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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom to Study online as well as available to download in PDF form free for new academic session 2020-2021. Download NCERT Solutions based on latest and updated NCERT Books for CBSE courses 2020-21.
Join the Discussion Forum to ask questions or reply the others.
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4
Chapter 4:Animal Kingdom
Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Solutions in English
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 is given below to download in PDF form free for new academic session 2020-21. Download Offline Apps based on updated NCERT Solutions 2020-21 following the latest CBSE Syllabus 2020-21. NCERT Books are also given to download in PDF form for class 11 all subjects. Ask your questions via Discussion Forum to discuss with others.
Important Terms related to Chapter 4
Bilateral symmetry: Only one plane can divide the organism into two identical left and right halves e.g., Annelids and Arthropods.
1. Coelom (Body cavity which is lined by mesoderm)
2. Coelomates: Have coelom e.g., Annelids, Arthropods, molluscs, Echinoderms, Chordates etc.
3. Pseudocoelomates: No true coelem as mesoderm is present in scattered pouches between ectoderm and endoderm. e.,g., Aschelminthes.
4. Acoelomates: Body cavity is absent e.g., Platyhelminthes.
Important Terms on Animal Kingdom
1. Asymmetrical: Cannot be divided into equal halves through median plane e.g., Sponges.
Radial symmetry: Any plane passing through central axis can divide organism into identical halves. e.g., coelentrates,Ctenophores and echinoderms.
2. Metamerism: If body is externally and internally divided into segments (metameres) with serial repetition of atleast some organs, then phenomenon is called metamerism e.g., Earthworm.
3. Pseudometamerism: Found in tapeworm. The proglottids (segments of tapeworm) budded off from neck not emryonic in origin.
4. Notochord: Rod-like structure formed during embryonic development on t he dorsal side. It is mesodermally derived e.g., Chordates. Non-chordates do not have notochord .e.g., porifera to echinoderms.
1. Also called as sea walnuts or comb jellies.
2. Are exclusively marine, radially symmetrical.
3. Have tissue level organisation, are diploblastic.
4. Digestion both extra and intracellular.
5. Body has eight external rows of ciliated comb plates for locomotion.
6. Show Bioluminescence (Property of living organisms to emit light).
7. Hermaphrodite (sexes are not separate).
8. Only sexual reproduction occurs. Exernal fertilization. Indirect development. e.g., Ctenoplana, Pleurobrachia.
Phyum Annelida
1. Are aquatic or terrestrial, free-living or parasitic.
2. Are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, organ-system level of organisation and metamerically segmented body.
3. Are coelomate animals.
4. Have longitudinal and circular muscles for locomation.
5. Have closed circulatory system.
6. Nereis (dioecious and aquatic annelid) has lateral appendages called parapodia for swimming.
7. Have nephridia for osmoregulation and excretion.
8. Neural system consists of paired gangila connected by lateral nerves to a double ventral nerve cord.
9. Reproduction is sexual. e.g., Earthworm (Pheretima) and Leech (Hirudinaria) which are hermaph rodites (i.e., monoecious).
Important Questions on 11th Biology Chapter 4
What are the difficulties that you would face in classification of animals, if common fundamental features are not taken into account?
For the classification of living organisms, common fundamental characteristics are considered.
If we consider specific characteristics, then each organism will be placed in a separate group and the entire objective of classification would not be achieved.
Classification of animals is also important in comparing different organisms and judging their individual evolutionary significance. If only a single characteristic is considered, then this objective would not be achieved.
How useful is the study of the nature of body cavity and coelom in the classification of animals?
Coelom is a fluid filled space between the body wall and digestive tract. The presence or absence of body cavity or coelom plays a very important role in the classification of animals. Animals that possess a fluid filled cavity between body wall and digestive tract are known as coelomates. Annelids, mollusks, arthropods, echinodermates, and chordates are examples of coelomates. On the other hand, the animals in which the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm are known as pseudocoelomates. In such animals, mesoderm is scattered in between ectoderm and endoderm. Aschelminthes is an example of pseudocoelomates. In certain animals, the body cavity is absent.
They are known as acoelomates. An example of acoelomates is platyhelminthes.
What are the peculiar features that you find in parasitic platyhelminthes?
Taenia (Tapeworm) and Fasciola (liver fluke) are examples of parasitic platyhelminthes.
Peculiar features in parasitic platyhelminthes are as follows.
They have dorsiventrally flattened body and bear hooks and suckers to get attached inside the body of the host.
Their body is covered with thick tegument, which protects them from the action of digestive juices of the host.
The tegument also helps in absorbing nutrients from the host’s body.
What are the reasons that you can think of for the arthropods to constitute the largest group of the animal kingdom?
The phylum, Arthropoda, consists of more than two-thirds of the animal species on earth. The reasons for the success of arthropods are as follows.
Jointed legs that allow more mobility on land
Hard exoskeleton made of chitin that protects the body
The hard exoskeleton also reduces water loss from the body of arthropods making them more adapted to terrestrial conditions.
“All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates”. Justify the statement.
The characteristic features of the phylum, Chordata, include the presence of a notochord and paired pharyngeal gill slits. In sub-phylum Vertebrata, the notochord present in embryos gets replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in adults. Thus, it can be said that all vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates.
How important is the presence of air bladder in Pisces?
Gas bladder or air bladder is a gas filled sac present in fishes. It helps in maintaining buoyancy. Thus, it helps fishes to ascend or descend and stay in the water current.
What are the modifications that are observed in birds that help them fly?
Birds have undergone many structural adaptations to suit their aerial life. Some of these adaptations are as follows.
Streamlined body for rapid and smooth movement
Covering of feathers for insulation
Forelimbs modified into wings and hind limbs used for walking, perching, and swimming
Presence of pneumatic bones to reduce weight
Presence of additional air sacs to supplement respiration
Could the number of eggs or young ones produced by an oviparous and viviparous mother be equal? Why?
The numbers of eggs produced by an oviparous mother will be more than the young ones produced by a viviparous mother. This is because in oviparous animals, the development of young ones takes place outside the mother’s body. Their eggs are more prone to environmental conditions and predators. Therefore, to overcome the loss, more eggs are produced by mothers so that even under harsh environmental conditions, some eggs might be able to survive and produce young ones. On the other hand, in viviparous organisms, the development of young ones takes place in safe conditions inside the body of the mother. They are less exposed to environmental conditions and predators. Therefore, there are more chances of their survival and hence, less number of young ones is produced compared to the number of eggs.
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom.
Download NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom in PDF form free. Downloaded PDF can be use as offline contents. View online options are given to use these contents without downloading. This page contains all the end exercises questions answers of Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom.
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 in PDF
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 in English medium
11 bio ch. 4
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About | Classical Genetics | Timelines | What's New | What's Hot
About | Classical Genetics | Timelines | What's New | What's Hot
ESP Essays 05 Jul 2020 Updated:
Genetics and History
How a Single Gene Mutation
Affected the Entire World
Robert J. Robbins
Late in the summer of 1818, a human sperm and egg united to form a human zygote. One of those gametes, we don't know which, was carrying a newly mutated gene. A century later, after passing through three generations, a copy of that mutation contributed to the overthrow of the Tsar and the emergence of communism in Russia.
Improbably enough, a single change in a single molecule in 1818 may have profoundly affected 20th-century world history. Without the evil influence of the mad monk Rasputin, Russia might well have evolved into a constitutional monarchy and communism never come to power. Was the mutation of 1818 responsible for the power of Rasputin? Here's what happened.
The zygote became Queen Victoria of England and the new mutation was for hemophilia B, bleeder's disease, carried on the X chromosome. Victoria passed the gene on to some of her children and grandchildren, including Princess Alexandra, who married Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, in 1894.
The descendants of Queen Victoria who carried, or expressed, her gene for hemophilia. (Click HERE for larger version.)
By 1903, Nicholas and Alexandra had produced four daughters. The next year, the long awaited male heir appeared — His Imperial Highness Alexei Nicolaievich, Sovereign Heir Tsarevich, Grand Duke of Russia.
Nicholas and Alexei
Tsar Nicholas with Tsarevich Alexei, 1904.
From his father, the baby Alexei inherited the undisputed claim to the throne of all the Russias. From his mother, he inherited an X chromosome carrying a copy of the mutant gene for hemophilia B.
Soon after his birth, signs of the boy's mutant gene appeared. At six weeks, he experienced a bout of uncontrolled bleeding and by early 1905 the royal physicians had concluded that he was suffering from hemophilia. In addition to this personal tragedy, the year was a terrible year for Russia — war with Japan ended in defeat and revolutionary fervor began to sweep the country. It was also the year that Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin was introduced to the royal family.
Before modern medicine, life for the parent of a child with hemophilia was unrelenting stress. During painful bleeding episodes, little help could be offered. During healthy interludes, constant worry that a fatal mishap may be a moment away was inescapable. Realizing that the doctors have no answers, such a parent may look elsewhere for help. So it was with Alexandra. She threw herself into the church and offered fervent prayers for her son. When no miracle came, she doubted her own worth and sought someone closer to God to intercede on her behalf.
Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin — a Russian mystic and self-proclaimed holy man who befriended the family of Tsar Nicholas II and gained considerable influence in late imperial Russia.
In 1905, Rasputin arrived in St. Petersburg, accompanied by his reputation as a man of god with miraculous healing powers. His peasant dress, unkempt manner, and personal magnetism made him an exotic celebrity in fashionable circles and by November he was introduced to the royal family. His immediate rapport with the children led Alexandra to believe that her prayers may have been answered and that Rasputin would be the intercessor to save her son. From then on, Rasputin played a special role in the royal court.
In time, Rasputin's penchant for debauchery became known and many concluded that he was a fraud and a charlatan. Alexandra, however, was unconvinced and held that the stories circulating about Rasputin were rumors and lies. Unwilling to separate his wife from someone in whom she believed, the Tsar refused to ban Rasputin from court, despite the advice of many who argued that his continued presence was an embarrassment and a liability.
Until 1912, Alexandra might have been willing to abandon Rasputin, should anyone have been able to convince her that even a fraction of the reports about him were true. In the fall of that year, however, events occurred that made Rasputin's standing with the Tsaritsa absolutely unshakable. On holiday at Spala in Poland, eight-year old Alexei fell and triggered the worst attack of hemophilia he had ever experienced. An abdominal bruise led to internal bleeding accompanied by massive swelling and intense pain. His legs became paralyzed and his suffering was appalling. For days he cried and screamed in agony. As his condition worsened, first drafts of his death announcement were drawn up and last rights administered. Alexandra, without sleep for days, was exhausted and in a state of drained hysteria.
Anna Alexandrovna Vyrubova — lady-in-waiting, friend, and confidante of Tsaritsa Alexandra Fyodorovna.
Meanwhile, a friend of Alexandra's, Madame Vyrubova, sent a cable to Rasputin asking him to pray for Alexei. Rasputin immediately cabled back, "God has seen your tears and heard your prayers. Do not grieve. The Little One will not die. Do not allow the doctors to bother him too much." A day later, the hemorrhage stopped inexplicably. While others were puzzled by this remarkable coincidence, Alexandra was convinced that Rasputin had intervened with God and that a miracle had happened. From then on, nothing could make Alexandra give up the belief that the welfare of her son depended absolutely upon following the advice of Rasputin. Soon, Rasputin convinced her that the welfare of Russia and the continued existence of the monarchy also depended upon him. Rasputin's control over the royal family was now complete.
At the time, Russia was the world's largest and most absolute autocracy. Unwilling to discover what would happen to their authority were the people to discover that the only heir was an invalid in constant danger of death, Nicholas and Alexandra insisted that the boy's hemophilia be kept secret. Although public knowledge would no doubt have adversely affected the monarchy, secrecy was worse. Without knowledge of the hemophilia, no one could understand Rasputin's power over the royal family. Given Rasputin's reputation, rumors of royal debauchery began to spread, undermining respect for the Empress, the Tsar, and the monarchy.
While World War I raged and political turmoil churned in the country, Alexandra heeded Rasputin and rejected all attempts to reform. In an effort to break Rasputin's hold over the royal family, several conspirators murdered Rasputin in December of 1916.
However, Alexandra clung to Rasputin's advice and continued to reject change. On February 16, 1917, the British general Sir Henry Wilson, in Russia for the allied conference in Petrograd, recorded in his diary, "the Emperor and Empress are riding for a fall. Everyone — officers, merchants, ladies — talk openly of the absolute necessity of doing away with them." In March, Nicholas was forced to abdicate and the royal family was placed under house arrest by the Provisional Government. In November, the Provisional Government fell to the Bolshevik revolution. The next July, almost exactly 100 years after that first mutation, Nicholas, Alexandra, and all of their children were murdered by their Bolshevik guards.
Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky, the head of the Provisional Government after the Tsar, has claimed, "Without Rasputin, there could have been no Lenin." Certainly, without Lenin, there would have been no communist Russia. And, without Alexei's hemophilia, there would have been no Rasputin.
Could it be that the single mutation in the single cell that became Victoria was responsible for the rise of communism?
R. K. Massie has written:
Had it not been for the agony of Alexis' hemophilia, had it not been for the desperation which made his mother turn to Rasputin, first to save her son, then to save the pure autocracy, might not Nicholas II have continued retreating into the role of constitutional monarch so happily filled by his cousin King George V? It might have happened, and, in fact, it was in this direction that Russian history was headed. In 1905, the Russian people had had a partial revolution. Absolute power was struck from the hands of the Tsar with the creation of the Duma. In the era of Stolypin and the Third Duma, cooperation between the throne and parliament reached a level of high promise for the future. During the war, the nation asked not for revolution but for reform — for a share of responsibility in fighting and winning the victory. But Alexandra, goaded by Rasputin, passionately objected to any sharing of the Imperial power. By giving way to his wife, by fighting to save the autocracy and denying every plea for responsible government, Nicholas made revolution and the eventual triumph of Lenin inevitable.
R. K. Massie. 1967. Nicholas and Alexandra. New York: Atheneum. p. 506
Perhaps a single genetic event can change the course of history...
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In this commanding book, Pulitzer Prize-winning author Robert K. Massie sweeps readers back to the extraordinary world of Imperial Russia to tell the story of the Romanovs' lives: Nicholas's political naïveté, Alexandra's obsession with the corrupt mystic Rasputin, and little Alexis's brave struggle with hemophilia. Against a lavish backdrop of luxury and intrigue, Massie unfolds a powerful drama of passion and history—the story of a doomed empire and the death-marked royals who watched it crumble. GoodReads
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ESP Picks from Around the Web (updated 07 JUL 2018 )
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Augustan-Tokundian Wars
Augustan soldiers slaughtered by Tokundians
Date 587-1401
Location Central Majatra
• Settlement of Deltarians;
• Creation of Tokundian Empire;
• Fall of Augustan Empire;
• Caliphate rule in Majatra.
Deltarian Turul Deltarian Tribal Empire
Tokundian Empire Tokundian Empire
Flag of Augustan Empire Augustan Empire
The Augustan-Tokundian Wars were a series of military conflicts between the Augustan Empire and the Tokundian-led Deltarians that started with the Deltarian land-taking in Central Majatra in c. 600, and further intensified during the subsequent centuries with the establishment of a centralized Tokundian Empire and its expansion in the 10th and 11th centuries. Between 587-1401 the two sides were in a state of almost constant warfare, and the Augustan-Tokundian Wars were a key factor behind the collapse of the Augustan Empire in 1401, when, after a revolt of the Deltarian tribes against the Tokundians, the latter migrated into Augustan territory en masse, precipitating the Empire's conquest by the Ahmadi Caliphate. In spite of this constant hostility, the Deltarian culture was to a large extent integrated within that of the Augustan Empire, as the Deltarians adopted the Augustan form of Hosianism and many of the Empire's cultural practices, including the title of Czar (from the Augustan title Caesar), the Old Tokundian alphabet (from the Kalopian alphabet), or early Tokundian art.
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Laptop Radiation Dangers
Posted by Emf Protection Store on
Things we do (not) know about laptop radiation
Laptops are highly praised for their portability. They have many advantages when compared to regular computers. It’s convenient to be able to bring your computer to your work, your holidays and pretty much anywhere we go. But what do we know about laptop radiation?
The World Health Organization states that radiation from laptops is lower than the threshold that could affect human health. Also, laptops screens emit less radiation than regular computer monitors. However, most laptops operate mainly with Wi-Fi technologies and studies show that Wi-Fi radiation coming directly from laptop is more dangerous since we tend to keep laptops so close to our bodies.
Laptop Radiation and Sperm
There is more and more evidence from various studies showing that if you are a regular laptop user, laptop radiation is not a health hazard you should neglect and it poses significant long term health risk. Radiation from laptops mainly comes from the place where hard disc and chips are located. In addition laptops emit a lot of heat. Research showes that holding a laptop close to your legs or abdomen for an extended period of time actually affects quality of sperm DNA partly due to the heat.
Scientist from Argentina took two samples of healthy sperm; one was kept as control sample and the other one was exposed to laptop radiation. Sperm cells that were exposed to laptop radiation appeared to be completely immobile after 4 hours of exposure. Also, it had many broken DNA while healthy sperm cells that were not in the proximity of radiation from laptops were mobile with intact DNA. Sanchez Sarmiento, one of the leading scientists of this study, stated that although we need further research, the first advice to laptop users is to not make a habit of keeping laptops on their laps, especially if they are using Wi-Fi technologies.
Laptop Radiation and Pregnancy
Another study researched women and how does laptop radiation affects their health. Laptop radiation represents possible health hazard especially when it comes to pregnancies. It is advised that pregnant women should not keep laptop anywhere near abdomen and it’s prudent to make many short brakes while working on a laptop. Since the nature of EMF radiation is such that it reduces with distance from EMF source, keeping a laptop close to body means significant amount of radiation exposure. Research results also linked radiation from laptops to leukemia, damage to female reproductive organs, birth defects, miscarriages, tumors and stress.
What can be done to decrease and minimize radiation from laptops? The best way to do this is to simply not keep laptops on our laps or abdomens. If this cannot be avoided, it is advised to keep periods of exposure short. It’s good to make short brakes and distance yourself from laptop especially if Wi-Fi technologies are on. In addition, there are laptop radiation protection pads, designed to maintain proper cooling of laptops while at the same time working as EMF shield – reducing amount of radiation reaching your body.
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Published on Locomotor system.
The sternum is a thick and flattened bone located in the front wall of the thorax and it articulates with the clavicle (collarbone) and the first seven ribs.
It protects the heart and lungs. The area of the heart represents emotions and the area of the lungs represents a relationship with the outside. A fracture of the sternum, which is a bone, shows that the person felt extremely undervalued. This undervaluation was felt in the bone that protects the thorax area. It means that, in this case, the person felt attacked on his emotions by someone else. Someone has attacked the individual because of what he feels, as if he were not allowed to experience his emotions. As if the person was not allowed to feel what he feels. The sternum, the hip, as well as the large bones of the body, are the areas where the maturation of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets occurs. The cells and the platelets are directly associated with blood, that is, with the person’s identity. Whenever there is a problem in the sternum, the person feels (though not consciously) that his identity is at stake. It is important to know who he feels in conflict with and verbalize it. First look at the couple, then the home, and finally, the work environment.
See Bone
© Copyright by Luís Martins Simões, developed by RUPEAL
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George Novak
What happened on Stack H?
The Mokohinau stag beetle is one of the world’s most endangered species, occupying less than an acre of scrub on a rocky tower in the middle of the ocean. Its habitat is so precarious that Auckland Zoo and DOC are hoping to safeguard a population of beetles on the mainland as a form of insurance—that is, if there are any left.
Written by Photographed by Benj Brooking and George Novak
Geodorcus ithaginis probably used to roam over wider terrain, but is now restricted to a steep-sided island about 100 kilometres northeast of Auckland.
On a fine summer’s day, three men set off in a boat from Kennedy Bay to look for beetles. They leave the Coromandel Peninsula behind, cruise past Great Barrier Island, and then the landforms recede into the distance. Their destination: a tiny rock stack so small and obscure it doesn’t have a name. Their quarry: Geodorcus ithaginis, the Mokohinau stag beetle, which may or may not exist.
The beetle hunters are Don McFarlane, a reptile and invertebrate expert from Auckland Zoo, and entomologist Ian Stringer and ecologist Greg Sherley, both retired from the Department of Conservation and both paying their own way to join the search.
The journey takes nine hours, and McFarlane is horribly seasick. Finally, the Mokohinau Islands heave into view, precipitous cliffs capped by windswept trees.
The islands are the crumbling remnants of a volcano, and only a handful of them have names. A lighthouse once stood on the northernmost one, Burgess Island, and in the 1880s, its assistant lighthouse keeper was the first person to find the stag beetle and keep a record of it.
Andreas Sandager collected 130 species of beetle while he was stationed on the Mokohinaus, a third of which were new to science. On one trip to Lizard Island, he found a female stag beetle and fragments of a male.
More stag-beetle fragments were collected by an entomologist in 1902, and then the beetle disappeared until 1984, when the Auckland University Field Club went looking for lizards and found a male stag beetle instead.
That’s when Greg Sherley first joined the search. In the early 1990s, he took part in a DOC survey, which managed to find three live stag beetles on a rock too small to call an island (they referred to it as Stack H instead) but none anywhere else.
After the survey, DOC decided to translocate beetles to a second island. But this never happened. Another visit to the Mokohinaus in 2008 made it clear that there were too few beetles left. “We really couldn’t harvest live beetles from Stack H without endangering the population,” says Sherley.
So he changed focus: he would breed beetles in captivity first. He visited successful insect-breeding programmes in Australia for tips. Then he and Ian Stringer retired, and everything stalled.
[Chapter Break]
A lump of rock sticking out of the sea, Stack H is protected by 30-metre cliffs. The cap of scrubby vegetation on top is like a badly fitted toupee. It’s inhospitable enough that, unlike all the other islands in the Mokohinaus, it has never had kiore—Polynesian rats.
It has been 25 years since Sherley’s last beetle search, but he still knows where to go—a stunted pōhutukawa tree. The last beetles he saw were living here.
“They’re a beautiful animal,” he says, affection in his voice. “A remnant of ancient New Zealand. They have a quaintness about them.”
Before rats arrived, the stag beetle probably lived on islands throughout the group, and possibly the mainland, too.
Sherley picks slowly through the leaf litter, turns logs and stones, watches the dampest, shadiest spots for motion.
Almost nothing is known about this beetle—not even its preferred habitat. It it has been clinging to life within tussock grass and under stunted shrubs, but it may well like mature forest better. The larvae of other stag beetle species burrow into rotting tree trunks, which are pretty scarce on Stack H. They can remain buried for years before pupating.
The team uncovers a few disembodied parts: mandibles, some wing covers. (The mandibles of G. ithaginis have a distinctive extra tooth, a dead giveaway.) Are these fragments from a beetle that died last week, or years ago? Beetles are durable, so it’s impossible for the searchers to tell.
“It felt like a tease,” says McFarlane. He’s hoping to resume Sherley’s plan of breeding the beetles in captivity, at Auckland Zoo. It’s a tricky ask, as nobody has tried it with this beetle, but McFarlane has figured out how to breed endangered invertebrates before—Partula snails at London Zoo.
But to do that, he needs beetles.
The spike on top of the male stag beetle’s jaws is what sets Geodorcus ithaginis apart from other New Zealand stag beetles. Males are about three centimetres long. Most members of the beetle’s family, Geodorcus, are now confined to isolated islands and mountaintops, with the Mokohinau stag beetle being the group’s extreme northernmost member.
As the hours pass, Sherley feels a sense of growing dread. Everyone, including the boat’s skipper, searches—on hands and knees, turning over rotting timber and stones, digging into the few centimetres of soil clinging to the rocks—while at the same time trying not to destroy the fragile habitat.
Over the next three days, hearts sinking, the team cast their net wider: they set up a GoPro camera overnight with a lure. The beetles are nocturnal, after all—perhaps they’ll emerge after dark.
No beetles.
They survey the vegetation on Stack H with a drone, making a high-resolution map of what may be suitable beetle habitat. The rock stack turns out to be 3500 to 4000 square metres in size, or less than an acre—a tiny area to house an entire species. They also search the neighbouring stack, and Lizard Island, where the beetle was first discovered. The Mokohinaus have been rat-free for 25 years now—perhaps a few beetles squeaked through?
No luck.
“We looked harder and harder—and found nothing,” says McFarlane.
And not for want to trying, says Sherley: “We would’ve put in about ten times more search effort on this trip than we’ve ever done before.”
[Chapter Break]
Did someone else get there first? Entrepreneurial collectors are one threat to endangered invertebrates. There’s a black market in rare stag beetles, which are worth good money—$500 to $1000.
“Rarity puts a price on their heads,” says Sherley. “A poacher’s objective is to make a target species go extinct.”
Keeping beetles as pets is a huge business in Japan and Taiwan, and stag beetles, or kuwagata, are especially popular: they don’t take up much space, and eat apple slices.
“You can put money into a vending machine in Japan and get a stag beetle out,” says DOC entomologist Eric Edwards.
Early in the quest for the Mokohinau stag beetle, the searchers found a collection of disembodied parts. Beetle exoskeletons are durable: this one may have died two weeks ago or two years ago.
Edwards recalls getting a call a few years back from a person who said they were a student, asking for information about the exact locations of rare New Zealand invertebrate species. Edwards was suspicious.
DOC was so worried about beetle poachers that it asked for the reference to Stack H to be removed from the Mokohinau stag beetle’s Wikipedia article. It was added back the next day by someone who pointed out the location was public knowledge. In fact, detailed directions to the exact spot where the beetles were previously found are still listed in a conservation status report on DOC’s own website.
But it’s impossible to say if anyone made the long trip to look for trophies, and anyway, almost anything could finish off G. ithaginis. The rest of the Mokohinau Islands were burnt off, farmed, muttonbirded, and infested with rats. Stack H, the beetle’s last refuge, escaped that fate, but a tiny habitat is ridiculously vulnerable: a drought, a fire, a single rat escaping from a moored boat, and it’s all over.
[Chapter Break]
It takes 50 years without a sighting to declare something extinct, but invertebrates are tricky cases. Titanomis sisyrota, or “New Zealand’s most enigmatic moth”, according to lepidopterist Robert Hoare, has been seen only ten times, mostly in the 19th century, and not at all since 1959. Nobody knows what its habitat is or what its caterpillars might eat. It has (or it had) a huge natural range, and with a six-centimetre wingspan, it’s conspicuous. Surely if it was still alive, we’d have seen it? But there are only a handful of moth experts in New Zealand, and a lot of ground to cover.
The official extinction criteria can’t cope with insects, which can remain undetected for decades, then pop up again.
Beetles spend more time as larvae than as beetles, and since we don’t know how long the Mokohinau stag beetle’s larval stage lasts for—whether it’s measured in weeks or years—we don’t know whether there are new beetles yet to emerge.
The Southland jewel chafer beetle Stethaspis pulchra hadn’t been seen for 50 years when it was rediscovered in 2005. At the end of an expedition to find it in the remote Umbrella Mountains in Southland, Eric Edwards and his team were getting back into their vehicles when Edwards’s six-year-old son, Alex, picked a beautiful metallic-green beetle out of a puddle.
“Is this it?” he asked. It was.
The stag beetle isn’t the only invertebrate to be precariously clinging onto a tiny habitat. One of our most endangered insects is the weevil Lyperobius nesidiotes, which seems to be dependent on the rare herb Anisotome acutifolia, which grows only on the subantarctic Snares Islands. The weevils have only ever been found on a patch of Anisotome about two metres square, a habitat that makes Stack H look luxurious, and nobody’s seen them since the 1980s.
Some invertebrates have teetered on the edge of existence, only to return safely. The Mercury Islands tusked wētā was on the brink of extinction in the 1990s when DOC managed to rescue a male and two females just before it disappeared from the wild. A team including Ian Stringer bred hundreds of tusked wētā in captivity (in ice-cream containers) and released them back onto the newly rat-free Mercury Islands, saving the species.
Why wasn’t the same done with the Mokohinau stag beetle?
Little is known about the beetle—what it eats, where it prefers to live, and how long its larval stage may last. Other stag beetle larvae burrow into rotting wood, where they may remain for years before pupating. Are there larvae buried somewhere on Stack H, waiting to metamorphose?
There’s been a plan in place for years, not yet actioned: figure out how to get a different stag-beetle species to breed in captivity—Helms’s stag beetle, perhaps, which is less rare—before having a go with G. ithaginis.
But in 2009, the government cut $54 million from DOC’s budget. After Sherley and Stringer retired, they weren’t replaced, and today, there are only three entomologists left at DOC, with thousands of species to monitor.
Edwards jokes that we need a volunteer force, a “retired biologist club”, which, like Sherley and Stringer, could travel around New Zealand surveying habitats and searching for vanishing species.
Everybody loves a kākāpō, but rare beetles don’t go viral on YouTube, or have their own social media accounts, or get a $1 million rescue budget.
Stag beetles aren’t cuddly enough to be plush toys. Te Papa’s Colin Miskelly puts it bluntly: “Trying to get community buy-in for protecting the Open Bay Islands leech—it’s just not going to happen, because who gives a stuff about a leech?”
Sherley disagrees: “You can make wētā important.”
The same goes for Northland land snails, the Mercury Island tusked wētā, the Mahoenui giant wētā, Powelliphanta snails threatened by West Coast mining: “With the right advocacy, people will care.”
The right advocacy may be a matter of life or death. Beetles, not birds, are on the front line of the global extinction crisis. The majority of New Zealand’s threatened species are invertebrates and plants.
As far as Shirley is concerned, this is still unfinished business.
“We need another visit.”
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Agriculture Standards – Post-Visit Activities
After your visit to LondonDairy Alpaca Ranch, we suggest having your students complete some of the following activities to integrate, apply and synthesize the knowledge gained from the visit with their present class and other subject areas, stimulate creative thinking, questioning, and problem solving. Educators, please adjust these accordingly to adapt to your particular students and their unique needs.
Elementary level students
• What are some of the daily jobs done on the ranch? Why are these important?
• Make a T-chart or Venn diagram to compare/contrast alpacas and llamas.
• Create a list of at least three things that are different about daily life on an alpaca ranch vs. how your family operates.
• Share and discuss one current event from South America related to business, or wildlife management.
• Draw a picture of an alpaca. What unique physical features does it have? How do these features help them adapt to their native environment.
• How is Orchard Grass different from Alfalfa hay? What is “Protein Blow-Out?” Why is it good or bad?
• What other animals chew their “cud?” How many stomach compartments do alpacas have? How many teeth do they have? How do alpacas eat grass differently than sheep or cows? Do alpacas chew in a circle or a figure 8? Why do you suppose a figure 8 is more efficient?
• What kinds of illnesses can alpacas get?
• Is there such a thing as an alpaca doctor (veterinarian?) Do veterinarians get a lot of training about alpacas in medical school?
• What is a cria? About how large is a cria at birth?
• What is “herd mentality” or “flight or fight response?”
Middle/Junior High students
• Evaluate whether the student thinks ranching or farming would be a good career path for him/her. Make a T-chart of the positives and negatives of being a rancher or a farmer.
• What ecological issues does a farmer or rancher need to address?
• Compare/contrast life in the city vs. life as a farmer or rancher.
• Share and discuss one current event from South America. How does it affect the U.S. or just Wisconsin?
• What other animals are part of the “camelid” family? Where do they live?
• What does the word “ruminant” mean? How is an alpaca’s stomach different from a cow’s?
• Because alpacas primarily eat grass, what kinds of parasites or illnesses do they get? How is these prevented or treated?
• Do alpacas eat or need anything else other than grass to survive? Discuss.
• Is there an alpaca veterinarian in Wisconsin? Who is the most well-known alpaca veterinarian in the world?
• What time of the year, or of the day, are cria generally born? Why? How does this help them to survive?
• Discuss the “flight or fight” response that all animals possess. How does this apply to quick movements or loud noises when interacting alpacas?
• Alpacas can be used for many things. List at least three uses for alpaca fiber. Discuss the differences in the blanket area vs. region #2 and region #3.
• What kinds of shelter and equipment do alpacas require? How are their needs uniquely different from what other farm animals may need?
• Alpacas are often described as being “environmentally friendly”. What are some things about the alpaca’s physical structure that make them “environmentally friendly.”
High School students
• Based on the student’s individual interests and aptitudes, would farming/ranching be a viable career option? Make a T-chart or Venn diagram to illustrate strengths and areas of challenge.
• Discuss, “What ecological, social and economic factors are involved with being an alpaca rancher?”
• How are alpaca farms in South America similar and different than those in Wisconsin, and why those differences exist.
• Alpacas are no longer exported from South America. Does this have a positive or negative effect on the ranchers in the U.S. or the rest of the world?
• Compare/contrast the grasses given to alpacas. What are the positive and negatives of each?
• What common ancestor(s) do alpacas (camelids) share? What other animals are they closely related to? What are some common traits among all of these camelids? How are alpacas uniquely different from llamas, vicunas, and guanacos?
• What are some medical issues that alpaca ranchers need to deal with?
• Who is Dr. Norm Evans? What impact has he had on alpaca ranching?
• How does the diet of an alpaca affect its fleece? Why?
• Discuss the importance of a breeding program in ranching. What is unique or challenging about breeding alpacas?
• “What are the safety risks of being a rancher and handling live animals?”. Research some insurance plans and costs.
• Discuss what are some ethical issues related to animal welfare in ranching?
• What kind of herd management system(s) are needed for alpaca ranching.
• What kind of physical structures and equipment are needed to house, care for, and shelter alpacas. Draw a diagram of what your “fantasy” alpaca ranch might look like some day.
• What are some environmental, zoning, or construction issues related to alpaca ranching?
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Mr. Gandhi and the Emancipation of the Untouchables
This treatise was used to express the oppression of Dalits, possible solution, and hurdles presented by the Indian National Congress to a foreign audience.
At the time the treatise was written the Indian constitution was being created. Ambedkar explains the conditions that will be met for the Dalit to accept the new structure. The first is the Dalit have to be recognized as a group outside of Hinduism. The second is the law needs to have provisions that address Dalit needs.
These provisions include
• Funding set aside specifically for Dalit education
• Guaranteed political representation for Dalits
• To ensure political representation Dalits will have a separate electorate
• Government jobs set aside for Dalits
One of the solutions Ambedkar presents is separate villages for Dalits. Traditionally, Dalits live on the outskirts of the city. The proximity to caste Hindus relegates Dalits to menial and unsanitary jobs. Because caste Hindu see Dalits as inferior, and Hindus control the economy, it is not realistic that a Dalit would get an opportunity to try new professions. New Dalit settlement will be created on government land and ruled by a commission. There will also be a set aside to fund the commission.
Gandhi opposed these provisions so vehemently he decided to fast till death. He proposed what he called the National Scheme as an alternative. The scheme consisted of:
• Government in which official were elected purely on territorial basis
• Executive drawn from majority party
• Administration run solely on efficiency
Gandhi also disparaged Ambedkar’s plan as the Communal Scheme. Insinuating it focused on the local level and separated India. Ambedkar rebutted by saying India is not united now or was it united in the past. A temporary period of separation will reduce economic and political disparity that can lead to a united India in the future.
Also, Ambedkar supported the idea Dalit representatives and a separate electorate are needed to address Dalit issues. To assume Dalit issues or minority issues can be addressed by someone from the majority elected by the majority is not founded in history. People have a natural tendency to work in their favor and the favor of those close to them. The idea a person can remove their identity and ego while in office is laughable. Also, a Dalit representative elected by the general electorate would be beholden to the majority, not his people. So India requires both Dalit representatives and a Dalit electorate. Dalit would vote in the general election and the separate election.
There would also be a set-aside for Dalits for government jobs. Dalits would be required to pass an entry exam to show they have a basic level of skill. The minimum testing requirement will ensure competent employees. Ambedkar explains it is not realistic that Dalits have the same education level as Caste Hindus. Because of bias, discrimination, and economic disparity Dalit have been kept out of higher education. These problems can only be remedied by Dalits having stable jobs and being involved in the implementation of government policy. Many assume that a Dalit set-aside would lead to incompetent or less competent employees. To think this one must believe that there are no qualified Dalits that just aren’t being given the opportunity.
Hindus that are against Ambedkar’s plan are not uninformed or unrealistically optimistic. These Hindus are knowingly working in their self-interest against Dalits. The Dalit plan would not leave Hindus without power or opportunity. The Hindu plan could prevent Dalit economic mobility. Ultimately, in Ambedkar’s plan, the winners win more than the losers lose.
The treatise warns Americans and other Westerners of Hindu motives for Independence. Hindus ultimately want to install Hindu rule to the exclusion of other groups. Hinduism does not include an inclination for social justice. Also, Castes are not the same as Western concepts of class. Class implies social mobility and the ability to develop individual talent. These concepts are not in Hinduism.
The demands of Dalits are not dissimilar to demands of Sikhs and Muslims. Unfortunately, Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims conspired to get Caste removed from census questionnaire. The removal of Caste on government forms does nothing concrete to improve the life of Dalits. It buries their problems and state from public view.
The full-text can be found HERE
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A nanite was a microscopic molecular machine, a form of nanotechnology. Nanites had a variety of uses, such as in medicine, to alter or manipulate the inside of living cells.
Sensors did not register nanites as being alive. (DS9 novel: Valhalla)
Weapons and defences
The Borg Collective made use of nanites on their Diamond vessels as a method of disrupting enemy communication and computer systems. These nanites were injecting into an enemy ship where they began to scramble the computer interface causing chaos on the target vessels. (TNG video game: Armada)
This served as a special ability among the Borg Diamond which, when used, caused the interface to move randomly across the screen making it difficult to issue commands to an infected unit.
The Heran Modality deployed nanites all over their homeworld of Hera which worked as a method of suppressing enemy ground weaponry. This worked by the nanites affecting the power linkages of the weapons making them useless in a battle on the planet thus forcing invaders to make use of simpler methods to combat the Heran defense forces. (TNG novel: Infiltrator)
In the mirror universe, the Obsidian Order developed a way to use nanites as passive recording devices, to spy by secretly recording conversations. The Order's research and development team developed a way to deploy them, using miniature particle ejectors containing programmable cylinders containing thousands of nanites. These nanites were capable of recording through tissue from inside the lungs or intestines of a living being with some being capable of clinging to a target's hair or clothes for a day or so. Once loaded into the ejector, it was a simple matter to implant the machine to the users lips. After which, a certain amount of pressure activated the nanites which blew towards the target and recording everything relating to them. They were capable of being remotely triggered at a later time and once they were retrieved, it was possible to gain an entire day's worth of conversations from the machines as they worked together for redundancy.
The head of the Order, Enabrain Tain, planned on using this technology on Gul Skrain Dukat in order to learn his secrets so that Tain could destroy his career. At the time, Tain did not share any of the secrets of the technology within the rest of the Klingon-Cardassian Alliance or even his own government. (DS9 novel: Dark Passions)
The short lived Borg-Romulan alliance made use of nanites that were not constructed from Borg technology to help regenerate the body of James Tiberius Kirk as a plot to use him against the Federation. (TOS novel: The Return)
Nanites were responsible for the legendary healing properties of the Ilaiyen Archipelago. This nanotechnology had been given to the Ilaiyenai by extra-planetary explorers sometime prior to or during the 13th century. (TOS short story: "As Others See Us")
In 2366, Wesley Crusher experimented with nanites, causing them to evolve into sentience. After threatening the computer core of the USS Enterprise, these nanites were transported to planet Kavis Alpha IV to create their own civilization. (TNG episode: "Evolution")
In the same year, Beverly Crusher suggested using nanites as a weapon against the Borg. (TNG episode: "The Best of Both Worlds, Part II")
In 2367, use of the nanites to defeat the Borg was blocked because a case was brought before the Federation to prevent their use without their consent (TNG novel: Vendetta) (Geordi Laforge: "The nanites have lawyers?!)
