Set yoUr Next *Planet *Chart *Erratically.
Taking the first prominent letter of each word of that sentence:
M=Mercury [Murky], V=Venus [conVention], E=Earth [Efforts], M=Mars, 'Series' sounds like Ceres; J=Jupiter, S=Saturn, U=Uranus, N=Neptune, P=Pluto, Ch=Charon, Eris [formerly UB313]
[I used an asterisk in places to emphasise the dwarf planets' words.]
In 2006, a committee of astronomers elected that Pluto should not be classified as a planet. They considered how there are dwarf planets such as dwarf planet UB313 also known as Eris; and Pluto has certain similarities with that 'dwarf planet' classification rather than 'planet' classification.
My acrostic sentence uses words which have several letters in common with the planet names which they resemble.
When I look at other people's acrostics, they often just aim to share the same first letter as the word which they seek to represent; I think that my way is better because it is more distinctive.
Using just the first letter as a prompt is weak; and I tend to see it in medical mnemonics where an acronym is made. An acronym is something like the pop group ABBA using the initial letters of the 4 band members' names to spell a word. It becomes less and less memorable as a method if you create tens of acronyms - but in moderation, I believe that it is a useful method.
So we see that we can take hard-to-learn sequences and make them more memorable. An application of that principle is that sequences of digits may be learned by using acrostics; this is looked at next.
Single Digits 0 to 9
Representing digits as acrostics is perhaps better than using the BLOKES system to store each digit of a number at a mental location such as a bath tub.
If letters of the alphabet can have a cryptic second purpose as digit clues then an ordinary word or sentence is really a number sequence...
Here is a table where certain letters of the alphabet translate into digits:
O, L
A, J
B, U
M, Q
C, K
E, Y
I, X, Z
So, a word like MEMORY can have its digit looked up in the table such that M is 2, E is 8, M is 2, O is 0, R is 5 and Y is 8.
So if you can recall the word 'Memory' and you know that table well then you are effectively also recalling 282058.
In the table, some letters join together, So SHADES has its SH interpreted as a single digit: 6 because that is what SH is in the table.
The S at the end of SHADES is a 6 because the table says that an S is normally a 6.
Perhaps an historic year such as 1492 when Columbus is associated with America's discovery, could be found to be encodable as a word.
1492 has a
Let's list the letter choices beside the digits:
1: A, J, TH
4: D, P
9: W, I, X, Z
2: B, U, M, Q
I don't see a word spellable by looking down that; but I can make an acrostic sentence:
America Discovered, World Bigger where each word's starting letter indicates a digit: A... D.... W.... B....
If you learned at school that 1492 is a date associated with America being discovered then you will think that the acrostic is too much effort. I agree. If you can learn something in a normal memory way then that is great because it springs to mind fast and involves no encryption. However, imagine a day before an important test that a year is failing to be memorised in the normal way. Memory techniques such as acrostics offer an alternative. This acrostic was lucky because the 1492 event could broadly be described by the acrostic sentence itself.
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<urn:uuid:14cc6798-0445-471e-89a6-32b7c0fd3465>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.9826626777648926,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9445222616195679,
"url": "http://memorybloke.com/acrostics.htm"
}
|
Write a story about a government sponsored slum built from recycled cardboard manufactured into cheap housing. Imagine these cheap, flat packed, fold up buildings being supplied to a population of refugees or poverty stricken communities. Perhaps they are provided to colonists on a journey to a distant world, or given to exiles. The buildings might have laminated pieces to repel rain, or might be designed to be replaced often. A lot can be done with cardboard – it’s a sturdy material. How well would these buildings stand up to the elements? What would the buildings look like? What would the communities look like? What dangers, opportunities and unique situations would arise from a community living in cardboard houses?