In 2369, Julian Bashir found similarities between nanites and the artificial microbes that resurrected the Ennis and the Nol-Ennis on a moon in the Gamma Quadrant. (DS9 episode: "Battle Lines")
In that same year, Elias Vaughn and Ruriko Tenmei used trillions of nanites to find and unwrite the code of Cren Veruda's artificial intelligence, which the Borg had found at Uridi'si. (DS9 novel: Lesser Evil)
The Doctor aboard USS Voyager was able to use nanites as a forensic tool to identify Frank Darwin's murderer as Lon Suder. (VOY episode: "Meld")
In the year 2370 during the invasion of the Heran |homeworld, the Klingon and Federation forces discovered their hand held energy weapons to be useless due to the Heran use of nanites. (TNG novel: Infiltrator)
In 2376, Simon Tarses used medical nanites to treat injuries that Ro Laren suffered after Taran'atar's attack. They were able to limit the genetronic matrix's activity at the molecular level and prevented accidental metastasization. (DS9 novel: Warpath)
External links
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Steve Backshall climbs Snowdon in North Wales. He emphasises the importance of respecting the environment and explains how temperature changes as you climb. He records height and temperature at regular intervals with an altimeter. Weather can change suddenly so it is important to take the right survival equipment. Nothing about a mountain is static. Even views change over time as forces act on mountains to shape and form them.
First broadcast:
8 November 2007
Prior to watching the clip, ask the pupils to make a list of all the equipment they might need if they were undertaking a spring mountain expedition. Present them with a fictional weather forecast for the Snowdonia area, which should be dry and relatively mild, and a modest sized rucksack to limit their choices. Ask the pupils to share their lists with the rest of the class, justifying their selections. Observe whether they have an understanding that the weather conditions might change as they ascend the mountain. The clip allows pupils to compare their list with that of the climber and also gives them visual evidence of the changing temperatures, weather and underfoot conditions throughout the journey. The children should be given time to review their lists and make amendments in light of the clip, before presenting a final checklist for their expedition kit.
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Acquired resistance occurs as a result of genetic changes due to mutation, or to the acquisition of genetic material, which confers a stable and heritable decrease in susceptibility to one or more rodenticides.
Behavioural resistance is a phenomenon which is the result of a change in behaviour which confers an increased probability of individual animals, or populations, surviving applications of rodenticides or other treatment mechanisms, such as trapping. The behaviour may be sometimes related to a reluctance to take rodenticidal baits or to approach and enter rodent control equipment, such as bait boxes and traps. Few published scientific studies have been conducted on behavioural resistance and none has so far confirmed a genetical element. However, it is postulated that a significant part of resistance in the L120Q focus of anticoagulant resistance in central southern England has a behavioural component.
Blood clotting response (BCR) test is a simple and quick non-lethal method to determine susceptibility or resistance to anticoagulants. A dose of an anticoagulant is delivered, usually either by gavage or injection, which is known to impair blood clotting in a given percentage of the susceptible population. If the blood continues to clot in a significantly greater proportion of the animals tested than expected, the sample is said to be resistant.
Cross-resistance occurs when an individual possesses resistance to one compound which confers on it resistance to one or more other compounds – usually these compounds are of a related chemical type. For example, it is generally considered that resistance to one of the first-generation anticoagulants confers resistance to at least some of the other first-generation compounds.
Co-resistance occurs when an individual possessed more than one type of resistance mechanism. There are few examples of this phenomenon among rodents but it is comparatively common in insects.
Ecotoxicology is the study of the toxicants within ecological systems.
Enzyme, a complex organic molecule, usually a protein, that speeds up (or catalyses) a chemical reaction in an animal or plant.
First-generation anticoagulant, one of the series of rodenticide active substances invented, mainly during the 1950s and 60s, the first of which was warfarin. The most commonly used of these compounds are chlorophacinone and diphacinone (indane-diones) and coumachlor, coumatetralyl, and warfarin (hydroxycoumarins). (See second-generation anticoagulant.)
Gene, a discrete piece of genetic material, usually a series of nucleotides at a specific location in the DNA, responsible for a specific hereditary trait. Genes undergo mutation when the sequence of nucleotides changes. Genes may exist in alternative forms called alleles.
Genome is the entire sets of genes and other genetic material in the cells of an animal or plant. The genome is situated within a set of chromosomes that are found in almost all mammalian cells.
Heterozygous animals possess two different copies of the same gene, one obtained from the father and the other from the mother. Usually, one of the copies is dominant and one recessive so that the dominant copy determines the nature of the relevant trait. (See homozygous.)
Homozygous animals possess two similar copies of the same gene one, obtained from the father and the other from the mother. (See heterozygous.)
Integrated pest management (often abbreviated to IPM) is a term used where a set of complementary control techniques, and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment.
Intrinsic resistance occurs in animals which have an ability to survive doses of a chemical substance which are normally fatal to other animals, either of the same or of a different species. For example, normal (i.e. not anticoagulant-resistant) house mice are able to survive doses of anticoagulants that are frequently fatal to Norway rats. This is because the species is ‘intrinsically’ less susceptible to anticoagulants. This is not ‘resistance’ in the true sense but it plays an important part in the application of anticoagulants against these species.
Mutation occurs when the sequence of nucleotides changes in a gene. A mutation may result in a demonstrable change to the expression of the gene (see below) - a ‘mis-sense mutation’. If the mutation has no demonstrable effect on the expression of the gene is a ‘silent mutation’.
Phenotype is the entire composition and outward expression of an individual’s genetic traits, as seen in its physical and biochemical characteristics. For example the phenotypic expression of a resistance mutation is an ability to survive anticoagulant applications.
Resistance is a term which has several current definitions. The definition used by RRAC is that of Greaves (1994) as follows: Anticoagulant resistance is a major loss of efficacy in practical conditions where the anticoagulant has been applied correctly, the loss of efficacy being due to the presence of a strain of rodent with a heritable and commensurately reduced sensitivity to the anticoagulant. This definition has three important aspects: 1) a measurable loss of efficacy apparent to practitioners, 2) correct application and 3) an heritable basis. It may be called practical resistance. An alternative definition recently used by the European Commission is: A heritable decrease in susceptibility of a lack of susceptibility of an organism to a particular treatment with an agent under a particular set of conditions. This definition lacks the requirement that resistance should have a practical impact. The term ‘technical resistance’ is used to refer to resistance in which a consistent and measurable change of susceptibility is seen which falls short of having practical impact.
Resistance factor is an expression used to describe the degree or severity of resistance. The resistance factor is calculated, for a specific dose percentile (usually the 50th, 90th, 95th or 99th percentile), from the quotient of the doses required to kill (or to have an effect) in susceptible and resistant animals respectively. For example if the LD50 of a compound is 2.5 for susceptible rodents and is 25.0 in resistant rodents, the resistance factor is 10. The term ‘resistance ratio’ is used interchangeably with this term.
Single nucleotide polymorphism (or SNP pronounced snip) occurs when a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence differs among individuals within a species
Second-generation anticoagulant, one of the series of rodenticide active substances invented, mainly during the 1970s and 80s, in response to the development of resistance to compounds of the first-generation. The five second-generation anticoagulants are (in order of their chronological introduction) difenacoum, bromadiolone, brodifacoum, flocoumafen and difethialone. Difenacoum and bromadiolone are sometimes called ‘multi-feed’ compounds because rodents usually require more than one feed for a lethal effect. The other three compounds are called ‘single feed’ because often (but not invariably) one feed is sufficient for lethality. Resistance now occurs among rats and mice to difenacoum and bromadiolone but no practical resistance has been observed in the other three ‘single-feed’ compounds. (See first-generation anticoagulant.)
Tolerance is a term sometime heard in a discussion of resistance. It has no generally-agreed definition. Physiological tolerance to a chemical compound may be acquired by ingestion of progressively larger doses. However, the term is also used to describe individuals that are, within the normal distribution of differences in susceptibility, at the end of the distribution which is less susceptible. Therefore, tolerance may develop in a population of rodents when poor application practice, perhaps the use of insufficient quantities of bait, results in the removal of the most susceptible animals and the survival of the least susceptible.
Susceptible is a relative term to describe animals that are capable of being controlled with a rodenticide active substance – thus the term is often used as the opposite of resistant. Susceptible strains and populations of rodents are those that do not contain individuals which carry resistance mutations, or the frequency of occurrence of mutation is so low that it cannot be detected but normal experimental procedures.
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World Library
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Throwing stick
Article Id: WHEBN0003985456
Reproduction Date:
Title: Throwing stick
Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Language: English
Subject: Boomerang, Schöningen Spears, Chalcolithic, Jōmon period, Technology
Collection: Ancient Weapons, Throwing Clubs, Throwing Weapons
Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Throwing stick
Aboriginal craft: throwing sticks
Hunting birds with throwing sticks in ancient Egypt
The throwing stick or throwing club is one of the first weapons used by early humans and cultures all around the world. In essence, it is a short stave or wooden club thrown as a projectile to hunt small game such as rabbits or waterfowl. In flight, it rotates rapidly, hitting the target with one of the ends, maiming or killing it. The difference between a throwing stick and a javelin is in their shapes and lengths. A javelin is almost always a straight shaft with either a pointed tip or a spearhead attached to the front end. A throwing stick can be straight like a pointed wooden shaft or curved like the boomerang, and is much shorter than the javelin. It became obsolete as slings and bows became more prevalent. Throwing sticks shaped like returning boomerangs are designed to go straight to a target. Their surfaces are not shaped unevenly like airfoils, but are symmetrical on both sides, and do not exhibit curved flight. There were some throwing sticks placed in pharaohs tombs
• Distribution 1
• Survival tool 2
• Variations 3
• See also 4
• References 5
The throwing stick is a simple tool used in hunting small game and waterfowl. The Egyptians used throwing sticks to hunt ducks, as seen in several wall paintings. Tutankhamun was a known lover of duck hunting and used the throwing stick in his hunts. Gimel, the third letter of many Semitic alphabets, may have been named after a weapon that was either a staff sling or a throwing stick, ultimately deriving from a Proto-Sinaitic glyph based on an Egyptian hieroglyph. The Aborigines of Australia used the boomerang. Although returning boomerangs are found in many cultures and will return to the user if thrown properly, the choice weapon of most cultures was the heavy non-returning boomerang that could also be wielded as a club or knife for attacking close kangaroo, wallaby, and emu by using it as a stabbing weapon.
Some Native American tribes such as the Hopi, as well as all southern California tribes,[1] utilized the throwing stick to hunt rabbits and occasionally deer.
Other titles for the throwing stick are: rabbit stick, throwing club, killer stick, baton, boomerang, and kylie. The throwing stick can also be used as a weapon in human combat, though the heavy non-return boomerang was the only one truly effective in this use.
Survival tool
As a survival tool, the throwing stick is one of the most effective and easiest tools to obtain. Other than a weapon, it can also be used as a digging tool for making fire-pits and underground shelter. A curved limb will suffice as a throwing stick. Ancient throwing sticks were believed to be made of hardwood with a weighted or curved end to one side to impart momentum so the stick stays straight and does not wobble in mid-flight.
Some throwing sticks and their variations are about 2 to 3 feet long pieces of thick hardwood, usually about the circumference of the user's wrist. When they are thrown, they spin, creating the image of a sort of blurry disc.
Pommel Point Throwing Sticks are not actual variations of the throwing stick. They are simply throwing sticks with slightly blunt points that can crush skulls if they travel at sufficient speed. Thus, it is also dubbed the skull crusher throwing stick.
Return boomerangs have a flat convex surface that must be thrown at a 45 degree angle with a sharp flick of the wrist. The Egyptians described it as "-returning to the feet of the thrower and be ready at hand for the next flight of ducks."
See also
• Atlatl - spear thrower which has been called a throwing stick.
1. ^
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Wiyot - Sociopolitical Organization
Social Organization. There was no formal or rigid Organization at the tribal level. The chief or headman's main function was apparently to receive the largest share of food and property during ceremonies. There were no war chiefs. Social rank was based on wealth and birth, although "common," or poor men were related to "nobles."
Political Organization. The Wiyot were divided into three separate subgroups occupying the Humboldt Bay (Wikí), Mad River (Batawat), and Eel River (Wiyot) regions. The groups evidently did not unite for common purposes such as war or conflicts with neighboring groups. Within each group, patrilineally related households and communities could form alliances against others when required.
Social Control. Physical and social self-restraint were encouraged as the qualities by which a man could obtain and retain his wealth and become wealthier. A system of fines for violations of the moral code (for example, adultery or seduction) and the low social status of the poor were the principal controls at work for individuals.
Conflict. Murder, insults, and poaching were causes of both internal and external conflicts. Both surprise attacks and staged battles were fought with neighboring groups such as the Whilkut. Warriors used bows and arrows, elkhide body armor, and rawhide shields. Women and children were not killed, and both sides were compensated for destroyed property.
Also read article about Wiyot from Wikipedia
User Contributions:
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Target: F in isolation
Materials: craft supplies, feathers!
Encourage your child to make the f sound by biting their bottom lip and blowing air through. Hold a feather in front of their mouth so they can see the air moving. Glue feathers onto a piece of paper to create a picture!
Target: /f/ in isolation
Materials: paper, marker, feathers, glue
Have the child lightly bite his/her bottom lip and blow air through. Show the child how the feather will move in the air blown out. Provide the child with a paper with the outline of a bird drawn or printed onto it. For example- a flamingo, falcon. Hold a feather in front of the child's mouth. After blowing the feather, the child may glue it onto their bird.
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Gisaeng: Korea's Geisha Women
Undated photo of Korean girls, early 20th century
Seven girls training to be gisaeng, or Korean geishas. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs, Frank and Francis Carpenter Collection
The gisaeng—often referred to as kisaeng—were highly-trained artist women in ancient Korea who entertained men with music, conversation, and poetry in much the same way as Japanese geisha. Highly skilled gisaeng served in the royal court, while others worked in the homes of the "yangban"—or scholar-officials. Some gisaeng were trained in other fields as well such as nursing though lower-ranked gisaeng also served as prostitutes.
Technically, the gisaeng were members of the "cheonmin" or slave class as most officially belonged to the government, which registered them. Any daughters born to gisaeng were required to become gisaeng in turn.
The gisaeng were also known as "flowers that speak poetry." They likely originated in the Goryeo Kingdom from 935 to 1394 and continued to exist in different regional variations through the Joseon era of 1394 through 1910.
Following the mass displacement that happened to start the Goryeo Kingdom—the fall of the Later Three Kingdoms—many nomadic tribes formed in early Korea, scarring the first king of Goryeo with their sheer number and the potential for civil war. As a result, Taejo, the first king, ordered that these traveling groups—called Baekje—be enslaved to work for the kingdom instead.
The term gisaeng was first mentioned in the 11th century, though, so it may have taken a while for scholars in the capital to begin reappropriating these slave-nomads as artisans and prostitutes. Still, many believe their first use was more for tradable skills like sewing, music, and medicine.
Expansion of the Social Class
During the reign of Myeongjong from 1170 to 1179, the increased number of gisaeng living and working in the city forced the king to begin taking a census of their presence and activities. This also brought with it the formation of the first schools for these performers, which were called gyobangs. Women who attended these schools were enslaved exclusively as high-end court entertainers, their expertise often being used to amuse visiting dignitaries and the ruling class alike.
In the later Joseon era, the gisaeng continued to prosper despite general apathy toward their plight from the ruling class. Perhaps because of the sheer power these women had established under Goryeo rule or perhaps because of the new Joseon rulers fearing dignitaries' carnal transgressions in the absence of gisaengs, they maintained their right to perform in ceremonies and within the courts throughout the era.
However, the last king of the Joseon Kingdom and first emperor of the newly established Empire of Korea, Gojong, abolished the social status of the gisaeng and slavery altogether when he took the throne as part of the Gabo Reform of 1895.
Still to this day, gisaeng lives on in the teachings of gyobangs which encourage women, not as slaves but as artisans, to carry on the sacred, time-honored tradition of Korean dance and art.
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Chapter 2
Raleigh O. Jones
Confusion has existed for many years regarding the nomenclature used to describe surgery on the tympanic membrane (TM), middle ear, and ossicular chain. Wullstein’s classic classification system (types IV) was based on the relative position of the TM to the other middle ear structures including the ossicles and inner ear membranes.1 This description was developed prior to the introduction of many of the procedures and prostheses that are used so commonly today in middle ear surgery, so its ability to adequately describe current surgical techniques is limited. Consequently, the term tympanoplasty by itself is not adequately descriptive, simply indicating some sort of reconstructive surgery on the TM or middle ear. It is therefore necessary for the surgeon to use further descriptive terms in addition to the term tympanoplasty to communicate effectively which procedures are being described.
The term myringoplasty refers to reconstructive surgery that is limited to the TM. It was actually introduced by Berthold, who successfully closed a TM perforation using a full thickness skin graft in 1878.He was the first to report the use of autologous tissue in an effort to repair the TM; prior to that, several different artificial or animal-based materials were used dating back to as early as 1640.By definition, any manipulation of the ossicular chain is beyond the scope of a pure myringoplasty. Because the term tympanoplasty includes surgery on both the TM and middle ear, however, many cases of myringoplasty are labeled tympanoplasty by surgeons, further adding to the confusion. The terms myringoplasty and tympanoplasty without ossicular reconstruction are synonyms unless other manipulation of the middle ear such as removal of cholesteatoma is included in the tympanoplasty procedure. Within the more limited surgery of the TM, many different approaches to myringoplasty have been described.
Patients with perforations of the TM may present acutely or with symptoms suggestive of a chronic perforation. Acute perforations are usually the result of acute otitis media with rupture of the TM due to increased pressure in the middle ear, trauma to the ear canal or temporal bone, or sudden pressure changes transmitted to the TM.
The majority of cases of acute otitis media resolve spontaneously with or without medical treatment and without any significant injury to the TM. Certain infections, however, build up sufficient pressure within the middle ear space, which is effectively closed due to eustachian tube blockage, that the flexible TM ruptures, thereby relieving this pressure. This acute event is associated with sudden drainage from the ear that is often both bloody and purulent, and also with an increase in pain followed by a marked diminution of pain. This rupture of the TM effectively releases the infection from out of the skull and away from other fragile and vital structures such as the central nervous system (CNS) and the inner ear. Most cases of acute TM perforations due to infection will heal without surgical treatment over a period from a few days to a few weeks. Resolution of the infection is an important consideration as to whether this healing will occur because a perforation is more likely to remain open if the drainage persists. Treatment of such infections with both systemic antibiotics and aural antibiotic drops is highly recommended. Although not proven, it is believed that thin, atelectatic TMs are more likely to rupture and less likely to heal without surgery than normal membranes. Trauma can produce a tear in the TM either directly, such as a penetrating injury, or indirectly, such as from a shearing movement in bone as seen in a temporal bone fracture. Although any small object could produce a penetrating injury, the cotton- tipped swab is a particularly common offender, because it is used in an attempt to clean or scratch the ear canal and too often finds its way through the TM. These perforations are typically central in location and can be quite large. A discussion of the possible trauma to the ossicles and inner ear is beyond the scope of this chapter, but the perforation will be accompanied by a moderate amount of self- limited bleeding and sudden pain. Temporal bone fractures may present with hemotympanum when the TM is intact or with a perforation and bleeding when the annulus or TM is torn. Longitudinal fractures are particularly prone to tearing the TM, but mixed or transverse fractures may also present in this manner.
Significant changes in pressure in the outer ear may also produce ruptures of the TM. This can be negative pressure, as is seen in injuries that occur while flying in which the cabin pressure is not maintained adequately, or positive pressure such as a slap with a cupped hand to the ear canal, resulting in pushing on the TM. Again, a sudden onset of pain and bleeding accompanied by some degree of hearing loss are usually present. The pain and bleeding usually resolve quickly without treatment, and unless infection develops, no otorrhea occurs and the patient is asymptomatic with the exception of a hearing loss.
Patients with a chronic perforation of the TM usually present with a conductive hearing loss, otorrhea, or both. Nearly all patients with a chronic perforation of their TM have otorrhea to some degree. There is a wide spectrum of the severity of this symptom. Some patients are not able to recall ever having an episode of drainage, whereas other patients have constant drainage of malodorous, discolored material that drains into their conchal bowl, onto their ear lobe, and even onto their upper neck on a daily basis. Between these two extremes, most patients have intermittent drainage that may occur spontaneously or be brought on by getting water in the ear or suffering from an upper respira- tory infection. These infections are typically caused by multiple microorganisms, particularly Pseudomo- nas, Staphylococcus, Proteus, and various anaerobic bacteria. They are frequently resistant to most orally administered antibiotics presumably due to the repeated courses of antibiotics that have been used to treat this condition over the period of the existence of the perforation.
Small perforations may be associated with no significant impairment of hearing. Generally speak- ing, the larger the perforation, the greater the degree of hearing loss. Initially the conductive hearing impairment affects only the very low frequencies, but as the size of the perforation increases, the hearing loss increases and involves more of the middle frequencies.5 Anterior perforations tend to produce smaller hearing losses than their posterior counterparts, presumably due to the exposure of the round window to the effect of sound waves penetrating directly through the perforation and striking the round directly setting up a competing fluid wave within the inner ear. Even large anterior perforations rarely produce greater than 15 dB of conductive hearing loss in the absence of infection or ossicular involvement. In addition to the effect of the exposing the round window directly to the sound waves, perforations also produce hearing loss by diminish- ing the surface area of the TM available to collect the energy in the form of sound waves and then transmit that energy onto the inner ear via the ossicular chain. It is therefore understandable that larger perforations produce a greater degree of hearing impair- ment.
For a patient presenting with a perforation of the TM, the physician should take a thorough history and perform a physical examination. The history should attempt to determine if the perforation is acute or chronic and what if any event precipitated the perforation. Because most acute perforations heal spontaneously with proper medical treatment, determining when the perforation developed is a prime consideration. Ears with acute perforations should be cleaned and examined carefully under a microscope. If edges of the perforation can be seen to be deflected medially into the middle ear, it is desirable to elevate them gently with a suction to prevent squamous epithelium from growing in the middle ear. It is neither necessary nor desirable to treat these acute perforations with antibiotic ear- drops, as many of the currently available drops contain materials that may be ototoxic when ex- posed to the round window. It is indeed desirable to prevent infection, so these patients are advised to keep all water out of their ears and watch for any signs or symptoms that would suggest infection. When infection does occur, treating it aggressively will increase the likelihood that spontaneous healing will occur.
Patients with chronic infection rarely recall when their perforation first developed. Their history should focus on the presence of other factors that may influence eustachian tube function and healing after surgery, as well as on what other attempts have been made to treat this condition. Eustachian tube function is a major factor in determining the ultimate success of tympanoplasty or myringoplasty surgery. Patients with poor eustachian tube function may heal their perforations successfully after surgery, only to be left with a conductive hearing loss equal to or even greater than the loss they had prior to surgery if serous otitis media should develop. Indeed, small perforations may act in a manner similar to a PE tube placed by an otolaryngologist in an ear with poor eustachian tube function and at times should be viewed positively by both patient and surgeon. This is particularly true in children, among whom eustachian tube dysfunction is a common problem. Unfortunately, there are no tests that can predict with a high degree of success the status of the eustachian tube function prior to surgery to close a perforation.In fact, there is evidence that merely closing a perforation may have a beneficial effect on the function of the eustachian tube.The status of the eustachian tube in the other ear gives some indication of the function in the involved ear, but this is not a universally effective predictor either. Though opinions vary, many surgeons prefer not to repair dry perforations associated with minimal hearing loss in children’s ears until the child is 6 or 7 years old, hoping that eustachian tube function will be adequate at that point to yield an air-containing middle ear space with normal hearing after the procedure. Even if the procedure is successful in closing the perforation, recurrence of the perforation is a particular concern in children. Reperforation rates of 10 to 20% have been reported,although Tos and Lau reported reperforation rates in children as low as 4%, although approximately 6% developed serous otitis media significant enough to require PE tube place- ment after successful closure.
Preoperative planning also includes a careful inspection for evidence of cholesteatoma that would require a more extensive surgery to eradicate. Routine imaging of patients with TM perforations is not required, nor justifiable, but circumstances may exist that would make a computed tomography (CT) scan appropriate to evaluate the extent of infection. Among the reasons for preoperative scanning are dizziness, unusual pain, or a suspected intracranial complication. It is important to realize, however, that the presence of infection does not mean that a procedure other than a myringoplasty will be needed to close a perforation.
A serious effort to resolve all active drainage from an ear prior to an operation is an important adjunct to the surgery. Pignataro et alhave confirmed a commonly held belief among ear surgeons that dry perforations are more likely to heal following myringoplasty or tympanoplasty than those with persistent infection. This is particularly true when a myringoplasty is considered because any infection in the middle ear is not addressed by this procedure. Most ears with active drainage can be improved with proper treatment to the point where the drainage stops or is significantly decreased. Careful microscopic cleaning is the first step in this process. Repeated cleaning alone without any other treatment often produces dramatic results, and when combined with appropriate antibiotic treatment usually leaves the patient with a dry perforation ready for surgery. Antibiotic cultures are not routinely obtained, but when the patient does not respond to treatment, these cultures can be helpful in directing further therapy. It is important to remember the possibility of unusual infections, such as with Mycobacterium, in patients who are immunocompromised or who do not respond as expected to treatment. In addition, many of these patients have been treated extensively with antibio- tics, and fungal infections are frequently seen. Cultures may help direct therapy successfully when the usual improvement is not seen with local cleaning and antibiotic drops.
Successful medical treatment of otorrhea has benefits beyond that of improving the success rate of the surgery. Landmarks are more readily visible and the surgery is often accomplished in a shorter period than in ears with active infection. In addition, polypoid, chronically infected, and thickened mu- cosa with or without granulation tissue make the surgery more difficult and increase the possibility of a surgical complication. Still, the presence of active drainage in an ear does not mean that a perforation cannot be successfully closed with a good surgical procedure, although the procedure may need to address more than the perforation itself, including removal of infection from the middle ear and/or mastoid.
Every patient who is a potential candidate for surgery on the TM should have a current audiogram to document for legal purposes any presurgical hearing deficit, but also to provide a valuable piece of information regarding the status of the ossicular chain prior to the operation. This information helps determine whether the patient is a candidate for a myringoplasty or needs formal tympanoplasty.
Many different techniques have been developed over the past 50 years in an attempt to close perforations and several materials have been used for grafting material. Initially, split or full-thickness skin grafts were employed. The material was readily available near the operative site and was inexpensive, autologous, and readily shaped. However, many cases of improper growth of squamous epithelium either within the TM or in the middle ear occurred with this technique, leading to the search for other materials. Vein grafts, perichondrium, cartilage, fat, and homologous dura or fascia have been used,although the most common material used today is temporalis muscle fascia harvested from a small incision behind and slightly above the patient’s ear within the operative field. This fascia is semitransparent and flexible like a TM, and has roughly the same thickness as a TM when properly prepared. In addition, other synthetic materials such as rice paper and dissolvable synthetic collagen (Gelfilm) have been utilized in certain specific situations discussed below.
How and where these materials are placed relative to the remaining perforation also varies from one technique to another. Two of the most common methods for myringoplasty include the underlay and overlay methods discussed in detail in Chapters 3 and 4. These procedures are named according to the position of the graft relative to the remaining anterior TM, although both techniques place the graft medial to the handle of the malleus when the perforation involves the superior half of the TM. The underlay technique also allows good exposure to the middle ear required for tympanoplasty, but for myringoplasty alone this is not needed.
Although the surgical repair of acute perforations is not required to yield good results for closure, it is thought that certain perforations may benefit from surgical manipulation in a limited manner. The desirability of elevating depressed remnants of TM out of the middle ear has already been mentioned. In addition, many surgeons attempt to put a temporary covering over these perforations to aid healing, serving as a scaffold for the TM to grow beneath and also as a barrier to keep infection from migrat- ing into the middle ear from the external ear. A special instance frequently encountered is the acute perforation created surgically when retained PE tubes are removed. It is known that patients who have PE tubes removed that have been in place for 3 years or longer are at significantly greater risk for nonhealing following removal. Patching these perforations acutely at the time of tube removal has been done in an effort to reduce this rate of permanent perforation, although two studies have called the efficacy of this procedure into question.Rice paper has been used and described most extensively for this procedure.
This procedure is generally done in the clinic without any anesthesia. An operating microscope is utilized and the external canal is cleaned. The edges of the perforation are elevated gently with a small suction; then a circular patch approximately 3 mm larger than the perforation is cut from cigarette paper that has been previously sterilized with steam. It is desirable to leave the paper dry when placing it directly on top of the remaining TM, ensuring that the perforation is completely covered. The patch needs to sit directly on the TM. If it is bent slightly and therefore not in direct contact, a small drop of saline can be placed on the paper patch allowing it to conform to the contour of the TM. The patient is then instructed to keep all water out of the ear and to notify you if any discharge occurs. The procedure is nearly painless and should take 5 minutes or less. The patient returns to the office in approximately 2 weeks and the patch is removed under the microscope. The success rate for closure of acute perforations is quite high, with smaller perforations having a nearly 100% success rate and even larger perforations close at a rate of approximately 90%. Gold and Chaffoo17 created acute perforations in guinea pigs and randomized them to treatment with fat myringoplasty, paper patch, or control. They demonstrated healing in 88, 56, and 75% of these groups, respectively. Although statistical significance was not reached in this study, it does demonstrate the expected high rate of spontaneous healing and the safety of these minor procedures in the guinea pig model. Imamoglu et al18 did a similar study in rats where the success rates for small perforations using fat, paper, and control were 95, 94, and 67%, but in larger perforations were 53, 56, and 27% respectively. Subsequent series in humans have confirmed these results. It remains unclear which acute perforations would benefit from patching, although it seems as if larger perforations at higher risk for nonhealing may be considered good candidates for this procedure.
Gelfilm has been used in a similar manner as the paper patch. It has the added advantage of being self-dissolving and therefore does not need to be removed later, a particular advantage in children who may not tolerate this manipulation in the clinic without anesthesia. Chronic perforations can also be closed through a simple myringoplasty technique without the flaps and extensive exposure required for an underlay or overlay tympanoplasty. Many different substances have been used, but the fat myringoplasty has been utilized and studied extensively for 40 years. It has also been used for bilateral TM perforation repair in children with a 91% success rate reported.19 Although some variations in the technique exist, it is important to manipulate the TM to create a fresh surface to which the fat graft adheres. This requires anesthesia of some sort. Although various local anesthetics have been used, a brief general anesthetic is preferred in most cases. The ear canal is thor- oughly cleaned under the microscope and then the edges of the perforation are ‘‘freshened.’’ This is an extremely important part of the procedure and is accomplished by using a sharp instrument or needle to puncture the TM just lateral to the edge of the perforation removing approximately 1 mm of tissue circumferentially around the perforation. This en- larges the perforation somewhat, so it is desirable to remove the minimal amount of tissue necessary to get back to a fresh edge. Numerous studies have shown that the smaller the perforation, the greater the success of this technique, so it is important not to remove any more TM than necessary. The fat is harvested from any site, but generally the ear lobe is readily accessible to the field and fat is readily available. A single piece of Gelfoam (Upjohn Laboratories, Kalamazoo, MI) is placed in the middle ear. A piece of fat just larger than the freshened perforation is harvested and then placed in the perforation in a hourglass shape, with a small amount of the fat protruding through the perforation into the middle ear and a small amount extending just lateral to the TM.20 It is important that the fat is lodged in the perforation and stays firmly in that position (Fig. 21). Generally, a small amount of Gelfoam is placed lateral to the graft in the medial ear canal, although this is not absolutely essential.The patient is instructed to keep all water out of the ear until seen back in the office in approximately 2 to 3 weeks. The success rate for small perforations is quite good ranging from 76 to 92%,21 23 but the success rate for larger perforations ( /4 mm) is poor, approximately 30%.
Even at this low success rate the procedure is so quick, safe, well tolerated, and relatively inexpensive that it is often desirable to try this approach first, with the patient’s under- standing that if it is not successful, it will be followed with a formal tympanoplasty later, which should accomplish a greater than 90% success rate for closure. It needs to be emphasized that this procedure is appropriate only for completely dry perforations where there is no concern for cholesteatoma and where preoperative audiometry reveals no suggestion of an ossicular problem. Studies have shown that attempts at closing perforations with active or recent drainage carry a very low success rate, so this procedure is not recommended in those circumstances.
AlloDerm (LifeCell Corporation, Branchburg, NJ) has also been used in a similar fashion to close small perforations in adults under local anesthesia in the office with good success. The graft should be 1.5 times as large as the perforation, because it is placed onto the TM covering after it is rimmed and a small amount of the outer squamous epithelium around the perforation is removed, leaving a denuded segment of TM adjacent to the perforation. The AlloDerm is then gently pressed onto the perforation, and is then covered with Gelfoam soaked in antibiotic drops (Fig. 22A,B). The ear is kept clean and dry for 6 weeks. Healing has been reported in 86% of cases when small perforations that are dry and stable are treated.
Simple myringoplasty techniques as described in this chapter are highly successful when utilized in the correct circumstance. One- and 2-year follow-up success rates of 80 to 90% have been reported, although some recidivism is reported in children with longer follow-up. Gross et al24 nicely summarized the benefits of myringoplasty (over formal tympanoplasty) when utilized in the proper setting:
Figure 2.1: Fat myringoplasty
Figure 2.1: Fat myringoplasty
Figure 2.2: Alloderm myringoplasty
Figure 2.2: Alloderm myringoplasty
1. Minimal manipulation of the middle ear mini- mizing the risk of operative injury
2. Relative simplicity of the procedure.
3. Decreased operative and postoperative morbidity.
4. Little postoperative care or manipulation is needed, which is particularly important in children
5. Decreased operative and recovery time, resulting in decreased cost.
6. Bilateral procedures are possible at the same sitting
Because of these real benefits, this procedure should be considered in all patients who present with a small, dry perforation without concern about cholesteatoma or ossicular problems.
1. Wullstein H. Theory and practice of tympanoplasty. Laryngoscope 1956;66:10761093.
2. Berthold E. Uber myringoplastik. Medicinisch-Chuur- gisches Central-Blatt 1879;14:195207.
3. Guthrie D. The history of otology. J Laryngol 1940;55:473494.
4. Banzer M. Disputatio de Audiotione Laesa. Wittebergae, 1640. Cited by House H. XVIII Wherry Memorial Lecture: otology in orbit. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1963;67:233259.
5. Tonndorf J, McCardle F, Kruger B. Middle ear transmission losses caused by tympanic membrane perforations in cats. Acta Otolaryngol 1976;81:330336.
6. Todd NW. There are no accurate tests of eustachian tube function. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;126:10411042.
7. Tos M. Tubal function and tympanoplasty. J Laryngol Otol 1974;88:11131124.
8. Kessler A, Potsic WP, Marsh RP. Type 1 tympano- plasty in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994;120:487490.
9. Tos M, Lau T. Stability of tympanoplasty in children. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1989;22:1528.
10. Pignataro L, Grillo Della Berta L, Capaccio P, Zaghis A. Myringoplasty in children: anatomic and func- tional results. J Laryngol Otol 2001;115:694698.
11. Goodhill V. Articulated polyethylene prosthesis with perichondrial graft in stapedectomy. Rev Laryngol (Bordeaux) 1951;82:305320.
12. Tabb HG. Closure of perforations of the tympanic membrane by vein grafts: a preliminary report of 20 cases. Laryngoscope 1960;70:271286.
13. Storrs L. Myringoplasty with the use of Fascia Grafts. Arch Otolaryngol 1961;74:4549.
14. Yetiser S, Tosun F, Satar B. Revision myringoplasty with solvent-dehydrated human dura mater (Tuto- plast). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;124:518521.
15. Nichols PT, Ramadan HH, Wax MK, Santrock RD. Relationship between tympanic membrane perfora- tion and retained ventilation tubes. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;124:417419.
16. Pribitkin EA, Handler SR, Tom LW, Potsic WP, Wetmore RF. Ventilation tube removal: indications for paper patch myringoplasty. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992;118:495497.
17. Gold SR, Chaffoo RAK. Fat myringoplasty in the guinea pig. Laryngoscope 1991;101:15.
18. Imamoglu M, Isik AU, Acuner O, Harova G, Bahadir O. Fat-plug and paper-patch myringoplasty in rats. J Otolaryngol 1998;27:318321.
19. Mitchell RB, Pereira KD, Younis RT, Lazar RH. Bilateral fat graft myringoplasty in children. Ear Nose Throat J 1996;75:655656.
20. Mitchell RB, Pereira KD, Lazar RH. Fat graft myr- ingoplasty in children: a safe and successful day-stay procedure. J Laryngol Otol 1997;111:106108.
21. Terry R, Belline M, Clayton M, Gandhi A. Fat graft myringoplasty: a prospective trial. Clin Otolaryngol 1998;13:227229.
22. Ringenberg J. Closure of tympanic membrane per- forations by the use of fat. Laryngoscope 1978;88:982983.
23. Althaus S. ‘‘Fat plug’’ myringoplasty: a new techni- que for repairing small tympanic membrane perfora- tions. In: Brackman DE, ed. Otologic Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1994:112119.
24. Gross CW, Bassila M, Lazar RH, Long TE, Stagner S. Adipose plug myringoplasty: an alternative to formal myringoplasty techniques in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989;101:617620.
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What are tachyons?
Tachyons- A class of particles proposed in the late 1950’s by physicist Arnold Sommerfeld, which are thought to travel faster than the speed of light. All light travels at approximately 2.99792468 *108 meters per second - an increasingly high speed so intense that it would take one-tenth of a second Read more…
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Skip to 0 minutes and 16 secondsThis is Barton-upon-Humber, a small mediaeval village in northern Lincolnshire. The year is 1342 AD, and the local peasants are going about their daily chores. Among them is William Westoby, the second son of a peasant family who rent a small patch of farmland on the outskirts of the village. William is 14 years old, but has never been to school as his parents cannot afford to pay for classes. Instead, he spends most of his time helping out on the family plot-- weeding the garden, feeding the animals, herding their ducks, and taking their crops to the local market with his dad.
Skip to 1 minute and 4 secondsAs William has an older brother, he will not inherit any money or land from his father. Instead, he will be sent away to begin an apprenticeship, a training programme designed to teach a young man the skills he needs to become a master craftsman and join a guild, allowing him to set up a business of his own. William's father has a relative who works as a stonemason in the nearby city of York, and has arranged for William to become his apprentice.
Skip to 1 minute and 37 secondsIn the medieval period, boys began apprenticeships when they reached puberty and started to look and sound more mature than younger children. From studying their skeletons, we know that mediaeval children matured much slower than today, and boys were in their midteens before they started to show the visible signs of puberty. At 14, William has not quite reached this stage, but his father has decided that he's old enough to move to York and begin his apprenticeship.
Skip to 2 minutes and 11 secondsThe city of York is very different from the village where William grew up. Here, the houses and shops are packed closely together, and the narrow streets are crowded with people, animals, and rubbish.
Skip to 2 minutes and 33 secondsDuring his time as an apprentice, William will live in the house of his master along with the master's family, servants, and other apprentices. The terms of apprenticeships are very strict. Surviving legal contracts show that each apprentice was under the guardianship of the master for seven years. And during this time, they were forbidden from dancing and visiting an ale house, wearing elaborate clothing or wigs which cost more than 15 shillings, 335 pounds in today's money, growing their hair long, or getting married.
Skip to 3 minutes and 18 secondsDespite these restrictions, medieval letters and pamphlets suggest that apprentices gained a reputation for being rebellious and lazy. After work and on national holidays, they would gather together in public places to socialise and play games. Political leaders and members of the council, known as alderman, often took advantage of the apprentices' rebellious nature and would incite them to start fights and damage property. Court session papers showed that apprentices were often tried for public disorder offences.
Skip to 3 minutes and 59 secondsAs a stonemason's apprentice, William travels all over York with his master to learn about construction at different building sites. When he gets older, he will be given more responsibility and will carry out the more intricate and specialised tasks.
Skip to 4 minutes and 21 secondsBut right now, he is expected to move materials across site and carry equipment for the older apprentices, a job which can be dangerous and physically demanding. Workplace injuries are common--
Skip to 4 minutes and 39 seconds[SCREAMING]
Skip to 4 minutes and 45 seconds--and can even result in death.
Skip to 5 minutes and 5 secondsHundreds of years later, archaeologists will be able to study William's skeleton and use the information contained within his bones to retell his story.
Introducing William Westoby
Watch this cartoon about a fictional medieval boy named William Westoby who lived in a small village near the town of York.
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This video is from the free online course:
Archaeology: from Dig to Lab and Beyond
University of Reading
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Black History: Special Delivery!!
female warriors
The Dahomeyan and Ashanti women were fearless soldiers; trained to fight with muskets, machetes and their bare teeth. As early as 1729, European traders chronicled the fighting-women of the Fon (Dahomey people) and their neighbors the Ashanti. Originally set aside as a royal guard, Dahomey amazons held a revered status as celibate warrior “wives” of the King. Known for their impeccable physiques and fighting skills, they were in constant competition to out do their male counterparts. During two centuries of raids and wars against nearby kingdoms, the Dahomeyan excelled in their prowess as tenacious warriors. By 1890 they made up over 30% of the Dahomey fighting army.
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Costume of a Callapuya Indian
This engraving from a sketch by artist Alfred T. Agate depicts a Kalapuyan man dressed in pre-contact fashion, carrying a bow and what appears to be an animal skin quiver to hold his arrows. Agate made the sketch as a member of the Wilkes Expediton in their overland travels from the Columbia River to San Francisco in 1841.
Prior to the arrival of Euro American explorers and traders in the late 1700s, the inland valleys between the Coast range and the Cascades were home to a number of ethnically-related native groups collectively known as Kalapuyans. There were three major ethno-linguistic divisions of these inland groups. In the north were the Tualatin-Yamhill whose territory to the west of the Willamette River extended from Willamette Falls south to the central Willamette Valley. A large grouping of 10-15 related bands occupied primarily the central and southern portions of the Willamette Valley, while the Yoncalla inhabited the uppermost reaches of the Umpqua Valley. The Kalapuyans are notable among the Oregon Indians for a unique lifestyle that melded elements from both coastal and plateau cultures. Between spring and summer they lived a semi-nomadic existence, roaming the inland river valleys of Oregon in pursuit of seasonally available plants and animals for sustenance. In winter, they passed the rainy season in permanent, multi-family lodges.
When Euro Americans began to settle the Willamette Valley in the 1830s, they faced an unusual situation. Unlike settlers in most other parts of the Pacific Northwest, they experienced almost no resistance by Native peoples. The Kalapuyans had earlier been decimated by a series of epidemics that started with a smallpox outbreak in the early 1780s and culminated with a particularly lethal epidemic of what is thought to have been malaria. The malaria epidemic struck the Lower Columbia and Willamette regions between 1830 and 1833. By 1844, only about 300 Kalapuyans remained of the estimated 13,500 that had inhabited the Willamette and Umpqua Valleys at the time of European contact. This last epidemic of “fever and ague” so completely devastated the Kalapuyans that they had neither the means nor the strength to resist Euro American settlement. Those who did survive were moved onto an increasingly shrinking series of reservations; in 1856 they ceded 7.5 million acres of their lands to the U.S. government for $200,000.
Given the small number of survivors, it is often assumed that the Kalapuyans are extinct, a misconception that was reinforced by early twentieth-century newspaper accounts that heralded the death of the “Last of the Kalapuyans.” Following their removal to the Grand Ronde and Siletz reservations, the remaining Kalapuyans intermarried with other tribes. The descendants of these intertribal marriages ensure that the Kalpuyan lineage survives to this day.
Further Reading:
MacKey, Harold. The Kalapuyans: A Sourcebook on the Indians of the Willamette Valley. Salem, Ore.: 1974.
Boag, Peter G. Environment and Experience: Settlement Culture in Nineteenth-Century Oregon. Berkeley, Calif.: 1992.
Boyd, Robert T. “Another Look at the ‘Fever and Ague’ of Western Oregon.” Ethnohistory, 22 1975: 135-154.
Written by Melinda Jette, Joshua Binus © Oregon Historical Society, 2004
Map It
Related Oregon Encyclopedia Articles
This entry was last updated on March 17, 2018
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The Land Ethic
Published in 1949 as the finale toA Sand County Almanac,Aldo Leopold's "Land Ethic" essay is a call for moral responsibility to the natural world.在其核心，the idea of a land ethic is simply caring: 金宝博官方网about people,金宝博官方网about land,以及加强金宝博官方网他们之间的关系。
What are Ethics?
Fundamentally grounded in values,ethics are a moral sense of right and wrong.道德是通过人们的生活方式来体现的：当一个人关心某人或某物时，金宝博官方网their actions convey that care and respect,and invite the same in return.
What is a Land Ethic?
Ethics direct all members of a community to treat one another with respect for the mutual benefit of all.Aland ethic扩大“社区”的定义，不仅包括人类，but all of the other parts of the Earth,as well: soils,水域，plants,and animals,or what Leopold called "the land."
aldo-leopold-inspecting-pine在利奥波德的土地伦理观中，the relationships between people and land are intertwined: care for people cannot be separated from care for the land.土地伦理是一种道德行为准则，它源于这些相互关联的关心关系。
Leopold did not define the land ethic with a litany of rights and wrongs inA Sand County Almanac.Instead,he presented it as a set of values that naturally grew out of his lifetime of experiences in the outdoors.利奥波德写道：“我们只能在我们能看到的事情上保持道德，明白了，感觉，love,or otherwise have faith in."
He believed that direct contact with the natural world was crucial in shaping our ability to extend our ethics beyond our own self-interest.He hoped his essays would inspire others to embark or continue on a similar lifelong journey of outdoor exploration,developing an ethic of care that would grow out of their own close personal connection to nature.
Evolution in a Thinking Community
Leopold recognized that his dream of a widely accepted and implemented set of values based on caring – for people,for land,对于他们之间的所有联系，必须“在思维共同体的头脑中进化”。
We are all part of the thinking community that needs to shape a land ethic for the 21st century and beyond.To do that,we must engage in thoughtful dialog with each other,inviting a diversity of perspectives,experiences,和背景。Together,we can form a land ethic that can be passed down to future generations.
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Shanghai Pathways Blog
Understand China From the Local Perspective
The Taoist Wisdom – Sai Weng Shi Ma
Taoism is an ancient Chinese philosophical tradition whose origins extend back to 3000 B.C. The first actual written works to promote the Taoist outlook appeared around 500 B.C. and were attributed to the legendary Taoist sages, Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu. Lao Tzu is the author of the Tao Te Ching.
Taoism is organized around several key principles and, like any philosophical outlook, presents a way of seeing and understanding reality. The word TAO itself translates as the Way, or Path. This meaning includes both the way in which we perceive the world around us (how do we make assessments? what are our values?) and also the way in which we interact with life (how do we behave? what are our actions?). The manner in which we perceive reality influences our way of being in the world, our path of action.
There is a very famous and acient Taoist story that every Chinese know about – I love it tremendously. The story is about an old Taoist farmer whose horse ran away:
There once was an old man who lived with his only son at the border of the state. They liked horses and often let them graze freely. One time a servant reported to the old man, “A horse is missing! It went into the neighboring state.” His friends felt sorry for him, but the old man was not bothered at all by the loss. In fact, he said: “Who knows! The loss may bring us good fortune!” A few months later, a weird thing happened. Not only did the missing horse return home safely, it also brought back with it a fine horse from the neighboring state. When his friends heard the news, they congratulated the old man on his good luck. But the old man said, “Who knows! This may bring us ill fortune!” One day, when the old man’s son was riding the fine horse, he fell off it, broke his leg very badly and became crippled. Many friends came to comfort the old man, but the old man was not disturbed by the accident in the least. “Who knows! This may bring us good fortune after all!” he said. A year later, the neighboring state sent troops across the border. All young and strong men were drafted to join the fight, and most of them got killed. The old man’s son however was not drafted because he was crippled – and so his life was spared.
Tibetan Lama – Living Buddha’s Blessing
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This was one of the unusual experience during a recent custom tour which I arranged for an American visitor, Ben is very interested in Buddhism Culture and it was so interesting that we were able to meet a Tibetan Lama in Shanghai – who just happened to revisit this city after 5 year, isn’t that amazing?
To have a better understanding about Tibeten Buddhism, you have to know the following:
Lama is a title for a Tibetan teacher of the Dharma. The name is similar to the Sanskrit term guru. Historically, the term was used for venerated spiritual master or heads of monasteries. Perhaps due to misunderstandings by early western scholars attempting to understand Tibetan Buddhism, the term Lama has historically been erroneously applied to Tibetan monks generally. In Tibetan Buddhism, the lama is often the tantric spiritual guide, the guru to the aspiring Buddhist yogi or yogini. As such, the lama will then appear as one of the Three Roots (a variant of the Three Jewels), alongside the yidam and protector (who may be a dakini, dharmapala or other Buddhist deity figure).
A basic Buddhist belief is that our bodies are made up of the 5 elements (water, fire, earth, air, and space – the Chinese label this one metal). And they also think that the whole universe is impermanent. The Buddhists believe that there are ‘subtle elements’ as well as the denser elements that we can see and feel. If a spiritual practitioner is compassionate and wise enough, they believe that they can dissolve their body into a “rainbow body” made up of the very subtlest level of the elements. After someone’s death the Buddhists practice something called Shi-Tro for the next 49 days(7 days a cycle).
Also a core Buddhist belief is that of the Bodhisattva or the wise one who can choose whether to come back to Samsara (earth where all life is suffering) or go on to Nirvana (where there is no longer suffering). The Boddhisattva intentionally chooses to return to Samsara “for the benefit of all sentient beings.”
The reincarnation system for the Living Buddhas is the main point distinguishing tibetan Buddhism from other forms of Buddhism. ACCORDING TO TIBETAN BUDDHIST teaching, while reincarnation is inevitable for everyone, there are certain beings who have so trained their minds through intensive study and meditation that they can influence the conditions of their next birth. These tulkus, as they are known, are bound by their vow to return to lead others to enlightenment. The Dalai Lama, whose lineage can be traced through 14 successive rebirths, is the best known. But within Tibetan Buddhism at large there are many such tulkus. Sera monastery alone accommodates some 25 of them.
Lama Osel is the best known of these, and his story was the inspiration for Bernardo Bertolucci’s film about a Western reincarnate, Little Buddha – Lama Norbu comes to Seattle in search of the reincarnation of his dead teacher, Lama Dorje. His search leads him to young Jesse Conrad, Raju, a waif from Kathmandu, and an upper class Indian girl. Together, they journey to Bhutan where the three children must undergo a test to prove which is the true reincarnation. Interspersed with this, is the story of Siddharta, later known as the Buddha. It traces his spiritual journey from ignorance to true enlightenment.
The process of finding the “soul boy” usually happens 49 days after the death of a Lama, there are high monks who know where to search and they usually bring the dead Lama’s old things during the process. There are unbelievable stories like a boy select the Lama’s toy from 100 other toys and shouting “this is mine!”
Shanghai/China in 10 minutes
About China
About Shanghai
Guanyin Pusa – Legend of Miao Shan
Guanyin is an extremely popular Goddess in Chinese folk belief and is worshiped in Chinese communities throughout East and South East Asia. Guanyin is revered in the general Chinese population due to her unconditional love, compassion and mercy. She is generally regarded by many as the protector of women and children. By this association she is also seen as a fertility goddess capable of granting children. An old Chinese superstition involves a woman wishing to have a child offering a shoe at a Guanyin Temple. Sometimes a borrowed shoe is used then when the expected child is born the shoe is returned to its owner along with a new pair as a “thank you” gift. Guanyin is also seen as the champion of the unfortunate, the sick, the disabled, the poor, and those in trouble. Some coastal and river areas of China regard her as the protector of fishermen, sailors, and generally people who are out at sea, thus many also come to believe that Mazu, the Daoist goddess of the sea, is a manifestation of Guanyin. Due to her association with the legend of the Great Flood, where she sent down a dog holding rice grains in its tail after the flood, she is worshiped as a rice goddess. In some quarters, especially among business people and traders, she is looked upon as a Goddess of Luck and Fortune. In recent years there have been claims of her being the protector of air travelers.
Believe it or not, there is an amazing story about her:
According to the story, a king asked his daughter Miao Shan to marry a wealthy man who is not caring, she told him that she would obey his command, so long as the marriage eased three misfortunes.
When her father asked who could ease all the above, Miao Shan pointed out that a doctor was able to do all of these. Her father grew angry as he wanted her to marry a person of power and wealth, not a healer. He forced her into hard labor and reduced her food and drink but this did not cause her to yield.
In one version of this legend, when she was executed, a supernatural tiger took Guanyin to one of the more hell-like realms of the dead. However, instead of being punished by demons like the other inmates, Guanyin played music and flowers blossomed around her. This completely surprised the head demon. The story says that Guanyin, by merely being in that hell, turned it into a paradise.
Finally in desperation he used his hands. Miao Shan, realising the fate the executioner would meet at her father’s hand should she fail to let herself die, forgave the executioner for attempting to kill her. It is said that she voluntarily took on the massive karmic guilt the executioner generated for killing her, thus leaving him guiltless. It is because of this that she descended into the Hell-like realms. While there she witnessed first hand the suffering and horrors beings there must endure and was overwhelmed with grief. Filled with compassion, she released all the good karma she had accumulated through her many lifetimes, thus freeing many suffering souls back into Heaven and Earth. In the process that Hell-like realm became a paradise. It is said that Yanluo, King of Hell, sent her back to Earth to prevent the utter destruction of his realm, and that upon her return she appeared on Fragrant Mountain.
Another tale says that Miao Shan never died but was in fact transported by a supernatural tiger, believed to be the Deity of the Place, to Fragrant Mountain.
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Turdidae – Thrushes
Groundscraper Thrush Psophocichla litsitsirupa ©Trevor Hardaker Website
The Turdidae are a family of passerine birds that occurs worldwide commonly called thrushes.
Thrushes are plump, soft-plumaged, small to medium-sized birds, inhabiting wooded areas, and often feed on the ground. The smallest thrush may be the Forest Rock Thrush, at 21g and 14.5cm. The largest thrush is the Blue Whistling Thrush, at 178g and 33cm. The Great Thrush is similar in length, but less heavily built. Most species are grey or brown in colour, often with speckled underparts. They are insectivorous, but most species also eat worms, land snails, and fruit. Many species are permanently resident in warm climates, while others migrate to higher latitudes during summer, often over considerable distances.
The songs of some species, including members of the genera Catharus, Myadestes, Sialia and Turdus, are considered to be among the most beautiful in the avian world.
According to the IOC there are 169 species of Thrushes and allies in the family Turdidae; they are:
Red-tailed Ant Thrush Neocossyphus rufus
White-tailed Ant Thrush Neocossyphus poensis
Fraser’s Rufous Thrush Stizorhina fraseri
Finsch’s Rufous Thrush Stizorhina finschi
Slaty-backed Thrush Geokichla schistacea
Buru Thrush Geokichla dumasi
Seram Thrush Geokichla joiceyi
Chestnut-capped Thrush Geokichla interpres
Enggano Thrush Geokichla leucolaema
Red-backed Thrush Geokichla erythronota
Red-and-black Thrush Geokichla mendeni
Chestnut-backed Thrush Geokichla dohertyi
Pied Thrush Geokichla wardii
Ashy Thrush Geokichla cinerea
Orange-sided Thrush Geokichla peronii
Orange-headed Thrush Geokichla citrina
Siberian Thrush Geokichla sibirica
Abyssinian Ground Thrush Geokichla piaggiae
Crossley’s Ground Thrush Geokichla crossleyi
Orange Ground Thrush Geokichla gurneyi
Oberländer’s Ground Thrush Geokichla oberlaenderi
Black-eared Ground Thrush Geokichla camaronensis
Grey Ground Thrush Geokichla princei
Spotted Ground Thrush Geokichla guttata
Spot-winged Thrush Geokichla spiloptera
Geomalia Zoothera heinrichi
Everett’s Thrush Zoothera everetti
Sunda Thrush Zoothera andromedae
Alpine Thrush Zoothera mollissima
Sichuan Thrush Zoothera griseiceps
Himalayan Thrush Zoothera salimalii
Long-tailed Thrush Zoothera dixoni
White’s Thrush Zoothera aurea
Amami Thrush Zoothera major
Scaly Thrush Zoothera dauma
Bonin Thrush Zoothera terrestris
Nilgiri Thrush Zoothera neilgherriensis
Sri Lanka Thrush Zoothera imbricata
Fawn-breasted Thrush Zoothera machiki
Russet-tailed Thrush Zoothera heinei
Bassian Thrush Zoothera lunulata
Black-backed Thrush Zoothera talaseae
White-bellied Thrush Zoothera margaretae
Guadalcanal Thrush Zoothera turipavae
Long-billed Thrush Zoothera monticola
Dark-sided Thrush Zoothera marginata
Varied Thrush Ixoreus naevius
Aztec Thrush Ridgwayia pinicola
Sulawesi Thrush Cataponera turdoides
Grandala Grandala coelicolor
Eastern Bluebird Sialia sialis
Western Bluebird Sialia mexicana
Mountain Bluebird Sialia currucoides
Omao Myadestes obscurus
Kamao Myadestes myadestinus
Puaiohi Myadestes palmeri
Olomao Myadestes lanaiensis
Townsend’s Solitaire Myadestes townsendi
Brown-backed Solitaire Myadestes occidentalis
Cuban Solitaire Myadestes elisabeth
Rufous-throated Solitaire Myadestes genibarbis
Black-faced Solitaire Myadestes melanops
Varied Solitaire Myadestes coloratus
Andean Solitaire Myadestes ralloides
Slate-colored Solitaire Myadestes unicolor
Rufous-brown Solitaire Cichlopsis leucogenys
Black-billed Nightingale-Thrush Catharus gracilirostris
Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush Catharus aurantiirostris
Slaty-backed Nightingale-Thrush Catharus fuscater
Russet Nightingale-Thrush Catharus occidentalis
Ruddy-capped Nightingale-Thrush Catharus frantzii
Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush Catharus mexicanus
Spotted Nightingale-Thrush Catharus dryas
Veery Catharus fuscescens
Grey-cheeked Thrush Catharus minimus
Bicknell’s Thrush Catharus bicknelli
Swainson’s Thrush Catharus ustulatus
Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus
Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina
Black Solitaire Entomodestes coracinus
White-eared Solitaire Entomodestes leucotis
Groundscraper Thrush Turdus litsitsirupa
Yellow-legged Thrush Turdus flavipes
Pale-eyed Thrush Turdus leucops
African Thrush Turdus pelios
Bare-eyed Thrush Turdus tephronotus
Kurrichane Thrush Turdus libonyana
Sao Tome Thrush Turdus olivaceofuscus
Principe Thrush Turdus xanthorhynchus
Olive Thrush Turdus olivaceus
Usambara Thrush Turdus roehli
Abyssinian Thrush Turdus abyssinicus
Karoo Thrush Turdus smithi
Somali Thrush Turdus ludoviciae
Taita Thrush Turdus helleri
Yemen Thrush Turdus menachensis
Comoros Thrush Turdus bewsheri
Grey-backed Thrush Turdus hortulorum
Tickell’s Thrush Turdus unicolor
Black-breasted Thrush Turdus dissimilis
Japanese Thrush Turdus cardis
White-collared Blackbird Turdus albocinctus
Ring Ouzel Turdus torquatus
Grey-winged Blackbird Turdus boulboul
Common Blackbird Turdus merula
Chinese Blackbird Turdus mandarinus
Tibetan Blackbird Turdus maximus
Indian Blackbird Turdus simillimus
Island Thrush Turdus poliocephalus
Chestnut Thrush Turdus rubrocanus
Kessler’s Thrush Turdus kessleri
Grey-sided Thrush Turdus feae
Eyebrowed Thrush Turdus obscurus
Pale Thrush Turdus pallidus
Brown-headed Thrush Turdus chrysolaus
Izu Thrush Turdus celaenops
Black-throated Thrush Turdus atrogularis
Red-throated Thrush Turdus ruficollis
Naumann’s Thrush Turdus naumanni
Dusky Thrush Turdus eunomus
Fieldfare Turdus pilaris
Redwing Turdus iliacus
Song Thrush Turdus philomelos
Chinese Thrush Turdus mupinensis
Mistle Thrush Turdus viscivorus
Great Thrush Turdus fuscater
Chiguanco Thrush Turdus chiguanco
Sooty Thrush Turdus nigrescens
Black Thrush Turdus infuscatus
Glossy-black Thrush Turdus serranus
Andean Slaty Thrush Turdus nigriceps
Eastern Slaty Thrush Turdus subalaris
Plumbeous-backed Thrush Turdus reevei
Black-hooded Thrush Turdus olivater
Maranon Thrush Turdus maranonicus
Chestnut-bellied Thrush Turdus fulviventris
Rufous-bellied Thrush Turdus rufiventris
Austral Thrush Turdus falcklandii
Pale-breasted Thrush Turdus leucomelas
Creamy-bellied Thrush Turdus amaurochalinus
Mountain Thrush Turdus plebejus
Black-billed Thrush Turdus ignobilis
Lawrence’s Thrush Turdus lawrencii
Cocoa Thrush Turdus fumigatus
Pale-vented Thrush Turdus obsoletus
Hauxwell’s Thrush Turdus hauxwelli
Unicolored Thrush Turdus haplochrous
Clay-colored Thrush Turdus grayi
Spectacled Thrush Turdus nudigenis
Varzea Thrush Turdus sanchezorum
Ecuadorian Thrush Turdus maculirostris
White-eyed Thrush Turdus jamaicensis
White-throated Thrush Turdus assimilis
Dagua Thrush Turdus daguae
White-necked Thrush Turdus albicollis
Rufous-backed Thrush Turdus rufopalliatus
Rufous-collared Thrush Turdus rufitorques
American Robin Turdus migratorius
La Selle Thrush Turdus swalesi
White-chinned Thrush Turdus aurantius
Grand Cayman Thrush Turdus ravidus
Red-legged Thrush Turdus plumbeus
Forest Thrush Turdus lherminieri
Tristan Thrush Turdus eremita
Purple Cochoa Cochoa purpurea
Green Cochoa Cochoa viridis
Sumatran Cochoa Cochoa beccarii
Javan Cochoa Cochoa azurea
Fruithunter Chlamydochaera jefferyi
Species Links
• American Robin Turdus migratorius
BirdLife Species Account
• American Robin Turdus migratorius
HBW Species Account
Taxonomy: (Turdus) migratorius Linn aeus, 1766, “in America septentrionali” = North America. Has in the past been thought to form a superspecies with T. rufitorques on account of behavioural and vocal similarities, but plumages rather different. Highly distinctive race confinis has been treated as a separate species. Geographical variation in rest of range rather clinal. Proposed race aleucus (from Texas) considered indistinguishable from propinquus. Seven subspecies recognized.
• American Robin Turdus migratorius
Species Account
Sound archive and distribution map.
• American Robin Turdus migratorius
Species Account
• American Robin Turdus migratorius
Cornell Species Account
• Common Blackbird Turdus merula
Species Account
• Common Blackbird Turdus merula
HBW Species Account
• Common Blackbird Turdus merula
Species Account
Sound archive and distribution map.
• Common Blackbird Turdus merula
Species Account
The common blackbird (Turdus merula) is a species of true thrush. It is also called Eurasian blackbird (especially in North America, to distinguish it from the unrelated New World blackbirds).
• Common Blackbird Turdus merula
RSPB Species Account
• Groundscraper Thrush Psophocichla litsitsirupa
BirdLife Species Account
• Groundscraper Thrush Psophocichla litsitsirupa
HBW Species Account
Taxonomy: Merula litsitsirupa A. Smith, 1836, between the Orange River and the Tropic of Capricorn, southern Africa. Often placed in genus Turdus, but perhaps more closely related to Zoothera. Races stierlingi and pauciguttata considered of doubtful validity. Four subspecies recognized.
• Groundscraper Thrush Psophocichla litsitsirupa
Species Account
The groundscraper thrush (Psophocichla litsitsirupa) is a passerine bird of southern and eastern Africa belonging to the thrush family, Turdidae. It is the only member of the genus Psophocichla.
Number of Species
• Number of bird species: 169
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Molecular gastronomy in the chemistry classroom
(published on Science in School, issue 36, 26/05/2016 by TEMI Germany team: J. Dittmar, C. Zowada. S. Yamashita, I. Eilks)
Molecular gastronomy is a new trend in haute cuisine, with chefs providing their guests with novel and strange culinary experiences using liquid nitrogen, gels and foams. One of the techniques that is becoming more well known is the use of alginate spheres containing different fruit juices or flavours. Even if you don’t frequent Michelin-starred restaurants, you may have come across these spheres in bubble tea.
Bubble tea, originally invented in Taiwan in the 1980s, spilled over from Eastern Asia to Western countries some years ago. It consists of a tea-based drink that also contains fruit jellies, tapioca or alginate spheres, filled with fruit juice or syrup.
Making and examining the behaviour of alginate bubbles can be fascinating and can be used in inquiry-based learning in the sciences.
In this article, we suggest how alginate bubbles can be used to teach various scientific concepts, presenting scientific phenomena in an aesthetic fashion. We introduce how to make alginate bubbles and present three example experiments, each of which can be performed in a one-hour lesson: an acid-base reaction, chemo-luminescence with redox chemistry, and thermal convection with a thermochromic effect.
Read the full article here.
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"url": "http://projecttemi.eu/en/molecular-gastronomy-in-the-chemistry-classroom/"
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In 1914 it soon became clear that nothing stood between swathes of northern France and the enemy. Many people fled before the advancing enemy.
Many of Gouzeaucourt’s residents also escaped.
There was no evacuation plan and no means of support. About 300 villagers left, but returned as they were unable to pass through Abbeville where the bridges had been destroyed to slow the German advance. On their return they had to request permission from their German conquerors to stay in their own homes.
"Along with surrounding villages, Gouzeaucourt suffered a harsh occupation marked the end of normal life for the civilian population.”
Marie de Gouzeaucourt in Contribution a l’histoire du village de Gouzeaucourt.
Everything was given up to the army - food, farm animals, carts and machinery. Detailed searches were carried out of every home noting things which could be taken, usually without payment.
Requisitioning of animals
In early 1917 the Germans planned a tactical withdrawal to a new defensive line – the Hindenburg Line. A ‘scorched earth’ policy left nothing to support the advancing Allied armies, and the population were forcibly moved out ahead of this.
Leaving Villers-Plouich. October 1916
Picture from l’historial de Péronne – German soldiers’ photo albums
The evacuation started village by village in the autumn of 1916 and continued into the spring of 1917. Nearby Metz-en-Couture had been evacuated through Gouzeaucourt in October 1916. Eventually it was Gouzeaucourt’s turn.
21 February 1917 All the residents were instructed to gather at the Biquette Field. They could take very little, but as they waited for hours they could see their houses being looted, then torched or blown up.
In this image: Ox carts in use here, but mainly pulled by horses. The need to feed and water horses often dictated where evacuees went and how quickly they could move. It similarly constrained the cavalry in both armies.
A video interview with a relative of someone who had lived through the occupation of Gouzeaucourt
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"url": "http://www.worcesterandgouzeaucourt.org/home/index.php/gouzeaucourt-at-war"
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foreign affairs
Diplomatic policy in which nations attempt to make peace by making concessions to an aggressive nation. Appeasement is often linked with the policies of Neville Chamberlain during World War II.
The most famous case of appeasement is the Munich Pact, in which Britain and France, under the leadership of British Prime Minister Chamberlain, conceded Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany. The hope was that it would stop the aggression of Hitler and the Nazis, but it did not, and was largely seen as giving Germany a free pass.
Due to those failures, the policy today has a very negative connotation. Defense hawks regularly accuse opponents of appeasing the enemy.
Der Spiegel outlines how the strategy failed in the 1930s.
peace at any price
peace through strength
The idea that increased military power can promote peace.
missile gap
The term was first used by Sen. John F. Kennedy in 1958 to accuse then-President Eisenhower of being weak on defense. The idea of a missile gap was debunked, but the perception of one persisted. The missile gap actually favored the U.S., but false claims of Soviet superiority led to a surge in military expansion.
military industrial complex
soft power
From Nye’s book, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics: “Soft power lies in the ability to attract and persuade. Whereas hard power — the ability to coerce — grows out of a country’s military or economic might, soft power arises from the attractiveness of a country’s culture, political ideals, and policies.”
© 2018 Goddard Media LLC
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"url": "https://politicaldictionary.com/topics/foreign-affairs/"
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Papa Machete
“Papa Machete” (left) is among the few remaining teachers of a guarded martial art: Haitian machete fencing (image courtesy Third Horizon Media).
There is a war being fought — a fight for the cultural preservation of a dying martial art: Haitian machete fencing. Alfred Avril, known as the professor or “Papa Machete” is among the last to preserve this tradition.
Rooted in Congolese stick fighting and melded with European fencing, Haitian inhabitants created their own amalgamation of these martial arts. What emerged was a unique and guarded cultural tradition passed down from father to son: Tire Machèt (tee’-ray ma-shet’) or Haitian Machete fencing.
For the uninitiated, it might be easy to dismiss this as a brutish and stereotypical jungle hacking, but careful attention reveals codified movements reminiscent of French and Italian sabre practice coupled with footwork apparently influenced by the Spanish tradition. Emphasis in Tire Machèt is placed on parrying with the flat of the blade while repositioning the body with compassing side-steps to facilitate a counter attack.
To a degree, tire machèt is battle-proven. The Haitian Revolution, regarded as the largest and most successful slave rebellion in the Americas, occurred in the wake of the French Revolution and was accomplished despite Napoleonic rule. It was fought in part by rebel French military trained freedmen as well as slaves with makeshift weapons — the trusty machete of the sugar and indigo plantations. The machèt helped the rebels win the only sovereign nation resulting from a slave uprising and it has come to symbolize that struggle for freedom. In the isolation of Haiti following the sucessful rebellion, tire machèt evolved and emerged as a unique practice, a honed combination of the diverse combat traditions to be found among the fledgling island nation.
Now, owing to the grasp of a homogenizing global popular culture and the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake that rocked Haiti, this storied and unique cultural tradition is at risk of vanishing. Papa Machete may close his doors and tire machèt may lose one of its last practitioners.
To stave off that possibility, independent filmmakers are producing a documentary about tire machèt to spotlight it’s preservation. They also hope to generate funds via Kickstarter to repair the earthquake damage to Avril’s home and school.
Follow these links to an interview with the filmmakers or to explore the Haitian Machete Fencing Project.
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"url": "https://columbiaclassicalfencing.com/2014/05/21/papa-machete/"
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Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have relied on the sea to provide food for thousands of years, and they could choose from a wide variety of food before Europeans came to Australia.
They also chose foods according to the season and the geographic area where they lived, took only what they needed, and were selective about the sex and maturity of animals taken to allow resources to replenish and to prevent wastage.
Fishing and collecting marine resources and preparing traditional meals continue to be an important part of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture and diet. Creeks, rivers, beaches, islands, coastal and sea areas provide barramundi, bream, jewfish, catfish, cod, eels, grunter, prawns, crayfish, oysters, periwinkles, stingrays, sharks, crabs, turtles, turtle eggs, dugongs, bird eggs, bird droppings (used as fertiliser in garden beds), clam and triton shell, amongst many other things.
Dugongs and marine turtles are significantly valuable because they strengthen Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' culture and demonstrate connection with traditional sea country areas. In remote coastal areas they provide food to communities where a nourishing diet is essential but often very expensive to attain.
Sharks and stingrays
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people seasonally harvest stingrays and sharks from the sea and estuaries, with some Aboriginal tribes in Lockhart and Hopevale on the east coast of Cape York prefering to eat specific types of ray. Favourite types include cowtail ray, thorny ray, long-tailed ray and mangrove ray.
Some prize the livers of stingrays and sharks, which are considered sacred objects. They also eat the ‘young’ and ‘fat’ livers of manta rays, which contain iron and vitamins and are an important food source for babies and elders. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people also know that the liver of a stingray is suitable for eating if it is oily and pinkish white in colour, while stingrays and manta rays with two spines are inedible
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people use indicators in the environment to determine the best time to harvest their food sources. For example, for some tribes on the east coast of Cape York, the first thunderstorm of the wet season or the sighting of Torres Strait pigeons are considered the time to harvest stingrays.
Examples of food preparation
In the Torres Strait and on the mainland, underground ovens called kup-mari (pronounced cup-ma-ree) are used to cook food.
To make the oven, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people dig a shallow hole in the ground and fill it with rocks. They then place wood and dry leaves in a dome-shaped arrangement to make a big fire and heat the rocks.
Once the majority of the wood is burnt and the rocks are heated, they set some of the rocks aside and wrap the food in banana and coconut leaves (or a combination of leaves and aluminium foil), placing it in the centre of the pit.
They then take the rocks that were set aside and place them on top of the food to help it cook evenly. They also place more leaves and hessian bags on the pit, as well as sand to lock in the heat.
They remove food after several hours. Cooking times differ depending on the type of food being cooked and the temperature of the rocks.
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"url": "http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/our-partners/traditional-owners/traditional-use-of-the-marine-park/food-from-the-sea"
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The Kid Should See This
How is duct tape made?
What is duct tape and why is it so strong? And is it duct tape or duck tape? From Insider, go inside a busy factory to see how layers of rubber for adhesive, a cotton cloth middle, and a backing made from polyethylene, a plastic often derived from petroleum or natural gas, come together to create this water-resistant invention. Some World War II history:
A factory worker who was packaging ammunition sealed each box with tape and wax to make them waterproof. When the worker, Vesta Stout [or Stoudt], saw soldiers struggling to open the boxes, she came up with an idea to seal the boxes with a strong, cloth-based, waterproof tape. Stout wrote a letter to [Franklin D. Roosevelt] about her solution and a few weeks later, received word from the War Production Board that Johnson and Johnson would be manufacturing the tape. The tape became a military sensation. It was durable and easy to apply and remove by hand. After the war ended, duct tape turned up in hardware stores ready to help Americans with household repairs, too. It quickly became a useful tool for wrapping air ducts, which led to its other name, duct tape.
Related reading: The Woman Who Invented Duct Tape.
Next: How to make a DIY Duct Tape Coin Pouch, crawling through suspended tunnels of translucent tape, and Which is stronger: Glue or tape?
Bonus solution: Water-soluble fruit stickers.
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Karisoke Research Center, Rwanda
The Karisoke Research Center in Rwanda’s Volcanoes National Park was founded by Dian Fossey on 24 September 1967, to study endangered mountain gorillas. Fossey located the camp in Rwanda’s Virunga volcanic mountain range, between Mount Karisimbi and Mount Bisoke, and named it by combining the names of the two mountains.
The camp continued to function even after Fossey’s murder in December 1985, under the auspices of the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International. In 2012, Karisoke moved its headquarters to a more modern facility in Musanze.
At the time Fossey founded Karisoke, she feared that the mountain gorilla might become extinct by the end of the 20th century, as her mentor, Dr. Louis Leakey, had warned. A census published in 1981 found that the population had fallen to 242 individuals, from a 1960 estimate of 400-500.
Now, 45 years later, some 480 mountain gorillas are known to inhabit the Virunga mountains (according to a 2010 census), a significant increase. Karisoke survived Fossey’s murder in 1985 as well as years of civil strife, and also expanded tremendously over the past few decades.
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"url": "https://www.africatraveljournal.com/conservation/karisoke-research-center-rwanda.html"
}
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Taunton National Park
Taunton National Park (Scientific) in central Queensland is a designated scientific national park due to its importance in ensuring the persistence of the threatened bridled nailtail wallaby.
Thought to be extinct by the 1940s, the wallaby was rediscovered at Taunton in 1973. Today its only wild (non-translocated) population resides in the 11,626-hectare park that is closed to the public.
Since the wallaby was rediscovered, there have been changes in vegetation in and around the park, caused by cattle grazing, land clearing and the spread of introduced grass. Most of the wallaby's habitat in central Queensland was part of the Brigalow Scheme, which saw millions of hectares of brigalow (Acacia) forest cleared to make way for rangelands and agriculture from the 1950s to the 1970s.
The scheme left a legacy of environmental problems, including the decline of rich biodiversity. Today, brigalow ecosystems are listed nationally as endangered ecological communities. Brigalow forest at Taunton supports several threatened plants and animals.
Taunton National Park offers opportunities to examine the often-controversial management of conservation problems in Australia's rangelands, to study the impact of invasive and introduced species such as buffel grass on floristic diversity, and to see the results of predator control efforts.
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"url": "https://biological-sciences.uq.edu.au/study/field-experiences/taunton-national-park"
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Open main menu
Northern Athabaskan is a geographic sub-grouping of the Athabaskan language family spoken by indigenous peoples in the northern part of North America, particularly in Alaska (Alaskan Athabaskans), the Yukon and the Northwest Territories. The Northern Athabaskan languages consist of 31 languages that can be divided into seven geographic subgroups.
Northern Athabaskan
Alaska, Yukon
Linguistic classificationDené–Yeniseian?