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<urn:uuid:b920f177-f90f-4e4e-b373-283f38230855>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.9998031258583069,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9674900770187378,
"url": "http://nathanrussell.net/2011/02/idea-20-cardboard-jungle/"
}
|
Chapter 4
Term Definition
act law
assembly law making body
barter trade good for other goods
burgess elected representative
charter an official document giving a person permission to do something, such as settle an area
deomocracy form of government where the power is held by its people or representatives they elect
frontier land bordering settled land
indentured servant person who agreed to work without pay in exchange in for passage to America
persecution treating someone harshly because of their beliefs
pilgrim person who makes a journey for religious reasons
plantation large farm run by an owner and farmed by laborers who live there
representative government a form of government where people are represented by the people they elect
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<urn:uuid:72f54684-8630-42f1-b216-42ad08fcc906>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.8290462493896484,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9515661597251892,
"url": "https://superstitionfarmtours.com/flash-cards/chapter-4"
}
|
What is Delta E or ΔE
Knowledge Base
Delta E, ΔE or dE, is a way of measuring the visible difference, or error between two colors mathematically. It is very useful for sorting “closeness” of paints to a scanned sample and has obvious applications in industrial and commercial quality control.
The LAB color system is used as a base system to calculate Delta E, as the LAB system’s perceptually uniform nature makes these calculations more accurate than in other non uniform systems such as RGB or CMYK.
To put it simply, the Delta E of two colors is the distance between them in LAB color space. This is also called Delta E 76 or Delta E 1976, as it was first standardized in the year 1976. We now use a more accurate formula that takes into account new and improved models of the human eye, this formula is Delta E 2000. Even though the Delta E 76 formula is still very popular, Nix Sensor Ltd. recommends always using the Delta E 2000 formula for maximum accuracy and excellent real world results.
Note: A smaller Delta E value represents a better or closer color match. A Delta E of 0 would be interpreted as both colors being exactly/mathematically the same. The Delta E system does not have negative numbers.
Even though a Delta E of 0 between two colors represents a perfect mathematical match, it is possible for two colors to look exactly the same to the human eye with a non zero Delta E. This is due to the physical limitations of human eyesight. The exact Delta E that colors become indistinguishable from each other is dependent on the industry, surface finish of the material, texture, gloss, and the individual person viewing the color. Typically though, a just noticeable difference between two colors is about in the range of Delta E of 1.0 – 2.0.
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<urn:uuid:7d8d780d-84df-4388-ab24-737b38a11af2>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.08419549465179443,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9264207482337952,
"url": "https://www.nixsensor.com/delta-e-%CE%B4e/"
}
|
Building Stages
Last updated 6 months ago
Demonstrating stages and pipes.
In graph theory, stages are better known as vertices or nodes, while pipes are known as edges or lines. These concepts are an integral part in the Actor model. As an actor framework, Pronghorn has stages that can receive messages, make local decisions, process data, and respond to messages with new messages. Messages are passed through pipes, which allow for data to be shared between stages.
Every stage is defined with a fixed number of inputs and/or outputs. The PronghornStage class is an abstract class that provides a protocol for creating custom stages. Please follow the guidelines below for writing correct Pronghorn code.
Create your first Stage
Add a new Java class to your existing Pronghorn project (or create a new project). If you prefer, create a new package in your project called “Stages” and place it there. Use the code below to help you get started:
package com.ociweb.stages;
import com.ociweb.pronghorn.pipe.Pipe;
import com.ociweb.pronghorn.pipe.RawDataSchema;
import com.ociweb.pronghorn.pipe.RawDataSchema;
import com.ociweb.pronghorn.stage.PronghornStage;
import com.ociweb.pronghorn.stage.scheduling.GraphManager;
public class ExampleStage extends PronghornStage {
Pipe<RawDataSchema> input, output;
public ExampleStage(GraphManager gm, Pipe<RawDataSchema> input, Pipe<RawDataSchema> output) {
super(gm, input, output);
this.input = input;
this.output = output;
public ExampleStage newInstance(GraphManager gm, Pipe<RawDataSchema> input, Pipe<RawDataSchema> output) {
return new ExampleStage(gm, input, output);
public void startup() {
// Initialize your objects and values here
public void run() {
// Put your stage logic here
// Only override this when you are certain that clean up needs to be performed before shutdown
// Otherwise, do not use this
public void shutdown() {
// Clean up
Depending on the functionality of your stage, you may need to change RawDataSchema to the schema that your stage will be processing. More on this can be found on the Schema page.
• The constructor should be responsible for saving references to your pipes and defining notas.