Northern Athabaskan langs.png
Map of Northern Athabaskan languages
Southern AlaskanEdit
1. Ahtna (also known as Atna, Ahtena, Copper River)
• Central Copper River Ahtna
• Lower Copper River Ahtna
• Mentasta (also known as Upper Ahtna)
• Western Ahtna
2. Dena’ina (also known as Tanaina)
• Lower Inlet Dena’ina
- Outer Inlet
- Iliamna
- Inland
• Upper Inlet Dena’ina
Central Alaska–YukonEdit
A. Koyukon
3. Deg Xinag (also known as Deg Hit'an, Kaiyuhkhotana, Ingalik)
• Lower Yukon River
• Middle Kuskokwin
4. Holikachuk (also known as Innoko, Innoka-khotana, Tlëgon-khotana)
5. Koyukon (also known as Ten’a, Co-Youkon, Co-yukon)
• Lower Koyukon (also known as Lower Yukon Koyukon)
• Central Koyukon (also known as Dinaakkanaaga Ts’inh Huyoza, Koyukuk River Koyukon)
• Upper Koyukon (also known as Upper Yukon Koyukon)
B. Tanana–Tutchone
6. Upper Kuskokwim (also known as Kolchan, Goltsan)
I. Tanana
7. Lower Tanana (also known as Tanana, Minto, Dandey in, Dineh su, Tananatana)
• Minto-Tolovana-Toklat-Nenana-Wood River
- Minto-Tolovana
- Toklat
- Nenana
- Wood River
• Chena
• Salcha-Goodpastor
8. Tanacross (also known as Tanana, Dandey in, Dineh su, Tananatana)
9. Upper Tanana (also known as Tanana, Dandey in, Dineh su, Tananatana)
• Nabesna
• Tetlin
• Northway
• Scottie Creek
• Canadian Upper Tanana
II. Tutchone (also known as Gens de Bois, Gunana, Nahane, Nahani, Tutchonekutchin)
10. Southern Tutchone (sometimes considered to be just a dialect)
11. Northern Tutchone (also known as Mayo) (sometimes considered to be just a dialect)
C. Kutchin–Han
12. Gwich’in (also known as Gwitch’in, Kutchin, Kootchin, Loucheux, Loucheaux, Takudh, Tukudh, "Quarrelers")
• Alaskan Gwich’in (also known as Western Gwich’in)
• Canadian Gwich’in (also known as Eastern Gwich’in)
13. Hän (also known as Han, Moosehide, Dawson, Gens du Fou, Han Gwich-in, Han-Kootchin, Hankutchin)
Northwestern CanadaEdit
A. Cordillera
I. Central Cordillera (also known as Tahltan-Tagish-Kaska)
14. Tagish (also known as Gunana, Nahane, Nahani, Si-him-E-na, "Stick Indians", Tagisch, Tahgish, Tahkeesh, Tahk-heesh)
15. Tahltan (also known as Nahanni, Keyehotine, Nahane, Nahani, Tahl-tan, Tatltan, Ticaxhanoten, Toltan)
16. Kaska (also known as Nahanni, Nahane, Nahani, Cassiar)
II. Southeastern Cordillera
17. Sekani
18. Danezaa (also known as Beaver, Tsattine, Dunne-za, Deneza, Gens de Castor)
B. Mackenzie
I. Slavey–Hare (v Slave)
19. Slavey (also known as Slavey proper, South Slavey, Southern Slavey, Dene Tha, Esclave, Nahane, Nahani, Slave)
20. Mountain (also known as Montagnards, Nahane, Nahani, Sih gotine, Sihta gotine)
21. Bearlake (also known as Satudine, Sahtu gotine, Bear Lake)
22. Hare (also known as Kawchottine, Ka so gotine, Kancho, Kawchodinneh, Rabbitskins, Ta-na-tin-ne)
23. Dogrib (also known as Tli Cho, Tłįchǫ or Thlingchadine)
C. Chipewyan
24. Dene Suline (also known as Chipewyan, Dëne Sųłiné, Dene, Yellowknife, Montagnais, "Northern Indians", Copper Indians, Coppermine Indians, Mithcocoman, Red Knife, T’atsan ottine, Tatsotine, Yellow Knife)
25. Tsetsaut (also known as Ts’ets’aut, Nahane, Nahani, Portland Canal, Wetalth)
Central British ColumbiaEdit
26. Babine-Witsuwit'en (also known as North Carrier, Babine Carrier, Northern Carrier, Bulkley Valley, Lakes District, Western Carrier)
• Babine (also known as Nadot’en, Nedut’en, Nat’oot’en)
• Takla
• Witsuwit’en (also known as Wetsuwet’en, Wets’uwet’en, Wet’suwet’en)
• Moricetown
• Francois Lake
27. Dakelh (also known as Carrier, Dakelhne, Takelne, Takulli, Taculli, Takulie, Porteur, Nagailer)
• Central Carrier (also known as Upper Carrier)
• Southern Carrier (also known as Lower Carrier)
28. Chilcotin (also known as Tsilhqot’in, Tinneh, Chilkhodins, Tsilkotin)
29. Nicola (also known as Stuwix, Nicola-Similkameen) (extinct)
30. Sarsi (also known as Sarcee, Tsuu T’ina, or Tsuut’ina)
31. Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie (also known as Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanie)
• Willapa (also known as Willoopah)
• Suwal-Clatskanie
- Suwal
- Clatskanie (also known as Tlatskanie)
1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Northern Athabaskan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
External linksEdit
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The worst case scenario wasn’t an impossible one: in the wake of the Pearl Harbor attack, Japan would invade Hawaii, overrun it, and use it as a launching point for an attack on the US mainland. As much as the United States was preparing itself to repel such an invasion, it also had contingencies in place should it fail to secure the Hawaiian Islands. One of them was the Hawaii overprint note.
First distributed in 1942, the Hawaii overprint note was a special series of banknotes that was issued during World War II with the intention not to further segregate the Hawaiian Islands from the mainland, but to prevent Japanese forces from getting hold of American currency.
A Sensible Precaution
The very real fear of an invasion started after the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. Military officials drew up a worst-case-scenario where the Hawaiian Islands were invaded and taken by Japanese forces. Should that scenario unfold, the invaders would have access to an abundance of American money, which they could use to further fuel their war effort.
Lt. Gen. Delos Emmons came up with the idea for the Hawaii overprint note
The military governor of Hawaii, Lt. Gen. Delos C. Emmons, took action on January 10th, 1942, issuing an order to recall all United States currency from the islands above set caps of $200 for individuals and $500 for businesses. Beginning on June 25th, 1942, residents were required to trade in their currency for new Hawaii overprinted notes. The new notes’ most notable feature was an overprint of the word “Hawaii.” Two small overprints were placed on the front of the notes and a third, larger one was stamped over the center of the back side of the bill. There were four denominations produced: $1, $5, $10, and $20, all of them with the same “Hawaii” stamping.
By August 15th, 1942, no non-overprint notes were left in Hawaii and no other paper currency could be used in the islands without special permission.
As for the recalled, unstamped currency that remained in Hawaii, the United States military devised a plan to prevent having to ship it back to the mainland: the $200 million stockpile was burned.
The End of the Hawaii Overprint Note
$5 Hawaii overprint note
$5 Hawaii overprint note
On October 21st, 1944, though the war continued, issuance of the Hawaii overstamp notes ended. As the Allies continued to make considerable progress in the Pacific, pushing the Japanese forces further west, concern over a Hawaiian invasion dissipated. In April of 1946, a recall began, though many of the overprint notes were stashed away as souvenirs of a most trying time on the Hawaiian Islands.
Collectible overprint notes are still around today, with the $5 banknote being the most valuable due to the lower number that were produced compared to the other denominations.
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5 facts you should know about Choanoflagellates
Written by: Barry Leadbeater
Barry S. C. Leadbeater, author of The Choanoflagellates: Evolution, Biology and Ecology (2015) provides some interesting insights into the world of Choanoflagellates!
What are Choanoflagellates?
Choanoflagellates are a distinctive and important group of tiny unicells (protists) that are universally present in freshwater and marine habitats. They are colourless and possess a single vibrating thread (flagellum) that is used for swimming and for creating water currents from which they can capture bacteria and other small prey particles.
Choanoflagellates have some similarities to the flagella-bearing cells of sponges (choanocytes) often regarded as the simplest living animal, at the base of the animal tree of life. This raises the possibility of there being an evolutionary link between the choanoflagellates and early animal life.
Here are five facts that you should know about choanoflagellates:
Salpingoeca sp. - Choanoflagellate. Photo: Barry S. C. Leadbeater.
Salpingoeca sp. – Choanoflagellate. Photo: Barry S. C. Leadbeater.
1. Choanoflagellates were first recognised as a distinctive group of protists by an American microscopist in the nineteenth century.
Henry James-Clark, an American naturalist born in Massachusetts (1826), first described four collar-bearing (choanoflagellate) species in 1867. He was the first microscopist to recognise the collar as being the defining character of this new group of protists. At the same time he noted the similarity of choanoflagellate cells to the choanocytes of the calcareous sponge Leucosolenia botryoides.
2. Choanoflagellates are the sister group to Metazoa (Animals)
The morphological similarity between choanoflagellates and sponge choanocytes led to the early suggestion that choanoflagellates were the unicellular precursors of the animal kingdom. In 1993 Wainright and co-workers published a molecular phylogeny based on SSU rDNA that showed the Metazoa as being a monophyletic grouping that shared a recent common ancestry with choanoflagellates. Since then many molecular phylogenies have confirmed the sister grouping relationship between choanoflagellates and Metazoa (animals) within a supergroup called Opisthokonta that also includes the fungi.
3. Choanoflagellates are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats.
Choanoflagellates are one of the most widely distributed protistan groups. They are present in a wide variety of marine and freshwater habitats. They are universal in soils, abundant in polar waters, occur at abyssal depths of the oceans and in the permafrost of Siberia. Choanoflagellates have been retrieved from frozen soils approximately 32,000 years old!
4. Some choanoflagellates utilise silicon to manufacture a basket-like covering.
Loricate choanoflagellates (Acanthoecidae) use silicon from seawater to deposit ‘matchstick’ like rods of silica, called costal strips, to construct a pattern of costae that form a surrounding basket-like cage (lorica). The function of the lorica is to enclose the cell and direct the flow of particle-containing water onto the collar thereby enhancing prey capture. The basket may also inhibit cell movement and reduce sinking rate.
5. Choanoflagellates express homologues of genes involved in metazoan (animal) multicellularity.
The genetic toolkit responsible for Metazoan (animal) multicellularity comprises a select set of highly conserved genes from a limited number of gene families that are involved with cell adhesion, intercellular communication and coordination, tissue differentiation and programmed cell death.
Some of these gene families have their origins in unicellular opisthokonts such as choanoflagellates. In particular, the premetazoan origins of cell adhesion molecules such as cadherins and integrins, and cell-signalling transduction pathways such as Hedgehog and tyrosine kinase have been identified.
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About the Author: Barry Leadbeater
Barry Leadbeater is the author of The Choanoflagellates: Evolution, Biology and Ecology (2015). He is a retired Reader in Protistology at the University of Birmingham. His academic research interests include: ultrastructure, physiology and ecology of algae and protozoa, whereas his biotechnological...
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What Is a Plenum on an Intake Manifold?
by Andrea Stein
An intake manifold refers to an engine part that supplies the air and fuel mixture to the cylinders. Intake manifold plenums facilitate the distribution of this mixture.
Intake Manifold
The intake manifold’s primary function is to transfer the air and fuel combustion mixture to the intake ports contained in each cylinder head. This distribution optimizes engine performance and efficiency. The intake manifold must contain higher pressure than the outlet, which is provided by the cylinders during the intake stroke. This higher pressure is produced by an air enclosure, or chamber, called the plenum.
Intake manifolds contain runners, or tubes that extend to the cylinder head intake ports from the plenum. The runners take up a smaller section of the plenum surface than the inlet, thereby aerodynamically supplying air to the plenum.
Helmholtz Resonance
Intake manifold runners take advantage of the Helmholtz Resonance phenomenon, which results in air resonance in a cavity, such as the plenum. When a valve closes, air outside of the valve compresses against it, created a pocket of high pressure. This pressure equalizes with lower pressure in the plenum, which creates cycles, or pulses, of oscillation. This enables the plenum to operate at a high volumetric efficiency when equalizing air flow to the engine cylinders.
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August Strindberg
Born in Sweden in 1849, August Strindberg was raised in poverty. A multi-faceted artist given to extremes, he battled depression and emotional turmoils throughout his life. Strindberg was actively involved in the trade union movement and was especially admired by the working class of his time as a radical writer who zealously attacked social ills and hypocrisies in his work. After Strindberg was overlooked by the Swedish Academy for the Nobel Prize for literature in 1909, a grass-roots petition campaign was launched in protest, which resulted in a large sum of money raised to compensate the cherished writer.
Strindberg’s most engaging dramas deal with the constant and consuming battle for power between the sexes, bound together in perverse and complex relationships in which desire is mingled with scorn, and negotiated within the strictures imposed on class and gender roles by social conventions. Strindberg continued to write of the alienated modern man, who is desperate and alone in a forsaken universe, until his death in 1912.
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Africa: German Colonialism and the Long-Forgotten Dibobe Petition
Photo: Wikipedia
Herero prisoners of war, around 1900.
Equal rights for Africans in Germany and the colonies - that's what 18 Africans demanded 100 years ago. A plaque in Berlin commemorates the long-forgotten Dibobe Petition.
What Martin Dibobe and a group of fellow Africans demanded in the summer of 1919 truly packed a punch.
Pledging "undying loyalty" to the young Weimar Republic, they also submitted petitions to the National Assembly and the colonial ministry, demanding what amounted to a small revolution - equal rights for Germans and Africans in Germany. They demanded an African delegate to the Reichstag (in that case, Dibobe himself) and more rights for the inhabitants of the German colonies in Africa, they demanded the end of corporal punishment and forced labor. "Their conditions indirectly pointed out all the mistakes of colonialism," historian Paulette Reed-Anderson told DW.
Dibobe experienced the injustices of the colonial system firsthand. He was born the son of a deputy headman in 1876 in Cameroon, which was a German colony from 1884 to 1919. He came to Berlin as a young man as part of an ethnological display designed to satisfy German curiosity about "everyday life in Africa" and boost people's enthusiasm for colonialism. Dibobe worked his way up to become the first black train driver in the city's elevated train system. He married his landlord's daughter and was all the while a tireless advocate for the rights of Africans, a clever diplomat who understood the circumstances he lived in. "It didn't make sense to simply write 'We want independence' because they knew they wouldn't get it," said Reed-Anderson, an expert in the history of the African community in Germany. "They were very pragmatic."
The answer was silence
But Dibobe's demands came to nothing. Neither the National Assembly, which was working on a new democratic constitution in Weimar, nor the colonial ministry responded. After the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, Germany ceded its colonies to the WWI victorious powers France and Britain. The Dibobe petition's 32 demands remained unfulfilled.
Now, 100 years later, the 18 signatories' petition has received public recognition with a commemorative plaque affixed to the building of the former colonial office in central Berlin. "100 years ago, migrants from German colonies living here in Germany presented comprehensive demands: The 18 signatories demanded independence, equal rights and legal security in the colonies, said Berlin's Culture Senator, Klaus Lederer, at the unveiling ceremony. "They continued to demand participation and representation in words that sounded like reforms, but implicitly questioned the system of colonial rule that was based on fundamental inequality and violence."
Important part of German history
Vexed by the racism in Germany, Martin Dibobe returned to Africa. Cameroon, now under French rule, denied him entry, and his trail was lost in 1922 in Liberia. Dibobe was forgotten. The petition named after him is still important today, however, believes German-Tanzanian activist Mnyaka Sururu Mboro, co-founder of the Berlin Postkolonial group that initiated the commemorative plaque.
"They demanded an African member of parliament," Mboro said, adding that Senegal-born lawmaker Karamba Diaby joined the German Bundestag almost 100 years later. Mboro, who has lived in Germany for 30 years, says other demands have still to be met: "Many Afro-Germans are still not regarded as fully-fledged Germans - even if they live here and speak the language, they are still not accepted."
Germany still has difficulty coming to terms with its colonial history. Activists have unsuccessfully campaigned for a monument to German colonialism to be erected in Berlin and the topic is barely present in school textbooks and the media. Streets still bear the names of German colonial rulers, which has angered many Germans. Fulfilling the demands Dibobe and his fellow activists penned 100 years ago would be a recognition of Germany's past, according to Paulette Reed-Anderson . It is an important part of German history, she argues - one that still begs research and debate in terms of how it influences present society.
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The Dactylus is a pedunculate, which is composed of three syllables. A verse rhythmizes a lyrical text and determines our reading. The Dactylus is formed by the sequence of a heavy and two light syllables in a verse, and belongs to the four basic metrics of the accentuating metric (→ verse) in addition to Jambus, Trochaeus and Anapaest.
The word dactylus goes back to ancient Greek (δάκτυλος, dáktylos) and means “finger”. In the plural, however, we speak of dactyls and not of dactyls, although this form of formulation has sometimes prompted German classrooms. It is still wrong.
In ancient Greece the Dactylus was determined by the sequence of a long and two short syllables (- υ υ). If the dactyl is thus understood, we speak of a quantitating metric, which is confined to the lengths and shortenings in a word.
In the German imitation of the dactylic verse, however, we do not look at the shortening and length of a word, but pay attention to the stress of individual syllables. This means that the dactyl is composed of one concise and two unstressed syllables. This understanding of Dactylus is also taught in schools and in teaching German.
Structure of the Dactylus
As described, the dactyl is formed from one concise and two unstressed syllables. This sequence is usually given as: x ‘x x. Sometimes the syntax X x x has been used.
In principle, however, it is up to us how we characterize the individual stresses when editing a text. What is most important is that we carry out our own work consistently so that a future reader of our work knows exactly what we want to express with the individual symbols and inscriptions.
With regard to the Dactylus, we can quite simply remember the exact sequence, since the word itself is a Daktylus. We emphasize the first syllable Dak, while ty and lus remain unstressed.
Furthermore, in the German language we find quite a few examples of the dactylic verses, since many composed nouns contain the pattern. This is due to the fact that, in German, the emphasis of a word is very often on the first syllable. An example of this can be the trailing edge and the filler holder.
Note: If a syllable is pronounced in a non-emphasized or accentuated manner, we recognize best when we pronounce it loudly and distinctly. In principle, we speak a pronounced syllable louder and raise the voice in pronunciation. We have described this in more detail in the article on verses.
The Dactylus in the poem
But, of course, the verse is found not only in individual words, but can also determine entire verses. Furthermore, the Dactylus is naturally not determined by the boundaries of a word, but can go beyond and over several words.
A dactylic structure consisting of several dactyls would thus look like: x ‘x x x’ x x x ‘x x. Here we are dealing with a juxtaposition of three dactyls, which alternate uniformly. Let’s look at a fictional one-line.
Drive? Air han sa! Wonderful!
Note: We see only three words that are listed and each describe a Daktylus. However, this scheme does not always have to rise and dactyls can also be incomplete, which we describe by the cadence.
Cadence and dactylus
Using a cadence, we describe how many unaccented words come after the last stressed syllable in a verse line. The typical Dak ty lus, as presented in this article, always ends with two unaccented syllables. This means that the dactyl has a rich cadence (→ cadence).
Now, however, the authors and poets rarely adhere to clear structures and orient the chosen verses according to any theories. This means that the dactylus can also be used incompletely in a verse. Let us take an example of the first verse from Schiller’s dignity of women.
Honor the women! they weave and weave
It is noteworthy that only three dactylic feet are complete. The fourth consists merely of two syllables, so that the last unaccented syllable is certainly lacking. Nevertheless, we must ascribe this line to the dactylus, since the pattern is otherwise quite clear.
Note: In science, such “incomplete” verses are called catalectic. The exemplary verse line would thus be a four-armed dactyl with female cadence, the last dactyl being two-syllable catalectic (→ verse).
The dactylus and the elevation
We have already learned a lot about the foot. However, we have so far talked about several dactyls in a verse line. This is not quite correct, however, since we do not count the individual emotions but describe a line with the elevation.
This can be explained by emphasizing the concepts of uplifting and lowering with the terms and unstressed. If we now look at Schiller’s verse, we see that this is determined by four heights.
Honor the women! they weave and weave
Schiller’s line of verse does not, therefore, consist of four dactyls, but of a four-armed dactyl with female cadence, which is two-syllable catalectic.
Note: We therefore always look at the individual lifts in a line of verse. If there were three, we would be dealing with a three-pronged Dactylus, etc.
Effect and function of the dactylus
In principle, it is not possible to attribute a specific function or effect to a footer. This must always be judged in the context of the poem. However, there are some features that apply to the Dactylus and, of course, have an effect on the reader.
Effect of dactylus
The dactylus can be considered as dancer or even exhilarating. After all, his sequence can be transferred seamlessly to the three-thirds of a piece of music. A three-digit split indicates that a note is “full” after three quarters. The waltz is a dance in the trio.
However, with this unpretentious, danceric accentuation, it is also possible to play when opposing moods are produced by the content of a word, and the effect is thereby suddenly abolished.
Notes on the dactylic measure
The counterpart to the dactyls forms the anapost, which is formed of two unstressed and a stressed syllable, and consequently is the inversion of the described verse.
At the beginning it was written that the word Daktylus could be translated with “finger”. This is due to the fact that our finger also consists of three limbs, one of which is longer and the other two short, which is also the case with our foot.
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Measurement Message from Altamira 11,000 B.C.
Measurement message
Measurement Message from Altamira 11,000 B.C.- Under the name Cave of Altamira 18 caves are grouped together northern Spain. They represent the apogee of Upper Paleolithic cave art in Europe. This was between 35,000 and 11,000 years ago (AurignacianGravettianSolutreanMagdalenianAzilian). Collectively, the caves were designated as a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 2008.
La Pasiega-Galeria A-Ciervas (panel 22).png
Measurement message of the primary cave of Altamira in its overall rectangular outline.
The Painted Hall of the Altamira Cave houses houses a prehistoric gallery. It was discovered in 1868. Since then, the floor has been lowered. This was to study the painted animals on the low ceiling at the time of the discovery. The floor measures 60 feet in length to 30 feet in width. My source for the dimensions is The Atlas of Legendary Places by James Harpur and Jennifer Westwood. The 12″ foot is the intended unit of measure. In fact, this now called “English” foot dates back to an indeterminable distant past. At the British Museum you can find several examples of a cubic inch of gold. It was the standard of weight ancient Greece, Babylon, and Egypt. Here’s how a segmented foot appears on the cube:
• A cube has 12 edges.
• Twelve edges of one inch per side = 12″= 1 foot.
Measurement Message from the 60 x 30 foot foundation of the Painted Hall
Image result for Wiki commons painting from the Altamira Cave
Great hall of polychromes of Altamira, published by M. Sanz de Sautuola in 1880.
• Musicians will most likely notice the 2 to 1 ratio of the floor’s proportions. These same proportions were recommended by Pythagoras. 10.500 years later this Greek philosopher stated the same ratio, after the unison, was most harmonious : The perfect interval of not the same tone (unison) and 1st overtone is the octave. It vibrates in a 2:1 ratio. The designers of the cave exhibition most likely knew this.
1:1 (unison),
2:1 (octave),
3:2 (perfect fifth),
4:3 (perfect fourth),
5:4 (major third),
6:5 (minor third).
• Its measure is the product of basic consecutive numbers. 5 x 6 = 30 (the width in feet). 3 x 4 x 5 = 60 (the length in feet). Very important: The formula for the megalithic yard uses all fives and sixes: (5 x 6) ÷ ( 5 + 6) = 2.727272… One megalithic yard is 2.72 feet. The builders of the Great Hall of Altamira knew this.
• 2nd factor uses 3,4,5 as 3 x 4 x 5 = 60. Numbers 3, 4 and 5 are the basis of the Pythagorean Theorem: 3² x 4² = 5². Also, look at the musical intervals above. These 3,4, and 5 factors figure into these basic harmonious intervals: 4:3 = perfect fourth. 5:4 = the major third.
Megalithic Measure Survives in Unexpected Ways
Marduk and His Temple are a Billboard for Measure
• The diagonal of the 30 x 60 rectangle would be 67 feet. The perimeter around this first half triangle is :30 + 60 + 67 = 157 feet. This figure (157) is one half of the pi figure of 314 made by the triangles made from a diagonal in a rectangle.
Conclusion: The wisdom of a lost civilization is preserved in measure at the Cave of Altamira. Perhaps the builders and artists were the survivors of Atlantis? Measurement message and music message are there. Of course, that the advanced artwork is there is a given!
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Swainson’s Thrush
Scientific Name: Catharus ustulatus
Diet: Swainson’s Thrushes eat berries and insects. The insects they eat include beetles, ants, mosquitoes, caterpillars, and Bees. The berries Swaison’s Thrushes eat include blackberries, raspberries, and huckleberries. In winter Swainson’s Thrushes chase swarms of army ants.
Habitat: The Swainson’s Thrush breeds in coniferous forests, particularly fir and spruce. Swainson’s Thrushes live in coniferous and deciduous forests with dense undergrowth and thickets.
Sound: The Swainson’s Thrush’s echoing song is a bell-like series of notes that rise in pitch. The call is a sharp pit! pit!
Nesting: The nest is placed in a deciduous shrub or tree, 2 to 10 feet high. It is made out of strips of bark, twigs, moss, grass, mud, and leaves, and it is lined with dead leaves, lichen, animal hair, rootlets, and moss. Swainson’s Thrushes lay 3 or 4 eggs.
Description/field marks: Swainson’s Thrushes are about 6 or 7 inches long, and they have wingspans of about 11 or 12 inches. Swainson’s Thrushes are fairly plain looking birds. They have brown tails, wings, backs, and heads, and they have buff colored eye rings and throats. They have speckled breasts, and white undersides. The bill is black with a pink base, and the feet and legs are pink.
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The basics of building deconstruction
Green demolition workers taking apart a building
The RE Store was born in 1993 from the idea that unwanted building materials needn’t be sent to the landfill. Shortly after we first opened the doors, our salvage crew was out in the field, working with local contractors and community members to assist with building deconstruction and salvage materials from construction and demolition sites across the state.
Deconstruction basics
Building deconstruction refers to the process of taking apart a building piece-by-piece for the purpose of reuse and recycling. Deconstruction is also referred to as green demolition, salvage, or architectural salvage. Deconstruction has been around since humans first began to build structures. Why harvest new materials when you can reuse old materials? But around the time of the Great Depression, governments and manufacturers began to utilize the idea of planned obsolescence to lift economies out of depression. This meant that buildings were demolished en-masse in order to make way for new construction projects.
In the early 1990’s, with the rise of sustainable practices, building deconstruction began gaining popularity as a responsible alternative to traditional demolition. Where traditional demolition uses heavy machinery to smash and wreck, modern deconstruction uses a skilled crew to save, reuse, and recycle as much material as possible.
Perfectly good flooring, cabinets, trim, doors and windows are often destroyed in the demolition process, but deconstruction can save these materials for reuse, and recycle almost everything else that can’t be saved. Older homes and buildings are made of lumber that is literally irreplaceable, milled decades ago from old growth forests that grew untouched for hundreds of years. Old growth lumber is invaluable, as it is nearly impossible to find today, and makes for an unbeatable building material: it is beautiful enough for fine woodworking, but it’s also stronger and more resistant to fire, bug damage, rot, and fungus than most lumber used in construction today.
But really, the main difference between deconstruction and demolition is how building materials are regarded. Demolition regards unwanted material as junk, trash, or, just stuff. Deconstruction recognizes the inherent value in this material. It recognizes the labor required to harvest raw materials, the fuels used to transport it to manufacturing facilities, the labor and materials required to transform it into a useable resource, the skilled hands that installed it, and so on. Deconstruction is a way to honor this past effort, and ensure that it’s not for naught.
Decon diaries: the series
There’s so much more to building deconstruction than what it is and the differences when compared to demolition. This is the first in a multi-post series that will dive into the interesting world of deconstruction. We invite you to follow along. As we add more to this series, click here to see the whole series to learn about successes, tools used, the permitting process and more.
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Animate Between Angular States Using Transitions
John LindquistJohn Lindquist
2 - 4
The foundation of animation in Angular is using transitions to move from one state to another state. Transitions bring in the concept of time and how long it should take to go from one state to the next while they almost magically calculate the difference in values over time between the CSS properties of each state.
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00:00 Now, we can make a second button here. We'll call this onStopClick(), call this stop. Create a method called onStopClick() and this .signal = stop. Now we'll have a go, stop, go, stop button. What we can do between these two states is we can define what's called a transition between the states.
00:24 The way we define this transition is with a string that represents the from and it moves to the to. We're saying from any state and moving to any state. We want to animate for 500 milliseconds. Hit save and you'll see we go from Go to Stop, Go to Stop, and it's smoothly animating between red and green. I can even add in more properties here, like height 100 pixels, height 50 pixels.
01:00 Now when it starts, you'll see it goes from nothing to Stop, and then Go, and Stop and Go, and smoothly animating between those states and properties.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In geometry, a hypersurface is a generalization of the concepts of hyperplane, plane curve, and surface. A hypersurface is a manifold or an algebraic variety of dimension n − 1, which is embedded in an ambient space of dimension n, generally a Euclidean space, an affine space or a projective space.[1] Hypersurfaces share, with surfaces in a three-dimensional space, the property of being defined by a single implicit equation, at least locally (near every point), and sometimes globally.
A hypersurface in a (Euclidean, affine, or projective) space of dimension two is a plane curve. In a space of dimension three, it is a surface.
For example, the equation
defines an algebraic hypersurface of dimension n − 1 in the Euclidean space of dimension n. This hypersurface is also a smooth manifold, and is called a hypersphere or an (n – 1)-sphere.
Smooth hypersurface[edit]
A hypersurface that is a smooth manifold is called a smooth hypersurface.
In Rn, a smooth hypersurface is orientable.[2] Every connected compact smooth hypersurface is a level set, and separates Rn into two connected components; this is related to the Jordan–Brouwer separation theorem.[3]
Affine algebraic hypersurface [edit]
An algebraic hypersurface is an algebraic variety that may be defined by a single implicit equation of the form
where p is a multivariate polynomial. Generally the polynomial is supposed to be irreducible. When this is not the case, the hypersurface is not an algebraic variety, but only an algebraic set. It may depend on the authors or the context whether a reducible polynomial defines a hypersurface. For avoiding ambiguity, the term irreducible hypersurface is often used.
As for algebraic varieties, the coefficients of the defining polynomial may belong to any fixed field k, and the points of the hypersurface are the zeros of p in the affine space where K is an algebraically closed extension of k.
A hypersurface may have singularities, which are the common zeros, if any, of the defining polynomial and its partial derivatives. In particular, a real algebraic hypersurface is not necessarily a manifold.
Hypersurfaces have some specific properties that are not shared with other algebraic varieties.
One of the main such properties is Hilbert's Nullstellensatz, which asserts that a hypersurface contains an algebraic set if and only if the defining polynomial of the hypersurface has a power that belongs to the ideal generated by the defining polynomials of the algebraic set.
A corollary of this theorem is that, if two irreducible polynomials (or more generally two square-free polynomials) define the same hypersurface, then one is the product of the other by a nonzero constant.
Hypersurfaces are exactly the subvarieties of dimension n – 1 of an affine space of dimension of n. This is the geometric interpretation of the fact that, in a polynomial ring over a field, the height of an ideal is 1 if and only if the ideal is a principal ideal. In the case of possibly reducible hypersurfaces, this result may be restated as follows: hypersurfaces are exactly the algebraic sets whose all irreducible components have dimension n – 1.
Real and rational points[edit]
A real hypersurface is a hypersurface that is defined by a polynomial with real coefficients. In this case the algebraically closed field over which the points are defined is generally the field of complex numbers. The real points of a real hypersurface are the points that belong to The set of the real points of a real hypersurface is the real part of the hypersurface. Often, it is left to the context whether the term hypersurface refers to all points or only to the real part.
If the coefficients of the defining polynomial belong to a field k that is not algebraically closed (typically the field of rational numbers, a finite field or a number field), one says that the hypersurface is defined over k, and the points that belong to are rational over k (in the case of the field of rational numbers, "over k" is generally omitted).
For example, the imaginary n-sphere defined by the equation
is a real hypersurface without any real point, which is defined over the rational numbers. It has no rational point, but has many points that are rational over the Gaussian rationals.
Projective algebraic hypersurface[edit]
A projective (algebraic) hypersurface of dimension n – 1 in a projective space of dimension n over a field k is defined by a homogeneous polynomial in n + 1 indeterminates. As usual, homogeneous polynomial means that all monomials of P have the same degree, or, equivalently that for every constant c, where d is the degree of the polynomial. The points of the hypersurface are the points of the projective space whose projective coordinates are zeros of P.
If one chooses the hyperplane of equation as hyperplane at infinity, the complement of this hyperplane is an affine space, and the points of the projective hypersuface that belong to this affine space form an affine hypersurface of equation Conversely, given an affine hypersurface of equation it defines a projective hypersurface, called its projective completion, whose equation is obtained by homogenizing p. That is, the equation of the projective completion is with
where d is the degree of P.
These two processes projective completion and restriction to an affine subspace are inverse one to the other. Therefore, an affine hypersurface and its projective completion have essentially the same properties, and are often considered as two points-of-view for the same hypersurface.
However, it may occur that an affine hypersurface is nonsingular, while its projective completion has singular points. In this case, one says that the affine surface is singular at infinity. For example, the circular cylinder of equation
in the affine space of dimension three has a unique singular point, which is at infinity, in the direction x = 0, y = 0.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Lee, Jeffrey (2009). "Curves and Hypersurfaces in Euclidean Space". Manifolds and Differential Geometry. Providence: American Mathematical Society. pp. 143–188. ISBN 978-0-8218-4815-9.
2. ^ Hans Samelson (1969) "Orientability of hypersurfaces in Rn", Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 22(1): 301,2
3. ^ Lima, Elon L. (1988). "The Jordan-Brouwer separation theorem for smooth hypersurfaces". The American Mathematical Monthly. 95 (1): 39–42. doi:10.1080/00029890.1988.11971963.
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"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersurface"
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What you are seeing is a mathematical model of the Circle of Coherence. The moving spheres represent people moving within a network. A network can be thin or thick, loose or suffocating, neatly ordered or chaotic.
Using the mouse, move the arrows along the vertical and horizontal axis within the circle. What happens?
When is there more structure, and when is there less? When do the spheres appear to move harmoniously and when do they obstruct each other? What happens if you push one of the arrows outside the circle?
Outside the circle, interaction is not vital: the connection is lost.
There will be chaos. Or the connection is so strong and strangulating that it stops movement entirely.
The centre of the circle represents "Vital Space". What happens if you bring the arrows back to the centre?
A network becomes more coherent when people are engaged in the Vital Space.
In a healthy network, there is Vital Space. Where there is Vital Space, people are willing to do things for the network and to connect with others. There is room for creativity and learning. People sense that their input matters. They feel free to do what they are good at and what they love, in meaningful relationships with others.
Vital Space exists at the intersection of four extremes, along two diameters:
- Similarity and Difference
- Me and We
Similarity and Difference:
When similarities in language, culture or ambition are not recognised, there is nothing that binds people in a network. Without sufficient differences in ability and understanding between people, there is no perceived value to the network; nothing to work on or to complement different each other.
Between these extremes however, people are curious and willing to learn.
(This is represented by the vertical axis in the model, as the spheres become more similar or different as the arrow is moved up or down from the centre.)
Me and We:
With Me, self-interest comes first. With We, the group determines what can and should happen.
Between Me and We there is a constant interplay between input and alignment. It is balancing between the needs of individuals and those of the network.
(This tension is represented by the horizontal axis on the model. The consistency of the network becomes stronger or weaker as it moves to or away from the centre.)
The boundaries between vital and non-vital interaction cannot be determined objectively. As a child we learn to play with them.
The Circle of Coherence distinguishes four constructive patterns within the circle and four corresponding destructive patterns on the outside. Each pattern requires different leadership interventions in order to create or maintain a healthy network.
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"url": "https://linkconsult.nl/en/filosofie/what-s-happening-here"
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Ice Resistant Tree Populations
ice on trees
Tree Features Influencing Ice Storm Susceptibility
A number of characteristics increase a tree species’ susceptibility to ice storms: “included” bark, decaying or dead branches, increased surface area of lateral (side) branches, broad crowns, and imbalanced crowns (Figure 1 in downloadable resource). Included bark (inset) results from ingrown bark in branch junctures. This is a weak connection and enhances a tree’s susceptibility to breakage under ice-loading conditions. For example, “Bradford” pear branches often break during ice storms where there is included bark in branch junctures. In contrast, the “Aristocrat” pear has few branches with included bark and sustains less damage during ice storms. Decaying or dead branches are already weakened and have a high probability of breaking when loaded with ice. The surface area of lateral branches increases as the number of branches and the broadness of the crown increase. With an increased surface area, more ice can accumulate on lateral branches; the greater ice load results in greater branch failure. Contrary to popular belief, the wood strength of sound branches matters less than the ability of a tree to withstand breakage at branch junctures and the presence of fine branching or a broad crown that enhances ice accumulation. Many broad-leafed tree species, when grown in the open, form broad crowns (decurrent branching), increasing their susceptibility to ice storms. Examples include Siberian elm, American elm, hackberry, green ash, and honey locust. Trees with imbalanced crowns are also more susceptible to ice damage.
Tree Features Influencing Ice Storm Resistance
Juvenile and mature trees that have excurrent (conical) branching patterns, strong branch attachments, and low surface area of lateral branches are generally resistant to ice storms (Figure 2 in downloadable resource). Many conifers have an excurrent branching pattern, and many resist ice storm damage. Some tree species, such as sweet gum, have an excurrent growth habit when young but develop a decurrent growth habit later in life. These species are more resistant to breakage when young than broadleaf trees that do not exhibit a juvenile excurrent branching pattern. Some tree species that typically exhibit a decurrent branching pattern have clones with an excurrent form, which should have greater resistance to ice storm damage. Tree species with strong branch attachments have greater resistance to breakage than those with included bark. Trees with coarse branching patterns (fewer, thicker branches) and, as a consequence, lateral branches with reduced surface area, such as black walnut, and ginkgo, accumulate less ice and typically have little breakage from ice storms. Forest understory tree species such as ironwood and blue beech and trees that mature at small heights, such as Amur maple, are also relatively resistant to ice storm damage.
Ice Storm Damage Management and Prevention
Tree species resistant to ice damage can be planted to reduce tree and property damage from ice storms. Ice storm susceptibility should not be the sole criterion for selecting trees for urban planting, but the numbers of susceptible trees should be limited, particularly in regions with high frequencies of damaging ice storms. Ice storm resistance ratings of commonly planted urban trees are presented in Table 1 of the downloadable resource.
For species not included in Table 1, resistance to ice accumulation can be estimated based on general tree characteristics. Tree species and cultivars genetically prone to forming included bark and those having decurrent branching patterns and large branch surface area will be more susceptible to damage. In contrast, species and cultivars with coarse branching patterns and excurrent branching and those that lack included bark and other structural weaknesses will generally be more tolerant to ice storms. However, ratings based directly on measurements and observations of ice-storm-related tree damage are more reliable when available. Proper tree placement and pruning on a regular cycle will reduce property damage and decrease a tree’s susceptibility to ice storms. Property damage from trees broken by ice accumulation can be reduced by locating trees where they can do the least damage. Trees should not be planted in locations where their growth will interfere with above-ground utilities—branches that grow into power lines and fail during ice storms create power outages and safety hazards. Those trees located near homes and other structures should be pruned and monitored for hazards. Trees pruned regularly from a young age should be more resistant to ice storms as a result of removal of structurally weak branches, decreased surface area of lateral branches, and decreased wind resistance. Professional arborists can install cables and braces to increase a tree’s tolerance to ice accumulation in situations where individual trees must be stabilized to prevent their failure. After storm damage has occurred, hazardous trees and branches require immediate removal to ensure safety and prevent additional property damage. Trees that can be saved should have broken branches properly pruned to the branch collar; stubs and flush-cut pruning result in weakly attached sprouts and future insect and disease problems. Loose bark should be cut back only to where it is solidly attached to the tree. A split fork can be repaired through cabling and bracing.
Adapted from: TREES AND ICE STORMS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF ICE STORM RESISTANT URBAN TREE POPULATIONS by Richard J. Hauer, Mary C. Hruska, and Jeffrey O. Dawson. 1994. University of Illinois
revised 2009
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"url": "https://extension.unh.edu/resource/ice-resistant-tree-populations"
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Interactive Self-Study Module: Fugacities of Mixtures
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder
This module uses screencasts and interactive simulations to explain the driving force for mass transfer in a mixture. Example problems are provided to allow the user to test themselves. We suggest reviewing the single-component fugacity module before using the learning resources in the following order:
1. Attempt to answer the multiple choice ConcepTests before watching the screencasts or working with the simulations.
2. Watch the screencast that describes fugacities in mixtures and answer the questions within the screencast.
3. Use the two interactive simulations to further understand the driving force for phase equilibrium in mixtures.
4. Try to solve the two example problems before watching the solutions in the screencasts.
5. Answer the ConcepTests.
Fugacity is used to determine the direction of mass transfer between phases and to determine when phases are in equilibrium.
This module is intended for a Thermodynamics course.
Before studying this module, you should:
After studying this module, you should be able to:
1. Calculate fugacities of each component in an ideal gas mixture.
2. Calculate liquid phase fugacities of each component in an ideal solution.
3. Explain criteria that are used to determine phase equilibrium for multicomponent mixtures.
4. Sketch fugacity versus temperature for each component in an ideal binary mixture.
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"url": "https://sites.google.com/a/learncheme.com/learncheme-modules/fugacities-of-mixtures/intro"
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The shape of the human skull has changed significantly during the last 600 years, according to research carried out by the University of Birmingham.
A team from the university's School of Dentistry spent ten years looking at extensive measurements from radio-graphic films of a number of skulls from different centuries.
According to the team's study, the size of the modern man's cranial vault has increased by more than one centimetre since medieval times.
This shows that the human brain has become larger and is continuing to develop, which may be because of the increased usage of the brain in everyday life.
The university's findings have also shown that people today have less prominent facial features and a noticeably larger lower jaw.
Dr Peter Rock, who led the research, said: "How we are changing as a species is a fasc inating question. The increased intracranial dimensions and high foreheads of the modern group are evidence that brain size has increased over the centuries.
"The plague skulls are only 30 generations removed from today and the Mary Rose skulls just 22 generations removed, yet the differences are striking.
"We have the brain capacity to think more than we used to. Whether we utilise it is a different question entirely."
The oldest skulls used by the team for the study belonged to a group of 30 plague victims of the Black Death epidemic, who died between 1348 and 1349. They were excavated from plague pits near the site of the Royal Mint in London during the 1980s.
A second group of 54 skulls from the 16th century were also used for the research. They were recovered from the wreckage of the Mary Rose, which sank in 1545.
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"url": "https://www.business-live.co.uk/news/local-news/skulls-reveal-our-changing-faces-3988175"
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Open main menu
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 18.djvu/516
This page has been validated.
the apex of the radicle, and if it could have remained there all the time, the movement exhibited would have been much greater, for at the close of our observations the tip, instead of standing upward, had become bowed downward, through geotropism [gravitation], so as almost to touch the zinc plate. As far as we could roughly ascertain by measurements made with compasses on other seeds, the tip alone, for a length of only 2/100 to 3/100 of an inch, is acted on by geotropism. But the tracing shows that the basal part of the radicle continued to circumnutate irregularly during the whole time. The actual extreme amount of movement of the bead at the end of the filament was nearly ·05 inch, but to what extent the movement of the radicle was magnified by the filament, which was nearly three fourths of an inch in length, it was impossible to estimate. . . .
"Another seed was treated and observed in the same manner, but the radicle in this case protruded! inch, and was not fastened so as to project quite vertically upward. The filament was fixed close to its base. The tracing (Fig. 2, reduced one half) shows the movement
PSM V18 D516 Brassica oleracea traced for 46 hours.jpg
Fig. 2.—Brassica Oleracea: circumnutating and geotropic movement of radicle, traced on horizontal glass during forty-six hours.
from 9 a. m., January 31st, to 7 a. m., February 2d; but it continued to move during the whole of the day in the same general direction and in a similar zigzag manner." The chapter contains fifty-four diagrams, giving the movements of all the parts of the seedlings of all sorts of plants.
Mr. Darwin thinks that these movements of the radicle are useful at least in enabling it to take the line of least resistance, if they do not directly aid it in forming a passage for itself; and he adds: "If, however, a radicle in its downward growth breaks obliquely into any crevice, or a hole left by a decayed root, or one made by the larva of an insect, and more especially by worms, the circumnutating movement of the tip will materially aid its descent; and we have observed that roots commonly run down the old burrows of worms." He says, further, that the force due to longitudinal and transverse growth materially assists the radicle in penetrating the ground. He experimented upon these points, and we give two of these experiments which relate to the force exerted transversely by the radicles of beans. We may say that these radicles have a sharp apex protected by a root-cap, and their growing part is more rigid than the part just above.
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"language_score": 0.9629825353622437,
"url": "https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Popular_Science_Monthly_Volume_18.djvu/516"
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Ocelot 6-8th Grade Science
Research ocelots here: https://bigcatrescue.org/ocelot-facts/
1. Ocelots are larger than which of their feline cousins?
2. In an attempt to make them better pets, some humans do what to big cats including
1. De-fang
2. De-claw
3. De-scent
4. Alter or neuter
5. All of the above
1. In terms of the Species Survival Plan how could it be problematic that most Ocelots
in captivity are of unknown or hybrid ancestry?
2. How long do Ocelots generally live in captivity versus the wild?
How can this difference be explained?
For an extra challenge: Discuss the merits of life in the wild versus life in captivity.
1. What behavioral adaptations do Ocelots display?
2. What physical adaptations aid in the Ocelot’s survival?
• Protective coloration; camouflage
• Claws
• Foul smelling urine
• Sharp teeth
• All of the above
• Show Comments (0)
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"language": "en",
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"url": "https://bigcatrescue.org/ocelot-6-8th-grade-science/"
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Completed in 1932, “Last Judgment” contains more than 70 subjects, of which approximately two-thirds of which are figures and the rest symbols. At the center is a figure of Christ as judge, wearing a crown of gold and holding a scepter. Around him, angels, prophets and apostles circle outward. The figures in the lower half of the window offer images of the wages of sin, leading to the fires of Hell at the very bottom. The top half presents lessons on the joys of salvation, with an image of the golden city of Heaven at the very top.
Artisan Lawrence B. Saint had trouble creating just the right shade of yellow for the window. After months of disappointment, a visitor stopped by with dozens of tiny pieces of glass from the famed Chartes Cathedral in France. The windows at Chartes had been removed for safety during World War I, and small bits had broken off. Saint analyzed the chemical composition of these fragments and was able to produce the exact variations of yellow he had been seeking.
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"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.02790820598602295,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9748580455780029,
"url": "https://cathedral.org/what-to-see/exterior/last-judgment-rose-window/"
}
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Emilio Segrè and the Discovery of the Antiproton
Emilio Segré
Emilio Segré (1905-1989)
On February 1, 1905, Italian physicist and Nobel Laureate Emilio Segrè was born. Segrè is best known for his discovery of the elements technetium and astatine, and the antiproton, a sub-atomic antiparticle, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1959.
— Emilio Segrè, in Enrico Fermi: Physicist (1970), 149.
Youth and Education
Emilio Segrè was born into a Sephardic Jewish family in Tivoli, near Rome, the son of Giuseppe Segrè, a businessman who owned a paper mill, and Amelia Susanna Treves. He attended the University of Rome La Sapienza as a student of engineering. After five years, Segrè switched to physics and earned his doctorate degree in 1928 under Enrico Fermi.[1] After a short army service in 1928/29, Segrè became assistant to Orso Mario Corbino and had a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship in 1930, by which he collaborated with Otto Stern in Hamburg and Peter Zeeman in Amsterdam. The first field in Segrè’s research was atomic spectroscopy. He made significant contributions to spectroscopy of forbidden lines and studied the Zeeman effect. His work in nuclear physics began began in the mid 1930s together with Enrico Fermi.
The Discovery of Technetium
Emilio Segré was appointed Assistant Professor at the University of Rome in 1932 and continued working with Enrico Fermi. In 1936, Segré was appointed Director of the Physics Laboratory at the University of Palermo. After a visit in the radiation laboratory of the University of California, Berkeley in 1937,[3] he persuaded cyclotron inventor Ernest Lawrence [3] to let him take back some discarded cyclotron parts that had become radioactive. He received a molybdenum strip from the cyclotron deflector with unusual radioactive emissions.Segrè enlisted his colleague Perrier to attempt to prove, through comparative chemistry, that the molybdenum activity was indeed from an element with the atomic number 43.
The Missing Element 43
After chemical and theoretical analysis, Segrè was able to show that it was an undiscovered chemical element that he named Technetium. It was the first artificially produced element of which there are no natural occurrences. They chose the name technetiumas it was the first artificially synthesized chemical element named after the Greek word τεχνητός, meaning “artificial”From the 1860s through 1871, early forms of the periodic table proposed by Dmitri Mendeleev [2] contained a gap between molybdenum (element 42) and ruthenium (element 44). In 1871, Mendeleev predicted this missing element would occupy the empty place below manganese and have similar chemical properties. Mendeleev gave it the provisional name ekamanganese (from eka-, the Sanskrit word for one) because the predicted element was one place down from the known element manganese. The discovery of element 43 was finally confirmed in a December 1936 experiment at the University of Palermo in Sicily by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè.
The Discovery of Astatine and Pu 239
During Segrè’s summer stay in California in 1938, Mussolini’s fascists enacted anti-Semitic laws in Italy that excluded Jews from university positions.As a Jew, Segrè was forced to emigrate from Italy and remained in the USA. Lawrence gave him a job as an assistant in the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory for 300 US dollars a month, but a very low position for the discoverer of a new element. Since Segrè was legally bound to California, Lawrence reduced his salary to 116 US dollars. Segrè found parallel employment as a lecturer at the University of California, Berkeley. Together with Corson and Mackenzie Segrè furthermore discovered the element astatine, and together with Kennedy, Seaborg, and Wahl, plutonium-239 as well as its fission properties.
Manhattan Project
From 1943 to 1946 Segrè worked on the Manhattan project of the Los Alamos National Laboratory as a group leader. In 1944 he became a citizen of the United States. He returned to Berkeley in 1946 as a physics professor, which he remained until 1972. In 1974 he accepted a professorship in nuclear physics in Rome.
The Antiproton and the Nobel Prize
In 1955, working with Chamberlain and others, he began searching for the antiproton, a subatomic antiparticle of the proton. The antiparticle of the electron, the positron had been predicted by Paul Dirac in 1931 and then discovered by Carl D. Anderson in 1932. By analogy, it was now expected that there would be an antiparticle corresponding to the proton, but no one had found one, and even in 1955 some scientists doubted that it existed. Using Lawrence’s Bevatron set to 6 GeV, they managed to detect conclusive evidence of antiprotons. Chamberlain and Segrè were awarded the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery. This was controversial, because Clyde Wiegand and Thomas Ypsilantis were co-authors of the same article, but did not share the prize.
Later Life
During the 1950s, Segrè edited Fermi’s papers. He later published a biography of Fermi, Enrico Fermi: Physicist (1970). He published his own lecture notes as From X-rays to Quarks: Modern Physicists and Their Discoveries (1980) and From Falling Bodies to Radio Waves: Classical Physicists and Their Discoveries (1984). He also edited the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science from 1958 to 1977 and wrote an autobiography, A Mind Always in Motion (1993), which was published posthumously. In 1972 he reached the University of California’s compulsory retirement age. However, he continued teaching the history of physics. In 1974 he returned to the University of Rome as a professor, but served only a year before reaching the mandatory retirement age.
Emilio Segrè died in 1989 from a heart attack at the age of 84.
References and Further Reading:
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<urn:uuid:214c33f9-eede-4faf-8940-7c950c2297b0>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.02437382936477661,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.949889063835144,
"url": "http://scihi.org/emilio-segre/"
}
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Why did reconquista immediately develop into a conquista? What were the first objects of the Spanish conquest?
The Castilians began the conquest at the beginning of the 11th century, just after the Muslims of Andalusia stopped counter-attacks and went on the defensive. The first target of the Castilian conquistadors was the Canary Islands (Conquered 1402-1410). After the unification of Castile with Aragon and the conquest of Granada, a new stage of the conquest began – the conquest of America.
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<urn:uuid:88f28d46-b9be-4b1b-9f04-fad011f7825d>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.5128669738769531,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9519025683403015,
"url": "https://www.bystudin.com/why-did-reconquista-immediately-develop-into-a-conquista-what-were-the-first-objects-of-the-spanish-conquest/"
}
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What Is Rondo Form In Music?
A Rondo is a very famous style of music that was common throughout the Classical and Romantic eras, and that we still see composed today.
In this post, we’ll look at what Rondo form is, exploring its structure and looking at a few examples. First, however, we’ll recap just what form is in music exactly.
What is Form in music?
Music is a lot like a language, and Form is essentially the syntax and grammar that gives structure to that language.
Just like English has certain rules for spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation, music can be thought of to have similar rules a conventions.
One way to categorize music by its form is to label each passage or section of a piece of music with a letter – A, B, C, etc.
Then we can make distinctions between different songs by how they repeat (or don’t repeat) certain sections.
For example, if a verse of a song is labelled A, and that verse is repeated twice before going to the chorus (B), then we can write AAB as the form for the first part of that song.
For a look at all of the different kinds of form, check out our main post on the topic.
Rondo Form
Rondo Form can be thought of as an extension of Binary and Ternary form.
Binary form is AB and Ternary form is ABA, and a Rondo takes this a step farther by adding other letters – it goes ABACADAEA…
It essentially takes a principle theme, or refrain, and alternates it with one or more different themes, which are called episodes.
So the refrain is the repeating “A” section, and the alternating episodes are the “B”, “C”, “D”, and “E”.
This can go on for as long as you want. You can also repeat episodes as well as the refrain.
So the form of a Rondo could look like ABACABA, repeating the “B” episode toward the end instead of using a different “D” section, for example.
In the Classical era, there were three common Rondo forms.
The ABA pattern was sometimes called the “First Rondo”, the ABACA pattern called the “Second Rondo”, and the ABACABA pattern called the “Third Rondo”.
Examples Of Rondo Form In Music
One of the best known examples of a Rondo is “Fur Elise” by Beethoven, which is a “Second Rondo” and has an ABACA form.
Fur Elise by Beethoven
Other examples are the third movement of Beethoven’s Sonata “Pathetique”, Op. 13, and the third movement of Mozart’s Piano Sonata in D Major, K.311.
Beethoven’s Sonata “Pathetique”, Op. 13
Mozart’s Piano Sonata in D Major, K.311
Beethoven’s “Pathetique” example is an example of Sonata Rondo form, which combines the alternating theme-episode form of a Rondo and the exposition-development-recapitulation form often found in a Sonata.
Rondo Tonal Structure
In a Rondo, the “A” theme is always in the tonic key.
This could be major or minor, as long as the “A” section is always in the same key.
The alternating “B” and “C” episodes are usually in keys different from the tonic, to differentiate between all of the sections.
In a major key (C major), with ABACABA Rondo form, the tonal structure is as follows:
Rondo Form Tonal Structure – Major Key
In a minor key (C minor), the tonal structure is this:
Rondo Form Tonal Structure – Minor Key
That’s Rondo Form
So, that is all there is to know about the Rondo form.
It is the only form that has a single theme that keeps alternating with multiple episodes, going back and forth between them.
We hope this post was helpful, and if you have any comments or questions please let us know below!
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<urn:uuid:5f948907-b8aa-444b-b81b-6e2dc081bab3>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.1875,
"fasttext_score": 0.40626060962677,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9501777291297913,
"url": "https://hellomusictheory.com/learn/rondo-form/"
}
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Towed, winged vehicles are often used for purposeful surveying from research vessels. Scripps has been operating the vehicle SeaSoar since the mid-1990’s. SeaSoar is controlled by adjusting the angle of attack of pivoting wings, which causes it to fly typically in a sawtooth pattern from the surface to 300–400-m depth at a tow speed of 4 m/s. With a cycle taking about 12–15 minutes, a horizontal resolution of about 3 km is achieved. As SeaSoar is towed on a conducting cable, data are communicated in real time. Wing control is active, so SeaSoar can be programmed to follow pressure or density surfaces, allowing horizontal resolution as fine as 4 m. The SeaSoar vehicle has a substantial payload, and all manner of sensors have been deployed successfully. SeaSoar has been used in a variety of applications, including three-dimensional surveys of specific mesoscale features, and long sections to quantify statistical properties of horizontal hydrographic structure.
Figure 1. SeaSoar on the deck of the R/V Revelle, The wings are upside-down relative to an aircraft, as downward lift is required for the SeaSoar to dive.
Acknowledgements. SeaSoar operations have been supported by the Office of Naval Research and the National Science Foundation.
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<urn:uuid:6e8cd1fe-a44d-455b-ba6f-6126ce165e62>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.1394355297088623,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9316056966781616,
"url": "http://chowder.ucsd.edu/Rudnick/SeaSoar.html"
}
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Before the miniaturization of transistors, computers had a much more visible system of counting: things like gears, pivots, beads and levers were often used and they needed some sort of power source to function.
Vladimir Lukyanov built something like this in 1936 but he used water to create a computer that solved partial differential equations. In images of the Lukyanov computer, you’ll see a complex system of interconnected tubes filled with water.
Adjusting taps and plugs altered the flow of water (and changed variables) while the end result was seen by measuring the level of water in certain tubes. It was also called a Water Integrator and was originally designed to solve the problem of cracking in concrete. It’s now found in Moscow’s Polytechnic Museum.
Contact us today for all your I.T. needs!
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<urn:uuid:6aa3a8c5-77a1-4acb-a98a-1ebdb7fffd29>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.765625,
"fasttext_score": 0.8018509149551392,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9667471051216125,
"url": "https://ccp421.info/2018/russia-built-a-computer-that-ran-on-water-in-1936/"
}
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scp examples
scp is used to transfer files from one machine to another. scp stands for Secure CoPy, and provides the same security as ssh (i.e., all traffic between hosts is encrypted).
To transfer a file called from the computer you are on (maybe your laptop?) to another computer called
Note the trailing dot (.) at the end of that command. That says "name the copied file the same name ( on the other computer.
Note also, the above will try to log you in on as the same user on the current computer.
So if you have username daffy on the current computer, and username dduck1 on the CS computers, you’ll need to log in as user@host like this:
To copy an entire directory (myprogs), use the -r (recursive) flag:
scp -r myprogs
Finally, to go the other way and copy files from a remote machine back to your current machine, just swap the source and destination:
scp .
The above tries to copy a file called from the cs21 directory on Again, note the trailing dot (.) on that command line.
See also:
Back to SwatCS Help Docs
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<urn:uuid:67a21a71-b069-4bdc-8e16-ef285d59777a>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.09102135896682739,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9076646566390991,
"url": "https://www.cs.swarthmore.edu/help/scp.html"
}
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The Baden-Powell Scouts' Association
Traditional Scouting for the 21st Century!
1. Keep livestock for a period of 12 months, eg sheep, goats, pigs, hens, bees.
2. Have a knowledge of the various breeds of the livestock kept.
3. Demonstrate correct feeding methods.
4. Know how to recognise ailments.
5. Understand hygiene and cleanliness requirements.
6. Understand breeding and care of young.
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<urn:uuid:002acb92-da80-4796-832f-c75ee5462c9e>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.9686465859413147,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7495260238647461,
"url": "https://www.traditionalscouting.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=172:smallholder&catid=48:scout-proficiency-badges&Itemid=137"
}
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What Makes a Genius?
History’s greatest thinkers continue to impact our lives today through their legacies—a new law, a revolution, a scientific breakthrough. But these individuals did not have great ideas because they were geniuses. They were geniuses because they had great ideas.
• Find Out More
• Oscar Wilde
• Amelia Earhart
• Leonardo DaVinci
• Queen Victoria
• William Shakespeare
• Eleanor Roosevelt
• Plato
• Rosa Parks
• Nelson Mandela
• Abraham Lincoln
• Hedy Lamarr
• Bill Gates
• Mohandas Gandhi
• Benjamin Franklin
• Albert Einstein
• Maya Angelou
• Susan B. Anthony
• Ludwig Von Beethoven
• Confucius
• Charles Darwin
Oscar Wilde
Oscar Wilde was a 19th century Irish author, playwright and poet who was infamously imprisoned for being openly gay. His works, including The Picture of Dorian Gray and The Importance of Being Earnest, are considered literary masterpieces of the late Victorian period.
Amelia Earhart
Amelia Earhart was an American aviator who became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean, and the first person ever to fly solo from Hawaii to the U.S. mainland. During a flight to circumnavigate the globe in 1937, Earhart disappeared over the Pacific, but her legacy has continued through the advancement of women in aviation.
Leonardo DaVinci
A leading figure of the Italian Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, architect, inventor and largely self-educated student of physics and anatomy. His most famous works include the Vitruvian Man, The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa.
Queen Victoria
Under Queen Victoria’s 63-year reign, later known as the Victorian era, there were great advancements in industry, science and the building of the London Underground.
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare had a foundational influence on the English language, penning hundreds of words in his 17th century stage plays and poems. He wrote 37 plays, including Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Hamlet.
Eleanor Roosevelt
As the First Lady to United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt was famous for her role in public service, advocating for children’s causes and women’s issues. As the chair of the United Nations Human Rights Commission, Eleanor Roosevelt was the driving force in creating the 1948 charter of liberties, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Plato is known for his Dialogues, which focus on the quest for truth and the definition of what is good and for founding The Academy (Academia), considered the first university in the Western world.
Rosa Parks
In 1955, Rosa Parks, refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus to make room for white passengers. She was arrested, and convicted of violating Montgomery’s Jim Crow segregation laws. Her defiance sparked the Montgomery bus boycott, which launched nationwide efforts to end racial segregation of public facilities.
Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela was a nonviolence anti-apartheid activist and philanthropist who served as South Africa’s first black president from 1994 to 1999.
Abraham Lincoln
Sixteenth president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln served during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Following his famous Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, he enacted measures to abolish slavery in the United States.
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<urn:uuid:c1e29cbb-de55-4439-b18c-dddc2a1d1f14>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.703125,
"fasttext_score": 0.07659178972244263,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.948554515838623,
"url": "https://comcastcentercampus.com/universal-sphere/what-makes-a-genius/"
}
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Humanity’s collective memory is one of the reasons we are able to continue developing and improving as a species. A key component of this collective memory is our ability to document events that occur around us and use them in the near, or far, future.
Archiving has played a key role in the preservation of our collective memory and in this article, the history of an archivist will be briefly explained.
Clay Tablets and Papyrus Scrolls
The first evidence of informational archiving comes from the second millennia BC in Syria, Greece and Turkey, where clay tablets were used to store information from various transactions and events.
In ancient China, Rome and Greece, clay tablets were replaced by papyrus scrolls. Unfortunately for historians, papyrus scrolls are far more susceptible to the rigours of time than clay tablets and many of these ancient archives have been lost.
Middle Ages and Early Modern Period
Before reading and writing were widespread skills, they were the preserve of the highly educated. In the medieval period, archiving was conducted by scholars, many of whom were ecclesiastic, that is to say, working for the church. In Europe, these documents were often written in Latin, the language of the elite.
These Latin scholars saw themselves as allies to the historian. The historian created narratives of the past from the possibilities provided by the archivist. Indeed, the role of the archivist is an important one as archivists collect the evidence with which the past is analysed.
In the Early Modern Period, an important distinction was made between archiving and record-keeping. Records were documents with immediate utility whilst archives were stored for posterity and for use by someone other than the agent who created them.
In the modern world, these distinctions are increasingly blurred. For example, in Kenya, the law states that all accounting records must be stored for 7 years after their creation suggesting they have immediate utility and a purpose for an agent other than the one who created them.
Archiving in the Modern World
Archiving, and archivists, today are very different to those that existed in the second millennia BC. Archiving occurs across a multitude of sectors from academia and government to the church and, in the case of The Filing Room, as a service provider for Kenya’s growing businesses. The scale of modern archiving is massive and requires huge teams of archivists to maintain.
For this reason, the modern archivist can not be defined by a simple category. Archivists can be young, fit and strong university graduates whose job it is to navigate the windy pathways and rickety staircases of an archiving warehouse. They can also be wizened librarians with keen brains for organisation and codification or they can be government employees. The most modern archivist arguably isn’t even human: digital code can be designed to crawl the web and archive pages for posterity.
Archivists are, and will always remain, the guardians of the historical narrative. Whether this narrative is in the near or the not-so-near future is dependent on the type of document being archived.
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<urn:uuid:4abe17ed-282d-42b3-aeb3-8c341d68e6b9>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.8125,
"fasttext_score": 0.04465264081954956,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9642511606216431,
"url": "https://filingroomkenya.com/the-history-of-a-document-archivist/"
}
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Roots, Stems, and Bases
Book Nav
24. The body of a word, to which the terminations are attached, is called the stem. The stem contains the idea of the word without relations; but, except in the first part of a compound (as, arti-fex, artificer), it cannot ordinarily be used without some termination to express them.1
Thus the stem vōc- denotes voice; with -s added it becomes vōx (a voice or the voice) as the subject or agent of an action; with -is it becomes vōcis, and signifies of a voice.
Note— The stem is in many forms so united with the termination that a comparison with other forms is necessary to determine it.
25. A root is the simplest form attainable by separating a word into its component parts. Such a form contains the main idea of the word in a very general sense, and is common also to other words either in the same language or in kindred languages.2
Thus the root of the stem vōc- is VOC, which does not mean to call, or I call, or calling, but merely expresses vaguely the idea of calling, and cannot be used as a part of speech without terminations. With ā- it becomes vocā-, the stem of vocāre (to call); with āv- it is the stem of vocāvit (he called); with āto- it becomes the stem of vocātus (called); with -ātiōn- it becomes the stem of vocātiōnis (of a calling). With its vowel lengthened it becomes the stem of vōxvōc-is (a voice: that by which we call). This stem vōc-, with -ālis added, means belonging to a voice; with -ŭlaa little voice.
Note— In inflected languages, words are built up from roots, which at a very early time were used alone to express ideas, as is now done in Chinese. Roots are modified into stems, which, by inflection, become fully formed words. The process by which roots are modified, in the various forms of derivatives and compounds, is called stem building. The whole of this process is originally one of composition, by which significant endings are added one after another to forms capable of pronunciation and conveying a meaning. Roots had long ceased to be recognized as such before Latin existed as a separate language. Consequently the forms which we assume as Latin roots never really existed in Latin, but are the representatives of forms used earlier.
26. The Stem may be the same as the root: duc-is (of a leader), fer-t (he bears); but it is more frequently formed from the root—
1. By changing or lengthening its vowel.
scob-s (sawdustSCAB, shave)
rēg-is (of a king; REG, direct)
vōc-is (of a voice; VOC, call).
2. By the addition of a simple suffix (originally another root).
fugā-, stem of fuga (flight; FUG + ā-)
regi-s (you rule REG + stem ending e/o-)
sini-t (he allows SI + ne/o-).3
3. By two or more of these methods.
dūci-t (he leads; DUC + stem-ending e/o-)
4. By derivation and composition, following the laws of development peculiar to the language. (See §§ 227 ff.)
27. The base is that part of a word which is unchanged in inflection:
serv- in servus
mēns- in mēnsa
īgn- in īgnis
a. The Base and the Stem are often identical, as in many consonant stems of nouns (as, rēg- in rēg-is). If, however, the stem ends in a vowel, the latter does not appear in the base, but is variously combined with the inflectional termination. Thus the stem of servus is servo-; that of mēnsamēnsā-; that of īgnisīgni-.
28. Inflectional terminations are variously modified by combination with the final vowel or consonant of the Stem, and thus the various forms of Declension and Conjugation (see § 36§ 164) developed.
1. Another exception is the imperative second person singular in -e (as, rege).
2. For example, the root STA is found in the Sanskrit tishthami, Greek ἵστημι, Latin sistere and stāre, German fteben, and English stand.
3. These suffixes are Indo-European stem-endings.
Suggested Citation
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<urn:uuid:c9a6dd3b-2531-4b3f-877a-b03655e39479>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.859375,
"fasttext_score": 0.08698278665542603,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9119088649749756,
"url": "http://dcc.dickinson.edu/grammar/latin/roots-stems-and-bases"
}
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Mitosis: Modeling Mitosis
After assembling into project groups of 3-4 students, groups were tasked with modeling the process of mitosis using modeling clay. Students documented their work by taking pictures (extra credit for stop-motion video) and emailing them to the teacher. The modeling activity served to reinforce the steps of mitosis and provided students with a creative way to share their learning.
Weather: Gay-Lussac’s Law
For lesson 59, we learned about Gay-Lussac’s Law (P=kT), the third gas law needed to connect pressure, volume, and temperature. Gay-Lussac’s Law helps explain the egg-in-a-bottle trick, where boiled water displaces the air inside a bottle, and as the water condenses, an egg placed over the bottle will be pulled inside because of the change in pressure inside the bottle. The Lesson 59 worksheet and Lesson 59 PowerPoint are available for download.
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<urn:uuid:8146ad8e-dfae-4180-86a8-aced413b914a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.13884466886520386,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9162128567695618,
"url": "https://davidswart.org/2016/03/04/"
}
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Wellcome Library, London
(1884–1949). In 1931 German chemist Friedrich Bergius was a corecipient, with Carl Bosch, of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Bergius and Bosch were instrumental in developing a method to convert coal dust and hydrogen directly into gasoline and lubricating oils without isolating intermediate products.
Bergius was born on October 11, 1884, in Goldschmieden, near Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland). He was educated at the Universities of Breslau, Leipzig, and Berlin and at technical schools in Karlsruhe and Hannover. He described his research in The Use of High Pressure in Chemical Actions (1913). These studies led to his work on converting coal into liquid hydrocarbons. He also researched the conversion of wood into sugar and of sugar into other food products. This work helped to provide Germany with food during World War II.
After the war, Bergius left Germany and moved to Argentina. He died on March 30, 1949, in Buenos Aires.
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<urn:uuid:9c914af4-7098-41c4-9b5e-a0c33bfbaf7f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.84375,
"fasttext_score": 0.037811458110809326,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9703222513198853,
"url": "https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Friedrich-Bergius/317377"
}
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Skip to content ↓
Needwood C of E Primary School
Holy Communion
The children in KS2 went to church to find out what happens in a Communion service. Mrs Rees and Mr Harrison explained to the children in the detail the significance of the service and what the bread and wine represents. The children were able to watch a demonstration of how to take communion and sampled the wafers (but not the wine!).
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<urn:uuid:317ab1f7-028f-41e2-98b2-bd8ede0cd444>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.765625,
"fasttext_score": 0.0460582971572876,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9684920907020569,
"url": "https://www.theforestfederation.co.uk/news/?pid=16&nid=3&storyid=159"
}
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March 31, 2018
Educational Games and Dramatization
Concepts of play and dramatization in education, the difference between educational games and dramatization, points to consider when playing and the importance of storification while doing dramatization in the classroom, examples of dramatization, practices and examples that can be used and the items and methods to be used when designing the dramatization were addressed.
Cafer Sadık Abalıoğlu Eğitim ve Kültür Vakfı
Merkez Efendi Mahallesi Sümer Mah
No:116, Çal Cd.
Denizli Merkez/Denizli 20175
Google map and directions
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<urn:uuid:5495e42c-3631-4692-8888-44f28ecddffe>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.39452433586120605,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8810136318206787,
"url": "https://en.ogretmenagi.org/educational_games_and_dramatization"
}
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Let's Play Another Game
K, 1, 2
Students learn new card-playing vocabulary, classify by attributes, practice counting, and follow rules to cooperatively play a game.
Lesson Rating
PrintOne 40-minute and one 30-minute class period
The learner will:
• identify attributes and sort or classify cards by shape/suit.
• count the number of cards representing each shape/suit.
• recognize the new vocabulary words attribute and classify.
• follow rules to play a card game.
• a business suit that the teacher or a student can put on over his or her clothes as a demonstration
• a display of the playing card shapes: heart, spade, club, diamond
• one deck of playing cards for each group of four learners
• copy of Handouts One and Two for each group of four students
• student copies of Handout Three: Let's Meet the Deck
• teacher copy of Handout Four: Let's Meet the Deck Answers
1. Day One
Anticipatory Set:
Ask for a student volunteer to stand in front of the class. Tell the learners that you are going to dress the student up for a special occasion (or you may dress yourself over your clothes). As you talk, help the student put on an oversize suit jacket, pants, and tie (for added effect, add other props, such as a briefcase and shoes). Ask the students to describe the attributes of the costume you are putting on the student (color, size, shape, and other descriptors of the jacket, tie, and pants). Lead the students to naming the costume a suit and telling where one might wear it. Ask the students if they know of any other suits that people wear. As they name other suits (bathing suit, firefighter suit, space suit, a suit of armor), discuss the attributes of those suits.
2. On the display board, draw or display the shapes of a heart, a diamond, a club, and a spade, representing the four suits found in a deck of playing cards.
3. Tell the learners that, like suits that represented the different things that people do, the playing cards in the deck also "wear" different suits. Suits are one attribute of playing cards. Every card has one of the suits on it. (Other attributes include color and number, but we will focus on suits today.)
4. Point to the shapes on the display board and ask the learners to guess what these shapes are called. (More than likely they will call the club a three leaf clover or flower, and the spade a leaf or an upside down berry or shovel, etc.) Acknowledged their guesses and tell them that these shapes are called hearts, diamonds, clubs and spades. Have the learners call out the name of the suits as you point to them. Practice by having the learners call out the names of the suits as you randomly show cards from the deck.
5. Give one card to each learner. Tell the learners to stand up and hold up their cards if you call the suit they are holding. As an active variation, give instructions, such as, “if you are holding a club, jump up and down,” or “if you have a diamond touch your nose,” etc. After a few rounds of this, the students may trade their cards for one of another suit and continue the activity.
6. Tell them that those now holding diamonds and hearts should move to one side of the class, and all those holding clubs and spades should move to the other side of the classroom. Students should hold their cards in front of themselves with the front of the card, the suit, facing the students across the room. Ask them what they observe about the group on the other side of the room. (The hearts and diamonds are the red cards and the clubs and spades are the black cards.) Allow them time to look around and observe the suit colors. Collect the cards in the deck as students sit down.
7. Arrange the learners into groups of four. Give each group one deck of playing cards, and tell the dealer to remove the Jokers from the deck and to wait for further instructions.
8. Ask the learners to tell you how they plan to shuffle the cards as a way of reviewing yesterday’s lesson and preparing for a new game.
9. Tell the groups that they are to shuffle their deck of cards and leave them face down until the rules for the game are read.Again, remind them how important rules are for a game and how important it is that everyone cooperates by following the rules.
10. Tell the students that they will be sorting, or classifying, the deck of cards by attributes – something observable about the face of the card.In this game they will be sorting or categorizing by suits.
11. Give one copy of Handout One: Suit Space to each group and ask them to put it in the center of the group.
12. State the rules for Speed Sort:
1. The object of the game is for each group to cooperate in classifying the cards by suit as quickly as possible. The teacher will time the class each time the game is played to determine if the groups are becoming more skilled at classifying the cards.
2. Initially all the shuffled cards need to be face-down, meaning that the colors and shapes on the fronts of the card cannot be seen; only the backs of the cards should be visible.
3. Each player in the group will have a turn to select a card, turn it face-up, and then place the card in the appropriate space (that corresponds with the suit) on the Suit Space in the center of the group.
4. Players take turns in a clockwise direction, beginning with the dealer.
5. Repeat turns, paying attention and moving quickly because this activity is timed.
13. Note and announce the amount of time it takes for all the groups to successfully complete the sorting of all the cards in the deck.
14. If appropriate, shuffle the cards again and continue to play additional games, encouraging the learners to better their time by staying attentive to their turns. Discuss how following the rules helps them enjoy the time together and improve their time.
15. Allow time at the end of this lesson to have each group count the number of cards in each of the suits (each member of the group counts one suit), and write the number of heart cards, diamond cards, club cards, and spade cards on a copy of Handout Two: Card Count. When all have completed their counts, help the students discover that there are 13 heart cards, 13 diamond cards, 13 club cards, and 13 spade cards. For a challenge, ask someone to find out how many cards there are in all.
16. Review all the terms introduced so far - rules, cooperate, deck of cards, clockwise, classify, sort, attribute, the back and face of a card, shuffle, Jokers, and suits (hearts, diamonds, clubs, and spades).
17. Remind the students that the four suits are one attribute of playing cards. In the following activity the learners reflecton attributes they see in people. Help them get started by naming hair color, height, and clothing descriptions. Then ask the students to look at the person across the table from them (their partner) and reflect on that person's attributes. Players prepare to name two attributes of that person: one attribute may describe the person's appearance, and the other should describe their ability or character (likes animals, helpful during science, good at math, fun to play with, etc.). Tell the groups to take turns and move clockwise as they say two positive things about their partner.
18. Day Two
Teacher Note: This day's activity is appropriate for second grade. If you want to do it with younger students, read the questions as a whole class or with reading buddies from a higher grade level.
Anticipatory Set
Ask the students if they have ever participated in a scavenger hunt. Tell them that in a typical scavenger hunt, they have a list of items and teams compete to collect the most items on the list. Tell them that today, they are going to go on a scavenger hunt in a deck of cards.
19. Give each student a copy of Handout Three: Let's Meet the Deck. Assign the students to groups and give each group a deck of playing cards. They will work in teams to answer as many questions as possible about a deck of cards.
20. At then end of 20 minutes, they will meet back together as a whole group.
21. Review the answers together. Use Handout Four: Let's Meet the Deck Answers. Have each group count how many answers they completed correctly.
22. The group with the most correct answers is the winning team.
Teacher observation of student involvement in the activity and sharing.
Philanthropy Framework
1. Strand PHIL.II Philanthropy and Civil Society
1. Standard PCS 01. Self, citizenship, and society
2. Standard PCS 02. Diverse Cultures
1. Benchmark E.4 Demonstrate listening skills.
3. Standard PCS 05. Philanthropy and Government
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Thanh Khuong (Viet Nam): Bronze drum moulding methods revealed
Source -
Experts excavating an ancient citadel found new evidence on how traditional bronze drums were made, and were able to learn more about the process.
20141231143041 c3 luy lau
Uncovering history: A stone bridge leading to Sy Nhiep Temple. This part of Luy Lau Citadel is still intact. — Photo
The Viet Nam National Museum of History held a seminar yesterday for cultural researchers and archaeologists, who reported the results of excavations in Thanh Khuong Commune, Thuan Thanh District, the northern province of Bac Ninh, and at Luy Lau Citadel.
Under an agreement to strengthen and promote academic exchange between Viet Nam and Japan, a team from the history museum and the University of East Asia in Japan has started excavating the Luy Lau archaeological site in a project lasting until 2019. The university's Professor Huang Xiaofen led the team.
Museum officer Truong Dac Chien, one among excavators, presented pieces of bronze drum moulds and traces of drum casting materials to the seminar's participants.