Every Pronghorn stage requires you to set the GraphManager. You are not, however, required to have output or input pipes. If you choose to do so, super()will have to look similar to this:
super(gm, NONE, NONE);
where NONE is a constant declaring an empty pipe.
• The static new instance method is Pronghorn convention for instantiating new stages. You are not required to have this, it exists primarily for readability reasons.
• The startup() method gets visited when your stage is requested to start.
Instead of allocating and initializing local objects and variables in the class constructor, do it instead in startup(). Any other settings except notas should be configured here as well.
• The run() method gets called depending on the current scheduled rate (which can be changed using notas).
Fine-tuning this rate can vastly improve performance and/or its ability to handle larger volume of data. Reading from input pipes, writing to output pipes, and performing the core logic of your stage should be done here.
Shutting down your stage is another important task to do in your run() method. Once your processing has finished, you need to let Pronghorn know that work is done and that run() should not be executed again. You do this using the requestShutdown() method. Do not call shutdown().
Important: It is important that the outputPublish needs to occur before any of the inputs release.
Producers are the start of your graph and are responsible for providing data to the rest of the stages. You can have multiple producers on the same graph for different subsets of your graph.
An example of a producer would be the FileBlobReadStage. It opens a file and passes the data onto a pipe into the next stage for further processing, e.g. to parse a certain value from the file or to replicate the file onto other stages.
Using your Stage
To use and test your stage, it needs to be added to the current GraphManager.
public class CoolPronghornApp {
final GraphManager gm = new GraphManager();
public static void main(String[] args) {
//turn on awesome free telemetry
private static void populateGraph(GraphManager gm) {
//Create test pipes using the standard RawDataSchema:
Pipe<RawDataSchema> pipeA = RawDataSchema.instance.newPipe(10, 10_000);
Pipe<RawDataSchema> pipeB = RawDataSchema.instance.newPipe(20, 20_000);
//Pronghorn convention:
ExampleStage.newInstance(gm, pipeA, pipeB);
//If you chose the standard instantiation:
//new ExampleStage(gm, pipeA, pipeB);
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<urn:uuid:b272878f-e9f0-47c5-8cd0-b25353351017>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.07717525959014893,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8060116171836853,
"url": "https://oci-pronghorn.gitbook.io/pronghorn/chapter-3-stages/building-stages"
}
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Heritage Site / Ethnography Site / Cree / Community Life
Article: Community Infrastructure
To the east of the House People was a group sometimes mentioned in the literature as Willow Indians. Their Cree appellation is paskuhkupawiyiniwak; Parklands People. They are now living on the reserves of the Duck Lake Agency. This group is distinctive in that practically all of the individuals in the band were descendants of a Scotch trader, one George Sutherland, who came from Scotland in 1790. He took a Cree wife and left the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company to live on the prairie as a native. He subsequently took two more wives and begot twenty-seven children who grew to adulthood and raised families. His offspring married with the surrounding people but always returned to live with the familial group. In this way Sutherland became the first chief of a band he had himself engendered. The Parklands People associated but little with the other bands but they spoke Cree and regarded themselves as more closely related to the Cree than to any other tribe.
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<urn:uuid:45af2091-9921-4041-8879-071a3ccd9349>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.21974080801010132,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9767366051673889,
"url": "http://www.sicc.sk.ca/archive/heritage/ethnography/cree/community/c_infrastructure.html"
}
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Welcome to Clip from Spiral logo
Interactive video lesson plan for: Why Do Koalas Hug Trees?
Activity overview:
As if koalas could be any more adorable, they also tend to spend a lot of their time hugging trees. But why? Quick Questions has the answer!
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Briscoe NJ, Handasyde KA, Griffiths SR, Porter WP, Krockenberger A, Kearney MR. Tree-hugging koalas demonstrate a novel thermoregulatory mechanism for arboreal mammals. Biology Letters 2014; 10. Doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0235
Tagged under: koalas,trees,eucalyptus,animals,biology,water,temperature,regulation,heat,hug,australia,mammals,animal behavior,sweating,drink,panting,zoology,quick questions,hank green,sci show,Koala (Animal)
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3. The students comment
4. You review and reflect
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.13367962837219238,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7841761708259583,
"url": "https://spiral.ac/sharing/1p4dkdw/why-do-koalas-hug-trees"
}
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