Dong Son drums (also called Heger Type I drums) are bronze instruments created during the time of Dong Son, a developed Bronze Age culture that lived in northern Viet Nam. The drums symbolise the culture and exemplify fine metalworking.
According to Chien, the drums were both musical instruments and cultural objects. They were decorated with geometric patterns, scenes from war and daily life, animals and boats.
"This is the first time we found a large amount of debris from the drum-casting process," Chien said.
"They are all in a stable geological layer dating from the 4th century. Now we can affirm the time period during which Dong Son drums were made and the casting method. We determined that the drums belong to the native culture."
Before, archaeologists believed that ancient people used wax or pottery to make moulds for casting drums. They supposed that when the process was complete, the mould would be broken and the wax melted down. That's why it's hard to find traces of the bronze drum casting process.
"The missing knowledge of how, when and where bronze drums were made left a gap in scientific research," Chien said.
"Scientists have wondered whether Dong Son drums were made at the site or brought from other regions."
Bronze drum casting started with shaping a clay mould on a turning table. Then the caster would cover the mould with another layer of clay, leaving a space between the two layers to pour melting bronze inside. The caster would carve designs into the two pottery layers and the drum's face.
The turning table created a centrifugal force to let bronze spread evenly throughout the mould.
Chien said the archaeologists found pieces of the pottery moulds with patterns on them, a funnel for pouring liquid bronze and a bolt from the turning table's axle.
A region's relics
Prof Huang called Luy Lau Citadel an important relic in the region.
"Luy Lau was a political and cultural centre for the country 2,000 years ago," Huang said.
"It's rare to see a vestige of an ancient urban area with administrative functions, a military base, a residential area and bronze-casting workshop. It's also uncommon to see an urban area so close to a graveyard. The two sites have a close relationship that requires scientists to excavate and research both to be able to see the Citadel and all its history clearly."
Apart from bronze drum casting leftovers, scientists also found evidence of the outer and inner layers of the citadel.
In the near future, the archaeologists will expand their excavation to try to find traces of a harbour on the Dau River that was first spotted in satellite photos.
"The group of Japanese experts specialise in different fields such as archaeology, geology, cultural research and remote sensing," said Chien.
"Thanks to the partnership with them, we can carry out professional research and gain a panoramic view of the relic."
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Traditional Tool Making
One of the most obvious barriers to cultural resurgence in areas such as hide tanning practice is the lack of readily available tools or instruction.
Moose and caribou hide served highly important functions in the lives of northern Indigenous peoples, comprising everything from clothing and footwear, to bed rolls, boat skins, babiche (a type of very strong and durable string or rope) and more; moose and caribou hide continue to represent contemporary Indigenous cultural values and practices in modern contexts across the North.
Dene ancestries hold stories of deep respect and love for caribou and moose; visceral reciprocity in a relationship woven through time and built on great humility - a traditional economy between people, animals, and the land. In the past, it is said that powerful Dene people could transform into caribou, and caribou could also change into human form. Many stories of Dene people interacting with caribou people in countless ways have revealed that our reliance on the caribou for the survival of our peoples carries with it many responsibilities; responsibilities to our ancestors, our children and the ones who will come after them to ensure that our traditional cultural practices are kept alive, and that we maintain our respectful relationship with the animals.
Traditionally, tools used in hide tanning practices have been passed down through family lines; from an aunt, a mother or grandmother, a sister, a cousin. Usually, these tools were crafted by fathers, brothers, uncles, or grandfathers, and each family would have developed unique tools reflective of their lineage.
Access to instruction, tools, and tool-making training are necessary and vital to cultural resurgence in traditional Indigenous practices such as hide tanning. Knowing that hide tanning is a unique cultural practice worth revitalization, Dene Nahjo has chosen to support the instruction and dissemination of this beautiful cultural mainstay.
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Webster's dictionary defines the word source as "any thing or place from which something comes from or arises, origin." It comes from the Middle English, sours. This word is from the Hebrew shoresh (שרש), the word for root. The peculiar Hebrew sound of sh becomes an s sound as it travels through the western languages.
Man has been searching for the source of life for centuries, to try to understand how everything came to be. Many people conduct geneological studies in order to trace the source of their family roots. The movie "Roots" is a good example of this. Sha’ul tells the gentiles that the natural tree that they are grafted into is the root or source that supports them. Our Messiah is said to be a rod out of the stem of Jesse, and a Branch shall grow out of his (Jesse's) roots. (Yesha’yahu (Isaiah) 11:1) The genealogies in Mattityahu (Matthew) and Luke are given to show where the source of our root comes from. This is why human ancestry is expressed as a tree. A root begins with a seed, so inevitably, all believers have the same root, for there is only one good seed.
Shalom Alecheim!
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Beth Guvrin (Maresha)
Also known as Betogabris, Eleutheropolis, Tel Maresha, Tell Sandahanna, Beit Jibrin, Bet Giblin, Beth-guvrin, Bet Guvrin, Gibelin, Mareshah
Beth Guvrin
Pictured here is the Old Testament site of Maresha, a city of Judah given to the clan of Caleb (Josh 15:44). It was destroyed by Sennacherib in 701 BC and eventually became the capital city of the Idumeans. After destruction by the Parthians in 40 BC, the population center moved two miles (3.2 km) north to a place known as Beth Guvrin. Beth Guvrin had been a suburb of Maresha, but it became the major living center by the Roman Period.
Beth Guvrin eventually became Eleutheropolis (“City of the Free”) in the Late Roman period (AD 200) when Emperor Septimus Severus turned it into a major administrative center. The amphitheater dates to this period and was used for animal and gladiator fights. One of the most obvious differences between amphitheaters and theaters is that an amphitheater makes an oval while a theater only makes a half-circle.
Bell Caves
Eight hundred bell-shaped pits in the area are remains of ancient quarries, probably dating to the 4th–9th centuries AD. Because this stone was too soft to be used for building, people mined the stone to be burnt for lime and used it in mortar and plaster. The quarry was opened from a 3.5-foot (1-m) hole in the hard Nari surface above and then was widened out to create the mine.
Pigeons were raised in antiquity for meat and for their dung, which was used as fertilizer. This large columbarium dates to about 200 BC and was shaped like a double-cross, nearly 100 feet (30 m) long. There were approximately 1,900 niches in this columbarium.
Tomb of the Sidonian
Sometime in the Hellenistic (or maybe Persian) period, a group of Sidonians settled at Maresha. This beautifully decorated tomb was used by Apollophanes, the head of the Sidonian settlement for 33 years. It was in use from the 3rd to the 1st centuries BC. The end of the cave is shaped like a bed and was the resting-place of the Sidonian patriarch. Numerous other burial niches were carved on either side of the chamber.
Judah and the Dead Sea
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Related Websites
Bet Guvrin (Jewish Virtual Library) An excellent historical background for Bet Guvrin / Maresha.
Beit Guvrin (Tourist Israel) An informative page about the site today, including tourist information on opening times and fees to enter.
Tel Maresha Caves Reveal Lost World of the Idumeans (Bible History Daily) This article, originally published in 2013, discusses the Idumean historical remains found at the site, including olive presses, figurines, and bullae (seal impressions).
Tel Maresha Caves Reveal Hellenistic Treasures (Bible History Daily) This 2018 article discusses the Greek and Roman historical remains found at the site, including a casserole dish of the Roman era.
Caves of Maresha and Bet-Guvrin in the Judean Lowlands (UNESCO official site) The official explanation of why and how this became a world heritage site.
Beit Guvrin Caves (Atlas Obscura) Written from a secular perspective, this page gives information and some photos, concentrating on the amazing underground sites.
Beit Guvrin (The Jewish Magazine) A good discussion of Bet Guvrin’s history and a detailed description of the caves.
1,000 Ancient Letter Seals Found in Beit Guvrin National Park (Jewish Press) This 2018 article gives a readable background on recent archaeological discoveries, accompanied by a few photos.
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Plant 306
Thymus species (Lamiaceae)
Thymus, one of the largest genera in the mint family, is distributed throughout the arid, temperate and cold regions of Eurasia and North Africa, to as far west as southern Greenland. The genus is particularly speciose around the Mediterranean Sea, where it has been used by ancient cultures for thousands of years. The Egyptians used it in perfumery, cosmetics and embalming. The Greeks and Romans used it as a medicine and fumigant for its antiseptic properties. Symbolically, Thymus species have been associated with courage, grace and even republicanism. However, thyme is best known as a flavouring agent for all manner of European, North African and western Asian cuisines.
The distinctive odour of Thymus is due to the presence of thymol, an aromatic phenolic compound with strong antimicrobial properties. Today, oil of thymol is an active ingredient in products as diverse as food preservatives, ringworm powders, toothpastes, mouth washes and pesticides. The value of commercial thymol contributes to Thymus being one of the most economically important members of the mint family.
The antiseptic properties of thymol were independently recognised in cultures outside of western Europe. Native Americans used species of Monarda, also in the mint family, for their aromatic and antiseptic properties. Similarly, the tiny fruits of the Indian spice ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi), a member of the carrot family, have been used for thousands of years in Ayurvedic medicine. Indeed, by the early twentieth century, over 1,000 tonnes of ajowan fruits were imported annually into Europe from India for the commercial extraction of oil of thymol.
There are native Thymus species in Britain, although the cultivation of thyme was probably introduced by the Romans. Today, many different Thymus species, and cultivars selected from the variation within species, are grown in gardens because of the diversity of their odours, form and colour. They are also valuable nectar sources for bees.
Features that make Thymus species attractive to gardeners also make them difficult to identify. As climates have changed over the last 50,000 years the natural distributions of Thymus species have shifted. This produced complex patterns of morphological and genetic variation as species adapted to new conditions, hybridisation between previously isolated species occurred and hybrids became established.
In their native European ranges, some Thymus species are associated with close-cropped, well-drained grassland. Such habitats, which support many plant and animal species, are recognised as important for conservation and have high conservation priority in Europe.
Further reading
Broeck AV et al. 2015. Dispersal constraints for the conservation of the grassland herb Thymus pulegioides L. in a highly fragmented agricultural landscape. Conservation Genetics 16: 765-776.
Federici S et al. 2013. DNA barcoding to analyse taxonomically complex groups in plants: the case of Thymus (Lamiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 171: 687-699.
Stephen Harris
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"url": "https://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/plants400/Profiles/ST/Thymus"
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Potrero (landform)
A potrero is a long mesa that at one end slopes upward to higher terrain. This landform commonly occurs on the flanks of a mountain, as part of a dissected plateau.
A loan word from the Spanish language, potrero is in current use in the southwestern United States, where it is sometimes translated as "tongue of land" and "enclosed piece of pasture land".[1] In the Spanish language, however, the "tongue of land" sense is archaic.
Also archaic is the related sense of potrero referring to someone who wrangles young horses (potros in Spanish) kept as breeding stock (not saddle or pack stock). In Spanish, the usual sense of potrero now refers to any land (such as a ranch, open range, or community pasture) where such horses are kept.
Notable examples of potreros include some of the many mesas of the Pajarito Plateau near Santa Fe, New Mexico (United States). Historically, these potreros were used as winter pasture for livestock (horses, sheep, and cattle) that were driven to and from lush summer pastures in the high grass valleys (valles) of the Valles Caldera. Today, these potreros are used in this manner by a large herd of elk. These potreros are natural enclosures, with only one principal exit: the narrow connection to higher land.
In Spain a potrero is common land in poor condition.
1. ^ John Peabody Harrington (1916) The Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians, pages 29–618 in Twenty-ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1907–1908, Government Printing Office, Washington. Page 259.
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Grammar » possession (advanced)
This grammar note is available in the South Qikiqtaaluk dialect only.
The idea of possession, in any language, involves the relationship between people or things. Consider the relationships in each of the sentences below :
The boat’s driver
The man’s car
His aunt’s mother.
Linda’s counsin’s hat.
In the Kiap Ukua lesson, we learned how to deal with the first two sentences above. The last two sentences are a little more complicated, because they involve two sets of relationships :
In sentence 3: the mother belongs to the aunt, and the aunt belongs to him.
In sentence 4: the hat belongs to the cousin and the cousin belongs to Linda.
Inuktitut has special affixes to deal with these multiple possessions within a single sentence:
anaanna mother
anaanaga my mother
anaanama my mother’s
Whereas the affix -ga refers only to something belonging to me « my mother », the affix -ma adds another layer by pointing to something that belongs to my mother.
illu house
illunga her house
anaanama illunga my mother's house
Note that when you use the affix -ma, it indicates that there are two levels of possession in the same sentence. The second level is marked with another possessive affix, in this case -nga. Here's another example:
ataata my father
ataatama my father's
umiaq boat
umianga his boat
ataatama umianga my father's boat
When -ma is added to a root ending in a Q, it changes the final Q to R:
irniq son
irnirma my son's
nuliaq wife
nulianga his wife
irnirma nulianga my son's wife
When –ma is added to a noun ending in K, it changes the final K to M:
panik daughter
panimma my daughter's
qamutaujaq snowmobile
qamutaujanga her snowmobile
panimma qamutaujanga my daughter's snowmobile
Now, let's introduce the affixes used with other people
ataata father
ataatait your father
ataatavit your father's
ataatavit illunga your father's house
-vit can be added to nouns ending in vowels. For nouns that end in consonants, use -pit instead:
irniq son
irniqpit your son's
irniqpit illunga your son's house
And, finally...
anik brother of a female
aninga her brother
aningata her brother's
aningata umianga her brother's boat
Notice that when -ngata is added to nouns ending in a consonant, it deletes the final consonant.
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Daily Life
Lifestyle of Arawak / Taíno
Each society was a small kingdom and the leader was called a cacique. The cacique’s function was to keep the welfare of the village by assigning daily work and making sure everyone got an equal share. The relatives of the caciques lived together in large houses in the center of the village. These houses reflect the warmth of the climate and simply used mud, straw and palm leaves. The houses did not contain much furniture. People slept in cotton hammocks or simply on mats of banana leaves. The general population lived in large circular buildings called bohios, constructed with wooden poles, woven straw, and palm leaves.
Taino Village
Housing and Dress
Stone making was especially developed among the Arawak/Taíno , but they seem not to have used it at all in building houses. It was primarily used for tools and especially religious artifacts.
Food and Agriculture
The Taíno had a developed system of agriculture which was environmentally friendly and almost maintenance free. They raised their crops in a conuco, a large mound which was devised especially for farming. They packed the conuco with leaves which improved drainage and protected it from soil erosion. One of the primary crops cultivated by the Taíno was cassava or yuca, which they ate as a flat bread. They also grew corn, squash, beans, peppers, sweet potatoes, yams, peanuts as well as tobacco.
One of the Arawak/Taíno's primary crops was cassava. This is a root crop from which a poisonous juice must be squeezed. Then it is baked into a bread like slab. The current method of doing this in Haiti produces a flat bread, sort of like a stale burrito or pizza shell. The Arawak/Taíno grew corn (maize), squash, beans, peppers, sweet potatoes, yams and peanuts.
The Arawak/Taíno themselves were quite peaceful people, but they did have to defend themselves from the Caribs who were cannibals. The Caribs of this area were centered at what is today Puerto Rico, but some did live in northeast Hispaniola, an area that today is the Dominican Republic. The Caribs were war-like cannibals. They often raided the more peaceful Arawak/Taíno , killing off the men, stealing and holding the women for breeding, and fattening the children to eat.
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Broadly, extension is the act of extending, lengthening, stretching, or enlarging something's scope, such as extending your arm to catch a ball. Additionally, in computer parlance an extension can be an additional feature that broadens the use of an application or program. In semantics and language extension can refer to the broad set of things that a concept or word can apply to.
For example, the extension of the word cat would include every cat in history, from Garfield to your pet house cat.
Add flashcard Cite Random
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Q Switching
Another method of obtaining short, high intensity pulsed output from a laser is Q switching, which I will describe here. As you know, for a lasing optical mode, the round-trip gain is clamped equal to the round-trip loss in steady state above threshold. But we can create a transient situation where the gain is much greater than the loss for a short time, resulting in a short, intense pulse of light. In order to make the light as intense as possible, we want to make the gain as high as possible. We accomplish this by first setting the round-trip loss very high (cavity Q very low). This allows us to pump the gain to a very high level without it clamping. Once the gain has reached a high level, we abruptly lower the round-trip loss (raise the cavity Q). This is called Q switching, and it creates a situation in which the round trip gain is much greater than the round trip loss immediately after switching. This situation isn’t sustainable, of course. The photon number climbs rapidly, as does the stimulated emission rate. The increased stimulated emission rate drives the inversion and the gain back down below the loss. But the entire process does yield a short, intense pulse of light. The process is diagrammed below.
The key to this process is being able to Q-switch the cavity – in other words, to have an optical cavity whose Q has a small value, but can be switched so that the Q value becomes very high. One simple trick here is to rotate one of the cavity mirrors so that it no longer faces the other mirror. This eliminates reflections from the rotated mirror for light propagating along the cavity axis, thus making the cavity Q very low (high loss). To switch the Q, we simply rotate the mirror back so that it faces the other mirror. Assuming a high-quality mirror, this will make the cavity Q very high (low loss). In addition, we could also use some of the same tricks we used for modelocking, such as acousto-optic modulators, etc.
One useful analogy to a Q-switched laser is a capacitor. We can store electrical charge on a capacitor, which can then be converted to a pulse of current by connecting the capacitor to a circuit (discharging the capacitor). Similarly, we can store energy in the form of excited atoms in a low-Q laser cavity, which we can then ‘discharge’ by raising the cavity Q, converting the energy in the excited atoms into a pulse of photons.
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Hypnotherapy Forms Erickson
In the late 1920s, Milton H. Erickson (1901-1980) developed and disseminated his own hypnotherapy techniques. Today, practitioners call Milton Erickson the “father of modern hypnotherapy” and the techniques he developed are widely known as Ericksonian hypnotherapy. Erickson used stories and metaphors to reach the unconscious and his methods are widely used by hypnotherapists today.
What is Ericksonian Hypnotherapy?
Ericksonian hypnotherapy is different from other methods of hypnotherapy because it uses indirect, rather than direct, suggestions to alter a behavior.
Indirect suggestions are thought to be more effective because the conscious mind rarely recognizes them as suggestions at all, especially when they’re introduced in the form of metaphors or stories. Ericksonian hypnosis training enables the hypnotherapist to reach the unconscious mind through “embedded commands.”
History of Ericksonian Hypnotherapy
Milton Erickson, a 1928 graduate of the University of Wisconsin, started honing his technique to overcome the physical limitations of polio. He became recognized when he rejected the use of simple suggestion in traditional hypnotherapy.
Erickson argued that some people are analytical in thought and different techniques are needed to reach and influence the unconscious mind. Ericksonian hypnotherapy has been adopted as a highly influential hypnotherapy technique and it has given rise to other modern branches of the technique, such as “neuro-linguistic programming.”
Ericksonian Hypnotherapy Techniques
Hypnotherapists who have undergone Ericksonian hypnosis training have several tools to reach the unconscious mind. “Isomorphic metaphors” are stories with moral messages that create a connection between the subconscious mind and the problem behavior.
Another Ericksonian hypnotherapy technique is the “embedded command.” The hypnotherapist tells a story laced with indirect suggestions that distract the conscious mind while directly addressing the subconscious. “Process instructions” are also used in Ericksonian hypnosis by taking a memory from the past and applying it to the present to change current behavior.
Ericksonian hypnotherapy is used for almost all conditions for which other hypnotherapy methods might be applied and is beneficial for patients who tend to be analytical in their thinking patterns. This technique has encountered little criticism, except from Andre Weitzenhoffer (1921-2004), who said the approach couldn’t be defined as traditional hypnosis.
Choosing Ericksonian Hypnotherapy
Ericksonian hypnotherapy is beneficial in that it can be more effective in reaching the subconscious mind than other Hypnotherapy methods. Ericksonian hypnosis training has become quite common in the hypnotherapy world. The best way to decide whether this method is effective for a specific case is to consult with an experienced and accredited hypnotherapist.
History of Hypnosis. (n.d.). Milton H. Erickson. Retrieved August 24, 2010, from http://www.historyofhypnosis.org/milton-erickson/
Mason, D. (n.d.). Ericksonian hypnosis techniques. Retrieved August 24, 2010, from http://www.hypknowsis.com/R25-Ericksonian-Hypnosis-Techniques.php
O’Brien, D. (n.d.). The history of Ericksonian hypnosis. Retrieved August 24, 2010, from http://www.ericksonian.info/history_ericksonian_hypnosis_p1.html
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Also found in: Wikipedia.
(smōhăl`ə), c.1815–1907, Native American prophet, chief of a small tribe (the Wanapun) of the Columbia River valley. He preached a religion based on a vision of returning to Native American modes of living. His followers, called the Dreamers, did not advocate force, but they caused some difficulty to the government in its policy of forcing Native Americans to settle on reservations.
See C. Relander, Drummers and Dreamers (1956).
Mentioned in ?
References in periodicals archive ?
Approximately 70 years later, on the opposite side of the American continent, Wanapum tribal leader Smohalla is reported to have said to U.
The dream of Smohalla and Wovoka that a messiah would rid the American continents of Europeans was, like the early Jewish messiah, discarded, but it evolved into a smoldering sense of entitlement that cannot be debated.
At Pna, on the Columbia, in the late nineteenth century, a mystic among them called Smohalla led the chants of the Dreamers.
20) In the mid-1850s, other Nativistic religious movements in the Northwest were underway, led by Smohalla, the Wanapam dreamer-prophet and Washani religious revitalizer.
And indeed, two hundred years later the Indian chief Smohalla had not yet been weaned from these notions and practices.
Leaders such as Neolin, Handsome Lake, Tenskatawa, Yonaguska, Yurareechen and Dlaupac, Kenekuk, Smohalla, and Wovoca (among many others) all led religious movements of return to Native traditions as a means of resisting religious oppression.
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"fasttext_score": 0.13544118404388428,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.951349675655365,
"url": "https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Smohalla"
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How to use dashes
Dashes serve progressively to link nouns that serve an adjectival function, ie:
titanium alloy
titanium-alloy weld
titanium alloy-welded joints
Note in the final example that the dash disappears from between the first two words. That is because a dash helps us to associate ideas, as opposed solely to words, and hence to distinguish between them. In both the third and fourth cases the dash serves, albeit in different ways, to ensure that the reader groups ‘titanium’ and ‘alloy’ by distinguishing them from the larger list, either through inclusion, or as a form of parenthesis.
Of course, you can always avoid using a dash by turning a construction around, ie:
for: titanium alloy-welded joints
use: joints welded with titanium alloy
It’s longer, but easier on the reader’s eye.
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"url": "https://nibcontent.com/2017/10/11/test-2/"
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Class Arm Span Histogram
1. Each person will measure their arm span from fingertip to fingertip with arms outstretched.
2. This is easiest done working with a partner and measuring across their back.
3. Divide the interval from the shortest span to the longest span into about 5-8 bins.
4. Create a histogram with the 5-8 bins on the x-axis and the number of people with arm spans fitting in that bin on the y-axis.
5. This will demonstrate the natural variation of a trait within a population.
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"fasttext_score": 0.9981789588928223,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9338573813438416,
"url": "http://ricksci.com/eco/ecoa_population_armspan.htm"
}
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We deliberately chose values of 6 cm and 8 cm for the lengths of AB to take advantage of the Pythagorean triple 3, 4, 5, so as to keep the numbers simple.
Thus the height of the ellipse is 8 cm (ie 2x4 cm) when AB = 6 cm and 6 cm (ie 2x3 cm) when AB = 8 cm.
When AB = 8 cm, the area of the ellipse is 3/4 of the area when AB = 6 cm (since the height is 3/4 of the 'original' height, and the width is unchanged).
In absolute terms, the area (in 1 cm squares) of the ellipse is 20pi when AB = 6 cm and 15pi when AB = 8 cm.
[A nice way of thinking about this is to see the area of an ellipse as pi/4 (ie about three quarters) of the area of the smallest enclosing rectangle.]
It may seem that we have restricted ourselves to two very special cases. However, we can still sense general properties of the ellipse: for example, the width is always 10 cm (the length of the string) and the height decreases as AB increases (from 5 cm to 0 cm as AB goes from 0 cm to 10 cm).
The end
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"url": "http://www.mathsmed.co.uk/GEOee-MT/PS.html"
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(Spring Excursion, by Zhan Ziqian, Tang Dynasty(
China’s Tang—a precious stone, an ornament of pure gold.
Isn’t it appropriate to use a flowery metaphor to describe poetry? If so, poetry from China’s Tang Dynasty (618 – 907) deserves the richest of descriptions. After all, the time of Tang was considered a Golden Age for Chinese poetry.
The Dynasty was renowned as a period of great progress and innovation; it was said to portray the highest expression of cosmopolitan culture throughout society.
Tang poetry has inspired poets through today. Perhaps the vital essence of the Dynasty transfers to the reader’s heart through the poets’ very words. This alone, makes Tang poetry valuable in modern times: It can awaken a busy mind to the virtue of stillness.
While not many doctors will prescribe “stillness” as a medicine, it isn’t difficult to recognize that stillness is the counter-formula to the world’s dizzying pace.
During the Tang Dynasty, poetry was interwoven throughout society. Scholars were required to read and recite it. Poems covered subjects such as harmony with nature, friendship, and relationships with oneself and society—even politics.
It is essential however to realize that when Tang poets reference politics, it in no way refers to a system like we have on our Earth today—particularly that of contemporary China.
Tang society was much more virtuous in comparison. For this reason, life under Tang leadership resulted in societal stability and harmony unlike we have today.
Emperor Tang Taizong was known to care deeply for his people, to exude tolerance, and was open to criticism from others. In contemporary China, the opposite is true, as the Communist Party rules through force; and criticism, even when it is constructive, can invite persecution.
Such a government exudes a total disregard for humanity, Earth and the heavens, creating an environment of fear and mistrust among the people—this is a state far, far away from the Tang Dynasty and much in need of a cultural revival.
Modern man is fortunate though, as much of Tang poetry has survived till today—like a precious stone, it has been treasured and passed down from one generation to another.
Hence, in a world desperately in need of peace and stillness, Tang poetry is just like an ornament of pure gold; it reveals its beauty only to those who slow down and take the time to read it.
Chinas Greatest Poets: Li Bai and Du Fu
It is not surprising that two of the most famous Chinese poets were products of the Tang Dynasty. In fact, Li Bai and Du Fu were not just poets, but were also friends.
Li Bai, also known as Li Po, spent much of his life wandering. He is perhaps one of the most famous Chinese wine drinkers of all time. In fact, legend has it that Li Bai drowned while sitting in a boat, drunk, trying to seize the moon’s reflection from the water. According to the Poetry Foundation, “his poetry is known for its clear imagery and conversational tone. His work influenced a number of 20th-century poets, including Ezra Pound and James Wright.”
The sense of peace, simplicity, and nature’s willingness to be a companion are apparent in the first four lines from Drinking Alone with the Moon:
“From a pot of wine among the flowers
I drank alone. There was no one with me—
Till, raising my cup, I asked the bright moon
To bring me my shadow and make us three.”
(Li Bai In Stroll, by Liang Kai, Southern Song Dynasty)
Du Fu, also known as Tu Fu, was considered to be both a poet and a historian, as he recorded his own life and what he observed around him, including experiences of poverty and war. He was known to adhere strictly to the Confucian ways of life.
While Du Fu and Li Bai were only together for part of their lives, Du Fu expressed a sense of remembrance and true friendship in his first lines of Seeing Li Bai in a Dream II:
“This cloud, that has drifted all day through the sky,
May, like a wanderer, never come back ….
Three nights now I have dreamed of you—
As tender, intimate and real as though I were awake.”
Reading Tang Poetry is refreshing as taking a walk alone in a quiet wood.
What would happen throughout society if reading Tang poems became common practice once again?—if reciting Tang poetry was a daily practice, considered as important a study as economics or medicine.
Furthermore, what kind of transformation would be possible if China’s mainstream placed a high value on studying Tang poetry?
What kind of magic would happen if the China’s leaders spent their free time reading Li Bai and Du Fu?
Poem excerpts borrowed from 300 Tang Poems, the Bilingual Edition Chinese /English Side-by-side, English Translation by Witter Bynner
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"url": "http://www.themiddleland.com/cultural/2018/12/18/3075-chinas-tang-poetry-a-magic-formula-for-modern-man"
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Monday, March 12, 2012
It's a Small Word After All
Cultures are held together by their language. It is their language that binds people together and identifies their presence to others. For the genealogist, trying to understand a language that differs from our own is sometimes a complex task. This is especially true for those of Welsh descent who face a language (Welsh) totally different then the one spoken to the ear of the researcher. Words change, and their meanings change, and their common usage changes, and...on and on it goes. The following is such an example of words that have become confused for the genealogist.
Let's begin with the descriptor(adjective) "small". This would seem a simple thing, naming a "small island"...a "small tree"... a "small man". In the Welsh, the word "small" is "bach".(1) It was often used in a Welsh name to distinguish the smaller of two individuals that happened to share the same name, for example " Ievan ap Rhys"[ who would be bigger ] and "Ievan ap Rhys fychan"[who was the smaller by size]. It was written in the Welsh this way because the sound "b" was mutated [changed] to an "f" and word "bach" became "fach".
The Welsh also had different words for "younger" = "ieuaf" or "ifanc", and "young" = "ieuanc" and to make matters worse a word for "the younger" = "leiaf"! [The Normans also threw in their word for "young"= "jeune".
Now these adjectives appear very similar to the proper names "Ieuan", "Ievan", "Yevan", and "Ioan". Now just imagine if your name was "Ieuan fychan ap Yevan ieuaf". Were you the smaller, younger, or junior, and in which order?
It has become common for the genealogist to assume that the name "fychan" means "junior". [the youngest son of ] In reality, this may not be case. Likewise, several surnames have developed from the use of these adjectives among those writing down the records. "Fychan" has become the origin for the surnames "Vaughan" and "Jenkin". Wow, it's a small word after all.
Friday, March 2, 2012
Unto These Hills
Furnaces reaching temperatures of around 2800 degree Fahrenheit were needed to melt iron from ferrous ores. Special drafts from blowpipes and bellows were needed, and the use of charcoal in shaft furnaces helped things along. From common oxide ores, the production of iron was accomplished. These developments seemed to center in Anatolia, and greatly advanced by the Hittites. Of course the Hittites past their knowledge along to those folks who became known as the Celts.
By around 800 BC these Celts began their exploration and settlement of the area which was to become Wales. This new material produced some of the most destructive weapons of the day. What was one to do? The widespread replacement of bronze produced a new strategy for survival. The "Hillfort" it was called.
The drawings above are my attempt to try and visualize this environment. These fortifications helped defend the farms, and settlements of what was to become Wales, The Marches, and Northern Britain. A ditch and wall to stand behind was the principle. Throw things down, not throw things up. Drawing labeled #1 is the simple plan. Let the enemy come to you. Let them climb up a slop A, to fall down to the ditch B, while facing a sharp wall C, and the wooden defensive wall D. Stand behind D, and throw down on those helpless folks trying to throw upward some 10 - 16 feet. Wow, nice plan if your standing at the top looking down. Drawing #2 gives a little more sense of the depth A to B, to C. Sketch # 3 tries to show a lateral view with the platform and wall. Stone could also be used for the wall. There could be many, many ditches and walls constructed around the hill top.
Ring the bell, and come. Save yourself...come unto these hills.
A wonderful reference is The Iron Age Hillforts of England, A Visitor's Guide, by Geoffrey Williams, Horace Books, 1993.
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How Ancient Egyptian Shabtis and Funerary Statuettes Watched Over the Dead
What were shabtis?
In ancient Egypt, shabtis were funerary statuettes placed in the tombs and used to accompany the deceased in the afterlife. They appeared at the end of the First Intermediate period. A shabti was a small human figurine who would perform a given task in the afterlife for the deceased, and therefore would sometimes be equipped with tools such as seed bags to work the fields. The word is believed to come from “swb”, meaning stick, due to the shabtis’ resemblance to wooden sticks, or from “wsb” meaning answerer, as their role was to answer their master’s call to work in the afterlife
Shabtis and funerary statuettes were frequently made of blue or green glazed faience but could also be made of wax, clay, wood, stone, terracotta and sometimes glass and bronze. Some rare shabtis also exist in alabaster. They usually are about 5 to 30 cm height.
How did they evolve through the years?
The most significant change has been the name. They were first called shabtis through both the Middle and the New Kingdoms and there was a short period between, during the Seventeenth Dynasty (1580 – 1550 BC), where the name shawabti was used. Finally, from the Twenty-first Dynasty, happening during the Third Intermediate Period (1070 – 664 BC), they were called ushabtis.
During the First Intermediate period, it was common to find statuettes of servants or mummy representations of the deceased in tombs. However, shabtis only started to appear in texts during the Middle Kingdom (2025 – 1700 BC) and were at first representations of the deceased, acting as surrogates, preventing the mummy of the deceased from being damaged and therefore protecting his eternal life. At the end of this period, shabtis began to feature inscriptions of magical formulas.
New Kingdom Shabtis
During the New Kingdom (1550 – 1070 BC), the figurines became servants who would fulfil various tasks in the name of the deceased in the afterlife and would therefore be equipped with hoes or seed bags. The tombs began to welcome an increased number of shabtis and it was common for nobles to have around 40 of them. By the end of the New Kingdom, the quality of the shabtis had declined since they were mass-produced in order to allow more people to be buried with them.
Third Intermediate Period Ushabtis
The Third Intermediate Period saw the name shabti changing into ushabti. There were two distinct groups of ushabtis: the 365 workers for each day of the year and the 36 overseers, each monitoring a group of ten workers, hence most burials included a total of 401 Ushabtis. However, the practice of including overseers was abandoned in the Late Period (664 – 525 BC).
Ptolemaic Period Ushabtis
During the Ptolemaic Period (323 – 30 BC), although some Ushabtis were well made, the general quality was very poor and hieroglyphic inscriptions were often faked since less people understood the complex language, and the cult of Osiris, god of the afterlife and the dead, began to lose popularity. As a consequence, the end of the Ptolemaic Period witnessed the abandon of Ushabtis.
Ancient Egyptian Antiquities
At Ancient & Oriental, we stock a wide range of artefacts from most ancient cultures and time periods. If you’re looking to buy Ancient Egyptian antiquities from the UK’s leading dealer, with our own certification and authenticity guaranteed, please look around our online shop or call +44 (0)20 8364 4565 if you’d like us to source a specific item.
By Francesca,
Filed under: Ancient Egypt, Imagery & Symbolism Tags: , , ,
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Great Leaders Tell Great Stories
Medieval nobles were horrible, violent people. They would beat peasants for fun and trample crops of poor people during their jousting matches. They burned peasant homes for sport. Why? Because they could. They were the warrior class and had the weapons.
In the early middle ages, a knight was someone who had money to buy armor and weapons. Eventually, knights came to be considered a lower tier of the nobility, and titles became hereditary. But they were still usually uncouth. They mistreated women and exhibited terrible dining manners.
The Catholic church tried to remedy the situation with two programs, the Peace of God and the Truce of God. At the Council of Charroux, the Peace of God was proclaimed in 989. It called for protection of church property and clerics and of cropland. The Truce of God was proclaimed in 1027, and called for limits on which days the nobility could engage in violence.
Peace and Truce of God may have been temporarily useful in some cases, but overall is considered to have been a failure. Peace & Truce tried to cover too many people on too many topics, as mission creep added in multiple rules (such as treatment of orphans, widows, and animals etc.). But it would have been unsuccessful anyway. Nobles don’t like to be told what they cannot do. Also, the rule books were written in Latin, and most nobles could barely read their local languages.
Peace & Truce 2.0 was much more successful. It was called Chivalry. This was a system designed to encourage nobles, especially knights, from mistreating everyone. It was successful because (1) it was written in local languages, (2) it told them things they could do, rather than not do (romance, etc.) and (3) it employed stories.
Most knights forgot they weren’t allowed to kill peasants on Thursdays. But they remembered the tales of Lancelot.
Stories should offer opportunity
Instead of saying “you can’t rape villagers on Tuesdays,” the program offered the opportunity to be heroes. They could rescue villagers from dragons. Your stories should suggest more opportunity than punishment.
Stories should be in the language of the hearer
Jesus used stories of farmers planting and harvesting. It was effective for millenia. But now, people think grocery stores magically manufacture food. Use the words your people understand. Use the images they understand.
Stories should be entertaining enough to be memorable
People remember the frightening dragons and the beautiful Guinevere. People don’t remember “sales targets in the eastern region will increase by 2.43%” phrases.
Stories should make the lessons clear
After the chivalric program was implemented and knights read the stories, they knew they should treat women well, eat politely at the dinner table, and help people instead of hurting them. It was clear. If you want to be like Lancelot, be good.
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History of the Tarantella Dance
Tarantella dancers, 1828
Credit: Jstor.org
The tarantella is named for a peasant woman from southern Italy whose tarantula bite started a contagious dancing fever!
To medieval peasants in southern Italy, the tarantella was more than a catchy tune. It was something powerful and dangerous. The tarantella could save your life—or drive you to the brink of madness.
It was the dead heat of the summer in Apulia. The year was 1431. After a midday nap in the fields, a woman leapt up, crying out that she’d been bitten by a tarantula. The venom began to work in her body, making her dance convulsively. She strutted her way toward the center of town. Soon others joined her, leaping, shrieking, and twirling uncontrollably. They decked themselves out in bright colors and strange ornaments, dancing for days on end and downing vast quantities of wine.
The Tarantella was, at once, a rollicking party and a terrifying epidemic.
This is how Nicolas Perotti, a witness to these frenzies, described them: “Some victims called for swords and acted like fencers, others for whips and beat each other. Women called for mirrors, sighed and howled while making indecent motions. Some of them had still stranger fancies, liked to be tossed in the air, dug holes in the ground and rolled themselves in the dirt like swine.” It was, at once, a rollicking party and a terrifying epidemic.
The dancers believed that the only cure for the tarantula’s bite was to shimmy the venom away. There were even accounts of people who died as a result of not having the right music available. To avoid such disasters, many municipalities employed a corps of musicians to play yearly for the sufferers. The music cure was widely accepted by scholars at the time. Athanasius Kircher, a Jesuit scholar, penned a chapter on tarantism (the dancing affliction supposedly caused by the tarantula bite) that included his prescription for treatment: snippets of sheet music.
In some sufferers, the affliction took the form of a terrible melancholy. A woman who had become withdrawn and apathetic after an encounter with a tarantula could be cured with a special ceremony. This was the ritual: In a room hung with ropes, swords, and colorful draperies, she lies on the floor, as still as a corpse. The musicians strike up a tune. They play faster and faster, until finally life begins to return to her. She rolls around on the floor, flails her arms, and then leaps up. As the music stirs her, she begins to dance violently, to tear her clothes, swing from the ropes, even cut herself with the swords. Finally, exhausted, she falls on the floor and goes to sleep. When she wakes up, she remembers almost nothing of her treatment, but is free of her malady. The catharsis of her temporary frenzy leaves her ready to return to the course of normal life.
It’s a mystery what exactly caused these epidemics. It was certainly not the “bite” of the tarantula, which does little more than sting. Today, many scholars consider these dancing epidemics to be a response to mental, rather than physical, ailments. In the mass catharsis of the dance, people could express all the ugly feelings—anguish, rage, lust—that were unacceptable in everyday life. For a few days in the summer, people could scream and weep and tear off their clothes, freely and without judgment.
In fact, mass epidemics of dancing have afflicted various parts of Europe since the seventh century, breaking out particularly in times of famine, disease, and political unrest. In 1374, men, women, and children danced in the streets of Aix-la-Chapelle for hours, clutching hands, shrieking, seeing visions of Heaven and Hell. One eyewitness, Peter of Herental, described the scene: “Both men and women were abused by the devil to such a degree that they danced in their homes, in the churches and in the streets, holding each other’s hands and leaping in the air… Those who were cured said that they seemed to have been dancing in a river of blood, which is why they jumped into the air.”
4/4 Size Palatino VN-350 Campus Violin Outfit - $175.00 with Padded Case and Bow
This Violin Outfit delivers good tone through a hand-carved solid spruce top and solid maple back, sides, and neck. Features a fine tuner t...
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Python and Tcl - public course schedule [here]
Private courses on your site - see [here]
String Functions in Ruby
You may have notices that I swapped the case of my string, as an example, in the Here document demonstration. That's just the tip of the iceberg - there are a large number of methods that you can run on Ruby strings.
Operators such as + and * work on strings (concatenate and replicate). The % operator is a short form for sprintf, and the << operator is the same as +. You can treat a character string as an array of characters too.
Currencyformat = "%.2f"
desert = ["Sticky toffee pudding",
"Rhubarb crumble",
"Bread and butter pudding",
"Jam rolly polly",
"Spotted Dick"]
withon = ["ice cream","cream",
take = desert[rand(desert.length).to_i]
topped = withon[rand(withon.length).to_i]
sweet = take + " and " + topped + "\n"
print "Your desert is #{sweet}"
print "\nA party of 4? ...\n"
print sweet * 4
bill = 7.5
print "Your bill is " + Currencyformat % bill + " today\n"
Note the use of the rand function, used in conjunction with length to choose a random member from an array (and an interesting sweet!). Also note the neat way that we can store a format string in a constant so that we can use it consistently and immutably throughout.
earth-wind-and-fire:~/ruby/r109 grahamellis$ ruby sop.rb
Your desert is Bread and butter pudding and ice cream
A party of 4? ...
Bread and butter pudding and ice cream
Bread and butter pudding and ice cream
Bread and butter pudding and ice cream
Bread and butter pudding and ice cream
Your bill is 7.50 today
To change case:
capitalize - first character to upper, rest to lower
downcase - all to lower case
swapcase - changes the case of all letters
upcase - all to upper case
To rejustify:
center - add white space padding to center string
ljust - pads string, left justified
rjust - pads string, right justified
To trim:
chop - remove last character
chomp - remove trailing line separators
squeeze - reduces successive equal characters to singles
strip - deletes leading and trailing white space
To examine:
count - return a count of matches
empty? - returns true if empty
include? - is a specified target string present in the source?
index - return the position of one string in another
length or size - return the length of a string
rindex - returns the last position of one string in another
slice - returns a partial string
To encode and alter:
crypt - password encryption
delete - delete an intersection
dump - adds extra \ characters to escape specials
hex - takes string as hex digits and returns number
next or succ - successive or next string (eg ba -> bb)
oct - take string as octal digits and returns number
replace - replace one string with another
reverse - turns the string around
slice! - DELETES a partial string and returns the part deleted
split - returns an array of partial strings exploded at separator
sum - returns a checksum of the string
to_f and to_i - return string converted to float and integer
tr - to map all occurrences of specified char(s) to other char(s)
tr_s - as tr, then squeeze out resultant duplicates
unpack - to extract from a string into an array using a template
To iterate:
each - process each character in turn
each_line - process each line in a string
each_byte - process each byte in turn
upto - iterate through successive strings (see "next" above)
Let's see the sort of thing we can do with those - reading some data on A roads that's saved on the end of a program into a single string object, then stepping through each of the lines one at a time and extracting information from them. In practise, just the sort of thing that you might want to do!
info = DATA.read
footers = {}
info.each_line do |aroad|
cf = aroad.index('(')
comment = nil
if cf != nil
comment = aroad.slice!(cf,aroad.length)
number, afrom, ajunk, ato = aroad.split
print "The #{number} runs from #{afrom.upcase.center(15)} " +
"to #{ato}\n"
footers[number] = comment.tr("()","[]") if comment
p footers
A1 London to Edinburgh (The Great North Road)
A2 London to Dover (Watling Street)
A3 London to Portsmouth (Portsmouth Road)
A4 London to Bristol (The Great West Road, or Bath Road)
A5 London to Holyhead (Watling Street)
A6 Luton to Carlisle (The A6 splits off from the A5 at St.
Albans - though the A6 as numbered today starts at Luton)
A7 Edinburgh to Carlisle
A8 Edinburgh to Greenock
A9 Edinburgh to Thurso
And here's the sort of output that produces:
earth-wind-and-fire:~/ruby/r109 grahamellis$ ruby stdo.rb
The A1 runs from LONDON to Edinburgh
The A2 runs from LONDON to Dover
The A3 runs from LONDON to Portsmouth
The A4 runs from LONDON to Bristol
The A5 runs from LONDON to Holyhead
The A6 runs from LUTON to Carlisle
The A7 runs from EDINBURGH to Carlisle
The A8 runs from EDINBURGH to Greenock
The A9 runs from EDINBURGH to Thurso
{"A1"=>"[The Great North Road]\n",
"A2"=>"[Watling Street]\n",
"A3"=>"[Portsmouth Road]\n",
"A4"=>"[The Great West Road, or Bath Road]\n",
"A5"=>"[Watling Street]\n",
"A6"=>"[The A6 splits off from the A5 at St. Albans -
though the A6 as numbered today starts at Luton]\n"}
See also Training Courses in Ruby
Related Material
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[3424] Divide 10000 by 17. Do you get 588.235294117647, 588.24 or 588? - Ruby and PHP - (2011-09-08)
[2980] Ruby - examples of regular expressions, inheritance and polymorphism - (2010-10-02)
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resource index - Ruby
Solutions centre home page
You can Add a comment or ranking to this page
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Medical News Today: Everything you need to know about bibasilar crackles
Using a stethoscope, a doctor can listen to the sounds of the lungs. One type of sound that can indicate a problem is called bibasilar crackles.
The sounds of the lungs can provide clues that help a doctor to diagnose an underlying condition.
In this article, learn about the conditions that cause bibasilar crackles. We also describe how a doctor diagnoses and treats them.
What are bibasilar crackles?
Doctor using stethoscope to listen to patient's breathing
Bibasilar crackles are a sound that can occur in the lungs.
Bibasilar crackles are abnormal sounds from the base of the lungs. They indicate that something is interfering with airflow.
Two issues often cause bibasilar crackles. One is the accumulation of mucus or fluid in the lungs. Another is a failure of parts of the lungs to inflate properly.
The crackles themselves are not a disease, but they can be a sign of an illness or infection.
The crackles sound like brief popping when a person breathes. Some people describe the sound as similar to wood burning in a fireplace.
Bibasilar crackles are more common during inhalation, but they can occur when a person exhales.
Doctors classify the crackles as fine or coarse, depending on their volume, pitch, and duration.
For example, fine crackles are often soft and high-pitched. Coarse crackles are usually louder and low-pitched, with a wet or bubbling sound.
Bibasilar crackles may occur with additional symptoms, depending on the underlying cause. Possible accompanying symptoms include:
• trouble breathing
• coughing
• fever
• swelling in the feet or lower legs
• fatigue
Thank you for supporting Medical News Today
Many conditions can cause bibasilar crackles, and they are usually based in the heart or lungs. Below are some potential causes of bibasilar crackles.
Pneumonia is an infection in the lungs, which can result from a virus, bacteria, or fungus.
The infection can cause shortness of breath, fatigue, and coughing, as well as bibasilar crackles. In some cases, pneumonia can be life-threatening.
According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, pneumonia is the leading infectious cause of death in children under age 5 worldwide.
Heart failure
Heart failure occurs when the heart is too weak to pump blood efficiently to the rest of the body.
If the heart is not working correctly, the blood does not exit the lungs as quickly as it should. This can cause fluid to build up, and it can pool in the lungs.
Heart failure can affect both children and adults. Heart failure affects approximately 5.7 million people in the U.S.
Beyond bibasilar crackles, symptoms may include swelling in the abdomen, coughing, and shortness of breath.
Bronchitis involves inflammation of the bronchi, which are the tubes leading to the lungs. Bronchitis can be acute or chronic.
Acute bronchitis often results from a virus, and it typically lasts for 3–10 days.
Exposure to lung irritants, such as tobacco, is often the cause of chronic bronchitis.
Some symptoms of bronchitis include coughing, chest congestion, and fatigue.
Pulmonary edema
An infection or trauma may cause pulmonary edema
Infection and trauma are some causes of pulmonary edema.
Pulmonary edema involves a buildup of fluid in the alveoli, which are small air sacs in the lungs.
Possible causes of pulmonary edema include:
• heart damage or dysfunction
• damage to the pulmonary capillaries
• trauma to the chest
• infection
• inhalation of a toxic substance
Pulmonary edema can result from altitude sickness, which occurs when a person unaccustomed to altitudes ascends to 2,500 meters or higher.
In addition to bibasilar crackles, symptoms of pulmonary edema include coughing, trouble breathing, blue-tinged lips, and spitting up pink, frothy mucus.
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary fibrosis is a type of interstitial lung disease characterized by scarring of the lungs.
In most cases, the underlying cause is unknown.
However, pulmonary fibrosis can result from exposure to hazardous materials, such as radiation, animal droppings, and asbestos.
Symptoms include a dry cough, shortness of breath, and unexplained weight loss.
A doctor can diagnose bibasilar crackles using lung auscultation, which involves listening to lungs sounds with a stethoscope.
Several characteristics can help a doctor to determine the cause of the crackles, including whether they occur when a person inhales or exhales.
For example, crackles that occur late in the inspiratory phase (when a person inhales) may indicate heart failure or pneumonia.
A doctor may also ask for:
• chest X-rays
• a sputum sample to test for infection
• blood tests to test for infection
• an echocardiogram to check the function of the heart
• an arterial blood gas analysis to check the blood’s acidity, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels
Thank you for supporting Medical News Today
Oxygen therapy may help to treat bibasilar crackles.
Oxygen therapy may help treat bibasilar crackles.
Treatment for bibasilar crackles will depend on the underlying cause. The crackles may fade or disappear after treatment.
However, if the cause is a chronic condition, the crackles may occur on and off for an extended period.
Below are some treatments for common causes of bibasilar crackles.
A doctor may prescribe diuretics for a person with heart failure. Diuretics are medications developed to reduce levels of fluid in the lungs.
A person may require antibiotics if the crackles have resulted from bacterial pneumonia or bronchitis.
Doctors may also prescribe steroids to decrease inflammation in the lungs.
Oxygen therapy
Many causes of bibasilar crackles lead to shortness of breath. Oxygen therapy can help to make breathing easier.
Lifestyle changes
In some instances, crackles result from chronic lung disease.
Making certain lifestyle changes, such as stopping smoking, may help to treat the underlying condition and prevent long-term complications.
When to see a doctor
Anyone with symptoms of bibasilar crackles should speak to a doctor as soon as possible.
The crackles are an abnormal sound, and they usually indicate that an underlying condition requires treatment.
Bibasilar crackles can result from a severe lung problem. Prompt diagnosis and treatment may help to prevent long-term complications.
Anyone who experiences bibasilar crackles and shortness of breath, chest pain, or blood-tinged mucus should seek immediate medical attention.
Source Article from
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Cephalic Index
The cephalic index, or breadth-length index, is probably the most prominent and popular anthropometric index of the skull. It has been studied in almost all populations of the world and has long played an important role in human classification. It is calculated by dividing the greatest breadth of the head by the greatest length of the head. The values vary from numbers as low as 60 to roughly 100. In short-headed groups females tend to have a slightly higher index, while in long-headed groups their index is marginally lower. The cephalic index varies greatly among anthropological groups and sometimes makes mountain populations differ from plains populations. Short-heads are found more frequently in cold climates of arctic regions and mountains, but there are many exceptions. The index is useful to distinguish local anthropological types, but not major racial groups. The individual variation is relatively small. It has been shown that the index changes with the environment and with time. E.g. since the early Middle Ages, brachycephaly increased significantly throughout Europe. However, since the mid 19th century it is continuously decreasing. The reasons are not known. Hence, the cephalic index is most useful to compare neighbouring groups in a similar environment of the same time period. For the reasons mentioned, the cephalic index should never be looked at alone, for interpretation usually head size and the height-length index should be considered in addition. On this site the cephalic index is divided into five categories: hyperdolichocephaly, dolichocephaly, mesocephaly, brachycephaly, and hyperbrachycephaly. The maps show regions where a specific cephalic index colour is dominant in native populations. On an individual level, it may regularly appear in the black areas as well. Apart from that, two other, more extreme categories exist on the individual level, but never for whole populations: ultrabrachycephaly and ultradolichocephaly.
hyperdolichocephalic dolichocephalic mesocephalic brachycephalic hyperbrachycephalic
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"url": "http://humanphenotypes.net/metrics/cephalicindex.html"
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Tuesday, May 31, 2016
By Paul Ponce, PLS Teacher
Cruising Lago Argentino (Santa Cruz, AR)... BRRR!!!
A great way to practice English fluency is to describe things. It sounds easy, but there is always some challenge to it. So the question is: what things can learners describe?
Pictures provide great opportunities to describe things. Today on the internet we can find a lot of pictures to describe. We can also take pictures with our cameras or phones.
Recently, I was challenged by a colleague to share nature pictures for one week. I accepted the challenge. So I shared them with friends and colleagues. But then I realized something. Nature pictures provide a great opportunity to show learners how to describe things in English.
So here we go. Click!
Nature Picture 1: Miami Dolphin
Where did I take it?
I took this one off the coast of Miami.
Let’s describe the picture:
There is a dolphin swimming underwater.
The water is turquoise.
What else can you say about this picture?
Let’s look at the language:
To TAKE a photo / picture (collocation- We take photos or pictures. (We shoot video)
• I took this picture / this photo.
• I took this one.
THERE IS / THERE ARE (collocation)- Most common way to describe the existence of anything in English + followed by a verb in GERUND (ing) form
• There is someone doing something.
• There is a dolphin swimming.
TURQUOISE (Describing color in English)- When we describe a color, we use the VERB to BE followed by the color, but we do not need to use the word “color”, as in other languages.
• The water is turquoise color. (incorrect)
• The water is turquoise. (correct)
*a collocation is a group of words commonly used together to express an idea
OFF THE COAST (collocation- describes a location that is near a coastal area
Nature Picture 2: Lago Acigami
Where did I take it?
I took this picture in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina.
Let’s describe the picture:
There is a huge lake surrounded by tall mountains.
The water is completely still.
The scene is grayish blue.
What else can you say about this picture?
Let’s look at the language:
HUGE (adjective)- describes when something is very, very big
STILL (adjective) - describes when something is not moving
GRAYISH BLUE (language pattern of combined colors)- used when we talk about one color having its effect on another. We add the suffix -ish to the first color.
• blueish gray
• greenish white
• reddish brown
Nature Picture 3: Piedmontese Wine Country
Where did I take it?
I took this one in Nizza Monferrato, Italy.
Let’s describe the picture:
There are dozens of green vineyards as far as the eye can see.
It is a radiant summer day.
You can see an olive tree in the foreground.
What else can you say about this picture?
Let’s look at the language:
AS FAR AS THE EYE CAN SEE (collocation) - describes something that can be seen from near to far until it cannot be seen any more:
RADIANT (adjective) - sending out light; shining or glowing bright
YOU CAN SEE (phrase) - commonly used to indicate what is visible
FOREGROUND (noun) - refers to the things that appear closest to the camera taking the picture
Nature Picture 4: Desert by the Sea
Where did I take it?
I took this photo in Paracuru, Brazil.
Let’s describe the picture:
There is a vast desert made up of dunes down below.
There are blue skies and some clouds up above.
What else can you say about this picture?
Let’s look at the language:
VAST (adjective) - describes a great extent or quantity; something immense.
MADE UP OF (collocation) - to be composed of, be constituted of, consist in, consist of
DOWN BELOW (collocation) - located at the bottom of a determined area
UP ABOVE (collocation) - located at the top of a determined area
Nature Picture 5: Medusa, the Spotted Jellyfish
Where did I take it?
I took this one at the Aquarium of Genova, Italy.
Let’s describe the picture:
There is a spotted jellyfish shaped like a mushroom.
The jellyfish has tentacles that look like transparent curtains with flowers.
The jellyfish appears big in the picture but is actually tiny.
What else can you say about this picture?
Let’s look at the language:
LOOK LIKE (collocation) - appear like; be similar or bear a likeness to
SHAPED LIKE (collocation) - have a shape like something else
ACTUALLY (adverb) - in fact, in truth (SPANISH SPEAKERS, it does not mean "right now")
TINY (adjective) - very, very small
Nature Picture 6: The Land of Ice and Snow
Where did I take it?
I took this picture at the Perito Moreno Glacier in Santa Cruz, Argentina.
Let’s describe the picture:
There is a huge mass of ice surrounded by forests and mountains.
It reminds me of Superman's fortress of solitude.
What else can you say about this picture?
Let’s look at the language:
SURROUNDED BY (collocation) - be in the middle of
REMINDS ME OF (collocation) - used to express when one thing makes you think about something similar
Nature Picture 7: Dino Walks the Town
Where did I take it?
I took this photo in the City of Buenos Aires, near a science exhibition featuring dinosaurs.
Let’s describe the picture:
There is a silhouette of a dinosaur in front of a street corner.
There aren’t many people on the street, only a man passing by who turns to look at the dinosaur.
What else can you say about this picture?
Let’s look at the language:
SILHOUETTE (noun) the dark shape someone or something against a brighter background
FEATURING (gerund) showing
IN FRONT OF (collocation) - be positioned forward of a person or thing
PASS BY (collocation) - go past someone or something
TURN TO LOOK (collocation) - turn one's head in the direction of something
Are you READY to describe pictures in English? All you have to do now is get your camera (or phone). Take some pictures and talk (or write) about them in English to someone. See if you can USE some of the vocabulary from this post. Share your pictures and descriptions in English with friends. Have fun!
Saturday, April 30, 2016
ENGLISH & MUSIC: Larry King Interviews Prince
By Paul Ponce, PLS teacher
In language learning, one's understanding of pop culture is often as important as grammar, pronunciation, and fluency. But unlike them, pop culture is not an easy concept to define. For the sake of simplicity, we could say it is the sum of ideas, objects, notions, sounds, images, events and personalities that are well known to many people, especially in a particular culture.
However, in our interconnected world, pop culture crosses boundaries. One of the ways that it does is through music. And certain artists are particularly successful at crossing boundaries. One such artist was the late multi-talented African-American singer-songwriter, Prince.
As one of the most successful artists of all time, Prince also crossed musical boundaries between funk, soul, rock and pop and produced a powerful volume of pop hits known throughout the world throughout generations. A great stage performer, with a sensitive eye for costume and theatrics, his style was as unique as his voice. Yet what is also interesting about his voice - especially for English learners - is how calm and easy going it was when he spoke.
In 1999, CNN Talk Show host Larry King interviewed Prince in what has become his most legendary interview. At a key moment in his career, Prince talks about his background, influences, beliefs and how he views music and the industry. It provides an opportunity for a great pop culture listening exercise and allows the listener to learn more about the man behind the myth that he has become. A man, an artist and a voice who will be dearly missed.
See the ACTIVITY we recommend below:
ACTIVITY (Intermediate Learners and Above)
• If you are not familiar with Prince at all, watch his biography here.
• WATCH the 1st Segment of the INTERVIEW (Until the First Commercial)
• Take Notes on a paper or document, separating it into 2 columns (K for Larry King and P for Prince)
• Write down key ideas and phrases you hear, don't worry if it is not exact. FOCUS on the main idea.
• READ the 1st Segment of the TRANSCRIPT (Until the First Commercial) - Transcribed below.
• COMPARE your notes and complete and correct the ideas on your NOTES (try to use another color)
• MAKE NOTE of new words and expressions and search for their meaning in online dictionaries and idiom-dictionaries.
• ROLE PLAY: One participant plays Larry King, the other plays Prince
• If there are many participants, break up the interview into smaller parts or repeat a second time. Have fun with this!
• RETELL what the interview is about (the first segment) for next class.
• Orally
• Or as a written assignment
• OPTIONAL: Repeat the Activity for another segment of the interview
Larry King Interviews Prince on CNN (1999) - FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
LARRY KING, HOST: Tonight, he's rocked, he's shocked, he's been telling us to party like it's 1999 for 17 years, the artist formerly known as Prince is our guest, a music world original, next on LARRY KING LIVE.
We're back in New York tonight. Never know where we are. This is our millennium month on LARRY KING LIVE.
It's a great pleasure to have with us tonight the artist formerly known as Prince. His first album in three years has just been released. It's called "Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic." There you see the cover of the CD.
And for the artist, the obvious first question is, why three years?
THE ARTIST FORMERLY KNOWN AS PRINCE: Well, there's three things I wanted to get out of my system, mainly "The Crystal Ball Project," which was a reissue of a lot of the bootlegs that have been coming out all over the world. I am probably one of the most bootlegged artists out there. I wanted to clean that up and get the real good mixes out, let people hear what they're really supposed to sound like if ever given the chance to complete them.
KING: So that's the reason for this space of time?
THE ARTIST: Yes. We did a couple of other projects. I was working with Chaka Khan. I did an album with her, Larry Graham.
KING: She's terrific.
THE ARTIST: Yes, she is.
KING: What can an artist do about bootlegging?
THE ARTIST: What -- the best thing you can do is go back and get those mixes again and fix them up the way you always saw them completed, and then, you know, reissue them.
KING: Does the listener know if they buy one of these in Germany that this isn't what you intended?
THE ARTIST: A lot of my so-called fans do, and they actually thrive off the fact that it's stolen property, you know.
KING: You are -- you would admit to yourself, an unusual personality?
THE ARTIST: It depends.
KING: Well, let's say you're different.
THE ARTIST: As compared to what?
KING: As compared to most people in, let's say, show business, you're an unusual person. Most people don't get famous with one name and then change it, right, would you say? What's the story on that, by the way?
THE ARTIST: Well, I had to search deep within my heart and spirit, and I wanted to make a change and move to a new plateau in my life. And one of the ways in which I did that was to change my name. It sort of divorced me from the past and all the hangups that go along with it. I was -- as it's been well chronicled in deep dispute with my record label...
KING: Which is Warner Bros., right?
KING: Which owns this network, I might add, just to throw...
THE ARTIST: Oh, they do?
KING: Yes.
THE ARTIST: They -- we had some issues that were basically about ownership of the music and how often I was supposed to record and things like that. We got along otherwise. We just had came to a head in those types of...
KING: So there was no clash over what you would record or what kind of music you were singing, et cetera? None of that?
THE ARTIST: No, no creative issues whatsoever. And they were gracious enough to allow me a very wide palate to, you know, put colors onto.
KING: About the highest risk one would think someone who gets famous would take is to drop the name that got them famous.
THE ARTIST: Well, that was one of the things that I dealt with, is that I really searched deep within to find out the answer to whether fame was most important to me or my spiritual well being, and I chose the latter.
KING: Was it difficult to not be what you had become known as?
THE ARTIST: You mean...
KING: I think -- well, let's say -- the only other famous person I know who did this was Cassius Clay. He's a dear friend, and he changed his name to Muhammad Ali as heavyweight champion of the world. That was incredible to change your name. That was due to a faith belief. But he wasn't selling records. He was in the ring, as long as he won, it sold. You, though, a person in show business, is almost dependent on recognition. You stopped being Prince.
THE ARTIST: Well, I -- that's a good point. I pretty much wanted to be dependent upon God. And when you get the inner calling to do something and you know that you're being inspired by God, you pretty much know you'd better answer that call or suffer the consequences.
KING: Do you think this was God inspired as well?
THE ARTIST: I do believe, yes.
KING: Why, then, did you choose "the artist formerly known as?"
THE ARTIST: Well I didn't choose that. That was...
KING: ... chosen for you.
THE ARTIST: Yes, pretty much.
KING: What would you have chosen?
KING: I mean, did you think of a name? What is your name at birth?
THE ARTIST: My name at birth was Prince Rogers Nelson.
KING: So did you think of Nelson?
KING: Rogers?
KING: Were you thinking of a name?
THE ARTIST: No, it didn't come to me like that.
KING: So how did "the artist formerly known as" come about?
THE ARTIST: That came up through people's problem with -- mainly the media's problem with not having a pronunciation for the symbol. So they had to come up with something I guess.
KING: So "the artist formerly known as" is a media invention.
KING: Not your invention?
THE ARTIST: No, sir.
KING: You're a symbol. OK, how do you promote a symbol?
THE ARTIST: Well, what we found is throughout the world, if you hold this up and show it to people, what they think of, they will say, Prince.
KING: Obviously.
KING: So you obviously made it famous.
THE ARTIST: Yes. I think so, yes.
KING: Can you tell us what it signifies?
THE ARTIST: Well, me.
KING: No, but I mean, how you chose it. You designed it?
THE ARTIST: It's sort of come about over time. I've always morphed the female and the male symbol together.
KING: Show me again. Let me see it. Yes, and it works.
THE ARTIST: It's pretty cool. It makes for great jewelry, too.
KING: Has it been copied?
THE ARTIST: Oh, yes.
KING: Stores sell this everywhere?
THE ARTIST: Well, a lot of times, you'll find, like I say, so- called fans on the Internet, which is kind of a problem sometimes because once they use the symbol, it's as though I've endorsed whatever it is that they have for sale, and...
KING: Can you copyright that?
THE ARTIST: It is copyrighted.
KING: So you can't be ripped off by it?
KING: We've been showing it on the bottom of the screen, so that people tune in, they know who we're watching here.
KING: There it is. Look at that. See that?
THE ARTIST: All right.
KING: That's cool, right?
THE ARTIST: That's a class act. This is a...
KING: Hey, this is CNN, man. We don't fool around.
We'll be right back with the artist formerly known as Prince. We're going to talk about his album, his extraordinary life. We'll be taking your phone calls as well. He's got a concert coming up. And the album "Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic" is now out. Don't bootleg it -- buy it.
We'll be right back.
KING: We're back with the artist. And the new album is "Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic." And he now calls himself "the artist." In print, however, it is just a symbol. We gave him the name. He -- one traces early life an incredible story. But you live in Spain, right?
THE ARTIST: I like to say that I live in the world but I am not of it. I travel a lot. I call Spain home now. I also have a home in Minnesota.
KING: Still in Minnesota?
KING: Roots?
KING: Why Spain?
THE ARTIST: I -- what I found that I like most is from 2:00 to 5:00, everything just shuts down. So...
KING: Siesta -- Fiesta -- siesta.
THE ARTIST: Yes. And everybody just chills and they take a moment just to gather their senses. I think, you know, we probably need to do that here in America sometimes.
KING: Let's -- so in other words, at 2:00 every afternoon you stop doing whatever you're doing?
THE ARTIST: Well, there's no stores and shopping and things like that. All that shuts down and just allows everybody a chance to just regroup and, you know, think about life.
KING: Do you still have a fondness for Minneapolis?
THE ARTIST: Oh, yes, absolutely.
KING: What was it like growing up there? Aren't many blacks in Minneapolis, right? I was talking to Dave Winfield the other night, one percent maybe.
THE ARTIST: Yes, it was interesting for me because I grew up getting a wider array of music. I grew up with Santana and Larry Graham and Fleetwood Mac, all kinds of different things, you know? So that was -- that was very cool.
KING: Good place to grow up?
THE ARTIST: Yes, sir.
KING: You had a rough childhood, didn't you?
THE ARTIST: In some respects.
KING: Did that affect your music?
THE ARTIST: I don't think so, no. I -- I think it probably helped me to look inside to know that I had to do for self, you know?
KING: You had a rough time with parents -- I mean, that's all resolved now, but your father -- you had a rough time with your father, right?
THE ARTIST: I wouldn't call it "rough." I mean, he was a very strict disciplinarian, but all fathers were. I learned the difference between right and wrong, so I don't -- I don't consider it so rough.
KING: Would you look back and say you're glad he was that way?
THE ARTIST: Well, you know, as I go through this journey, I don't look back much at all. I try to stay in the now and live in the now. I think it keeps you young.
KING: So you're not a reminiscencer?
KING: When did you...
THE ARTIST: Is that a word, Larry?
KING: No, I invented it. Maybe it's my new symbol -- inventing words.
THE ARTIST: It's hipper, brother, so I know. I like to learn, but you know...
KING: When -- good -- good point. When did you decide music would be a career?
THE ARTIST: Well, I -- I learned early on this was what I wanted to do, maybe about 12 years old I knew that this is what I would want to do the rest of my life, yes.
KING: You knew it then?
KING: And how -- what burst you on the scene? How did the world get to know Prince, the then Prince?
THE ARTIST: Well -- by the way, I'm still Prince. I just use a different sound for my name, which is none.
KING: But it's hard not to refer to you. It's hard to call you uh.
THE ARTIST: It's cool. It's cool.
KING: You're understanding of this plight we're faced with.
THE ARTIST: Oh, yes, no problem.
KING: Thank you.
THE ARTIST: What was the question?
KING: The question was -- good, you threw me. I forgot the question. The question -- what was the question? I just asked a question. I forgot the question.
THE ARTIST: You were saying how much you love live television.
KING: Yes. That wasn't the question, though. No, the question was, how did you get famous? How did you -- how did the world get to know you? What happened? Was it a record, an appearance, something?
THE ARTIST: Well, it started with a lot of appearances I was doing in and about Minneapolis. And word just spread about...
KING: So you were a local man?
THE ARTIST: Yes -- what I could do. And then I was taken out to Los Angeles by my first manager, whose name escapes me. And other people started getting to see what I could do.
KING: And then did you have a hit record?
THE ARTIST: No, we were just talking about making one right at that point.
KING: And what burst it for you?
KING: What did it for you?
THE ARTIST: The song?
KING: Yes.
THE ARTIST: The song was called "Soft and Wet."
KING: And that...
THE ARTIST: That was the first.
KING: ... immediately became a hit, and you were known?
THE ARTIST: Quietly, but a lot of people knew about me because I was -- I used Stevie Wonder as an inspiration, whom I look up to a great deal just for the way that he crafted music and his connection to the spirit. And, boy, back then I used him as a role model in trying to play all the instruments and be very self-contained and keep my vision clear. So word spread very quickly about what I could do. A lot of people knew about it.
KING: How would you describe your music? What idiom would you put it in?
THE ARTIST: The only thing I could think of, because I really don't like categories, but the only thing I could think of is inspirational. And I think music that is from the heart falls right into that category, people who really feel what it is that they're doing. And ultimately all music is or can be inspirational. And it's -- that's why it's so important to let your gift be guided by something more clear, you know?
KING: The thing is, we don't know -- you think you know where that gift comes from?
THE ARTIST: Oh, yes, absolutely.
KING: We're going to talk about that in a minute.
We're going to see as we break -- here's a portion of a video from that brand-new album "Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic."
Our guest is the artist.
KING: By the way, all of those things that you just saw, the -- the videos they do you do in your own studio in Minneapolis? THE ARTIST: A good portion of them.
KING: So we don't think of L.A., Nashville, all these hotspot New York places. Minneapolis gets it done, too.
THE ARTIST: Minneapolis has always been the bomb. You don't have to go outside of that.
KING: Where does your inspiration come from?
THE ARTIST: I like to believe that my inspiration comes from God and that...
KING: Did you always believe that?
THE ARTIST: No. As you grow older, you learn and you start to -- you get smarter, yes.
KING: Because you were once kind of raucous, right? Right? I mean, you would say you were, well, not anti-spiritual. You certainly would not think of you as a great believing soul.
KING: True or not?
THE ARTIST: I don't believe that to be true.
KING: Always were?
THE ARTIST: I have always known that God was my creator and that without him, boy, nothing works. It works to a point, and then it just kind of deteriorates. Entropy takes place.
KING: When bad things have happened to you, do you blame him?
THE ARTIST: Absolutely not, no.
KING: How do you explain -- how do you resolve it in yourself?
THE ARTIST: I learn from it. And I don't wallow in it. I don't spend time in a place. I let myself move on, you know? Right today, I could sit and say, I have animosity towards...
KING: ... a record company.
THE ARTIST: Yes, a company that owns the rights to my work, you know. They're businessmen. They're doing what it is that makes their business successful, and I also am allowed to do things that make my business successful. And for me, that would be to own my work. So I just chose to step away from that. And knowing that, I sent a nice letter to the president -- then-president because they changed a lot weekly during that time, and I told him that I loved him, and that, you know, I was glad that I had this experience, you know.
KING: So you would say, even though we don't like to look back, that dispute turns out now to be an experience that worked for you?
THE ARTIST: Well , I think my understanding of it is what worked for me. I don't consider it proper that my creations belong to someone else. I can go up to a little kid on the street and say, do you know that I don't own "Purple Rain," and they're appalled by that. So my understanding of it is what pretty much...
KING: Do you still not own "Purple Rain?"
THE ARTIST: No, I'll have to rerecord it to own a new master copy of the -- we've done that with the song "1999." There is a new master recording of it.
KING: I want to ask you about that and how you looked ahead when "1999" came out in the early '80s.
We'll be right back with the artist formerly known as Prince. We'll be including your phone calls at the bottom of the hour. Don't go away.
KING: I know you're going to do a pay-per-view special the year 2000. It's going to air New Year's, and you say that's the last time you're ever going to play "1999," right?
THE ARTIST: Yes, sir.
KING: Tell me the origin of that. How -- what were you thinking in 1980 -- what was it -- '2?
KING: Dick Clark just rated it one of the 10 greatest songs of the millennium.
KING: Great records of the millennium. Did you have any idea it would be as, one, prophetic as it was and as successful as it was?
THE ARTIST: Not to sound arrogant, but there was a point during rehearsal, we were working on it, and the song was going to be sung in a three-part harmony like Sly and The Family Stone's song, and I -- we all got together, and we started singing it and it wasn't really working, so what we did is I said, all right, you sing your harmony for the first part, then you sing your harmony for the second part, and I'll sing my harmony for the third. And it broke. When that breakup happened like that and everybody got their part separated, then I knew we had something real special.
KING: Are you surprised at how long it has been around?
THE ARTIST: Well, I've been around for a while, so.
KING: But I mean, now 1999 is here. Were you right?
THE ARTIST: Well, when you listen to the music, there are a lot of people running around kind of Y2K-ing it, and we just kind of chilling and studying...
KING: Are you worried about Y2K?
THE ARTIST: No, sir.
KING: Not at all?
KING: Some computer is going to go wrong -- you'll fly?
THE ARTIST: I don't worry about too much anyway.
KING: You don't?
KING: Did you ever? When you had disputes, arguments with record companies, taking a stand, were you a worrier?
THE ARTIST: No, I think once I started writing "slave" on my face, I pretty much knew the outcome. I mean, you have to understand that that word on one's face pretty much changes the dynamic of any meeting that you're in when they see it.
KING: How did people react to you when they did see it?
THE ARTIST: Well, the record company didn't really say too much. They just kind of -- all right, what's the business at hand today, you know, and that was it.
KING: We'll take a break and we'll come back with the artist formerly known as Prince.
You have got a concert coming up?
THE ARTIST: Yes, sir.
KING: Where?
THE ARTIST: It's going to be from our sound stage at Paisley Park. And you need to come. It's going to be off the chart.
KING: When is it?
THE ARTIST: Well, it's going to be on the 18th.
KING: Why do we have to -- we can't announce when it is?
THE ARTIST: No, because it's going to air on...
KING: Oh, it's going to air, I see.
First secret I ever -- feel like I am doing the old game show.
We'll be back with the artist formerly known as Prince.
Don't forget the concert. It's on -- don't go away.
KING: His pay-per-view concert will air New Year's Eve for only $19.99. That's as low as you get on pay-per-view. And you can order it from In Demand. A lot of guest stars on this show?
THE ARTIST: Oh, yes. I just spoke with Lenny Kravitz. He's going to come jam with us. We have got Maceo Parker, Larry Graham, the Family Stone, trying to get Sly out of his crib so he'll come down. Who else? Mavis Staples. She is going to do a couple of numbers.
KING: The great Larry Graham is going to join us at the end of the show. He's maybe the greatest bass player in the world, certainly one of the best.
THE ARTIST: Well, if you ask me...
KING: Legends live.
KING: You are now what, 42 years old?
THE ARTIST: So they tell me. I don't...
KING: Do you feel 42?
THE ARTIST: No, no, I don't count birthdays.
KING: You don't celebrate them either?
KING: No happy birthday, "the," right? OK, let's take call, St. Louis for the artist formerly known as Prince -- hello.
CALLER: Hi, how are you?
KING: Fine.
CALLER: Good. I have been a friend since '78. My favorite cut on the "Rave" album is "So Far So Pleased," and I wanted to know what inspired you to add this to "Rave" because it seems like it's really different from the rest of the cut, so I just want to know.
THE ARTIST: I think my love of rock music and living in Minneapolis, I am always going to have my guitar in the mix somewhere. And my -- the chance that I got to work with Gwen Stefani, I wanted something that she sounded really cool on so I put that on there.
KING: Has a lot of music affected you, like do you like jazz music?
THE ARTIST: Oh, yes, sir, Miles Davis I learned a lot from. I learned a lot about space from Miles. Space is a sound too, and it can be used very inventively if...
KING: He was also technically a great player, was he not?
THE ARTIST: So they say, yes.
KING: The "Purple Rain" concept, autobiographical?
THE ARTIST: Semi, yes. Albert Magnoli wrote that, the script for that. My whole thing was to -- I really wanted to chronicle the life I was living at the time, which was in a area that had a lot of great talent and a lot of rivalries. The time -- and I forgot to mention, they will be on the pay-per-view special. You have got to see them now, they're crazy. So I wanted to chronicle that vibe of my life.
KING: Were you surprised at its success? (UNINTELLIGIBLE) maybe you weren't, maybe you knew you had something.
THE ARTIST: Well, you know, you can kind of get a feel. There was no movie out like that at the time. That's what I tend to do in all the things that I do is, you know, the idea with art and inspiration is to try to let it grow and move forward. If there's stagnation, you can always come with something and cut through the maze.
KING: So do you sense that you're different in that regard? Certainly, you are unique.
THE ARTIST: Yes, my music, I think, is different, yes.
KING: Cambridge, hello.
CALLER: Hello.
CALLER: Hi. What a pleasure it is to see you in an interview situation.
THE ARTIST: What a pleasure to be seen.
KING: He doesn't do many.
CALLER: I know, I know, it's great, I am having a great time watching this. I am a huge fan, and I have been for a long time.
THE ARTIST: Thank you.
CALLER: Since you have been called Prince, and the artist formerly known as, and the artist, and the symbol. And I can't help but wonder, what do your friends call you? What do your closest friends call you?
KING: Good question -- meet you on the street, OK, what do they say?
THE ARTIST: OK, Larry calls me baby brother, Mayte calls me honey. Let's see, my enemies call me squiggle, and, you know, all kinds of crazy.
KING: What do you call your -- let's say you call me. Hello? What do you say? This is who?
THE ARTIST: I don't say that too much.
KING: What would you say? You must make some -- do you ever call anyone?
THE ARTIST: Very seldom, I don't like telephones.
KING: You don't?
KING: So it's rare that you hit a button and dial a number?
THE ARTIST: Usually, the people that I call are people that are -- that I'm close to, and they know my voice.
KING: What does Mayte call you?
THE ARTIST: Honey -- she never really calls me Prince.
KING: She never -- even when you were Prince?
THE ARTIST: Yes, she never...
KING: There she is. How is she doing?
THE ARTIST: Oh, perfect.
KING: She is in Spain? THE ARTIST: No, she's in Miami now. She's visiting her mother.
KING: So on the "Purple Rain" thing, you could say you expected it? Not surprised that it went as well as it did?
THE ARTIST: I expected it because, I think, because there was, like I said, there was nothing out like it at the time -- and if only for Morris Day's performance. I thought he was incredible in it. And the music -- we were at a very good place musically. Right today I feel like I could put together something equally as interesting, and it would be as successful if the right people are getting paid. You know, that may sound strange, but this is a business, and when people are involved in it, you have successes, you know? And I understand that, and I knew there would be times where records wouldn't sell as much when I got away from those particular people, but I was cool with that because success pretty much is what you make it to be.
KING: So you're saying, then, you do need the suits, so to speak?
THE ARTIST: It depends on what you gauge success to be. I...
KING: What do you? Is financial your gauge word?
THE ARTIST: No, not so much because once I do the music, it's a success there. I mean, that's it for me. Now, on the selling tip, for example, if an album goes down the chart, that isn't something I can control. I just did the music, you know?
KING: But you want people to tune in New Year's Eve. You would like to have a lot of people call In Demand and order to see you. You're want -- you are an artist, you want to be seen.
THE ARTIST: Yes, but if it's an auditing situation where I don't know how many people are actually tuning in, it's not something I can control. They can actually say anything to me, right?
KING: Correct. And you go -- you have to go -- trust?
THE ARTIST: Oh, that's why contracts don't work. They're not based in trust.
KING: Do you therefore -- have you lost, even as a spiritual person, lost trust in people?
THE ARTIST: Oh, no, no. I have lost trust in contracts. I don't believe in contracts.
KING: Do you have a contract for the pay-per-view night? Or a shaking hand, or...
THE ARTIST: I'm not certain. I can go check, but...
KING: But you're not into them?
THE ARTIST: I'm not into them, really.
KING: Our guest is the artist. We'll be back with more phone calls at the end of the program. We'll are going to meet the great bassist Larry Graham as well.
THE ARTIST: Yay, yay. Sorry.
KING: "The" is applauding. We -- he never calls anybody, weird though. Hello? No one's there. We'll be right back with more phone calls. If we take two or three more, we'll break a record here. Don't go away.
KING: A lot of people were telling me today -- I was just telling the artist -- that, boy, you're going to have the artist on for an hour? it's going to be very hard because he's very hard to talk to. Now you're not hard to talk to. Where did this reputation begin that you are difficult, do you think? I imagine you're not hearing it here for the first time.
THE ARTIST: Probably where all reputations begin. I think the media plays a big part in one's perception of me. Until one actually sits down and talks to me they can't really know me.
KING: Well, should you have been more public? Should you have done more of things like this?
THE ARTIST: No, I kind of did what I wanted to do. I wanted my music, as even now, to speak loudest for me.
KING: But you -- you're not uncomfortable here, are you?
THE ARTIST: No, not at all.
KING: But the reputation is that you would be. How do you fight that other than by counteracting it?
THE ARTIST: Well, I -- I'm not -- I don't think in terms of fighting. I'm not -- I don't think that you win anything by fighting. I'm the type of person that likes to look at things for exactly the way they are. And...
KING: Do you get angry? You're a perfectionist musically, right?
KING: You must get angry then?
THE ARTIST: I use my anger with humor. I have a way of being very stern, but I always find the irony in it, and I always make it funny. I make it funny for myself and the person that I'm...
KING: So the person you're directing it at is not humbled or made to feel less than a human.
THE ARTIST: Well, no one can make you feel anything. You pretty much are going to fall in there if you, you know, aren't spiritually based.
KING: How do you handle that aspect of the media which has often given you trouble, the tabloids?
THE ARTIST: I don't have trouble with anybody.
KING: You don't? Do you read them?
KING: Do you hear about them?
THE ARTIST: Very seldom.
KING: Do you think any part of a personality's private life is our business? Do you think your marriage is our business?
THE ARTIST: Well, you know, I'm like this. My music is my music. That's pretty much what you come to the party for.
KING: Naturally.
THE ARTIST: If I give you something else, that's me giving you something else. If you seek something else, then there's something inside of you that's lacking, I would think. So I think that personal actually means personal.
KING: But do you wonder why the public wants to know? Don't wonder?
KING: Are you interested in the personal lives of other people?
THE ARTIST: Let's see, Michael Jordan? Let's see, who...
KING: Yes, are you interested in -- Michael Jordan, you're a big fan of Michael Jordan.
THE ARTIST: Big fan of Michael Jordan.
KING: Are you interested in how his marriage goes?
KING: No. Interested in how he gets along with his children?
KING: You know what...
THE ARTIST: I'm just interested in how he gets along with that rim.
KING: Well said.
We'll be back with more of the artist formerly known as Prince. This is LARRY KING LIVE.
Ted Turner Monday.
Don't go away.
KING: Don't forget, New Year's Eve special with the artist on pay-per-view. Before we take a break and meet Larry Graham, let's take another call. Houston, hello.
CALLER: Hi, pleasure to talk to you, sir. I've always known you to be -- I've always known you to be a spiritual and God-loving person, and I've always respected that and your music. And I've known that you've always thanked God on every one of your CDs, and that has inspired me all of my life. I love God myself.
KING: I can't -- we lost that. What? Oh, I'm sorry. We lost the call.
THE ARTIST: I can finish it for her.
KING: What was your earliest inspiration, she asked. That was...
THE ARTIST: I was discussing this with Larry today, and we were just discussing the word "inspiration" and where we think it originated from.
KING: And?
THE ARTIST: And ultimately, you know, if you go back, your father may inspire you, and then your father, his father inspired him, and his father may have inspired him.
KING: So eventually we get to Adam.
THE ARTIST: Yes, eventually. Adam had a father.
THE ARTIST: Yes. Inspiration comes from God. That's the original source. And so to use your gift in a creative fashion, that's the best thing you can do.
KING: We're going to take a break and come back, and we'll be joined to finish the program by one of the great bassists of all time. He now is the bassist with the artist -- the great Larry Graham will join us right after this.
KING: You'll see the artist in a great concert, an all-star concert on New Year's Eve. And in that concert will be his bassist, the great Larry Graham.
How did you hook up with this? Why are you part of "the" concert?
THE ARTIST: We got a new name. Wait a minute, now.
KING: What else would -- what do you want to be called?
THE ARTIST: There go the media again.
KING: OK, you name it. Tune in for what?
How did you hook up with him?
LARRY GRAHAM, BASSIST: Well actually, just let me say something right quick before we get into that. Thank you for having me on the show. And I have watched many of your shows, and I think you're a great person. The pictures you just showed me of your little baby just blew me away. Congratulation on that.
KING: Little Chance -- you like him, too?
GRAHAM: Oh, yes. But thanks for having me here. I've watched many of your shows. I think you're wonderful, and I thought about what am I going to wear? So I think I'll let Larry King inspire my attire. This is my Larry King look.
KING: The King look. Well, we're close on time, so tell me how you got together.
GRAHAM: We were in Nashville, and I was playing a concert at the smaller venue and baby brother was playing a concert at the larger venue, and he found out I was there, called me, and said, hey, we're going to have a jam session tonight after the show, would you like to come? And so I went, and we walked into the club. And my wife reached in her purse and pulled out my fuzz peddle and my chords...
THE ARTIST: There's love. That's love.
GRAHAM: ... and hooked me up. And that was the first time we got a chance to play together. And that night, we said everything that we never got a chance to say to each other over the years. We talked through our music. And when that night was finished, I knew so much more about him and he knew so much more about me, and we connected from then on. And after that, you know, he said, well, I am going to be going on tour, would you join me? And we did one show, then another show, then another show.
KING: How important is the bass?
THE ARTIST: Oh, man, the bass is -- that's it. It's b-a-s-e not b-a-s-s. That's a fish.
KING: Good point. How good is he?
THE ARTIST: That's -- man, he's taught me so much about respecting one another, musicians listening to one another, and just the sound of his bass is -- it's undeniable.
KING: How good -- you're putting your jacket on, you're cold, huh?
GRAHAM: Yes, it's cold.
KING: We might tell the audience.
GRAHAM: Yes, it's freezing in here.
KING: This is above and beyond -- it's purple heart night.
GRAHAM: And don't want my voice to start shaking and (UNINTELLIGIBLE) think I'm nervous.
KING: We're almost out of time. How great is he?
GRAHAM: Well I'll tell you this, the greatest musician that I have worked with. because I've worked with other musicians that were great, but they didn't allow me to really have the freedom that I needed to be able to give them all that I could give them. With baby brother, he allows me the freedom to give all that I can give, and as a result, what we're doing now, when you hear it, you can see that it's coming from the heart, which is why we're touching hearts.
KING: Unselfish.
THE ARTIST: Totally unselfish.
KING: Great pleasure meeting you.
GRAHAM: Thank you.
THE ARTIST: I'm honored, and wait -- let me show this ring to folks. Put the ring up there. Look at that ring.
GRAHAM: It says "Graham." That's in case I forget my name.
KING: And those are diamonds. And thank you, little brother.
THE ARTIST: All right.
GRAHAM: Baby brother.
KING: We hope you enjoyed tonight's edition of LARRY KING LIVE. We certainly did. Thanks for joining us. We're going to leave you with a nice shot here. Watch.
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Non Verbal Reasoning Quiz For SBI,SSC CGL,Railway,IBPS Exams
Eight friends A, B, C, D, P, Q, R and S are sitting in two circles in such a manner that each member of the inner circle sits exactly opposite the member of the outer circle. The members sitting in the outer circle are P, Q, R and S and all of them are facing towards the center while the members of the inner circle are A, B, C and D and they are facing away from the center. Each of them likes a different color, viz Red, Yellow, blue, Green, White, Black, orange and Purple, but not necessarily in the same order.
D likes neither Yellow nor White and faces R, who likes neither Black nor Purple. The person who likes Orange faces the person who likes Red. A, who likes Green, faces the immediate neighbor of the person who likes Blue. R sits second to the left of S the persons who like White and Red are in separate circles. The person who likes Black sits on the immediate left of S. Q, who does not like Blue, does not face A The persons who like Black and Purple are immediate neighbors, and one of them faces B, who likes Yellow. The persons who like Orange and Green sit in the same circle but they are not immediate neighbors.
1. Who among the following likes White?
A) R
B) P
C) C
D) B
E) Can’t be determined.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) Can’t be determined.
3. P likes which of the following colors?
A) Red
B) White
C) Black
D) Blue
E) Either Blue or Purple.
A) Red
B) Black
C) Purple
D) Yellow
E) None of these.
A) He is on the immediate left of the person who likes Green.
B) He faces the person who likes Green.
C) He is not facing the person who likes Green.
D) The person sitting opposite him likes Yellow.
E) None of these
Give answer.
A) if only conclusion I follows.
B) if only conclusion II follows.
C) if either conclusion I or II follows.
D) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
E) if both conclusions I and II follow.
No tiger is a cat.
I. No animal is a tiger.
II. Some tigers are animals.
7. Statements: Some places are cities.
Some villages are places.
Some places are cool.
I. Some villages being cool is a possibility.
II. Some villages are cities.
All diamonds are graphite.
No graphite is carbon.
8. Conclusions:
I. No coal is carbon.
II. No diamond is carbon.
9. Conclusions:
I. All graphite’s are diamonds.
II. All coals are graphite.
10. Statements: Some fruits are plants.
No plant is a tree.
No flower is a fruit.
I. All fruits can never be trees.
II. Some flowers are plants.
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. D
5. B
6. A
7. A
8. E
9. B
10. A
Non Verbal Reasoning Quiz For SBI,SSC CGL,Railway,IBPS Exams Non Verbal Reasoning Quiz For SBI,SSC CGL,Railway,IBPS Exams Reviewed by SSC IBPS on 12:10:00 Rating: 5
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Plasmids 101: Introduction to FRET
Click to Download the Fluorescent Proteins 101 eBook
What is this FRET You Speak of?
Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) was originally described by Theodor Förster in 1948 as a variation of the more commonly observed light emission by fluorescence. The widespread use of FRET with fluorescent molecules, including fluorescent proteins, has led to the alternative acronym Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. Unlike the typical excitation and emission of an excited fluorophore, FRET involves a non-radiative transfer of energy (i.e. no emitted photons) from the excited donor fluorophore to the acceptor fluorophore. The typical steps in FRET are:
1. Donor fluorophore excitation by absorption of a photon
2. Energy transfer from the excited donor directly to the acceptor fluorophore--think of it as a virtual photon
3. Relaxation of the acceptor fluorophore back to its ground state by emission of a photon with wavelength specific to the acceptor
FRET Spectral Overlap-01.pngIn order for FRET to occur several constraints must be met. The donor and acceptor fluorophores must be compatible, such that the emission spectrum of the donor fluorophore overlaps with the excitation spectrum of the acceptor fluorophore. Otherwise the energy transferred from the donor will not be able to excite the acceptor. In addition to sufficient spectral overlap, the fluorophores must be located within 1-10nm of each other and be oriented appropriately for energy transfer via dipole-dipole interaction.
The efficiency of FRET can be measured for a given donor-acceptor pair and a change in FRET efficiency correlates with a change in the distance and/or orientation of the FRET pair. Since many biological processes occur within the typical FRET range, FRET efficiency is used to infer an interaction between the fluorophores and serves as a small-scale ruler to measure distances that are too miniscule for conventional light microscopy.
Don't FRET - Use These FRET Resources Instead!
As the choice of fluorophore pairs is a key consideration for a FRET experiment, the possibilities can seem overwhelming given the large assortment of fluorescent proteins available. Fortunately, several excellent reviews have collated data from various papers to make the decision easier.
1. Müller, Sara M., et al. "Quantification of Förster resonance energy transfer by monitoring sensitized emission in living plant cells." (2013). PubMed PMID: 24194740. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3810607.
2. Bajar, Bryce T., et al. "A Guide to Fluorescent Protein FRET Pairs." Sensors 16.9 (2016): 1488. PubMed PMID: 27649177. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5038762.
3. George Abraham, Bobin., et al. "Fluorescent protein based FRET pairs with improved dynamic range for fluorescence lifetime measurements." PloS one 10.8 (2015): e0134436. PubMed PMID: 26237400. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4523203.
Intermolecular FRET BiosensorMany empty vectors containing these fluorescent proteins are available on our FRET Resource page and can be used to create fusions with a gene of interest. These plasmids will be most useful for constructing intermolecular FRET probes, where the donor and acceptor fluorophores are fused to two separate proteins. (In contrast, intramolecular FRET probes contain the donor and acceptor fluorophore on the same protein and are useful when a process affects the conformation of the probe. More on these biosensors later on). Experiments using intermolecular FRET probes are typically used for studying protein-protein interactions by measuring the change in FRET efficiency, from which conclusions regarding the proximity of the two proteins can be inferred.
Intermolecular FRET can be experimentally difficult to achieve, because the ratio of acceptor to donor fusions varies with transfection efficiency and any unpaired fluorescent proteins can contribute additional noise to the measurement. If the distance or orientation of the donor and acceptor proteins is not optimal, FRET may not occur or be detected even if the two proteins form a complex.
Intramolecular FRET BiosensorTo help troubleshoot your experimental setup as a potential source of error in suboptimal or undetectable FRET, well-characterized FRET reference standards can be used to validate FRET measurements and serve as a type of positive control. In the case of an unfavorable donor-acceptor orientation limiting FRET efficiency, circular permutation (Baird et al., 1999) of the fluorescent protein (i.e. rearranging the start and end positions without changing the order of the amino acids in the protein) may be able to boost FRET efficiency.
Before constructing your own FRET probe, try searching PubMed for articles describing the FRET tool that you are looking for and check our curated list of biosensors too, as another laboratory may have already created the sensor that you need. FRET biosensors designed to measure specific small biomolecules or gene activity are often intramolecular probes, as the linker sequence between the donor and acceptor is sensitive to a change in the environment which alters the FRET efficiency. Detecting certain cellular changes with an intermolecular probe is often either impractical (for biomolecules that are not proteins) or would perturb the endogenous state that you want to measure (overexpressing a gene or protein after transfection).
Future of FRET
The first genetically encoded FRET biosensor, Cameleon (Miyawaki et al., 1997), was designed to measure intracellular calcium and published in 1997. Since that time, numerous advances in probe design, fluorescent proteins and microscopy equipment have enhanced the ability of labs to answer sophisticated questions about cellular processes. Currently, FRET experiments can probe protein-protein interactions, measure the concentration or activity of small molecules, detect cellular processes and signaling cascades, quantify mechanical tension (a molecular “spring”) (Meng et al., 2008), and monitor neuronal activity (voltage sensors), to name a few.
Find Many FRET-Based Biosensors on Addgene's Biosensor Pages
Recent innovations have demonstrated the use of single-molecule FRET for imaging biomolecules in live cells (Sustarsic and Kapanidis 2015), which may lead to monitoring of these processes in live animals (Hirata and Kiyokawa 2016), and molecular tension microscopy (MTM), which could monitor physical stresses or even apply forces (Gayrard and Borghi 2016) to a selected protein. Overcoming current limitations to permit the use of multiple FRET biosensors simultaneously would further increase the amount of correlated information available from a cellular process. FRET experiments are expected to continue to contribute to our understanding of diseases and even assist in drug discovery.
1. Baird, Geoffrey S., et al. "Circular permutation and receptor insertion within green fluorescent proteins." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96.20 (1999): 11241-11246. PubMed PMID: 10500161. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC18018.
2. Miyawaki, Atsushi, et al. "Fluorescent indicators for Ca2+ based on green fluorescent proteins and calmodulin." Nature 388.6645 (1997): 882. PubMed PMID: 9278050.
3. Meng, Fanjie, et al. "A fluorescence energy transfer‐based mechanical stress sensor for specific proteins in situ." FEBS journal 275.12 (2008): 3072-3087. PubMed PMID: 18479457. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2396198.
4. Sustarsic, Marko, and Kapanidis, Achillefs N. "Taking the ruler to the jungle: Single-molecule FRET for understanding biomolecular structure and dynamics in live cells." Current opinion in structural biology 34 (2015): 52-59. PubMed PMID: 26295172.
5. Hirata, Eishu, and Kiyokawa, Etsuko. "Future Perspective of Single-Molecule FRET Biosensors and Intravital FRET Microscopy." Biophysical Journal 111.6 (2016): 1103-1111. PubMed PMID: 27475975.
6. Gayrard, Charlène, and Borghi, Nicolas. "FRET-based molecular tension microscopy." Methods 94 (2016): 33-42. PubMed PMID: 26210398.
Additional Resources on the Addgene Blog
Additional Resources on
Topics: Fluorescent Proteins, Plasmids 101
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Definitions of vacation
1. leisure time away from work devoted to rest or pleasure; "we get two weeks of vacation every summer"; "we took a short holiday in Puerto Rico" Scrapingweb Dictionary DB
2. The act of vacating; a making void or of no force; as, the vacation of an office or a charter. Webster Dictionary DB
3. Intermission of a stated employment, procedure, or office; a period of intermission; rest; leisure. Webster Dictionary DB
4. Intermission of judicial proceedings; the space of time between the end of one term and the beginning of the next; nonterm; recess. Webster Dictionary DB
5. The intermission of the regular studies and exercises of an educational institution between terms; holidays; as, the spring vacation. Webster Dictionary DB
6. The time when an office is vacant; esp. (Eccl.), the time when a see, or other spiritual dignity, is vacant. Webster Dictionary DB
7. The act of making empty or leaving without an occupant; a making void; a short or long interruption in work or business; as, he took only a day's vacation; a period of leisure or rest; a holiday. The Winston Simplified Dictionary. By William Dodge Lewis, Edgar Arthur Singer. Published 1919.
8. A vacating or making void, or invalid: freedom from duty, etc.: recess: break in the sittings of law-courts: school and college holidays. The american dictionary of the english language. By Daniel Lyons. Published 1899.
9. Act of vacating; intermission of duty; recess. The Clarendon dictionary. By William Hand Browne, Samuel Stehman Haldeman. Published 1894.
10. An intermission; period of recreation. The Concise Standard Dictionary of the English Language. By James Champlin Fernald. Published 1919.
11. Act of making void; intermission of a stated employment; intermission of judicial proceedings; the recess between one term and another; the intermission of regular studies and exercises of a college or seminary; the time when a see or other spiritual dignity is vacant; leisure. Nuttall's Standard dictionary of the English language. By Nuttall, P.Austin. Published 1914.
12. Act of making void; the intermission of judicial proceedings; interruption for a time of regular studies at a college or school; intermission of any stated employment. Etymological and pronouncing dictionary of the English language. By Stormonth, James, Phelp, P. H. Published 1874.
What are the misspellings for vacation?
Usage examples for vacation
1. I confess I'm hungry for a message from the outside world; and during the school vacation we can get away once in a while to enjoy ourselves." – The Captain of the Gray-Horse Troop by Hamlin Garland
2. He wants me to go West for a vacation – The Story of Wool by Sara Ware Bassett
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verb (used with object), cra·dled, cra·dling.
verb (used without object), cra·dled, cra·dling.
to lie in or as if in a cradle.
to cut grain with a cradle scythe.
rob the cradle, Informal. to marry, court, or date a person much younger than oneself.
Origin of cradle
before 1000; Middle English cradel, Old English cradol; akin to Old High German cratto basket
Related formscra·dler, nounun·cra·dled, adjective
Synonyms for cradle Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2019
Examples from the Web for cradle
Contemporary Examples of cradle
Historical Examples of cradle
British Dictionary definitions for cradle
a baby's bed with enclosed sides, often with a hood and rockers
a place where something originates or is nurtured during its early lifethe cradle of civilization
the earliest period of lifethey knew each other from the cradle
a frame, rest, or trolley made to support or transport a piece of equipment, aircraft, ship, etc
a platform, cage, or trolley, in which workmen are suspended on the side of a building or ship
the part of a telephone on which the handset rests when not in use
a holder connected to a computer allowing data to be transferred from a PDA, digital camera, etc
another name for creeper (def. 5)
1. a framework of several wooden fingers attached to a scythe to gather the grain into bunches as it is cut
2. a scythe equipped with such a cradle; cradle scythe
3. a collar of wooden fingers that prevents a horse or cow from turning its head and biting itself
Also called: rocker a boxlike apparatus for washing rocks, sand, etc, containing gold or gem stones
engraving a tool that produces the pitted surface of a copper mezzotint plate before the design is engraved upon it
a framework used to prevent the bedclothes from touching a sensitive part of an injured person
from the cradle to the grave throughout life
(tr) to rock or place in or as if in a cradle; hold tenderly
(tr) to nurture in or bring up from infancy
(tr) to replace (the handset of a telephone) on the cradle
to reap (grain) with a cradle scythe
(tr) to wash (soil bearing gold, etc) in a cradle
lacrosse to keep (the ball) in the net of the stick, esp while running with it
Derived Formscradler, noun
Word Origin for cradle
Old English cradol; related to Old High German kratto basket
Word Origin and History for cradle
c.1200, cradel, from Old English cradol "little bed, cot," from Proto-Germanic *kradulas "basket" (cf. Old High German kratto, krezzo "basket," German Krätze "basket carried on the back"). Cat's cradle is from 1768. Cradle-snatching "amorous pursuit of younger person" is 1925, U.S. slang.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
cradle in Medicine
A frame used to keep the bedclothes from pressing on an injured part.
Idioms and Phrases with cradle
see from the cradle to the grave; rob the cradle.
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Tick Tack Toe
Create a simple TTT game
1. Consider the game Tic Tac Toe. How could a game be represented? Represent as a two dimensional array of char.
2. Manually create a Tic Tac Toe board on the screen with the following:
X O
X O
O X
3. Write a function "void displayBoard(char board[][3])" to display a Tic Tac Toe game state.
4. Write a function "void nextMove(char player, char board[][3])" to ask a user for the row and column of a move. player will be 'X' or 'Y', and the program will check is the move is legal.
5. Write a main program to allow two plays to play, starting with a blank board, and alternating between X and O turns.
6. Write a routine "bool checkDone(char board[][3], char& winner)" to check for winner. Return true if there is a winner, and return winner ("X" or "O") in winner.
Topic revision: r2 - 2017-10-02 - JimSkon
Ideas, requests, problems regarding TWiki? Send feedback
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The difference between the homes of the wealthy and of the poor lay in the provision of a courtyard. At the lowest level this was simply an enclosure added onto the house. But the courtyard made immediate differences. Animals could be kept outside the house, cooking could be done in a corner, there would be no problems of security over access to the roof would come into the courtyard, windows could open onto the courtyard to let in more light, and the door of the enclosure could be kept shut. A cistern now became a possibility. People with greater wealth would build two or three rooms round the courtyard and rooms would sometimes be built to provide an upper storey (2 Kings 4:10; Mark 14:12-16; Acts 9:36-41). It was a home that was at once secluded and open to the sky-a flashback to the semi-nomadic experience of Abraham’s time.
Really wealthy people could add courtyards with buildings around them by providing a porchway through what was one of the original rooms of the house. Pillars supported the roof beams so that the size of the room could be extended. Pillars were built parallel to the walls of the buildings so that colonnades or verandas could be made. Decorations were added in the form of carved lintels, capitals, and doorpost bases. Walls could be plastered and decorated and floors covered with tiles, and later, mosaics of pebbles and of cut tiles. The courtyards themselves could be made into gardens.
A wealthy house looked tiny from the exterior because entry was through a single, locked cedar door that was often guarded by a porter. The lock was put on the inside of the gate, so that it was necessary for the arm to be put through a hole in the door before the key could be inserted. (Nehemiah 3:3; Song of Solomon 5:4). The key was a means of lifting up the pegs that held the wooden bar in place and the key was therefore rather large (Isaiah 22:22). Roman locks of a later time were much smaller and more complex.
The porter sat in a porch behind the gate and waited until he recognized the voice of the person wanting to come in. Rhoda took the place the porter and waited until she recognized the voice of Peter-but she still would not open the door until she had told the others who it was (Acts 12:13-14).
When Jesus said that he stood outside the door of the church at Laodicea and knocked, It implied that it was a wealthy church (Revelation 3:20).
Whereas the less wealthy managed a bed, table, and chairs (2 Kings 4:10), the wealthy had proper beds piled high with cushions (1 Samuel 19:15-15; Proverbs 7:16-17). Dining tables were to be found in the homes of the wealthy. Stools, together with backed chairs (1 Kings 10:18-19), were provided to rest the legs (Psalm 110:1).
Lighting was provided by large candelabra. There was no real limit to the facilities provided in the palaces of the day, but there were fewer rich people than there are today.
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This is a printer friendly page
Free for educational use
Lowitja O'Donoghue - The Stolen Generation
Year of production - 1994
Duration - 1min 15sec
Tags - aborigines, Australian History, civics and citizenship, discrimination, family, human rights, identity, Indigenous Australia, inequality, racism, remote areas, self-determination, social justice, Stolen Generations, White Australia Policy, see all tags
Lowitja O'Donoghue - The Stolen Generation
How to Download the Video Clip
download clip icon Premium MP4 odonrem_pr.mp4 (9.2MB).
ipod icon Broadband MP4 odonrem_bb.mp4 (4.4MB), suitable for iPods and computer downloads.
Additional help.
About the Video Clip
Lowitja O’Donoghue:The Stolen Generation is an excerpt from the program Lowitja O’Donoghue (26 mins), an episode of Australian Biography Series 3 (7×26 mins), produced in 1994.
Australian Biography Series 3 is a Film Australia National Interest Program.
Curriculum Focus
Students will:
• discuss and reflect upon the historical importance and influence of Aboriginal rights activist, Lowitja O’Donoghue, and the extent to which this illuminates and draws attention to the wider “Stolen Generation” issue in Australian history since European colonisation.
• select and interpret information, formatting and aiming it at a defined, specific audience, using computer tools and technology.
• research and adapt relevant information to a particular form of history presentation.
• work collaboratively to research, plan and construct a media display of selective historical information.
• demonstrate an understanding of a major historical document, critique and carry out an assessment and analysis of the document’s wider ramifications, and construct a report with additional recommendations.
Background Information
Lowitja O’Donoghue was one of many Indigenous children separated from their families. The first removals took place during the early period of European settlement. Indigenous children were separated from their families for use as cheap labour on farms and inland stations, and as domestics.
In 1869, the first Aborigines Protection Act was passed in Victoria, with other Australian colonies following. This was the first formal government policy authorising the separations. The laws sought to protect Indigenous people from the effects of colonisation and settlement, and did so through segregation (by creating reserves and relocating Indigenous communities) and education of the young.
'Protectors’ were appointed and given significant control over the lives of Indigenous people. This was especially the case with their children, who were placed under the protector’s legal guardianship. This sweeping change of guardianship took place without consultation with Indigenous people.
By the early 1900s, although the full-descent Indigenous population was in decline, the mixed-descent population was increasing. Policies soon focused more on merging (assimilating) this mixed-descent population into the non-Indigenous community. Indigenous young people were sent to schools that would prepare them for absorption into non-Indigenous society as adults.
In the 1940s, a uniform set of child welfare laws was introduced and applied to Indigenous and non-Indigenous children alike. Children could only be removed if they were found to be ‘neglected’, ‘destitute’ or ‘uncontrollable’. Despite their equal application, the laws did little to reduce the number of Indigenous children removed.
From the 1970s, governments gradually moved away from promoting assimilation and towards policies of self-determination and participation.
In 1997, the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission conducted a formal independent inquiry—the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families.
Classroom Activities
1. After viewing the video about Lowitja O’Donoghue – The Stolen Generation, discuss in class then write answers to the following:
1. Explain how and why Lowitja was given the name of Lois after she was born.
2. Describe the circumstances that led to Lowitja being separated from her mother when two years old.
3. Explain what you think Lowitja means by saying that when “half-caste” children such as her were taken away it was “meant to be for our good”. Do you think she believes this to be correct?
2. Research, write and edit a 500-word history biography about Lowitja O’Donoghue for a magazine aimed at young teenagers, drawing attention to her importance as a campaigner for the rights of Indigenous Australians. Ensure you select relevant information, giving it due weight and prominance, and that it is written in your own words. Use desktop publishing software to format your presentation.
3. Read the Background Information for this video clip, carry out further research, then construct an annotated timeline of the history of the governmental removal of children from their Indigenous parents and communities, from its beginnings through to the Bringing Them Home report in 1997, and beyond. Include timeline references to where Lowitja O’Donoghue’s story fits into this scheme.
4. In pairs research the findings of the 1997 Bringing Them Home report, then prepare an illustrated poster display of the findings and recommendations.
5. Following from the previous activity, in pairs or small groups carry out further research then draft a report examining the extent to which the recommendations of the Bringing Them Home document have been put into practice. Include considered arguement as to the success of the recommendations, and your own recommendations for future development on this general question.
Further Resources
Jane Harrison, Stolen, Currency Press, Sydney, 1998
Darlene Johnson (dir), Stolen Generations, 2000
Phillip Noyce (dir), Rabbit-Proof Fence, 2002
Doris Pilkington (Nugi Garimara), Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1996
Des Kootji Raymond (dir), Land of the Little Kings, 2000
Go to Australian Biography Online Lowitja O’Donoghue
Go to Reconciliation Australia
Go to Lowitja O’Donoghue
Go to The Stolen Generations
Go to Bringing Them Home
|
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"url": "https://dl.nfsa.gov.au/module/1569/"
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Tuesday, 13 March 2018
High-resolution imaging gives new view of how fungi grow
Many fungal species grow through a process of vesicle secretion that can be applied in a biotechnology setting to make commercial or medical products. However, the details of this process are unclear. Researchers in Japan used a high-speed imaging technique to visualize hyphal growth in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Several new features were uncovered, including the discovery that different vesicle types move at different velocities.
Most fungi grow through the extension of hyphae, which are fiber-like structures made of one or more cells encased within a single, long cell wall. The growing tip of a hypha is loaded with ChsB, a cell wall synthesis enzyme that helps to lengthen the cell wall. ChsB is carried through the hypha by small cellular sacs called vesicles. In order for hyphae to grow, the transport and release of ChsB by these vesicles needs to be precisely timed-and exactly how this timing is achieved is unclear.
To address these shortcomings, the researchers used a technique called high-speed pulse-chase imaging, which allowed them to follow ChsB by fusing it to a marker emitting red fluorescent light. After bleaching away background red light using a laser beam, a separate beam was aimed at a single spot in the hypha, causing ChsB to fluoresce. The team was then able to trace the movement of the fluorescent ChsB as vesicles carried it around the hypha.
The technique resulted in minimal background and allowed images to be taken, on average, every 50 milliseconds-a level of precision not previously seen in hyphae. Correspondingly, the study yielded many new insights into the timing of vesicle movement during fungal growth.
Lu Zhou, Minoas Evangelinos, Valentin Wernet, Antonia F. Eckert, Yuji Ishitsuka, Reinhard Fischer, G. Ulrich Nienhaus, and Norio Takeshita. Superresolution and pulse-chase imaging reveal the role of vesicle transport in polar growth of fungal cellsScience Advances, 2018; DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701798
Posted by Dr. Tim Sandle
Special offers
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"language_score": 0.926103413105011,
"url": "https://www.pharmamicroresources.com/2018/03/high-resolution-imaging-gives-new-view.html"
}
|
<< Chapter < Page Chapter >> Page >
This module provides a practice on Chi-Square Distribution as a part of Collaborative Statistics collection (col10522) by Barbara Illowsky and Susan Dean.
Student learning outcomes
• The student will conduct a goodness-of-fit test.
The following data are real. The cumulative number of AIDS cases reported for Santa Clara County is broken down by ethnicity as follows:(Source: HIV/AIDS Epidemiology Santa Clara County, Santa Clara County Public Health Department, May 2011 )
Ethnicity Number of Cases
Total = 4075
White 2229
Hispanic 1157
Black/African-American 457
Asian, Pacific Islander 232
The percentage of each ethnic group in Santa Clara County is as follows:
Ethnicity Percentage of total county population Number expected (round to 2 decimal places)
Total = 100%
White 42.9% 1748.18
Hispanic 26.7%
Black/African-American 2.6%
Asian, Pacific Islander 27.8%
Expected results
If the ethnicity of AIDS victims followed the ethnicity of the total county population, fill in the expected number of cases per ethnic group.
Goodness-of-fit test
Perform a goodness-of-fit test to determine whether the make-up of AIDS cases follows the ethnicity of the general population of Santa Clara County.
H o : size 12{H rSub { size 8{O} } :μ rSub { size 8{W} } =μ rSub { size 8{ ital "NW"} } } {}
H a : size 12{H rSub { size 8{a} } :μ rSub { size 8{W} }<>μ rSub { size 8{ ital "NW"} } } {}
Is this a right-tailed, left-tailed, or two-tailed test?
degrees of freedom =
degrees of freedom = 3
Chi 2 size 12{ ital "Chi" rSup { size 8{2} } } {} test statistic =
p-value =
Rounded to 4 decimal places, the p-value is 0.0000.
Graph the situation. Label and scale the horizontal axis. Mark the mean and test statistic. Shade in the region corresponding to the p-value.
Let α = 0.05
Reason for the Decision:
Conclusion (write out in complete sentences):
Discussion question
Does it appear that the pattern of AIDS cases in Santa Clara County corresponds to the distribution of ethnic groups in this county? Why or why not?
Questions & Answers
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
Praveena Reply
what does nano mean?
Anassong Reply
Damian Reply
absolutely yes
Akash Reply
characteristics of micro business
for teaching engĺish at school how nano technology help us
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
s. Reply
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
Devang Reply
are you nano engineer ?
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Abhijith Reply
is Bucky paper clear?
s. Reply
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
What is lattice structure?
s. Reply
of graphene you mean?
or in general
in general
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
Sanket Reply
what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
Damian Reply
types of nano material
abeetha Reply
many many of nanotubes
what is the k.e before it land
what is the function of carbon nanotubes?
I'm interested in nanotube
what is nanomaterials and their applications of sensors.
Ramkumar Reply
what is nano technology
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what is system testing?
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Source: OpenStax, Collaborative statistics (with edits: teegarden). OpenStax CNX. Jul 20, 2009 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col10561/1.3
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<urn:uuid:be068e8e-8850-4c3f-981a-0a4f2ab8164f>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.02121967077255249,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8641042709350586,
"url": "https://www.quizover.com/online/course/11-7-practice-1-goodness-of-fit-test-by-openstax"
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|
Algebra 1: Common Core (15th Edition)
Published by Prentice Hall
ISBN 10: 0133281140
ISBN 13: 978-0-13328-114-9
Chapter 2 - Solving Equations - 2-3 Solving Multi-Step Equations - Practice and Problem-Solving Exercises - Page 100: 68
a) Tim 1/5; Tara 1/3 b) Tim d/5 in d days; Tara d/3 in d days. c) Together, 1/5 + 1/3, or 3/15 + 5/15; a total of 8/15 d) 1 = 8d/15; d = 1.875 or 1 and 7/8.
Work Step by Step
a) Tim can paint a house in 5 days, Tara in 3 days. Tim can paint 1/5 of a house in 1 day. Tara can paint 1/3 of a house in 1 day. b) In d days, Tim can paint a house in d/5 days and Tara can paint a house in d/3 days. c) Both together, in one day, can paint 1/5 plus 1/3 of the house. In d days, both together can paint d/5 plus d/3. d) Set an equation equal to 1 (for the whole house). Tim can paint d/5 and Tara d/3. Add them together with common denominator of 15. So, 1 = 3d/15 + 5d/15. Solve for d and get 1.875 or 1 and 7/8.
Update this answer!
Update this answer
|
<urn:uuid:5e79506f-eeb5-44c0-a925-b1712f1db154>
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"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.18593484163284302,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8529850244522095,
"url": "https://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/math/algebra/algebra-1-common-core-15th-edition/chapter-2-solving-equations-2-3-solving-multi-step-equations-practice-and-problem-solving-exercises-page-100/68"
}
|
Nature's strategies: A plant that stands and fights
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Science 02 Mar 2018:
Vol. 359, Issue 6379, pp. 985
DOI: 10.1126/science.359.6379.985
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Unlike those of us on legs, plants can't run away from what they don't like—yet they show remarkable resilience when under attack. Consider how the wild tobacco plant (Nicotiana attenuata), a meter-high native of North America, protects itself from hungry insects. The plant senses the amino acid compounds in a caterpillar's saliva and responds with a hydraulic or electrical pulse through its stems and leaves. Within minutes, the plant's cells rev up their production of nicotine, a poison that interferes with an animal's muscle function. At the same time, the plant calls in help by emitting a scent that attracts ground-dwelling bugs and other caterpillar eaters and then putting up chemical signposts to guide those predators to their already sluggish prey. Finally, a plant under siege redirects its resources, putting off flowering and growing until the caterpillars are gone.
|
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"edu_score": 3.703125,
"fasttext_score": 0.02295917272567749,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9219174981117249,
"url": "http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6379/985"
}
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